url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Steere
|
William C. Steere
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 Awards","5 Selected publications","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American botanist and bryologist
For other people named William Steere, see William Steere (disambiguation).
William Campbell SteereW. C. SteereBorn(1907-11-04)November 4, 1907Muskegon, MichiganDiedFebruary 7, 1989(1989-02-07) (aged 81)Bronxville, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of MichiganChildren3, including William C. Steere Jr.AwardsMary Soper Pope Memorial AwardScientific careerFieldsBotanyInstitutionsTemple UniversityUniversity of MichiganStanford UniversityNew York Botanical GardenAuthor abbrev. (botany)Steere
William Campbell Steere (1907–1989) was an American botanist known as an expert on bryophytes, especially arctic and tropical American species. The standard author abbreviation Steere is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Early life
Steere was born November 4, 1907, in Muskegon, Michigan to a family of Irish Quakers. His paternal grandfather was Joseph Beal Steere. Steere attended the University of Michigan, and earned his B.S. in botany with "high distinction". He briefly attended the University of Pennsylvania where he studied cytology under William Randolph Taylor, while also working as an instructor at Temple University. Steere was persuaded by Harley H. Bartlett to return to the University of Michigan as an instructor. He earned his M.A. in 1931 and his Ph.D. from the university in 1932.
Career
Steere continued to teach botany at the University of Michigan. His research was focused on bryology, and he taught courses in bryology and systematic biology with a focus on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. In 1932, he led a biological survey of the Yucatan. In 1935, he spent a year at the University of Puerto Rico as an exchange professor. Between 1942 and 1946, Steere led expeditions in Latin America searching for Cinchona and sources of quinine, dubbed the Cinchona Mission. He became a full professor at the University of Michigan in 1946 and Chair of the Botany Department in 1947. In 1948 and 1949, Steere studied effects of naturally occurring radioactivity on plant life at Great Bear Lake and in Alaska. He was the first bryologist to visit the northern slopes of the American Arctic Mountains.
Steere, starting in 1950, spent eight years at Stanford University as professor and dean of the Graduate Division. Between 1954 and 1955, Steere took a sabbatical from Stanford and accepted a one-year position with the National Science Foundation as Program Director in Systematic Biology. He became involved with Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS. In 1958, Steere joined the New York Botanical Garden as director. Steere assumed the title of Senior Scientist in 1973, before formally retiring from the Garden in 1977. As President Emeritus, however, Steere continued his bryological research at the Garden until his death on February 7, 1989.
Legacy
Steere is commemorated in the names of the plant genera, mainly liverworts; Steereocolea R.M.Schust. 1968 (Balantiopsaceae family), Steerea S.Hatt. & Kamim. 1971 (Jubulaceae family), Steereobryon G.L.Sm. 1971 (Polytrichaceae family),Steerella Kuwah. 1973 (Metzgeriaceae), Steereochila Inoue 1987 (Plagiochilaceae, listed as doubtful genera,) and Steereomitrium E.O.Campb. 1987 (Haplomitriaceae, listed as doubtful genera,).
He is the namesake of many species.
The New York Botanical Garden bryophyte herbarium was named the William C. Steere Bryophyte Herbarium in 2000, and it contains over 600,000 specimens. The Garden has also established the William Campbell Steere Fund to help bryologists who wish to visit their herbarium and library.
Mount Steere in Antarctica is named for him.
Steere's son, William C. Steere Jr., was CEO of Pfizer from 1991 to 2001, and chairman of the board emeritus from 2001 to 2011. He also served as vice chairman of the New York Botanical Garden's Board.
Awards
In 1970, Steere was the last recipient of the Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award in botany. In 1972, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure from Emperor Hirohito for his work on the US-Japan Cooperative Science Program. In 1987, the International Association of Bryologists awarded him with the Hedwig Medal.
Selected publications
Steere, William C. 1935. The Mosses of Yucatán. Reprinted Lancaster Press, 14 pp.
Steere, William C. 1946. Cenozoic and Mesozoic Bryophytes of North America. Ed. The University Press, 30 pp.
Steere, William C. 1947. The Bryophyte Flora of Michigan, 24 pp.
Steere, William C.; Anderson, Lewis E.; Bryan, Virginia S. 1954. Chromosome Studies on California Mosses. Vv. 20 & 24 from Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, 74 pp.
Steere, William C. 1958. Fifty Years of Botany, ed. W.C. Steere & McGraw-Hill, 638 pp.
Steere, William C. 1961. The Bryophytes of South Georgia. Reprinted, 25 pp.
Steere, William C. 1964. Liverworts of Southern Michigan. Bull. 17: Cranbrook Institute of Sci. 97 pp.
Steere, William C. 1976. Ecology, Phytogeography and Floristics of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes. Reprinted Hattori Bot. Lab. 26 pp.
Steere, William C. 1978. North American Muscology and Muscologists: A Brief History. The Botanical Review 43 (3): 1-59
Steere, William C; Brassard, Guy R. 1978. Bryophytorum bibliotheca, Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes. Bryophytorum bibliotheca 14, ed. ilustr. by J. Cramer, 508 pp.
References
^ a b Stafleu, Frans Antonie; Cowan, Richard S. (1985). Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types. Vol. 5. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. pp. 863–864. ISBN 9789031302246.
^ Brassard, Guy R. (1989). "In Memoriam: William C. Steere, 1907-1989". Arctic and Alpine Research. 21 (4): 435. JSTOR 1551654.
^ International Plant Names Index. Steere.
^ a b c d "William Campbell Steere Records (RG4)".
^ a b "William C. Steere, Bryologist".
^ Crum, Howard (1977). "William Campbell Steere: an account of his life and work". The Bryologist. 80 (4): 662–694. doi:10.2307/3242430. JSTOR 3242430.
^ Buck, William (1986). "William Campbell Steere: An Outline of His Life and Continuing Career". In Hecht, Max (ed.). Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 20. New York: Springer. pp. 1–24. ISBN 978-1-4615-6985-5.
^ "Steereochila Inoue". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ "Steereomitrium E.O.Campbell, 1987". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
^ a b c William Campbell Steere (1907-1989). (1989). The Bryologist, 92(3), 414-419. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3243414
^ "William and Lynda Steere".
^ "Cranbrook Institute of Science Director's Papers". Cranbrook website. Retrieved Dec. 27, 2016.
^ "Edit History: Steere, William Campbell (1907-1989)".
External links
Media related to William C. Steere at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about William C. Steere at Internet Archive
IPNI. List of plant names with authority Steere.
vtePresidents of the Botanical Society of America1894–1924
William Trelease (1894)
Charles Edwin Bessey (1895)
John Merle Coulter (1896)
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1897)
Lucien Marcus Underwood (1898)
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (1899)
Byron Halsted (1900)
Joseph Charles Arthur (1901)
Beverly Thomas Galloway (1902)
Charles Reid Barnes (1903)
Robert Almer Harper (1904)
William Ashbrook Kellerman (1905)
Franklin Sumner Earle (1906)
George Francis Atkinson (1907)
William Francis Ganong (1908)
Roland Thaxter (1909)
Erwin Frink Smith (1910)
William Gilson Farlow (1911)
Lewis Ralph Jones (1912)
Douglas Houghton Campbell (1913)
A. S. Hitchcock (1914)
John Merle Coulter (1915)
Robert Almer Harper (1916)
Frederick Charles Newcombe (1917)
William Trelease (1918)
Joseph Charles Arthur (1919)
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1920)
Charles Elmer Allen (1921)
Henry Chandler Cowles (1922)
Benjamin Minge Duggar (1923)
William Chambers Coker (1924)
1925–1949
Jacob R. Schramm (1925)
Liberty Hyde Bailey (1926)
Harley Harris Bartlett (1927)
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (1928)
Margaret Clay Ferguson (1929)
Lester W. Sharp (1930)
Charles Joseph Chamberlain (1931)
George James Peirce (1932)
Ezra Jacob Kraus (1933)
E. D. Merrill (1934)
Aven Nelson (1935)
C. Stuart Gager (1936)
Edmund Ware Sinnott (1937)
Arthur Johnson Eames (1938)
Karl McKay Wiegand (1939)
Edgar Nelson Transeau (1940)
John Theodore Buchholz (1941)
Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1942)
William Jacob Robbins (1943)
Gilbert Morgan Smith (1944)
Irving Widmer Bailey (1945)
Neil Everett Stevens (1946)
Ralph Erskine Cleland (1947)
Henry Allan Gleason (1948)
Ivey Foreman Lewis (1949)
1950–1974
Albert Francis Blakeslee (1950)
Katherine Esau (1951)
Edgar Anderson (1952)
Ralph H. Wetmore (1953)
Adriance S. Foster (1954)
Oswald Tippo (1955)
Harriet Creighton (1956)
George Sherman Avery, Jr. (1957)
Frits Warmolt Went (1958)
William Campbell Steere (1959)
Kenneth V. Thimann (1960)
Vernon Cheadle (1961)
G. Ledyard Stebbins (1962)
Constantine John Alexopoulos (1963)
Paul J. Kramer (1964)
Aaron John Sharp (1965)
Harold Charles Bold (1966)
Ralph Emerson (1967)
Arthur Galston (1968)
Harlan Parker Banks (1969)
Lincoln Constance (1970)
Richard C. Starr (1971)
Charles Heimsch (1972)
Arthur Cronquist (1973)
Theodore Delevoryas (1974)
1975–1999
Peter H. Raven (1975)
Barbara Frances Palser (1976)
Warren H. Wagner (1977)
William August Jensen ( 1978)
Herbert George Baker (1979)
Charles Bixler Heiser (1980)
Patricia Kern Holmgren (1981)
Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. (1982)
Barbara D. Webster (1983)
Mildred Esther Mathias (1984)
William Louis Stern (1985–86)
Ray Franklin Evert (1986–87)
Shirley Cotter Tucker (1987–88)
W. Hardy Eshbaugh (1988–89)
David Leonard Dilcher (1989–90)
Beryl B. Simpson (1990–91)
William Louis Culberson (1991–92)
Gregory Joseph Anderson (1992–93)
Grady Webster (1993–94)
Harry T. Horner (1994–95)
Barbara A. Schaal (1995–96)
Daniel Crawford (1996–97)
Nancy Dengler (1997–98)
Carol C. Baskin (1998–99)
2000–present
Douglas E. Soltis (1999–2000)
Patricia G. Gensel (2000–1)
Judy Jernstedt (2001–2)
Scott D. Russell (2002–3)
Linda E. Graham (2003–4)
Allison A. Snow (2004–5)
Edward L. Schneider (2005–6)
Christopher H. Haufler (2006–7)
Pamela S. Soltis (2007–8)
Karl J. Niklas (2008–9)
Kent Holsinger (2009–10)
Judith Skog (2010–11)
Stephen G. Weller (2011–12)
Elizabeth Kellogg (2012–13)
Pamela Diggle (2013–14)
Tom Ranker (2014–15)
Richard Olmstead (2015–16)
Gordon Uno (2016–17)
Loren Rieseberg (2017–18)
Andrea Wolfe (2018–19)
Linda Watson (2019–20)
Cynthia S. Jones (2020–21)
Michael Donoghue (2021-22)
Vivian Negron-Ortiz (2022-23)
vtePresidents of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society1899-1949
Abel Joel Grout (1899–1900)
George Newton Best (1901–1902)
John Michael Holzinger (1903–1904)
Edward Blanchard Chamberlain (1905–1907)
Theodore Christian Frye (1908–1909)
Bruce Fink (1910)
Alexander William Evans (1911–1915)
Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (1916–1919)
Annie Morrill Smith (1920–1921)
Albert LeRoy Andrews (1922–1923)
Robert Statham Williams (1924–1930)
Edwin Bunting Bartram (1931–1932)
Aaron John Sharp (1933–1935)
William Campbell Steere (1936–1937)
George Elwood Nichols (1938–1939)
Hugo Leander Blomquist (1940–1941)
Henry Shoemaker Conard (1942–1945)
Richard T. Wareham (1946–1947)
Paul Morrison Patterson (1948–1949)
1950–1999
Lewis Edward Anderson (1950–1951)
Geneva Sayre (1952–1953)
Winona H. Welch (1954–1955)
Ruth Schornherst Breen (1956–1957)
John Walter Thomson (1958–1959)
Roy Franklin Cain (1960–1961)
Betty Wilson Higinbotham (1962)
Howard Alvin Crum (1962–1963)
Harvey A. Miller (1964–1965)
Seville Flowers (1965–1967)
Wilfred B. Schofield (1967–1969)
William Alfred Weber (1969–1970)
Paul Leslie Redfearn (1971–1973)
Emanuel David Rudolph (1974–1975)
Ronald A. Pursell (1975–1977)
Irwin M. Brodo (1977–1979)
William D. Reese (1979–1981)
Thomas Hawkes Nash III (1981–1983)
Norton G. Miller (1985–1987)
William Louis Culberson (1987–1989)
Dale H. Vitt (1989–1991)
Vernon Ahmadjian (1992–1993)
Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler (1993–1995)
Chicita Frances Culberson (1995–1997)
Brent D. Mishler (1997–1999)
2000-present
Robert S. Egan (1999–2001)
William Russel Buck (2001–2003)
James Donald Lawrey (2003–2005)
Nancy G. Slack (2005–2007)
Theodore Lee Esslinger (2007–2009)
Karen S. Renzaglia (2009–2011)
Roger Rosentreter (2011–2013)
A. Jonathan Shaw (2013–2015)
Larry L. St. Clair (2015–2017)
Catherine La Farge (2017–2019)
Doug Ladd (2019–2021)
Scott Schuette (2021-2023)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Academics
International Plant Names Index
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef
2
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Steere (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Steere_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TL2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other people named William Steere, see William Steere (disambiguation).William Campbell Steere (1907–1989) was an American botanist known as an expert on bryophytes, especially arctic and tropical American species.[1][2] The standard author abbreviation Steere is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[3]","title":"William C. Steere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muskegon, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Joseph Beal Steere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beal_Steere"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.S."},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"William Randolph Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"Harley H. Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_H._Bartlett"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgb-4"}],"text":"Steere was born November 4, 1907, in Muskegon, Michigan to a family of Irish Quakers. His paternal grandfather was Joseph Beal Steere. Steere attended the University of Michigan, and earned his B.S. in botany with \"high distinction\". He briefly attended the University of Pennsylvania where he studied cytology under William Randolph Taylor, while also working as an instructor at Temple University. Steere was persuaded by Harley H. Bartlett to return to the University of Michigan as an instructor. He earned his M.A. in 1931 and his Ph.D. from the university in 1932.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bryology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryology"},{"link_name":"Yucatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatan"},{"link_name":"University of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Cinchona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"Cinchona Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona_Mission"},{"link_name":"Great Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgb-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nybg-5"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Biological Abstracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Abstracts"},{"link_name":"BIOSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOSIS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgb-4"},{"link_name":"New York Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crum_1977-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buck_1986-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgb-4"}],"text":"Steere continued to teach botany at the University of Michigan. His research was focused on bryology, and he taught courses in bryology and systematic biology with a focus on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. In 1932, he led a biological survey of the Yucatan. In 1935, he spent a year at the University of Puerto Rico as an exchange professor. Between 1942 and 1946, Steere led expeditions in Latin America searching for Cinchona and sources of quinine, dubbed the Cinchona Mission. He became a full professor at the University of Michigan in 1946 and Chair of the Botany Department in 1947. In 1948 and 1949, Steere studied effects of naturally occurring radioactivity on plant life at Great Bear Lake and in Alaska.[4] He was the first bryologist to visit the northern slopes of the American Arctic Mountains.[5]Steere, starting in 1950, spent eight years at Stanford University as professor and dean of the Graduate Division. Between 1954 and 1955, Steere took a sabbatical from Stanford and accepted a one-year position with the National Science Foundation as Program Director in Systematic Biology. He became involved with Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS.[4] In 1958, Steere joined the New York Botanical Garden as director.[6][7] Steere assumed the title of Senior Scientist in 1973, before formally retiring from the Garden in 1977. As President Emeritus, however, Steere continued his bryological research at the Garden until his death on February 7, 1989.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"Steereocolea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steereocolea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balantiopsaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantiopsidaceae"},{"link_name":"Steerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steerea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jubulaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubulaceae"},{"link_name":"Steereobryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steereobryon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polytrichaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytrichaceae"},{"link_name":"Steerella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steerella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metzgeriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzgeriaceae"},{"link_name":"Plagiochilaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiochilaceae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Haplomitriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplomitriaceae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nybg-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-11"},{"link_name":"Mount Steere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Steere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TL2-1"},{"link_name":"William C. Steere Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Steere_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Steere is commemorated in the names of the plant genera, mainly liverworts; Steereocolea R.M.Schust. 1968 (Balantiopsaceae family), Steerea S.Hatt. & Kamim. 1971 (Jubulaceae family), Steereobryon G.L.Sm. 1971 (Polytrichaceae family),Steerella Kuwah. 1973 (Metzgeriaceae), Steereochila Inoue 1987 (Plagiochilaceae, listed as doubtful genera,[8]) and Steereomitrium E.O.Campb. 1987 (Haplomitriaceae, listed as doubtful genera,[9]).[10]He is the namesake of many species.[11]The New York Botanical Garden bryophyte herbarium was named the William C. Steere Bryophyte Herbarium in 2000, and it contains over 600,000 specimens.[5] The Garden has also established the William Campbell Steere Fund to help bryologists who wish to visit their herbarium and library.[11]Mount Steere in Antarctica is named for him.[1]Steere's son, William C. Steere Jr., was CEO of Pfizer from 1991 to 2001, and chairman of the board emeritus from 2001 to 2011. He also served as vice chairman of the New York Botanical Garden's Board.[12]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Soper_Pope_Memorial_Award"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cranbrook-13"},{"link_name":"Order of the Sacred Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"International Association of Bryologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Bryologists"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-11"}],"text":"In 1970, Steere was the last recipient of the Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award in botany.[13] In 1972, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure from Emperor Hirohito for his work on the US-Japan Cooperative Science Program.[14] In 1987, the International Association of Bryologists awarded him with the Hedwig Medal.[11]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, Lewis E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Edward_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Virginia S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Schmitt_Bryan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brassard, Guy R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Raymond_Brassard&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Steere, William C. 1935. The Mosses of Yucatán. Reprinted Lancaster Press, 14 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1946. Cenozoic and Mesozoic Bryophytes of North America. Ed. The University Press, 30 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1947. The Bryophyte Flora of Michigan, 24 pp.\nSteere, William C.; Anderson, Lewis E.; Bryan, Virginia S. 1954. Chromosome Studies on California Mosses. Vv. 20 & 24 from Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, 74 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1958. Fifty Years of Botany, ed. W.C. Steere & McGraw-Hill, 638 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1961. The Bryophytes of South Georgia. Reprinted, 25 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1964. Liverworts of Southern Michigan. Bull. 17: Cranbrook Institute of Sci. 97 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1976. Ecology, Phytogeography and Floristics of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes. Reprinted Hattori Bot. Lab. 26 pp.\nSteere, William C. 1978. North American Muscology and Muscologists: A Brief History. The Botanical Review 43 (3): 1-59\nSteere, William C; Brassard, Guy R. 1978. Bryophytorum bibliotheca, Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes. Bryophytorum bibliotheca 14, ed. ilustr. by J. Cramer, 508 pp.","title":"Selected publications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Stafleu, Frans Antonie; Cowan, Richard S. (1985). Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types. Vol. 5. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. pp. 863–864. ISBN 9789031302246.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/taxonomicliterat21979staf/page/863","url_text":"Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/taxonomicliterat21979staf/page/863","url_text":"863–864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789031302246","url_text":"9789031302246"}]},{"reference":"Brassard, Guy R. (1989). \"In Memoriam: William C. Steere, 1907-1989\". Arctic and Alpine Research. 21 (4): 435. JSTOR 1551654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1551654","url_text":"1551654"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Steere.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steere","url_text":"Steere"}]},{"reference":"\"William Campbell Steere Records (RG4)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybg.org/library/finding_guide/archv/steere_rg4b.html","url_text":"\"William Campbell Steere Records (RG4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"William C. Steere, Bryologist\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/Bryology_Steere.asp.html","url_text":"\"William C. Steere, Bryologist\""}]},{"reference":"Crum, Howard (1977). \"William Campbell Steere: an account of his life and work\". The Bryologist. 80 (4): 662–694. doi:10.2307/3242430. JSTOR 3242430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3242430","url_text":"10.2307/3242430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3242430","url_text":"3242430"}]},{"reference":"Buck, William (1986). \"William Campbell Steere: An Outline of His Life and Continuing Career\". In Hecht, Max (ed.). Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 20. New York: Springer. pp. 1–24. ISBN 978-1-4615-6985-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6985-5","url_text":"978-1-4615-6985-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Steereochila Inoue\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4901428","url_text":"\"Steereochila Inoue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steereomitrium E.O.Campbell, 1987\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4901424","url_text":"\"Steereomitrium E.O.Campbell, 1987\""}]},{"reference":"Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022","url_text":"Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fepolist2022","url_text":"10.3372/epolist2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946292-41-8","url_text":"978-3-946292-41-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246307410","url_text":"246307410"}]},{"reference":"\"William and Lynda Steere\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybg.org/plant-research-and-conservation/tour/william-lynda-steere/","url_text":"\"William and Lynda Steere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edit History: Steere, William Campbell (1907-1989)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000008099","url_text":"\"Edit History: Steere, William Campbell (1907-1989)\""}]},{"reference":"IPNI. List of plant names with authority Steere.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"IPNI"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_authorAbbrev=Steere","url_text":"List of plant names with authority Steere"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/taxonomicliterat21979staf/page/863","external_links_name":"Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/taxonomicliterat21979staf/page/863","external_links_name":"863–864"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1551654","external_links_name":"1551654"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steere","external_links_name":"Steere"},{"Link":"https://www.nybg.org/library/finding_guide/archv/steere_rg4b.html","external_links_name":"\"William Campbell Steere Records (RG4)\""},{"Link":"https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/Bryology_Steere.asp.html","external_links_name":"\"William C. Steere, Bryologist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3242430","external_links_name":"10.2307/3242430"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3242430","external_links_name":"3242430"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4901428","external_links_name":"\"Steereochila Inoue\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4901424","external_links_name":"\"Steereomitrium E.O.Campbell, 1987\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022","external_links_name":"Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fepolist2022","external_links_name":"10.3372/epolist2022"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246307410","external_links_name":"246307410"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3243414","external_links_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3243414"},{"Link":"https://www.nybg.org/plant-research-and-conservation/tour/william-lynda-steere/","external_links_name":"\"William and Lynda Steere\""},{"Link":"http://www.cranbrook.edu/sites/default/files/ftpimages/120/misc/misc_35342.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cranbrook Institute of Science Director's Papers\""},{"Link":"https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000008099","external_links_name":"\"Edit History: Steere, William Campbell (1907-1989)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20Campbell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Steere%2C%20W%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Campbell%20Steere%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Campbell%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Campbell%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steere%2C%20W%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steere%2C%20W%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Steere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Campbell%20Steere%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Steere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Campbell%20Steere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20C%2E%20Steere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Steere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Steere%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221907-1989%22%20AND%20Steere%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about William C. Steere"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_authorAbbrev=Steere","external_links_name":"List of plant names with authority Steere"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1759766/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120532707","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108828939","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGWR8kwfKc8CX6d8tVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90389107","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1249184","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12355032t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12355032t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530088706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139360999","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462854605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023628","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu20191024148&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35521707","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p11104992X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691344805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/279062","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steere","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01204731?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd139360999.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/983121","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032539339","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/189477733","external_links_name":"2"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary%27s_Rebellion
|
Cary's Rebellion
|
["1 Background","2 Cary's Governorship","3 Rebellion","4 Aftermath","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]
|
18th century uprising in North Carolina
Cary's Rebellion (also known as the Cary Rebellion) was an uprising against the Deputy Governor of North-Carolina in 1711 led by Thomas Cary, who refused to give up his governorship to Edward Hyde. The rebellion was a part of a long-standing tension between religious and political groups in northern Carolina, generally divided between the Quaker party, of which Cary was a part, and the Church of England party, to which Hyde belonged.
Background
George Fox, founder of Quakerism
At the time, the Province of Carolina was technically a single entity which encompassed all the land from Spanish Florida to the Colony of Virginia. However, transportation between the northern parts and the southern seat of the provincial government in Charleston was very difficult. In the late 17th century, a deputy governor for the northern section was appointed who was able to act with significant autonomy.
Early in its history Carolina had provided for religious freedom, making it an attractive destination for Quakers who were persecuted in England and parts of the colonies. Quakerism's founder George Fox visited the Albemarle Settlements in the very northern part of Carolina in 1672. In the succeeding years, Quakerism grew in the area and came to dominate the government, including the appointment of Quaker John Archdale as Governor of Carolina in 1694. In 1699, Henderson Walker was appointed Deputy Governor of North Carolina. A devout Anglican, he pushed through reforms which established the Church of England as the official religion of the state and passing the Vestry Act which imposed a tax on residents, no matter their faith, to support the official church. During his tenure, Queen Anne assumed the throne, which required a renewal of the oaths by colonial officers. Quakers, as a tenet of their faith, do not swear oaths but had previously proven their loyalty by affirming it. This practice was disallowed and all Quakers lost their positions. Over the next decade the distinction between the Quaker party and the Church party grew more entrenched.
Cary's Governorship
Thomas Cary was the stepson of the former Governor of Carolina and Quaker John Archdale. However, when he was first appointed Deputy Governor of North Carolina, he supported the Church party and continued to keep Quakers out of the government by strictly enforcing the oath requirement. The Quakers and some disaffected Anglicans sent a representative to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina in England who removed Cary from the governorship. After Cary returned to South Carolina, where he remained active in provincial politics, William Glover took over as Acting Deputy Governor, but continued the oath policy as before.
In 1707, Cary returned, this time supporting the Quaker dissenters against Glover and also espousing the regional interests of the town of Bath, on the Pamlico Sound against the Albemarle government which centered on the region near present-day Edenton. In 1708, Cary and his supporters had managed to oust Glover in an election in the Assembly; Glover then fled to Virginia and claimed Cary had threatened his life. Cary removed the oath requirement and restored Quakers to the government and so from 1708 to 1710, Cary and the Quakers dominated the government. Cary also lowered the quit-rents for Bath County, which were essentially a land tax charged in exchange for the royal land grants. Cary's government was not endorsed by the Lords Proprietors and so had no official legal standing.
Rebellion
Edward Hyde, the first Governor of North Carolina (January–September 1712)
Though "Cary's Rebellion" can refer to the entire period from the ousting of Glover, it is generally used only for the period in 1711 after the Lords Proprietors chose Edward Hyde to take over the role of Deputy Governor and his appointment was resisted by Cary. Hyde arrived in North Carolina in January 1711. He brought with him letters from the Lords Proprietors and was supposed to receive his full, official commission from the Governor of Carolina when he arrived. However, the governor had died by the time he arrived, and so his claim to the Deputy Governorship was not technically perfected. Despite this, Cary and the Quaker party were at first willing to allow Hyde to take over, until Hyde began to clearly side with the Anglican party. Then Cary refused to recognize Hyde until he produced his official commission and claimed that he was still the legal governor.
Hyde declared Cary to be in open rebellion and assembled an armed force of around 150 men to go to Bath to arrest him. Cary fled from his home to a nearby plantation (possibly that of former governor Robert Daniell) which had been fortified and armed with cannons and several dozen of Cary's supporters. On May 29, after failing to reach an agreement with Cary, Hyde decided to attack this fortified position and he and his men were beaten back after a short battle. On June 30, 1711, Cary—with his armed brigantine—began an attack on Hyde and his council at the home of Colonel Thomas Pollock on the Chowan River. The followers of Hyde had only 60 men under arms and two cannon, and affairs looked dark for them when two strong landing parties from the brigantine headed for shore. At this moment, however, a lucky shot from one of the two cannon on shore severed the brigantine's mast and so frightened Cary's forces that they cut their anchor and sailed away. Cary regrouped and fortified a small island in the Pamlico Sound and began to rearm his followers. They then sailed to mainland Carolina and met Hyde's force face to face. A fierce battle broke out. Little is known about the battle. Quakers themselves are generally pacifists so it is unlikely that many Quakers took part in the violence themselves but rather that Cary's force was made up of Bath County men and non-Quaker dissenters.
Governor Alexander Spottswood of Virginia had decided to come to the aid of Hyde and began organizing a militia and dispatched a contingent of Royal Marines who had been stationed on the Chesapeake in mid-July. With the arrival of an organized military force, who represented the official power of the crown, Cary's forces disbanded and Cary himself fled. He was arrested and sent to England for trial though he was released after a year and returned to live out his life in Bath without further incident.
Aftermath
During the period from 1708 to 1711, the disputed government severely weakened the position of the colonists in North Carolina. The Tuscarora War began in September 1711 and the chaos and dissension that the Cary Rebellion had wrought impeded the colonial response, though a drought and yellow fever epidemic also played a role. The Cary rebellion also represented the end of the role of Quakers in North Carolina governance. After the rebellion they were effectively excluded from politics.
References
Citations
^ Fox, George. "George Fox' Journal". Street Corner Society. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ "Commission to Appoint John Archdale as Governor". University of North Carolina Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ "Henderson Walker". North Carolina History Project. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ a b c "Cary's Rebellion: A Clash of Religion and Politics". North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Office of Archives & History. March 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ a b c Daniels, Dennis F. (May 4, 2006). "Thomas Cary". NCPedia. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ Daniels, Dennis F. "William Glover". NCPedia. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ Pollock, Thomas. "Description by Thomas Pollock concerning Cary's Rebellion ". UNC University Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ "Cary's Rebellion". North Carolina Digital History. Learn NC University of North Carolina. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
^ "NCpedia | NCpedia".
^ Hyde, Edward. "Letter from Edward Hyde to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina". UNC University Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Bibliography
"Cary's Rebellion, 1711". NCHistoricSites.org. NC Dept. of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
McIlvenna, Noeleen. "A Very Mutinous People: The Struggle for North Carolina, 1660-1713"
vteRiots and civil unrest in the history of the United States (1607–1865)Colonial era/1776–1789Massachusetts
1689 Boston revolt
Boston bread riot (1710–1713)
Knowles Riot (1747)
Liberty affair (1768)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)
New York
Leisler's Rebellion (1689–1691)
New York Slave Revolt of 1712
New York Conspiracy of 1741
Battle of Golden Hill (1770)
1788 doctors' riot
North Carolina
Culpeper's Rebellion (1677)
Cary's Rebellion (1711)
War of the Regulation (1765–1771)
Battle of Alamance (1771)
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Election riot (1742)
Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
Virginia
Gloucester County Conspiracy (1663)
Bacon's Rebellion (1677)
Chesapeake rebellion (1730)
Others
Protestant Revolution (Maryland) (1689)
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Gaspee affair (1772)
Pine Tree Riot (1772)
1789–1849Iowa
Honey War (1839)
Bellevue War (1840)
Massachusetts
Ursuline Convent riots (1834)
Abolition Riot of 1836
Broad Street Riot (1837)
New York
Eggnog riot (1826)
New York anti-abolitionist riots (1834)
Flour riot of 1837
Anti-Rent War (1839–1845)
Astor Place Riot (1849)
Ohio
1792 Cincinnati riot
Cincinnati riots of 1829
Cincinnati riots of 1836
Cincinnati riots of 1841
Pennsylvania
Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)
Fries's Rebellion (1799–1800)
Philadelphia race riot (1834)
Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall (1838)
Buckshot War (1838)
Lombard Street riot (1842)
Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
Philadelphia nativist riots (1844)
Rhode Island
1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1831 Snow Town race riot
Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842)
Others
1811 German Coast uprising
Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)
Blackburn Riots (1833)
Baltimore bank riot (1835)
Snow Riot (1835)
1849–1865California
Squatters' riot (1850)
San Francisco Vigilance Movement (1851–1856)
Illinois
Lager Beer Riot (1855)
Charleston riot (1864)
Kansas
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)
Wakarusa War (1855)
Sacking of Lawrence (1856)
Pottawatomie massacre (1856)
Battle of Black Jack (1856)
Battle of Fort Titus (1856)
Battle of Osawatomie (1856)
Battles of Franklin's Fort (1856)
Marais des Cygnes massacre (1856)
Battle of the Spurs (1859)
Maine
Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
Portland Rum Riot (1855)
Maryland
Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
Baltimore riot of 1861
Michigan
1849 Detroit riot
Detroit brothel riots (1855–1859)
Detroit race riot of 1863
New York
New York City Police riot (1857)
Dead Rabbits riot (1857)
Buffalo riot of 1862
New York City draft riots (1863)
Ohio
Cincinnati riot of 1853
Cincinnati riots of 1855
Battle of Fort Fizzle (1863)
Others
Erie Gauge War (1853–1854)
Bloody Monday (1855)
Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot (1857)
New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot (1858)
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)
Morrisite War (1862)
Southern bread riots (1863)
Related
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
Mass racial violence in the United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy Governor of North-Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cary_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Edward Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde_(Governor_of_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"}],"text":"Cary's Rebellion (also known as the Cary Rebellion) was an uprising against the Deputy Governor of North-Carolina in 1711 led by Thomas Cary, who refused to give up his governorship to Edward Hyde. The rebellion was a part of a long-standing tension between religious and political groups in northern Carolina, generally divided between the Quaker party, of which Cary was a part, and the Church of England party, to which Hyde belonged.","title":"Cary's Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Fox.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spanish Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"George Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Settlements"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-1"},{"link_name":"John Archdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archdale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archdale-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"swear oaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath#Christian_tradition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC_History-4"}],"text":"George Fox, founder of QuakerismAt the time, the Province of Carolina was technically a single entity which encompassed all the land from Spanish Florida to the Colony of Virginia. However, transportation between the northern parts and the southern seat of the provincial government in Charleston was very difficult. In the late 17th century, a deputy governor for the northern section was appointed who was able to act with significant autonomy.Early in its history Carolina had provided for religious freedom, making it an attractive destination for Quakers who were persecuted in England and parts of the colonies. Quakerism's founder George Fox visited the Albemarle Settlements in the very northern part of Carolina in 1672.[1] In the succeeding years, Quakerism grew in the area and came to dominate the government, including the appointment of Quaker John Archdale as Governor of Carolina in 1694.[2] In 1699, Henderson Walker was appointed Deputy Governor of North Carolina. A devout Anglican, he pushed through reforms which established the Church of England as the official religion of the state and passing the Vestry Act which imposed a tax on residents, no matter their faith, to support the official church.[3] During his tenure, Queen Anne assumed the throne, which required a renewal of the oaths by colonial officers. Quakers, as a tenet of their faith, do not swear oaths but had previously proven their loyalty by affirming it. This practice was disallowed and all Quakers lost their positions. Over the next decade the distinction between the Quaker party and the Church party grew more entrenched.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cary_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"John Archdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archdale"},{"link_name":"Lords Proprietors of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Proprietors_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Cary-5"},{"link_name":"William Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Glover_(North_Carolina_governor)"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pamlico Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_Sound"},{"link_name":"Edenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Cary-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_Glover-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollock-7"},{"link_name":"quit-rents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit-rents"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Cary-5"}],"text":"Thomas Cary was the stepson of the former Governor of Carolina and Quaker John Archdale. However, when he was first appointed Deputy Governor of North Carolina, he supported the Church party and continued to keep Quakers out of the government by strictly enforcing the oath requirement. The Quakers and some disaffected Anglicans sent a representative to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina in England who removed Cary from the governorship.[5] After Cary returned to South Carolina, where he remained active in provincial politics, William Glover took over as Acting Deputy Governor, but continued the oath policy as before.In 1707, Cary returned, this time supporting the Quaker dissenters against Glover and also espousing the regional interests of the town of Bath, on the Pamlico Sound against the Albemarle government which centered on the region near present-day Edenton.[5] In 1708, Cary and his supporters had managed to oust Glover in an election in the Assembly; Glover then fled to Virginia and claimed Cary had threatened his life.[6] Cary removed the oath requirement and restored Quakers to the government[7] and so from 1708 to 1710, Cary and the Quakers dominated the government. Cary also lowered the quit-rents for Bath County, which were essentially a land tax charged in exchange for the royal land grants.[5] Cary's government was not endorsed by the Lords Proprietors and so had no official legal standing.","title":"Cary's Governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Hyde_NC_Governor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde_(Governor_of_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LearnNC-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Daniell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Daniell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC_History-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pollock_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pacifists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Testimony"},{"link_name":"dissenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dissenters"},{"link_name":"Alexander Spottswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spottswood"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC_History-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde_Letter-10"}],"text":"Edward Hyde, the first Governor of North Carolina (January–September 1712)Though \"Cary's Rebellion\" can refer to the entire period from the ousting of Glover, it is generally used only for the period in 1711 after the Lords Proprietors chose Edward Hyde to take over the role of Deputy Governor and his appointment was resisted by Cary. Hyde arrived in North Carolina in January 1711. He brought with him letters from the Lords Proprietors and was supposed to receive his full, official commission from the Governor of Carolina when he arrived. However, the governor had died by the time he arrived, and so his claim to the Deputy Governorship was not technically perfected. Despite this, Cary and the Quaker party were at first willing to allow Hyde to take over, until Hyde began to clearly side with the Anglican party. Then Cary refused to recognize Hyde until he produced his official commission and claimed that he was still the legal governor.[8]Hyde declared Cary to be in open rebellion and assembled an armed force of around 150 men to go to Bath to arrest him. Cary fled from his home to a nearby plantation (possibly that of former governor Robert Daniell) which had been fortified and armed with cannons and several dozen of Cary's supporters.[4] On May 29, after failing to reach an agreement with Cary, Hyde decided to attack this fortified position and he and his men were beaten back after a short battle. On June 30, 1711, Cary—with his armed brigantine—began an attack on Hyde and his council at the home of Colonel Thomas Pollock on the Chowan River. The followers of Hyde had only 60 men under arms and two cannon, and affairs looked dark for them when two strong landing parties from the brigantine headed for shore. At this moment, however, a lucky shot from one of the two cannon on shore severed the brigantine's mast and so frightened Cary's forces that they cut their anchor and sailed away.[9] Cary regrouped and fortified a small island in the Pamlico Sound and began to rearm his followers. They then sailed to mainland Carolina and met Hyde's force face to face. A fierce battle broke out. Little is known about the battle. Quakers themselves are generally pacifists so it is unlikely that many Quakers took part in the violence themselves but rather that Cary's force was made up of Bath County men and non-Quaker dissenters.Governor Alexander Spottswood of Virginia had decided to come to the aid of Hyde and began organizing a militia and dispatched a contingent of Royal Marines who had been stationed on the Chesapeake in mid-July.[4] With the arrival of an organized military force, who represented the official power of the crown, Cary's forces disbanded and Cary himself fled. He was arrested and sent to England for trial[10] though he was released after a year and returned to live out his life in Bath without further incident.","title":"Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscarora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_War"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"}],"text":"During the period from 1708 to 1711, the disputed government severely weakened the position of the colonists in North Carolina. The Tuscarora War began in September 1711 and the chaos and dissension that the Cary Rebellion had wrought impeded the colonial response, though a drought and yellow fever epidemic also played a role. The Cary rebellion also represented the end of the role of Quakers in North Carolina governance. After the rebellion they were effectively excluded from politics.","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[{"image_text":"George Fox, founder of Quakerism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/George_Fox.jpg/170px-George_Fox.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward Hyde, the first Governor of North Carolina (January–September 1712)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edward_Hyde_NC_Governor.jpg/170px-Edward_Hyde_NC_Governor.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Fox, George. \"George Fox' Journal\". Street Corner Society. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812112007/http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch18.html#fn221","url_text":"\"George Fox' Journal\""},{"url":"http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch18.html#fn221","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commission to Appoint John Archdale as Governor\". University of North Carolina Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0200","url_text":"\"Commission to Appoint John Archdale as Governor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henderson Walker\". North Carolina History Project. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/649/entry","url_text":"\"Henderson Walker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cary's Rebellion: A Clash of Religion and Politics\". North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Office of Archives & History. March 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323234735/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","url_text":"\"Cary's Rebellion: A Clash of Religion and Politics\""},{"url":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Dennis F. (May 4, 2006). \"Thomas Cary\". NCPedia. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/cary","url_text":"\"Thomas Cary\""}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Dennis F. \"William Glover\". NCPedia. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/glover","url_text":"\"William Glover\""}]},{"reference":"Pollock, Thomas. \"Description by Thomas Pollock concerning Cary's Rebellion [Extract]\". UNC University Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0370","url_text":"\"Description by Thomas Pollock concerning Cary's Rebellion [Extract]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cary's Rebellion\". North Carolina Digital History. Learn NC University of North Carolina. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/1971","url_text":"\"Cary's Rebellion\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCpedia | NCpedia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/carys-rebellion","url_text":"\"NCpedia | NCpedia\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Edward. \"Letter from Edward Hyde to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina\". UNC University Library. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0424","url_text":"\"Letter from Edward Hyde to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cary's Rebellion, 1711\". NCHistoricSites.org. NC Dept. of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323234735/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","url_text":"\"Cary's Rebellion, 1711\""},{"url":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812112007/http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch18.html#fn221","external_links_name":"\"George Fox' Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch18.html#fn221","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0200","external_links_name":"\"Commission to Appoint John Archdale as Governor\""},{"Link":"http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/649/entry","external_links_name":"\"Henderson Walker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323234735/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cary's Rebellion: A Clash of Religion and Politics\""},{"Link":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/cary","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Cary\""},{"Link":"http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/glover","external_links_name":"\"William Glover\""},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0370","external_links_name":"\"Description by Thomas Pollock concerning Cary's Rebellion [Extract]\""},{"Link":"http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/1971","external_links_name":"\"Cary's Rebellion\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/carys-rebellion","external_links_name":"\"NCpedia | NCpedia\""},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr01-0424","external_links_name":"\"Letter from Edward Hyde to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323234735/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cary's Rebellion, 1711\""},{"Link":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/caryreb.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermos_bottle
|
Vacuum flask
|
["1 History","2 Design","3 Research and industry","4 Safety","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
Insulated storage vessel
"Thermos" redirects here. For the company, see Thermos LLC. For other uses, see Thermos (disambiguation).
This article is about the vacuum-insulated flask. For the flask used in filtration under vacuum, see Büchner flask.
The typical design of a Thermos brand vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as coffee
Laboratory Dewar flask, Deutsches Museum, Munich
Diagram of a vacuum flask
A cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer
A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that slows the speed at which its contents change in temperature. It greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings by trying to be as adiabatic as possible. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection. When used to hold cold liquids, this also virtually eliminates condensation on the outside of the flask.
Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep contents inside hot or cold for extended periods of time. They are also used for thermal cooking. Vacuum flasks are also used for many purposes in industry.
History
Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel. Patent June 27, 1908, published July 13th 1909
The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element palladium, Dewar made a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature. He evacuated the air between the two chambers, creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Dewar refused to patent his invention; this allowed others to develop the flask using new materials such as glass and aluminium, and it became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also a common household item.
Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm and invented a more robust flask design, which was suited for everyday use. The Dewar flask design had never been patented but the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product named it Thermos, and subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company. The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through the Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States, Canada and the UK, which bought licences for respective national markets. The American Thermos Bottle Company built up a mass production in Norwich, CT, which brought prices down and enabled the wide distribution of the product for at-home use. Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.
The term "thermos" became a household name for vacuum flasks in general. As of 2023, Thermos and THERMOS remains a registered trademark in some countries, including the United States, but the lowercase "thermos" was declared a genericized trademark by court action in the United States in 1963.
Design
The vacuum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers.
Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.
Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid helium and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.
Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour-cooled radiation shield and the vapour-cooled neck, both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask.
Research and industry
See also: Cryogenic storage dewar
In laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (commonly liquid nitrogen with a boiling point of 77 K) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where creating or maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as oxygen and nitrogen; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a pressure relief valve, is necessary to prevent pressure from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow "boil" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without refrigeration equipment.
Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and ovenized Zener diodes, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.
One notable use was by Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.
The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and NASA used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.
1930s "Thermofix" vacuum flask
The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye. The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.
The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments. Most vaccines are sensitive to heat and require a cold chain system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10 °C.
In the oil and gas industry, Dewar flasks are used to insulate the electronic components in wireline logging tools. Conventional logging tools (rated to 350°F) are upgraded to high-temperature specifications by installing all sensitive electronic components in a Dewar flask.
Safety
A thermos designed for food: low, with a wide opening
Vacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.
In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used.
Thermal expansion has to be taken into account when engineering a vacuum flask. The outer and inner walls are exposed to different temperatures and will expand at different rates. The vacuum flask can rupture due to the differential in thermal expansion between the outer and inner walls. Expansion joints are commonly used in tubular vacuum flasks to avoid rupture and maintain vacuum integrity.
See also
Thermal cooking
Hermetic seal
James Webb Space Telescope sunshield (The layers of its thermal shield use a vacuum barrier to provide insulation.)
Tervis Tumbler
Yeti Holdings
References
^ a b Soulen, Robert (March 1996). "James Dewar, His Flask and Other Achievements". Physics Today. 49 (3): 32–37. Bibcode:1996PhT....49c..32S. doi:10.1063/1.881490.
^ a b "Our History". Thermos. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ "James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask". BBC History. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014.
^ Frank A. J. L. James. "Dewar, James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ "US Registration Number: 67002". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. "Thermos" LIVE For:DOUBLE-WALLED GLASS VESSELS WITH VACUUM BETWEEN THE WALLS
^ "US Registration Number: 176064". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. "THERMOS" LIVE For:Temperature-Retaining Vessels
^ "US Registration Number: 229816". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. "THERMOS" LIVE For:BOTTLES, JARS, DECANTERS, CARAFES, COFFEEPOTS, TEAPOTS, JUGS, LUNCH KITS, LUNCH BOXES, CARRYING CASES FOR BOTTLES
^ Folsom, Ralph; Teply, Larry (1980). "Trademarked generic words". The Yale Law Journal. 89 (7): 1324. doi:10.2307/795968. hdl:20.500.13051/15969. JSTOR 795968.
^ King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated, 321 F.2nd 577 (United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit 1963-07-11).
^ King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated, 320 F.Supp 1156 (United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit 1970-12-30).
^ "History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA". Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
^ Cortright, Edgar. "Apollo Expeditions to the Moon." Official NASA publications. 1975.
^ Haynes, John; Scott, Jesse (1948). "A Method for Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments". Science. 107 (2777): 301. Bibcode:1948Sci...107..301H. doi:10.1126/science.107.2777.301. PMID 17791184.
^ Elliot, Willard (1970). "A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield". Public Health Reports. 85 (3): 276–279. doi:10.2307/4593845. JSTOR 4593845. PMC 2031665. PMID 4984895.
^ Stinson, Liz (18 June 2013). "This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives". WIRED.
^ "Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas". FierceVaccines.
^ Murhekar MV, Dutta S, Kapoor AN, Bitragunta S, Dodum R, Ghosh P, Swamy KK, Mukhopadhyay K, Ningombam S, Parmar K, Ravishankar D, Singh B, Singh V, Sisodiya R, Subramanian R, Takum T (2013). "Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 91 (12): 906–13. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119974. PMC 3845272. PMID 24347729.
^ Samant Y, Lanjewar H, Parker D, Block L, Tomar GS, Stein B (2007). "Evaluation of the Cold-Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India". Public Health Reports. 122 (1): 112–21. doi:10.1177/003335490712200116. PMC 1802111. PMID 17236617.
^ "Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO" (Press release). ARKTEK. 2015-04-26. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
^ "Thermal Management of Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
^ Baird, Tom, et al. "High-pressure, high-temperature well logging, perforating and testing." Oilfield Review 5.2/3 (1993): 15-32.
Further reading
Burger, R., U.S. patent 872,795, "Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls," December 3, 1907.
Sella, Andrea (August 2008). "Dewar's Flask". Chemistry World: 75. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
External links
Media related to Vacuum flasks at Wikimedia Commons
vteLaboratory equipmentGeneralHeatersDryers
Alcohol burner
Bunsen burner
Desiccator
Heating mantle
Hot plate
Lab oven
Kiln
Meker–Fisher burner
Striker
Teclu burner
Water bath
Vacuum dry box
MixersShakers
Chemostat
Homogenizer
Liquid whistle
Magnetic stirrer
Mortar and pestle
Shaker
Sonicator
Static mixer
Stirring rod
Vortex mixer
Wash bottle
StandsClampsHolders
Beaker clamp
Clamp holder
Tripod
Burette clamp
Extension clamp
Flask clamp
Funnel support
Iron ring
Pinch clamp
Retort stand
Screw clamp
Test tube holder
Test tube rack
Wire gauze
Lab drying rack
ContainersStorage
Agar plate
Cryogenic storage dewar
Incubator
Laminar flow cabinet
Microtiter plate
Petri dish
Picotiter plate
Refrigerator
Weighing boat
Weighing dish
Other items
Aspirator
Autoclave
Balance brush
Cork borer
Crucible
Filter paper
File
Forceps
Centrifuge
Microscope
Pipeclay triangle
Spectrophotometer
Splint
Stopper
Scoopula
Spatula
Test tube brush
Wire brush
Inoculation needle
Inoculation loop
GlasswareApparatus
Dean–Stark
Soxhlet extractor
Kipp's
Bottles
Boston round
Condensers
Cold finger
Liebig
Dishes
Evaporating
Petri
Syracuse
Watch glass
Flasks
Büchner
Vacuum (Dewar)
Erlenmeyer
Fernbach
Fleaker
Florence
Retort
Round-bottom
Schlenk
Volumetric
Funnels
Büchner
Hirsch
Dropping
Separatory
Measuring devices
Burette
Conical measure
Cuvette
Eye dropper
Eudiometer
Graduated cylinder
Ostwald viscometer
Pipette
Tubes
Drying
Cragie
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Test
Thiele
Thistle
Other items
Beaker
Bell jar
Gas syringe
Vial
Analytical chemistryCompositional
AutoAnalyzer
CHN analyzer
Colorimeter
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
Gas chromatograph (GC)
Liquid chromatograph (LC)
Mass spectrometer (MS)
pH indicator
pH meter
Microscopy
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Thermochemistry
Calorimeter
differential scanning
Melting-point apparatus
Thermometer
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
Other items
Analytical balance
Colony counter
Spiral plater
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
Plate reader
ElectronicsControl devices
Bench power supply
Current source
Voltage source
Function generator
Galvanostat
Pulse generator
Potentiostat
Measurement
Ammeter
Logic analyzer
Multimeter
Network analyzer
Oscilloscope
Spectrum analyzer
Time-domain reflectometer
Transistor tester
Voltmeter
Tools
Heat gun
Soldering iron
Tweezers
Wire stripper
General
Alligator clip
Test probe
SafetyPersonal protectiveequipment (PPE)
Lab coat
Face shield
Respirator
Rubber apron
Safety shower
Eye and hand
Acid-resistant gloves
Eyewash station
Glove box
Medical gloves
Nitrile gloves
Safety glasses
Safety goggles
Other items
Biosafety cabinet
Fire blanket
Fire extinguisher
Fume hood
Safety cabinet
Solvent cabinet
Instruments used in medical laboratories
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thermos LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermos_LLC"},{"link_name":"Thermos (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermos_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Büchner flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_flask"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermos.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thermos brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermos_L.L.C."},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dewargef%C3%A4%C3%9F_Deutsches_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vacuum_Dewar_Flask.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid_nitrogen_tank.JPG"},{"link_name":"cryogenic storage dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_storage_dewar"},{"link_name":"liquid nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"cryogenic freezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"insulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"adiabatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic"},{"link_name":"Sir James Dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Dewar"},{"link_name":"flasks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flask"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"thermal cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_cooking"}],"text":"\"Thermos\" redirects here. For the company, see Thermos LLC. For other uses, see Thermos (disambiguation).This article is about the vacuum-insulated flask. For the flask used in filtration under vacuum, see Büchner flask.The typical design of a Thermos brand vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as coffeeLaboratory Dewar flask, Deutsches Museum, MunichDiagram of a vacuum flaskA cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezerA vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that slows the speed at which its contents change in temperature. It greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings by trying to be as adiabatic as possible. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection. When used to hold cold liquids, this also virtually eliminates condensation on the outside of the flask.Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep contents inside hot or cold for extended periods of time. They are also used for thermal cooking. Vacuum flasks are also used for many purposes in industry.","title":"Vacuum flask"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_R._Paalen,_Double_Welled_Vessel_1909.png"},{"link_name":"Sir James Dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar"},{"link_name":"cryogenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics"},{"link_name":"specific heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat"},{"link_name":"palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soulen-1"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soulen-1"},{"link_name":"glassblowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblower"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Burger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermos-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thermos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermos_L.L.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwich, CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich,_CT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermos-2"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_flask&action=edit"},{"link_name":"registered trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPTO_67002-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPTO_176064-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPTO_229816-7"},{"link_name":"genericized trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermos_v_Alladin_1963-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermos_v_Alladin_1970-10"}],"text":"Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel. Patent June 27, 1908, published July 13th 1909The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element palladium, Dewar made a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature.[1] He evacuated the air between the two chambers, creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Dewar refused to patent his invention; this allowed others to develop the flask using new materials such as glass and aluminium, and it became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also a common household item.[1]Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm and invented a more robust flask design, which was suited for everyday use.[2][3] The Dewar flask design had never been patented but the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product named it Thermos, and subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company.[4] The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through the Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States, Canada and the UK, which bought licences for respective national markets. The American Thermos Bottle Company built up a mass production in Norwich, CT, which brought prices down and enabled the wide distribution of the product for at-home use.[2] Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.The term \"thermos\" became a household name for vacuum flasks in general. As of 2023[update], Thermos and THERMOS remains a registered trademark in some countries, including the United States,[5][6][7] but the lowercase \"thermos\" was declared a genericized trademark by court action in the United States in 1963.[8][9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"silvering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvering"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"borosilicate glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate_glass"},{"link_name":"foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"stoppered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bung"},{"link_name":"cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)"},{"link_name":"insulated shipping containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container"},{"link_name":"NMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The vacuum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers.Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid helium and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour-cooled radiation shield and the vapour-cooled neck,[11] both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cryogenic storage dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_storage_dewar"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"pressure relief valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"refrigeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"standard cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_cell"},{"link_name":"Zener diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Termos,_Thermofix_original_-_Nordiska_museet_-_NMA.0097258.jpg"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"cold chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_chain"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"wireline logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireline_Logging"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: Cryogenic storage dewarIn laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (commonly liquid nitrogen with a boiling point of 77 K) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where creating or maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as oxygen and nitrogen; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a pressure relief valve, is necessary to prevent pressure from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow \"boil\" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without refrigeration equipment.Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and ovenized Zener diodes, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.One notable use was by Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and NASA used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.[12]1930s \"Thermofix\" vacuum flaskThe design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye.[13] The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.[14]The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments.[15][16] Most vaccines are sensitive to heat[17][18] and require a cold chain system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10 °C.[19]In the oil and gas industry, Dewar flasks are used to insulate the electronic components in wireline logging tools.[20] Conventional logging tools (rated to 350°F) are upgraded to high-temperature specifications by installing all sensitive electronic components in a Dewar flask. [21]","title":"Research and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermal_dosirak_case.jpg"},{"link_name":"implosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosion_(mechanical_process)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pressure relief valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve"},{"link_name":"Thermal expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"Expansion joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint"}],"text":"A thermos designed for food: low, with a wide openingVacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.[citation needed]In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used.Thermal expansion has to be taken into account when engineering a vacuum flask. The outer and inner walls are exposed to different temperatures and will expand at different rates. The vacuum flask can rupture due to the differential in thermal expansion between the outer and inner walls. Expansion joints are commonly used in tubular vacuum flasks to avoid rupture and maintain vacuum integrity.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. patent 872,795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US872795"},{"link_name":"\"Dewar's Flask\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp"},{"link_name":"Chemistry World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_World"}],"text":"Burger, R., U.S. patent 872,795, \"Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls,\" December 3, 1907.\nSella, Andrea (August 2008). \"Dewar's Flask\". Chemistry World: 75. Retrieved 2008-08-30.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The typical design of a Thermos brand vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as coffee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thermos.JPG/170px-Thermos.JPG"},{"image_text":"Laboratory Dewar flask, Deutsches Museum, Munich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dewargef%C3%A4%C3%9F_Deutsches_Museum.jpg/170px-Dewargef%C3%A4%C3%9F_Deutsches_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram of a vacuum flask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vacuum_Dewar_Flask.svg/170px-Vacuum_Dewar_Flask.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Liquid_nitrogen_tank.JPG/170px-Liquid_nitrogen_tank.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel. Patent June 27, 1908, published July 13th 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gustav_R._Paalen%2C_Double_Welled_Vessel_1909.png/190px-Gustav_R._Paalen%2C_Double_Welled_Vessel_1909.png"},{"image_text":"1930s \"Thermofix\" vacuum flask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Termos%2C_Thermofix_original_-_Nordiska_museet_-_NMA.0097258.jpg/220px-Termos%2C_Thermofix_original_-_Nordiska_museet_-_NMA.0097258.jpg"},{"image_text":"A thermos designed for food: low, with a wide opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thermal_dosirak_case.jpg/220px-Thermal_dosirak_case.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Thermal cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_cooking"},{"title":"Hermetic seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic_seal"},{"title":"James Webb Space Telescope sunshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_sunshield"},{"title":"Tervis Tumbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervis_Tumbler"},{"title":"Yeti Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti_Holdings"}]
|
[{"reference":"Soulen, Robert (March 1996). \"James Dewar, His Flask and Other Achievements\". Physics Today. 49 (3): 32–37. Bibcode:1996PhT....49c..32S. doi:10.1063/1.881490.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhT....49c..32S","url_text":"1996PhT....49c..32S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881490","url_text":"10.1063/1.881490"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Thermos. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130528020038/http://www.thermos.com/history.aspx","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.thermos.com/history.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask\". BBC History. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504200248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21835405","url_text":"\"James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21835405","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frank A. J. L. James. \"Dewar, James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST\". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Co-Di/Dewar-James.html","url_text":"\"Dewar, James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Registration Number: 67002\". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. \"Thermos\" LIVE For:DOUBLE-WALLED GLASS VESSELS WITH VACUUM BETWEEN THE WALLS","urls":[{"url":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=67002&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","url_text":"\"US Registration Number: 67002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office","url_text":"United States Patent and Trademark Office"}]},{"reference":"\"US Registration Number: 176064\". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. \"THERMOS\" LIVE For:Temperature-Retaining Vessels","urls":[{"url":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=176064&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","url_text":"\"US Registration Number: 176064\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office","url_text":"United States Patent and Trademark Office"}]},{"reference":"\"US Registration Number: 229816\". Trademark Search, United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2023-04-24. \"THERMOS\" LIVE For:BOTTLES, JARS, DECANTERS, CARAFES, [ HIP FLASKS,] COFFEEPOTS, TEAPOTS, JUGS, LUNCH KITS, LUNCH BOXES, CARRYING CASES FOR BOTTLES [, AND DOUBLE-WALLED VACUUM FILLERS OF GLASS USED IN BOTTLES, JARS, CARAFES, JUGS, DECANTERS, COFFEEPOTS, AND TEA-POTS]","urls":[{"url":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=229816&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","url_text":"\"US Registration Number: 229816\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office","url_text":"United States Patent and Trademark Office"}]},{"reference":"Folsom, Ralph; Teply, Larry (1980). \"Trademarked generic words\". The Yale Law Journal. 89 (7): 1324. doi:10.2307/795968. hdl:20.500.13051/15969. JSTOR 795968.","urls":[{"url":"https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/15969","url_text":"\"Trademarked generic words\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F795968","url_text":"10.2307/795968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051%2F15969","url_text":"20.500.13051/15969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/795968","url_text":"795968"}]},{"reference":"King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated","urls":[]},{"reference":"King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA\". Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2012-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327202832/https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/","url_text":"\"History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA\""},{"url":"http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, John; Scott, Jesse (1948). \"A Method for Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments\". Science. 107 (2777): 301. Bibcode:1948Sci...107..301H. doi:10.1126/science.107.2777.301. PMID 17791184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Sci...107..301H","url_text":"1948Sci...107..301H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.107.2777.301","url_text":"10.1126/science.107.2777.301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17791184","url_text":"17791184"}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Willard (1970). \"A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield\". Public Health Reports. 85 (3): 276–279. doi:10.2307/4593845. JSTOR 4593845. PMC 2031665. PMID 4984895.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2031665","url_text":"\"A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4593845","url_text":"10.2307/4593845"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4593845","url_text":"4593845"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2031665","url_text":"2031665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4984895","url_text":"4984895"}]},{"reference":"Stinson, Liz (18 June 2013). \"This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives\". WIRED.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2013/06/how-to-design-a-life-saving-device","url_text":"\"This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas\". FierceVaccines.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiercevaccines.com/story/gates-backed-device-extends-cold-chain-rural-areas/2013-07-18","url_text":"\"Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas\""}]},{"reference":"Murhekar MV, Dutta S, Kapoor AN, Bitragunta S, Dodum R, Ghosh P, Swamy KK, Mukhopadhyay K, Ningombam S, Parmar K, Ravishankar D, Singh B, Singh V, Sisodiya R, Subramanian R, Takum T (2013). \"Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states\". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 91 (12): 906–13. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119974. PMC 3845272. PMID 24347729.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845272","url_text":"\"Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.13.119974","url_text":"10.2471/BLT.13.119974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845272","url_text":"3845272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24347729","url_text":"24347729"}]},{"reference":"Samant Y, Lanjewar H, Parker D, Block L, Tomar GS, Stein B (2007). \"Evaluation of the Cold-Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India\". Public Health Reports. 122 (1): 112–21. doi:10.1177/003335490712200116. PMC 1802111. PMID 17236617.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802111","url_text":"\"Evaluation of the Cold-Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490712200116","url_text":"10.1177/003335490712200116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802111","url_text":"1802111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17236617","url_text":"17236617"}]},{"reference":"\"Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO\" (Press release). ARKTEK. 2015-04-26. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052133/http://arktek.org/news-detail.html","url_text":"\"Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO\""},{"url":"http://arktek.org/news-detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thermal Management of Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267492247","url_text":"\"Thermal Management of Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials\""}]},{"reference":"Sella, Andrea (August 2008). \"Dewar's Flask\". Chemistry World: 75. Retrieved 2008-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp","url_text":"\"Dewar's Flask\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_World","url_text":"Chemistry World"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_flask&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhT....49c..32S","external_links_name":"1996PhT....49c..32S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881490","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.881490"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130528020038/http://www.thermos.com/history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"http://www.thermos.com/history.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504200248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21835405","external_links_name":"\"James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21835405","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Co-Di/Dewar-James.html","external_links_name":"\"Dewar, James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST\""},{"Link":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=67002&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","external_links_name":"\"US Registration Number: 67002\""},{"Link":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=176064&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","external_links_name":"\"US Registration Number: 176064\""},{"Link":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=229816&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","external_links_name":"\"US Registration Number: 229816\""},{"Link":"https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/15969","external_links_name":"\"Trademarked generic words\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F795968","external_links_name":"10.2307/795968"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051%2F15969","external_links_name":"20.500.13051/15969"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/795968","external_links_name":"795968"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=326773422967317335","external_links_name":"321 F.2nd 577"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17095472866185626824","external_links_name":"320 F.Supp 1156"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327202832/https://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/","external_links_name":"\"History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA\""},{"Link":"http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogenics/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Sci...107..301H","external_links_name":"1948Sci...107..301H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.107.2777.301","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.107.2777.301"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17791184","external_links_name":"17791184"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2031665","external_links_name":"\"A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4593845","external_links_name":"10.2307/4593845"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4593845","external_links_name":"4593845"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2031665","external_links_name":"2031665"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4984895","external_links_name":"4984895"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2013/06/how-to-design-a-life-saving-device","external_links_name":"\"This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiercevaccines.com/story/gates-backed-device-extends-cold-chain-rural-areas/2013-07-18","external_links_name":"\"Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845272","external_links_name":"\"Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.13.119974","external_links_name":"10.2471/BLT.13.119974"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845272","external_links_name":"3845272"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24347729","external_links_name":"24347729"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802111","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of the Cold-Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490712200116","external_links_name":"10.1177/003335490712200116"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802111","external_links_name":"1802111"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17236617","external_links_name":"17236617"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052133/http://arktek.org/news-detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO\""},{"Link":"http://arktek.org/news-detail.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267492247","external_links_name":"\"Thermal Management of Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US872795","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 872,795"},{"Link":"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp","external_links_name":"\"Dewar's Flask\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4570412-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550684205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037416","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576015","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Trowell
|
Arnold Trowell
|
["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
|
New Zealand composer and cellist
Arnold Wilberforce Trowell, also known as Thomas Wilberforce Trowell, (25 June 1887 – 16 December 1966) was a New Zealand composer, cellist and teacher, who became Professor of Music at the Guildhall School of Music in London.
Biography
Arnold Trowell was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1887. He was the son of Thomas Trowell and twin of Garnet Carrington Trowell. In 1903 both brothers went to Europe to study; Arnold the cello and Garnet the violin.
Trowell studied at the Hoch Conservatorium in Frankfurt and in Brussels, winning the Concours prize for the cello. He settled in London in 1907.
Before leaving for Europe Trowell had become friends, and romantically involved, with Katherine Mansfield and they continued to correspond when Mansfield was living in London and Trowell was studying in Brussels. Mansfield later fell in love with Garnet.
Trowell became a member of The Chamber Music Players, a group formed by Lionel Tertis, in 1922 until 1923.
He became Professor of Cello at the Guildhall School of Music in 1924 and joined the staff of the Royal School of Music from 1937.
Trowell was both performer and composer. He wrote seven concertos, three sonatas, four symphonic poems and numerous pieces for cello and piano and songs.
Like Fritz Kreisler, Trowell forged in 1924 a version of Louis Francœur's cello/violin sonata in E (which is also often misattributed to Francœur's brother, François Francœur). Trowell replaced Francœur's second movement with his own Allegro Vivo movement and modified the final Gigue movement. There are several recordings of the forgery with this misattribution.
Selected works
Six morceaux pour violoncelle avec accomp. de piano (1908) - dedicated to Kathleen M. Beauchamp
Concerto for violoncelle avec accompagnement d'orchestre (ou piano) (c1909)
Quartet for two violins, viola and violoncello, G major (c1917)
Viola Sonata, E-flat major (c1922) - dedicated to Lionel Tertis
Technology of violoncello playing - Books 1–3 (1922–1925)
Suite for orchestra : the golden age : childhood (c1930)
References
^ a b c Thomson, John Mansfield (1990). Biographical dictionary of New Zealand composers. Wellington : Victoria University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-86473-095-0. OCLC 22895790.
^ a b "Trowell, Thomas Wilberforce, 1887-1966". tiaki.natlib.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ a b Griffiths, Martin (2012). Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue (Thesis). University of Waikato. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ Boddy, Gillian (1996). "Mansfield, Katherine". teara.govt.nz (in Māori). Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ John White. Lionel Tertis The First Great Virtuoso of the Viola
^ "SOUNZ Arnold Trowell". www.sounz.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ "Arnold TROWELL: Three Songs". RNZ. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
^ Mizia, Urszula. 2020. The mimetic strand in the cello literature: Within the context of history, instrument design, iconography and cello performance. Peter Lang: Berlin.
^ https://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_in_E_major_(Franc%C5%93ur%2C_Louis)
^ https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ReverseLookup/23232
^ Francœur, L. 2016. Sonata IV in E Major. Radulovich, Nada (ed.).Ovation Press. (Original work published 1726.)
^ Griffiths, M. 2012. Arnold Trowell: Violincellist, composer and pedagogue. Doctoral dissertation: The University of Waikato, New Zealand.
Further reading
Griffiths, M. (2012). Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
External links
Formal seated portrait of Arnold Trowell with cello, 1924, on National Library of New Zealand
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"}],"text":"Arnold Wilberforce Trowell, also known as Thomas Wilberforce Trowell, (25 June 1887 – 16 December 1966) was a New Zealand composer, cellist and teacher, who became Professor of Music at the Guildhall School of Music in London.","title":"Arnold Trowell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Katherine Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kreisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler"},{"link_name":"Louis Francœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Franc%C5%93ur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"François Francœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Franc%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Arnold Trowell was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1887.[1] He was the son of Thomas Trowell and twin of Garnet Carrington Trowell.[2] In 1903 both brothers went to Europe to study; Arnold the cello and Garnet the violin.[1]Trowell studied at the Hoch Conservatorium in Frankfurt and in Brussels, winning the Concours prize for the cello.[1] He settled in London in 1907.[3]Before leaving for Europe Trowell had become friends, and romantically involved, with Katherine Mansfield and they continued to correspond when Mansfield was living in London and Trowell was studying in Brussels. Mansfield later fell in love with Garnet.[4]Trowell became a member of The Chamber Music Players, a group formed by Lionel Tertis, in 1922 until 1923.[5]He became Professor of Cello at the Guildhall School of Music in 1924 and joined the staff of the Royal School of Music from 1937.[2]Trowell was both performer and composer.[6] He wrote seven concertos, three sonatas, four symphonic poems and numerous pieces for cello and piano[3] and songs.[7]Like Fritz Kreisler, Trowell forged in 1924 a version of Louis Francœur's cello/violin sonata in E (which is also often misattributed to Francœur's brother, François Francœur). Trowell replaced Francœur's second movement with his own Allegro Vivo movement and modified the final Gigue movement. There are several recordings of the forgery with this misattribution.[8][9][10][11][12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen M. Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Lionel Tertis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Tertis"}],"text":"Six morceaux pour violoncelle avec accomp. de piano (1908) - dedicated to Kathleen M. Beauchamp\nConcerto for violoncelle avec accompagnement d'orchestre (ou piano) (c1909)\nQuartet for two violins, viola and violoncello, G major (c1917)\nViola Sonata, E-flat major (c1922) - dedicated to Lionel Tertis\nTechnology of violoncello playing - Books 1–3 (1922–1925)\nSuite for orchestra : the golden age : childhood (c1930)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964"}],"text":"Griffiths, M. (2012). Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Thomson, John Mansfield (1990). Biographical dictionary of New Zealand composers. Wellington [N.Z.]: Victoria University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-86473-095-0. OCLC 22895790.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22895790","url_text":"Biographical dictionary of New Zealand composers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86473-095-0","url_text":"0-86473-095-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22895790","url_text":"22895790"}]},{"reference":"\"Trowell, Thomas Wilberforce, 1887-1966\". tiaki.natlib.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ethesaurus.78936","url_text":"\"Trowell, Thomas Wilberforce, 1887-1966\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000402/https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Martin (2012). Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue (Thesis). University of Waikato. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964","url_text":"Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815073848/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boddy, Gillian (1996). \"Mansfield, Katherine\". teara.govt.nz (in Māori). Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/mi/biographies/3m42/mansfield-katherine","url_text":"\"Mansfield, Katherine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715061904/http://www.teara.govt.nz:80/mi/biographies/3m42/mansfield-katherine","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SOUNZ Arnold Trowell\". www.sounz.org.nz. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sounz.org.nz/contributors/1717","url_text":"\"SOUNZ Arnold Trowell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815070842/https://www.sounz.org.nz/contributors/1717","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arnold TROWELL: Three Songs\". RNZ. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/concert/programmes/musicalive/audio/2018807132/arnold-trowell-three-songs","url_text":"\"Arnold TROWELL: Three Songs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914054541/https://www.rnz.co.nz/concert/programmes/musicalive/audio/2018807132/arnold-trowell-three-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22895790","external_links_name":"Biographical dictionary of New Zealand composers"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22895790","external_links_name":"22895790"},{"Link":"https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ethesaurus.78936","external_links_name":"\"Trowell, Thomas Wilberforce, 1887-1966\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000402/https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964","external_links_name":"Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815073848/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/mi/biographies/3m42/mansfield-katherine","external_links_name":"\"Mansfield, Katherine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715061904/http://www.teara.govt.nz:80/mi/biographies/3m42/mansfield-katherine","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sounz.org.nz/contributors/1717","external_links_name":"\"SOUNZ Arnold Trowell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815070842/https://www.sounz.org.nz/contributors/1717","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/concert/programmes/musicalive/audio/2018807132/arnold-trowell-three-songs","external_links_name":"\"Arnold TROWELL: Three Songs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914054541/https://www.rnz.co.nz/concert/programmes/musicalive/audio/2018807132/arnold-trowell-three-songs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_in_E_major_(Franc%C5%93ur%2C_Louis)","external_links_name":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_in_E_major_(Franc%C5%93ur%2C_Louis)"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ReverseLookup/23232","external_links_name":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ReverseLookup/23232"},{"Link":"https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/5964","external_links_name":"Arnold Trowell - Violoncellist, Composer and Pedagogue"},{"Link":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/23013592","external_links_name":"Formal seated portrait of Arnold Trowell with cello, 1924, on National Library of New Zealand"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120209600","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11871266","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM7wVQCm49QgxD4hMgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3082256","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1058172","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012936201","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012502351005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91026989","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000292688&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2015868161&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35096507","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p086130161","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810649195605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12026475?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e4d36227-0dab-4bdf-8b9b-4880dbcb9ee3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/825528","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/171463889","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_fluids
|
Complex fluid
|
["1 Example","2 Dynamics","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Complex fluid" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Complex fluids are mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes. The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations. Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.
Example
Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light loads. However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like a fluid. On the level of individual bubbles, the flow is due to rearrangements of small collections of bubbles. On this scale, the flow is not smooth, but instead consists of fluctuations due to rearrangements of the bubbles and releases of stress. These fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations that are studied in earthquakes.
Dynamics
The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain conditions, including high densities and low temperatures, when externally driven to induce flow, complex fluids are characterized by irregular intervals of solid-like behavior followed by stress relaxations due to particle rearrangements. The dynamics of these systems are highly nonlinear in nature. The increase in stress by an infinitesimal amount or a small displacement of a single particle can result in the difference between an arrested state and fluid-like behavior.
Although many materials found in nature can fit into the class of complex fluids, very little is well understood about them. Inconsistent and controversial conclusions concerning their material properties still persist. The careful study of these systems may lead to "new physics" and new states of matter. For example, it has been suggested that these systems can jam and a "jamming phase diagram" can be used to consider how these systems can jam and unjam. It is not known whether further research will demonstrate these findings, or whether such a theoretical framework will prove useful. As yet this large body of theoretical work has been poorly supported with experiments.
References
^ "Complex-fluid".
^ "Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf" (PDF).
External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Stephan Herminghaus' Dynamics of Complex Fluids Department
David Weitz's Soft Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
Howard Stone's Complex Fluids Group
Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Wageningen
Bob Behringer's complex fluids page
Hernán Alejandro Makse's complex fluids page
Complex Fluids/Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory
Francois Graner's complex fluids page
Carnegie Mellon University Center for Complex Fluids Engineering
UCLA Center for Complex Fluids and Interfacial Physics
Paulo Arratia's Complex Fluids Laboratory at Penn
Complex Fluids & Computational Polymer Physics at ETH Zurich
Ubaldo M. Córdova-Figueroa's Low Reynolds Fluid Mechanics Group at UPRM
Zhengdong Cheng's Soft Condensed Matter Group
New England Complex Fluids (NECF) Workgroup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture"},{"link_name":"phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)"},{"link_name":"suspensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"granular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_material"},{"link_name":"foams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"emulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)"},{"link_name":"strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Complex fluids are mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes. The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations. Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.[1]","title":"Complex fluid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaving cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving_cream"},{"link_name":"loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_load"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"}],"text":"Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light loads. However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like a fluid. On the level of individual bubbles, the flow is due to rearrangements of small collections of bubbles. On this scale, the flow is not smooth, but instead consists of fluctuations due to rearrangements of the bubbles and releases of stress. These fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations that are studied in earthquakes.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system"},{"link_name":"densities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain conditions, including high densities and low temperatures, when externally driven to induce flow, complex fluids are characterized by irregular intervals of solid-like behavior followed by stress relaxations due to particle rearrangements. The dynamics of these systems are highly nonlinear in nature. The increase in stress by an infinitesimal amount or a small displacement of a single particle can result in the difference between an arrested state and fluid-like behavior.[2]Although many materials found in nature can fit into the class of complex fluids, very little is well understood about them. Inconsistent and controversial conclusions concerning their material properties still persist. The careful study of these systems may lead to \"new physics\" and new states of matter. For example, it has been suggested that these systems can jam and a \"jamming phase diagram\" can be used to consider how these systems can jam and unjam. It is not known whether further research will demonstrate these findings, or whether such a theoretical framework will prove useful. As yet this large body of theoretical work has been poorly supported with experiments.","title":"Dynamics"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Complex-fluid\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/complex-fluid","url_text":"\"Complex-fluid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://people.math.wisc.edu/~spagnolie/Papers/Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf","url_text":"\"Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Complex+fluid%22","external_links_name":"\"Complex fluid\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Complex+fluid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Complex+fluid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Complex+fluid%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Complex+fluid%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Complex+fluid%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/complex-fluid","external_links_name":"\"Complex-fluid\""},{"Link":"https://people.math.wisc.edu/~spagnolie/Papers/Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.dcf.ds.mpg.de/","external_links_name":"Stephan Herminghaus' Dynamics of Complex Fluids Department"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101126191636/http://www.seas.harvard.edu/weitzlab/","external_links_name":"David Weitz's Soft Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory"},{"Link":"http://www.princeton.edu/~stonelab/","external_links_name":"Howard Stone's Complex Fluids Group"},{"Link":"http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Physical-Chemistry-and-Soft-Matter.htm","external_links_name":"Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Wageningen"},{"Link":"http://www.phy.duke.edu/~bob/","external_links_name":"Bob Behringer's complex fluids page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313170614/http://lisgi1.engr.ccny.cuny.edu/~makse/","external_links_name":"Hernán Alejandro Makse's complex fluids page"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/lab/","external_links_name":"Complex Fluids/Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory"},{"Link":"http://graner.net/francois/index.php","external_links_name":"Francois Graner's complex fluids page"},{"Link":"http://cfe.cheme.cmu.edu/","external_links_name":"Carnegie Mellon University Center for Complex Fluids Engineering"},{"Link":"http://www.seas.ucla.edu/cfip/index.html","external_links_name":"UCLA Center for Complex Fluids and Interfacial Physics"},{"Link":"http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~parratia/","external_links_name":"Paulo Arratia's Complex Fluids Laboratory at Penn"},{"Link":"http://www.complexfluids.ethz.ch/","external_links_name":"Complex Fluids & Computational Polymer Physics at ETH Zurich"},{"Link":"http://ucf.uprm.edu/","external_links_name":"Ubaldo M. Córdova-Figueroa's Low Reynolds Fluid Mechanics Group at UPRM"},{"Link":"http://chencheng.wpengine.com/","external_links_name":"Zhengdong Cheng's Soft Condensed Matter Group"},{"Link":"https://complexfluids.org/necf/index.php","external_links_name":"New England Complex Fluids (NECF) Workgroup"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_D._Baker
|
Newton D. Baker
|
["1 Early years","2 Cleveland politics","3 Secretary of War","4 Later years","5 Personal life","6 Legacy","7 References","8 Further reading","8.1 Primary sources","9 External links"]
|
American politician (1871–1937)
Newton BakerBaker c. 1910s47th United States Secretary of WarIn officeMarch 9, 1916 – March 4, 1921PresidentWoodrow WilsonPreceded byLindley GarrisonSucceeded byJohn W. Weeks37th Mayor of ClevelandIn office1912–1915Preceded byHerman C. BaehrSucceeded byHarry L. Davis
Personal detailsBornNewton Diehl Baker Jr.(1871-12-03)December 3, 1871Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S.DiedDecember 25, 1937(1937-12-25) (aged 66)Shaker Heights, Ohio, U.S.Resting placeLake View Cemetery (Cleveland, Ohio)Political partyDemocraticSpouseElizabeth Wells LeopoldChildren3EducationJohns Hopkins University (BA)Washington and Lee University (LLB)
Newton D. Baker's voice
Newton D. Baker speaks about Americans choice and opportunities after the Great war(recorded 1918)
Newton Diehl Baker Jr. (December 3, 1871 – December 25, 1937) was an American lawyer, Georgist, politician, and government official. He served as the 37th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1912 to 1915. As U.S. Secretary of War from 1916 to 1921, Baker presided over the United States Army during World War I.
Born in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Baker established a legal practice in Cleveland after graduating from Washington and Lee University School of Law. He became a progressive Democratic ally of Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Baker served as city solicitor of Cleveland from 1901 to 1909 before taking office as mayor in 1912. As mayor, he sought public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification. Baker supported Woodrow Wilson at the 1912 Democratic National Convention, helping Wilson win the votes of the Ohio delegation. After leaving office, Baker accepted appointment as Secretary of War under President Wilson. He was one of several prominent Georgists appointed to positions in the Wilson Cabinet.
Baker presided over the U.S. military's participation in World War I. He selected General John J. Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Forces, which he insisted act as an independent unit. He left office in 1921 and returned to BakerHostetler, the legal practice he co-founded. He served as an attorney in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws. He was a strong supporter of the League of Nations and continued to advocate American participation in the League during the 1920s. Beginning in 1928, he served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but the convention chose Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Early years
Newton Diehl Baker was born on December 3, 1871, in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the son of Newton Diehl Baker Sr. and Mary Ann (Dukehart) Baker. Baker's grandfather, Elias Baker, was a staunch unionist, his father, on the contrary, joined the Confederate Army, served as a cavalryman, was wounded, and became a northern prisoner of war. After returning home in 1865, he obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland Medical School and worked as a physician in Martinsburg until his death in 1906.: 19–20
Baker attended the village schools in Martinsburg through his second year in high school and finished his preparatory training at Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia.
In 1892, Baker graduated with bachelor's degree from Johns Hopkins University, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He attended lectures of Woodrow Wilson, who was a visiting professor at the time.: 22 After receiving his law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1894, he tried for a year to establish law practice in Martinsburg, and then became private secretary to Postmaster General William L. Wilson, who served in the Confederate cavalry with Baker's father.: 21 He stayed in Washington, D.C. until June 1897, then took a vacation in Europe, and returned to Martinsburg. In January 1899, he became a junior partner at Foran, McTigne and Baker in Cleveland.: 23
Baker was small and thin. He was rejected for military service in the Spanish–American War because of poor eyesight.
Cleveland politics
When Baker moved to Cleveland, his political sympathies belonged to the Democratic Party; he supported the so-called Gold Democrats and their platform of gold standard, free trade, and civil service reform.: 23 He built a successful legal career and became involved in local politics. He helped the Democratic candidate Tom L. Johnson to become the mayor of Cleveland, and under his mentorship started his own public career. Johnson was a passionate advocate of Georgist political progressivism. Baker became exposed to Johnson's politics and also became a Georgist. He assisted Johnson in his fights against city's utility monopolies, e.g., Cleveland Electric Railway Company owned by Mark Hanna, which made Baker popular among Clevelanders.: 45
After serving as city solicitor from 1901 to 1909, he became mayor of the city in 1911. As a city official, Baker's main interests were providing Cleveland with electricity (he built a municipal light plant), public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification. He was a strong backer of Cleveland College, now a part of Case Western Reserve University. He and Augustus Raymond Hatton helped draft Ohio's home rule amendment. Its approval by voters in 1912 was Baker's crowning achievement as a mayor. It granted Cleveland a right to draw its own charter and conduct the city business without state interference.
When Baker worked on Wilson's behalf at the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore in 1912, he was considered as a possible vice-presidential contender. He and Wilson had been acquaintances since they were both at Johns Hopkins in the 1890s, and Baker played a vital role during Wilson's Democratic nomination for president at the convention by securing votes from Ohio delegates. Wilson wanted to bring him to Washington D.C. Though offered the post twice, Baker declined to serve as United States Secretary of the Interior during President Wilson's first term.
A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Baker as the eigteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.
In 1916, following his tenure as mayor of Cleveland, Baker and two other partners founded the law firm of BakerHostetler.
Secretary of War
Baker in 1918 as Secretary of War
As the United States considered whether to enter World War I, President Woodrow Wilson had named Baker Secretary of War on 9 March 1916, because Baker was acceptable to advocates and opponents of American participation in the conflict. The post also required legal expertise because of the War Department's role in administering the Philippines, the Panama Canal, and Puerto Rico. The New York Times called him a "warm supporter" of the President. At 44, he was the youngest member of the Cabinet. The American entry into World War I occurred in April 1917.
One historian described his relationship to the military:
A civilian's civilian, Baker saw the military as a necessity, but he had no awe of people in uniform, no romantic feelings toward them, and no dreams of glory. ... On the day President Woodrow Wilson announced Baker's appointment as secretary of war, he admitted his ignorance of military matters. "I am an innocent," he told reporters, "I do not know anything about this job." But he had a sharp, analytical mind and considerable skill at administration.
Secretary of War Newton D. Baker (right), Major General James W. McAndrew (left) and Major General Andre W. Brewster (center) with a group of German prisoners who have just arrived from the front, September 26, 1918.
As Secretary of War, Baker presided over the American military participation in the First World War in 1917 and 1918, including the creation of a nationwide military draft. Baker selected Gen. John J. Pershing to head the American Expeditionary Forces. At Baker's insistence, Wilson made the American forces an independent fighting partner of the Allies against the Central Powers, rather than letting American troops be used to replenish British and French forces as those nations advised. At one meeting with British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, Baker told him that "if we want advice as to who should command our armies, we would ask for it. But until then we do not want nor need it from anyone, least of all you."
On December 15, 1917, a War Council was formed (as distinct from the Council of National Defense) consisting of the Secretary of War, his Assistant, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, the Quartermaster General of the United States Army, the Chief of Ordnance and possibly others. The War Council was to oversee and coordinate all matters of supply and to plan for the effective use of the military power of the nation. Baker had inherited a supply chain problem of gargantuan proportions although at first in April the administration knew nothing of its scale. Problems began quickly to crop up and on 18 December, three days after its formation, Baker fired three of the five officers appointed to the War Council. He appointed George Washington Goethals as Quartermaster General on that day.
The Army Distinguished Service Medal presented by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to several American generals for service in the world war, January 22, 1919. General Peyton C. March, the Army Chief of Staff (far left), is wearing his Army DSM, with Secretary Baker and Assistant Secretary Benedict Crowell to his left.
He was occasionally attacked by military professionals who thought him incompetent or a pacifist at heart. He said, "I'm so much of a pacifist, I'm willing to fight for it."
In 1917, Baker was elected an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati..
In 1918, Wilson told Baker that he hoped he would follow him into the White House in 1920..
Emmett Jay Scott served as Baker's Special Advisor of Black Affairs.
Later years
After stepping down as Secretary of War in 1921, Baker returned to practicing law at Baker & Hostetler.
For several years he was the leading proponent of American participation in the League of Nations.
In 1922, the Encyclopædia Britannica published a brief account of Baker's life that drew sharp criticism. It said, in part, "The charge of pacifism was often brought against him and his career generally as Secretary was widely condemned throughout the United States." Among the prominent names who called the Encyclopedia to account were Livingston Farrand of Cornell and Ernest M. Hopkins of Dartmouth.
At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, during discussion of the party platform, Baker was the principal advocate of language committing the party to American membership in the League of Nations. After losing in the platform committee, which advocated a national referendum on the question, he raised the issue on the floor of the convention.
Members of Wilson's cabinet who went out on the USS Pennsylvania to receive him on 9 July 1919
Though he had no chance of winning over the delegates to support his position, he delivered a speech that was the highlight of the convention, "political oratory at its peak" according to an exhaustive account of the convention: "According to reporters, men and women everywhere burst into tears. It was a tour de force, emotional and bordering on hysteria." He drew upon memories of Wilson, who had died just five months earlier and pleaded for a return to Wilsonian idealism:
On fields of Europe I closed the eyes of soldiers in American uniforms who were dying ... and oh, they were so superb and splendid: never a complaint; never a regret; willing to go if only two things might be: One, that mother might know that they died bravely, and the other, that somebody would pick up their sacrifice and build on earth a permanent temple of peace. ...
And I swore an obligation to the dead that in season and out, by day and by night, in church, in political meeting, in the market-place, I intended to lift up my voice always and ever until their sacrifice were really perfected. ...
I served Woodrow Wilson for five years. He is standing at the throne of God whose approval he won and has received. As he looks down from there I say to him: "I did my best. I am doing it now. You are still the captain of my soul. I feel your spirit here palpably about me." He is standing here, through my weak voice, his presence not that crippled, shrunken, broken figure that I last saw, but the great majestic leader is standing here, using me to say to you, "Save mankind, do America's duty".
When his allotted 20 minutes expired, the crowd roared for him to continue. After an hour he left the lectern to a tremendous ovation. Speakers who tried to argue against him were booed. Yet the final vote went against him by a margin of more than 2 to 1. According to a New York Times editorial,
For a moment that vast audience was lifted from partisan thoughts to heights from which it could have a glimpse of the promised land of peace. ... Not only did Mr. Baker do his best, but he made one of the best and most moving speeches heard of late in any political meeting. He showed himself a disciple worthy to wear his master's mantle. He too has the spirit of prophecy upon him.
Later at the convention, he nominated former Governor James M. Cox of Ohio as his state's "favorite son."
In 1928, President Coolidge appointed Baker a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague, and he was reappointed to another six-year term by Roosevelt in 1935. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Baker to the Wickersham Commission on issues relating to law enforcement, criminal activity, police brutality, and Prohibition.
He remained active in Democratic Party affairs and was considered as a serious prospect for the Democratic nomination for President in 1932, when he declined to announce his candidacy but worked behind the scenes in the hope of being chosen if Franklin D. Roosevelt failed to win the nomination.
Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1932.
Baker argued before the U.S. Supreme Court as counsel for the property owner in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws.
Baker served on the Board of Trustees of Johns Hopkins University beginning in 1918 and was considered for appointment as president of the institution in 1928.
In 1936, he resigned as a member of the Cuyahoga County Democratic Committee after serving for 26 years. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society that same year.
He published a lecture in pamphlet form as War in the Modern World in 1935.
Personal life
Elizabeth Leopold Baker
Baker married Elizabeth Wells Leopold, a faculty member at Wilson College, on July 5, 1902. They had two daughters (Margaret and Elizabeth) and a son, Newton D. Baker III, all of whom survived him, as did five grandchildren.
Confined to his bed after December 3, 1937, because of a longstanding heart condition, Baker died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Shaker Heights, Ohio, on Christmas Day, December 25, 1937. After lying in state with full military honors at Trinity Cathedral and a simple funeral at the family's request, Baker was buried in Lake View Cemetery. His wife died on August 24, 1951.
Legacy
During World War II the Liberty ship SS Newton D. Baker was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.
In 1957 Western Reserve University, now Case Western Reserve, erected the Newton D. Baker Building in his honor. Located on the corner of Adelbert and Euclid, across from Severance Hall, it served as a large unit of general purpose classrooms and administrative offices. The building was torn down in November 2004.
The Georgetown mansion Baker occupied while Secretary of War, now known as Newton D. Baker House, is on the National Register of Historic Places.
The law firm he founded, Baker Hostetler, is one of the nation's 100 largest firms.
Baker High School and Newton D. Baker School of Arts located on W. 159th Street in West Park, Cleveland are both named after Baker. A dormitory at Ohio State University, dedicated in 1940, is named Baker Hall (see information about the building) Archived December 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in his honor. The Newton D. Baker dormitory at Washington and Lee University is also named for him. The Veterans Administration Hospital in his hometown of Martinsburg WV was originally named the Newton D. Baker Hospital and is still referred to as such by local residents.
References
^ a b Noble, Ransom E. "Henry George and the Progressive Movement." The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 8, no. 3, 1949, pp. 259–269. www.jstor.org/stable/3484179.
^ Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2003
^ a b c d e f Craig, Douglas B. Progressives at War: William G. Mcadoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
^ Cramer, C. H. "Newton D. Baker." Newton D. Baker (1871-1937). Washington and Lee Law School, n.d. Web. June 4, 2017. http://law2.wlu.edu/alumni/bios/baker.asp
^ a b c d Former Cleveland Mayor and Militant Political Ally of Wilson Gets Post, The New York Times, March 7, 1916. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Dawley, Alan. Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2003.
^ Baker, Newton Diehl - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
^ Wilson, Richard L. American Political Leaders. New York: Facts on File, 2002, p. 25.
^ "HATTON, AUGUSTUS RAYMOND | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University". case.edu. May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
^ Home Rule - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
^ O'Brien, Steven, Paula McGuire, James M. McPherson, and Gary Gerstle. American Political Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 1991, p. 18.
^ Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. University Park: PSU Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3.
^ James P. Tate, The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919-1941 (Air University Press, 1998), 3
^ F. (1918). "War Department Organization". The American Political Science Review. 12 (4 (Nov., 1918), pp. 699-705): 699–705. doi:10.2307/1945843. JSTOR 1945843. S2CID 251093531.
^ "GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES; Succeeds Sharpe as Quartermaster in Shift Creating New War Council. WHEELER ORDNANCE CHIEF Will Act in Crozier's Place--Senate Holds Up Latter's Confirmation. Order for War Council. GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES Quarrel Over". The New York Times. December 19, 1917.
^ a b c d Newton D. Baker Dies in Cleveland, The New York Times, December 26, 1937. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Indignation Grows over Baker Article, The New York Times, October 9, 1922. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Murray, 144-6, 151-2
^ Text of Debate on League, The New York Times, June 29, 1924. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Murray, 153
^ Mr. Baker's Speech, The New York Times, June 30, 1924. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Robert K. Murray, The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden (NY: Harper & Row, 1976), 138
^ Baker is Reappointed to The Hague Court, The New York Times, January 6, 1935. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ President Appoints Newton D. Baker a Member of Hague Arbitration Court, The New York Times, June 3, 1928. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume 1, edited by David Levinson, page 1708.
^ $3,192,297 in Gifts Announced at Yale, The New York Times, June 23, 1932. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
^ Baker Considered for Johns Hopkins, The New York Times, April 4, 1928. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
^ Miscellaneous Brief Reviews, The New York Times, October 13, 1935. Accessed February 6, 2011. War in the Modern World, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935. (Milton Academy Alumni War Memorial Series.)
^ "Great Figure of World War Goes With Death of Newton D. Baker". The Kansas City Star. December 26, 1937. p. 7A. Retrieved February 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Newton D. Baker". Archived from the original on September 26, 2006.
^ a b Mrs. Newton Baker, Widow of Wilson Aide, The New York Times, August 24, 1951.
^ "Simple Rites Pay Baker Last Honor". The Plain Dealer. December 28, 1937. p. 1.
^ Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476617541. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites, 2009 Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed February 6, 2011.
^ John H. Herrick Archives: Baker Hall Archived January 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed February 6, 2011.
Further reading
Beaver, Daniel R. "Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board, 1917-1918." Journal of American History (1965) 52#1 pp: 43–58. in JSTOR
Beaver, Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 1966)
Craig, Douglas B. Progressives at War: William G. McAdoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.
Cuff, Robert D. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.)
Palmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at War. 2 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931.
Van Tassel, David D. and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History. Cleveland Bicentennial Commission.
Primary sources
Baker, Newton D. Frontiers of freedom (1918) online
Palmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at war, based on the personal papers of the secretary of war in the world war; his correspondence with the President and important leaders at home and abroad; the confidential cablegrams between the War department and headquarters in France; the minutes of the War industries board, and other first-hand material (Dodd, Meade & Company, 1931)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newton D. Baker.
Wikisource has original works by or about:Newton Diehl Baker Jr.
Works by or about Newton D. Baker at Internet Archive
Newton D. Baker at Find a Grave
Adler, Jessica L.: Baker, Newton D., in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Political offices
Preceded byHerman C. Baehr
Mayor of Cleveland 1912–1915
Succeeded byHarry L. Davis
Preceded byLindley M. Garrison
U.S. Secretary of WarServed under: Woodrow Wilson March 9, 1916 – March 4, 1921
Succeeded byJohn W. Weeks
vteUnited States Secretaries of War and the ArmyDepartmentof War(1789–1947)Secretariesof War
B. Lincoln
Knox
Pickering
McHenry
Dexter
Dearborn
Eustis
Armstrong
Monroe
W. Crawford
Calhoun
Barbour
P. Porter
Eaton
Cass
Poinsett
Bell
Spencer
J. Porter
Wilkins
Marcy
G. Crawford
Conrad
J. Davis
Floyd
Holt
S. Cameron
Stanton
Schofield
Rawlins
Belknap
A. Taft
J. Cameron
McCrary
Ramsey
R. Lincoln
Endicott
Proctor
Elkins
Lamont
Alger
Root
W. Taft
Wright
Dickinson
Stimson
Garrison
Baker
Weeks
D. Davis
Good
Hurley
Dern
Woodring
Stimson
Patterson
Royall
Assistant Secretariesof War
Scott
Watson
Tucker
Wolcott
Dana
Eckert
Grant
Doe
Meiklejohn
Sanger
Oliver
Breckinridge
Ingraham
Crowell
Williams
Wainwright
D. Davis
MacNider
Robbins
Hurley
Payne
Woodring
L. Johnson
Patterson
McCloy
Petersen
Under Secretariesof War
Patterson
Royall
Draper
Departmentof the Army(1947–present)Secretariesof the Army
Royall
Gray
Pace
Stevens
Brucker
Stahr
Vance
Ailes
Resor
Froehlke
Callaway
Hoffmann
C. Alexander
Marsh
Stone
West
Caldera
White
Harvey
Geren
McHugh
Fanning
Esper
McCarthy
Wormuth
Under Secretariesof the Army
Draper
Gray
Voorhees
A. Alexander
Bendetsen
E. Johnson
Slezak
Finucane
Milton
Ailes
Ignatius
Resor
McGiffert
Beal
BeLieu
Staudt
Augustine
LaBerge
Ambrose
Stone
Shannon
Reeder
Walker
Rostker
Dahlberg
Brownlee
Geren
Ford
Westphal
Carson
Murphy
McCarthy
McPherson
Camarillo
vteMayors of ClevelandPresidents of Cleveland (1815–1835)
Kelley (Alfred)
Kelley (Daniel)
Perry
Wood
Case
Waterman
Cathan
Long
Hilliard
Allen
Mayors of Cleveland (1836–1854)
Willey
Mills
Dockstader
Allen
Mills
Hayward
Starkweather
Hoadley
Harris
Kelsey
Bingham
Case
Brownell
Mayors of Ohio City (1836–1854)
Barber
Burrows
Baldwin
Standart
Lord
Lamb
Griffith
Beverlin
Burnham
Sheldon
Castle
Mayors of Cleveland since 1854
Castle
Starkweather
Senter
Flint
Masters
Senter
Chapin
Buhrer
Pelton
Otis
Payne
Rose
Herrick
Farley
Gardner
Babcock
Gardner
Rose
Blee
McKisson
Farley
Johnson
Baehr
Baker
Davis
Fitzgerald
Kohler
Hopkins (manager)
Morgan (manager)
Miller
Davis
Burton
Blythin
Lausche
Burke
Celebrezze
Locher
Stokes
Perk
Kucinich
Voinovich
White
Campbell
Jackson
Bibb
vteCabinet of President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)Vice President
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan (1913–1915)
Robert Lansing (1915–1920)
Bainbridge Colby (1920–1921)
Secretary of the Treasury
William Gibbs McAdoo (1913–1918)
Carter Glass (1918–1920)
David F. Houston (1920–1921)
Secretary of War
Lindley Miller Garrison (1913–1916)
Newton D. Baker (1916–1921)
Attorney General
James Clark McReynolds (1913–1914)
Thomas Watt Gregory (1914–1919)
A. Mitchell Palmer (1919–1921)
Postmaster General
Albert S. Burleson (1913–1921)
Secretary of the Navy
Josephus Daniels (1913–1921)
Secretary of the Interior
Franklin Knight Lane (1913–1920)
John Barton Payne (1920–1921)
Secretary of Agriculture
David F. Houston (1913–1920)
Edwin T. Meredith (1920–1921)
Secretary of Commerce
William C. Redfield (1913–1919)
Joshua W. Alexander (1919–1921)
Secretary of Labor
William Bauchop Wilson (1913–1921)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
NARA
SNAC
2
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-1"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Martinsburg, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Tom L. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"1912 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John J. Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces"},{"link_name":"BakerHostetler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BakerHostetler"},{"link_name":"Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_of_Euclid_v._Ambler_Realty_Co."},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"1932 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"}],"text":"Newton Diehl Baker Jr. (December 3, 1871 – December 25, 1937) was an American lawyer, Georgist,[1] politician, and government official. He served as the 37th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1912 to 1915. As U.S. Secretary of War from 1916 to 1921, Baker presided over the United States Army during World War I.Born in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Baker established a legal practice in Cleveland after graduating from Washington and Lee University School of Law. He became a progressive Democratic ally of Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Baker served as city solicitor of Cleveland from 1901 to 1909 before taking office as mayor in 1912. As mayor, he sought public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification. Baker supported Woodrow Wilson at the 1912 Democratic National Convention, helping Wilson win the votes of the Ohio delegation. After leaving office, Baker accepted appointment as Secretary of War under President Wilson. He was one of several prominent Georgists appointed to positions in the Wilson Cabinet.[2]Baker presided over the U.S. military's participation in World War I. He selected General John J. Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Forces, which he insisted act as an independent unit. He left office in 1921 and returned to BakerHostetler, the legal practice he co-founded. He served as an attorney in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws. He was a strong supporter of the League of Nations and continued to advocate American participation in the League during the 1920s. Beginning in 1928, he served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but the convention chose Franklin D. Roosevelt.","title":"Newton D. Baker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martinsburg, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)#Unionists_in_South_and_Border_states"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"Episcopal High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_High_School_(Alexandria,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Phi Gamma Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"William L. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ally-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Newton Diehl Baker was born on December 3, 1871, in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the son of Newton Diehl Baker Sr. and Mary Ann (Dukehart) Baker. Baker's grandfather, Elias Baker, was a staunch unionist, his father, on the contrary, joined the Confederate Army, served as a cavalryman, was wounded, and became a northern prisoner of war. After returning home in 1865, he obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland Medical School and worked as a physician in Martinsburg until his death in 1906.[3]: 19–20Baker attended the village schools in Martinsburg through his second year in high school and finished his preparatory training at Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia.In 1892, Baker graduated with bachelor's degree from Johns Hopkins University, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He attended lectures of Woodrow Wilson, who was a visiting professor at the time.[3]: 22 After receiving his law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law[4] in 1894, he tried for a year to establish law practice in Martinsburg, and then became private secretary to Postmaster General William L. Wilson,[5] who served in the Confederate cavalry with Baker's father.[3]: 21 He stayed in Washington, D.C. until June 1897, then took a vacation in Europe, and returned to Martinsburg. In January 1899, he became a junior partner at Foran, McTigne and Baker in Cleveland.[3]: 23Baker was small and thin. He was rejected for military service in the Spanish–American War because of poor eyesight.[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gold Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"Tom L. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Georgist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgist"},{"link_name":"political progressivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mark Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hanna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Progressives_at_War-3"},{"link_name":"solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ally-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cleveland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_College"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"Augustus Raymond Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Raymond_Hatton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ally-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BakerHostetler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BakerHostetler"}],"text":"When Baker moved to Cleveland, his political sympathies belonged to the Democratic Party; he supported the so-called Gold Democrats and their platform of gold standard, free trade, and civil service reform.[3]: 23 He built a successful legal career and became involved in local politics. He helped the Democratic candidate Tom L. Johnson to become the mayor of Cleveland, and under his mentorship started his own public career. Johnson was a passionate advocate of Georgist political progressivism. Baker became exposed to Johnson's politics and also became a Georgist.[1][6] He assisted Johnson in his fights against city's utility monopolies, e.g., Cleveland Electric Railway Company owned by Mark Hanna, which made Baker popular among Clevelanders.[3]: 45After serving as city solicitor from 1901 to 1909, he became mayor of the city in 1911.[7] As a city official, Baker's main interests were providing Cleveland with electricity (he built a municipal light plant), public transit reform, hospital improvement, and city beautification.[5][8] He was a strong backer of Cleveland College, now a part of Case Western Reserve University. He and Augustus Raymond Hatton helped draft Ohio's home rule amendment.[9] Its approval by voters in 1912 was Baker's crowning achievement as a mayor. It granted Cleveland a right to draw its own charter and conduct the city business without state interference.[10]When Baker worked on Wilson's behalf at the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore in 1912, he was considered as a possible vice-presidential contender.[5] He and Wilson had been acquaintances since they were both at Johns Hopkins in the 1890s, and Baker played a vital role during Wilson's Democratic nomination for president at the convention by securing votes from Ohio delegates.[11] Wilson wanted to bring him to Washington D.C. Though offered the post twice, Baker declined to serve as United States Secretary of the Interior during President Wilson's first term.A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Baker as the eigteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.[12]In 1916, following his tenure as mayor of Cleveland, Baker and two other partners founded the law firm of BakerHostetler.","title":"Cleveland politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_War_Newton_D._Baker_on_6_December_1918,_111-SC-26463_-_NARA_-_55212437_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ally-5"},{"link_name":"American entry into World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111-SC-24739_-_NARA_-_55209089-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"James W. McAndrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._McAndrew"},{"link_name":"Andre W. Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_W._Brewster"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"military draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_draft"},{"link_name":"John J. Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"War Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Council"},{"link_name":"Council of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster General of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_General_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Chief of Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc-14"},{"link_name":"George Washington Goethals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt17-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorations_-_Presentations_-_DSM_and_CM_of_Honor_-_American_Generals_decorated_by_Secretary_of_War,_Newton_D._Baker,_for_war_Service_-_NARA_-_26433231_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Army Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"Newton D. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"world war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war"},{"link_name":"Peyton C. March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_C._March"},{"link_name":"Army Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Benedict Crowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Crowell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-16"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emmett Jay Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Jay_Scott"}],"text":"Baker in 1918 as Secretary of WarAs the United States considered whether to enter World War I, President Woodrow Wilson had named Baker Secretary of War on 9 March 1916, because Baker was acceptable to advocates and opponents of American participation in the conflict. The post also required legal expertise because of the War Department's role in administering the Philippines, the Panama Canal, and Puerto Rico. The New York Times called him a \"warm supporter\" of the President. At 44, he was the youngest member of the Cabinet.[5] The American entry into World War I occurred in April 1917.One historian described his relationship to the military:[13]A civilian's civilian, Baker saw the military as a necessity, but he had no awe of people in uniform, no romantic feelings toward them, and no dreams of glory. ... On the day President Woodrow Wilson announced Baker's appointment as secretary of war, he admitted his ignorance of military matters. \"I am an innocent,\" he told reporters, \"I do not know anything about this job.\" But he had a sharp, analytical mind and considerable skill at administration.Secretary of War Newton D. Baker (right), Major General James W. McAndrew (left) and Major General Andre W. Brewster (center) with a group of German prisoners who have just arrived from the front, September 26, 1918.As Secretary of War, Baker presided over the American military participation in the First World War in 1917 and 1918, including the creation of a nationwide military draft. Baker selected Gen. John J. Pershing to head the American Expeditionary Forces. At Baker's insistence, Wilson made the American forces an independent fighting partner of the Allies against the Central Powers, rather than letting American troops be used to replenish British and French forces as those nations advised. At one meeting with British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, Baker told him that \"if we want advice as to who should command our armies, we would ask for it. But until then we do not want nor need it from anyone, least of all you.\"[citation needed]On December 15, 1917, a War Council was formed (as distinct from the Council of National Defense) consisting of the Secretary of War, his Assistant, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, the Quartermaster General of the United States Army, the Chief of Ordnance and possibly others.[14] The War Council was to oversee and coordinate all matters of supply and to plan for the effective use of the military power of the nation. Baker had inherited a supply chain problem of gargantuan proportions although at first in April the administration knew nothing of its scale. Problems began quickly to crop up and on 18 December, three days after its formation, Baker fired three of the five officers appointed to the War Council. He appointed George Washington Goethals as Quartermaster General on that day.[15]The Army Distinguished Service Medal presented by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to several American generals for service in the world war, January 22, 1919. General Peyton C. March, the Army Chief of Staff (far left), is wearing his Army DSM, with Secretary Baker and Assistant Secretary Benedict Crowell to his left.He was occasionally attacked by military professionals who thought him incompetent or a pacifist at heart. He said, \"I'm so much of a pacifist, I'm willing to fight for it.\"[16]In 1917, Baker was elected an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati.[citation needed].In 1918, Wilson told Baker that he hoped he would follow him into the White House in 1920.[citation needed].Emmett Jay Scott served as Baker's Special Advisor of Black Affairs.","title":"Secretary of War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-16"},{"link_name":"Livingston Farrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Farrand"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Ernest M. Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Martin_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Members_of_President_W._Wilson%27s_cabinet_who_went_out_on_the_USS_Pennsylvania_-_NH_17.jpeg"},{"link_name":"USS Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"James M. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox"},{"link_name":"favorite son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorite_son"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Wickersham Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickersham_Commission"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_of_Euclid_v._Ambler_Realty_Co."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-16"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"After stepping down as Secretary of War in 1921, Baker returned to practicing law at Baker & Hostetler.For several years he was the leading proponent of American participation in the League of Nations.[16]In 1922, the Encyclopædia Britannica published a brief account of Baker's life that drew sharp criticism. It said, in part, \"The charge of pacifism was often brought against him and his career generally as Secretary was widely condemned throughout the United States.\" Among the prominent names who called the Encyclopedia to account were Livingston Farrand of Cornell and Ernest M. Hopkins of Dartmouth.[17]At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, during discussion of the party platform, Baker was the principal advocate of language committing the party to American membership in the League of Nations. After losing in the platform committee, which advocated a national referendum on the question, he raised the issue on the floor of the convention.Members of Wilson's cabinet who went out on the USS Pennsylvania to receive him on 9 July 1919Though he had no chance of winning over the delegates to support his position, he delivered a speech that was the highlight of the convention, \"political oratory at its peak\" according to an exhaustive account of the convention: \"According to reporters, men and women everywhere burst into tears. It was a tour de force, emotional and bordering on hysteria.\"[18] He drew upon memories of Wilson, who had died just five months earlier and pleaded for a return to Wilsonian idealism:[19]On fields of Europe I closed the eyes of soldiers in American uniforms who were dying ... and oh, they were so superb and splendid: never a complaint; never a regret; willing to go if only two things might be: One, that mother might know that they died bravely, and the other, that somebody would pick up their sacrifice and build on earth a permanent temple of peace. ...\nAnd I swore an obligation to the dead that in season and out, by day and by night, in church, in political meeting, in the market-place, I intended to lift up my voice always and ever until their sacrifice were really perfected. ...\n\nI served Woodrow Wilson for five years. He is standing at the throne of God whose approval he won and has received. As he looks down from there I say to him: \"I did my best. I am doing it now. You are still the captain of my soul. I feel your spirit here palpably about me.\" He is standing here, through my weak voice, his presence not that crippled, shrunken, broken figure that I last saw, but the great majestic leader is standing here, using me to say to you, \"Save mankind, do America's duty\".When his allotted 20 minutes expired, the crowd roared for him to continue. After an hour he left the lectern to a tremendous ovation. Speakers who tried to argue against him were booed. Yet the final vote went against him by a margin of more than 2 to 1.[20] According to a New York Times editorial,For a moment that vast audience was lifted from partisan thoughts to heights from which it could have a glimpse of the promised land of peace. ... Not only did Mr. Baker do his best, but he made one of the best and most moving speeches heard of late in any political meeting. He showed himself a disciple worthy to wear his master's mantle. He too has the spirit of prophecy upon him.[21]Later at the convention, he nominated former Governor James M. Cox of Ohio as his state's \"favorite son.\"[22]In 1928, President Coolidge appointed Baker a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of The Hague, and he was reappointed to another six-year term by Roosevelt in 1935.[23][24] In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Baker to the Wickersham Commission on issues relating to law enforcement, criminal activity, police brutality, and Prohibition.[25]He remained active in Democratic Party affairs and was considered as a serious prospect for the Democratic nomination for President in 1932, when he declined to announce his candidacy but worked behind the scenes in the hope of being chosen if Franklin D. Roosevelt failed to win the nomination.Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1932.[26]Baker argued before the U.S. Supreme Court as counsel for the property owner in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., a landmark case that established the constitutionality of zoning laws.[27]Baker served on the Board of Trustees of Johns Hopkins University beginning in 1918 and was considered for appointment as president of the institution in 1928.[28]In 1936, he resigned as a member of the Cuyahoga County Democratic Committee after serving for 26 years.[16] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society that same year.[29]He published a lecture in pamphlet form as War in the Modern World in 1935.[30]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Leopold_Baker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wvculture.org-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eliz-33"},{"link_name":"Shaker Heights, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wvculture.org-32"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-16"},{"link_name":"Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral_(Cleveland,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Lake View Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eliz-33"}],"text":"Elizabeth Leopold BakerBaker married Elizabeth Wells Leopold, a faculty member at Wilson College, on July 5, 1902.[31] They had two daughters (Margaret and Elizabeth) and a son, Newton D. Baker III, all of whom survived him, as did five grandchildren.[32][33]Confined to his bed after December 3, 1937, because of a longstanding heart condition, Baker died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Shaker Heights, Ohio, on Christmas Day, December 25, 1937.[32][16] After lying in state with full military honors at Trinity Cathedral and a simple funeral at the family's request, Baker was buried in Lake View Cemetery.[34] His wife died on August 24, 1951.[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"SS Newton D. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Newton_D._Baker"},{"link_name":"Panama City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)"},{"link_name":"Severance Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_Hall"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Newton D. Baker House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_D._Baker_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Baker High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_High_School_(Columbus,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"(see information about the building)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=095"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161216174614/https://www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=095"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herrick-37"}],"text":"During World War II the Liberty ship SS Newton D. Baker was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.[35]In 1957 Western Reserve University, now Case Western Reserve, erected the Newton D. Baker Building in his honor. Located on the corner of Adelbert and Euclid, across from Severance Hall, it served as a large unit of general purpose classrooms and administrative offices. The building was torn down in November 2004.The Georgetown mansion Baker occupied while Secretary of War, now known as Newton D. Baker House, is on the National Register of Historic Places.[36]The law firm he founded, Baker Hostetler, is one of the nation's 100 largest firms.Baker High School and Newton D. Baker School of Arts located on W. 159th Street in West Park, Cleveland are both named after Baker. A dormitory at Ohio State University, dedicated in 1940, is named Baker Hall (see information about the building) Archived December 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in his honor.[37] The Newton D. Baker dormitory at Washington and Lee University is also named for him. The Veterans Administration Hospital in his hometown of Martinsburg WV was originally named the Newton D. Baker Hospital and is still referred to as such by local residents.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1901123"}],"text":"Beaver, Daniel R. \"Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board, 1917-1918.\" Journal of American History (1965) 52#1 pp: 43–58. in JSTOR\nBeaver, Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 1966)\nCraig, Douglas B. Progressives at War: William G. McAdoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.\nCuff, Robert D. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.)\nPalmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at War. 2 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931.\nVan Tassel, David D. and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History. Cleveland Bicentennial Commission.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frontiersfreedo00bakegoog"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Baker, Newton D. Frontiers of freedom (1918) online\nPalmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at war, based on the personal papers of the secretary of war in the world war; his correspondence with the President and important leaders at home and abroad; the confidential cablegrams between the War department and headquarters in France; the minutes of the War industries board, and other first-hand material (Dodd, Meade & Company, 1931)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Baker in 1918 as Secretary of War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Secretary_of_War_Newton_D._Baker_on_6_December_1918%2C_111-SC-26463_-_NARA_-_55212437_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-Secretary_of_War_Newton_D._Baker_on_6_December_1918%2C_111-SC-26463_-_NARA_-_55212437_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Secretary of War Newton D. Baker (right), Major General James W. McAndrew (left) and Major General Andre W. Brewster (center) with a group of German prisoners who have just arrived from the front, September 26, 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/111-SC-24739_-_NARA_-_55209089-cropped.jpg/220px-111-SC-24739_-_NARA_-_55209089-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Army Distinguished Service Medal presented by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to several American generals for service in the world war, January 22, 1919. General Peyton C. March, the Army Chief of Staff (far left), is wearing his Army DSM, with Secretary Baker and Assistant Secretary Benedict Crowell to his left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Decorations_-_Presentations_-_DSM_and_CM_of_Honor_-_American_Generals_decorated_by_Secretary_of_War%2C_Newton_D._Baker%2C_for_war_Service_-_NARA_-_26433231_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of Wilson's cabinet who went out on the USS Pennsylvania to receive him on 9 July 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Members_of_President_W._Wilson%27s_cabinet_who_went_out_on_the_USS_Pennsylvania_-_NH_17.jpeg/220px-Members_of_President_W._Wilson%27s_cabinet_who_went_out_on_the_USS_Pennsylvania_-_NH_17.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Elizabeth Leopold Baker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Elizabeth_Leopold_Baker.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Leopold_Baker.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"HATTON, AUGUSTUS RAYMOND | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University\". case.edu. May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hatton-augustus-raymond","url_text":"\"HATTON, AUGUSTUS RAYMOND | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University\""}]},{"reference":"Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. University Park: PSU Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl","url_text":"The American Mayor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01876-3","url_text":"0-271-01876-3"}]},{"reference":"F. (1918). \"War Department Organization\". The American Political Science Review. 12 (4 (Nov., 1918), pp. 699-705): 699–705. doi:10.2307/1945843. JSTOR 1945843. S2CID 251093531.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945843","url_text":"\"War Department Organization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945843","url_text":"10.2307/1945843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945843","url_text":"1945843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251093531","url_text":"251093531"}]},{"reference":"\"GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES; Succeeds Sharpe as Quartermaster in Shift Creating New War Council. WHEELER ORDNANCE CHIEF Will Act in Crozier's Place--Senate Holds Up Latter's Confirmation. Order for War Council. GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES Quarrel Over\". The New York Times. December 19, 1917.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/12/19/archives/goethals-to-head-army-supplies-succeeds-sharpe-as-quartermaster-in.html","url_text":"\"GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES; Succeeds Sharpe as Quartermaster in Shift Creating New War Council. WHEELER ORDNANCE CHIEF Will Act in Crozier's Place--Senate Holds Up Latter's Confirmation. Order for War Council. GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES Quarrel Over\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Newton+D.+Baker&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Figure of World War Goes With Death of Newton D. Baker\". The Kansas City Star. December 26, 1937. p. 7A. Retrieved February 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70363838/the-kansas-city-star/","url_text":"\"Great Figure of World War Goes With Death of Newton D. Baker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star","url_text":"The Kansas City Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Newton D. Baker\". Archived from the original on September 26, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060926154318/http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/bakernewton01.html","url_text":"\"Newton D. Baker\""},{"url":"http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/bakernewton01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Simple Rites Pay Baker Last Honor\". The Plain Dealer. December 28, 1937. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476617541. Retrieved November 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oWBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476617541","url_text":"978-1476617541"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=095","external_links_name":"(see information about the building)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161216174614/https://www.osu.edu/map/building.php?building=095","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhYWkxi31N0C&dq=Newton+Diehl+Baker+Sr.&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"Progressives at War: William G. Mcadoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941"},{"Link":"http://law2.wlu.edu/alumni/bios/baker.asp","external_links_name":"http://law2.wlu.edu/alumni/bios/baker.asp"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50710F93B5B17738DDDAE0894DB405B868DF1D3&","external_links_name":"Former Cleveland Mayor and Militant Political Ally of Wilson Gets Post"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3UeAgAAQBAJ&dq=Robert+Lansing+progressive&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution."},{"Link":"http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=BND","external_links_name":"Baker, Newton Diehl - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C2I2qvK08mMC&dq=Newton+Diehl+Baker+Sr.&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"American Political Leaders"},{"Link":"https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hatton-augustus-raymond","external_links_name":"\"HATTON, AUGUSTUS RAYMOND | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University\""},{"Link":"http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=HR1","external_links_name":"Home Rule - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rKwoDDTYBoIC&dq=newton+diehl+baker&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"American Political Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl","external_links_name":"The American Mayor"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945843","external_links_name":"\"War Department Organization\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945843","external_links_name":"10.2307/1945843"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945843","external_links_name":"1945843"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251093531","external_links_name":"251093531"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/12/19/archives/goethals-to-head-army-supplies-succeeds-sharpe-as-quartermaster-in.html","external_links_name":"\"GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES; Succeeds Sharpe as Quartermaster in Shift Creating New War Council. WHEELER ORDNANCE CHIEF Will Act in Crozier's Place--Senate Holds Up Latter's Confirmation. Order for War Council. GOETHALS TO HEAD ARMY SUPPLIES Quarrel Over\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/12/26/archives/newton-d-baker-dies-in-cleveland-war-secretary-in-world-conflict.html","external_links_name":"Newton D. Baker Dies in Cleveland"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30715FB345411738DDDA00894D8415B828EF1D3&","external_links_name":"Indignation Grows over Baker Article"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/29/archives/text-of-debate-on-league-baker-refers-to-majority-plank-as.html","external_links_name":"Text of Debate on League"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/30/archives/mr-bakers-speech.html","external_links_name":"Mr. Baker's Speech"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1935/01/06/archives/baker-is-reappointed-to-the-hague-court-roosevelt-renames-former.html","external_links_name":"Baker is Reappointed to The Hague Court"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/03/archives/president-appoints-newton-d-backer-a-member-of-hague-arbitration.html","external_links_name":"President Appoints Newton D. Baker a Member of Hague Arbitration Court"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1932/06/23/archives/3192297-in-gifts-announced-at-yale-alumni-fund-is-increased-444369.html","external_links_name":"$3,192,297 in Gifts Announced at Yale"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/04/archives/baker-considered-for-johns-hopkins-trustees-feel-that-former-war.html","external_links_name":"Baker Considered for Johns Hopkins"},{"Link":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Newton+D.+Baker&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","external_links_name":"\"APS Member History\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/13/archives/war-in-the-modern-world-by-newton-diehl-baker-63-pp-milton-academy.html","external_links_name":"Miscellaneous Brief Reviews"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70363838/the-kansas-city-star/","external_links_name":"\"Great Figure of World War Goes With Death of Newton D. Baker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060926154318/http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/bakernewton01.html","external_links_name":"\"Newton D. Baker\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/bakernewton01.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12F93F5C127A93C6AB1783D85F458585F9&","external_links_name":"Mrs. Newton Baker, Widow of Wilson Aide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oWBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien"},{"Link":"http://dpw.dc.gov/OP/HP/Alphabetical_Edition_%202009.pdf","external_links_name":"District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites, 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213832/http://dpw.dc.gov/OP/HP/Alphabetical_Edition_%202009.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://herrick.knowlton.ohio-state.edu/building.asp?building=232","external_links_name":"John H. Herrick Archives: Baker Hall"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100117075413/http://herrick.knowlton.ohio-state.edu/building.asp?building=232","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901123","external_links_name":"in JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/frontiersfreedo00bakegoog","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baker%2C%20N%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newton%20D.%20Baker%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newton%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22N%2E%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newton%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newton%20D.%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newton%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20D.%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baker%2C%20N%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baker%2C%20N%2E%20D.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newton%20Baker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Newton%20D.%20Baker%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Newton%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20title%3A%22N%2E%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Newton%20Baker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newton%20D.%20Baker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newton%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22N%2E%20D%2E%20Baker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%20D%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newton%20Baker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baker%2C%20Newton%22%29%20OR%20%28%221871-1937%22%20AND%20Baker%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Newton D. Baker"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48","external_links_name":"Newton D. Baker"},{"Link":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/baker_newton_d/","external_links_name":"Baker, Newton D."},{"Link":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/","external_links_name":"1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/192446/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120242574","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39369767","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX9kdgVRd3KmwfFQjXBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11044819q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11044819q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012436446","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258129305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86114582","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35012451","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070248362","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/95702","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11082696?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1012436446.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/789470","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572009","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vj92p9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hb9vk9","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/08883381X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulon_Luxgen_Dinos
|
Yulon Luxgen Dinos
|
["1 Roster","2 Notable players","3 Head coaches","4 Season-by-season record","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Basketball teamYulon Luxgen DinosLeagueSBLFounded1965HistoryYulon Basketball Team1965–1994Yulon Dinos1994–2009New Taipei Yulon Luxgen Dinos2012–2015Yulon Luxgen Dinos2009–2012, 2015–presentPresidentChen Li-LianHead coachLee Chi-YiOwnershipYulonChampionships6CBA:1 (1995)SBL:7 (2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2021, 2023, 2024)Websitewww.yulon.com.tw
The Yulon Luxgen Dinos are a professional basketball team in the Super Basketball League in Taiwan. It was founded in 1965 by Yulon Motor's (or the Taiwanese Car Manufacturer Luxgen) Chairman Yen Ching-ling as a First Division amateur basketball team. It has also been member of the short-lived Chinese Basketball Alliance, a professional basketball league that existed from 1994 to 1998.
Roster
Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
Yulon Luxgen Dinos roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Nat.
Name
Ht.
Wt.
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From
G
2
Lin Shih-Hsuan
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
76 kg (168 lb)
25 – (1998-12-28)28 December 1998
NTNU
G
6
Wang Yi-Fan
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
72 kg (159 lb)
23 – (2000-11-19)19 November 2000
Fu Jen
F
7
Tu Yi-Han
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
93 kg (205 lb)
23 – (2000-12-28)28 December 2000
NCCU
G
8
Tung Fang Yi-Kang
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
82 kg (181 lb)
26 – (1997-10-12)12 October 1997
Washington
G
11
Yang Cheng-Han
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
77 kg (170 lb)
24 – (1999-10-10)10 October 1999
Fu Jen
F
12
Cheng Te-Wei
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
96 kg (212 lb)
28 – (1995-10-08)8 October 1995
SHU
G
15
Chou Shih-Yuan (C)
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
80 kg (176 lb)
40 – (1983-11-16)16 November 1983
TPEC
G
17
Lin Yi-En
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
80 kg (176 lb)
28 – (1996-06-08)8 June 1996
Chinese Culture
F
20
Weng Chia-Hung
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
90 kg (198 lb)
32 – (1992-03-15)15 March 1992
HWU
F
31
Huang Tsung-Han
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
90 kg (198 lb)
27 – (1996-10-10)10 October 1996
NTNU
F
33
Walter Sharpe (I)
2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)
111 kg (245 lb)
37 – (1986-07-18)18 July 1986
UAB
G
76
Lin Ming-Yi
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
68 kg (150 lb)
28 – (1996-03-27)27 March 1996
MingDao
F
93
Kuo Chao-Nan
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
89 kg (196 lb)
31 – (1992-11-06)6 November 1992
NKNU
G
-
Kao Cheng-En
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
85 kg (187 lb)
24 – (1999-12-23)23 December 1999
Chien Hsin Tech
F
-
Lan Shao-Fu
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
100 kg (220 lb)
27 – (1997-03-21)21 March 1997
NTSU
C
-
Wu Tai-Hao
2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)
108 kg (238 lb)
39 – (1985-02-07)7 February 1985
NTNU
G
-
Wu Yen-Lun
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
72 kg (159 lb)
27 – (1997-06-18)18 June 1997
I-Shou
Head coach
Lee Chi-Yi
Assistant coach(es)
Wei Yung-Tai
Tsai Fu-Tsai
Athletic trainer(s)
Wei Chia-Wei
Legend
(C) Team captain(I) Import player Injured
Notable players
Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
Criteria
To appear in this section a player must have either:
Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club
Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time
Played at least one official NBA match at any time.
Solomon Alabi
Sim Bhullar
Derrick Caracter
Chen Chien-Hsun
Chen Chih-Chung
Chen Hsin-An
Chen Shih-Nien
Chiu Tsung-Chih
Chou Po-Chen
Chou Shih-Yuan
Rakeem Christmas
Douglas Creighton
Eric Dawson
Hsu Tung-Ching
Ke Chi-Hao
Herve Lamizana
Lee Chi-Yi
Lee Hsueh-Lin
Lee Kai-Yan
Lee Te-Wei
Lee Yun-Kuang
Lin Chien-Ping
Lin Yi-Huei
Lu Cheng-Ju
Luke Nevill
Sani Sakakini
Walter Sharpe
Garret Siler
Song Tao
Tsai Fu-Tsai
Tseng Wen-Ting
Tung Fang Chieh-Te
Wu Chien-Lung
Wu Feng-Cheng
Wu Tai-Hao
Yang Che-Yi
Head coaches
#
Name
Term
GC
W
L
Win%
GC
W
L
Win%
Achievements
Regular season
Playoffs
Yulon Dinos
1
Chien Yi-Fei
2003–2007
114
90
24
.789
29
20
9
.690
2003–2004 SBL Coach of the Year.3 championships (2004, 2005, 2006)
2
Zhang Xuelei
2007–2008
30
23
7
.767
10
5
5
.500
Yulon Luxgen Dinos
—
Zhang Xuelei
2009–2011
90
55
35
.611
18
7
11
.389
1 championship (2010)
New Taipei Yulon Luxgen Dinos
—
Zhang Xuelei
2011–2014
90
45
45
.500
11
3
8
.273
3
Lin Cheng-Ming
2014–2015
30
14
16
.467
7
3
4
.429
Yulon Luxgen Dinos
4
Wei Yung-Tai
2015–2018
90
55
35
.611
17
4
13
.235
5
Lee Chi-Yi
2018–2020
68
34
34
.500
17
10
7
.588
6
Chiu Ta-Tsung
2020–2023
100
62
38
.620
9
6
3
.667
2023 SBL Coach of the Year.2 championships (2021, 2023)
—
Lee Chi-Yi
2024–present
30
15
15
.500
8
5
3
.625
1 championship (2024)
Season-by-season record
Super Basketball League
Season
Coach
Regular Season
Post Season
Won
Lost
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result
2003–04
Chien Yi-Fei
19
5
.792
1st
5
1
.833
Won Semifinals vs BCC Mars, 2–1Won Finals vs Sina Lions, 3–0
2004–05
Chien Yi-Fei
25
5
.833
1st
5
0
1.000
Won Semifinals vs Taiwan Beer, 2–0Won Finals vs Dacin Tigers, 3–0
2005–06
Chien Yi-Fei
24
6
.800
1st
7
2
.778
Won Semifinals vs Bank of Taiwan, 3–1Won Finals vs Taiwan Beer, 4–1
2006–07
Chien Yi-Fei
22
8
.733
1st
3
6
.333
Lost Semifinals to Dacin Tigers, 2–3Lost Third Place to Videoland Hunters, 1–3
2007–08
Zhang Xuelei
23
7
.767
1st
5
5
.500
Won Semifinals vs Pauian Archiland, 3–1Lost Finals to Taiwan Beer, 2–4
2009
Zhang Xuelei
21
9
.700
2nd
0
3
.000
Lost Semifinals to Taiwan Beer, 0–3
2010
Zhang Xuelei
19
11
.633
2nd
7
4
.636
Won Semifinals vs Pauian Archiland, 3–2Won Finals vs Dacin Tigers, 4–2
2010–11
Zhang Xuelei
15
15
.500
4th
0
4
.000
Lost Semifinals to Taiwan Beer, 0–4
2011–12
Zhang Xuelei
16
14
.533
4th
1
4
.200
Lost Semifinals to Taichung Pauian Archiland, 1–4
2012–13
Zhang Xuelei
16
14
.533
4th
2
4
.333
Lost Semifinals to Taichung Pauian Archiland, 2–4
2013–14
Zhang Xuelei
13
17
.433
5th
Did not qualify
2014–15
Lin Cheng-Ming
14
16
.467
4th
3
4
.429
Won First Round vs Bank of Taiwan, 3–0Lost Semifinals to Taichung Pauian Archiland, 1–4
2015–16
Wei Yung-Tai
17
13
.567
4th
0
3
.000
Lost First Round to Fubon Braves, 1–3
2016–17
Wei Yung-Tai
19
11
.633
2nd
4
6
.400
Won Semifinals vs Taiwan Beer, 4–2Lost Finals to Taipei Dacin Tigers, 0–4
2017–18
Wei Yung-Tai
19
11
.633
1st
0
4
.000
Lost Semifinals to Fubon Braves, 0–4
2018–19
Lee Chi-Yi
18
18
.500
4th
4
4
.500
Won First Round vs Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor, 3–0Lost Semifinals to Fubon Braves, 2–4
2019–20
Lee Chi-Yi
16
16
.500
3rd
6
3
.667
Won Playoffs vs Taoyuan Pauian Archiland, 3–0Lost Finals to Taiwan Beer, 3–4
2020–21
Chiu Ta-Tsung
26
14
.650
2nd
3
1
.750
Won Semifinals vs Bank of Taiwan, 3–1Finals not held due to COVID-19 pandemic
2021–22
Chiu Ta-Tsung
17
13
.567
3rd
Season early ended due to COVID-19 pandemic
2023
Chiu Ta-Tsung
19
11
.633
1st
3
2
.600
Won Finals vs Bank of Taiwan, 3–2
2024
Lee Chi-Yi
15
15
.500
3rd
3
2
.625
Won Semifinals vs Bank of Taiwan, 2–1 Won Finals to Taiwan Beer, 3–2
Totals
363
219
.624
-
63
63
.500
19 Playoff Appearances
References
External links
Asia-Basket profile page
vteSuper Basketball LeagueCurrent teams
Bank of Taiwan
Changhua BLL
Taiwan Beer
Yulon Luxgen Dinos
Former teams
Dacin Tigers
Fubon Braves
Jeoutai Technology
Taoyuan Pauian Archiland
Seasons
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
vteSports teams in New Taipei3x3 basketball
A3
New Taipei CHT
Archery
CEAL
New Taipei Caesar Park
Baseball
CPBL
Fubon Guardians
Popcorn League
New Taipei Heran
TWBL
Basepara Gamma Petaurista
Norna
Sunday
Basketball
PLG
New Taipei Kings
T1 League
New Taipei CTBC DEA
SBL
Yulon Luxgen Dinos
Futsal
FS1
New Taipei Okane
Motorsport
TCR
Team AAI
Rugby union
Taiwan Rugby League
New Taipei Laser Sun Lions
Soccer
TFPL
New Taipei Hang Yuen
TMFL
New Taipei Hang Yuen
Women's Development League
TKMED
Softball
TPWSL
New Taipei Cesar Warriors
Volleyball
TVL
New Taipei CMFC
This article related to sport in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a basketball team in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Super Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Yulon Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulon_Motor"},{"link_name":"Luxgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxgen"},{"link_name":"Yen Ching-ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yen_Ching-ling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A1"},{"link_name":"Chinese Basketball Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Alliance"}],"text":"The Yulon Luxgen Dinos are a professional basketball team in the Super Basketball League in Taiwan. It was founded in 1965 by Yulon Motor's (or the Taiwanese Car Manufacturer Luxgen) Chairman Yen Ching-ling [zh] as a First Division amateur basketball team. It has also been member of the short-lived Chinese Basketball Alliance, a professional basketball league that existed from 1994 to 1998.","title":"Yulon Luxgen Dinos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"link_name":"Solomon Alabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Alabi"},{"link_name":"Sim Bhullar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_Bhullar"},{"link_name":"Derrick Caracter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Caracter"},{"link_name":"Chen Hsin-An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Hsin-an"},{"link_name":"Rakeem Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakeem_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Eric Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Herve Lamizana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herve_Lamizana"},{"link_name":"Lee Hsueh-Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsueh-lin"},{"link_name":"Luke Nevill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Nevill"},{"link_name":"Sani Sakakini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Sakakini"},{"link_name":"Walter Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"Garret Siler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret_Siler"},{"link_name":"Song Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Tao_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tseng Wen-Ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseng_Wen-ting"},{"link_name":"Wu Tai-Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tai-hao"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.Solomon Alabi\nSim Bhullar\nDerrick Caracter\nChen Chien-Hsun\nChen Chih-Chung\nChen Hsin-An\nChen Shih-Nien\nChiu Tsung-Chih\nChou Po-Chen\nChou Shih-Yuan\nRakeem Christmas\nDouglas Creighton\nEric Dawson\nHsu Tung-Ching\nKe Chi-Hao\nHerve Lamizana\nLee Chi-Yi\nLee Hsueh-Lin\nLee Kai-Yan\nLee Te-Wei\nLee Yun-Kuang\nLin Chien-Ping\nLin Yi-Huei\nLu Cheng-Ju\nLuke Nevill\nSani Sakakini\nWalter Sharpe\nGarret Siler\nSong Tao\nTsai Fu-Tsai\nTseng Wen-Ting\nTung Fang Chieh-Te\nWu Chien-Lung\nWu Feng-Cheng\nWu Tai-Hao\nYang Che-Yi","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season record"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.yulon.com.tw/","external_links_name":"www.yulon.com.tw"},{"Link":"https://www.asia-basket.com/team/Taiwan/Yulon-Luxgen/1473?Page=1","external_links_name":"Asia-Basket profile page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yulon_Luxgen_Dinos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yulon_Luxgen_Dinos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_and_Mutability
|
Flux + Mutability
|
["1 Production","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","4.1 Additional personnel","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1989 studio album by David Sylvian and Holger CzukayFlux + MutabilityStudio album by David Sylvian and Holger CzukayReleased4 September 1989RecordedDecember 1988StudioInner Space Studio, CologneGenreAmbientLength37:55LabelVenture, VirginProducerDavid Sylvian, Holger CzukayDavid Sylvian chronology
Plight and Premonition(1988)
Flux + Mutability(1989)
Weatherbox(1989)
Holger Czukay chronology
Plight & Premonition(1988)
Flux + Mutability(1989)
Radio Wave Surfer(1991)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicMusicHound Rock: The Essential Album GuideThe Rolling Stone Album Guide
Flux + Mutability is the second collaboration between David Sylvian and Holger Czukay. It was released in September 1989. The music consists of two instrumental tracks improvised by the participants.
The album was reissued by Gronland in 2018.
Production
The album was recorded at Can's Inner Space Studio.
Critical reception
Reviewing the reissue package, Pitchfork wrote that "Czukay’s side is the more active of the two. Driven by a small drum pattern played by Can percussionist Jaki Liebezeit, the piece is evocatively subtitled 'A Big, Bright, Colourful World'. Its light synth drones and radio noise are illuminated by the lens flares of Markus Stockhausen’s flugelhorn and then slightly darkened by some fragmented guitar figures added by another Can member, Michael Karoli." The Rolling Stone Album Guide opined that Flux was the more interesting of the two Czukay/Sylvian collaborations, but wrote that "why anyone would bother making such a distinction is hard to say, given the generally vacuous nature of the music." Fact wrote that "while Plight & Premonition felt like a study in unease, wracked with paranoia, Flux + Mutability admits the possibility, if not any certainty, of earthly bliss."
Track listing
"Flux (A Big, Bright, Colourful World)" (Sylvian, Czukay) – 16:56
"Mutability (A New Beginning Is in the Offing)" (Sylvian, Czukay) – 20:59
Personnel
Holger Czukay – electric guitar (1), bass guitar (1), dictaphone (1), radio (1), engineer
David Sylvian – guitar (1, 2), keyboard instruments (1, 2), art director
Michael Karoli – electric guitar (1)
Michi - voice (1)
Markus Stockhausen – flugelhorn (1)
Jaki Liebezeit – percussion (1), African flute (2)
Additional personnel
René Tinner - technical advice and assistant
Yuka Fujii - art director, cover art, photography design
David Buckland - front cover photography
Published by Opium (Arts) Ltd./Spoon Music
References
^ "New Album Releases" (PDF). Music & Media. 26 August 1989. p. 17. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
^ Hegarty, Paul; Halliwell, Martin (23 June 2011). Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781441114808 – via Google Books.
^ a b Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 8. MUZE. pp. 9–10.
^ Flux + Mutability at AllMusic
^ MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. 1999. p. 1118.
^ a b The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. pp. 688–689.
^ "Holger Czukay | Biography & History". AllMusic.
^ "Grönland reissue David Sylvian & Holger Czukay's 1980s collaborations - The Wire". The Wire Magazine - Adventures In Modern Music.
^ a b "The Essential... David Sylvian - Page 9 of 11". 8 February 2012.
^ "David Sylvian / Holger Czukay: Plight & Premonition / Flux & Mutability". Pitchfork.
External links
Holger Czukay's discography
David Sylvian On Collaborating With Holger Czukay
vteHolger CzukayStudio albums
Canaxis 5
Movies
On the Way to the Peak of Normal
Der Osten ist Rot
Rome Remains Rome
Radio Wave Surfer
Moving Pictures
La Luna
Good Morning Story
Collaboration albums
Full Circle
Snake Charmer
Plight & Premonition
Flux + Mutability
Clash
vteDavid SylvianStudio albums
Brilliant Trees
Alchemy: An Index of Possibilities
Gone to Earth
Secrets of the Beehive
Dead Bees on a Cake
Blemish
When Loud Weather Buffeted Naoshima
Manafon
There's a Light That Enters Houses with No Other House in Sight
Remix albums
The Good Son vs. The Only Daughter
Died in the Wool – Manafon Variations
Compilations
Weatherbox
Approaching Silence
Everything and Nothing
Camphor
Sleepwalkers
A Victim of Stars 1982–2012
Singles
"Red Guitar"
"The Ink in the Well"
"Pulling Punches"
"Words with the Shaman"
"Taking the Veil"
"Silver Moon"
"Let the Happiness In"
"Orpheus"
"Pop Song"
"I Surrender"
JapanStudio albums
Adolescent Sex
Obscure Alternatives
Quiet Life
Gentlemen Take Polaroids
Tin Drum
Rain Tree Crow
Live albums
Oil on Canvas
Compilation albums
Assemblage
Exorcising Ghosts
The Very Best of Japan
Nine Horses
Snow Borne Sorrow
Money for All
with Ryuichi Sakamoto
"Bamboo Houses"
"Forbidden Colours"
"Heartbeat (Tainai Kaiki II)"
World Citizen
with Holger Czukay
Plight & Premonition
Flux + Mutability
with Russell Mills
Ember Glance: The Permanence of Memory
with Robert Fripp
The First Day
"Jean the Birdman"
Darshan
Damage: Live
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
[[Category: 1989 collaborative albums
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Sylvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sylvian"},{"link_name":"Holger Czukay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Czukay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1989 studio album by David Sylvian and Holger CzukayFlux + Mutability is the second collaboration between David Sylvian and Holger Czukay.[7] It was released in September 1989. The music consists of two instrumental tracks improvised by the participants.The album was reissued by Gronland in 2018.[8]","title":"Flux + Mutability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"}],"text":"The album was recorded at Can's Inner Space Studio.[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-6"},{"link_name":"Fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"}],"text":"Reviewing the reissue package, Pitchfork wrote that \"Czukay’s side is the more active of the two. Driven by a small drum pattern played by Can percussionist Jaki Liebezeit, the piece is evocatively subtitled 'A Big, Bright, Colourful World'. Its light synth drones and radio noise are illuminated by the lens flares of Markus Stockhausen’s flugelhorn and then slightly darkened by some fragmented guitar figures added by another Can member, Michael Karoli.\"[10] The Rolling Stone Album Guide opined that Flux was the more interesting of the two Czukay/Sylvian collaborations, but wrote that \"why anyone would bother making such a distinction is hard to say, given the generally vacuous nature of the music.\"[6] Fact wrote that \"while Plight & Premonition felt like a study in unease, wracked with paranoia, Flux + Mutability admits the possibility, if not any certainty, of earthly bliss.\"[9]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Flux (A Big, Bright, Colourful World)\" (Sylvian, Czukay) – 16:56\n\"Mutability (A New Beginning Is in the Offing)\" (Sylvian, Czukay) – 20:59","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holger Czukay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Czukay"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"dictaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictaphone"},{"link_name":"David Sylvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sylvian"},{"link_name":"keyboard instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Michael Karoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Karoli"},{"link_name":"Markus Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"Jaki Liebezeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaki_Liebezeit"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"}],"text":"Holger Czukay – electric guitar (1), bass guitar (1), dictaphone (1), radio (1), engineer\nDavid Sylvian – guitar (1, 2), keyboard instruments (1, 2), art director\nMichael Karoli – electric guitar (1)\nMichi - voice (1)\nMarkus Stockhausen – flugelhorn (1)\nJaki Liebezeit – percussion (1), African flute (2)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René Tinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tinner"}],"sub_title":"Additional personnel","text":"René Tinner - technical advice and assistant\nYuka Fujii - art director, cover art, photography design\nDavid Buckland - front cover photographyPublished by Opium (Arts) Ltd./Spoon Music","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"New Album Releases\" (PDF). Music & Media. 26 August 1989. p. 17. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-08-26.pdf","url_text":"\"New Album Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, Paul; Halliwell, Martin (23 June 2011). Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781441114808 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fsaoAwAAQBAJ&q=flux+mutability+david+sylvian+&pg=PT154","url_text":"Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441114808","url_text":"9781441114808"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 8. MUZE. pp. 9–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. 1999. p. 1118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. pp. 688–689.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Holger Czukay | Biography & History\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/holger-czukay-mn0000088122/biography","url_text":"\"Holger Czukay | Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grönland reissue David Sylvian & Holger Czukay's 1980s collaborations - The Wire\". The Wire Magazine - Adventures In Modern Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewire.co.uk/news/50791/gronland-reissue-david-sylvian-holger-czukay-s-1980s-records","url_text":"\"Grönland reissue David Sylvian & Holger Czukay's 1980s collaborations - The Wire\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Essential... David Sylvian - Page 9 of 11\". 8 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2012/02/08/the-essential-david-sylvian/","url_text":"\"The Essential... David Sylvian - Page 9 of 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Sylvian / Holger Czukay: Plight & Premonition / Flux & Mutability\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/david-sylvian-holger-czukay-plight-and-premonition-flux-and-mutability/","url_text":"\"David Sylvian / Holger Czukay: Plight & Premonition / Flux & Mutability\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-08-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Album Releases\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fsaoAwAAQBAJ&q=flux+mutability+david+sylvian+&pg=PT154","external_links_name":"Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r19560","external_links_name":"Flux + Mutability"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/holger-czukay-mn0000088122/biography","external_links_name":"\"Holger Czukay | Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewire.co.uk/news/50791/gronland-reissue-david-sylvian-holger-czukay-s-1980s-records","external_links_name":"\"Grönland reissue David Sylvian & Holger Czukay's 1980s collaborations - The Wire\""},{"Link":"https://www.factmag.com/2012/02/08/the-essential-david-sylvian/","external_links_name":"\"The Essential... David Sylvian - Page 9 of 11\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/david-sylvian-holger-czukay-plight-and-premonition-flux-and-mutability/","external_links_name":"\"David Sylvian / Holger Czukay: Plight & Premonition / Flux & Mutability\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060516202112/http://www.czukay.de/history/discography/index.html","external_links_name":"Holger Czukay's discography"},{"Link":"http://thequietus.com/articles/24916-david-sylvian-holger-czukay-plight-premonition","external_links_name":"David Sylvian On Collaborating With Holger Czukay"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/b23eda7d-e3ed-35cf-9b22-e42b56031fd8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_International_Airport
|
Yangon International Airport
|
["1 History","2 Modernization","3 Terminals","3.1 Terminal 1","3.2 Terminal 2","3.3 Terminal 3","3.4 Guard of Honour Building (VIP Terminal)","4 Airlines and destinations","4.1 Passenger","4.2 Cargo","5 Statistics","5.1 Top destinations","5.2 Traffic by calendar year","6 Accidents and incidents","7 Airport shuttle bus","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 16°54′26″N 96°07′59″E / 16.90722°N 96.13306°E / 16.90722; 96.13306Airport serving Yangon, Myanmar
Yangon International Airportရန်ကုန်အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာလေဆိပ်IATA: RGNICAO: VYYYSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerGovernment of the Republic of Union of MyanmarOperatorYangon Aerodrome Co., LtdServesYangonLocationMingaladon 11021, YangonYangon Division, MyanmarOpened1947Hub for
Mingalar Aviation Services
Air Thanlwin
Myanmar National Airlines
Myanmar Airways International
Elevation AMSL109 ft / 33 mCoordinates16°54′26″N 96°07′59″E / 16.90722°N 96.13306°E / 16.90722; 96.13306Websiteyangonairport.aeroMapsRGNLocation of airport in MyanmarRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
03/21
11,201
3,414
Asphalt
Statistics (2018)Passengers6,104,854 International passengers3,930,590 Source: Yangon Aerodrome Co. Ltd.
Yangon International Airport (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာလေဆိပ်; MLCTS: rankun apranyprany hcuingra lehcip ) (IATA: RGN, ICAO: VYYY) is the primary and busiest international airport of Myanmar. The airport is located in Mingaladon, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of central Yangon. All ten Myanmar carriers and about 30 international airlines operate at Yangon International Airport. The airport is also colloquially known as Mingaladon Airport due to its location. Outside photo of the airport: Yangon International Airport (Outside) 2024.
History
During World War II, the airfield was called RAF Mingaladon and served as an operating base for fighter aircraft such as:
No. 60 Squadron RAF from February 1941 to February 1942 flying Bristol Blenheim I
No. 67 Squadron RAF from October 1941 to March 1942 flying Brewster F2A Buffalo and Hawker Hurricane IIs
No. 135 Squadron RAF from January–February 1942 flying Hawker Hurricane IIs
No. 681 Squadron RAF from June to September 1945 flying Supermarine Spitfire
3rd Squadron of 1st American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) of the Chinese Air Force flying Curtiss P-40s
There was also a Communication Flight of the Burma Volunteer Air Force equipped with Tiger Moths and Westland Lysanders and anti-aircraft support for the airfield was provided by members of the 12th Burma Rifles.
Mingaladon was then used by the Japanese, and Japanese bombers based in Bangkok were moved forward to Mingaladon when there was a full moon. The British at the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi had decrypted BULBUL, the IJA air-to-ground code, and could predict Japanese air raids. On one occasion Allied nightfighters "got the lot and all night we could hear Mingaladon air base calling for its lost children".
Additional units;
Air Headquarters Burma Communication Squadron RAF
Air Headquarters Burma Communication Flight RAF
Air Headquarters Netherlands East Indies Communication Squadron RAF
No. 221 Group Communication Squadron RAF
After World War II, Yangon Airport was built on the site of the former RAF Mingaladon in 1947 by the Calcutta Metropolitan Airports Authority. Once regarded as the best in Southeast Asia and the primary airport serving that region, the airport fell into disrepair and remained that way for decades, as new super hubs like Singapore Changi Airport, Kuala Lumpur Sepang, Bangkok Suvarnabhumi and Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta were built and superseded Yangon's facilities.
In November 2012, Condor began flying seasonally to Frankfurt with Boeing 767s. The outbound flight from Yangon made a stop in Phuket, but the inbound one was direct. The airline cut the route at the end of the first season. Airport capacity was boosted to 6 million passengers per year in early 2016. Currently, there are plans to build a new, larger airport, Hanthawaddy International Airport, on a much larger site and somewhat away from Yangon.
Modernization
A modernization program was launched in April 2003 and resulted in a new terminal and an extended 3414 m runway.
Designed by the Airport Development Division of CPG Corporation of Singapore, a new terminal was constructed at a cost of US$13.3 million by Asia World. It can handle 900 arriving and 900 departing passengers simultaneously. The design meets IATA service standards and complies with ICAO safety and security standards at a cost of SG$30 million. Other notable features include:
Separate floors for arriving and departing passengers to lessen congestion
Automated baggage handling system with an integrated check-in system
Four air bridges, capable of handling four Boeing 747s
Special lounges for use by government officials and business people
A two-story parking garage with spaces for 340 vehicles
In June 2011, the government announced plans to expand the airport by 40% and increase its capacity from 2.7 million passengers to 3.8 million passengers annually. The airport was already over its annual capacity of 2.7 million passengers, having accepted 3.1 million in 2012 and 4 million in 2014. To fulfill this increased demand, new international and domestic terminals are being constructed and are expected to be finished end of 2016. After upgrading, Yangon International Airport will be able to service 6 million passengers annually.
In 2013, a contract worth $150 million was awarded to a consortium led by an affiliate of Asia World to construct a new domestic terminal and expansion of airport apron.
The new international terminal (T1) opened in March 2016, with the previously existing international terminal being designated as T2. The new domestic terminal (T3) opened on 5 December 2016.
Terminals
Check-in desks in Terminal 2
Terminal 1
Terminal 1
In August 2014, the old domestic terminal was demolished and construction began for the new six-story Terminal 1 which will handle international flights. The opening ceremony was held on 12 March 2016. After the opening of Terminal 1, the airport can handle 6 million passengers annually, as opposed to 2.7 million before.
Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 2
After the opening of Terminal 1, the former International Terminal was renamed "Terminal 2." The building was designed by the CPG Corporation of Singapore and constructed by the Asia World Company costing US$13.3 million. The terminal can handle 900 arriving passengers and 900 departing passengers at the same time.
Terminal 2 was closed in July 2018 to undergo extensive renovation. All international flights now operate from Terminal 1.
Terminal 3
Terminal 3 in 2017
Terminal 3, which is used for domestic flights, opened on 5 December 2016, replacing the old domestic terminal which was demolished in August 2014.
Guard of Honour Building (VIP Terminal)
The former VIP terminal was temporarily used as the domestic terminal until Terminal 3 was completed. The Guard of Honour Building has been demolished to make way for a connector between Terminals 1 and 2.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinations AirAsia Kuala Lumpur–International
Air China Beijing–Capital
Air India Delhi
Air Thanlwin Bagan, Dawei, Heho, Kyaing Tong, Mandalay, Myeik, Myitkyina, Mawlamyine, Tachilek
China Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Hohhot, Kunming
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou
IndiGo Kolkata
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Mann Yadanarpon Airlines Bagan, Heho, Kyaing Tong, Mandalay, Myitkyina, Tachilek, Thandwe
Mingalar Aviation Services Bagan, Dawei, Heho, Kalaymyo, Kawthaung, Kyaing Tong, Lashio, Mandalay, Myitkyina, Naypyidaw, Sittwe, Thandwe
Myanmar Airways International Bangkok–Don Mueang, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Chiang Mai, Delhi, Dhaka (begins 1 June 2024), Doha, Dubai–International, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur–International, Mandalay, Novosibirsk, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Vientiane Seasonal: Gaya Seasonal charter: Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo
Myanmar National Airlines Ann, Bagan, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chiang Mai, Dawei, Gaya, Heho, Kawthaung, Khamti, Kyaing Tong, Kyaukphyu, Lashio, Loikaw, Magway, Mandalay, Mawlamyaing, Myeik, Myitkyina, Naypyidaw, Pathein, Putao, Singapore, Sittwe, Tachilek, Thandwe
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
XiamenAir Xiamen
Cargo
AirlinesDestinations Longhao Airlines Nanning
Tianjin Air Cargo Nanning
Qatar Cargo Doha
YTO Cargo Airlines KunmingIndigo CarGoKolkata
Statistics
The Courtyard (Terminal 2) seen inside from the airport departure lounge
The departure lounge - Gate 1 (Terminal 2)
Top destinations
Busiest flights out of Yangon by flight per weekly, as of 11 May 2024.
Rank
Destinations
Frequency (Weekly)
1
Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
46
2
Heho
43
3
Mandalay
40
4
Bangkok–Don Meung
32
5
Singapore-Changi
28
6
Thandwe
23
7
Bagan–Nyaung U
23
8
Sittwe
21
9
Kuala Lumpur–International
21
10
Dawei
19
Traffic by calendar year
Passengers
Change from previous year
Movements
Cargo(tons)
2016
5,454,188
70,307
2017
5,916,597
08.48%
78,076
2018
6,104,854
03.18%
Source: Yangon International Airport
Accidents and incidents
On 25 March 1978, Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 XY-ADK lost height and crashed into a paddy field just after takeoff from Mingaladon Airport, killing all 48 people on board.
On 27 January 1998, a Myanma Airways Fokker F27 crashed while taking off from Yangon, Myanmar, killing 16 of the 45 people on board.
On 29 January 2017, U Ko Ni, a constitutional lawyer and advisor to Aung San Suu Kyi was assassinated outside of Gate 6.
On 8 May 2019, Biman Bangladesh Airlines Flight 60, operating the Dhaka-Yangon route by Bombardier Dash-8 Q400, skidded off the runway while landing. Nobody was injured critically. The 33 people, including the pilot, co-pilot and the passengers, suffered minor injuries.
On 2 August 2019 a Golden Myanmar Airlines Y5-506 ATR-72-600 departed from Mandalay to Yangon airport, and the landing gear of nose wheel broke when it landed on the runway of Yangon International Airport. No significant damage or injuries were reported in the incident.
Airport shuttle bus
The Yangon Bus Service (YBS) provides airport shuttle bus line that stop at 13 bus stops between Yangon International Airport and Yangon Central Railway Station. The buses make stops at Yangon International Airport, 8 Mile, Nawade, Kaba-Aye Pagoda, Lanni, Hanmithit, Shwegondine, Bahan 3rd Street, Kyauktaing, Yauklan and Sule Pagoda. Stops on the return journey include Sule, Yangon Railway Station, Zoological Gardens, Bahan 3rd Street, Shwegondine, Lanni, Kaba-Aye Pagoda, Nawade, 8 Mile and the airport. The fare is 500 kyats (approximately 15 U.S. cents).
YBS Shuttle Bus
See also
Myanmar portal
References
Citations
^ a b "Built for 20 million MPPA, Yangon International Airport welcomed 5.92 million passengers to round off 2017". Yangon Aerodrome. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018.
^ Smith, Michael (2000). The Emperor's Codes: Bletchley Park and the breaking of Japan's secret ciphers. London: Bantam Press. pp. 244–246. ISBN 0593-046412.
^ a b Lake 1999, p. 129.
^ Lake 1999, p. 18.
^ Lake 1999, p. 126.
^ "Condor to Start Siem Reap and Yangon Service in W12". Airline Route. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ Khanna, Rahul (24 September 2012). "Condor to fly to Yangon in November". TTG Asia. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ "Flight plan Winter 2013/14" (PDF). Condor. March 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ "Yangon airport completes runway extension". 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.
^ "Yangon International Airport opens new terminal". 25 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.
^ "Yangon international airport terminal put into service after renovation". 25 May 2007.
^ Aye Sapay Phyu (20 June 2011). "Government reveals plan to expand Yangon International Airport". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ a b "Myanmar Air Services Grow Rapidly Despite Safety Record". 22 October 2013.
^ a b "A 2015 finish planned for first part of Yangon airport expansion". 2 February 2014.
^ "လေဆိပ်".
^ a b "Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International / Regional Network – 23APR23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
^ "Air India Flight AI236 (AIC236)–Delhi (DEL) to Yangon (RGN)-22 Feb 2023". FlightAware.
^ "China Eastern NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
^ "China Southern / Xiamen Airlines NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
^ "After 3-yr lull, IndiGo to resume flights to China, Myanmar from March 2023". Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ "MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS BANGKOK DON MUEANG FROM MID-JUNE 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
^ "MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS REGULAR CHENNAI FLIGHTS IN NS23". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ "Myanmar Airways International Adds Chiang Mai Service in 2Q24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b https://www.gnlm.com.mm/mai-to-expand-chiang-mai-vientiane-dhaka-flights-in-april/
^ a b "Hãng hàng không tư nhân lớn nhất Myanmar sắp có mặt tại Việt Nam" . Bao Giao Thong (in Vietnamese). 19 August 2022.
^ "MAI Suspends Mandalay – Novosibirsk in April 2024". AeroRoutes. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Myanmar Airways International Adds Phuket Service in late-Sep 2022". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ 미얀마국제항공(8M) 12월 4일 인천- 양곤 취항으로 편리해지는 미얀마 하늘길. www.ttlnews.com (in Korean).
^ "Myanmar Airways International Resumes Taipei Service in Jan 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Myanmar Airways International to commence Yangon-Gaya service". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ Liu, Jim. "Myanmar Airways International adds Hangzhou service in 3Q19". Routesonline. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ "Thai Airways International Yangon Service Changes From mid-July 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
^ https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/rgn
^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ "Biman Airlines Plane Skids Off Runway in Yangon, Myanmar". The New York Times. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
^ "Yangon airport runway closed temporarily after a plane nose wheel breaks". Mizzima News. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ "YBS Airport Shuttle commences in Yangon - Global New Light Of Myanmar". www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Bibliography
Lake, A (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
External links
Media related to Yangon International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Yangon International Airport
Yangon International Airport Facebook
vte Airports in MyanmarInternational
Yangon (RGN)
Mandalay (MDL)
Naypyitaw (NYT)
Domestic
Anisakan
Ann (VBA)
Bhamo (BMO)
Bokpyin
Coco Island
Dawei (TVY)
Gangaw (GAW)
Gwa (GWA)
Heho (HEH)
Homalin (HOX)
Hpa-An (PAA)
Hpapun (PPU)
Kalaymyo (KMV)
Kawthaung (KAW)
Kengtung (KET)
Khamti (KHM)
Kyaukpyu (KYP)
Kyauktu (KYT)
Kyauktu South
Lanywa
Lashio (LSH)
Loikaw (LIW)
Magwe (MWQ)
Manaung (MGU)
Chanmyathazi (VBC)
Mawlamyaing (MNU)
Momeik (MOE)
Mong Ton (MGK)
Monghsat (MOG)
Monywa (NYW)
Myeik (MGZ)
Myitkyina (MYT)
Namsang (NMS)
Namtu (NMT)
Nogmung
Nyaung U (NYU)
Pakokku (PKK)
Pathein (BSX)
Pauk (PAU)
Putao (PBU)
Pyay (PRU)
Sittwe (AKY)
Falam Surbung (SUR)
Tachilek (THL)
Thandwe (SNW)
Tilin (TIO)
Ye (XYE)
Military
Hmawbi Air Base
Meiktila Air Base
Shante Air Base
Nampong Air Base
Taungoo Air Base
Under construction
Hanthawaddy
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"MLCTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System"},{"link_name":"[jàɴɡòʊɰ̃ əpjìpjì sʰàɪɴjà lèzeɪʔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Mingaladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingaladon_Township"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(2024)_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"}],"text":"Airport serving Yangon, MyanmarYangon International Airport (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာလေဆိပ်; MLCTS: rankun apranyprany hcuingra lehcip [jàɴɡòʊɰ̃ əpjìpjì sʰàɪɴjà lèzeɪʔ]) (IATA: RGN, ICAO: VYYY) is the primary and busiest international airport of Myanmar. The airport is located in Mingaladon, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of central Yangon. All ten Myanmar carriers and about 30 international airlines operate at Yangon International Airport. The airport is also colloquially known as Mingaladon Airport due to its location. Outside photo of the airport:Yangon International Airport (Outside) 2024.","title":"Yangon International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No. 60 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"No. 67 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._67_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Brewster F2A Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"No. 135 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._135_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"No. 681 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._681_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"American Volunteer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group"},{"link_name":"Flying Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Curtiss P-40s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"Tiger Moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Wireless Experimental Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Experimental_Centre"},{"link_name":"BULBUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_army_and_diplomatic_codes#BULBUL"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Air Headquarters Burma Communication Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Headquarters_Burma_Communication_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1999129-3"},{"link_name":"Air Headquarters Burma Communication Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Headquarters_Burma_Communication_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1999129-3"},{"link_name":"Air Headquarters Netherlands East Indies Communication Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Headquarters_Netherlands_East_Indies_Communication_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake199918-4"},{"link_name":"No. 221 Group Communication Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._221_Group_Communication_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1999126-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Singapore Changi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur Sepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Suvarnabhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_(airline)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hanthawaddy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanthawaddy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"During World War II, the airfield was called RAF Mingaladon and served as an operating base for fighter aircraft such as:No. 60 Squadron RAF from February 1941 to February 1942 flying Bristol Blenheim I\nNo. 67 Squadron RAF from October 1941 to March 1942 flying Brewster F2A Buffalo and Hawker Hurricane IIs\nNo. 135 Squadron RAF from January–February 1942 flying Hawker Hurricane IIs\nNo. 681 Squadron RAF from June to September 1945 flying Supermarine Spitfire\n3rd Squadron of 1st American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) of the Chinese Air Force flying Curtiss P-40sThere was also a Communication Flight of the Burma Volunteer Air Force equipped with Tiger Moths and Westland Lysanders and anti-aircraft support for the airfield was provided by members of the 12th Burma Rifles.Mingaladon was then used by the Japanese, and Japanese bombers based in Bangkok were moved forward to Mingaladon when there was a full moon. The British at the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi had decrypted BULBUL, the IJA air-to-ground code, and could predict Japanese air raids. On one occasion Allied nightfighters \"got the lot and all night we could hear Mingaladon air base calling for its lost children\".[2]Additional units;Air Headquarters Burma Communication Squadron RAF[3]\nAir Headquarters Burma Communication Flight RAF[3]\nAir Headquarters Netherlands East Indies Communication Squadron RAF[4]\nNo. 221 Group Communication Squadron RAF[5]After World War II, Yangon Airport was built on the site of the former RAF Mingaladon in 1947 by the Calcutta Metropolitan Airports Authority. Once regarded as the best in Southeast Asia and the primary airport serving that region, the airport fell into disrepair and remained that way for decades, as new super hubs like Singapore Changi Airport, Kuala Lumpur Sepang, Bangkok Suvarnabhumi and Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta were built and superseded Yangon's facilities.In November 2012, Condor began flying seasonally to Frankfurt with Boeing 767s. The outbound flight from Yangon made a stop in Phuket, but the inbound one was direct.[6][7] The airline cut the route at the end of the first season.[8] Airport capacity was boosted to 6 million passengers per year in early 2016.[citation needed] Currently, there are plans to build a new, larger airport, Hanthawaddy International Airport, on a much larger site and somewhat away from Yangon.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm-1-9"},{"link_name":"Asia World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monster-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinhua-11"},{"link_name":"baggage handling system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_handling_system"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NyTimes-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MyanmarTimes-14"},{"link_name":"Yangon International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//yangonairport.aero"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MyanmarTimes-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NyTimes-13"}],"text":"A modernization program was launched in April 2003 and resulted in a new terminal and an extended 3414 m runway.[9]Designed by the Airport Development Division of CPG Corporation of Singapore, a new terminal was constructed at a cost of US$13.3 million by Asia World.[10] It can handle 900 arriving and 900 departing passengers simultaneously.[11] The design meets IATA service standards and complies with ICAO safety and security standards at a cost of SG$30 million. Other notable features include:Separate floors for arriving and departing passengers to lessen congestion\nAutomated baggage handling system with an integrated check-in system\nFour air bridges, capable of handling four Boeing 747s\nSpecial lounges for use by government officials and business people\nA two-story parking garage with spaces for 340 vehiclesIn June 2011, the government announced plans to expand the airport by 40% and increase its capacity from 2.7 million passengers to 3.8 million passengers annually.[12] The airport was already over its annual capacity of 2.7 million passengers, having accepted 3.1 million in 2012[13] and 4 million in 2014.[14] To fulfill this increased demand, new international and domestic terminals are being constructed and are expected to be finished end of 2016. After upgrading, Yangon International Airport will be able to service 6 million passengers annually.[14]In 2013, a contract worth $150 million was awarded to a consortium led by an affiliate of Asia World to construct a new domestic terminal and expansion of airport apron.[13]The new international terminal (T1) opened in March 2016, with the previously existing international terminal being designated as T2. The new domestic terminal (T3) opened on 5 December 2016.","title":"Modernization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ygnbusyairport.jpg"}],"text":"Check-in desks in Terminal 2","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terminal 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//yangonairport.aero/airport-directory-terminal-1/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YIA-Terminal_1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Terminal 1","text":"Terminal 1In August 2014, the old domestic terminal was demolished and construction began for the new six-story Terminal 1 which will handle international flights. The opening ceremony was held on 12 March 2016. After the opening of Terminal 1, the airport can handle 6 million passengers annually, as opposed to 2.7 million before.Terminal 1","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yangon_International_Airport_(8387825241).jpg"},{"link_name":"Terminal 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//yangonairport.aero/airport-directory-terminal-2/"}],"sub_title":"Terminal 2","text":"Terminal 2After the opening of Terminal 1, the former International Terminal was renamed \"Terminal 2.\" The building was designed by the CPG Corporation of Singapore and constructed by the Asia World Company costing US$13.3 million. The terminal can handle 900 arriving passengers and 900 departing passengers at the same time.\nTerminal 2 was closed in July 2018 to undergo extensive renovation. All international flights now operate from Terminal 1.","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Terminal_of_Yangon_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Terminal 3","text":"Terminal 3 in 2017Terminal 3, which is used for domestic flights, opened on 5 December 2016, replacing the old domestic terminal which was demolished in August 2014.[15]","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guard of Honour Building (VIP Terminal)","text":"The former VIP terminal was temporarily used as the domestic terminal until Terminal 3 was completed. The Guard of Honour Building has been demolished to make way for a connector between Terminals 1 and 2.","title":"Terminals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Courtyard_of_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Departure_lounge,_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"}],"text":"The Courtyard (Terminal 2) seen inside from the airport departure loungeThe departure lounge - Gate 1 (Terminal 2)","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Traffic by calendar year","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker F-27 Friendship 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F-27_Friendship_200"},{"link_name":"Mingaladon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingaladon_Airport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"27 January 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"Myanma Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanma_Airways"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27"},{"link_name":"U Ko Ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Ni"},{"link_name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi"},{"link_name":"Biman Bangladesh Airlines Flight 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biman_Bangladesh_Airlines_Flight_60"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Golden Myanmar Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Myanmar_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"On 25 March 1978, Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 XY-ADK lost height and crashed into a paddy field just after takeoff from Mingaladon Airport, killing all 48 people on board.[34]\nOn 27 January 1998, a Myanma Airways Fokker F27 crashed while taking off from Yangon, Myanmar, killing 16 of the 45 people on board.\nOn 29 January 2017, U Ko Ni, a constitutional lawyer and advisor to Aung San Suu Kyi was assassinated outside of Gate 6.\nOn 8 May 2019, Biman Bangladesh Airlines Flight 60, operating the Dhaka-Yangon route by Bombardier Dash-8 Q400, skidded off the runway while landing. Nobody was injured critically. The 33 people, including the pilot, co-pilot and the passengers, suffered minor injuries.[35]\nOn 2 August 2019 a Golden Myanmar Airlines Y5-506 ATR-72-600 departed from Mandalay to Yangon airport, and the landing gear of nose wheel broke when it landed on the runway of Yangon International Airport. No significant damage or injuries were reported in the incident.[36]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangon Bus Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_Bus_Service"},{"link_name":"airport shuttle bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_bus"},{"link_name":"Yangon Central Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sule Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sule_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"kyats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_kyat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airport_24_hrs_Service.jpg"}],"text":"The Yangon Bus Service (YBS) provides airport shuttle bus line that stop at 13 bus stops between Yangon International Airport and Yangon Central Railway Station. The buses make stops at Yangon International Airport, 8 Mile, Nawade, Kaba-Aye Pagoda, Lanni, Hanmithit, Shwegondine, Bahan 3rd Street, Kyauktaing, Yauklan and Sule Pagoda. Stops on the return journey include Sule, Yangon Railway Station, Zoological Gardens, Bahan 3rd Street, Shwegondine, Lanni, Kaba-Aye Pagoda, Nawade, 8 Mile and the airport.[37] The fare is 500 kyats (approximately 15 U.S. cents).YBS Shuttle Bus","title":"Airport shuttle bus"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Yangon International Airport (Outside) 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%282024%29_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg/220px-%282024%29_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Check-in desks in Terminal 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ygnbusyairport.jpg/220px-Ygnbusyairport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yangon_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/YIA-Terminal_1.jpg/220px-YIA-Terminal_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yangon_International_Airport_%288387825241%29.jpg/220px-Yangon_International_Airport_%288387825241%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 3 in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Terminal_of_Yangon_Airport.jpg/220px-A_Terminal_of_Yangon_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Courtyard (Terminal 2) seen inside from the airport departure lounge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Courtyard_of_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Courtyard_of_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"The departure lounge - Gate 1 (Terminal 2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Departure_lounge%2C_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Departure_lounge%2C_Yangon_International_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"YBS Shuttle Bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Airport_24_hrs_Service.jpg/220px-Airport_24_hrs_Service.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Myanmar portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Myanmar"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Built for 20 million MPPA, Yangon International Airport welcomed 5.92 million passengers to round off 2017\". Yangon Aerodrome. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829214444/http://yangonairport.aero/built-for-20-million-mppa-yangon-international-airport-welcomed-5-92-million-passengers-to-round-off-2017/","url_text":"\"Built for 20 million MPPA, Yangon International Airport welcomed 5.92 million passengers to round off 2017\""},{"url":"http://yangonairport.aero/built-for-20-million-mppa-yangon-international-airport-welcomed-5-92-million-passengers-to-round-off-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michael (2000). The Emperor's Codes: Bletchley Park and the breaking of Japan's secret ciphers. London: Bantam Press. pp. 244–246. ISBN 0593-046412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Smith_(newspaper_reporter)","url_text":"Smith, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0593-046412","url_text":"0593-046412"}]},{"reference":"\"Condor to Start Siem Reap and Yangon Service in W12\". Airline Route. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121230623/http://airlineroute.net/2012/01/19/de-reprgn-w12/","url_text":"\"Condor to Start Siem Reap and Yangon Service in W12\""},{"url":"http://airlineroute.net/2012/01/19/de-reprgn-w12/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khanna, Rahul (24 September 2012). \"Condor to fly to Yangon in November\". TTG Asia. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ttgasia.com/2012/09/24/condor-to-fly-to-yangon-in-november/","url_text":"\"Condor to fly to Yangon in November\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flight plan Winter 2013/14\" (PDF). Condor. March 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.condor.com/eu/fileadmin/dam/pdf/tcf-de/03_Fluginfos/01_Reisevorbereitung/Flugplan_Wi1314_130409.pdf","url_text":"\"Flight plan Winter 2013/14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yangon airport completes runway extension\". 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120215121615/https://www.mmtimes.com/no429/b003.htm","url_text":"\"Yangon airport completes runway extension\""},{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/no429/b003.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yangon International Airport opens new terminal\". 25 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417010239/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1309165.php","url_text":"\"Yangon International Airport opens new terminal\""},{"url":"https://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1309165.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yangon international airport terminal put into service after renovation\". 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200705/25/eng20070525_377971.html","url_text":"\"Yangon international airport terminal put into service after renovation\""}]},{"reference":"Aye Sapay Phyu (20 June 2011). \"Government reveals plan to expand Yangon International Airport\". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110621055436/https://mmtimes.com/2011/news/580/news58012.html","url_text":"\"Government reveals plan to expand Yangon International Airport\""},{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/580/news58012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Air Services Grow Rapidly Despite Safety Record\". 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/business/international/myanmar-air-services-grow-rapidly-despite-safety-record.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0","url_text":"\"Myanmar Air Services Grow Rapidly Despite Safety Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 2015 finish planned for first part of Yangon airport expansion\". 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/12995-a-2015-finish-planned-for-first-part-of-yangon-airport-expansion.html","url_text":"\"A 2015 finish planned for first part of Yangon airport expansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"လေဆိပ်\".","urls":[{"url":"https://asiaworldcompany.com/mm/index.php/our-business/infrastructure/airport","url_text":"\"လေဆိပ်\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International / Regional Network – 23APR23\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230424-cnns23","url_text":"\"Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International / Regional Network – 23APR23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air India Flight AI236 (AIC236)–Delhi (DEL) to Yangon (RGN)-22 Feb 2023\". FlightAware.","urls":[{"url":"https://flightaware.com/live/flight/AIC236","url_text":"\"Air India Flight AI236 (AIC236)–Delhi (DEL) to Yangon (RGN)-22 Feb 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Eastern NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221019-munw22","url_text":"\"China Eastern NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Southern / Xiamen Airlines NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221019-czmfnw22","url_text":"\"China Southern / Xiamen Airlines NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\""}]},{"reference":"\"After 3-yr lull, IndiGo to resume flights to China, Myanmar from March 2023\". Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/after-3-yr-lull-indigo-to-resume-flights-to-china-myanmar-from-march-2023-122110400438_1.html","url_text":"\"After 3-yr lull, IndiGo to resume flights to China, Myanmar from March 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS BANGKOK DON MUEANG FROM MID-JUNE 2023\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230602-8mjun23dmk","url_text":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS BANGKOK DON MUEANG FROM MID-JUNE 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS REGULAR CHENNAI FLIGHTS IN NS23\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 13 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230413-8mmaa","url_text":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS REGULAR CHENNAI FLIGHTS IN NS23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Chiang Mai Service in 2Q24\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240228-8mns24cnx","url_text":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Chiang Mai Service in 2Q24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hãng hàng không tư nhân lớn nhất Myanmar sắp có mặt tại Việt Nam\" [Myanmar's largest private airline is coming to Vietnam soon]. Bao Giao Thong (in Vietnamese). 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baogiaothong.vn/hang-hang-tu-nhan-lon-nhat-myanmar-sap-co-mat-tai-viet-nam-d563218.html","url_text":"\"Hãng hàng không tư nhân lớn nhất Myanmar sắp có mặt tại Việt Nam\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAI Suspends Mandalay – Novosibirsk in April 2024\". AeroRoutes. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240405-8mapr24ovb","url_text":"\"MAI Suspends Mandalay – Novosibirsk in April 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Phuket Service in late-Sep 2022\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220830-8msep22hkt","url_text":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Phuket Service in late-Sep 2022\""}]},{"reference":"미얀마국제항공(8M) 12월 4일 인천- 양곤 취항으로 편리해지는 미얀마 하늘길. www.ttlnews.com (in Korean).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ttlnews.com/article/biz_world/6681","url_text":"미얀마국제항공(8M) 12월 4일 인천- 양곤 취항으로 편리해지는 미얀마 하늘길"}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Airways International Resumes Taipei Service in Jan 2023\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221205-8mjan23","url_text":"\"Myanmar Airways International Resumes Taipei Service in Jan 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Airways International to commence Yangon-Gaya service\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://centreforaviation.com/news/myanmar-airways-international-to-commence-yangon-gaya-service-1211255","url_text":"\"Myanmar Airways International to commence Yangon-Gaya service\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, Jim. \"Myanmar Airways International adds Hangzhou service in 3Q19\". Routesonline. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285317/myanmar-airways-international-adds-hangzhou-service-in-3q19/","url_text":"\"Myanmar Airways International adds Hangzhou service in 3Q19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thai Airways International Yangon Service Changes From mid-July 2023\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230711-tgjul23rgn","url_text":"\"Thai Airways International Yangon Service Changes From mid-July 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accident description\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780325-1","url_text":"\"Accident description\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biman Airlines Plane Skids Off Runway in Yangon, Myanmar\". The New York Times. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/08/world/asia/ap-as-myanmar-plane.html","url_text":"\"Biman Airlines Plane Skids Off Runway in Yangon, Myanmar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Yangon airport runway closed temporarily after a plane nose wheel breaks\". Mizzima News. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mizzima.com/article/yangon-airport-runway-closed-temporarily-after-plane-nose-wheel-breaks","url_text":"\"Yangon airport runway closed temporarily after a plane nose wheel breaks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizzima_News","url_text":"Mizzima News"}]},{"reference":"\"YBS Airport Shuttle commences in Yangon - Global New Light Of Myanmar\". www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104701/http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/ybs-airport-shuttle-commences-in-yangon/","url_text":"\"YBS Airport Shuttle commences in Yangon - Global New Light Of Myanmar\""}]},{"reference":"Lake, A (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury","url_text":"Shrewsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-086-6","url_text":"1-84037-086-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yangon_International_Airport¶ms=16_54_26_N_96_07_59_E_type:airport_region:MM-06","external_links_name":"16°54′26″N 96°07′59″E / 16.90722°N 96.13306°E / 16.90722; 96.13306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yangon_International_Airport¶ms=16_54_26_N_96_07_59_E_type:airport_region:MM-06","external_links_name":"16°54′26″N 96°07′59″E / 16.90722°N 96.13306°E / 16.90722; 96.13306"},{"Link":"http://yangonairport.aero/","external_links_name":"yangonairport.aero"},{"Link":"http://yangonairport.aero/","external_links_name":"Yangon International Airport"},{"Link":"http://yangonairport.aero/airport-directory-terminal-1/","external_links_name":"Terminal 1"},{"Link":"http://yangonairport.aero/airport-directory-terminal-2/","external_links_name":"Terminal 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829214444/http://yangonairport.aero/built-for-20-million-mppa-yangon-international-airport-welcomed-5-92-million-passengers-to-round-off-2017/","external_links_name":"\"Built for 20 million MPPA, Yangon International Airport welcomed 5.92 million passengers to round off 2017\""},{"Link":"http://yangonairport.aero/built-for-20-million-mppa-yangon-international-airport-welcomed-5-92-million-passengers-to-round-off-2017/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121230623/http://airlineroute.net/2012/01/19/de-reprgn-w12/","external_links_name":"\"Condor to Start Siem Reap and Yangon Service in W12\""},{"Link":"http://airlineroute.net/2012/01/19/de-reprgn-w12/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ttgasia.com/2012/09/24/condor-to-fly-to-yangon-in-november/","external_links_name":"\"Condor to fly to Yangon in November\""},{"Link":"https://www.condor.com/eu/fileadmin/dam/pdf/tcf-de/03_Fluginfos/01_Reisevorbereitung/Flugplan_Wi1314_130409.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Flight plan Winter 2013/14\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120215121615/https://www.mmtimes.com/no429/b003.htm","external_links_name":"\"Yangon airport completes runway extension\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmtimes.com/no429/b003.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417010239/https://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1309165.php","external_links_name":"\"Yangon International Airport opens new terminal\""},{"Link":"https://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1309165.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200705/25/eng20070525_377971.html","external_links_name":"\"Yangon international airport terminal put into service after renovation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110621055436/https://mmtimes.com/2011/news/580/news58012.html","external_links_name":"\"Government reveals plan to expand Yangon International Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/580/news58012.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/business/international/myanmar-air-services-grow-rapidly-despite-safety-record.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Air Services Grow Rapidly Despite Safety Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/12995-a-2015-finish-planned-for-first-part-of-yangon-airport-expansion.html","external_links_name":"\"A 2015 finish planned for first part of Yangon airport expansion\""},{"Link":"https://asiaworldcompany.com/mm/index.php/our-business/infrastructure/airport","external_links_name":"\"လေဆိပ်\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230424-cnns23","external_links_name":"\"Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International / Regional Network – 23APR23\""},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/flight/AIC236","external_links_name":"\"Air India Flight AI236 (AIC236)–Delhi (DEL) to Yangon (RGN)-22 Feb 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221019-munw22","external_links_name":"\"China Eastern NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221019-czmfnw22","external_links_name":"\"China Southern / Xiamen Airlines NW22 International / Regional Operations – 16OCT22\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/after-3-yr-lull-indigo-to-resume-flights-to-china-myanmar-from-march-2023-122110400438_1.html","external_links_name":"\"After 3-yr lull, IndiGo to resume flights to China, Myanmar from March 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230602-8mjun23dmk","external_links_name":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS BANGKOK DON MUEANG FROM MID-JUNE 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230413-8mmaa","external_links_name":"\"MYANMAR AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL ADDS REGULAR CHENNAI FLIGHTS IN NS23\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240228-8mns24cnx","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Chiang Mai Service in 2Q24\""},{"Link":"https://www.gnlm.com.mm/mai-to-expand-chiang-mai-vientiane-dhaka-flights-in-april/","external_links_name":"https://www.gnlm.com.mm/mai-to-expand-chiang-mai-vientiane-dhaka-flights-in-april/"},{"Link":"https://www.baogiaothong.vn/hang-hang-tu-nhan-lon-nhat-myanmar-sap-co-mat-tai-viet-nam-d563218.html","external_links_name":"\"Hãng hàng không tư nhân lớn nhất Myanmar sắp có mặt tại Việt Nam\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240405-8mapr24ovb","external_links_name":"\"MAI Suspends Mandalay – Novosibirsk in April 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220830-8msep22hkt","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Airways International Adds Phuket Service in late-Sep 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.ttlnews.com/article/biz_world/6681","external_links_name":"미얀마국제항공(8M) 12월 4일 인천- 양곤 취항으로 편리해지는 미얀마 하늘길"},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221205-8mjan23","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Airways International Resumes Taipei Service in Jan 2023\""},{"Link":"https://centreforaviation.com/news/myanmar-airways-international-to-commence-yangon-gaya-service-1211255","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Airways International to commence Yangon-Gaya service\""},{"Link":"https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285317/myanmar-airways-international-adds-hangzhou-service-in-3q19/","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Airways International adds Hangzhou service in 3Q19\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230711-tgjul23rgn","external_links_name":"\"Thai Airways International Yangon Service Changes From mid-July 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/rgn","external_links_name":"https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/rgn"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780325-1","external_links_name":"\"Accident description\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/08/world/asia/ap-as-myanmar-plane.html","external_links_name":"\"Biman Airlines Plane Skids Off Runway in Yangon, Myanmar\""},{"Link":"https://www.mizzima.com/article/yangon-airport-runway-closed-temporarily-after-plane-nose-wheel-breaks","external_links_name":"\"Yangon airport runway closed temporarily after a plane nose wheel breaks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104701/http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/ybs-airport-shuttle-commences-in-yangon/","external_links_name":"\"YBS Airport Shuttle commences in Yangon - Global New Light Of Myanmar\""},{"Link":"http://www.yangonairport.aero/","external_links_name":"Yangon International Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/yangonairport","external_links_name":"Yangon International Airport Facebook"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusp_(singularity)
|
Cusp (singularity)
|
["1 Classification in differential geometry","2 Examples","3 Applications","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Point on a curve where motion must move backwards
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A cusp at (0, 1/2)
In mathematics, a cusp, sometimes called spinode in old texts, is a point on a curve where a moving point must reverse direction. A typical example is given in the figure. A cusp is thus a type of singular point of a curve.
For a plane curve defined by an analytic, parametric equation
x
=
f
(
t
)
y
=
g
(
t
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=f(t)\\y&=g(t),\end{aligned}}}
a cusp is a point where both derivatives of f and g are zero, and the directional derivative, in the direction of the tangent, changes sign (the direction of the tangent is the direction of the slope
lim
(
g
′
(
t
)
/
f
′
(
t
)
)
{\displaystyle \lim(g'(t)/f'(t))}
). Cusps are local singularities in the sense that they involve only one value of the parameter t, in contrast to self-intersection points that involve more than one value. In some contexts, the condition on the directional derivative may be omitted, although, in this case, the singularity may look like a regular point.
For a curve defined by an implicit equation
F
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
,
{\displaystyle F(x,y)=0,}
which is smooth, cusps are points where the terms of lowest degree of the Taylor expansion of F are a power of a linear polynomial; however, not all singular points that have this property are cusps. The theory of Puiseux series implies that, if F is an analytic function (for example a polynomial), a linear change of coordinates allows the curve to be parametrized, in a neighborhood of the cusp, as
x
=
a
t
m
y
=
S
(
t
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=at^{m}\\y&=S(t),\end{aligned}}}
where a is a real number, m is a positive even integer, and S(t) is a power series of order k (degree of the nonzero term of the lowest degree) larger than m. The number m is sometimes called the order or the multiplicity of the cusp, and is equal to the degree of the nonzero part of lowest degree of F. In some contexts, the definition of a cusp is restricted to the case of cusps of order two—that is, the case where m = 2.
The definitions for plane curves and implicitly-defined curves have been generalized by René Thom and Vladimir Arnold to curves defined by differentiable functions: a curve has a cusp at a point if there is a diffeomorphism of a neighborhood of the point in the ambient space, which maps the curve onto one of the above-defined cusps.
Classification in differential geometry
Consider a smooth real-valued function of two variables, say f (x, y) where x and y are real numbers. So f is a function from the plane to the line. The space of all such smooth functions is acted upon by the group of diffeomorphisms of the plane and the diffeomorphisms of the line, i.e. diffeomorphic changes of coordinate in both the source and the target. This action splits the whole function space up into equivalence classes, i.e. orbits of the group action.
One such family of equivalence classes is denoted by
A
k
±
,
{\displaystyle A_{k}^{\pm },}
where k is a non-negative integer. A function f is said to be of type
A
k
±
{\displaystyle A_{k}^{\pm }}
if it lies in the orbit of
x
2
±
y
k
+
1
,
{\displaystyle x^{2}\pm y^{k+1},}
i.e. there exists a diffeomorphic change of coordinate in source and target which takes f into one of these forms. These simple forms
x
2
±
y
k
+
1
{\displaystyle x^{2}\pm y^{k+1}}
are said to give normal forms for the type
A
k
±
{\displaystyle A_{k}^{\pm }}
-singularities. Notice that the
A
2
n
+
{\displaystyle A_{2n}^{+}}
are the same as the
A
2
n
−
{\displaystyle A_{2n}^{-}}
since the diffeomorphic change of coordinate
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
x
,
−
y
)
{\displaystyle (x,y)\to (x,-y)}
in the source takes
x
2
+
y
k
+
1
{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{k+1}}
to
x
2
−
y
2
n
+
1
.
{\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2n+1}.}
So we can drop the ± from
A
2
n
±
{\displaystyle A_{2n}^{\pm }}
notation.
The cusps are then given by the zero-level-sets of the representatives of the
A
2
n
{\displaystyle A_{2n}}
equivalence classes, where n ≥ 1 is an integer.
Examples
A cusp in the semicubical parabola
y
2
=
x
3
{\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}}
An ordinary cusp is given by
x
2
−
y
3
=
0
,
{\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{3}=0,}
i.e. the zero-level-set of a type A2-singularity. Let f (x, y) be a smooth function of x and y and assume, for simplicity, that f (0, 0) = 0. Then a type A2-singularity of f at (0, 0) can be characterised by:
Having a degenerate quadratic part, i.e. the quadratic terms in the Taylor series of f form a perfect square, say L(x, y)2, where L(x, y) is linear in x and y, and
L(x, y) does not divide the cubic terms in the Taylor series of f (x, y).
A rhamphoid cusp (from Greek 'beak-like') denoted originally a cusp such that both branches are on the same side of the tangent, such as for the curve of equation
x
2
−
x
4
−
y
5
=
0.
{\displaystyle x^{2}-x^{4}-y^{5}=0.}
As such a singularity is in the same differential class as the cusp of equation
x
2
−
y
5
=
0
,
{\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{5}=0,}
which is a singularity of type A4, the term has been extended to all such singularities. These cusps are non-generic as caustics and wave fronts. The rhamphoid cusp and the ordinary cusp are non-diffeomorphic. A parametric form is
x
=
t
2
,
y
=
a
x
4
+
x
5
.
{\displaystyle x=t^{2},\,y=ax^{4}+x^{5}.}
For a type A4-singularity we need f to have a degenerate quadratic part (this gives type A≥2), that L does divide the cubic terms (this gives type A≥3), another divisibility condition (giving type A≥4), and a final non-divisibility condition (giving type exactly A4).
To see where these extra divisibility conditions come from, assume that f has a degenerate quadratic part L2 and that L divides the cubic terms. It follows that the third order taylor series of f is given by
L
2
±
L
Q
,
{\displaystyle L^{2}\pm LQ,}
where Q is quadratic in x and y. We can complete the square to show that
L
2
±
L
Q
=
(
L
±
Q
/
2
)
2
−
Q
4
/
4.
{\displaystyle L^{2}\pm LQ=(L\pm Q/2)^{2}-Q^{4}/4.}
We can now make a diffeomorphic change of variable (in this case we simply substitute polynomials with linearly independent linear parts) so that
(
L
±
Q
/
2
)
2
−
Q
4
/
4
→
x
1
2
+
P
1
{\displaystyle (L\pm Q/2)^{2}-Q^{4}/4\to x_{1}^{2}+P_{1}}
where P1 is quartic (order four) in x1 and y1. The divisibility condition for type A≥4 is that x1 divides P1. If x1 does not divide P1 then we have type exactly A3 (the zero-level-set here is a tacnode). If x1 divides P1 we complete the square on
x
1
2
+
P
1
{\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}+P_{1}}
and change coordinates so that we have
x
2
2
+
P
2
{\displaystyle x_{2}^{2}+P_{2}}
where P2 is quintic (order five) in x2 and y2. If x2 does not divide P2 then we have exactly type A4, i.e. the zero-level-set will be a rhamphoid cusp.
Applications
An ordinary cusp occurring as the caustic of light rays in the bottom of a teacup.
Cusps appear naturally when projecting into a plane a smooth curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In general, such a projection is a curve whose singularities are self-crossing points and ordinary cusps. Self-crossing points appear when two different points of the curves have the same projection. Ordinary cusps appear when the tangent to the curve is parallel to the direction of projection (that is when the tangent projects on a single point). More complicated singularities occur when several phenomena occur simultaneously. For example, rhamphoid cusps occur for inflection points (and for undulation points) for which the tangent is parallel to the direction of projection.
In many cases, and typically in computer vision and computer graphics, the curve that is projected is the curve of the critical points of the restriction to a (smooth) spatial object of the projection. A cusp appears thus as a singularity of the contour of the image of the object (vision) or of its shadow (computer graphics).
Caustics and wave fronts are other examples of curves having cusps that are visible in the real world.
See also
Look up cusp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Cusp catastrophe
Cardioid
References
Bruce, J. W.; Giblin, Peter (1984). Curves and Singularities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42999-3.
Porteous, Ian (1994). Geometric Differentiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39063-7.
External links
Physicists See The Cosmos In A Coffee Cup
vteTopics in algebraic curvesRational curves
Five points determine a conic
Projective line
Rational normal curve
Riemann sphere
Twisted cubic
Elliptic curvesAnalytic theory
Elliptic function
Elliptic integral
Fundamental pair of periods
Modular form
Arithmetic theory
Counting points on elliptic curves
Division polynomials
Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves
Mazur's torsion theorem
Modular elliptic curve
Modularity theorem
Mordell–Weil theorem
Nagell–Lutz theorem
Supersingular elliptic curve
Schoof's algorithm
Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm
Applications
Elliptic curve cryptography
Elliptic curve primality
Higher genus
De Franchis theorem
Faltings's theorem
Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem
Hurwitz surface
Hyperelliptic curve
Plane curves
AF+BG theorem
Bézout's theorem
Bitangent
Cayley–Bacharach theorem
Conic section
Cramer's paradox
Cubic plane curve
Fermat curve
Genus–degree formula
Hilbert's sixteenth problem
Nagata's conjecture on curves
Plücker formula
Quartic plane curve
Real plane curve
Riemann surfaces
Belyi's theorem
Bring's curve
Bolza surface
Compact Riemann surface
Dessin d'enfant
Differential of the first kind
Klein quartic
Riemann's existence theorem
Riemann–Roch theorem
Teichmüller space
Torelli theorem
Constructions
Dual curve
Polar curve
Smooth completion
Structure of curvesDivisors on curves
Abel–Jacobi map
Brill–Noether theory
Clifford's theorem on special divisors
Gonality of an algebraic curve
Jacobian variety
Riemann–Roch theorem
Weierstrass point
Weil reciprocity law
Moduli
ELSV formula
Gromov–Witten invariant
Hodge bundle
Moduli of algebraic curves
Stable curve
Morphisms
Hasse–Witt matrix
Riemann–Hurwitz formula
Prym variety
Weber's theorem (Algebraic curves)
Singularities
Acnode
Crunode
Cusp
Delta invariant
Tacnode
Vector bundles
Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem
Stable vector bundle
Vector bundles on algebraic curves
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cusp_at_(0,0.5).svg"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"singular point of a curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_point_of_a_curve"},{"link_name":"plane curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_curve"},{"link_name":"analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"parametric equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equation"},{"link_name":"derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"directional derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_derivative"},{"link_name":"tangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent"},{"link_name":"implicit equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_equation"},{"link_name":"smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"Taylor expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_expansion"},{"link_name":"linear polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polynomial"},{"link_name":"Puiseux series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puiseux_series"},{"link_name":"analytic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"parametrized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametrization_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series#Order_of_a_power_series"},{"link_name":"René Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold"},{"link_name":"differentiable functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"diffeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_(topology)"}],"text":"A cusp at (0, 1/2)In mathematics, a cusp, sometimes called spinode in old texts, is a point on a curve where a moving point must reverse direction. A typical example is given in the figure. A cusp is thus a type of singular point of a curve.For a plane curve defined by an analytic, parametric equationx\n \n \n \n =\n f\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n =\n g\n (\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x&=f(t)\\\\y&=g(t),\\end{aligned}}}a cusp is a point where both derivatives of f and g are zero, and the directional derivative, in the direction of the tangent, changes sign (the direction of the tangent is the direction of the slope \n \n \n \n lim\n (\n \n g\n ′\n \n (\n t\n )\n \n /\n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n t\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim(g'(t)/f'(t))}\n \n). Cusps are local singularities in the sense that they involve only one value of the parameter t, in contrast to self-intersection points that involve more than one value. In some contexts, the condition on the directional derivative may be omitted, although, in this case, the singularity may look like a regular point.For a curve defined by an implicit equationF\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(x,y)=0,}which is smooth, cusps are points where the terms of lowest degree of the Taylor expansion of F are a power of a linear polynomial; however, not all singular points that have this property are cusps. The theory of Puiseux series implies that, if F is an analytic function (for example a polynomial), a linear change of coordinates allows the curve to be parametrized, in a neighborhood of the cusp, asx\n \n \n \n =\n a\n \n t\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n =\n S\n (\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x&=at^{m}\\\\y&=S(t),\\end{aligned}}}where a is a real number, m is a positive even integer, and S(t) is a power series of order k (degree of the nonzero term of the lowest degree) larger than m. The number m is sometimes called the order or the multiplicity of the cusp, and is equal to the degree of the nonzero part of lowest degree of F. In some contexts, the definition of a cusp is restricted to the case of cusps of order two—that is, the case where m = 2.The definitions for plane curves and implicitly-defined curves have been generalized by René Thom and Vladimir Arnold to curves defined by differentiable functions: a curve has a cusp at a point if there is a diffeomorphism of a neighborhood of the point in the ambient space, which maps the curve onto one of the above-defined cusps.","title":"Cusp (singularity)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"real-valued function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-valued_function"},{"link_name":"variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"acted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"diffeomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism"},{"link_name":"coordinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate"},{"link_name":"source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"function space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_space"},{"link_name":"equivalence classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_orbit#Orbits_and_stabilizers"},{"link_name":"group action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"denoted by","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_singularity"},{"link_name":"normal forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_form"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Consider a smooth real-valued function of two variables, say f (x, y) where x and y are real numbers. So f is a function from the plane to the line. The space of all such smooth functions is acted upon by the group of diffeomorphisms of the plane and the diffeomorphisms of the line, i.e. diffeomorphic changes of coordinate in both the source and the target. This action splits the whole function space up into equivalence classes, i.e. orbits of the group action.One such family of equivalence classes is denoted by \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n ±\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}^{\\pm },}\n \n where k is a non-negative integer. A function f is said to be of type \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n ±\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}^{\\pm }}\n \n if it lies in the orbit of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ±\n \n y\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}\\pm y^{k+1},}\n \n i.e. there exists a diffeomorphic change of coordinate in source and target which takes f into one of these forms. These simple forms \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ±\n \n y\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}\\pm y^{k+1}}\n \n are said to give normal forms for the type \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n ±\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}^{\\pm }}\n \n-singularities. Notice that the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2n}^{+}}\n \n are the same as the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2n}^{-}}\n \n since the diffeomorphic change of coordinate \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n →\n (\n x\n ,\n −\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)\\to (x,-y)}\n \n in the source takes \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{k+1}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2n+1}.}\n \n So we can drop the ± from \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n ±\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2n}^{\\pm }}\n \n notation.The cusps are then given by the zero-level-sets of the representatives of the \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{2n}}\n \n equivalence classes, where n ≥ 1 is an integer.[citation needed]","title":"Classification in differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cusp.svg"},{"link_name":"semicubical parabola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicubical_parabola"},{"link_name":"Taylor series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"caustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"wave fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_front"},{"link_name":"complete the square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_the_square"},{"link_name":"linearly independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearly_independent"},{"link_name":"quartic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_polynomial"},{"link_name":"tacnode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacnode"},{"link_name":"quintic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintic_polynomial"}],"text":"A cusp in the semicubical parabola \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}}An ordinary cusp is given by \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{3}=0,}\n \n i.e. the zero-level-set of a type A2-singularity. Let f (x, y) be a smooth function of x and y and assume, for simplicity, that f (0, 0) = 0. Then a type A2-singularity of f at (0, 0) can be characterised by:\nHaving a degenerate quadratic part, i.e. the quadratic terms in the Taylor series of f form a perfect square, say L(x, y)2, where L(x, y) is linear in x and y, and\nL(x, y) does not divide the cubic terms in the Taylor series of f (x, y).\nA rhamphoid cusp (from Greek 'beak-like') denoted originally a cusp such that both branches are on the same side of the tangent, such as for the curve of equation \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}-x^{4}-y^{5}=0.}\n \n As such a singularity is in the same differential class as the cusp of equation \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 5\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{5}=0,}\n \n which is a singularity of type A4, the term has been extended to all such singularities. These cusps are non-generic as caustics and wave fronts. The rhamphoid cusp and the ordinary cusp are non-diffeomorphic. A parametric form is \n \n \n \n x\n =\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n =\n a\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=t^{2},\\,y=ax^{4}+x^{5}.}For a type A4-singularity we need f to have a degenerate quadratic part (this gives type A≥2), that L does divide the cubic terms (this gives type A≥3), another divisibility condition (giving type A≥4), and a final non-divisibility condition (giving type exactly A4).To see where these extra divisibility conditions come from, assume that f has a degenerate quadratic part L2 and that L divides the cubic terms. It follows that the third order taylor series of f is given by \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n ±\n L\n Q\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{2}\\pm LQ,}\n \n where Q is quadratic in x and y. We can complete the square to show that \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n ±\n L\n Q\n =\n (\n L\n ±\n Q\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n Q\n \n 4\n \n \n \n /\n \n 4.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{2}\\pm LQ=(L\\pm Q/2)^{2}-Q^{4}/4.}\n \n We can now make a diffeomorphic change of variable (in this case we simply substitute polynomials with linearly independent linear parts) so that \n \n \n \n (\n L\n ±\n Q\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n Q\n \n 4\n \n \n \n /\n \n 4\n →\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (L\\pm Q/2)^{2}-Q^{4}/4\\to x_{1}^{2}+P_{1}}\n \n where P1 is quartic (order four) in x1 and y1. The divisibility condition for type A≥4 is that x1 divides P1. If x1 does not divide P1 then we have type exactly A3 (the zero-level-set here is a tacnode). If x1 divides P1 we complete the square on \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}+P_{1}}\n \n and change coordinates so that we have \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{2}^{2}+P_{2}}\n \n where P2 is quintic (order five) in x2 and y2. If x2 does not divide P2 then we have exactly type A4, i.e. the zero-level-set will be a rhamphoid cusp.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caustic00.jpg"},{"link_name":"caustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(optics)"},{"link_name":"projecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"smooth curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_curve"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"inflection points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection_point"},{"link_name":"undulation points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulation_point"},{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"critical points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Caustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"wave fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_front"}],"text":"An ordinary cusp occurring as the caustic of light rays in the bottom of a teacup.Cusps appear naturally when projecting into a plane a smooth curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In general, such a projection is a curve whose singularities are self-crossing points and ordinary cusps. Self-crossing points appear when two different points of the curves have the same projection. Ordinary cusps appear when the tangent to the curve is parallel to the direction of projection (that is when the tangent projects on a single point). More complicated singularities occur when several phenomena occur simultaneously. For example, rhamphoid cusps occur for inflection points (and for undulation points) for which the tangent is parallel to the direction of projection.In many cases, and typically in computer vision and computer graphics, the curve that is projected is the curve of the critical points of the restriction to a (smooth) spatial object of the projection. A cusp appears thus as a singularity of the contour of the image of the object (vision) or of its shadow (computer graphics).Caustics and wave fronts are other examples of curves having cusps that are visible in the real world.","title":"Applications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A cusp at (0, 1/2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cusp_at_%280%2C0.5%29.svg/200px-Cusp_at_%280%2C0.5%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A cusp in the semicubical parabola \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y^{2}=x^{3}}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cusp.svg/200px-Cusp.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An ordinary cusp occurring as the caustic of light rays in the bottom of a teacup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Caustic00.jpg/200px-Caustic00.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"cusp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cusp"},{"title":"Cusp catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_theory#Cusp_catastrophe"},{"title":"Cardioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioid"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bruce, J. W.; Giblin, Peter (1984). Curves and Singularities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42999-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Giblin","url_text":"Giblin, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42999-3","url_text":"978-0-521-42999-3"}]},{"reference":"Porteous, Ian (1994). Geometric Differentiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39063-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_R._Porteous","url_text":"Porteous, Ian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/geometricdiffere0000port","url_text":"Geometric Differentiation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39063-7","url_text":"978-0-521-39063-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/geometricdiffere0000port","external_links_name":"Geometric Differentiation"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090414160801.htm","external_links_name":"Physicists See The Cosmos In A Coffee Cup"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Scottish_League_Cup
|
1978–79 Scottish League Cup
|
["1 First round","1.1 First leg","1.2 Second leg","2 Second round","2.1 First leg","2.2 Second leg","3 Third round","3.1 First leg","3.2 Second leg","4 Quarter-finals","4.1 First leg","4.2 Second leg","5 Semi-finals","6 Final","7 References","7.1 General","7.2 Specific"]
|
Football tournament season
1978–79 Scottish League CupTournament detailsCountry ScotlandDefending championsRangersFinal positionsChampionsRangersRunner-upAberdeen← 1977–781979–80 →
The 1978–79 Scottish League Cup was the thirty-third season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won by Rangers, who defeated Aberdeen in the Final.
First round
First leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Alloa Athletic
4–1
Stirling Albion
16 August 1978
Berwick Rangers
2–0
St Johnstone
16 August 1978
Celtic
3–1
Dundee
16 August 1978
Dumbarton
0–0
St Mirren
16 August 1978
Montrose
4–0
Queen of the South
16 August 1978
Rangers
3–0
Albion Rovers
16 August 1978
Second leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Agg
Albion Rovers
0–1
Rangers
23 August 1978
0–4
Dundee
0–3
Celtic
23 August 1978
1–6
Queen of the South
0–1
Montrose
23 August 1978
0–5
St Johnstone
0–0
Berwick Rangers
23 August 1978
0–2
St Mirren
2–0
Dumbarton
23 August 1978
2–0
Stirling Albion
0–1
Alloa Athletic
23 August 1978
1–5
Second round
First leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Airdrieonians
3–0
Dunfermline Ath
30 August 1978
Ayr United
1–0
Stranraer
30 August 1978
Berwick Rangers
1–3
St Mirren
30 August 1978
Brechin City
0–3
Hibernian
30 August 1978
Clyde
3–1
Motherwell
30 August 1978
Cowdenbeath
3–2
Hamilton Academical
30 August 1978
Dundee United
2–3
Celtic
30 August 1978
East Fife
0–1
Arbroath
30 August 1978
Heart of Midlothian
1–3
Morton
30 August 1978
Kilmarnock
2–0
Alloa Athletic
30 August 1978
Meadowbank Thistle
0–5
Aberdeen
30 August 1978
Montrose
1–1
East Stirlingshire
28 August 1978
Partick Thistle
1–1
Falkirk
30 August 1978
Raith Rovers
4–2
Queen's Park
30 August 1978
Rangers
3–0
Forfar Athletic
30 August 1978
Stenhousemuir
1–0
Clydebank
30 August 1978
Second leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Agg
Aberdeen
4–0
Meadowbank Thistle
2 September 1978
9–0
Alloa Athletic
1–1
Kilmarnock
2 September 1978
1–3
Arbroath
1–0
East Fife
2 September 1978
2–0
Celtic
1–0
Dundee United
2 September 1978
4–2
Clydebank
4–1
Stenhousemuir
2 September 1978
4–2
Dunfermline Ath
0–5
Airdrieonians
2 September 1978
0–8
East Stirlingshire
0–2
Montrose
2 September 1978
1–3
Falkirk
2–2
Partick Thistle
2 September 1978
3–3
Forfar Athletic
1–4
Rangers
2 September 1978
1–7
Morton
4–1
Heart of Midlothian
2 September 1978
7–2
Hamilton Academical
2–0
Cowdenbeath
2 September 1978
4–3
Hibernian
3–1
Brechin City
2 September 1978
6–1
Motherwell
3–0
Clyde
2 September 1978
4–3
Queen's Park
4–2
Raith Rovers
2 September 1978
6–6
St Mirren
5–1
Berwick Rangers
2 September 1978
8–2
Stranraer
1–3
Ayr United
2 September 1978
1–4
Third round
First leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Arbroath
1–1
Airdrieonians
4 October 1978
Celtic
0–1
Motherwell
4 October 1978
Falkirk
0–2
Ayr United
4 October 1978
Hamilton Academical
0–1
Aberdeen
4 October 1978
Hibernian
1–0
Clydebank
4 October 1978
Kilmarnock
2–0
Morton
4 October 1978
Raith Rovers
3–0
Montrose
4 October 1978
Rangers
3–2
St Mirren
4 October 1978
Second leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Agg
Aberdeen
7–1
Hamilton Academical
11 October 1978
8–1
Airdrieonians
1–2
Arbroath
10 October 1978
2–3
Ayr United
1–1
Falkirk
11 October 1978
3–1
Clydebank
1–1
Hibernian
11 October 1978
1–2
Morton
5–2
Kilmarnock
11 October 1978
5–4
Montrose
5–1
Raith Rovers
11 October 1978
5–4
Motherwell
1–4
Celtic
11 October 1978
2–4
St Mirren
0–0
Rangers
11 October 1978
2–3
Quarter-finals
First leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Ayr United
3–3
Aberdeen
8 November 1978
Montrose
1–1
Celtic
8 November 1978
Morton
1–0
Hibernian
8 November 1978
Rangers
1–0
Arbroath
8 November 1978
Second leg
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Agg
Aberdeen
3–1
Ayr United
15 November 1978
6–4
Arbroath
1–2
Rangers
15 November 1978
1–3
Celtic
3–1
Montrose
15 November 1978
4–2
Hibernian
2–0
Morton
15 November 1978
2–1
Semi-finals
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Aberdeen
1–0
Hibernian
13 December 1978
Rangers
3–2
Celtic
13 December 1978
Final
Main article: 1979 Scottish League Cup Final (March)
31 March 1979
Rangers2–1Aberdeen
Jackson MacDonald
Davidson
Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 54,000
References
General
"Scottish League Cup 1978–1979 : Results". Statto. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
Specific
^ a b c d e After Extra Time
^ Falkirk F.C. won on penalties
^ Raith Rovers F.C. won on penalties
vteScottish League CupSeasons
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Finals
1947 (April)
1947 (October)
1949 (March)
1949 (October)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1969 (April)
1969 (October)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1978
1979 (March)
1979 (December)
1980
1981
1982
1984 (March)
1984 (October)
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016 (March)
2016 (November)
2017
2018
2019
2021 (February)
2021 (December)
2023 (February)
2023 (December)
Finals
Winning managers
vte1978–79 in Scottish football « 1977–78 1979–80 » Domestic leagues
Football League
Premier Division
First Division
Second Division
Highland League
Domestic cups
Scottish Cup
Final
League Cup
Final
Junior Cup
European competitions
European Cup
European Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup
Anglo-Scottish Cup
Related to national team
Results
Euro 1980 qualifying (Group 2)
British Home Championship
Club seasonsPremier Division
Aberdeen
Celtic
Dundee United
Heart of Midlothian
Hibernian
Morton
Motherwell
Partick Thistle
Rangers
St. Mirren
First Division
Airdrieonians
Arbroath
Ayr United
Clyde
Clydebank
Dundee
Dumbarton
Hamilton Academical
Kilmarnock
Montrose
Queen of the South
Raith Rovers
St. Johnstone
Stirling Albion
Second Division
Albion Rovers
Alloa Athletic
Berwick Rangers
Brechin City
Cowdenbeath
Dunfermline Athletic
East Fife
East Stirlingshire
Falkirk
Forfar Athletic
Meadowbank Thistle
Queen's Park
Stenhousemuir
Stranraer
vte1978–79 in European football (UEFA) « 1977–78 1979–80 » Domestic leagues
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark '78 '79
England
Faroe Islands '78 '79
Finland '78 '79
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '78 '79
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '78 '79
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '78 '79
Spain
Sweden '78 '79
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '78 '79
Finland '78 '79
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '78 '79
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '78 '79
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
San Marino
Scotland
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales
Yugoslavia
League cups
England
Republic of Ireland
Scotland
Switzerland
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
UEFA Cup (Final)
Super Cup
Non-UEFA competitions
Intertoto Cup
Balkans Cup '77–'78 '79–'80
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe 1978–79 Scottish League Cup was the thirty-third season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won by Rangers, who defeated Aberdeen in the Final.","title":"1978–79 Scottish League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Jackson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_MacDonald_(footballer_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Davidson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"}],"text":"31 March 1979\nRangers2–1Aberdeen\nJackson MacDonald \n\nDavidson \nHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 54,000","title":"Final"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Scottish League Cup 1978–1979 : Results\". Statto. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132004/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/scotland/league-cup/1978-1979/results","url_text":"\"Scottish League Cup 1978–1979 : Results\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/stats/scotland/league-cup/1978-1979/results","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132004/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/scotland/league-cup/1978-1979/results","external_links_name":"\"Scottish League Cup 1978–1979 : Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.statto.com/football/stats/scotland/league-cup/1978-1979/results","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Teichm%C3%BCller
|
Oswald Teichmüller
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Education","1.3 Academic career","1.4 World War II","2 Mathematical works","3 Publications","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 External links"]
|
German mathematicianOswald TeichmüllerBornPaul Julius Oswald Teichmüller(1913-06-18)18 June 1913Nordhausen, Province of Saxony, Prussia, German EmpireDied11 September 1943(1943-09-11) (aged 30)Poltava, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionCause of deathKilled in actionNationalityGermanEducationUniversity of Göttingen (Ph.D.)Known forTeichmüller characterTeichmüller cocycleTeichmüller spaceTeichmüller–Tukey lemmap-basisScientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsUniversity of BerlinThesisOperatoren im Wachsschen Raum (1936)Doctoral advisorHelmut Hasse
Paul Julius Oswald Teichmüller (German: ; 18 June 1913 – 11 September 1943) was a German mathematician who made contributions to complex analysis. He introduced quasiconformal mappings and differential geometric methods into the study of Riemann surfaces. Teichmüller spaces are named after him.
Born in Nordhausen, Teichmüller attended the University of Göttingen, where he graduated in 1935 under the supervision of Helmut Hasse. His doctoral dissertation was on operator theory, though this was his only work on functional analysis. His next few papers were algebraic, but he switched his focus to complex analysis after attending lectures given by Rolf Nevanlinna. In 1937, he moved to the University of Berlin to work with Ludwig Bieberbach. Bieberbach was the editor of Deutsche Mathematik and much of Teichmüller's work was published in the journal, which made his papers hard to find in modern libraries before the release of his collected works.
A member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and Sturmabteilung (SA), the military wing of the NSDAP, from 1931, Teichmüller agitated against his Jewish professors Richard Courant and Edmund Landau in 1933. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in July 1939 and took part in the invasion of Norway in 1940 before being recalled to Berlin to undertake cryptographic work with the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, he was released from his military duties and returned to teach at the University of Berlin. After the German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943, he gave up his position in Berlin to volunteer for combat on the Eastern Front. He was killed in action in September 1943.
Sanford L. Segal, a professor of mathematics at the University of Rochester, in his 2003 book Mathematicians Under the Nazis said: "Teichmüller was a gifted, brilliant, and seminal mathematician; he was also a dedicated Nazi."
Biography
Early life
Paul Julius Oswald Teichmüller was born in Nordhausen, and grew up in Sankt Andreasberg. His parents were Gertrude (née Dinse) and Adolf Julius Paul Teichmüller. At the time of Oswald's birth, his father, a weaver, was 33 and his mother was 39; they had no further children. His father was injured during World War I and died when Oswald was 12. According to Gertrude, when Oswald was three she discovered that he knew how to count and had learned to read on his own. After his father's death, she took him out of his school in Sankt Andreasberg which "he had long outgrown" and sent him to live with his aunt in Nordhausen, where he attended the Gymnasium.
Education
Teichmüller received his Abitur in 1931, and enrolled at the University of Göttingen as a "brilliant but lonely student from the hinterlands." Hans Lewy, a young instructor at Göttingen at the time, later told anecdotes of the ungainly Teichmüller's brilliance. Among Teichmüller's professors were Richard Courant, Gustav Herglotz, Edmund Landau, Otto Neugebauer and Hermann Weyl. He also joined the NSDAP in July 1931 and became a member of the Sturmabteilung in August 1931. On 2 November 1933 he organised the boycott of his Jewish professor Edmund Landau; in 1994, Friedrich L. Bauer described Teichmüller as a "genius" but a "fanatic Nazi" who "stood out with his agitation against Landau and Courant." Teichmüller later met Landau in his office to discuss the boycott, and penned a letter, at Landau's request, regarding his motivation:
I am not concerned with making difficulties for you as a Jew, but only with protecting – above all – German students of the second semester from being taught differential and integral calculus by a teacher of a race quite foreign to them. I, like everyone else, do not doubt your ability to instruct suitable students of whatever origin in the purely abstract aspects of mathematics. But I know that many academic courses, especially the differential and integral calculus, have at the same time educative value, inducting the pupil not only to a conceptual world but also to a different frame of mind. But since the latter depends very substantially on the racial composition of the individual, it follows that a German student should not be allowed to be trained by a Jewish teacher.
In 1934, Teichmüller wrote a draft dissertation on operator theory, which he titled Operatoren im Wachsschen Raum. The draft related to lectures he had received from Franz Rellich, but he did not bring his dissertation proposal to Rellich due to the fact Rellich was previously the assistant to the Jewish professor Richard Courant who fled Germany in 1933. Teichmüller instead brought it to Helmut Hasse. Operator theory was not in Hasse's area of expertise, so he sent it to Gottfried Köthe. Köthe's comments helped Teichmüller polish the dissertation, and Teichmüller submitted it for review on 10 June 1935 to his examining committee which consisted of Hasse, Herglotz and the Göttingen physicist Robert Pohl. Teichmüller passed his doctoral exam on 28 June 1935 and was officially awarded his Ph.D in mathematics in November 1935.
Academic career
After Teichmüller passed his doctoral exam in June 1935, Hasse petitioned for the university to appoint Teichmüller as an assistant professor in the mathematical department. In his letter he stated Teichmüller had "extraordinary mathematical gifts" and that his teaching style was "painfully exact, in high degree suggestive, and impressive sort." Teichmüller received the position and began to devote himself more to mathematics at the expense of politics, which led fellow NSDAP members to describe him as "eccentric".
Teichmüller's doctoral dissertation was his only work on functional analysis, and his next few papers were algebraic, showing the influence Hasse had on him. In late 1936, he began to work on his habilitation thesis so that he could move to the University of Berlin to work with Ludwig Bieberbach, an outstanding mathematician, staunch supporter of the NSDAP and the editor of Deutsche Mathematik. Teichmüller's habilitation thesis, Untersuchungen über konforme und quasikonforme Abbildungen, was not influenced by Hasse, but by the lectures of Rolf Nevanlinna, who was a visiting professor at the University of Göttingen. Under the influence of Nevanlinna, Teichmüller moved away from algebra and developed an interest in complex analysis. He made four contributions to Deutsche Mathematik in 1936, three of them algebraic, but thereafter he published just one algebraic paper.
Teichmüller moved to Berlin in April 1937, and habilitated at the University of Berlin in March 1938. In Berlin with Bieberbach, Teichmüller had someone who shared his political views and who was also an exceptional mathematician, which led to two years of great productivity. Between April 1937 and July 1939, Teichmüller published seven papers in addition to his 197-page monograph on "extremal quasiconformal mappings and quadratic differentials," which laid the basis for the theory of the Teichmüller space.
World War II
On 18 July 1939, Teichmüller was drafted into the Wehrmacht. He was originally intended to do only eight weeks' training but World War II broke out before the eight weeks were up so he remained in the army and took part in Operation Weserübung in April 1940. Afterwards, he was recalled to Berlin where he became involved in cryptographic work along with other mathematicians such as Ernst Witt, Georg Aumann, Alexander Aigner and Wolfgang Franz in the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht.
In 1941, Bieberbach requested that Teichmüller be released from his military duties in order to continue teaching at the University of Berlin. This request was granted and he was able to teach at the university from 1942 to early 1943. After the German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943, however, Teichmüller left his position in Berlin and volunteered for combat on the Eastern Front, entering a unit which became involved in the Battle of Kursk. In the beginning of August, he received furlough when his unit reached Kharkiv. His unit was surrounded by Soviet troops and largely wiped out by late August, but in early September he attempted to rejoin them. He is reported to have reached somewhere east of the Dnieper but west of Kharkiv (most likely Poltava), where he was killed in action on 11 September 1943.
Mathematical works
In his career, Teichmüller wrote 34 papers in the space of around 6 years. His early algebraic investigations dealt with the valuation theory of fields and the structure of algebras. In valuation theory, he introduced multiplicative systems of representatives of the residue field of valuation rings, which led to a characterisation of the structure of the whole field in terms of the residue field. In the theory of algebras, he started to generalise Emmy Noether's concept of crossed products from fields to certain kind of algebras, gaining new insights into the structure of p-algebras. Although from 1937 on his main interests shifted to geometric function theory, Teichmüller did not give up algebra; in a paper published in 1940, he explored further steps toward a Galois theory of algebras, resulting in the introduction of a group that was later recognised as a third Galois cohomology group.
After his habilitation in 1938, Teichmüller turned to questions in the variation of conformal structures on surfaces, raised earlier by Bernhard Riemann, Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, and Robert Fricke. His most important innovation was the introduction of quasiconformal mappings to the field, using ideas first developed by Herbert Grötzsch and Lars Ahlfors in different contexts. Teichmüller's main conjecture stated that variation of conformal structure can be realised uniquely by extremal quasiconformal mappings. Teichmüller also established a connection between extremal quasiconformal mappings and regular quadratic differentials using a class of related reciprocal Beltrami differentials, which led him to another conjecture proclaiming the existence of a bicontinuous bijective correspondence Φ between a space T1, of real parts of certain reciprocal Beltrami differentials and Mg, n the moduli space of all conformal structures considered. In fact, he proved the existence and injectivity of Φ.
Teichmüller also showed the existence of extremal quasiconformal mappings in the special case of certain simply connected plane regions. He then gave an existence proof for surface of type (g, 0) by a continuity argument from the uniformisation theorem and Finsler metrics. This was also intended as a first step toward a deeper investigation of moduli spaces; in one of his last papers he sketched an idea of how to endow moduli spaces with an analytic structure and how to construct an analytic fiber space of Riemann surfaces. Due to his early death, Teichmüller could not fully work out most of his ideas. However, they became seminal for later work by other mathematicians.
In 1984, Swiss mathematician Kurt Strebel gave an overview of Lars Ahlfors and Frederick Gehring's 1982 work Oswald Teichmüller: Gesammelte Abhandlungen:
In 1936 Teichmüller published five papers about various algebraic topics, and three more in 1937. But it was already in that same year that two papers in function theory appeared, one on value distribution and the other on the type problem, using quasiconformal mappings. He was already an expert in the Nevanlinna theory and evidently greatly influenced by Ahlfors' contributions to it.
Teichmüller's habilitation thesis: Untersuchungen über konforme und quasikonforme Abbildungen ("Studies of conformal and quasiconformal mappings"), which appeared in 1938, and the next paper: Ungleichungen zwischen den Koeffizienten schlichter Funktionen ("Inequalities between the coefficients of simple functions") can be considered as the beginning of his great contributions to function theory, which culminated in his masterpiece: Extremale quasikonforme Abbildungen und quadratische Differentiale ("Extremal quasiconformal mappings and quadratic differentials")
(1939). In this monograph and its complement: Bestimmung der extremalen quasikonformen Abbildungen bei geschlossenen orientierten Riemannschen Flächen ("Determination of extremal quasiconformal mappings with closed oriented Riemann surfaces") (1943), Teichmüller laid the basis of what is now known as the theory of Teichmüller spaces. He further developed the theme in one of his last papers: Veränderliche Riemannsche Flächen ("Variable Riemann surfaces") (1944).
There are other things, like the extremal mappings of the pentagon (1941) or the Verschiebungssatz ("The displacement law") where he shows with great mastery how to deal with special problems. Some other papers on pure function theory, like Eine Verschärfung des Dreikreisesatzes ("A tightening of the three circles theorem"), and on algebraic functions, round out the picture.
From 2007 to 2020, the European Mathematical Society published seven volumes of the Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. The volumes contain English translations of Teichmüller's papers on complex analysis and on the field called Teichmüller theory. The volumes are edited by University of Strasbourg professor Athanase Papadopoulos.
Publications
Teichmüller, Oswald (1982), Ahlfors, Lars V.; Gehring, Frederick W. (eds.), Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-10899-3
Teichmüller, Oswald (2007), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume I, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 11, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-029-6
Teichmüller, Oswald (2009), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume II, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 13, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-055-5
Teichmüller, Oswald (2012), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume III, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 17, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-103-3
Teichmüller, Oswald (2014), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume IV, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 19, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-117-0
Teichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume V, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 26, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-160-6
Teichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VI, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 27, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-161-3
Teichmüller, Oswald (2020), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VII, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 30, Berlin: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-203-0
See also
Grothendieck–Teichmüller group
Inter-universal Teichmüller theory
p-adic Teichmüller theory
Universal Teichmüller space
References
^ a b Segal 2003, p. 450.
^ a b c O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (April 2009). "Teichmüller Biography". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
^ Schappacher, Norbert; Scholz, Erhard (1992). "Oswald Teichmüller — Leben und Werk" (PDF). Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 94: 3.
^ a b Segal 2003, p. 443.
^ Abikoff, William (September 1986). Oswald Teichmüller. The Mathematical Intelligencer. Vol. 8. Springer-Verlag. pp. 8–17.
^ Huckle, Thomas. Jüdische Mathematiker im "Dritten Reich" (PDF) (in German). p. 7.
^ Bauer, Friedrich L. (1994), Entzifferte Geheimnisse. Methoden und Maximen der Kryptologie (in German), Springer, p. 3
^ Chowdhury, Munibur Rahman (June 1995). Landau and Teichmüller. The Mathematical Intelligencer. Vol. 17. Springer-Verlag. pp. 12–14.
^ Segal 2003, p. 446.
^ a b Segal 2003, p. 447.
^ Lehto, Olli (2001). Korkeat maailmat. Rolf Nevanlinnan elämä (in Finnish). Otava. 317. OCLC 58345155.
^ Segal 2003, p. 449.
^ "Army Security Agency: DF-187 The Career of Wilhelm Fenner with Special Regard to his activity in the field of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis (PDF)". 1 December 1949. p. 7.
^ Staff writer(s) (2008). "Teichmüller, Paul Julius Oswald". Encyclopedia.com. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
^ Strebel, Kurt (1984). Quadratic Differentials. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780387130354.
Sources
Segal, Sanford L. (2003), Mathematicians Under the Nazis, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691004518
External links
Oswald Teichmüller at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
vteGerman Signals intelligence organisations before 1945
The Type of organisation
Name of organisation
People
Military (?)Wehrmacht High Command Cipher Bureau
Erich Fellgiebel
Albert Praun
Hugo Kettler
Wilhelm Fenner
Erich Hüttenhain
Peter Novopashenny
Walter Fricke
Karl Stein
Wolfgang Franz
Gisbert Hasenjaeger
Heinrich Scholz
Werner Liebknecht
Gottfried Köthe
Ernst Witt
Helmut Grunsky
Georg Hamel
Georg Aumann
Oswald Teichmüller
Alexander Aigner
Werner Weber
Otto Leiberich
Otto Buggisch
Fritz Menzer
General der Nachrichtenaufklärung
Erich Fellgiebel
Fritz Thiele
Wilhelm Gimmler
Hugo Kettler
Fritz Boetzel
Otto Buggisch
Fritz Menzer
Herbert von Denffer
Ludwig Föppl
Horst Schubert
Friedrich Böhm
Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff
Johannes Marquart
Willi Rinow
Rudolf Kochendörffer
Hans Pietsch
Guido Hoheisel
Hans-Peter Luzius
Wilhelm Vauck
Rudolf Bailovic
Alfred Kneschke
Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350
Wolfgang Martini
Ferdinand Voegele
B-Dienst
Kurt Fricke
Ludwig Stummel
Heinz Bonatz
Wilhelm Tranow
Erhard Maertens
Fritz Krauss
Abwehr (?)
Wilhelm Canaris
Civilian (?)Pers Z S
Curt Selchow
Horst Hauthal
Rudolf Schauffler
Johannes Benzing
Otfried Deubner
Hans Rohrbach
Helmut Grunsky
Erika Pannwitz
Karl Schröter
Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry
Hermann Göring
Gottfried Schapper
Hans Schimpf
Prince Christoph of Hesse
Training (?)GdNA Training Referat
Heer and Luftwaffe Signals School
German Radio Intelligence Operations during World War II
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɔsvalt ˈtaɪçmʏlɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"complex analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis"},{"link_name":"quasiconformal mappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiconformal_mapping"},{"link_name":"differential geometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"Riemann surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_surface"},{"link_name":"Teichmüller spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller_space"},{"link_name":"Nordhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Helmut Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hasse"},{"link_name":"operator theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"algebraic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"Rolf Nevanlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Nevanlinna"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Bieberbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Bieberbach"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mathematik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mathematik"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Sturmabteilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"Richard Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Courant"},{"link_name":"Edmund Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Landau"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"cryptographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic"},{"link_name":"Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Department_of_the_High_Command_of_the_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"defeat at Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Sanford L. Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_L._Segal"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003450-1"}],"text":"Paul Julius Oswald Teichmüller (German: [ˈɔsvalt ˈtaɪçmʏlɐ]; 18 June 1913 – 11 September 1943) was a German mathematician who made contributions to complex analysis. He introduced quasiconformal mappings and differential geometric methods into the study of Riemann surfaces. Teichmüller spaces are named after him.Born in Nordhausen, Teichmüller attended the University of Göttingen, where he graduated in 1935 under the supervision of Helmut Hasse. His doctoral dissertation was on operator theory, though this was his only work on functional analysis. His next few papers were algebraic, but he switched his focus to complex analysis after attending lectures given by Rolf Nevanlinna. In 1937, he moved to the University of Berlin to work with Ludwig Bieberbach. Bieberbach was the editor of Deutsche Mathematik and much of Teichmüller's work was published in the journal, which made his papers hard to find in modern libraries before the release of his collected works.A member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and Sturmabteilung (SA), the military wing of the NSDAP, from 1931, Teichmüller agitated against his Jewish professors Richard Courant and Edmund Landau in 1933. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in July 1939 and took part in the invasion of Norway in 1940 before being recalled to Berlin to undertake cryptographic work with the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, he was released from his military duties and returned to teach at the University of Berlin. After the German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943, he gave up his position in Berlin to volunteer for combat on the Eastern Front. He was killed in action in September 1943.Sanford L. Segal, a professor of mathematics at the University of Rochester, in his 2003 book Mathematicians Under the Nazis said: \"Teichmüller was a gifted, brilliant, and seminal mathematician; he was also a dedicated Nazi.\"[1]","title":"Oswald Teichmüller"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nordhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Sankt Andreasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Andreasberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003443-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Paul Julius Oswald Teichmüller was born in Nordhausen, and grew up in Sankt Andreasberg. His parents were Gertrude (née Dinse) and Adolf Julius Paul Teichmüller.[2] At the time of Oswald's birth, his father, a weaver, was 33 and his mother was 39; they had no further children.[3] His father was injured during World War I and died when Oswald was 12. According to Gertrude, when Oswald was three she discovered that he knew how to count and had learned to read on his own. After his father's death, she took him out of his school in Sankt Andreasberg which \"he had long outgrown\" and sent him to live with his aunt in Nordhausen, where he attended the Gymnasium.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003443-4"},{"link_name":"Hans Lewy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lewy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Courant"},{"link_name":"Gustav Herglotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Herglotz"},{"link_name":"Edmund Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Landau"},{"link_name":"Otto Neugebauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer"},{"link_name":"Hermann Weyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl"},{"link_name":"NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP"},{"link_name":"Sturmabteilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Friedrich L. Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"operator theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003446-9"},{"link_name":"Franz Rellich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rellich"},{"link_name":"Helmut Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hasse"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Köthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_K%C3%B6the"},{"link_name":"Robert Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pohl"},{"link_name":"Ph.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003447-10"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Teichmüller received his Abitur in 1931, and enrolled at the University of Göttingen as a \"brilliant but lonely student from the hinterlands.\"[4] Hans Lewy, a young instructor at Göttingen at the time, later told anecdotes of the ungainly Teichmüller's brilliance.[5] Among Teichmüller's professors were Richard Courant, Gustav Herglotz, Edmund Landau, Otto Neugebauer and Hermann Weyl. He also joined the NSDAP in July 1931 and became a member of the Sturmabteilung in August 1931. On 2 November 1933 he organised the boycott of his Jewish professor Edmund Landau;[6] in 1994, Friedrich L. Bauer described Teichmüller as a \"genius\" but a \"fanatic Nazi\" who \"stood out with his agitation against Landau and Courant.\"[7] Teichmüller later met Landau in his office to discuss the boycott, and penned a letter, at Landau's request, regarding his motivation:I am not concerned with making difficulties for you as a Jew, but only with protecting – above all – German students of the second semester from being taught differential and integral calculus by a teacher of a race quite foreign to them. I, like everyone else, do not doubt your ability to instruct suitable students of whatever origin in the purely abstract aspects of mathematics. But I know that many academic courses, especially the differential and integral calculus, have at the same time educative value, inducting the pupil not only to a conceptual world but also to a different frame of mind. But since the latter depends very substantially on the racial composition of the individual, it follows that a German student should not be allowed to be trained by a Jewish teacher.[8]In 1934, Teichmüller wrote a draft dissertation on operator theory, which he titled Operatoren im Wachsschen Raum.[9] The draft related to lectures he had received from Franz Rellich, but he did not bring his dissertation proposal to Rellich due to the fact Rellich was previously the assistant to the Jewish professor Richard Courant who fled Germany in 1933. Teichmüller instead brought it to Helmut Hasse. Operator theory was not in Hasse's area of expertise, so he sent it to Gottfried Köthe. Köthe's comments helped Teichmüller polish the dissertation, and Teichmüller submitted it for review on 10 June 1935 to his examining committee which consisted of Hasse, Herglotz and the Göttingen physicist Robert Pohl. Teichmüller passed his doctoral exam on 28 June 1935 and was officially awarded his Ph.D in mathematics in November 1935.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-2"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"habilitation thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation_thesis"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Bieberbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Bieberbach"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mathematik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mathematik"},{"link_name":"Rolf Nevanlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Nevanlinna"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"complex analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003447-10"},{"link_name":"Teichmüller space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller_space"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003449-12"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"After Teichmüller passed his doctoral exam in June 1935, Hasse petitioned for the university to appoint Teichmüller as an assistant professor in the mathematical department. In his letter he stated Teichmüller had \"extraordinary mathematical gifts\" and that his teaching style was \"painfully exact, in high degree suggestive, and impressive sort.\" Teichmüller received the position and began to devote himself more to mathematics at the expense of politics, which led fellow NSDAP members to describe him as \"eccentric\".[2]Teichmüller's doctoral dissertation was his only work on functional analysis, and his next few papers were algebraic, showing the influence Hasse had on him. In late 1936, he began to work on his habilitation thesis so that he could move to the University of Berlin to work with Ludwig Bieberbach, an outstanding mathematician, staunch supporter of the NSDAP and the editor of Deutsche Mathematik. Teichmüller's habilitation thesis, Untersuchungen über konforme und quasikonforme Abbildungen, was not influenced by Hasse, but by the lectures of Rolf Nevanlinna, who was a visiting professor at the University of Göttingen.[11] Under the influence of Nevanlinna, Teichmüller moved away from algebra and developed an interest in complex analysis. He made four contributions to Deutsche Mathematik in 1936, three of them algebraic, but thereafter he published just one algebraic paper.[10]Teichmüller moved to Berlin in April 1937, and habilitated at the University of Berlin in March 1938. In Berlin with Bieberbach, Teichmüller had someone who shared his political views and who was also an exceptional mathematician, which led to two years of great productivity. Between April 1937 and July 1939, Teichmüller published seven papers in addition to his 197-page monograph on \"extremal quasiconformal mappings and quadratic differentials,\" which laid the basis for the theory of the Teichmüller space.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Operation Weserübung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung"},{"link_name":"cryptographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic"},{"link_name":"Ernst Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Witt"},{"link_name":"Georg Aumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Aumann"},{"link_name":"Alexander Aigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Aigner"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Franz_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Department_of_the_High_Command_of_the_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-2"},{"link_name":"German defeat at Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"furlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_(military)"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2003450-1"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"On 18 July 1939, Teichmüller was drafted into the Wehrmacht. He was originally intended to do only eight weeks' training but World War II broke out before the eight weeks were up so he remained in the army and took part in Operation Weserübung in April 1940. Afterwards, he was recalled to Berlin where he became involved in cryptographic work along with other mathematicians such as Ernst Witt, Georg Aumann, Alexander Aigner and Wolfgang Franz in the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht.[13]In 1941, Bieberbach requested that Teichmüller be released from his military duties in order to continue teaching at the University of Berlin. This request was granted and he was able to teach at the university from 1942 to early 1943.[2] After the German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943, however, Teichmüller left his position in Berlin and volunteered for combat on the Eastern Front, entering a unit which became involved in the Battle of Kursk. In the beginning of August, he received furlough when his unit reached Kharkiv. His unit was surrounded by Soviet troops and largely wiped out by late August, but in early September he attempted to rejoin them. He is reported to have reached somewhere east of the Dnieper but west of Kharkiv (most likely Poltava), where he was killed in action on 11 September 1943.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valuation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_field"},{"link_name":"residue field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_field"},{"link_name":"valuation rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_ring"},{"link_name":"Emmy Noether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether"},{"link_name":"crossed products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed_product"},{"link_name":"p-algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-algebra"},{"link_name":"geometric function theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_function_theory"},{"link_name":"Galois theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Galois cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_cohomology"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"conformal structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_structure"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Riemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Felix Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein"},{"link_name":"Robert Fricke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fricke"},{"link_name":"quasiconformal mappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiconformal_mapping"},{"link_name":"Herbert Grötzsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6tzsch"},{"link_name":"Lars Ahlfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors"},{"link_name":"quadratic differentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_differential"},{"link_name":"Beltrami differentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltrami_equation"},{"link_name":"bijective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijective"},{"link_name":"moduli space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli_space"},{"link_name":"injectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injectivity"},{"link_name":"uniformisation theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformisation_theorem"},{"link_name":"Finsler metrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsler_metric"},{"link_name":"Riemann surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_surface"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kurt Strebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Strebel"},{"link_name":"Lars Ahlfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors"},{"link_name":"Frederick Gehring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gehring"},{"link_name":"value distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_distribution_theory_of_holomorphic_functions"},{"link_name":"Nevanlinna theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevanlinna_theory"},{"link_name":"Teichmüller spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichm%C3%BCller_space"},{"link_name":"three circles theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_circles_theorem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"European Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"University of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg"}],"text":"In his career, Teichmüller wrote 34 papers in the space of around 6 years. His early algebraic investigations dealt with the valuation theory of fields and the structure of algebras. In valuation theory, he introduced multiplicative systems of representatives of the residue field of valuation rings, which led to a characterisation of the structure of the whole field in terms of the residue field. In the theory of algebras, he started to generalise Emmy Noether's concept of crossed products from fields to certain kind of algebras, gaining new insights into the structure of p-algebras. Although from 1937 on his main interests shifted to geometric function theory, Teichmüller did not give up algebra; in a paper published in 1940, he explored further steps toward a Galois theory of algebras, resulting in the introduction of a group that was later recognised as a third Galois cohomology group.After his habilitation in 1938, Teichmüller turned to questions in the variation of conformal structures on surfaces, raised earlier by Bernhard Riemann, Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, and Robert Fricke. His most important innovation was the introduction of quasiconformal mappings to the field, using ideas first developed by Herbert Grötzsch and Lars Ahlfors in different contexts. Teichmüller's main conjecture stated that variation of conformal structure can be realised uniquely by extremal quasiconformal mappings. Teichmüller also established a connection between extremal quasiconformal mappings and regular quadratic differentials using a class of related reciprocal Beltrami differentials, which led him to another conjecture proclaiming the existence of a bicontinuous bijective correspondence Φ between a space T1, of real parts of certain reciprocal Beltrami differentials and Mg, n the moduli space of all conformal structures considered. In fact, he proved the existence and injectivity of Φ.Teichmüller also showed the existence of extremal quasiconformal mappings in the special case of certain simply connected plane regions. He then gave an existence proof for surface of type (g, 0) by a continuity argument from the uniformisation theorem and Finsler metrics. This was also intended as a first step toward a deeper investigation of moduli spaces; in one of his last papers he sketched an idea of how to endow moduli spaces with an analytic structure and how to construct an analytic fiber space of Riemann surfaces. Due to his early death, Teichmüller could not fully work out most of his ideas. However, they became seminal for later work by other mathematicians.[14]In 1984, Swiss mathematician Kurt Strebel gave an overview of Lars Ahlfors and Frederick Gehring's 1982 work Oswald Teichmüller: Gesammelte Abhandlungen:In 1936 Teichmüller published five papers about various algebraic topics, and three more in 1937. But it was already in that same year that two papers in function theory appeared, one on value distribution and the other on the type problem, using quasiconformal mappings. He was already an expert in the Nevanlinna theory and evidently greatly influenced by Ahlfors' contributions to it.\nTeichmüller's habilitation thesis: Untersuchungen über konforme und quasikonforme Abbildungen (\"Studies of conformal and quasiconformal mappings\"), which appeared in 1938, and the next paper: Ungleichungen zwischen den Koeffizienten schlichter Funktionen (\"Inequalities between the coefficients of simple functions\") can be considered as the beginning of his great contributions to function theory, which culminated in his masterpiece: Extremale quasikonforme Abbildungen und quadratische Differentiale (\"Extremal quasiconformal mappings and quadratic differentials\")\n(1939). In this monograph and its complement: Bestimmung der extremalen quasikonformen Abbildungen bei geschlossenen orientierten Riemannschen Flächen (\"Determination of extremal quasiconformal mappings with closed oriented Riemann surfaces\") (1943), Teichmüller laid the basis of what is now known as the theory of Teichmüller spaces. He further developed the theme in one of his last papers: Veränderliche Riemannsche Flächen (\"Variable Riemann surfaces\") (1944).\n\nThere are other things, like the extremal mappings of the pentagon (1941) or the Verschiebungssatz (\"The displacement law\") where he shows with great mastery how to deal with special problems. Some other papers on pure function theory, like Eine Verschärfung des Dreikreisesatzes (\"A tightening of the three circles theorem\"), and on algebraic functions, round out the picture.[15]From 2007 to 2020, the European Mathematical Society published seven volumes of the Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. The volumes contain English translations of Teichmüller's papers on complex analysis and on the field called Teichmüller theory. The volumes are edited by University of Strasbourg professor Athanase Papadopoulos.","title":"Mathematical works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-10899-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-10899-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-029-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-029-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-055-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-055-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-103-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-103-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-117-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-117-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-160-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-160-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-161-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-161-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03719-203-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-203-0"}],"text":"Teichmüller, Oswald (1982), Ahlfors, Lars V.; Gehring, Frederick W. (eds.), Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-10899-3\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2007), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume I, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 11, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-029-6\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2009), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume II, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 13, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-055-5\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2012), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume III, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 17, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-103-3\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2014), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume IV, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 19, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-117-0\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume V, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 26, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-160-6\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VI, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 27, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-161-3\nTeichmüller, Oswald (2020), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VII, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 30, Berlin: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-203-0","title":"Publications"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Grothendieck–Teichmüller group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%E2%80%93Teichm%C3%BCller_group"},{"title":"Inter-universal Teichmüller theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-universal_Teichm%C3%BCller_theory"},{"title":"p-adic Teichmüller theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_Teichm%C3%BCller_theory"},{"title":"Universal Teichmüller space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Teichm%C3%BCller_space"}]
|
[{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (1982), Ahlfors, Lars V.; Gehring, Frederick W. (eds.), Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-10899-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-10899-3","url_text":"978-3-540-10899-3"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2007), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume I, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 11, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-029-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-029-6","url_text":"978-3-03719-029-6"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2009), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume II, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 13, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-055-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-055-5","url_text":"978-3-03719-055-5"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2012), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume III, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 17, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-103-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-103-3","url_text":"978-3-03719-103-3"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2014), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume IV, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 19, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-117-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-117-0","url_text":"978-3-03719-117-0"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume V, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 26, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-160-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-160-6","url_text":"978-3-03719-160-6"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2016), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VI, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 27, Zürich: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-161-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-161-3","url_text":"978-3-03719-161-3"}]},{"reference":"Teichmüller, Oswald (2020), Papadopoulos, Athanase (ed.), Handbook of Teichmüller Theory. Volume VII, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, vol. 30, Berlin: European Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-3-03719-203-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03719-203-0","url_text":"978-3-03719-203-0"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (April 2009). \"Teichmüller Biography\". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Teichmuller.html","url_text":"\"Teichmüller Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Schappacher, Norbert; Scholz, Erhard (1992). \"Oswald Teichmüller — Leben und Werk\" (PDF). Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 94: 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://dml.math.uni-bielefeld.de/JB_DMV/JB_DMV_094_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Oswald Teichmüller — Leben und Werk\""}]},{"reference":"Abikoff, William (September 1986). Oswald Teichmüller. The Mathematical Intelligencer. Vol. 8. Springer-Verlag. pp. 8–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Huckle, Thomas. Jüdische Mathematiker im \"Dritten Reich\" (PDF) (in German). p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/evenari.pdf","url_text":"Jüdische Mathematiker im \"Dritten Reich\""}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Friedrich L. (1994), Entzifferte Geheimnisse. Methoden und Maximen der Kryptologie [Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology] (in German), Springer, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, Munibur Rahman (June 1995). Landau and Teichmüller. The Mathematical Intelligencer. Vol. 17. Springer-Verlag. pp. 12–14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lehto, Olli (2001). Korkeat maailmat. Rolf Nevanlinnan elämä (in Finnish). Otava. 317. OCLC 58345155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava_(publisher)","url_text":"Otava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58345155","url_text":"58345155"}]},{"reference":"\"Army Security Agency: DF-187 The Career of Wilhelm Fenner with Special Regard to his activity in the field of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis (PDF)\". 1 December 1949. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7sNVKDp-yiJNjE4YTIyOTctNGFlZi00NTliLWEwZWUtOGYxYzEyMjk1NGE1/view","url_text":"\"Army Security Agency: DF-187 The Career of Wilhelm Fenner with Special Regard to his activity in the field of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis (PDF)\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer(s) (2008). \"Teichmüller, Paul Julius Oswald\". Encyclopedia.com. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/teichmuller-paul-julius-oswald","url_text":"\"Teichmüller, Paul Julius Oswald\""}]},{"reference":"Strebel, Kurt (1984). Quadratic Differentials. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780387130354.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quadraticdiffere00stre_142","url_text":"Quadratic Differentials. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quadraticdiffere00stre_142/page/n15","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387130354","url_text":"9780387130354"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Sanford L. (2003), Mathematicians Under the Nazis, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691004518","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_L._Segal","url_text":"Segal, Sanford L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691004518","url_text":"9780691004518"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN243919689_0174?tify=%7B%22view%22:%22info%22,%22pages%22:%5B77%5D%7D","external_links_name":"Operatoren im Wachsschen Raum"},{"Link":"http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Teichmuller.html","external_links_name":"\"Teichmüller Biography\""},{"Link":"http://dml.math.uni-bielefeld.de/JB_DMV/JB_DMV_094_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oswald Teichmüller — Leben und Werk\""},{"Link":"https://www5.in.tum.de/~huckle/evenari.pdf","external_links_name":"Jüdische Mathematiker im \"Dritten Reich\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58345155","external_links_name":"58345155"},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7sNVKDp-yiJNjE4YTIyOTctNGFlZi00NTliLWEwZWUtOGYxYzEyMjk1NGE1/view","external_links_name":"\"Army Security Agency: DF-187 The Career of Wilhelm Fenner with Special Regard to his activity in the field of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis (PDF)\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/teichmuller-paul-julius-oswald","external_links_name":"\"Teichmüller, Paul Julius Oswald\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quadraticdiffere00stre_142","external_links_name":"Quadratic Differentials. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quadraticdiffere00stre_142/page/n15","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=49130","external_links_name":"Oswald Teichmüller"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108749460","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17302293","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmPY3rhxMHQvXBPGPPcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90241708","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1731896","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123712099","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123712099","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119089165","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007421761105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85805115","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/ljx02zg41nzh8js","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2015874820&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068695535","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/258158","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01912560?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/233483","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=49130","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:teichmuller.oswald","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119089165.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032739974","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czterdziestolatek
|
Being Forty
|
["1 Episodes","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Polish television series
Being FortyGenreSitcomComedy dramaCreated byJerzy Gruza and Krzysztof Teodor ToeplitzDirected byJerzy GruzaStarringAndrzej Kopiczyński, Anna Seniuk, Irena KwiatkowskaCountry of originPolandOriginal languagePolishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes21ProductionRunning time50 minutesProduction companyTelewizja Polska (TVP)Original releaseRelease1975 (1975) –1978 (1978)
Being Forty (Polish: Czterdziestolatek, alt. spelling: 40-latek, lit.: The Forty-Year-Old) is a Polish television comedy series originally broadcast in Poland between 1975 and 1978. The initial series enjoyed so much popularity that it was continued and led to the release of a feature film I'm a Butterfly, a 40-year-old's Love Affair and a New Year's Eve television program in 1975.
The series was written by Jerzy Gruza and Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz and was broadcast on Telewizja Polska. In total, 21 episodes were produced.
The series followed the fate of a Warsaw family and explored topics related to midlife crisis, such as extra-marital affairs, attempts to quit smoking, obsession with hair loss, efforts to maintain physical fitness, pride in achievements and professional life, the desire to seek self-fulfillment through social activities, etc.
20 years later the series was remade in the mid-1990s with a cast that included Joanna Kurowska, Wojciech Mann and Wojciech Malajkat.
Episodes
The toast, or closer than further (Toast czyli bliżej niż dalej) 1974
Struggle with addiction, or maze (Walka z nałogiem czyli labirynt)
Come by whenever you'd like, or dulled stimuli (Wpadnij kiedy zechcesz czyli bodźce stępione)
The portrait, or how to be loved (Portret czyli jak być kochanym)
Physical fitness, or the fight against the birth certificate (Kondycja fizyczna czyli walka z metryką)
Flora's hair, or the maze (Włosy Flory czyli labirynt)
Judym or a social action (Judym czyli czyn społeczny)
Opening of the route, or free time (Otwarcie trasy czyli czas wolny) 1975
Family, or strangers at home (Rodzina czyli obcy w domu) 1975
Postcard from Spitsbergen, or enchantment (Pocztówka ze Spitzbergenu czyli oczarowanie) 1975
Somebody else's misery, or defense witness (Cudze nieszczęście czyli świadek obrony) 1975
New deputy, or the meteor (Nowy zastępca czyli meteor) 1975
The scapegoat, or the rotation (Kozioł ofiarny czyli rotacja) 1975
Małkiewicz case or kamikaze (Sprawa Małkiewicza czyli kamikadze) 1976
Expensive gift or revisit (Kosztowny drobiazg czyli rewizyta) 1976
Where have you been or Shakespeare (Gdzie byłaś czyli Szekspir) 1976
A cunning beast, or the cristal (Cwana bestia czyli kryształ) 1977
War game or on the billet (Gra wojenna czyli na kwaterze) 1977
Away from people, or something of your own (Z dala od ludzi czyli coś swojego)
In self-defense, or the hunt (W obronie własnej czyli polowanie)
Shadow-line, or the first serious warning (Smuga cienia czyli pierwsze poważne ostrzeżenie) 1977
Cast
Andrzej Kopiczyński as Stefan Karwowski, Czterdziestolatek
Anna Seniuk as Magda Karwowska, wife of Stefan Karwowski
Irena Kwiatkowska
Roman Kłosowski
Janusz Kłosiński
Leonard Pietraszak
Janusz Gajos
Halina Kossobudzka
Władysław Hańcza
Wojciech Pokora
Katarzyna Łaniewska
Mieczysław Waśkowski
Zdzisław Maklakiewicz
Bohdan Ejmont
Ryszard Pietruski
Stefan Friedmann
Stanisław Tym
Wacław Kowalski
Jarosław Skulski
Leon Niemczyk
Grażyna Szapołowska
Alina Janowska
Bożena Dykiel
Edward Dziewoński
Piotr Fronczewski
Tadeusz Pluciński
Lech Ordon
Wojciech Pszoniak
Jan Pietrzak
Krystyna Feldman
Jerzy Turek
Joanna Szczepkowska
Wiesław Gołas
Jan Kobuszewski
Andrzej Krasicki
Aleksander Sewruk
Jan Kociniak
Krzysztof Kowalewski
References
^ Haltof, M. (2002). Polish National Cinema. Berghahn Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-57181-275-9.
External links
Being Forty at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"Telewizja Polska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja_Polska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"midlife crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlife_crisis"}],"text":"Being Forty (Polish: Czterdziestolatek, alt. spelling: 40-latek, lit.: The Forty-Year-Old) is a Polish television comedy series originally broadcast in Poland between 1975 and 1978. The initial series enjoyed so much popularity that it was continued and led to the release of a feature film I'm a Butterfly, a 40-year-old's Love Affair and a New Year's Eve television program in 1975.The series was written by Jerzy Gruza and Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz and was broadcast on Telewizja Polska. In total, 21 episodes were produced.[1]The series followed the fate of a Warsaw family and explored topics related to midlife crisis, such as extra-marital affairs, attempts to quit smoking, obsession with hair loss, efforts to maintain physical fitness, pride in achievements and professional life, the desire to seek self-fulfillment through social activities, etc.20 years later the series was remade in the mid-1990s with a cast that included Joanna Kurowska, Wojciech Mann and Wojciech Malajkat.","title":"Being Forty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"}],"text":"The toast, or closer than further (Toast czyli bliżej niż dalej) 1974\nStruggle with addiction, or maze (Walka z nałogiem czyli labirynt)\nCome by whenever you'd like, or dulled stimuli (Wpadnij kiedy zechcesz czyli bodźce stępione)\nThe portrait, or how to be loved (Portret czyli jak być kochanym)\nPhysical fitness, or the fight against the birth certificate (Kondycja fizyczna czyli walka z metryką)\nFlora's hair, or the maze (Włosy Flory czyli labirynt)\nJudym or a social action (Judym czyli czyn społeczny)\nOpening of the route, or free time (Otwarcie trasy czyli czas wolny) 1975\nFamily, or strangers at home (Rodzina czyli obcy w domu) 1975\nPostcard from Spitsbergen, or enchantment (Pocztówka ze Spitzbergenu czyli oczarowanie) 1975\nSomebody else's misery, or defense witness (Cudze nieszczęście czyli świadek obrony) 1975\nNew deputy, or the meteor (Nowy zastępca czyli meteor) 1975\nThe scapegoat, or the rotation (Kozioł ofiarny czyli rotacja) 1975\nMałkiewicz case or kamikaze (Sprawa Małkiewicza czyli kamikadze) 1976\nExpensive gift or revisit (Kosztowny drobiazg czyli rewizyta) 1976\nWhere have you been or Shakespeare (Gdzie byłaś czyli Szekspir) 1976\nA cunning beast, or the cristal (Cwana bestia czyli kryształ) 1977\nWar game or on the billet (Gra wojenna czyli na kwaterze) 1977\nAway from people, or something of your own (Z dala od ludzi czyli coś swojego)\nIn self-defense, or the hunt (W obronie własnej czyli polowanie)\nShadow-line, or the first serious warning (Smuga cienia czyli pierwsze poważne ostrzeżenie) 1977","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrzej Kopiczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Kopiczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Anna Seniuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Seniuk"},{"link_name":"Irena Kwiatkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Kwiatkowska"},{"link_name":"Roman Kłosowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_K%C5%82osowski"},{"link_name":"Janusz Kłosiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_K%C5%82osi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Leonard Pietraszak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Pietraszak"},{"link_name":"Janusz Gajos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Gajos"},{"link_name":"Halina Kossobudzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halina_Kossobudzka"},{"link_name":"Władysław Hańcza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ha%C5%84cza"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Pokora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Pokora"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Łaniewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_%C5%81aniewska"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Waśkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Wa%C5%9Bkowski"},{"link_name":"Zdzisław Maklakiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Maklakiewicz"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Ejmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Ejmont"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Pietruski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Pietruski"},{"link_name":"Stefan Friedmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Friedmann"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Tym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Tym"},{"link_name":"Wacław Kowalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kowalski"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Skulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Skulski"},{"link_name":"Leon Niemczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Niemczyk"},{"link_name":"Grażyna Szapołowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C5%BCyna_Szapo%C5%82owska"},{"link_name":"Alina Janowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Janowska"},{"link_name":"Bożena Dykiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BCena_Dykiel"},{"link_name":"Edward Dziewoński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dziewo%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Fronczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Fronczewski"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Pluciński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Pluci%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Lech Ordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Ordon"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Pszoniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Pszoniak"},{"link_name":"Jan Pietrzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pietrzak"},{"link_name":"Krystyna Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Turek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Turek"},{"link_name":"Joanna Szczepkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Szczepkowska"},{"link_name":"Wiesław Gołas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wies%C5%82aw_Go%C5%82as"},{"link_name":"Jan Kobuszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kobuszewski_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Krasicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Krasicki"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Sewruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Sewruk"},{"link_name":"Jan Kociniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kociniak"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kowalewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kowalewski"}],"text":"Andrzej Kopiczyński as Stefan Karwowski, Czterdziestolatek\nAnna Seniuk as Magda Karwowska, wife of Stefan Karwowski\nIrena Kwiatkowska\nRoman Kłosowski\nJanusz Kłosiński\nLeonard Pietraszak\nJanusz Gajos\nHalina Kossobudzka\nWładysław Hańcza\nWojciech Pokora\nKatarzyna Łaniewska\nMieczysław Waśkowski\nZdzisław Maklakiewicz\nBohdan Ejmont\nRyszard Pietruski\nStefan Friedmann\nStanisław Tym\nWacław Kowalski\nJarosław Skulski\nLeon Niemczyk\nGrażyna Szapołowska\nAlina Janowska\nBożena Dykiel\nEdward Dziewoński\nPiotr Fronczewski\nTadeusz Pluciński\nLech Ordon\nWojciech Pszoniak\nJan Pietrzak\nKrystyna Feldman\nJerzy Turek\nJoanna Szczepkowska\nWiesław Gołas\nJan Kobuszewski\nAndrzej Krasicki\nAleksander Sewruk\nJan Kociniak\nKrzysztof Kowalewski","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Haltof, M. (2002). Polish National Cinema. Berghahn Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-57181-275-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aHufS1XmIk4C&dq=Czterdziestolatek&pg=PA148","url_text":"Polish National Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books","url_text":"Berghahn Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-275-9","url_text":"978-1-57181-275-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aHufS1XmIk4C&dq=Czterdziestolatek&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"Polish National Cinema"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120947/","external_links_name":"Being Forty"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22156009947149581352","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538439305606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlamp
|
Flashtube
|
["1 Construction","1.1 Glass envelopes","1.2 Electrodes and seals","1.3 Gases and fill pressure","2 Operation","2.1 External triggering","2.2 Series triggering","2.3 Simmer-voltage triggering","2.4 Prepulse techniques","2.5 Ablative flashtubes","2.6 Variable pulse width control","2.7 Electrical requirements","3 Output spectrum","3.1 Xenon","3.2 Krypton and other gases","3.3 Light production","4 Intensity and duration of flash","5 Lifetime","5.1 Catastrophic failure","5.2 Gradual failure","6 Applications","7 History","8 Safety","9 Popular culture","10 Animation","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
|
Incoherent light source
"Flashlamp" redirects here. For a handheld electric torch for illumination, see flashlight. For electrically ignited burning luminescent powder, see flash-lamp.
Helical xenon flashtube emitting greybody radiation as white light. (Animated version at the end)
A flashtube (flashlamp) is an electric arc lamp designed to produce extremely intense, incoherent, full-spectrum white light for a very short time. A flashtube is a glass tube with an electrode at each end and is filled with a gas that, when triggered, ionizes and conducts a high-voltage pulse to make light. Flashtubes are used most in photography; they also are used in science, medicine, industry, and entertainment.
Construction
U-shaped xenon flashtube
The lamp comprises a hermetically sealed glass tube, which is filled with a noble gas, usually xenon, and electrodes to carry electric current to the gas. Additionally, a high voltage power source is necessary to energize the gas as a trigger event. A charged capacitor is usually used to supply energy for the flash, so as to allow very speedy delivery of very high electrical current when the lamp is triggered.
Glass envelopes
The glass envelope is most commonly a thin tube, often made of fused quartz, borosilicate or Pyrex, which may be straight, or bent into a number of different shapes, including helical, "U" shape, and circular (to surround a camera lens for shadowless photography—'ring flashes'). In some applications, the emission of ultraviolet light is undesired, whether due to production of ozone, damage to laser rods, degradation of plastics, or other detrimental effects. In these cases, a doped fused silica is used. Doping with titanium dioxide can provide different cutoff wavelengths on the ultraviolet side, but the material suffers from solarization; it is often used in medical and sun-ray lamps and some non-laser lamps. A better alternative is a cerium-doped quartz; it does not suffer from solarization and has higher efficiency, as part of the absorbed ultraviolet is reradiated as visible via fluorescence. Its cutoff is at about 380 nm. Conversely, when ultraviolet is called for, a synthetic quartz is used as the envelope; it is the most expensive of the materials, but it is not susceptible to solarization and its cutoff is at 160 nm.
The power level of the lamps is rated in watts/area, total electrical input power divided by the lamp's inner wall surface. Cooling of the electrodes and the lamp envelope is of high importance at high power levels. Air cooling is sufficient for lower average power levels. High power lamps are cooled with a liquid, typically by flowing deionized water through a tube in which the lamp is encased. Water-cooled lamps will generally have the glass shrunk around the electrodes, to provide a direct thermal conductor between them and the cooling water. The cooling medium should flow also across the entire length of the lamp and electrodes. High average power or continuous-wave arc lamps must have the water flow across the ends of the lamp, and across the exposed ends of the electrodes as well, so the deionized water is used to prevent a short circuit. Above 15 W/cm2 forced air cooling is required; liquid cooling if in a confined space. Liquid cooling is generally necessary above 30 W/cm2.
Thinner walls can survive higher average-power loads due to lower mechanical strain across the thickness of the material, which is caused by a temperature gradient between the hot plasma and cooling water, (e.g. 1 mm thick doped quartz has a limit of 160 W/cm2, a 0.5 mm thick one has a limit of 320 W/cm2). For this reason, thinner glass is often used for continuous-wave arc-lamps. Thicker materials can generally handle more impact energy from the shock wave that a short-pulsed arc can generate, so quartz as much as 1 mm thick is often used in the construction of flashtubes. The material of the envelope provides another limit for the output power; 1 mm thick fused quartz has a limit of 200 W/cm2, synthetic quartz of same thickness can run up to 240 W/cm2. Other glasses such as borosilicate generally have less than half the power loading capacity of quartz. Aging lamps require some derating, due to increased energy absorption in the glass due to solarization and sputtered deposits.
Electrodes and seals
The electrodes protrude into each end of the tube, and are sealed to the glass using a few different methods. "Ribbon seals" use thin strips of molybdenum foil bonded directly to the glass, which are very durable, but are limited in the amount of current that can pass through. "Solder seals" bond the glass to the electrode with a solder for a very strong mechanical seal, but are limited to low temperature operation. Most common in laser pumping applications is the "rod seal", where the rod of the electrode is wetted with another type of glass and then bonded directly to a quartz tube. This seal is very durable and capable of withstanding very high temperature and currents. The seal and the glass must have the same coefficient of thermal expansion.
Flashtubes of various sizes for laser pumping. The top three are xenon flashtubes. The last one is a krypton arc lamp, (shown for comparison).
For low electrode wear the electrodes are usually made of tungsten, which has the highest melting point of any metal, to handle the thermionic emission of electrons. Cathodes are often made from porous tungsten filled with a barium compound, which gives low work function; the structure of cathode has to be tailored for the application. Anodes are usually made from pure tungsten, or, when good machinability is required, lanthanum-alloyed tungsten, and are often machined to provide extra surface area to cope with power loading. DC arc lamps often have a cathode with a sharp tip, to help keep the arc away from the glass and to control temperature. Flashtubes usually have a cathode with a flattened radius, to reduce the incidence of hot spots and decrease sputter caused by peak currents, which may be in excess of 1000 amperes. Electrode design is also influenced by the average power. At high levels of average power, care has to be taken to achieve sufficient cooling of the electrodes. While anode temperature is of lower importance, overheating the cathode can greatly reduce the lamp's life expectancy.
Gases and fill pressure
Depending on the size, type, and application of the flashtube, gas fill pressures may range from a few kilopascals to hundreds of kilopascals (0.01–4.0 atmospheres or tens to thousands of torr). Generally, the higher the pressure, the greater the output efficiency. Xenon is used mostly because of its good efficiency, converting nearly 50% of electrical energy into light. Krypton, on the other hand, is only about 40% efficient, but at low currents is a better match to the absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG lasers. A major factor affecting efficiency is the amount of gas behind the electrodes, or the "dead volume". A higher dead volume leads to a lower pressure increase during operation.
Operation
This is a high-speed video of a xenon flashtube captured at over 44,000 frames per second. The single flash pulse in slow motion reveals a charged gas oscillation.
The electrodes of the lamp are usually connected to a capacitor, which is charged to a relatively high voltage (generally between 250 and 5000 volts), using a step up transformer and a rectifier. The gas, however, exhibits extremely high resistance, and the lamp will not conduct electricity until the gas is ionized. Once ionized, or "triggered", a spark will form between the electrodes, allowing the capacitor to discharge. The sudden surge of electric current quickly heats the gas to a plasma state, where electrical resistance becomes very low. There are several methods of triggering.
External triggering
Xenon flashtubes used on smartphones and cameras are usually externally triggered.
External triggering is the most common method of operation, especially for photographic use. The electrodes are charged to a voltage high enough to respond to triggering, but below the lamp's self-flash threshold. An extremely high voltage pulse, (usually between 2000 and 150,000 volts), the "trigger pulse", is applied either directly to or very near the glass envelope. (Water-cooled flashtubes sometimes apply this pulse directly to the cooling water, and often to the housing of the unit as well, so care must be taken with this type of system.) The short, high voltage pulse creates a rising electrostatic field, which ionizes the gas inside the tube. The capacitance of the glass couples the trigger pulse into the envelope, where it exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas surrounding one or both of the electrodes, forming spark streamers. The streamers propagate via capacitance along the glass at a speed of 1 centimeter in 60 nanoseconds (170 km/s). (A trigger pulse must have a long enough duration to allow one streamer to reach the opposite electrode, or erratic triggering will result.) The triggering can be enhanced by applying the trigger pulse to a "reference plane", which may be in the form of a metal band or reflector affixed to the glass, a conductive paint, or a thin wire wrapped around the length of the lamp. If the capacitor voltage is greater than the voltage drop between the cathode and the anode, when the internal spark streamers bridge the electrodes the capacitor will discharge through the ionized gas, heating the xenon to a high enough temperature for the emission light.
Series triggering
A ruby laser head, assembled and disassembled, revealing pumping cavity, the ruby rod, and two water-cooled flashtubes.
Series triggering is more common in high powered, water-cooled flashtubes, such as those found in lasers. The high-voltage leads of the trigger-transformer are connected to the flashtube in series, (one lead to an electrode and the other to the capacitor), so that the flash travels through both the transformer and the lamp. The trigger pulse forms a spark inside the lamp, without exposing the trigger voltage to the outside of the lamp. The advantages are better insulation, more reliable triggering, and an arc that tends to develop well away from the glass, but at a much higher cost. The series-triggering transformer also acts as an inductor. This helps to control the flash duration, but prevents the circuit from being used in very fast discharge applications. The triggering can generally take place with a lower voltage at the capacitor than is required for external triggering. However, the trigger-transformer becomes part of the flash circuit, and couples the triggering-circuit to the flash energy. Therefore, because the trigger-transformer has very low impedance, the transformer, triggering-circuit, and silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) must be able to handle very high peak-currents, often in excess of 1500 amps.
Simmer-voltage triggering
An externally triggered, 3.5 microsecond flash. The flash fully discharges before the arc can move away from the glass and fill the tube, causing excessive wear to the lamp.
Simmer-voltage triggering is the least common method. In this technique, the capacitor voltage is not initially applied to the electrodes, but instead, a high voltage spark streamer is maintained between the electrodes. The high current from the capacitor is delivered to the electrodes using a thyristor or a spark gap. This type of triggering is used mainly in very fast rise time systems, typically those that discharge in the microsecond regime, such as used in high-speed, stop-motion photography or dye lasers. The simmering spark-streamer causes the arc to develop in the exact center of the lamp, increasing the lifetime dramatically. If external triggering is used for extremely short pulses, the spark streamers may still be in contact with the glass when the full current-load passes through the tube, causing wall ablation, or in extreme cases, cracking or even explosion of the lamp. However, because very short pulses often call for very high voltage and low capacitance, to keep the current density from rising too high, some microsecond flashtubes are triggered by simply "over-volting", that is, by applying a voltage to the electrodes which is much higher than the lamp's self-flash threshold, using a spark gap. Often, a combination of simmer voltage and over-volting is used.
Prepulse techniques
Very rapid rise-times are often achieved using a prepulse technique. This method is performed by delivering a small flash through the lamp just before the main flash. This flash is of much lower energy than the main flash (typically less than 10%) and, depending on the pulse duration, is delivered just a few thousandths to a few millionths of a second before the main flash. The prepulse heats the gas, producing a dim, short-lived afterglow that results from free electrons and ionized particles that remain after the pulse shuts down. If the main flash is initiated before these particles can recombine, this provides a good quantity of ionized particles to be used by the main flash. This greatly decreases the rise time. It also reduces the shock wave and makes less noise during operation, vastly increasing the lifetime of the lamp. It is especially effective on very fast-discharge applications, allowing the arc to expand faster and better fill the tube. It is very often used with simmer voltage and sometimes with series triggering, but rarely used with external triggering. Prepulse techniques are most commonly used in the pumping of dye lasers, greatly increasing the conversion efficiency. However, it has also been shown to increase the efficiency of other lasers with longer fluorescence lifetimes (allowing longer pulses), such as Nd:YAG or titanium sapphire, by creating pulses with almost square waveforms.
Ablative flashtubes
Ablative flashtubes are triggered by under-pressurizing. Ablative flashtubes are typically constructed using quartz tubing and one or both electrodes hollowed out, allowing a vacuum pump to be attached to control the gas pressure. The electrodes of the lamp are connected to a charged capacitor, and then the gas is vacuumed from the lamp. When the gas reaches a low enough pressure (often just a few torr) randomly-ionized particles are able to accelerate to velocities sufficient to begin ejecting electrons from the cathode as they impact its surface, resulting in a Townsend avalanche that causes the lamp to self-flash. At such low pressures, the efficiency of the flash would normally be very low. However, because of the low pressure, the particles have room to accelerate to very high speeds, and the magnetic forces expand the arc so that the bulk of its plasma becomes concentrated at the surface, bombarding the glass. The bombardment ablates (vaporizes) large amounts of quartz from the inner wall. This ablation creates a sudden, violent, localized increase in the internal pressure of the lamp, increasing the efficiency of the flash to very high levels. The ablation, however, causes extensive wear to the lamp, weakening the glass, and they typically need replacement after a very short lifetime.
Ablative flashtubes need to be refilled and vacuumed to the proper pressure for each flash. Therefore, they cannot be used for very high-repetition applications. Also, this usually precludes the use of very expensive gases like krypton or xenon. The most common gas used in an ablative flashtube is air, although sometimes cheap argon is also used. The flash usually must be very short to prevent too much heat from transferring to the glass. However, because nearly all the plasma is concentrated at the surface, the lamps have very low inductance and flashes can often be shorter than a normal lamp of comparative size. The flash from a single ablative flashtube can also be more intense than multiple lamps. For these reasons, the most common use for the lamps is for the pumping of dye lasers.
Variable pulse width control
In addition, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) can be connected in series with both the trigger transformer and the lamp, making adjustable flash durations possible. An IGBT used for this purpose must be rated for a high pulsed-current, so as to avoid over-current damage to the semiconductor junction. This type of system is used frequently in high average-power laser systems, and can produce pulses ranging from 500 microseconds to over 20 milliseconds. It can be used with any of the triggering techniques, like external and series, and can produce square wave pulses. It can even be used with simmer voltage to produce a "modulated" continuous wave output, with repetition rates over 300 hertz. With the proper large bore, water-cooled flashtube, several kilowatts of average-power output can be obtained.
Electrical requirements
The electrical requirements for a flashtube can vary, depending on the desired results. The usual method is to first determine the pulse duration, the maximum amount of energy tolerable at that duration (explosion energy), and the safe amount of operating energy. Then pick a current density that will emit the desired spectrum, and let the lamp's resistance determine the necessary combination of voltage and capacitance to produce it. The resistance in flashtubes varies greatly, depending on pressure, shape, dead volume, current density, time, and flash duration, and therefore, is usually referred to as impedance. The most common symbol used for lamp impedance is Ko, which is expressed as ohms per the square root of amps (ohms(amps0.5).
Ko is used to calculate the amount of input voltage and capacitance needed to emit a desired spectrum, by controlling the current density. Ko is determined by the internal diameter, arc length, and gas type of the lamp and, to a lesser extent, by fill pressure. The resistance in flashtubes is not constant, but quickly drops as current density increases. In 1965, John H. Goncz showed that the plasma resistivity in flashtubes is inversely proportional to the square root of current density. As the arc develops, the lamp experiences a period of negative resistance, causing both the resistance and voltage to decrease as the current increases. This occurs until the plasma comes into contact with the inner wall. When this happens, the voltage becomes proportional to the square root of current, and the resistance in the plasma becomes stable for the remainder of the flash. It is this value which is defined as Ko. However, as the arc develops the gas expands, and calculations for Ko do not take into account the dead volume, which leads to a lower pressure increase. Therefore, any calculation of Ko is merely an approximation of lamp impedance.
Output spectrum
Xenon
Xenon, operated as a 'neon light,' consists of a collection of mostly spectral lines, missing much of the continuum radiation needed for good color rendering.
Spectral line radiation from a xenon flashlamp. The blue-green arc is similar to what the eye sees. Although invisible to the naked eye, the digital camera is able to image the strong IR spectral lines, which appear as the deep-blue light reflected off the table. (i.e.: 900 nm is interpreted by the camera as the second-generation harmonic of 450 nm.)
As with all ionized gases, xenon flashtubes emit light in various spectral lines. This is the same phenomenon that gives neon signs their characteristic color. However, neon signs emit red light because of extremely low current-densities when compared to those seen in flashtubes, which favors spectral lines of longer wavelengths. Higher current-densities tend to favor shorter wavelengths. The light from xenon, in a neon sign, likewise is rather violet.
The spectrum emitted by flashtubes is far more dependent on current density than on the fill pressure or gas type. Low current-densities produce narrow spectral-line emission, against a faint background of continuous radiation. Xenon has many spectral lines in the UV, blue, green, red, and IR portions of the spectrum. Low current densities produce a greenish-blue flash, indicating the absence of significant yellow or orange lines. At low current-densities, most of xenon's output will be directed into the invisible IR spectral lines around 820, 900, and 1000 nm. Low current-densities for flashtubes are generally less than 1000 A/cm2.
Higher current-densities begin to produce continuum emission. Spectral lines broaden and become less dominant as light is produced across the spectrum, usually peaking, or "centered", on a certain wavelength. Optimum output-efficiency in the visual range is obtained at a density that favors "greybody radiation" (an arc that produces mostly continuum emission, but is still mostly translucent to its own light; an effect similar to sunlight when it passes through a cloud). For xenon, greybody radiation is centered near green, and produces the right combination for white light. Greybody radiation is produced at densities above 2400 A/cm2.
Current densities that are very high, approaching 4000 A/cm2, tend to favor black-body radiation. Spectral lines all but disappear as the continuum radiation dominates, and output center shifts toward the ultraviolet. As current densities become even higher, visually, xenon's output spectrum will begin to settle on that of a blackbody radiator with a color temperature of 9800 kelvins (a rather sky-blue shade of white). Except in cases where intense UV light is needed, such as water decontamination, blackbody radiation is usually not desired because the arc becomes opaque, and much of the radiation from within the arc can be absorbed before reaching the surface, impairing output efficiency.
Due to its high-efficiency, white output, xenon is used extensively for photographic applications, despite its great expense. In lasers, spectral-line emission is usually favored, as these lines tend to better match absorption lines of the lasing media. Krypton is also occasionally used. At low current-densities, krypton's spectral-line output in the near-IR range is better matched to the absorption profile of neodymium-based laser media than xenon emission, and very closely matches the narrow absorption-profile of Nd:YAG. None of xenon's spectral lines match Nd:YAG's absorption lines so, when pumping Nd:YAG with xenon, the continuum radiation must be used.
Krypton and other gases
Spectral outputs of various gases at the current density where visual output nearly equals IR. Krypton has very few spectral lines in the near-IR, so most energy is directed into two main peaks.
Argon flashlamp spectral line radiation. The texture of the table diffracts the light, allowing the camera to image the IR lines.
All gases produce spectral lines which are specific to the gas, superimposed on a background of continuum radiation. With all gases, low current-densities produce mostly spectral lines, with the highest output being concentrated in the near-IR between 650 and 1000 nm. Krypton's strongest peaks are around 760 and 810 nm. Argon has many strong peaks at 670, 710, 760, 820, 860, and 920 nm. Neon has peaks around 650, 700, 850, and 880 nm. As current densities become higher, the output of continuum radiation will increase more than the spectral-line radiation at a rate 20% greater, and output center will shift toward the visual spectrum. At greybody current-densities there is only a slight difference in the spectrum emitted by various gases. At very high current-densities, all gases will begin to operate as blackbody radiators, with spectral outputs resembling a blue giant star, centered in the UV.
Heavier gases exhibit higher resistance, and therefore, have a higher value for Ko. Impedance, being defined as the resistance required to change energy into work, is higher for heavier gases, and as such, the heavier gases are much more efficient than the lighter ones. Helium and neon are far too light to produce an efficient flash. Krypton can be as good as 40% efficient, but requires up to a 70% increase in pressure over xenon to achieve this. Argon can be up to 30% efficient, but requires an even greater pressure-increase. At such high pressures, the voltage drop between the electrodes, formed by the spark streamer, may be greater than the capacitor voltage. These lamps often need a "boost voltage" during the trigger phase, to overcome the extremely high trigger-impedance.
Nitrogen, in the form of air, has been used in flashtubes in home made dye lasers, but the nitrogen and oxygen present form chemical reactions with the electrodes, and themselves, causing premature wear and the need to adjust the pressure for each flash.
Some research has been done on mixing gases to alter the spectral output. The effect on the output spectrum is negligible, but the effect on efficiency is great. Adding a lighter gas will only reduce the efficiency of the heavier one.
Light production
Krypton arc plasma. The dark space near the anode is filled with free electrons that have been stripped from neutral atoms, ionizing the atoms. The ions then speed away from the anode, colliding with neutral atoms to produce the light.
As the current pulse travels through the tube, it ionizes the atoms, causing them to jump to higher energy-levels. Three types of particles are found within the arc plasma, consisting of electrons, positively ionized atoms, and neutral atoms. At any given time during the flash, the ionized atoms make up less than 1% of the plasma and produce all of the emitted light. As they recombine with their lost electrons they immediately drop back to a lower energy-state, releasing photons in the process. The methods of transferring energy occur in three separate ways, called "bound-bound", "free-bound", and "free-free" transitions.
Within the plasma, positive ions accelerate toward the cathode while electrons accelerate toward the anode. Neutral atoms move toward the anode at a slower rate, filling some localized pressure differential created by the ions. At normal pressures this motion is in very short distances, because the particles interact and bump into each other, and, exchanging electrons, they reverse direction. Thus, during the pulse neutral atoms are constantly ionizing and recombining, emitting a photon each time, relaying electrons from the cathode to the anode. The greater the number of ion transitions for each electron; the better the conversion efficiency will be, so longer tubes or higher pressures both help increase the efficiency of the lamp. During the pulse, skin effect causes free electrons to gather near the inner wall, creating an electron sheath around the plasma. This makes the area electro-negative and helps to keep it cool. The skin effect also increases inductance by inducing eddy currents in the central plasma.
Bound-bound transitions occur when the ions and neutral atoms collide, transferring an electron from the atom to the ion. This method predominates at low current-densities, and is responsible for producing the spectral-line emission. Free-bound transitions happen when an ion captures a free electron. This method produces the continuum emission, and is more prominent at higher current-densities. Some of the continuum is also produced when an electron accelerates toward an ion, called free-free transitions, producing bremsstrahlung radiation. Bremsstrahlung radiation increases with increasing energy density, and causes a shift toward the blue and ultraviolet end of the spectrum.
Intensity and duration of flash
An 85 joule, 3.5 microsecond flash. While the energy level is moderately low, electrical power at such a short duration is 24 million watts. With an extremely high current-density, an arc temperature of 17,000 K (30,100 °F), and output centered at 170 nm (in the far UV), the blackbody radiation is so intense that it has no problem penetrating the extremely dark, shade 10 welding lens which the camera is behind.
The only real electrical-limit to how short a pulse can be is the total-system inductance, including that of the capacitor, wires, and lamp itself. Short-pulse flashes require that all inductance be minimized. This is typically done using special capacitors, the shortest wires available, or electrical-leads with a lot of surface area but thin cross-sections. For extremely fast systems, low-inductance axial-leads, such as copper tubing, plastic-core wires, or even hollowed electrodes, may be used to decrease the total-system inductance. Dye lasers need very short pulses and sometimes use axial flashtubes, which have an annular cross section with a large outer diameter, ring-shaped electrodes, and a hollow inner core, allowing both lower inductance and a dye cell to be placed like an axle through the center of the lamp.
In contrast, changes in the input voltage or capacitance have no effect on discharge time, although they do have an effect on current density. As flash duration decreases, the electrical energy becomes concentrated into shorter pulses, so the current density will increase. Compensating for this usually requires lowering the capacitance as pulse duration decreases, and then raising the voltage proportionately in order to maintain a high enough energy-level. However, as pulse duration decreases, so does the "explosion energy" rating of the lamp, so the energy level must also be decreased to avoid destroying the lamp.
The amount of power loading the glass can handle is the major mechanical limit. Even if the amount of energy (joules) that is used remains constant, electrical power (wattage) will increase in inverse proportion to a decrease in discharge time. Therefore, energy must be decreased along with the pulse duration, to keep the pulsed power levels from rising too high. Quartz glass (1 millimeter thick per 1 second discharge) can usually withstand a maximum of 160 watts per square centimeter of internal surface-area. Other glasses have a much lower threshold. Extremely fast systems, with inductance below critical damping (0.8 microhenries), usually require a shunt diode across the capacitor, to prevent current reversal (ringing) from destroying the lamp. If the pulse is allowed to ring through the lamp it will lengthen the flash, so the diode traps the ringing, allowing the lamp to shut down at the correct time.
The limits to long pulse durations are the number of transferred electrons to the anode, sputter caused by ion bombardment at the cathode, and the temperature gradients of the glass. Pulses that are too long can vaporize large amounts of metal from the cathode, while overheating the glass will cause it to crack lengthwise. For continuous operation the cooling is the limit. Discharge durations for common flashtubes range from 0.1 microsecond to tens of milliseconds, and can have repetition rates of hundreds of hertz. Flash duration can be carefully controlled with the use of an inductor.
The flash that emanates from a xenon flashtube may be so intense that it can ignite flammable materials within a short distance of the tube. Carbon nanotubes are particularly susceptible to this spontaneous ignition when exposed to the light from a flashtube. Similar effects may be exploited for use in aesthetic or medical procedures known as intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments. IPL can be used for treatments such as hair removal and destroying lesions or moles.
Lifetime
The lifetime of a flashtube depends on both the energy level used for the lamp in proportion to its explosion energy, and on the pulse duration of the lamp. Failures can be catastrophic, causing the lamp to shatter, or they can be gradual, reducing the performance of the lamp below a usable rating.
Catastrophic failure
Catastrophic failure can occur from two separate mechanisms: energy and heat. When too much energy is used for the pulse duration, structural failure of the glass envelope can occur. Flashtubes produce an electrical arc flash contained in a glass tube. As the arc develops, a supersonic shock-wave forms, traveling radially from the center of the arc and impacting the inner wall of the tube. If the energy level is low enough, a tap against the glass is all that will be heard. However, if the energy level used equals the "explosion energy" rating of the lamp, the impacting shock wave will fracture the glass, rupturing the tube. The resulting explosion creates a loud, sonic shock-wave, and may throw shattered glass several feet. The explosion energy is calculated by multiplying the internal surface-area of the lamp, between the electrodes, with the power-loading capacity of the glass. Power loading is determined by the type and thickness of the glass, and the cooling method that is used. Power loading is measured in watts per centimeter squared. However, because the pulsed-power level increases as the flash duration decreases, the explosion energy must then be decreased in direct proportion to the square root of discharge time.
Failure from heat is usually caused by excessively long pulse-durations, high average-power levels, or inadequate electrode-size. The longer the pulse; the more of its intense heat will be transferred to the glass. When the inner wall of the tube gets too hot while the outer wall is still cold, this temperature gradient can cause the lamp to crack. Similarly, if the electrodes are not of a sufficient diameter to handle the peak currents they may produce too much resistance, rapidly heating up and thermally expanding. If the electrodes heat much faster than the glass, the lamp may crack or even shatter at the ends.
Gradual failure
Flashtube cathodes, showing early signs of wear. The tube on the left shows sputter, while the tube on the right shows wall ablation.
The closer a flashtube operates to its explosion energy, the greater the risk becomes for catastrophic failure. At 50% of the explosion energy, the lamp may produce several thousand flashes before exploding. At 60% of the explosion energy, the lamp will usually fail in less than a hundred. If the lamp is operated below 30% of the explosion energy the risk of catastrophic failure becomes very low. The methods of failure then become those that reduce the output efficiency and affect the ability to trigger the lamp. The processes affecting these are sputter and ablation of the inner wall.
Sputter occurs when the energy level is very low, below 15% of the explosion energy, or when the pulse duration is very long. Sputter is the vaporization of metal from the cathode, which is redeposited on the walls of the lamp, blocking the light output. Because the cathode is more emissive than the anode, the flashtube is polarized, and connecting the lamp to the power source incorrectly will quickly ruin it. However, even if connected properly, the degree of sputter may vary considerably from lamp to lamp. Therefore, it is impossible to predict the lifetime accurately at low energy-levels.
At higher energy-levels, wall ablation becomes the main process of wear. The electrical arc slowly erodes the inner wall of the tube, forming microscopic cracks that give the glass a frosted appearance. The ablation releases oxygen from the glass, increasing the pressure beyond an operable level. This causes triggering problems, known as "jitter." Above 30%, the ablation may cause enough wear to rupture the lamp. However, at energy levels greater than 15%, the lifetime can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy.
When operated below 30% of the explosion energy, flashtube lifetime is generally between a few million to tens of millions of flashes.
Applications
The 6 foot (180 cm) flashtubes used on the National Ignition Facility laser were some of the largest in commercial production, operating at 30 kJ input energy per pulse.
A flashtube (lower half of image) with a length of 12.5 feet (380 cm), (12 foot (372 cm) arc length), for substrate annealing.
As the duration of the flash that is emitted by a xenon flashtube can be accurately controlled, and due to the high intensity of the light, xenon flashtubes are commonly used as photographic strobe lights. Xenon flashtubes are also used in very high-speed or "stop-motion" photography, which was pioneered by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s. Because they can generate bright, attention-getting flashes with a relatively small, continuous input of electrical power, they are also used in aircraft warning lights, emergency vehicle lighting, fire alarm notification appliances (horn strobes), aircraft anticollision beacons, and other similar applications.
In dentistry it is used in "light box" devices to light-activate the hardening of various restorative and auxiliary light-curing resins (for example: Megaflash mini, Uni XS and other devices).
Due to their high intensity and relative brightness at short wavelengths (extending into the ultraviolet) and short pulse widths, flashtubes are also ideally suited as light sources for pumping atoms in a laser to excited states where they can be stimulated to emit coherent, monochromatic light. Proper selection of both the filler gas and current density is crucial, so that the maximum radiated output-energy is concentrated in the bands that are the best absorbed by the lasing medium; e.g. krypton flashtubes are more suitable than xenon flashtubes for pumping Nd:YAG lasers, as krypton emission in near infrared is better matched to the absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG.
Xenon flashtubes have been used to produce an intense flash of white light, some of which is absorbed by Nd:glass that produces the laser power for inertial confinement fusion. In total about 1 to 1.5% of the electrical power fed into the flashtubes is turned into useful laser light for this application.
Pulsed light (PL) is a technique to decontaminate surfaces by killing microorganisms using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UV-C light. UV-C is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to the band between 200 and 280 nm. Pulsed light works with xenon lamps that can produce flashes several times per second. Disinfection robots use pulsed UV light.
A recent application of flashlamps is photonic curing.
History
This shadowgraph of a bullet in supersonic flight was taken at the Edgerton Center (Strobe Alley, MIT), using a discharge from a high-speed flashtube
The flashtube was invented by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s as a means to take sharp photographs of moving objects. Flashtubes were mainly used for strobe lights in scientific studies, but eventually began to take the place of chemical and powder flashbulbs and flash lamps in mainstream photography.
Because electrical arcs could be made that were much faster than mechanical-shutter speeds, early high-speed photographs were taken with an open-air, electrical-arc discharge, called spark photography, helping to remove blur from moving objects. This was typically done with the shutter locked open while in a dark or dimly lit room, to avoid overexposing the film, and a method of timing the flash to the event to be photographed. The earliest known use of spark photography began with Henry Fox Talbot around 1850. In 1886, Ernst Mach used an open-air spark to photograph a speeding bullet, revealing the shockwaves it produced at supersonic speeds. Open-air spark systems were fairly easy to build, but were bulky, very limited in light output, and produced loud noises comparable to that of a gunshot.
In 1927, Harold Edgerton built his first flash unit while at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Wanting to photograph the motion of a motor in vivid detail, without blur, Edgerton decided to improve the process of spark photography by using a mercury-arc rectifier, instead of an open-air discharge, to produce the light. He was able to achieve a flash duration of 10 microseconds, and was able to photograph the moving motor as if "frozen in time."
His colleague's interest in the new flash apparatus soon provoked Edgerton to improve upon the design. The mercury lamp's efficiency was limited by the coolest part of the lamp, causing them to perform better when very hot but poorly when cold. Edgerton decided to try a noble gas instead, feeling that it would not be as temperature dependent as mercury, and, in 1930, he employed the General Electric company to construct some lamps using argon instead. The argon tubes were much more efficient, were much smaller, and could be mounted near a reflector, concentrating their output. Slowly, camera designers began to take notice of the new technology and began to accept it. Edgerton received his first major order for the strobes from the Kodak company in 1940. Afterward, he discovered that xenon was the most efficient of the noble gases, producing a spectrum very close to that of daylight, and xenon flashtubes became standard in most large photography sets. It was not until the 1970s that strobe units became portable enough to use in common cameras.
In 1960, after Theodore Maiman invented the ruby laser, a new demand for flashtubes began for use in lasers, and new interest was taken in the study of the lamps.
Safety
This 525 joule capacitor is one of a pair adapted for use in a ruby laser, and carries a warning of its deadly storage capacity. A resistor is connected between the terminals to prevent the capacitor retaining a dangerous charge when not in operation.
Flashtubes operate at high voltages, with currents high enough to be deadly. Under certain conditions, shocks as low as 1 joule have been reported to be lethal. The energy stored in a capacitor can remain surprisingly long after power has been disconnected. A flashtube will usually shut down before the capacitor has fully drained, and it may regain part of its charge through a process called "dielectric absorption". In addition, some types of charging systems can be equally deadly themselves. The trigger voltage can deliver a painful shock, usually not enough to kill, but which can often startle a person into bumping or touching something more dangerous. When a person is charged to high voltages a spark can jump, delivering the high capacitor current without actually touching anything.
Flashtubes operate at high pressures and are known to explode, producing violent shockwaves. The "explosion energy" of a flashtube (the amount of energy that will destroy it in just a few flashes) is well defined, and to avoid catastrophic failure, it is recommended that no more than 30% of the explosion energy be used. Flashtubes should be shielded behind glass or in a reflector cavity. If not, eye and ear protection should be worn.
Flashtubes produce very intense flashes, often faster than the eye can register, and may not appear as bright as they are. Quartz glass will transmit nearly all of the long and short wave UV, including the germicidal wavelengths, and can be a serious hazard to eyes and skin. This ultraviolet radiation can also produce large amounts of ozone, which can be harmful to people, animals, and equipment.
Many compact cameras charge the flash capacitor immediately after power-up, and some even just by inserting the batteries. Merely inserting the battery into the camera can prime the capacitor to become dangerous or at least unpleasant for up to several days. The energy involved is also fairly significant; a 330 microfarad capacitor charged to 300 volts (common ballpark values found in cameras) stores almost 15 joules of energy.
Popular culture
In the 1969 book The Andromeda Strain and the 1971 motion picture, specialized exposure to a xenon flash apparatus was used to burn off the outer epithelial layers of human skin as an antiseptic measure to eliminate all possible bacterial access for persons working in an extreme, ultraclean environment. (The book used the term 'ultraflash'; the movie identified the apparatus as a 'xenon flash'.)
Animation
Helical xenon flashtube being fired
Frame 1: The tube is dark.
Frame 2: The trigger pulse ionizes the gas, glowing with a faint, blue light. Spark streamers form from each electrode, moving toward each other along the inner surface of the glass tube.
Frame 3: Spark streamers connect and move away from the glass, and a plasma tunnel forms allowing current to surge.
Frame 4: Capacitor current begins to run away, heating the surrounding xenon.
Frame 5: As resistance decreases voltage drops and current fills the tube, heating the xenon to a plasma state.
Frame 6: Fully heated, resistance and voltage stabilize into an arc and the full current load rushes through the tube, causing the xenon to emit a burst of light.
See also
Flash (photography)
List of light sources
Strobe beacon
Strobe light
Air-gap flash
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "High Performance Flash and Arc Lamps" (PDF). PerkinElmer. Retrieved 1 Jul 2013.
^ Edgerton, Harold E. (1979). Electronic Flash Strobe. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-55008-6.
^ Holzrichter, J. F.; Schawlow, A. L. (February 1969). "Design and analysis of flashlamp systems for pumping organic dye lasers". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 168 (3 Second Confer): 703–14. Bibcode:1969NYASA.168..703H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x. PMID 5273396. S2CID 34719312.
^ PhotochemistryBy D. Bryce-Smith -- The Chemical Press 1979 Page 94
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Progress in Quantum Electronics - Volume 7 By Sylvie A. J. Druet, T. S. Moss, Jean-Pierre E. Taran -- Elsevier 1983 Page 213
^ Photochemistry by D. Bryce-Smith -- The Chemical Society 1979 Page 93--94
^ Levy, Y.; Neumann, G.; Treves, D. (1 August 1977). "Ablative flashlamps for high peak power dye lasers". Applied Optics. 16 (8): 2293–2296. Bibcode:1977ApOpt..16.2293L. doi:10.1364/AO.16.002293. PMID 20168911.
^ a b c "Interrupting xenon flash current?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
^ "Application Notes – Discharge Circuits" (PDF). www.lightingassociates.org. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
^ a b c d e Klipstein, Don. "General Xenon Flash and Strobe Design Guidelines". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
^ a b c d e Solid-state lasers: a graduate text By Walter Koechner, Michael Bass - Springer-Verlag 2003 Page 191-193
^ Gebel, Radames K. H.; Mestwerdt, Hermann R.; Hayslett, Roy R. (November 1971). "Near-infrared sensitized photocathodes and film sensitivities for typical xenon-lamp radiation and related subjects" (PDF). Ohio Journal of Science. 71 (6): 343.
^ a b c d e f g Oliver, J. R.; Barnes, F. S. (May 1969). "A Comparison of Rare-Gas Flashlamps". IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 5 (5): 232–7. Bibcode:1969IJQE....5..232O. doi:10.1109/JQE.1969.1075765. ISSN 0018-9197.
^ Emmett, J. L.; Schawlow, A. L.; Weinberg, E. H. (September 1964). "Direct measurement of xenon flashtube opacity". J. Appl. Phys. 35 (9): 2601. Bibcode:1964JAP....35.2601E. doi:10.1063/1.1713807. hdl:2060/19650025655. S2CID 120396003.
^ Dishington, R. H.; Hook, W. R.; Hilberg, R. P. (1974). "Flashlamp discharge and laser efficiency". Applied Optics. 13 (10): 2300–2312. Bibcode:1974ApOpt..13.2300D. doi:10.1364/AO.13.002300. PMID 20134680.
^ "Lamp-pumped Lasers". Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. RP Photonics. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
^ Solid-state lasers: a graduate text By Walter Koechner, Michael Bass – Springer-Verlag 2003 Page 190
^ Goldwasser, Samuel M. (2008). "Sam's Laser FAQ". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
^ a b Solid-state lasers: a graduate text By Walter Koechner, Michael Bass - Springer-Verlag 2003 Page 189-190
^ "We Have Ignition! Carbon Nanotubes Ignite When Exposed to Flash - News & Events". news.rpi.edu.
^ "NIF Technologies". www.llnl.gov.
^ "Image Hosting, Image Share, Upload Images - PicBG.net - Photos, Pictures, Wallpapers, Albums". picbg.net.
^ "Main Page - Top Wiki". en.topwiki.nl.
^ a b c d e Technology of our times: people and innovation in optics and optoelectronics By Frederick Su - SPIE -- The International Society for Optical Engineering 1990 Page 43-55
^ Ernst Mach; his work, life, and influence By John T. Blackmore - University of California Press 1972 Page x
^ Klipstein, Don. "Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.
External links
Emission spectra of different flash lamps Archived 2009-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
vteLightingConcepts
Accent lighting
Color temperature
Electric light
Glare
Light fixture
Light pollution
Hawaii
Hong Kong
Lightbulb socket
Bi-pin lamp base
Edison screw
Luminous efficacy
Task lighting
Methods of generationIncandescent
Regular
Halogen
Nernst
Luminescent
Cathodoluminescent
Electron-stimulated
Chemiluminescent
Electrochemiluminescence
Electroluminescent
field-induced polymer
Fluorescent
Fluorescent lamp (compact)
Fluorescent induction
Photoluminescent
Laser headlamp
Radioluminescence
Solid-state
LED lamp
Combustion
Acetylene/Carbide
Argand
Campfire
Candle
Carcel
Diya
Flare
Gas
Kerosene
Petromax
Lantern
Fanous
Paper
Limelight
Luchina
Magnesium torch
Oil
Rushlight
Safety
Tilley
Torch
Electric arc
Carbon arc
Klieg light
Yablochkov candle
Gas discharge
Deuterium arc
Neon
Neon lamp
Plasma
Sulfur
Xenon arc
Xenon flash
High-intensitydischarge (HID)
Mercury-vapor
Metal-halide
ceramic
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI)
Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI)
Sodium vapor
Stationary
Reflector
Ellipsoidal reflector
Multifaceted reflector
Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)
Aviation obstruction
Balanced-arm lamp
Chandelier
Emergency light
Gas lighting
Gooseneck lamp
Intelligent street lighting
Light tube
Nightlight
Neon lighting
Pendant light
Recessed light
Sconce
Street light
in the US
Torchère
Track lighting
Troffer
Portable
Bicycle lighting
Flashlight
Mechanically powered
Tactical
Glow stick
Headlamp
outdoor
Lantern
Laser pointer
Navigation light
Searchlight
Solar lamp
Automotive
Automotive light bulb types
Daytime running lamp
Headlamp
hidden
high-intensity discharge
sealed beam
Rear position lights
Reversing lights
Safety reflector
retroreflector
Stop lights
Turn signals
trafficators
DisplayDecorative
Aroma lamp
Blacklight
Bubble light
Christmas lights
Crackle tube
DJ lighting
Electroluminescent wire
Lava lamp
Marquee
Plasma globe
Strobe light
TheatricalCinematic
Floodlight
Footlight
Gobo
Scoop
Spotlight
ellipsoidal reflector
Stage lighting instrument
IndustrialScientific
Germicidal
Grow light
Infrared lamp
Stroboscope
Tanning
Related topics
Battlefield illumination
Bioluminescence
Laser
Light art
Luminous gemstones
Signal lamp
Sources
Reflected
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flashlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight"},{"link_name":"flash-lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-lamp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon-flash.jpg"},{"link_name":"greybody radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body#Transmission,_absorption,_and_reflection"},{"link_name":"at the end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Animation"},{"link_name":"electric arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"incoherent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(physics)"}],"text":"\"Flashlamp\" redirects here. For a handheld electric torch for illumination, see flashlight. For electrically ignited burning luminescent powder, see flash-lamp.Helical xenon flashtube emitting greybody radiation as white light. (Animated version at the end)A flashtube (flashlamp) is an electric arc lamp designed to produce extremely intense, incoherent, full-spectrum white light for a very short time. A flashtube is a glass tube with an electrode at each end and is filled with a gas that, when triggered, ionizes and conducts a high-voltage pulse to make light. Flashtubes are used most in photography; they also are used in science, medicine, industry, and entertainment.","title":"Flashtube"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon-flash-lamp.svg"},{"link_name":"hermetically sealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetically_sealed"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"noble gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas"},{"link_name":"xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"},{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"electrical current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_current"}],"text":"U-shaped xenon flashtubeThe lamp comprises a hermetically sealed glass tube, which is filled with a noble gas, usually xenon, and electrodes to carry electric current to the gas. Additionally, a high voltage power source is necessary to energize the gas as a trigger event. A charged capacitor is usually used to supply energy for the flash, so as to allow very speedy delivery of very high electrical current when the lamp is triggered.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fused quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_quartz"},{"link_name":"borosilicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate"},{"link_name":"Pyrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrex"},{"link_name":"camera lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"ring flashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_flash"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"titanium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"solarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarisation_(physics)"},{"link_name":"cerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium"},{"link_name":"fluorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"deionized water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demineralized_water"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Glass envelopes","text":"The glass envelope is most commonly a thin tube, often made of fused quartz, borosilicate or Pyrex, which may be straight, or bent into a number of different shapes, including helical, \"U\" shape, and circular (to surround a camera lens for shadowless photography—'ring flashes'). In some applications, the emission of ultraviolet light is undesired, whether due to production of ozone, damage to laser rods, degradation of plastics, or other detrimental effects. In these cases, a doped fused silica is used. Doping with titanium dioxide can provide different cutoff wavelengths on the ultraviolet side, but the material suffers from solarization; it is often used in medical and sun-ray lamps and some non-laser lamps. A better alternative is a cerium-doped quartz; it does not suffer from solarization and has higher efficiency, as part of the absorbed ultraviolet is reradiated as visible via fluorescence. Its cutoff is at about 380 nm. Conversely, when ultraviolet is called for, a synthetic quartz is used as the envelope; it is the most expensive of the materials, but it is not susceptible to solarization and its cutoff is at 160 nm.[1]The power level of the lamps is rated in watts/area, total electrical input power divided by the lamp's inner wall surface. Cooling of the electrodes and the lamp envelope is of high importance at high power levels. Air cooling is sufficient for lower average power levels. High power lamps are cooled with a liquid, typically by flowing deionized water through a tube in which the lamp is encased. Water-cooled lamps will generally have the glass shrunk around the electrodes, to provide a direct thermal conductor between them and the cooling water. The cooling medium should flow also across the entire length of the lamp and electrodes. High average power or continuous-wave arc lamps must have the water flow across the ends of the lamp, and across the exposed ends of the electrodes as well, so the deionized water is used to prevent a short circuit. Above 15 W/cm2 forced air cooling is required; liquid cooling if in a confined space. Liquid cooling is generally necessary above 30 W/cm2.Thinner walls can survive higher average-power loads due to lower mechanical strain across the thickness of the material, which is caused by a temperature gradient between the hot plasma and cooling water, (e.g. 1 mm thick doped quartz has a limit of 160 W/cm2, a 0.5 mm thick one has a limit of 320 W/cm2). For this reason, thinner glass is often used for continuous-wave arc-lamps. Thicker materials can generally handle more impact energy from the shock wave that a short-pulsed arc can generate, so quartz as much as 1 mm thick is often used in the construction of flashtubes. The material of the envelope provides another limit for the output power; 1 mm thick fused quartz has a limit of 200 W/cm2, synthetic quartz of same thickness can run up to 240 W/cm2. Other glasses such as borosilicate generally have less than half the power loading capacity of quartz. Aging lamps require some derating, due to increased energy absorption in the glass due to solarization and sputtered deposits.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"laser pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pumping"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_xenon_flashtubes_and_a_krypton_arc_lamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"melting point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point"},{"link_name":"thermionic emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission"},{"link_name":"Cathodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode"},{"link_name":"barium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium"},{"link_name":"work function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_function"},{"link_name":"Anodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode"},{"link_name":"lanthanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum"},{"link_name":"arc lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamps"},{"link_name":"arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"sputter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Electrodes and seals","text":"The electrodes protrude into each end of the tube, and are sealed to the glass using a few different methods. \"Ribbon seals\" use thin strips of molybdenum foil bonded directly to the glass, which are very durable, but are limited in the amount of current that can pass through. \"Solder seals\" bond the glass to the electrode with a solder for a very strong mechanical seal, but are limited to low temperature operation. Most common in laser pumping applications is the \"rod seal\", where the rod of the electrode is wetted with another type of glass and then bonded directly to a quartz tube. This seal is very durable and capable of withstanding very high temperature and currents.[1] The seal and the glass must have the same coefficient of thermal expansion.Flashtubes of various sizes for laser pumping. The top three are xenon flashtubes. The last one is a krypton arc lamp, (shown for comparison).For low electrode wear the electrodes are usually made of tungsten, which has the highest melting point of any metal, to handle the thermionic emission of electrons. Cathodes are often made from porous tungsten filled with a barium compound, which gives low work function; the structure of cathode has to be tailored for the application. Anodes are usually made from pure tungsten, or, when good machinability is required, lanthanum-alloyed tungsten, and are often machined to provide extra surface area to cope with power loading. DC arc lamps often have a cathode with a sharp tip, to help keep the arc away from the glass and to control temperature. Flashtubes usually have a cathode with a flattened radius, to reduce the incidence of hot spots and decrease sputter caused by peak currents, which may be in excess of 1000 amperes. Electrode design is also influenced by the average power. At high levels of average power, care has to be taken to achieve sufficient cooling of the electrodes. While anode temperature is of lower importance, overheating the cathode can greatly reduce the lamp's life expectancy.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kilopascals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilopascal"},{"link_name":"atmospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)"},{"link_name":"torr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"Nd:YAG lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Gases and fill pressure","text":"Depending on the size, type, and application of the flashtube, gas fill pressures may range from a few kilopascals to hundreds of kilopascals (0.01–4.0 atmospheres or tens to thousands of torr).[1] Generally, the higher the pressure, the greater the output efficiency. Xenon is used mostly because of its good efficiency, converting nearly 50% of electrical energy into light. Krypton, on the other hand, is only about 40% efficient, but at low currents is a better match to the absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG lasers. A major factor affecting efficiency is the amount of gas behind the electrodes, or the \"dead volume\". A higher dead volume leads to a lower pressure increase during operation.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"high voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage"},{"link_name":"step up transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_up_transformer"},{"link_name":"rectifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"},{"link_name":"ionized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized"},{"link_name":"spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_spark"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This is a high-speed video of a xenon flashtube captured at over 44,000 frames per second. The single flash pulse in slow motion reveals a charged gas oscillation.The electrodes of the lamp are usually connected to a capacitor, which is charged to a relatively high voltage (generally between 250 and 5000 volts), using a step up transformer and a rectifier. The gas, however, exhibits extremely high resistance, and the lamp will not conduct electricity until the gas is ionized. Once ionized, or \"triggered\", a spark will form between the electrodes, allowing the capacitor to discharge. The sudden surge of electric current quickly heats the gas to a plasma state, where electrical resistance becomes very low.[2] There are several methods of triggering.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_N8_(rear_view).jpg"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"electrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic"},{"link_name":"capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance"},{"link_name":"voltage drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"External triggering","text":"Xenon flashtubes used on smartphones and cameras are usually externally triggered.External triggering is the most common method of operation, especially for photographic use. The electrodes are charged to a voltage high enough to respond to triggering, but below the lamp's self-flash threshold. An extremely high voltage pulse, (usually between 2000 and 150,000 volts), the \"trigger pulse\", is applied either directly to or very near the glass envelope. (Water-cooled flashtubes sometimes apply this pulse directly to the cooling water, and often to the housing of the unit as well, so care must be taken with this type of system.) The short, high voltage pulse creates a rising electrostatic field, which ionizes the gas inside the tube. The capacitance of the glass couples the trigger pulse into the envelope, where it exceeds the breakdown voltage of the gas surrounding one or both of the electrodes, forming spark streamers. The streamers propagate via capacitance along the glass at a speed of 1 centimeter in 60 nanoseconds (170 km/s). (A trigger pulse must have a long enough duration to allow one streamer to reach the opposite electrode, or erratic triggering will result.) The triggering can be enhanced by applying the trigger pulse to a \"reference plane\", which may be in the form of a metal band or reflector affixed to the glass, a conductive paint, or a thin wire wrapped around the length of the lamp. If the capacitor voltage is greater than the voltage drop between the cathode and the anode, when the internal spark streamers bridge the electrodes the capacitor will discharge through the ionized gas, heating the xenon to a high enough temperature for the emission light.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_laser_pumping_cavity_assembled_and_disassembled.JPG"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasers"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"silicon controlled rectifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Series triggering","text":"A ruby laser head, assembled and disassembled, revealing pumping cavity, the ruby rod, and two water-cooled flashtubes.Series triggering is more common in high powered, water-cooled flashtubes, such as those found in lasers. The high-voltage leads of the trigger-transformer are connected to the flashtube in series, (one lead to an electrode and the other to the capacitor), so that the flash travels through both the transformer and the lamp. The trigger pulse forms a spark inside the lamp, without exposing the trigger voltage to the outside of the lamp. The advantages are better insulation, more reliable triggering, and an arc that tends to develop well away from the glass, but at a much higher cost. The series-triggering transformer also acts as an inductor. This helps to control the flash duration, but prevents the circuit from being used in very fast discharge applications. The triggering can generally take place with a lower voltage at the capacitor than is required for external triggering. However, the trigger-transformer becomes part of the flash circuit, and couples the triggering-circuit to the flash energy. Therefore, because the trigger-transformer has very low impedance, the transformer, triggering-circuit, and silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) must be able to handle very high peak-currents, often in excess of 1500 amps.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_high_speed_flash_and_external_triggering.jpg"},{"link_name":"thyristor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor"},{"link_name":"spark gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triggered_spark_gap"},{"link_name":"rise time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_time"},{"link_name":"dye lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_lasers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ablation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Simmer-voltage triggering","text":"An externally triggered, 3.5 microsecond flash. The flash fully discharges before the arc can move away from the glass and fill the tube, causing excessive wear to the lamp.Simmer-voltage triggering is the least common method. In this technique, the capacitor voltage is not initially applied to the electrodes, but instead, a high voltage spark streamer is maintained between the electrodes. The high current from the capacitor is delivered to the electrodes using a thyristor or a spark gap. This type of triggering is used mainly in very fast rise time systems, typically those that discharge in the microsecond regime, such as used in high-speed, stop-motion photography or dye lasers. The simmering spark-streamer causes the arc to develop in the exact center of the lamp, increasing the lifetime dramatically.[3] If external triggering is used for extremely short pulses, the spark streamers may still be in contact with the glass when the full current-load passes through the tube, causing wall ablation, or in extreme cases, cracking or even explosion of the lamp. However, because very short pulses often call for very high voltage and low capacitance, to keep the current density from rising too high, some microsecond flashtubes are triggered by simply \"over-volting\", that is, by applying a voltage to the electrodes which is much higher than the lamp's self-flash threshold, using a spark gap. Often, a combination of simmer voltage and over-volting is used.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conversion efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_efficiency"},{"link_name":"titanium sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium-sapphire_laser"},{"link_name":"waveforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Prepulse techniques","text":"Very rapid rise-times are often achieved using a prepulse technique. This method is performed by delivering a small flash through the lamp just before the main flash. This flash is of much lower energy than the main flash (typically less than 10%) and, depending on the pulse duration, is delivered just a few thousandths to a few millionths of a second before the main flash. The prepulse heats the gas, producing a dim, short-lived afterglow that results from free electrons and ionized particles that remain after the pulse shuts down. If the main flash is initiated before these particles can recombine, this provides a good quantity of ionized particles to be used by the main flash. This greatly decreases the rise time. It also reduces the shock wave and makes less noise during operation, vastly increasing the lifetime of the lamp. It is especially effective on very fast-discharge applications, allowing the arc to expand faster and better fill the tube. It is very often used with simmer voltage and sometimes with series triggering, but rarely used with external triggering. Prepulse techniques are most commonly used in the pumping of dye lasers, greatly increasing the conversion efficiency. However, it has also been shown to increase the efficiency of other lasers with longer fluorescence lifetimes (allowing longer pulses), such as Nd:YAG or titanium sapphire, by creating pulses with almost square waveforms.[4][5][6]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vacuum pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump"},{"link_name":"Townsend avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_avalanche"},{"link_name":"bombarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_sign#Bombardment"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Ablative flashtubes","text":"Ablative flashtubes are triggered by under-pressurizing. Ablative flashtubes are typically constructed using quartz tubing and one or both electrodes hollowed out, allowing a vacuum pump to be attached to control the gas pressure. The electrodes of the lamp are connected to a charged capacitor, and then the gas is vacuumed from the lamp. When the gas reaches a low enough pressure (often just a few torr) randomly-ionized particles are able to accelerate to velocities sufficient to begin ejecting electrons from the cathode as they impact its surface, resulting in a Townsend avalanche that causes the lamp to self-flash. At such low pressures, the efficiency of the flash would normally be very low. However, because of the low pressure, the particles have room to accelerate to very high speeds, and the magnetic forces expand the arc so that the bulk of its plasma becomes concentrated at the surface, bombarding the glass. The bombardment ablates (vaporizes) large amounts of quartz from the inner wall. This ablation creates a sudden, violent, localized increase in the internal pressure of the lamp, increasing the efficiency of the flash to very high levels. The ablation, however, causes extensive wear to the lamp, weakening the glass, and they typically need replacement after a very short lifetime.Ablative flashtubes need to be refilled and vacuumed to the proper pressure for each flash. Therefore, they cannot be used for very high-repetition applications. Also, this usually precludes the use of very expensive gases like krypton or xenon. The most common gas used in an ablative flashtube is air, although sometimes cheap argon is also used. The flash usually must be very short to prevent too much heat from transferring to the glass. However, because nearly all the plasma is concentrated at the surface, the lamps have very low inductance and flashes can often be shorter than a normal lamp of comparative size. The flash from a single ablative flashtube can also be more intense than multiple lamps. For these reasons, the most common use for the lamps is for the pumping of dye lasers.[7][8]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insulated-gate bipolar transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interrupting-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interrupting-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"sub_title":"Variable pulse width control","text":"In addition, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) can be connected in series with both the trigger transformer and the lamp, making adjustable flash durations possible.[1][9][10] An IGBT used for this purpose must be rated for a high pulsed-current, so as to avoid over-current damage to the semiconductor junction.[9] This type of system is used frequently in high average-power laser systems, and can produce pulses ranging from 500 microseconds to over 20 milliseconds. It can be used with any of the triggering techniques, like external and series, and can produce square wave pulses. It can even be used with simmer voltage to produce a \"modulated\" continuous wave output, with repetition rates over 300 hertz. With the proper large bore, water-cooled flashtube, several kilowatts of average-power output can be obtained.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"current density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_density"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"resistivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivity"},{"link_name":"negative resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xeguide-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_191-193-12"}],"sub_title":"Electrical requirements","text":"The electrical requirements for a flashtube can vary, depending on the desired results. The usual method is to first determine the pulse duration, the maximum amount of energy tolerable at that duration (explosion energy), and the safe amount of operating energy. Then pick a current density that will emit the desired spectrum, and let the lamp's resistance determine the necessary combination of voltage and capacitance to produce it. The resistance in flashtubes varies greatly, depending on pressure, shape, dead volume, current density, time, and flash duration, and therefore, is usually referred to as impedance. The most common symbol used for lamp impedance is Ko, which is expressed as ohms per the square root of amps (ohms(amps0.5).Ko is used to calculate the amount of input voltage and capacitance needed to emit a desired spectrum, by controlling the current density. Ko is determined by the internal diameter, arc length, and gas type of the lamp and, to a lesser extent, by fill pressure. The resistance in flashtubes is not constant, but quickly drops as current density increases. In 1965, John H. Goncz showed that the plasma resistivity in flashtubes is inversely proportional to the square root of current density. As the arc develops, the lamp experiences a period of negative resistance, causing both the resistance and voltage to decrease as the current increases. This occurs until the plasma comes into contact with the inner wall. When this happens, the voltage becomes proportional to the square root of current, and the resistance in the plasma becomes stable for the remainder of the flash. It is this value which is defined as Ko. However, as the arc develops the gas expands, and calculations for Ko do not take into account the dead volume, which leads to a lower pressure increase. Therefore, any calculation of Ko is merely an approximation of lamp impedance.[1][11][12]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Output spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XeTube.jpg"},{"link_name":"color rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_rendering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flashlamp_ion_spectral_line_radiation_output.JPG"},{"link_name":"spectral lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line"},{"link_name":"neon signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_sign"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"},{"link_name":"continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interrupting-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xeguide-11"},{"link_name":"black-body radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"link_name":"color temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xeguide-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"absorption lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_lines"},{"link_name":"neodymium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Xenon","text":"Xenon, operated as a 'neon light,' consists of a collection of mostly spectral lines, missing much of the continuum radiation needed for good color rendering.Spectral line radiation from a xenon flashlamp. The blue-green arc is similar to what the eye sees. Although invisible to the naked eye, the digital camera is able to image the strong IR spectral lines, which appear as the deep-blue light reflected off the table. (i.e.: 900 nm is interpreted by the camera as the second-generation harmonic of 450 nm.)As with all ionized gases, xenon flashtubes emit light in various spectral lines. This is the same phenomenon that gives neon signs their characteristic color. However, neon signs emit red light because of extremely low current-densities when compared to those seen in flashtubes, which favors spectral lines of longer wavelengths. Higher current-densities tend to favor shorter wavelengths.[13] The light from xenon, in a neon sign, likewise is rather violet.The spectrum emitted by flashtubes is far more dependent on current density than on the fill pressure or gas type. Low current-densities produce narrow spectral-line emission, against a faint background of continuous radiation. Xenon has many spectral lines in the UV, blue, green, red, and IR portions of the spectrum. Low current densities produce a greenish-blue flash, indicating the absence of significant yellow or orange lines. At low current-densities, most of xenon's output will be directed into the invisible IR spectral lines around 820, 900, and 1000 nm.[14] Low current-densities for flashtubes are generally less than 1000 A/cm2.Higher current-densities begin to produce continuum emission. Spectral lines broaden and become less dominant as light is produced across the spectrum, usually peaking, or \"centered\", on a certain wavelength. Optimum output-efficiency in the visual range is obtained at a density that favors \"greybody radiation\" (an arc that produces mostly continuum emission, but is still mostly translucent to its own light; an effect similar to sunlight when it passes through a cloud). For xenon, greybody radiation is centered near green, and produces the right combination for white light.[9][11] Greybody radiation is produced at densities above 2400 A/cm2.Current densities that are very high, approaching 4000 A/cm2, tend to favor black-body radiation. Spectral lines all but disappear as the continuum radiation dominates, and output center shifts toward the ultraviolet. As current densities become even higher, visually, xenon's output spectrum will begin to settle on that of a blackbody radiator with a color temperature of 9800 kelvins (a rather sky-blue shade of white).[1] Except in cases where intense UV light is needed, such as water decontamination, blackbody radiation is usually not desired because the arc becomes opaque, and much of the radiation from within the arc can be absorbed before reaching the surface, impairing output efficiency.[11][14][15]Due to its high-efficiency, white output, xenon is used extensively for photographic applications, despite its great expense. In lasers, spectral-line emission is usually favored, as these lines tend to better match absorption lines of the lasing media. Krypton is also occasionally used. At low current-densities, krypton's spectral-line output in the near-IR range is better matched to the absorption profile of neodymium-based laser media than xenon emission, and very closely matches the narrow absorption-profile of Nd:YAG.[16][17] None of xenon's spectral lines match Nd:YAG's absorption lines so, when pumping Nd:YAG with xenon, the continuum radiation must be used.[18]","title":"Output spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rare_gas_flashtube_spectral_outputs.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_flashtube_ion_spectral_radiation.JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"},{"link_name":"blue giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_giant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"},{"link_name":"Helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"},{"link_name":"Krypton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton"},{"link_name":"Argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"},{"link_name":"Nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"}],"sub_title":"Krypton and other gases","text":"Spectral outputs of various gases at the current density where visual output nearly equals IR. Krypton has very few spectral lines in the near-IR, so most energy is directed into two main peaks.Argon flashlamp spectral line radiation. The texture of the table diffracts the light, allowing the camera to image the IR lines.All gases produce spectral lines which are specific to the gas, superimposed on a background of continuum radiation. With all gases, low current-densities produce mostly spectral lines, with the highest output being concentrated in the near-IR between 650 and 1000 nm. Krypton's strongest peaks are around 760 and 810 nm. Argon has many strong peaks at 670, 710, 760, 820, 860, and 920 nm. Neon has peaks around 650, 700, 850, and 880 nm.[14] As current densities become higher, the output of continuum radiation will increase more than the spectral-line radiation at a rate 20% greater, and output center will shift toward the visual spectrum. At greybody current-densities there is only a slight difference in the spectrum emitted by various gases. At very high current-densities, all gases will begin to operate as blackbody radiators, with spectral outputs resembling a blue giant star, centered in the UV.[14]Heavier gases exhibit higher resistance, and therefore, have a higher value for Ko. Impedance, being defined as the resistance required to change energy into work, is higher for heavier gases, and as such, the heavier gases are much more efficient than the lighter ones. Helium and neon are far too light to produce an efficient flash. Krypton can be as good as 40% efficient, but requires up to a 70% increase in pressure over xenon to achieve this. Argon can be up to 30% efficient, but requires an even greater pressure-increase. At such high pressures, the voltage drop between the electrodes, formed by the spark streamer, may be greater than the capacitor voltage. These lamps often need a \"boost voltage\" during the trigger phase, to overcome the extremely high trigger-impedance.[14]Nitrogen, in the form of air, has been used in flashtubes in home made dye lasers, but the nitrogen and oxygen present form chemical reactions with the electrodes, and themselves, causing premature wear and the need to adjust the pressure for each flash.[19]Some research has been done on mixing gases to alter the spectral output. The effect on the output spectrum is negligible, but the effect on efficiency is great. Adding a lighter gas will only reduce the efficiency of the heavier one.[14]","title":"Output spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasma_close_up_from_a_krypton_arc.JPG"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"positively ionized atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_ions"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_189-190-20"},{"link_name":"conversion efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_efficiency"},{"link_name":"skin effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect"},{"link_name":"eddy currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current"},{"link_name":"bremsstrahlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung"},{"link_name":"energy density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_189-190-20"}],"sub_title":"Light production","text":"Krypton arc plasma. The dark space near the anode is filled with free electrons that have been stripped from neutral atoms, ionizing the atoms. The ions then speed away from the anode, colliding with neutral atoms to produce the light.As the current pulse travels through the tube, it ionizes the atoms, causing them to jump to higher energy-levels. Three types of particles are found within the arc plasma, consisting of electrons, positively ionized atoms, and neutral atoms. At any given time during the flash, the ionized atoms make up less than 1% of the plasma and produce all of the emitted light. As they recombine with their lost electrons they immediately drop back to a lower energy-state, releasing photons in the process. The methods of transferring energy occur in three separate ways, called \"bound-bound\", \"free-bound\", and \"free-free\" transitions.[20]Within the plasma, positive ions accelerate toward the cathode while electrons accelerate toward the anode. Neutral atoms move toward the anode at a slower rate, filling some localized pressure differential created by the ions. At normal pressures this motion is in very short distances, because the particles interact and bump into each other, and, exchanging electrons, they reverse direction. Thus, during the pulse neutral atoms are constantly ionizing and recombining, emitting a photon each time, relaying electrons from the cathode to the anode. The greater the number of ion transitions for each electron; the better the conversion efficiency will be, so longer tubes or higher pressures both help increase the efficiency of the lamp. During the pulse, skin effect causes free electrons to gather near the inner wall, creating an electron sheath around the plasma. This makes the area electro-negative and helps to keep it cool. The skin effect also increases inductance by inducing eddy currents in the central plasma.Bound-bound transitions occur when the ions and neutral atoms collide, transferring an electron from the atom to the ion. This method predominates at low current-densities, and is responsible for producing the spectral-line emission. Free-bound transitions happen when an ion captures a free electron. This method produces the continuum emission, and is more prominent at higher current-densities. Some of the continuum is also produced when an electron accelerates toward an ion, called free-free transitions, producing bremsstrahlung radiation. Bremsstrahlung radiation increases with increasing energy density, and causes a shift toward the blue and ultraviolet end of the spectrum.[20]","title":"Output spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24_Million_Watt_high_speed_flash_through_welding_lens.jpg"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"annular cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"joules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joules"},{"link_name":"wattage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattage"},{"link_name":"pulsed power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_power"},{"link_name":"critical damping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_damping"},{"link_name":"current reversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_reversal"},{"link_name":"temperature gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradient"},{"link_name":"cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_(heat)"},{"link_name":"microsecond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsecond"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xeguide-11"},{"link_name":"Carbon nanotubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"intense pulsed light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(skin_marking)"}],"text":"An 85 joule, 3.5 microsecond flash. While the energy level is moderately low, electrical power at such a short duration is 24 million watts. With an extremely high current-density, an arc temperature of 17,000 K (30,100 °F), and output centered at 170 nm (in the far UV), the blackbody radiation is so intense that it has no problem penetrating the extremely dark, shade 10 welding lens which the camera is behind.The only real electrical-limit to how short a pulse can be is the total-system inductance, including that of the capacitor, wires, and lamp itself. Short-pulse flashes require that all inductance be minimized. This is typically done using special capacitors, the shortest wires available, or electrical-leads with a lot of surface area but thin cross-sections. For extremely fast systems, low-inductance axial-leads, such as copper tubing, plastic-core wires, or even hollowed electrodes, may be used to decrease the total-system inductance. Dye lasers need very short pulses and sometimes use axial flashtubes, which have an annular cross section with a large outer diameter, ring-shaped electrodes, and a hollow inner core, allowing both lower inductance and a dye cell to be placed like an axle through the center of the lamp.In contrast, changes in the input voltage or capacitance have no effect on discharge time, although they do have an effect on current density. As flash duration decreases, the electrical energy becomes concentrated into shorter pulses, so the current density will increase. Compensating for this usually requires lowering the capacitance as pulse duration decreases, and then raising the voltage proportionately in order to maintain a high enough energy-level. However, as pulse duration decreases, so does the \"explosion energy\" rating of the lamp, so the energy level must also be decreased to avoid destroying the lamp.The amount of power loading the glass can handle is the major mechanical limit. Even if the amount of energy (joules) that is used remains constant, electrical power (wattage) will increase in inverse proportion to a decrease in discharge time. Therefore, energy must be decreased along with the pulse duration, to keep the pulsed power levels from rising too high. Quartz glass (1 millimeter thick per 1 second discharge) can usually withstand a maximum of 160 watts per square centimeter of internal surface-area. Other glasses have a much lower threshold. Extremely fast systems, with inductance below critical damping (0.8 microhenries), usually require a shunt diode across the capacitor, to prevent current reversal (ringing) from destroying the lamp. If the pulse is allowed to ring through the lamp it will lengthen the flash, so the diode traps the ringing, allowing the lamp to shut down at the correct time.The limits to long pulse durations are the number of transferred electrons to the anode, sputter caused by ion bombardment at the cathode, and the temperature gradients of the glass. Pulses that are too long can vaporize large amounts of metal from the cathode, while overheating the glass will cause it to crack lengthwise. For continuous operation the cooling is the limit. Discharge durations for common flashtubes range from 0.1 microsecond to tens of milliseconds, and can have repetition rates of hundreds of hertz. Flash duration can be carefully controlled with the use of an inductor.[1][11]The flash that emanates from a xenon flashtube may be so intense that it can ignite flammable materials within a short distance of the tube. Carbon nanotubes are particularly susceptible to this spontaneous ignition when exposed to the light from a flashtube.[21] Similar effects may be exploited for use in aesthetic or medical procedures known as intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments. IPL can be used for treatments such as hair removal and destroying lesions or moles.","title":"Intensity and duration of flash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"}],"text":"The lifetime of a flashtube depends on both the energy level used for the lamp in proportion to its explosion energy, and on the pulse duration of the lamp. Failures can be catastrophic, causing the lamp to shatter, or they can be gradual, reducing the performance of the lamp below a usable rating.[1]","title":"Lifetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catastrophic failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_failure"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"structural failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_failure"},{"link_name":"arc flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash"},{"link_name":"supersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic"},{"link_name":"shock-wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"pulsed-power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_power"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_191-193-12"},{"link_name":"temperature gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradient"},{"link_name":"thermally expanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_191-193-12"}],"sub_title":"Catastrophic failure","text":"Catastrophic failure can occur from two separate mechanisms: energy and heat. When too much energy is used for the pulse duration, structural failure of the glass envelope can occur. Flashtubes produce an electrical arc flash contained in a glass tube. As the arc develops, a supersonic shock-wave forms, traveling radially from the center of the arc and impacting the inner wall of the tube. If the energy level is low enough, a tap against the glass is all that will be heard. However, if the energy level used equals the \"explosion energy\" rating of the lamp, the impacting shock wave will fracture the glass, rupturing the tube. The resulting explosion creates a loud, sonic shock-wave, and may throw shattered glass several feet. The explosion energy is calculated by multiplying the internal surface-area of the lamp, between the electrodes, with the power-loading capacity of the glass. Power loading is determined by the type and thickness of the glass, and the cooling method that is used. Power loading is measured in watts per centimeter squared. However, because the pulsed-power level increases as the flash duration decreases, the explosion energy must then be decreased in direct proportion to the square root of discharge time.[12]Failure from heat is usually caused by excessively long pulse-durations, high average-power levels, or inadequate electrode-size. The longer the pulse; the more of its intense heat will be transferred to the glass. When the inner wall of the tube gets too hot while the outer wall is still cold, this temperature gradient can cause the lamp to crack. Similarly, if the electrodes are not of a sufficient diameter to handle the peak currents they may produce too much resistance, rapidly heating up and thermally expanding. If the electrodes heat much faster than the glass, the lamp may crack or even shatter at the ends.[12]","title":"Lifetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flashtube_cathodes_showing_ablation_and_sputter.JPG"},{"link_name":"sputter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputter"},{"link_name":"ablation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_191-193-12"},{"link_name":"cathode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode"},{"link_name":"anode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkinelmer-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter_Koechner_Page_191-193-12"}],"sub_title":"Gradual failure","text":"Flashtube cathodes, showing early signs of wear. The tube on the left shows sputter, while the tube on the right shows wall ablation.The closer a flashtube operates to its explosion energy, the greater the risk becomes for catastrophic failure. At 50% of the explosion energy, the lamp may produce several thousand flashes before exploding. At 60% of the explosion energy, the lamp will usually fail in less than a hundred. If the lamp is operated below 30% of the explosion energy the risk of catastrophic failure becomes very low. The methods of failure then become those that reduce the output efficiency and affect the ability to trigger the lamp. The processes affecting these are sputter and ablation of the inner wall.[12]Sputter occurs when the energy level is very low, below 15% of the explosion energy, or when the pulse duration is very long. Sputter is the vaporization of metal from the cathode, which is redeposited on the walls of the lamp, blocking the light output. Because the cathode is more emissive than the anode, the flashtube is polarized, and connecting the lamp to the power source incorrectly will quickly ruin it. However, even if connected properly, the degree of sputter may vary considerably from lamp to lamp. Therefore, it is impossible to predict the lifetime accurately at low energy-levels.[1]At higher energy-levels, wall ablation becomes the main process of wear. The electrical arc slowly erodes the inner wall of the tube, forming microscopic cracks that give the glass a frosted appearance. The ablation releases oxygen from the glass, increasing the pressure beyond an operable level. This causes triggering problems, known as \"jitter.\" Above 30%, the ablation may cause enough wear to rupture the lamp. However, at energy levels greater than 15%, the lifetime can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy.[1]When operated below 30% of the explosion energy, flashtube lifetime is generally between a few million to tens of millions of flashes.[12]","title":"Lifetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nif_flashlamps.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Ignition Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VON_ARDENNE_Flash_lamp_annealing.jpg"},{"link_name":"photographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"strobe lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_light"},{"link_name":"very high-speed or \"stop-motion\" photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_photography"},{"link_name":"Harold Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"aircraft warning lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_warning_lights"},{"link_name":"emergency vehicle lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_vehicle_lighting"},{"link_name":"fire alarm notification appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_notification_appliance"},{"link_name":"anticollision beacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light"},{"link_name":"dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pumping"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"excited states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state"},{"link_name":"coherent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(physics)"},{"link_name":"monochromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic"},{"link_name":"lasing medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasing_medium"},{"link_name":"Nd:YAG lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser"},{"link_name":"Nd:glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium#Glass"},{"link_name":"inertial confinement fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion"},{"link_name":"Pulsed light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulsed_light&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer"},{"link_name":"Disinfection robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfection_robot"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"photonic curing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_curing"}],"text":"The 6 foot (180 cm) flashtubes used on the National Ignition Facility laser were some of the largest in commercial production, operating at 30 kJ input energy per pulse.[22]A flashtube (lower half of image) with a length of 12.5 feet (380 cm), (12 foot (372 cm) arc length), for substrate annealing.As the duration of the flash that is emitted by a xenon flashtube can be accurately controlled, and due to the high intensity of the light, xenon flashtubes are commonly used as photographic strobe lights. Xenon flashtubes are also used in very high-speed or \"stop-motion\" photography, which was pioneered by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s. Because they can generate bright, attention-getting flashes with a relatively small, continuous input of electrical power, they are also used in aircraft warning lights, emergency vehicle lighting, fire alarm notification appliances (horn strobes), aircraft anticollision beacons, and other similar applications.In dentistry it is used in \"light box\" devices to light-activate the hardening of various restorative and auxiliary light-curing resins (for example: Megaflash mini, Uni XS and other devices).[23]Due to their high intensity and relative brightness at short wavelengths (extending into the ultraviolet) and short pulse widths, flashtubes are also ideally suited as light sources for pumping atoms in a laser to excited states where they can be stimulated to emit coherent, monochromatic light. Proper selection of both the filler gas and current density is crucial, so that the maximum radiated output-energy is concentrated in the bands that are the best absorbed by the lasing medium; e.g. krypton flashtubes are more suitable than xenon flashtubes for pumping Nd:YAG lasers, as krypton emission in near infrared is better matched to the absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG.Xenon flashtubes have been used to produce an intense flash of white light, some of which is absorbed by Nd:glass that produces the laser power for inertial confinement fusion. In total about 1 to 1.5% of the electrical power fed into the flashtubes is turned into useful laser light for this application.Pulsed light (PL) is a technique to decontaminate surfaces by killing microorganisms using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UV-C light. UV-C is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to the band between 200 and 280 nm. Pulsed light works with xenon lamps that can produce flashes several times per second. Disinfection robots use pulsed UV light.[24]A recent application of flashlamps is photonic curing.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shockwave.jpg"},{"link_name":"shadowgraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowgraph"},{"link_name":"Harold Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"flashbulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_photography#Flashbulbs"},{"link_name":"flash lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_lamp"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"Henry Fox Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mach"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"mercury-arc rectifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"mercury lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_lamp"},{"link_name":"noble gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"Theodore Maiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Maiman"},{"link_name":"ruby laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_laser"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-14"}],"text":"This shadowgraph of a bullet in supersonic flight was taken at the Edgerton Center (Strobe Alley, MIT), using a discharge from a high-speed flashtubeThe flashtube was invented by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s as a means to take sharp photographs of moving objects. Flashtubes were mainly used for strobe lights in scientific studies, but eventually began to take the place of chemical and powder flashbulbs and flash lamps in mainstream photography.[25]Because electrical arcs could be made that were much faster than mechanical-shutter speeds, early high-speed photographs were taken with an open-air, electrical-arc discharge, called spark photography, helping to remove blur from moving objects. This was typically done with the shutter locked open while in a dark or dimly lit room, to avoid overexposing the film, and a method of timing the flash to the event to be photographed. The earliest known use of spark photography began with Henry Fox Talbot around 1850.[25] In 1886, Ernst Mach used an open-air spark to photograph a speeding bullet, revealing the shockwaves it produced at supersonic speeds.[26] Open-air spark systems were fairly easy to build, but were bulky, very limited in light output, and produced loud noises comparable to that of a gunshot.[25]In 1927, Harold Edgerton built his first flash unit while at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Wanting to photograph the motion of a motor in vivid detail, without blur, Edgerton decided to improve the process of spark photography by using a mercury-arc rectifier, instead of an open-air discharge, to produce the light. He was able to achieve a flash duration of 10 microseconds, and was able to photograph the moving motor as if \"frozen in time.\"[25]His colleague's interest in the new flash apparatus soon provoked Edgerton to improve upon the design. The mercury lamp's efficiency was limited by the coolest part of the lamp, causing them to perform better when very hot but poorly when cold. Edgerton decided to try a noble gas instead, feeling that it would not be as temperature dependent as mercury, and, in 1930, he employed the General Electric company to construct some lamps using argon instead. The argon tubes were much more efficient, were much smaller, and could be mounted near a reflector, concentrating their output. Slowly, camera designers began to take notice of the new technology and began to accept it. Edgerton received his first major order for the strobes from the Kodak company in 1940. Afterward, he discovered that xenon was the most efficient of the noble gases, producing a spectrum very close to that of daylight, and xenon flashtubes became standard in most large photography sets. It was not until the 1970s that strobe units became portable enough to use in common cameras.[25]In 1960, after Theodore Maiman invented the ruby laser, a new demand for flashtubes began for use in lasers, and new interest was taken in the study of the lamps.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High-energy_capacitor_from_a_defibrillator_42_MFD_@_5000_VDC.jpg"},{"link_name":"high voltages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage"},{"link_name":"joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"link_name":"dielectric absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_absorption"},{"link_name":"jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_breakdown"},{"link_name":"delivering the high capacitor current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_power"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xeguide-11"},{"link_name":"Quartz glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_glass"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"This 525 joule capacitor is one of a pair adapted for use in a ruby laser, and carries a warning of its deadly storage capacity. A resistor is connected between the terminals to prevent the capacitor retaining a dangerous charge when not in operation.Flashtubes operate at high voltages, with currents high enough to be deadly. Under certain conditions, shocks as low as 1 joule have been reported to be lethal. The energy stored in a capacitor can remain surprisingly long after power has been disconnected. A flashtube will usually shut down before the capacitor has fully drained, and it may regain part of its charge through a process called \"dielectric absorption\". In addition, some types of charging systems can be equally deadly themselves. The trigger voltage can deliver a painful shock, usually not enough to kill, but which can often startle a person into bumping or touching something more dangerous. When a person is charged to high voltages a spark can jump, delivering the high capacitor current without actually touching anything.Flashtubes operate at high pressures and are known to explode, producing violent shockwaves. The \"explosion energy\" of a flashtube (the amount of energy that will destroy it in just a few flashes) is well defined, and to avoid catastrophic failure, it is recommended that no more than 30% of the explosion energy be used.[11] Flashtubes should be shielded behind glass or in a reflector cavity. If not, eye and ear protection should be worn.Flashtubes produce very intense flashes, often faster than the eye can register, and may not appear as bright as they are. Quartz glass will transmit nearly all of the long and short wave UV, including the germicidal wavelengths, and can be a serious hazard to eyes and skin. This ultraviolet radiation can also produce large amounts of ozone, which can be harmful to people, animals, and equipment.[27]Many compact cameras charge the flash capacitor immediately after power-up, and some even just by inserting the batteries. Merely inserting the battery into the camera can prime the capacitor to become dangerous or at least unpleasant for up to several days. The energy involved is also fairly significant; a 330 microfarad capacitor charged to 300 volts (common ballpark values found in cameras) stores almost 15 joules of energy.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Andromeda Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain"},{"link_name":"the 1971 motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)"}],"text":"In the 1969 book The Andromeda Strain and the 1971 motion picture, specialized exposure to a xenon flash apparatus was used to burn off the outer epithelial layers of human skin as an antiseptic measure to eliminate all possible bacterial access for persons working in an extreme, ultraclean environment. (The book used the term 'ultraflash'; the movie identified the apparatus as a 'xenon flash'.)","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon-flash.gif"}],"text":"Helical xenon flashtube being firedFrame 1: The tube is dark.Frame 2: The trigger pulse ionizes the gas, glowing with a faint, blue light. Spark streamers form from each electrode, moving toward each other along the inner surface of the glass tube.Frame 3: Spark streamers connect and move away from the glass, and a plasma tunnel forms allowing current to surge.Frame 4: Capacitor current begins to run away, heating the surrounding xenon.Frame 5: As resistance decreases voltage drops and current fills the tube, heating the xenon to a plasma state.Frame 6: Fully heated, resistance and voltage stabilize into an arc and the full current load rushes through the tube, causing the xenon to emit a burst of light.","title":"Animation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Helical xenon flashtube emitting greybody radiation as white light. (Animated version at the end)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Xenon-flash.jpg"},{"image_text":"U-shaped xenon flashtube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xenon-flash-lamp.svg/220px-Xenon-flash-lamp.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flashtubes of various sizes for laser pumping. The top three are xenon flashtubes. The last one is a krypton arc lamp, (shown for comparison).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_xenon_flashtubes_and_a_krypton_arc_lamp.jpg/220px-Three_xenon_flashtubes_and_a_krypton_arc_lamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"This is a high-speed video of a xenon flashtube captured at over 44,000 frames per second. The single flash pulse in slow motion reveals a charged gas oscillation."},{"image_text":"Xenon flashtubes used on smartphones and cameras are usually externally triggered.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia_N8_%28rear_view%29.jpg/220px-Nokia_N8_%28rear_view%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ruby laser head, assembled and disassembled, revealing pumping cavity, the ruby rod, and two water-cooled flashtubes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ruby_laser_pumping_cavity_assembled_and_disassembled.JPG/220px-Ruby_laser_pumping_cavity_assembled_and_disassembled.JPG"},{"image_text":"An externally triggered, 3.5 microsecond flash. The flash fully discharges before the arc can move away from the glass and fill the tube, causing excessive wear to the lamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Xenon_high_speed_flash_and_external_triggering.jpg/220px-Xenon_high_speed_flash_and_external_triggering.jpg"},{"image_text":"Xenon, operated as a 'neon light,' consists of a collection of mostly spectral lines, missing much of the continuum radiation needed for good color rendering.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/220px-XeTube.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spectral line radiation from a xenon flashlamp. The blue-green arc is similar to what the eye sees. Although invisible to the naked eye, the digital camera is able to image the strong IR spectral lines, which appear as the deep-blue light reflected off the table. (i.e.: 900 nm is interpreted by the camera as the second-generation harmonic of 450 nm.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flashlamp_ion_spectral_line_radiation_output.JPG/220px-Flashlamp_ion_spectral_line_radiation_output.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spectral outputs of various gases at the current density where visual output nearly equals IR. Krypton has very few spectral lines in the near-IR, so most energy is directed into two main peaks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rare_gas_flashtube_spectral_outputs.JPG/220px-Rare_gas_flashtube_spectral_outputs.JPG"},{"image_text":"Argon flashlamp spectral line radiation. The texture of the table diffracts the light, allowing the camera to image the IR lines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Argon_flashtube_ion_spectral_radiation.JPG/220px-Argon_flashtube_ion_spectral_radiation.JPG"},{"image_text":"Krypton arc plasma. The dark space near the anode is filled with free electrons that have been stripped from neutral atoms, ionizing the atoms. The ions then speed away from the anode, colliding with neutral atoms to produce the light.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Plasma_close_up_from_a_krypton_arc.JPG/220px-Plasma_close_up_from_a_krypton_arc.JPG"},{"image_text":"An 85 joule, 3.5 microsecond flash. While the energy level is moderately low, electrical power at such a short duration is 24 million watts. With an extremely high current-density, an arc temperature of 17,000 K (30,100 °F), and output centered at 170 nm (in the far UV), the blackbody radiation is so intense that it has no problem penetrating the extremely dark, shade 10 welding lens which the camera is behind.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/24_Million_Watt_high_speed_flash_through_welding_lens.jpg/220px-24_Million_Watt_high_speed_flash_through_welding_lens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flashtube cathodes, showing early signs of wear. The tube on the left shows sputter, while the tube on the right shows wall ablation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flashtube_cathodes_showing_ablation_and_sputter.JPG/220px-Flashtube_cathodes_showing_ablation_and_sputter.JPG"},{"image_text":"The 6 foot (180 cm) flashtubes used on the National Ignition Facility laser were some of the largest in commercial production, operating at 30 kJ input energy per pulse.[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nif_flashlamps.jpg/220px-Nif_flashlamps.jpg"},{"image_text":"A flashtube (lower half of image) with a length of 12.5 feet (380 cm), (12 foot (372 cm) arc length), for substrate annealing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/VON_ARDENNE_Flash_lamp_annealing.jpg/220px-VON_ARDENNE_Flash_lamp_annealing.jpg"},{"image_text":"This shadowgraph of a bullet in supersonic flight was taken at the Edgerton Center (Strobe Alley, MIT), using a discharge from a high-speed flashtube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shockwave.jpg/220px-Shockwave.jpg"},{"image_text":"This 525 joule capacitor is one of a pair adapted for use in a ruby laser, and carries a warning of its deadly storage capacity. A resistor is connected between the terminals to prevent the capacitor retaining a dangerous charge when not in operation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/High-energy_capacitor_from_a_defibrillator_42_MFD_%40_5000_VDC.jpg/220px-High-energy_capacitor_from_a_defibrillator_42_MFD_%40_5000_VDC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helical xenon flashtube being fired","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Xenon-flash.gif/220px-Xenon-flash.gif"}]
|
[{"title":"Flash (photography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)"},{"title":"List of light sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_light_sources"},{"title":"Strobe beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_beacon"},{"title":"Strobe light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_light"},{"title":"Air-gap flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-gap_flash"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"High Performance Flash and Arc Lamps\" (PDF). PerkinElmer. Retrieved 1 Jul 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://laser-caltech.web.cern.ch/laser-caltech/report/Flash%20lamp%20Eg&G.pdf","url_text":"\"High Performance Flash and Arc Lamps\""}]},{"reference":"Edgerton, Harold E. (1979). Electronic Flash Strobe. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-55008-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-55008-6","url_text":"978-0-262-55008-6"}]},{"reference":"Holzrichter, J. F.; Schawlow, A. L. (February 1969). \"Design and analysis of flashlamp systems for pumping organic dye lasers\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 168 (3 Second Confer): 703–14. Bibcode:1969NYASA.168..703H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x. PMID 5273396. S2CID 34719312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NYASA.168..703H","url_text":"1969NYASA.168..703H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5273396","url_text":"5273396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34719312","url_text":"34719312"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215742/http://www.orcontech.com/data/Perkin_Elmer_Flashlamp_catalog.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.orcontech.com/data/Perkin_Elmer_Flashlamp_catalog.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Y.; Neumann, G.; Treves, D. (1 August 1977). \"Ablative flashlamps for high peak power dye lasers\". Applied Optics. 16 (8): 2293–2296. Bibcode:1977ApOpt..16.2293L. doi:10.1364/AO.16.002293. PMID 20168911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977ApOpt..16.2293L","url_text":"1977ApOpt..16.2293L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.16.002293","url_text":"10.1364/AO.16.002293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20168911","url_text":"20168911"}]},{"reference":"\"Interrupting xenon flash current?\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180938/http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.electronics.design/2008-03/msg01208.pdf","url_text":"\"Interrupting xenon flash current?\""},{"url":"http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.electronics.design/2008-03/msg01208.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Notes – Discharge Circuits\" (PDF). www.lightingassociates.org. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/Application_Notes__Discharge_Circuits.pdf","url_text":"\"Application Notes – Discharge Circuits\""}]},{"reference":"Klipstein, Don. \"General Xenon Flash and Strobe Design Guidelines\". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.misty.com/don/xeguide.html","url_text":"\"General Xenon Flash and Strobe Design Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"Gebel, Radames K. H.; Mestwerdt, Hermann R.; Hayslett, Roy R. (November 1971). \"Near-infrared sensitized photocathodes and film sensitivities for typical xenon-lamp radiation and related subjects\" (PDF). Ohio Journal of Science. 71 (6): 343.","urls":[{"url":"https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/5654/1/V71N06_343.pdf","url_text":"\"Near-infrared sensitized photocathodes and film sensitivities for typical xenon-lamp radiation and related subjects\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, J. R.; Barnes, F. S. (May 1969). \"A Comparison of Rare-Gas Flashlamps\". IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 5 (5): 232–7. Bibcode:1969IJQE....5..232O. doi:10.1109/JQE.1969.1075765. ISSN 0018-9197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969IJQE....5..232O","url_text":"1969IJQE....5..232O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJQE.1969.1075765","url_text":"10.1109/JQE.1969.1075765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9197","url_text":"0018-9197"}]},{"reference":"Emmett, J. L.; Schawlow, A. L.; Weinberg, E. H. (September 1964). \"Direct measurement of xenon flashtube opacity\". J. Appl. Phys. 35 (9): 2601. Bibcode:1964JAP....35.2601E. doi:10.1063/1.1713807. hdl:2060/19650025655. S2CID 120396003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JAP....35.2601E","url_text":"1964JAP....35.2601E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1713807","url_text":"10.1063/1.1713807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19650025655","url_text":"2060/19650025655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120396003","url_text":"120396003"}]},{"reference":"Dishington, R. H.; Hook, W. R.; Hilberg, R. P. (1974). \"Flashlamp discharge and laser efficiency\". Applied Optics. 13 (10): 2300–2312. Bibcode:1974ApOpt..13.2300D. doi:10.1364/AO.13.002300. PMID 20134680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ApOpt..13.2300D","url_text":"1974ApOpt..13.2300D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.13.002300","url_text":"10.1364/AO.13.002300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20134680","url_text":"20134680"}]},{"reference":"\"Lamp-pumped Lasers\". Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. RP Photonics. Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rp-photonics.com/lamp_pumped_lasers.html","url_text":"\"Lamp-pumped Lasers\""}]},{"reference":"Goldwasser, Samuel M. (2008). \"Sam's Laser FAQ\". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/lasercdy.htm","url_text":"\"Sam's Laser FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"We Have Ignition! Carbon Nanotubes Ignite When Exposed to Flash - News & Events\". news.rpi.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=383&setappvar=page(1)","url_text":"\"We Have Ignition! Carbon Nanotubes Ignite When Exposed to Flash - News & Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIF Technologies\". www.llnl.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.llnl.gov/str/Powell.html","url_text":"\"NIF Technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image Hosting, Image Share, Upload Images - PicBG.net - Photos, Pictures, Wallpapers, Albums\". picbg.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://picbg.net/pic.php?u=12596Lqj9V&i=637377&file=.jpg","url_text":"\"Image Hosting, Image Share, Upload Images - PicBG.net - Photos, Pictures, Wallpapers, Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Main Page - Top Wiki\". en.topwiki.nl.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.topwiki.nl/index.php/Pulsed_(UV)_Light","url_text":"\"Main Page - Top Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"Klipstein, Don. \"Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints\". Retrieved 3 Feb 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.misty.com/don/xesafe.html","url_text":"\"Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://laser-caltech.web.cern.ch/laser-caltech/report/Flash%20lamp%20Eg&G.pdf","external_links_name":"\"High Performance Flash and Arc Lamps\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NYASA.168..703H","external_links_name":"1969NYASA.168..703H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb43155.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5273396","external_links_name":"5273396"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34719312","external_links_name":"34719312"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215742/http://www.orcontech.com/data/Perkin_Elmer_Flashlamp_catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.orcontech.com/data/Perkin_Elmer_Flashlamp_catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977ApOpt..16.2293L","external_links_name":"1977ApOpt..16.2293L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.16.002293","external_links_name":"10.1364/AO.16.002293"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20168911","external_links_name":"20168911"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180938/http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.electronics.design/2008-03/msg01208.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interrupting xenon flash current?\""},{"Link":"http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.electronics.design/2008-03/msg01208.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/Application_Notes__Discharge_Circuits.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Application Notes – Discharge Circuits\""},{"Link":"http://members.misty.com/don/xeguide.html","external_links_name":"\"General Xenon Flash and Strobe Design Guidelines\""},{"Link":"https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/5654/1/V71N06_343.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Near-infrared sensitized photocathodes and film sensitivities for typical xenon-lamp radiation and related subjects\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969IJQE....5..232O","external_links_name":"1969IJQE....5..232O"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJQE.1969.1075765","external_links_name":"10.1109/JQE.1969.1075765"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9197","external_links_name":"0018-9197"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JAP....35.2601E","external_links_name":"1964JAP....35.2601E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1713807","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.1713807"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19650025655","external_links_name":"2060/19650025655"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120396003","external_links_name":"120396003"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ApOpt..13.2300D","external_links_name":"1974ApOpt..13.2300D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.13.002300","external_links_name":"10.1364/AO.13.002300"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20134680","external_links_name":"20134680"},{"Link":"https://www.rp-photonics.com/lamp_pumped_lasers.html","external_links_name":"\"Lamp-pumped Lasers\""},{"Link":"http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/lasercdy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sam's Laser FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=383&setappvar=page(1)","external_links_name":"\"We Have Ignition! Carbon Nanotubes Ignite When Exposed to Flash - News & Events\""},{"Link":"https://www.llnl.gov/str/Powell.html","external_links_name":"\"NIF Technologies\""},{"Link":"http://picbg.net/pic.php?u=12596Lqj9V&i=637377&file=.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Image Hosting, Image Share, Upload Images - PicBG.net - Photos, Pictures, Wallpapers, Albums\""},{"Link":"http://en.topwiki.nl/index.php/Pulsed_(UV)_Light","external_links_name":"\"Main Page - Top Wiki\""},{"Link":"http://members.misty.com/don/xesafe.html","external_links_name":"\"Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraeus-noblelight.com/en/laser-and-ipl-lamps/information-for-laser-lamps/services-and-events/flash-lamp-emission-spectra.html","external_links_name":"Emission spectra of different flash lamps"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090520002141/http://www.heraeus-noblelight.com/en/laser-and-ipl-lamps/information-for-laser-lamps/services-and-events/flash-lamp-emission-spectra.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven%27s_8th_symphony
|
Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)
|
["1 Composition, premiere and reception","2 Form","2.1 First movement","2.2 Second movement","2.3 Third movement","2.4 Fourth movement","3 Notes","3.1 References","4 External links"]
|
1812 musical composition by Beethoven
Symphony in F majorNo. 8by Ludwig van BeethovenPortrait of the composer by Joseph Willibrord Mähler in 1815, a year after the premiere of the symphonyOpus93Composed1812 (1812): TeplicePerformed27 February 1814 (1814-02-27): ViennaMovementsFour
The Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93 is a symphony in four movements composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1812. Beethoven fondly referred to it as "my little Symphony in F", distinguishing it from his Sixth Symphony, a longer work also in F.
The Eighth Symphony is generally light-hearted, though not lightweight, and in many places loud, with many accented notes. Various passages in the symphony are heard by some listeners to be musical jokes. As with various other Beethoven works such as the Opus 27 piano sonatas and the later Ninth Symphony, the symphony deviates from Classical tradition in making the last movement the weightiest of the four.
Composition, premiere and reception
The work was begun in the summer of 1812, immediately after the completion of the Seventh Symphony. At the time Beethoven was 41 years old. According to Antony Hopkins, the mood of the work betrays nothing of the events that were taking place in Beethoven's life at the time, which involved his interference in his brother Johann's romantic relationships. The work took Beethoven only four months to complete, and is, unlike many of his works, without dedication.
The premiere took place on 27 February 1814, at a concert in the Redoutensaal, Vienna, at which the Seventh Symphony (which had been premiered two months earlier) was also played. Beethoven was growing increasingly deaf at the time, but nevertheless insisted on leading the premiere. Reportedly, "the orchestra largely ignored his ungainly gestures and followed the principal violinist instead."
When asked by his pupil Carl Czerny why the Eighth was less popular than the Seventh, Beethoven is said to have replied, "because the Eighth is so much better." A critic wrote that "the applause it received was not accompanied by that enthusiasm which distinguishes a work which gives universal delight; in short—as the Italians say—it did not create a furor." According to Czerny, Beethoven was angered by this reception. George Bernard Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, agreed with Beethoven's assessment of the work, writing that "In all subtler respects the Eighth is better ." More recently, Jan Swafford has described the Eighth as "a beautiful, brief, ironic look backward to Haydn and Mozart." Martin Geck has commented on the authenticity of the Eighth, noting that it contains "all the relevant hallmarks, including motivic and thematic writing notable for its advanced planning, defiant counterpoint, furious cross-rhythms, sudden shifts from piano to forte, and idyllic and even hymnlike episodes."
Form
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Allegro vivace e con brio (F major)
Allegretto scherzando (B♭ major)
Tempo di menuetto (F major)
Allegro vivace (F major)
The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B♭, 2 bassoons, 2 horns in F (in B♭ basso for the second movement), 2 trumpets in F, timpani, and strings.
It is approximately 26 minutes in duration.
First movement
I: Allegro vivace e con brio
All movements performed by the Bucharest College Orchestra
Problems playing this file? See media help.
This movement is in the home key of F major and is in fast 34 time. As with most of Beethoven's first movements of this period, it is written in sonata form, including a fairly substantial coda. Hopkins observed that the movement is slightly unusual among Beethoven's works in that it reaches its dramatic climax not during the development section, but at the onset of the recapitulation. The concluding bars of the development form a huge crescendo and the return of the opening bars is marked fff (fortississimo, i.e. extremely loud), which rarely appears in Beethoven's works, but has precedents in the Sixth and Seventh symphonies. This is balanced by the quiet closing measures of the movement.
The opening theme is in three sections of four bars each, with the pattern forte–piano–forte. At the onset of the recapitulation, the theme is made more emphatic by omitting the middle four bars.
According to Dutch musicologist Cees Nieuwenhuizen, Beethoven may have originally envisioned this movement as a piano concerto first movement.
Second movement
II: Allegretto scherzando
Problems playing this file? See media help.
There is a widespread belief that this movement is an affectionate parody of the metronome, which had only recently been invented (or more accurately, merely improved) by Beethoven's friend, Johann Maelzel. Specifically the belief was that the movement was based on a canon called "Ta ta ta... Lieber Maelzel," WoO 162, said to have been improvised at a dinner party in Maelzel's honor in 1812. However, there is no evidence corroborating this story and it is likely that WoO 162 was not written by Beethoven but was constructed after-the-fact by Anton Schindler. A more likely inspiration was the similar rhythmic parody of Joseph Haydn's "Clock" Symphony.
The movement begins with even staccato chords in 16th-notes (semiquavers) played by the wind instruments, and a basic 16th-note rhythm continues steadily through the piece. Richard Wagner has argued that the third movement was intended as the slow movement of this symphony and that the second should be played as a scherzo.
The key is B♭ major, the subdominant of F, and the organization is what Charles Rosen has called "slow movement sonata form"; that is, at the end of the exposition there is no development section, but only a simple modulation back to B♭ for the recapitulation; this also may be described as sonatina form.
The second subject includes a motif of very rapid sixty-fourth notes. This motif is played by the whole orchestra at the end of the coda.
Third movement
III: Tempo di menuetto
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The style of Beethoven's minuet is not particularly close to its 18th-century predecessors, as it retains a rather coarse, thumping rhythm; such as how after the initial upbeat Beethoven places the dynamic indication sforzando (sf ) on each of the next five beats. This makes the minuet stylistically close to the other movements of the symphony, which likewise rely often on good-humored, thumping accents.
The minuet is written in ternary form, with a contrasting trio section containing prized solos for horns and clarinet. The clarinet solo is of significant importance in that it was the first major example of a solo clarinet playing a written G6. Igor Stravinsky praised the "incomparable instrumental thought" shown in Beethoven's orchestration of the trio section.
3rd movement (trio) bars 45–52
Fourth movement
IV: Allegro vivace
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The most substantial movement in the symphony, the finale is in sonata rondo form with a fast tempo. The metronome marking supplied by Beethoven himself is whole note = 84. This is the first symphonic movement in which the timpani are tuned in octaves, foreshadowing the similar octave-F tuning in the scherzo of the Ninth Symphony. Hopkins quoted the entire opening theme of the finale "in order to emphasize the outrageous impropriety of the last roaring C-sharp":
"All that precedes it is so delicate in texture, so nimble and light-footed." Donald Tovey cites the abrupt intrusion of the C-sharp as an example of Beethoven's "long-distance harmonic effects". This "rogue" note is eventually revealed as having an architectural function in the structure of the movement as a whole. The opening material reappears three times: at the start of the development section, the start of the recapitulation, and about halfway through the coda. As in the first movement, the move to the second subject first adopts the "wrong" key, then moves to the normal key (exposition: dominant, recapitulation: tonic) after a few measures.
The coda is one of the most elaborate in all of Beethoven's works. Hopkins called it "magnificent" and suggests it is too substantial to be referred to by the term "coda". It contains two particularly striking events. The loud and startling C♯ from the opening finally gets an "explanation": "and now it appears that Beethoven has held that note in reserve, wherewith to batter at the door of some immensely distant key. Out bursts the theme then, in F sharp minor."
A few measures later, there is a stunning modulation in which this key is "hammered down" by a semitone, arriving instantaneously at the home key of F major.
The symphony ends with a very long passage of loud tonic harmony. Tchaikovsky called this movement "One of the greatest symphonic masterpieces of Beethoven."
Notes
^ "Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93". NPR.
^ Some instances given by Hopkins 1981, pp. 224, 232, 233–234, 236–237 are: 1st mvt. bars 36–37 (bassoon mimicry), the "breaking of the metronome" passage at end of the second movement, the shift of the minuet into 24 time, and the hesitancy in the last movement about whether the exposition will be repeated or not.
^ a b c Hopkins 1981, p. 221
^ Rodney Corkin (2010). "Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93". lvbeethoven.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)". Carnegie Hall. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
^ Steinberg, Michael. "The Symphony: a listeners guide". pp. 44–47. Oxford University Press, 1995.
^ Solomon, Maynard. Beethoven. p. 214. Schirmer Books, 1977
^ Shaw, George Bernard. The Great Composers: Reviews and Bombardments. p. 107. California University Press, 1978.
^ Swafford, Jan (2014). Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph: A Biography. Boston. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-618-05474-9. OCLC 881386554.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Geck, Martin (2017). Beethoven's Symphonies: Nine Approaches to Art and Ideas. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45388-0. OCLC 958779834.
^ a b Hopkins 1981, p. 222
^ "Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen".
^ a b Brown, A. Peter, The Symphonic Repertoire (Volume 2). Indiana University Press (ISBN 0-253-33487-X), pp. 517 (2002).
^ Stravinsky, I. and Craft, R., Stravinsky in Conversation, London, Faber, 1959.
^ Hopkins 1981, p. 234 Hopkins remarked that the music is "marked allegro vivace but usually played presto".
^ a b Hopkins 1981, p. 236
^ Hopkins 1981, p. 235.
^ Tovey, D. F. (1944). Beethoven. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
^ Rosen 1988
^ Hopkins 1981, p. 238
^ Tovey, D. F. (1935). Essays in Musical Analysis. Vol. 1 Symphonies. Oxford University Press. p. 67.
^ Hopkins 1981, p. 240.
^ "The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera". tchaikovsky-research.net.
References
Hopkins, Antony (1981). The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-26670-5.
Rosen, Charles (1988). Sonata Forms (revised ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30219-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven).
Symphony No. 8: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Score, William and Gayle Cook Music Library, Indiana University
Analysis, all-about-beethoven.com
vteSymphonies by Ludwig van Beethoven
No. 1 in C major
No. 2 in D major
No. 3 in E♭ major (Eroica)
No. 4 in B♭ major
No. 5 in C minor (Fate)
No. 6 in F major (Pastoral)
No. 7 in A major
No. 8 in F major
No. 9 in D minor (Choral)
Hypothetical: No. 10 in E♭ major
Portal: Classical music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Other
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_major"},{"link_name":"Op.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Sixth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Opus 27 piano sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._13_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Ninth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)"}],"text":"The Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93 is a symphony in four movements composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1812. Beethoven fondly referred to it as \"my little Symphony in F\", distinguishing it from his Sixth Symphony, a longer work also in F.[1]The Eighth Symphony is generally light-hearted, though not lightweight, and in many places loud, with many accented notes. Various passages in the symphony are heard by some listeners to be musical jokes.[2] As with various other Beethoven works such as the Opus 27 piano sonatas and the later Ninth Symphony, the symphony deviates from Classical tradition in making the last movement the weightiest of the four.","title":"Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventh Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"},{"link_name":"Antony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"his brother Johann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Johann_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981-3"},{"link_name":"Redoutensaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"principal violinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertmaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carl Czerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Czerny"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jan Swafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swafford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Martin Geck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Geck"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The work was begun in the summer of 1812, immediately after the completion of the Seventh Symphony.[3] At the time Beethoven was 41 years old. According to Antony Hopkins, the mood of the work betrays nothing of the events that were taking place in Beethoven's life at the time, which involved his interference in his brother Johann's romantic relationships.[3] The work took Beethoven only four months to complete,[3] and is, unlike many of his works, without dedication.The premiere took place on 27 February 1814, at a concert in the Redoutensaal, Vienna, at which the Seventh Symphony (which had been premiered two months earlier) was also played.[4] Beethoven was growing increasingly deaf at the time, but nevertheless insisted on leading the premiere. Reportedly, \"the orchestra largely ignored his ungainly gestures and followed the principal violinist instead.\"[5]When asked by his pupil Carl Czerny why the Eighth was less popular than the Seventh, Beethoven is said to have replied, \"because the Eighth is so much better.\"[6] A critic wrote that \"the applause it received was not accompanied by that enthusiasm which distinguishes a work which gives universal delight; in short—as the Italians say—it did not create a furor.\" According to Czerny, Beethoven was angered by this reception.[7] George Bernard Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, agreed with Beethoven's assessment of the work, writing that \"In all subtler respects the Eighth is better [than the Seventh].\"[8] More recently, Jan Swafford has described the Eighth as \"a beautiful, brief, ironic look backward to Haydn and Mozart.\"[9] Martin Geck has commented on the authenticity of the Eighth, noting that it contains \"all the relevant hallmarks, including motivic and thematic writing notable for its advanced planning, defiant counterpoint, furious cross-rhythms, sudden shifts from piano to forte, and idyllic and even hymnlike episodes.\"[10]","title":"Composition, premiere and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegro_(music)"},{"link_name":"vivace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Basic_tempo_markings"},{"link_name":"brio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology#B"},{"link_name":"F major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_major"},{"link_name":"Allegretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegretto"},{"link_name":"scherzando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherzando"},{"link_name":"B♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-flat_major"},{"link_name":"Tempo di menuetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_di_menuetto"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"}],"text":"Allegro vivace e con brio (F major)\nAllegretto scherzando (B♭ major)\nTempo di menuetto (F major)\nAllegro vivace (F major)The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B♭, 2 bassoons, 2 horns in F (in B♭ basso for the second movement), 2 trumpets in F, timpani, and strings.It is approximately 26 minutes in duration.","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I: Allegro vivace e con brio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_i._allegro_vivace_e_con_brio.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"sonata form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_form"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_development"},{"link_name":"recapitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_222-11"},{"link_name":"crescendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescendo"},{"link_name":"fortississimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortississimo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_(music)"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_222-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"First movement","text":"I: Allegro vivace e con brio\n\nAll movements performed by the Bucharest College Orchestra\nProblems playing this file? See media help.This movement is in the home key of F major and is in fast 34 time. As with most of Beethoven's first movements of this period, it is written in sonata form, including a fairly substantial coda. Hopkins observed that the movement is slightly unusual among Beethoven's works in that it reaches its dramatic climax not during the development section, but at the onset of the recapitulation.[11] The concluding bars of the development form a huge crescendo and the return of the opening bars is marked fff (fortississimo, i.e. extremely loud), which rarely appears in Beethoven's works, but has precedents in the Sixth and Seventh symphonies.[citation needed] This is balanced by the quiet closing measures of the movement.The opening theme is in three sections of four bars each, with the pattern forte–piano–forte. At the onset of the recapitulation, the theme is made more emphatic by omitting the middle four bars.[11]According to Dutch musicologist Cees Nieuwenhuizen, Beethoven may have originally envisioned this movement as a piano concerto first movement.[12]","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"II: Allegretto scherzando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_ii._allegretto_scherzando.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"metronome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Johann Maelzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Maelzel"},{"link_name":"WoO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WoO"},{"link_name":"Anton Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Schindler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apbrown-13"},{"link_name":"Joseph Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"\"Clock\" Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._101_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apbrown-13"},{"link_name":"staccato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccato"},{"link_name":"16th-notes (semiquavers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_note"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"scherzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherzo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"subdominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdominant"},{"link_name":"Charles Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"sonatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(music)"},{"link_name":"sixty-fourth notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty-fourth_note"}],"sub_title":"Second movement","text":"II: Allegretto scherzando\n\n\nProblems playing this file? See media help.There is a widespread belief that this movement is an affectionate parody of the metronome,[citation needed] which had only recently been invented (or more accurately, merely improved) by Beethoven's friend, Johann Maelzel. Specifically the belief was that the movement was based on a canon called \"Ta ta ta... Lieber Maelzel,\" WoO 162, said to have been improvised at a dinner party in Maelzel's honor in 1812. However, there is no evidence corroborating this story and it is likely that WoO 162 was not written by Beethoven but was constructed after-the-fact by Anton Schindler.[13] A more likely inspiration was the similar rhythmic parody of Joseph Haydn's \"Clock\" Symphony.[13]The movement begins with even staccato chords in 16th-notes (semiquavers) played by the wind instruments, and a basic 16th-note rhythm continues steadily through the piece. Richard Wagner has argued that the third movement was intended as the slow movement of this symphony and that the second should be played as a scherzo.[citation needed]The key is B♭ major, the subdominant of F, and the organization is what Charles Rosen has called \"slow movement sonata form\"; that is, at the end of the exposition there is no development section, but only a simple modulation back to B♭ for the recapitulation; this also may be described as sonatina form.[citation needed]The second subject includes a motif of very rapid sixty-fourth notes. This motif is played by the whole orchestra at the end of the coda.","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"III: Tempo di menuetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iii._tempo_di_menuetto.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"upbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)#Downbeat_and_upbeat"},{"link_name":"dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)"},{"link_name":"sforzando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Sudden_changes_and_accented_notes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ternary form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_form"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png"}],"sub_title":"Third movement","text":"III: Tempo di menuetto\n\n\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The style of Beethoven's minuet is not particularly close to its 18th-century predecessors, as it retains a rather coarse, thumping rhythm; such as how after the initial upbeat Beethoven places the dynamic indication sforzando (sf ) on each of the next five beats. This makes the minuet stylistically close to the other movements of the symphony, which likewise rely often on good-humored, thumping accents.[citation needed]The minuet is written in ternary form, with a contrasting trio section containing prized solos for horns and clarinet. The clarinet solo is of significant importance in that it was the first major example of a solo clarinet playing a written G6.[citation needed] Igor Stravinsky praised the \"incomparable instrumental thought\" shown in Beethoven's orchestration of the trio section.[14]3rd movement (trio) bars 45–52","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IV: Allegro vivace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_symphony_no._8_in_f_major,_op._93_-_iv._allegro_vivace.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"sonata rondo form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"whole note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_note"},{"link_name":"octaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"Ninth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_236-16"},{"link_name":"finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finale_(music)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235-17"},{"link_name":"Donald Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_development"},{"link_name":"recapitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music)"},{"link_name":"measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkins_1981,_236-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"F sharp minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp_minor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240-22"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Fourth movement","text":"IV: Allegro vivace\n\n\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The most substantial movement in the symphony, the finale is in sonata rondo form with a fast tempo.[15] The metronome marking supplied by Beethoven himself is whole note = 84. This is the first symphonic movement in which the timpani are tuned in octaves, foreshadowing the similar octave-F tuning in the scherzo of the Ninth Symphony.[16] Hopkins quoted the entire opening theme of the finale \"in order to emphasize the outrageous impropriety of the last roaring C-sharp\":\"All that precedes it is so delicate in texture, so nimble and light-footed.\"[17] Donald Tovey cites the abrupt intrusion of the C-sharp as an example of Beethoven's \"long-distance harmonic effects\".[18] This \"rogue\" note is eventually revealed as having an architectural function in the structure of the movement as a whole. The opening material reappears three times: at the start of the development section, the start of the recapitulation, and about halfway through the coda. As in the first movement, the move to the second subject first adopts the \"wrong\" key, then moves to the normal key (exposition: dominant, recapitulation: tonic) after a few measures.[16]The coda is one of the most elaborate in all of Beethoven's works.[19] Hopkins called it \"magnificent\" and suggests it is too substantial to be referred to by the term \"coda\".[20] It contains two particularly striking events. The loud and startling C♯ from the opening finally gets an \"explanation\": \"and now it appears that Beethoven has held that note in reserve, wherewith to batter at the door of some immensely distant key. Out bursts the theme then, in F sharp minor.\"[21]A few measures later, there is a stunning modulation in which this key is \"hammered down\" by a semitone, arriving instantaneously at the home key of F major.[22]The symphony ends with a very long passage of loud tonic harmony. Tchaikovsky called this movement \"One of the greatest symphonic masterpieces of Beethoven.\"[23]","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5485221"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"metronome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome"},{"link_name":"minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_(music)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981_3-2"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lvbeethoven.co.uk/page22.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929083038/http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Steinberg, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Solomon, Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon,_Maynard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Shaw, George Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Swafford, Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swafford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-618-05474-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05474-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"881386554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/881386554"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Geck, Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Geck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-45388-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45388-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"958779834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/958779834"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_222_11-1"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ceesnieuwenhuizen.com/project/beethoven-piano-concerto-in-f-major/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-apbrown_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-apbrown_13-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-33487-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33487-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky, I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Craft, R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Craft"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"presto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hopkins_1981,_236_16-1"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981235_17-0"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Tovey, D. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Rosen 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRosen1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Tovey, D. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Essays in Musical Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Musical_Analysis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1981240_22-0"},{"link_name":"Hopkins 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopkins1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Eighth_Symphony_Concert._The_Italian_Opera"}],"text":"^ \"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93\". NPR.\n\n^ Some instances given by Hopkins 1981, pp. 224, 232, 233–234, 236–237 are: 1st mvt. bars 36–37 (bassoon mimicry), the \"breaking of the metronome\" passage at end of the second movement, the shift of the minuet into 24 time, and the hesitancy in the last movement about whether the exposition will be repeated or not.\n\n^ a b c Hopkins 1981, p. 221\n\n^ Rodney Corkin (2010). \"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93\". lvbeethoven.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.\n\n^ \"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)\". Carnegie Hall. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.\n\n^ Steinberg, Michael. \"The Symphony: a listeners guide\". pp. 44–47. Oxford University Press, 1995.\n\n^ Solomon, Maynard. Beethoven. p. 214. Schirmer Books, 1977\n\n^ Shaw, George Bernard. The Great Composers: Reviews and Bombardments. p. 107. California University Press, 1978.\n\n^ Swafford, Jan (2014). Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph: A Biography. Boston. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-618-05474-9. OCLC 881386554.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Geck, Martin (2017). Beethoven's Symphonies: Nine Approaches to Art and Ideas. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45388-0. OCLC 958779834.\n\n^ a b Hopkins 1981, p. 222\n\n^ \"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen\".\n\n^ a b Brown, A. Peter, The Symphonic Repertoire (Volume 2). Indiana University Press (ISBN 0-253-33487-X), pp. 517 (2002).\n\n^ Stravinsky, I. and Craft, R., Stravinsky in Conversation, London, Faber, 1959.\n\n^ Hopkins 1981, p. 234 Hopkins remarked that the music is \"marked allegro vivace but usually played presto\".\n\n^ a b Hopkins 1981, p. 236\n\n^ Hopkins 1981, p. 235.\n\n^ Tovey, D. F. (1944). Beethoven. Oxford University Press. p. 52.\n\n^ Rosen 1988\n\n^ Hopkins 1981, p. 238\n\n^ Tovey, D. F. (1935). Essays in Musical Analysis. Vol. 1 Symphonies. Oxford University Press. p. 67.\n\n^ Hopkins 1981, p. 240.\n\n^ \"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera\". tchaikovsky-research.net.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopkins, Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-330-26670-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-26670-5"},{"link_name":"Rosen, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Sonata Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sonataforms00rose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-30219-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30219-9"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Hopkins, Antony (1981). The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-26670-5.\nRosen, Charles (1988). Sonata Forms (revised ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30219-9.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"3rd movement (trio) bars 45–52","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png/660px-Beethoven_Symphony_8_Trio.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93\". NPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5485221","url_text":"\"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Rodney Corkin (2010). \"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93\". lvbeethoven.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://lvbeethoven.co.uk/page22.html","url_text":"\"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)\". Carnegie Hall. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083038/http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)\""},{"url":"http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swafford, Jan (2014). Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph: A Biography. Boston. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-618-05474-9. OCLC 881386554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swafford","url_text":"Swafford, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05474-9","url_text":"978-0-618-05474-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881386554","url_text":"881386554"}]},{"reference":"Geck, Martin (2017). Beethoven's Symphonies: Nine Approaches to Art and Ideas. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45388-0. OCLC 958779834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Geck","url_text":"Geck, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45388-0","url_text":"978-0-226-45388-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958779834","url_text":"958779834"}]},{"reference":"\"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ceesnieuwenhuizen.com/project/beethoven-piano-concerto-in-f-major/","url_text":"\"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen\""}]},{"reference":"Tovey, D. F. (1944). Beethoven. Oxford University Press. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey","url_text":"Tovey, D. F."}]},{"reference":"Tovey, D. F. (1935). Essays in Musical Analysis. Vol. 1 Symphonies. Oxford University Press. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey","url_text":"Tovey, D. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Musical_Analysis","url_text":"Essays in Musical Analysis"}]},{"reference":"\"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera\". tchaikovsky-research.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Eighth_Symphony_Concert._The_Italian_Opera","url_text":"\"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera\""}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Antony (1981). The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-26670-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hopkins","url_text":"Hopkins, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-26670-5","url_text":"0-330-26670-5"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Charles (1988). Sonata Forms (revised ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30219-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen","url_text":"Rosen, Charles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonataforms00rose","url_text":"Sonata Forms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30219-9","url_text":"0-393-30219-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5485221","external_links_name":"\"Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93\""},{"Link":"http://lvbeethoven.co.uk/page22.html","external_links_name":"\"Symphony No.8 in F major, op.93\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083038/http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Carnegie Hall (program notes)\""},{"Link":"http://www.carnegiehall.org/textSite/box_office/events/evt_7614.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881386554","external_links_name":"881386554"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958779834","external_links_name":"958779834"},{"Link":"https://ceesnieuwenhuizen.com/project/beethoven-piano-concerto-in-f-major/","external_links_name":"\"Beethoven 8th Symphony arranged for piano and orchestra | Cees Nieuwenhuizen\""},{"Link":"http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Eighth_Symphony_Concert._The_Italian_Opera","external_links_name":"\"The Eighth Symphony Concert. The Italian Opera\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sonataforms00rose","external_links_name":"Sonata Forms"},{"Link":"http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/baj2627/index.html","external_links_name":"Score"},{"Link":"http://www.all-about-beethoven.com/symphony8.html","external_links_name":"Analysis"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308782335","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139895339","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139895339","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300016425","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/256f32ec-94c5-44e8-b3fc-a027d92eec09","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_School_of_Education
|
Umeå School of Education
|
["1 Sources"]
|
Swedish college
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Umeå School of Education" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Umeå School of Education is a college of education in Sweden tied to Umeå University. It replaced the old education faculty that before 2008/2009 offered all teacher training at the university.
The school offers all sorts of teacher trainings, from preschool to gymnasium, including education for student guiding and special teaching.
Currently the school puts great emphasis on the following research fields: Measurement and evaluation, Read and write research, Mathematical didactics and ICT, media and learning.
In the future it will offer additional research subjects such as Education history with historical didactics, Memory and learning and Education of young people, career development and welfare.
Sources
Umeå School of Education, Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Umeå University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University"},{"link_name":"teacher training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher_training"},{"link_name":"preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"}],"text":"Umeå School of Education is a college of education in Sweden tied to Umeå University. It replaced the old education faculty that before 2008/2009 offered all teacher training at the university.The school offers all sorts of teacher trainings, from preschool to gymnasium, including education for student guiding and special teaching.Currently the school puts great emphasis on the following research fields: Measurement and evaluation, Read and write research, Mathematical didactics and ICT, media and learning.In the future it will offer additional research subjects such as Education history with historical didactics, Memory and learning and Education of young people, career development and welfare.","title":"Umeå School of Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umeå School of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.use.umu.se"}],"text":"Umeå School of Education, Official website","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22","external_links_name":"\"Umeå School of Education\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ume%C3%A5+School+of+Education%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.use.umu.se/","external_links_name":"Umeå School of Education"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushcart_Press
|
Pushcart Press
|
["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Pushcart PressFounded1972; 52 years ago (1972)FounderBill HendersonCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationWainscott, New YorkDistributionW. W. Norton & CompanyPublication typesBooksOfficial websitewww.pushcartpress.org
Pushcart Press is a publishing house established in 1972 by Bill Henderson (a one-time associate editor at Doubleday) and is perhaps most famous for its Pushcart Prize and for the anthology of prize winners it publishes annually.
The press has been honored by Publishers Weekly as one of the USA's "most influential publishers" with the 1979 Carey Thomas Prize for publisher of the year. It has also won the 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Book Critics Circle and the 2006 Poets & Writers/Barnes & Noble Writers for Writers Prize.
Books
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
Garden State (1992) by Rick Moody
References
Pushcart Rolls Into 25th Year, Christina Davis, Poets & Writers Magazine, Vol. 29, Issue 1, January/February 2001
Henderson manuscripts, Lilly Library Manuscript Collections, Indiana University
^ Pushcart Press website, Retrieved 21 February 2008
External links
Official website
Entry at the New York Center for Independent Publishing (formerly Small Press Center)
This publishing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publishing house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Bill Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Henderson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Pushcart Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushcart_Prize"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"National Book Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pushcart Press is a publishing house established in 1972 by Bill Henderson (a one-time associate editor at Doubleday) and is perhaps most famous for its Pushcart Prize and for the anthology of prize winners it publishes annually.The press has been honored by Publishers Weekly as one of the USA's \"most influential publishers\" with the 1979 Carey Thomas Prize for publisher of the year. It has also won the 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Book Critics Circle and the 2006 Poets & Writers/Barnes & Noble Writers for Writers Prize.[1]","title":"Pushcart Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garden State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Rick Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Moody"}],"text":"Garden State (1992) by Rick Moody","title":"Books"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.pushcartpress.org/","external_links_name":"www.pushcartpress.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushcart_Press&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609071651/http://www.pw.org/mag/newsdavis101.htm","external_links_name":"Pushcart Rolls Into 25th Year"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010726/http://www.pw.org/mag/con0101.htm","external_links_name":"Vol. 29, Issue 1, January/February 2001"},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/henderson.html","external_links_name":"Henderson manuscripts"},{"Link":"http://www.pushcartpress.org/","external_links_name":"Pushcart Press website"},{"Link":"http://www.pushcartprize.com/pushcartpress.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015549/http://www.smallpress.org/members/dataviewDet.asp?Id=489","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushcart_Press&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_(disambiguation)
|
Conus (disambiguation)
|
["1 See also"]
|
Conus is a genus of marine snails.
Conus may also refer to:
People:
Saint Conus (died 1200), Benedictine monk and saint
Georgi Conus (1862-1933), Russian composer, brother of Julius and Lev
Julius Conus (1869-1942), Russian violinist and composer, brother of Georgi and Lev
Lev Conus (1871–1944), Russian pianist, music educator, and composer, brother of Georgi and Julius
Serge Conus (1902-1988), Russian pianist and composer, son of Julius
Other uses:
Contiguous United States (CONUS)
Conus (Marietta, Ohio), a prehistoric Moundbuilders' mound in Marietta, Ohio, United States
USS LST-317, a U.S. Navy ship to be converted to landing craft repair ship USS Conus (ARL-44), but the conversion was cancelled
See also
Conus artery, present in only 45 percent of human hearts
Conus medullaris or conus terminalis, is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Conus.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Conus"},{"link_name":"Georgi Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Conus"},{"link_name":"Julius Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Conus"},{"link_name":"Lev Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Conus"},{"link_name":"Serge Conus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Conus"},{"link_name":"Contiguous United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"Conus (Marietta, Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_(Marietta,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"USS LST-317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-317"}],"text":"Conus may also refer to:People:Saint Conus (died 1200), Benedictine monk and saint\nGeorgi Conus (1862-1933), Russian composer, brother of Julius and Lev\nJulius Conus (1869-1942), Russian violinist and composer, brother of Georgi and Lev\nLev Conus (1871–1944), Russian pianist, music educator, and composer, brother of Georgi and Julius\nSerge Conus (1902-1988), Russian pianist and composer, son of JuliusOther uses:Contiguous United States (CONUS)\nConus (Marietta, Ohio), a prehistoric Moundbuilders' mound in Marietta, Ohio, United States\nUSS LST-317, a U.S. Navy ship to be converted to landing craft repair ship USS Conus (ARL-44), but the conversion was cancelled","title":"Conus (disambiguation)"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Conus artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_artery"},{"title":"Conus medullaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_medullaris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Conus_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Conus_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons
|
Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons
|
["1 History","2 Examination","3 Examination preparation","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the UK and Ireland
Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (MRCS) is a postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the UK and Ireland. Obtaining this qualification allows a doctor to become a member of one of the four surgical colleges in the UK and Ireland, namely the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The examination, currently organised on an intercollegiate basis, is required to enter higher surgical training (ST 3+) in one of the Royal colleges. Thus today's MRCS has replaced the former MRCS(Eng), MRCS(Ed), MRCS(Glas), and MRCS(I). (Similarly, the MRCP is also now intercollegiate.)
History
Each college used to hold examinations independently, which is what the post-nominal MRCS used to indicate, for example, MRCS (London) specifically. After decades of discussion of possible intercollegiate MRCS and FRCS, they were implemented in the 21st century, at first by unifying the syllabus of the separate qualifications of MRCS(Eng), MRCS(Glas), MRCS(Ed), and MRCS(I). In January 2004, the four colleges switched over to a common examination, known as the Intercollegiate MRCS.
Examination
The MRCS qualification consists of a multi-part examination including both theory and practical assessments. Part A is a 5-hour examination which assesses the applied basic sciences (a 3 hour paper in the morning) and principles of surgery in general (a 2 hour paper in the afternoon) using multiple-choice Single Best Answer only. It has a passing mark around 71% and pass rate of around 30 per cent. Maximum number of attempts for Part A is 6 and there are usually 3 sittings per year in January, April and September. Part B is a 4-hour practical examination which assesses elements of day-to-day surgical practice through 17 stations of 9 minutes each (with additional resting and preparation stations) on anatomy, pathology, critical care, clinical procedures and patient evaluation (history taking, clinical examination and communication skills). Each station carries a maximum of 20 marks and an additional global rating by the examiner. It has a pass rate of around 50 per cent. Maximum number of attempts for Part B is 4 and there are usually 3 sittings per year in February, May and October. Current curricula have changed to introduce the completion of both exams as a mandatory requirement to complete core surgical training prior to application to higher surgical training (ST3) in the UK. Trainees often require multiple attempts at the examination in order to pass.
Examination preparation
A large and varied collection of commercial revision resources are available which can improve a candidate's chances of success. These resources include courses, books, online question banks and mobile applications.
See also
Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons
References
^ "Welcome to MRCS From September 2008". www.intercollegiatemrcsexams.org.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
^ "Newcastle Medical Journal: The Journal of the Newcastle Upon Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society, Volume 25". 1956 - Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society. 1956. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Thomas Michael Greenhow (1792-1881) (Fig. 4) was born on 5th July, 1792, the son of Edward M. ... He was educated at Edinburgh University and became M.R.C.S. (London) in 1814. He entered the army as an assistant surgeon....
^ a b Brennan, PA; Sherman, KP (December 2014). "The MRCS examination--an update on the latest facts and figures". British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 52 (10): 881–3. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.011. PMID 25218314.
External links
Intercollegiate MRCS
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Royal College of Surgeons of England
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate"},{"link_name":"diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma"},{"link_name":"surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeons"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"intercollegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intercollegiate#Adjective"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"the MRCP is also now intercollegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_Colleges_of_Physicians_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (MRCS) is a postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the UK and Ireland. Obtaining this qualification allows a doctor to become a member of one of the four surgical colleges in the UK and Ireland, namely the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The examination, currently organised on an intercollegiate basis, is required to enter higher surgical training (ST 3+) in one of the Royal colleges.[1] Thus today's MRCS has replaced the former MRCS(Eng), MRCS(Ed), MRCS(Glas), and MRCS(I). (Similarly, the MRCP is also now intercollegiate.)","title":"Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"syllabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabus"}],"text":"Each college used to hold examinations independently, which is what the post-nominal MRCS used to indicate, for example, MRCS (London) specifically.[2] After decades of discussion of possible intercollegiate MRCS and FRCS, they were implemented in the 21st century, at first by unifying the syllabus of the separate qualifications of MRCS(Eng), MRCS(Glas), MRCS(Ed), and MRCS(I). In January 2004, the four colleges switched over to a common examination, known as the Intercollegiate MRCS.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple-choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_choice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bjoms_Dec2014-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bjoms_Dec2014-3"}],"text":"The MRCS qualification consists of a multi-part examination including both theory and practical assessments. Part A is a 5-hour examination which assesses the applied basic sciences (a 3 hour paper in the morning) and principles of surgery in general (a 2 hour paper in the afternoon) using multiple-choice Single Best Answer only. It has a passing mark around 71% and pass rate of around 30 per cent.[3] Maximum number of attempts for Part A is 6 and there are usually 3 sittings per year in January, April and September. Part B is a 4-hour practical examination which assesses elements of day-to-day surgical practice through 17 stations of 9 minutes each (with additional resting and preparation stations) on anatomy, pathology, critical care, clinical procedures and patient evaluation (history taking, clinical examination and communication skills). Each station carries a maximum of 20 marks and an additional global rating by the examiner. It has a pass rate of around 50 per cent.[3] Maximum number of attempts for Part B is 4 and there are usually 3 sittings per year in February, May and October. Current curricula have changed to introduce the completion of both exams as a mandatory requirement to complete core surgical training prior to application to higher surgical training (ST3) in the UK. Trainees often require multiple attempts at the examination in order to pass.","title":"Examination"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A large and varied collection of commercial revision resources are available which can improve a candidate's chances of success. These resources include courses, books, online question banks and mobile applications.","title":"Examination preparation"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Colleges_of_Surgeons"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to MRCS From September 2008\". www.intercollegiatemrcsexams.org.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intercollegiatemrcsexams.org.uk/new/index_html","url_text":"\"Welcome to MRCS From September 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle Medical Journal: The Journal of the Newcastle Upon Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society, Volume 25\". 1956 - Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society. 1956. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Thomas Michael Greenhow (1792-1881) (Fig. 4) was born on 5th July, 1792, the son of Edward M. ... He was educated at Edinburgh University and became M.R.C.S. (London) in 1814. He entered the army as an assistant surgeon....","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IokIAQAAIAAJ&q=Thomas+Michael+Greenhow++london","url_text":"\"Newcastle Medical Journal: The Journal of the Newcastle Upon Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society, Volume 25\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, PA; Sherman, KP (December 2014). \"The MRCS examination--an update on the latest facts and figures\". British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 52 (10): 881–3. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.011. PMID 25218314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjoms.2014.08.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25218314","url_text":"25218314"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.intercollegiatemrcsexams.org.uk/new/index_html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to MRCS From September 2008\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IokIAQAAIAAJ&q=Thomas+Michael+Greenhow++london","external_links_name":"\"Newcastle Medical Journal: The Journal of the Newcastle Upon Tyne and Northern Counties Medical Society, Volume 25\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjoms.2014.08.011","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25218314","external_links_name":"25218314"},{"Link":"http://www.intercollegiatemrcs.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Intercollegiate MRCS"},{"Link":"http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"},{"Link":"http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England"},{"Link":"http://www.rcpsg.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow"},{"Link":"http://www.rcsi.ie/","external_links_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century
|
Crisis of the Third Century
|
["1 History","2 Causes","2.1 Problem of succession and civil war","2.2 Natural disasters","2.3 Foreign invasions","3 Economic impact","3.1 Breakdown of the internal trade network","3.2 Increased militarization","4 Emperors","4.1 Non-dynastic","4.2 Gordian dynasty","4.3 Non-dynastic","4.4 Decian dynasty","4.5 Non-dynastic","4.6 Valerian dynasty","4.7 Claudian dynasty","4.8 Non-dynastic","4.9 Tacitan dynasty","4.10 Non-dynastic","4.11 Caran dynasty","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Citations","8 General bibliography","9 Further reading"]
|
Roman Imperial government crisis (235–285 AD)
Crisis of the Third CenturyThe divided Empire in 271 AD.
Gallic Empire
Roman Empire
Palmyrene EmpireDate235–285 (c. 50 years)LocationRoman EmpireResult
Roman victory
Emperor Aurelian conquers both the Palmyrene and Gallic Empires
Emperor Diocletian puts an end to the civil war
Start of the Diocletianic Persecution
Beginning of the TetrarchyTerritorialchanges
Reunification of the Palmyrene and Gallic Empires into the Roman Empire
Loss of parts of the Agri Decumates
Dacia abandonedBelligerents
Roman Empire
Roman BreakawaysGallic EmpirePalmyrene Empire
Sasanian EmpireGermanic TribesGothsAlemanniVandalsCarpiansCommanders and leaders
Gallienus XClaudius Gothicus #Aurelian XDiocletian
Postumus XMarius XVictorinus XTetricus I Odaenathus XVaballathus Zenobia Antiochus
Shapur ICniva †
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration. At the height of the crisis, the Roman state had split into three distinct and competing polities.
The crisis began in 235 with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops. During the following 50-year period, the empire saw barbarian invasions and migrations into Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. This led to the debasement of currency and a breakdown in both trade networks and economic productivity, with the Plague of Cyprian contributing to the disorder. Roman armies became more reliant over time on the growing influence of the barbarian mercenaries known as foederati. Roman commanders in the field, although nominally loyal to the state, became increasingly independent of Rome's central authority.
During the crisis, there were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors. By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper.
The reign of Aurelian (270-275) marks a turning point in the crisis period. Aurelian successfully reunited the empire by defeating the two breakaway states, and carried out a series of reforms which helped restore some measure of stability to the Roman economy. The crisis is said to have ended with Diocletian and his restructuring of the Roman imperial government, economy and military. The last is seen as a pivotal moment in Roman history, signaling the beginning of the Dominate.
The crisis resulted in such profound changes in the empire's institutions, society, economic life, and religion that it is increasingly seen by most historians as defining the transition between the historical periods of classical antiquity and late antiquity.
History
Further information: Alemanni § Conflicts with the Roman Empire
Roman imperial dynasties
Crisis of the Third Century
Chronology
Barracks Emperors 235–284
Gordian dynasty 238–244
Valerian dynasty 253–261
Gallic Emperors 260–274
Illyrian Emperors 268–284
Caran dynasty 282–285
Britannic Emperors 286–297
Preceded bySeveran dynasty
Followed byDiocletian and the Tetrarchy
vteCrisis of the Third CenturyReign of Maximinus Thrax (235–238)
Death of Alexander Severus (235)
Harzhorn (c. 235)
Usurpation of Magnus (c. 235)
Usurpation of Quartinus (235)
Year of the Six Emperors (238)
Revolt of Gordian I & Gordian II (238)
Battle of Carthage (238)
Siege of Aquileia (238)
Reign of Pupienus & Balbinus (238)
Invasion of the Carpi (238–239)
Reign of Gordian III (238–244)
Sabinianus Revolt (240)
Fall of Hatra (241)
Resaena (243)
Misiche (244)
Reign of Philip the Arab (244–249)
Invasion of the Carpi (245–247)
Secular Games of 248 (248)
Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s)
Usurpation of Pacatianus (248)
Usurpation of Jotapianus (249)
Usurpation of Silbannacus (249 or 253)
Decius' Rebellion (249)
Verona and death of Philip & Philip II (249)
Reign of Decius (249–251)
Plague of Cyprian (250–270)
Decian persecution (250–251)
Gothic invasion of Cniva (250–251)
Carpi invasion of Dacia (250)
Nicopolis ad Istrum (250)
Beroe (250)
Philippopolis (250)
Usurpation of Julius Priscus (251)
Abritus and death of Decius and Etruscus (251)
Reign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253)
Death of Hostilian (251)
Mariades' Revolt (252)
Nisibis (252)
Barbalissos (253)
Interamna Nahars (c 253)
Reign of Aemilianus (253)
Antioch (253)
Reign of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260)
Thessalonica (254)
Thermopylae (254)
Dura-Europos (256)
Gothic invasion (256–257)
Invasion of Shapur (258)
Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)
Mediolanum (259)
Scythian invasion (259–260)
Edessa (260)
Reign of Gallienus (260–268)
Caesarea (260)
Usurpation of Ingenuus (260)
Usurpation of Regalianus (260)
Usurpation of Macrianus Major (c. 259–261)
Gallic Empire (260–274)
Death of Saloninus (260)
Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia (260)
Campaigns of Odaenathus (260–267)
Usurpation of Quietus (261)
Usurpation of Balista (261)
Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus (261)
Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (261)
Usurpation of Macrianus Minor (261)
Pannonian Rebellion (261)
Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261–262)
Postumus' Campaign against the Franks (262)
Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni (263)
Ctesiphon (263)
Scythian Invasion (265–266)
Assassination of Odaenathus (267)
Usurpation of Maeonius (266–267)
Scythian Invasion (267–269)
Heruli Raids (267)
Athens (267)
Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus (268)
Reign of Claudius Gothicus (268–270)
Usurpation of Laelianus (269)
Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius (269)
Augustodunum Haeduorum
Naissus (268/269)
Lake Benacus (268 or 269)
Capture of Athens (269)
Palmyrene Empire (270–273)
Bostra (270)
Palmyrene invasion of Egypt (270)
Vandal Invasion (270)
Reign of Aurelian (270–275)
Usurpation of Victorinus Junior (271)
Junthungi Invasion (271)
Domitian II (271)
Tetricus I & Tetricus II (271–274)
Rebellion of Felicissimus (270s)
Placentia (271)
Fano (271)
Pavia (271)
Tyana (272)
Immae (272)
Emesa (272)
Razing of Palmyra (273)
Usurpation of Faustinus (c. 273)
Châlons (274)
Reign of Tacitus (275-276)
Gothic Invasion (276-277)
Reign of Probus (276-282)
Vandal Invasion (276-278)
Sarmatian Invasion (278)
Usurpation of Bonosus & Proculus (280)
Usurpation of Julius Saturninus (280)
Reign of Carus (282-283)
Carus' invasion of the Sasanian Empire (283)
Reign of Carinus (283-285)
Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia (284-285)
Margum (285)
The army required larger and larger bribes to remain loyal. Septimius Severus raised the pay of legionaries, and gave substantial donativum to the troops. The large and ongoing increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors. His son Caracalla raised the annual pay and lavished many benefits on the army in accordance with the advice of his father to keep their loyalty, and considered dividing the empire into eastern and western sectors with his brother Geta to reduce the conflict in their co-rule. But with the major influence of their mother, Julia Domna, this division of the empire was not possible.
Instead of warring in foreign lands, the Roman empire was increasingly put on the defensive by marauding enemies and civil wars. This cut off the essential source of income gained from plundering enemy countries, while opening up the Roman countryside to economic devastation from looters both foreign and domestic. Frequent civil wars contributed to depletion of the army's manpower, and drafting replacement soldiers strained the labour force further. Fighting on multiple fronts, increasing size and pay of the army, increasing cost of transport, populist "bread and circuses" political campaigns, inefficient and corrupt tax collection, unorganised budgeting, and paying off foreign nations for peace all contributed to financial crisis. The emperors responded by confiscating assets and supplies to combat the deficit.
The situation of the Roman Empire became dire in 235. Many Roman legions had been defeated during a previous campaign against Germanic peoples raiding across the borders, while the emperor Severus Alexander had been focused primarily on the dangers from the Sassanid Empire. Leading his troops personally, the emperor resorted to diplomacy and accepting tribute to pacify the Germanic chieftains quickly, rather than military conquest. According to Herodian this cost Severus Alexander the respect of his troops, who may have felt that more severe punishment was required for the tribes that had intruded on Rome's territory. The troops assassinated Severus Alexander and proclaimed the new emperor to be Maximinus Thrax, commander of one of the legions present.
Maximinus was the first of the barracks emperors – rulers who were elevated by the troops without having any political experience, a supporting faction, distinguished ancestors, or a hereditary claim to the imperial throne. As their rule rested on military might and generalship, they operated as warlords reliant on the army to maintain power. Maximinus continued the campaigns in Germania but struggled to exert his authority over the whole empire. The Senate was displeased at having to accept a peasant as Emperor. This precipitated the chaotic Year of the Six Emperors during which all of the original claimants were killed: in 238 a revolt broke out in Africa led by Gordian I and Gordian II, which was soon supported by the Roman Senate, but this was quickly defeated with Gordian II killed and Gordian I committing suicide. The Senate, fearing Imperial wrath, raised two of their own as co-Emperors, Pupienus and Balbinus, with Gordian I's grandson Gordian III as Caesar. Maximinus marched on Rome but was assassinated by his Legio II Parthica, and subsequently Pupienus and Balbinus were murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
In the following years, numerous generals of the Roman army fought each other for control of the empire and neglected their duties of defending it from invasion. There were frequent raids across the Rhine and Danube frontier by foreign tribes, including the Carpians, Goths, Vandals, and Alamanni, and attacks from Sassanids in the east. Climate changes and a sea level rise disrupted the agriculture of what is now the Low Countries, forcing tribes residing in the region to migrate into Roman lands. Further disruption arose in 251, when the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox) broke out. This plague caused large-scale death, severely weakening the empire. The situation was worsened in 260 when the emperor Valerian was captured in battle by the Sassanids (he later died in captivity).
Throughout the period, numerous usurpers claimed the imperial throne. In the absence of a strong central authority, the empire broke into three competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain, and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire in 260. The eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Aegyptus also became independent as the Palmyrene Empire in 267. The remaining provinces, centered on Italy, stayed under a single ruler but now faced threats on every side.
Gothic raids in the 3rd century
An invasion of Macedonia and Greece by Goths, who had been displaced from their lands on the Black Sea, was defeated by emperor Claudius II Gothicus at the Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269. Historians see this victory as the turning point of the crisis. In its aftermath, a series of tough, energetic barracks emperors were able to reassert central authority. Further victories by Claudius Gothicus drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire. He died of the plague in 270 and was succeeded by Aurelian, who had commanded the cavalry at Naissus. Aurelian reigned (270–275) through the worst of the crisis, gradually restoring the empire. He defeated the Vandals, Visigoths, Palmyrene Empire, and finally the remainder of the Gallic Empire. By late 274, the Roman Empire had been reunited into a single entity. However, Aurelian was assassinated in 275, sparking a further series of competing emperors with short reigns. The situation did not stabilize until Diocletian, himself a barracks emperor, took power in 284.
More than a century would pass before Rome again lost military ascendancy over its external enemies. However, dozens of formerly thriving cities, especially in the Western Empire, had been ruined. Their populations dead or dispersed, these cities could not be rebuilt, due to the economic breakdown caused by constant warfare. The economy was also crippled by the breakdown in trading networks and the debasement of the currency. Major cities and towns, including Rome itself, had not needed fortifications for many centuries, but now surrounded themselves with thick walls.
Fundamental problems with the empire still remained. The right of imperial succession had never been clearly defined, which was a factor in the continuous civil wars as competing factions in the military, Senate, and other parties put forward their favored candidate for emperor. The sheer size of the empire, which had been an issue since the late Roman Republic three centuries earlier, continued to make it difficult for a single ruler to effectively counter multiple threats at the same time. These continuing problems were addressed by the radical reforms of Diocletian, who broke the cycle of usurpation. He began by sharing his rule with a colleague, then formally established the Tetrarchy of four co-emperors in 293. However the trend of civil war would continue after the abdication of Diocletian in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324) until the rise of Constantine the Great as sole Emperor. The empire survived until 476 in the West and until 1453 in the East.
Causes
Problem of succession and civil war
From the beginning of the Principate there were no clear rules for the imperial succession, largely because the empire maintained the facade of a republic.
During the early Principate, the process for becoming an emperor relied on a combination of proclamation by the Senate, popular approval, and acceptance by the army, in particular the Praetorian Guard. A family connection to a previous emperor was beneficial, but it did not determine the issue in the way a formal system of hereditary succession would. From the Julio-Claudian dynasty onwards there was sometimes tension between the Senate's preferred choice and the army. As the Senatorial class declined in political influence and more generals were recruited from the provinces, this tension increased.
Whenever the succession appeared uncertain, there was an incentive for any general with support of a sizable army to attempt to seize power, sparking civil war. The most recent example of this prior to the Crisis was the Year of the Five Emperors which resulted in the victory of Septimius Severus. After the overthrow of the Severan dynasty, for the rest of the 3rd century, Rome was ruled by a series of generals, coming into power through frequent civil wars which devastated the empire.
Natural disasters
The first and most immediately disastrous of the natural disasters that the Roman Empire faced during the Third Century was the plague. The Antonine Plague that preceded the Crisis of the Third Century sapped manpower from Roman armies and proved disastrous for the Roman economy. From 249 to 262, the Plague of Cyprian devastated the Roman Empire to such a degree that some cities, such as the city of Alexandria, experienced a 62% decline in population. These plagues greatly hindered the Roman Empire's ability to ward off barbarian invasions but also factored into problems such as famine, with many farms becoming abandoned and unproductive.
A second and longer-term natural disaster that took place during the third century was the increased variability of weather. Drier summers meant less agricultural productivity and more extreme weather events led to agricultural instability. This could also have contributed to the increased barbarian pressure on Roman borders, as they too would have experienced the detrimental effects of climate change and sought to push inward to more productive areas of the Mediterranean region.
Foreign invasions
Main article: Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century
Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century
Barbarian invasions came in the wake of civil war, plague, and famine. Distress caused in part by the changing climate led various barbarian tribes to push into Roman territory. Other tribes coalesced into more formidable entities (notably the Alamanni and Franks), or were pushed out of their former territories by more dangerous peoples such as the Sarmatians (the Huns did not appear west of the Volga for another century). Eventually, the frontiers were stabilized by the Illyrian Emperors. However, barbarian migrations into the empire continued in greater and greater numbers. Though these migrants were initially closely monitored and assimilated, later tribes eventually entered the Roman Empire en masse with their weapons, giving only token recognition of Roman authority.
The defensive battles that Rome had to endure on the Danube since the 230s, however, paled in comparison to the threat the empire faced in the East. There, Sassanid Persia represented a far greater danger to Rome than the isolated attacks of Germanic tribes. The Sassanids had in 224 and 226 overthrown the Parthian Arsacids, and the Persian King Ardashir I, who also wanted to prove his legitimacy through military successes, had already penetrated into Roman territory at the time of Severus Alexander, probably taking the strategically important cities of Nisibis and Carrhae in 235/236.
Economic impact
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Emperor Diocletian. With his rise to power in 284, the Crisis of the Third Century ended and gave rise to the Tetrarchy
Internally, the empire faced hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation. This had started earlier under the Severan emperors who enlarged the army by one quarter, and doubled the base pay of legionaries. As each of the short-lived emperors took power, they needed ways to raise money quickly to pay the military's "accession bonus" and the easiest way to do so was by inflating the coinage severely, a process made possible by debasing the coinage with bronze and copper.
This resulted in runaway rises in prices, and by the time Diocletian came to power, the old coinage of the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed. Some taxes were collected in kind and values often were notional, in bullion or bronze coinage. Real values continued to be figured in gold coinage, but the silver coin, the denarius, used for 300 years, was gone (1 pound of gold = 40 gold aurei = 1,000 denarii = 4,000 sestertii). This currency had almost no value by the end of the third century, and trade was carried out without retail coinage.
Breakdown of the internal trade network
One of the most profound and lasting effects of the Crisis of the Third Century was the disruption of Rome's extensive internal trade network. Ever since the Pax Romana, starting with Augustus, the empire's economy had depended in large part on trade between Mediterranean ports and across the extensive road systems to the Empire's interior. Merchants could travel from one end of the empire to the other in relative safety within a few weeks, moving agricultural goods produced in the provinces to the cities, and manufactured goods produced by the great cities of the East to the more rural provinces.
Large estates produced cash crops for export and used the resulting revenues to import food and urban manufactured goods. This resulted in a great deal of economic interdependence among the empire's inhabitants. The historian Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort Moss describes the situation as it stood before the crisis:
Along these roads passed an ever-increasing traffic, not only of troops and officials but of traders, merchandise and even tourists. An interchange of goods between the various provinces rapidly developed, which soon reached a scale unprecedented in the previous history and not repeated until a few centuries ago. Metals mined in the uplands of Western Europe, hides, fleeces, and livestock from the pastoral districts of Britain, Spain, and the shores of the Black Sea, wine and oil from Provence and Aquitaine, timber, pitch and wax from South Russia and northern Anatolia, dried fruits from Syria, marble from the Aegean coasts, and – most important of all – grain from the wheat-growing districts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Danube Valley for the needs of the great cities; all these commodities, under the influence of a highly organized system of transport and marketing, moved freely from one corner of the Empire to the other.
With the onset of the Crisis of the Third Century, however, this vast internal trade network broke down. The widespread civil unrest made it no longer safe for merchants to travel as they once had, and the financial crisis that struck made exchange very difficult with the debased currency. This produced profound changes that, in many ways, foreshadowed the very decentralized economic character of the coming Middle Ages.
Large landowners, no longer able to successfully export their crops over long distances, began producing food for subsistence and local barter. Rather than import manufactured goods from the empire's great urban areas, they began to manufacture many goods locally, often on their own estates, thus beginning the self-sufficient "house economy" that would become commonplace in later centuries, reaching its final form in the manorialism of the Middle Ages. The common, free people of the Roman cities, meanwhile, began to move out into the countryside in search of food and better protection.
Made desperate by economic necessity, many of these former city dwellers, as well as many small farmers, were forced to give up hard-earned basic civil rights in order to receive protection from large land-holders. In doing so, they became a half-free class of Roman citizen known as coloni. They were tied to the land, and in later Imperial law, their status was made hereditary. This provided an early model for serfdom, the origins of medieval feudal society and of the medieval peasantry. The decline in commerce between the imperial provinces put them on a path toward increased self-sufficiency. Large landowners, who had become more self-sufficient, became less mindful of Rome's central authority, particularly in the Western Empire, and were downright hostile toward its tax collectors. The measure of wealth at this time began to have less to do with wielding urban civil authority and more to do with controlling large agricultural estates in rural regions since this guaranteed access to the only economic resource of real value – agricultural land and the crops it produced. The common people of the empire lost economic and political status to the land-holding nobility, and the commercial middle classes waned along with their trade-derived livelihoods. The Crisis of the Third Century thus marked the beginning of a long gradual process that would transform the ancient world of classical antiquity into the medieval one of the Early Middle Ages.
However, although the burdens on the population increased, especially the lower strata of the population, this cannot be generalized to the whole empire, especially since living conditions were not uniform. Although the structural integrity of the economy suffered from the military conflicts of that time and the inflationary episode of the 270s, it did not collapse, especially because of the complex regional differences. Recent research has shown that there were regions that prospered even further, such as Egypt, Africa and Hispania. But even for Asia Minor, which was directly affected by attacks, no general decline can be observed. While commerce and the overall economy flourished in several regions, with several provinces not affected by hostilities, other provinces experienced some serious problems, as evidenced by personal hoards in the northwestern provinces of the empire. However, there can be no talk of a general economic crisis throughout the whole of Empire.
Even the Roman cities began to change in character. The large cities of classical antiquity slowly gave way to the smaller, walled cities that became common in the Middle Ages. These changes were not restricted to the third century, but took place slowly over a long period, and were punctuated with many temporary reversals. In spite of extensive reforms by later emperors, however, the Roman trade network was never able to fully recover to what it had been during the Pax Romana (27 BC – AD 180). This economic decline was far more noticeable and important in the western part of the empire, which was also invaded by barbarian tribes several times during the century. Hence, the balance of power clearly shifted eastward during this period, as evidenced by the choice of Diocletian to rule from Nicomedia in Asia Minor, putting his second in command, Maximian, in Milan. This would have a considerable impact on the later development of the empire with a richer, more stable eastern empire surviving the end of Roman rule in the west.
While imperial revenues fell, imperial expenses rose sharply. More soldiers, greater proportions of cavalry, and the ruinous expense of walling in cities all added to the toll. Goods and services previously paid for by the government were now demanded in addition to monetary taxes. The empire suffered from a crippling labour shortage. The steady exodus of both rich and poor from the cities and now-unprofitable professions forced Diocletian to use compulsion; conscription was made universal, most trades were made hereditary, and workers could not legally leave their jobs or travel elsewhere to seek better-paying ones. This included the unwanted middle-class civil service positions and under Constantine, the military. Constantine also tried to provide social programs for the poor to reduce the labour shortage.
Increased militarization
All the barracks emperors based their power on the military and on the soldiers of the field armies, not on the Praetorians in Rome. Thus, Rome lost its role as the political center of the empire during the third century, although it remained ideologically important. In order to legitimize and secure their rule, the emperors of the third century needed above all military successes.
The centre of decision-making shifted away from Rome and to wherever the emperor was with his armies, typically, in the east. This led to the transfer of the capital to the four cities Milan, Trier, Nicomedia, and Sirmium, and then to Constantinople. The Senate ceased to be the main governing organ and instead members of the equestrian class who filled the military officer corps became increasingly prominent.
Emperors
Main article: List of Roman emperors § Crisis of the Third Century (235–284)
Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by giving their descendants the title of Augustus and so making them co-emperors who later succeeded to the throne after their death or on some occasions their relatives managed to become an emperor immediately after their death. This led to the creation of several brief dynasties.
Non-dynastic
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Maximinus Thrax CAESAR GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 173, Thracia
Proclaimed emperor by Pannonian legions after Severus Alexander's assassination
c. March 235 – June 238
June AD 238 (aged 65) Assassinated by his own troops
3 years
Gordian dynasty
Main article: Gordian dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Gordian I CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 159, Phrygia?
Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus Thrax. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimized by the accession of Gordian III
c. March – April 238
April AD 238 Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II
22 days
Gordian II CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 192, ?
Proclaimed emperor, alongside father Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by act of the Senate
c. March – April 238
April AD 238 Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army
22 days
Pupienus (non-dynastic) CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 178, ?
Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to Maximinus
c. April – July 238
July 29, AD 238 Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard
99 days
Balbinus (non-dynastic) CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS
?
Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus
c. April – July 238
July 29, AD 238 Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
99 days
Gordian III CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS AVGVSTVS
January 20, AD 225, Rome
Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; caesar with Pupienus and Balbinus until July AD 238. Grandson of Gordian I
c. July 238 – February 244
February 11, AD 244 Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of Philip I
5 years, 7 months
Non-dynastic
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Philip the Arab CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILIPPVS AVGVSTVS with Philip II
MARCVS IVLIVS SEVERVS PHILLIPVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 204, Shahba, Syria
Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took power after his death; made his son Philip II co-emperor in summer AD 247
c. February 244 – September 249
September/October AD 249 (aged 45) Killed in the Battle of Verona by Decius
5 years, 7 months
Silbannacus
IMPERATOR MAR. SILBANNACHVS AVGVSTVS
?
Unknown, but he may have been a usurper.
Unknown, possibly between c. 238 and c. 260
?
Unknown, likely very short
Decian dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Trajan Decius CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS with Herennius Etruscus
c. AD 201, Budalia, Pannonia Inferior
Governor under Philip I; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions then defeating and killing Philip in the Battle of Verona; made his son Herennius Etruscus co-emperor in early AD 251
c. September 249 – June 251
June AD 251 Both killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths
2 years
Hostilian CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS
Sirmium
Son of Trajan Decius, accepted as heir by the Senate
c. June 251 – late 251
September/October AD 251 Natural causes (plague)
4–5 months
Non-dynastic
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Trebonianus Gallus CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVGVSTVS with Volusianus
GAIVS VIBIVS VOLVSIANVS AVGVSTVS
AD 206, Italia
Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Decius's death (and in opposition to Hostilian); made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late AD 251.
c. June 251 – August 253
August AD 253 (aged 47) Assassinated by their own troops, in favor of Aemilian
2 years
Aemilian CAESAR MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 207 or 213 Africa
Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the Goths; accepted as emperor after death of Gallus
c. August – October 253
September/October AD 253 (aged 40 or 46) Assassinated by his own troops, in favor of Valerian
2 months
Valerian dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Valerian CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 195
Governor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilian
c. October 253 – 260
After AD 260 Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity
7 years
Gallienus CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS AVGVSTVS with Saloninus
AD 218
Son of Valerian, made co-emperor in AD 253; his son Saloninus is very briefly co-emperor in c. July 260 before assassination by Postumus
c. October 253 – September 268
September AD 268 Murdered at Aquileia by his own commanders
15 years
Claudian dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Claudius II CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS
May 10, AD 210, Sirmium
Victorious general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's death According to Epitome de Caesaribus he was a bastard son of Gordian II
c. September 268 – January/April 270
January/April AD 270 (aged 60) Natural causes (plague)
1 year, 4–7 months
Quintillus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 210, Sirmium
Brother of Claudius II, seized power after his death
c. April–May (?) 270
AD 270 (aged around 60) Unclear; possibly suicide or murder
17–77 days
Non-dynastic
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Aurelian CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS
September 9, AD 214/AD 215, Sirmium
Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus
c. May 270 – October 275
September AD 275 (aged 60–61) Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
5 years
Tacitan dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Tacitus CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS
c. 200, Interamna Nahars, Italia
Elected by the Senate to replace Aurelian, after a short interregnum
c. December 275 – June 276
June AD 276 (aged 76) Natural causes (fever), possibly assassinated
9 months
Florianus CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVGVSTVS
?
Brother of Tacitus, elected by the army in the west to replace him
c. June 276 – September 276
September? AD 276 (aged ?) Assassinated by his own troops, in favor of Probus
3 months
Non-dynastic
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Probus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS AVGVSTVS
AD 232, Sirmium
Governor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to Florian
c. September 276 – September AD 282
September/ October AD 282 (aged 50) Assassinated by his own troops, in favor of Carus
6 years
Caran dynasty
Portrait
Name
Birth
Succession
Reign
Death
Time in office
Carus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS
c. AD 230, Narbo, Gallia Narbonensis
Praetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered; made his son Carinus co-emperor in early AD 283
c. September 282 – July/August 283
July/August AD 283 Natural causes? (Possibly killed by lightning)
10–11 months
Numerian CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS
?
Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Carinus
c. July/August 283 – November 284
AD 284 Unclear; possibly assassinated
1 year
Carinus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS
?
Son of Carus, ruled shortly with him and then with his brother Numerian
Spring 283– July 285
July AD 285 Died in the Battle of the Margus
2 years
See also
Bagaudae
Sengoku period – a similar period in Japanese history
Warring States period and Three Kingdoms period – similar periods in Chinese history (the latter roughly contemporaneous with the Crisis of the Third Century)
Jublains archeological site documents some effects of the crisis in what is now western France
Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century
Notes
^ Adriatic-Ionian-centered
Citations
^ van Sickle, C. E. (1930). "Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy". American Journal of Philology. 51 (4): 343–357. doi:10.2307/289894. JSTOR 289894.
^ Brown, Peter Robert Lamont (1971). The World of Late Antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 22. ISBN 978-0500320228.
^ Potter, David Stone (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 Routledge history of the ancient world. Psychology Press. pp. 85, 167. ISBN 978-0415100588.
^ "Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ Kenneth W. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700, p. 216
^ R.J. van der Spek, Lukas De Blois (2008), An Introduction to the Ancient World, p. 272 Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge
^ Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 42.
^ Dunstan, William, E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from village to empire. Oxford University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-19-511875-9.
^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
^ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 11–13. ISBN 1134908156.
^ " Herodian says "in their opinion, Alexander showed no honourable intention to pursue the war and preferred a life of ease, when he should have marched out to punish the Germans for their previous insolence" (Herodian vi.7.10).
^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 64
^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 66
^ Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284 12:16
^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67
^ Meckler, Michael L., Maximinus Thrax (235–238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997)
^ Southern, Pat (2011-02-17). "Third Century Crisis of the Roman Empire". BBC History, 17 February 2011.
^ Zosimus (1814) . The New History, Book 1. (scanned and published online by Roger Pearse). London: Green and Chaplin. pp. 16, 21, 31. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
^ Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). The power of plagues by Irwin W. Sherman. ISBN 9781555816483.
^ "Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century". Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
^ G. M. Rogers (December 1988). "The Crisis of the Third Century A.D." Belleten. 52 (205): 1509–1526. doi:10.37879/belleten.1988.1509. S2CID 252492735.
^ Kolb, Frank (1987). Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie. Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft?, Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-010934-4
^ MacMullen, Ramsay. Constantine. New York: Dial Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6
^ "Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History". www.armstrong.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
^ Freedman, Paul (Fall 2011). "The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms". Yale University. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
^ Sabbatani, S.; Fiorino, S. (December 2009). "The Antonine Plague and the decline of the Roman Empire". Le Infezioni in Medicina: Rivista Periodica di Eziologia, Epidemiologia, Diagnostica, Clinica e Terapia delle Patologie Infettive. 17 (4): 261–275. ISSN 1124-9390. PMID 20046111.
^ Bernett, Rich (2020-08-22). "Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
^ Harper, Kyle (2017-11-01). "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
^ Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Wanner, Heinz; Luterbacher, Jürg; Esper, Jan (13 January 2011). "2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility". Science. 331 (6017): 578–582. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..578B. doi:10.1126/science.1197175. PMID 21233349.
^ Nigel., Rodgers (2006). Roman Empire. Dodge, Hazel. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754816027. OCLC 62177842.
^ Josef Wiesehöfer: Das Reich der Sāsāniden, in Klaus Peter Johne, Udo Hartmann, Thomas Gerhardt, Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284) 2008, p. 531ff.
^ Erich Kettenhofen: Die Eroberung von Nisibis und Karrhai durch die Sāsāniden in der Zeit Kaiser Maximins, AD 235/236. In: Iranica Antiqua 30 (1995), pp. 159–177.
^ "This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
^ Flichy, Thomas (28 September 2012). Financial crises and renewal of empires. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291097337.
^ Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort Moss (1935). The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 1.
^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1
^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 29–30
^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 26, 28–29
^ Ruffing, Kai (2006). Deleto paene imperio Romano: Transformationsprozesse des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert und ihre Rezeption in der Neuzeit. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 223. ISBN 978-3-515-08941-8. OCLC 180946164.
^ Hekster, Olivier. (2008). Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7486-2992-3. OCLC 271165910.
^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 7, 30
^ Joseph Tainter (1988). The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 052138673X.
^ Johne, Klaus-Peter; Hartmann, Udo; Gerhardt, Thomas (2008). Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284). Rome: Akademie Verlag. p. 1026. ISBN 978-3050045290.
^ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN 1134908156.
General bibliography
Allen, Larry (2009). The Encyclopedia of Money (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 346–348. ISBN 978-1598842517.
Davies, Glyn (1997) . A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Reprint ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-0708313510.
Olivier Hekster, Rome and Its Empire, AD 193–284 (Edinburgh, 2008). ISBN 978 0 7486 2303 7.
Klaus-Peter Johne (ed.), Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser (Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2008).
Lot, Ferdinand. End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages (Harper Torchbooks Printing, New York, 1961. First English printing by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1931).
Moss, H. St. L. B. The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000). ISBN 0-19-500260-1.
Watson, Alaric. Aurelian and the Third Century (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 0-415-30187-4
White, John F. Restorer of the World: The Roman Emperor Aurelian (Spellmount, 2004) ISBN 1-86227-250-6
Further reading
Crisis of the Third Century, Hugh Kramer.
Map, University of Calgary.
The Crisis of the Third Century, OSU.
vteAncient Roman warsWars of theRoman Republic
Roman conquest of Italy
Roman–Etruscan Wars
Roman-Aequian wars
Roman–Latin wars
Roman–Hernician wars
Roman–Volscian wars
Roman–Sabine wars
Samnite Wars
Pyrrhic War
Social War
Roman–Gallic wars
Punic Wars
First
Second
Third
Illyro-Roman Wars
Macedonian Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Roman–Seleucid war
Galatian War
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
Celtiberian Wars
Lusitanian War
Numantine War
Sertorian War
Cantabrian Wars
Achaean War
Jugurthine War
Cimbrian War
Servile Wars
First
Second
Third
Bellum Octavianum
Sulla's civil war
Mithridatic Wars
First
Second
Third
Gallic Wars
Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
Roman–Parthian Wars
Caesar's civil war
War of Mutina
Liberators' civil war
Bellum Siculum
Perusine War
War of Actium
Wars of theRoman Empire
Germanic wars
Marcomannic Wars
Gothic War
Roman conquest of Britain
Boudican revolt
Armenian War
Civil war of 69
Jewish–Roman wars
Domitian's Dacian War
Trajan's Dacian Wars
Roman–Persian Wars
Civil wars of the Third Century
Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Military history of ancient Rome
vteHistory of EuropePrehistory
Paleolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe
Bronze Age Europe
Iron Age Europe
Classical antiquity
Classical Greece
Roman Republic
Hellenistic period
Roman Empire
Early Christianity
Christianity in late antiquity
Crisis of the Third Century
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Late antiquity
Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages
Migration Period
Christianity in the Middle Ages
Christianization
Francia
Anglo-Saxon England
Byzantine Empire
Papal States
Bulgarian Empire
First
Second
Maritime republics
Venice
Genoa
Pisa
Amalfi
Viking Age
Kievan Rus'
Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca)
Holy Roman Empire
High Middle Ages
Republic of Florence
Feudalism
Crusades
Mongol invasion
Serbian Empire
Late Middle Ages
Black Death
Hundred Years' War
Kalmar Union
Early modern
Renaissance
Christianity in the modern era
Reformation
Age of Discovery
Baroque
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Thirty Years' War
Absolute monarchy
Ottoman Empire
Portuguese Empire
Spanish Empire
Early modern France
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossack Hetmanate
Swedish Empire
Dutch Republic
British Empire
Habsburg monarchy
Russian Empire
Age of Enlightenment
Late modern
Great Divergence
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution
Napoleonic Wars
Nationalism
Revolutions of 1848
World War I
Russian Revolution
Interwar period
World War II
Cold War
European integration
European debt crisis
COVID-19 pandemic
Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also
Art of Europe
Bibliography of European history
Genetic history of Europe
History of Christianity
History of the Mediterranean region
History of the European Union
History of Western civilization
Maritime history of Europe
Military history of Europe
Crusading movement
vteFinancial crises
Bank run
Commodity price shocks
Credit crunch
Credit cycle
Currency crisis
Debt crisis
Energy crisis
Financial contagion
Social contagion
Flash crash
Hyperinflation
Liquidity crisis
Accounting
Capital
Funding
Market
Minsky moment
Social crisis
Stock market crash
Pre-1000
Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)
Commercial revolution(1000–1760)
Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)
The Great Debasement (1544–1551)
Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)
Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623)
Tulip mania crash (1637)
South Sea bubble crash (1720)
Mississippi bubble crash (1720)
1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)
Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784)
British credit crisis of 1772–1773
Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)
Copper Panic of 1789
Panic of 1792
Panic of 1796–1797
Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1825
Panic of 1837
1840–1870
European potato failure (1845–1856)
Great Irish Famine
Highland Potato Famine
Panic of 1847
Panic of 1857
Panic of 1866
Black Friday (1869)
2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)
Panic of 1873
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Panic of 1884
Arendal crash (1886)
Baring crisis (1890)
Encilhamento (1890–1893)
Panic of 1893
Australian banking crisis of 1893
Black Monday (1894)
Panic of 1896
Panic of 1901
Panic of 1907
Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)
Panic of 1910–1911
Financial crisis of 1914
Interwar period(1918–1939)
Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)
Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)
Shōwa financial crisis (1927)
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Panic of 1930
Post–WWII expansion(1945–1973)
Kennedy Slide of 1962
1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
Great Inflation(1973–1982)
1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)
1973 oil crisis
1973–1974 stock market crash
Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
Steel crisis (1973–1982)
Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982)
1976 British currency crisis
1979 oil crisis
Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
Great Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)
Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
Chilean crisis of 1982
1983 Israel bank stock crisis
Black Saturday (1983)
Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995)
Cameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)
Black Monday (1987)
1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)
Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)
1991 Indian economic crisis
1990s Swedish financial crisis
1990s Finnish banking crisis
1990s Armenian energy crisis
Cuban Special Period (1991–2000)
Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)
1994 bond market crisis
Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996)
1997 Asian financial crisis
October 1997 mini-crash
1998 Russian financial crisis
1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
1998–2002 Argentine great depression
Samba effect (1999)
Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004)
9/11 stock market crash (2001)
2001 Turkish economic crisis
South American economic crisis of 2002
Stock market downturn of 2002
2002 Uruguay banking crisis
2003 Myanmar banking crisis
2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)
2004 Argentine energy crisis
2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)
Great Recession(2007–2009)
2007–2008 financial crisis
September 2008
October 2008
November 2008
December 2008
2009
Subprime mortgage crisis
2000s U.S. housing market correction
U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
2008 Latvian financial crisis
2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
Blue Monday Crash 2009
European debt crisis
Greek government-debt crisis
Information Age(2009–present)
2009 Dubai debt standstill
Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)
Syrian economic crisis (2011–present)
August 2011 stock markets fall
2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
Venezuela economic crisis (2013–present)
2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)
Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
2015 Nepal blockade
2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
2015–2016 stock market selloff
Brexit stock market crash (2016)
Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022)
2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018)
Turkish economic crisis (2018–present)
Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)
Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)
COVID-19 pandemic
Financial market impact
2020 stock market crash
Recession
Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)
2021–2023 inflation
2022 Russian financial crisis
2022 stock market decline
2023 United States banking crisis
List of banking crises
List of economic crises
List of sovereign debt crises
List of stock market crashes and bear markets
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roman history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"foreign invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_into_the_Roman_Empire_of_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"civil wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts"},{"link_name":"economic disintegration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_collapse"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"barbarian invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_of_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration"},{"link_name":"peasant rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaudae"},{"link_name":"political instability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_instability"},{"link_name":"usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"debasement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasement"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency"},{"link_name":"trade networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce"},{"link_name":"economic productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"Plague of Cyprian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian#Reforms"},{"link_name":"Dominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominate"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"historical periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy[1] or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration. At the height of the crisis, the Roman state had split into three distinct and competing polities.The crisis began in 235 with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops. During the following 50-year period, the empire saw barbarian invasions and migrations into Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. This led to the debasement of currency and a breakdown in both trade networks and economic productivity, with the Plague of Cyprian contributing to the disorder. Roman armies became more reliant over time on the growing influence of the barbarian mercenaries known as foederati. Roman commanders in the field, although nominally loyal to the state, became increasingly independent of Rome's central authority.During the crisis, there were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors. By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper.The reign of Aurelian (270-275) marks a turning point in the crisis period. Aurelian successfully reunited the empire by defeating the two breakaway states, and carried out a series of reforms which helped restore some measure of stability to the Roman economy. The crisis is said to have ended with Diocletian and his restructuring of the Roman imperial government, economy and military. The last is seen as a pivotal moment in Roman history, signaling the beginning of the Dominate.The crisis resulted in such profound changes in the empire's institutions, society, economic life, and religion that it is increasingly seen by most historians as defining the transition between the historical periods of classical antiquity and late antiquity.[2]","title":"Crisis of the Third Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alemanni § Conflicts with the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni#Conflicts_with_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Maximinus Thrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax"},{"link_name":"Death of Alexander Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Harzhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Quartinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartinus"},{"link_name":"Year of the Six Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Gordian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_I"},{"link_name":"Gordian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Pupienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus"},{"link_name":"Balbinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinus"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi"},{"link_name":"Gordian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III"},{"link_name":"Sabinianus Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinianus_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Fall of Hatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Hatra"},{"link_name":"Resaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena"},{"link_name":"Misiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche"},{"link_name":"Philip the Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi"},{"link_name":"Secular Games of 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Games_of_248"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Sponsianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsianus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Pacatianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacatianus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Jotapianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotapianus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Silbannacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbannacus"},{"link_name":"Decius' Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius%27_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)"},{"link_name":"Decius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius"},{"link_name":"Plague of Cyprian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian"},{"link_name":"Decian persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decian_persecution"},{"link_name":"Gothic invasion of Cniva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cniva"},{"link_name":"Carpi invasion of Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_invasion_of_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis ad Istrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum"},{"link_name":"Beroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe"},{"link_name":"Philippopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Julius Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Julius_Priscus"},{"link_name":"Abritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus"},{"link_name":"Decius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius"},{"link_name":"Etruscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus"},{"link_name":"Trebonianus Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Death of Hostilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostilian"},{"link_name":"Mariades' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariades%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Nisibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)"},{"link_name":"Barbalissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos"},{"link_name":"Interamna Nahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Interamna_Nahars"},{"link_name":"Aemilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilianus"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)"},{"link_name":"Thermopylae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)"},{"link_name":"Dura-Europos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)"},{"link_name":"Mediolanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Ingenuus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_of_Ingenuus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Regalianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_of_Regalianus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Macrianus Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrianus_Major"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Death of Saloninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Saloninus"},{"link_name":"Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxolani"},{"link_name":"Campaigns of Odaenathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Balista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balista"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_Thessalonicus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_of_Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Macrianus Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_of_Macrianus_Minor"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation_of_Mussius_Aemilianus"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Odaenathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#Assassination_theories"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Maeonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeonius"},{"link_name":"Heruli Raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herules"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Athens_(267_AD)"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolus"},{"link_name":"Claudius Gothicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Laelianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laelianus"},{"link_name":"Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius"},{"link_name":"Augustodunum Haeduorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Augustodunum_Haeduorum"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus"},{"link_name":"Lake Benacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus"},{"link_name":"Capture of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexippus"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Bostra"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene invasion of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_invasion_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Victorinus Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorinus_Junior"},{"link_name":"Domitian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian_II"},{"link_name":"Tetricus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I"},{"link_name":"Tetricus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_II"},{"link_name":"Rebellion of Felicissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicissimus"},{"link_name":"Placentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)"},{"link_name":"Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fano"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)"},{"link_name":"Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana_(272)"},{"link_name":"Immae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Immae"},{"link_name":"Emesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Emesa"},{"link_name":"Razing of Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razing_of_Palmyra"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Faustinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustinus"},{"link_name":"Châlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Bonosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Proculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proculus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Julius Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Saturninus"},{"link_name":"Carus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinus"},{"link_name":"Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Margum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Margus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"donativum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donativum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spek-7"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Julia Domna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Domna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-11"},{"link_name":"bread and circuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_circuses"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Roman legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Germanic chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_chieftain"},{"link_name":"Herodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Maximinus Thrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax"},{"link_name":"barracks emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks_emperor"},{"link_name":"warlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Year of the Six Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Gordian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_I"},{"link_name":"Gordian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pupienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus"},{"link_name":"Balbinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinus"},{"link_name":"Gordian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Legio II Parthica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Rhine and Danube frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Carpians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpians"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"Alamanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamanni"},{"link_name":"Sassanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanids"},{"link_name":"Climate changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)"},{"link_name":"sea level rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Plague of Cyprian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zosimus-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurper"},{"link_name":"Roman provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Claudius II Gothicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus"},{"link_name":"Alamanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamanni"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Civil wars of the Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"until 476 in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"until 1453 in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire"}],"text":"Further information: Alemanni § Conflicts with the Roman EmpirevteCrisis of the Third CenturyReign of Maximinus Thrax (235–238)\nDeath of Alexander Severus (235)\nHarzhorn (c. 235)\nUsurpation of Magnus (c. 235)\nUsurpation of Quartinus (235)\nYear of the Six Emperors (238)\n\nRevolt of Gordian I & Gordian II (238)\nBattle of Carthage (238)\nSiege of Aquileia (238)\nReign of Pupienus & Balbinus (238)\nInvasion of the Carpi (238–239)\nReign of Gordian III (238–244)\n\nSabinianus Revolt (240)\nFall of Hatra (241)\nResaena (243)\nMisiche (244)\nReign of Philip the Arab (244–249)\n\nInvasion of the Carpi (245–247)\nSecular Games of 248 (248)\nUsurpation of Sponsianus (240s)\nUsurpation of Pacatianus (248)\nUsurpation of Jotapianus (249)\nUsurpation of Silbannacus (249 or 253)\nDecius' Rebellion (249)\nVerona and death of Philip & Philip II (249)\nReign of Decius (249–251)\n\nPlague of Cyprian (250–270)\nDecian persecution (250–251)\nGothic invasion of Cniva (250–251)\nCarpi invasion of Dacia (250)\nNicopolis ad Istrum (250)\nBeroe (250)\nPhilippopolis (250)\nUsurpation of Julius Priscus (251)\nAbritus and death of Decius and Etruscus (251)\nReign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253)\n\nDeath of Hostilian (251)\nMariades' Revolt (252)\nNisibis (252)\nBarbalissos (253)\nInteramna Nahars (c 253)\nReign of Aemilianus (253)\n\nAntioch (253)\nReign of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260)\n\nThessalonica (254)\nThermopylae (254)\nDura-Europos (256)\nGothic invasion (256–257)\nInvasion of Shapur (258)\nInvasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)\nMediolanum (259)\nScythian invasion (259–260)\nEdessa (260)\nReign of Gallienus (260–268)\n\nCaesarea (260)\nUsurpation of Ingenuus (260)\nUsurpation of Regalianus (260)\nUsurpation of Macrianus Major (c. 259–261)\nGallic Empire (260–274)\nDeath of Saloninus (260)\nRoxolani Invasion of Pannonia (260)\nCampaigns of Odaenathus (260–267)\nUsurpation of Quietus (261)\nUsurpation of Balista (261)\nUsurpation of Valens Thessalonicus (261)\nUsurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (261)\nUsurpation of Macrianus Minor (261)\nPannonian Rebellion (261)\nUsurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261–262)\nPostumus' Campaign against the Franks (262)\nPostumus' Campaign against the Alamanni (263)\nCtesiphon (263)\nScythian Invasion (265–266)\nAssassination of Odaenathus (267)\nUsurpation of Maeonius (266–267)\nScythian Invasion (267–269)\nHeruli Raids (267)\nAthens (267)\nUsurpation of Acilius Aureolus (268)\nReign of Claudius Gothicus (268–270)\n\nUsurpation of Laelianus (269)\nReign of Marcus Aurelius Marius (269)\nAugustodunum Haeduorum\nNaissus (268/269)\nLake Benacus (268 or 269)\nCapture of Athens (269)\nPalmyrene Empire (270–273)\nBostra (270)\nPalmyrene invasion of Egypt (270)\nVandal Invasion (270)\nReign of Aurelian (270–275)\n\nUsurpation of Victorinus Junior (271)\nJunthungi Invasion (271)\nDomitian II (271)\nTetricus I & Tetricus II (271–274)\nRebellion of Felicissimus (270s)\nPlacentia (271)\nFano (271)\nPavia (271)\nTyana (272)\nImmae (272)\nEmesa (272)\nRazing of Palmyra (273)\nUsurpation of Faustinus (c. 273)\nChâlons (274)\nReign of Tacitus (275-276)\n\nGothic Invasion (276-277)\nReign of Probus (276-282)\n\nVandal Invasion (276-278)\nSarmatian Invasion (278)\nUsurpation of Bonosus & Proculus (280)\nUsurpation of Julius Saturninus (280)\nReign of Carus (282-283)\n\nCarus' invasion of the Sasanian Empire (283)\nReign of Carinus (283-285)\n\nUsurpation of Julian of Pannonia (284-285)\nMargum (285)The army required larger and larger bribes to remain loyal.[3] Septimius Severus raised the pay of legionaries, and gave substantial donativum to the troops.[4][5] The large and ongoing increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.[6] His son Caracalla raised the annual pay and lavished many benefits on the army in accordance with the advice of his father to keep their loyalty,[7][8][9] and considered dividing the empire into eastern and western sectors with his brother Geta to reduce the conflict in their co-rule. But with the major influence of their mother, Julia Domna, this division of the empire was not possible.[10]Instead of warring in foreign lands, the Roman empire was increasingly put on the defensive by marauding enemies and civil wars. This cut off the essential source of income gained from plundering enemy countries, while opening up the Roman countryside to economic devastation from looters both foreign and domestic. Frequent civil wars contributed to depletion of the army's manpower, and drafting replacement soldiers strained the labour force further. Fighting on multiple fronts, increasing size and pay of the army, increasing cost of transport, populist \"bread and circuses\" political campaigns, inefficient and corrupt tax collection, unorganised budgeting, and paying off foreign nations for peace all contributed to financial crisis. The emperors responded by confiscating assets and supplies to combat the deficit.[11]The situation of the Roman Empire became dire in 235. Many Roman legions had been defeated during a previous campaign against Germanic peoples raiding across the borders, while the emperor Severus Alexander had been focused primarily on the dangers from the Sassanid Empire. Leading his troops personally, the emperor resorted to diplomacy and accepting tribute to pacify the Germanic chieftains quickly, rather than military conquest. According to Herodian this cost Severus Alexander the respect of his troops, who may have felt that more severe punishment was required for the tribes that had intruded on Rome's territory.[12] The troops assassinated Severus Alexander and proclaimed the new emperor to be Maximinus Thrax, commander of one of the legions present.Maximinus was the first of the barracks emperors – rulers who were elevated by the troops without having any political experience, a supporting faction, distinguished ancestors, or a hereditary claim to the imperial throne. As their rule rested on military might and generalship, they operated as warlords reliant on the army to maintain power. Maximinus continued the campaigns in Germania but struggled to exert his authority over the whole empire. The Senate was displeased at having to accept a peasant as Emperor.[13] This precipitated the chaotic Year of the Six Emperors during which all of the original claimants were killed: in 238 a revolt broke out in Africa led by Gordian I and Gordian II,[14] which was soon supported by the Roman Senate,[15] but this was quickly defeated with Gordian II killed and Gordian I committing suicide. The Senate, fearing Imperial wrath,[16] raised two of their own as co-Emperors, Pupienus and Balbinus, with Gordian I's grandson Gordian III as Caesar.[17] Maximinus marched on Rome but was assassinated by his Legio II Parthica, and subsequently Pupienus and Balbinus were murdered by the Praetorian Guard.In the following years, numerous generals of the Roman army fought each other for control of the empire and neglected their duties of defending it from invasion. There were frequent raids across the Rhine and Danube frontier by foreign tribes, including the Carpians, Goths, Vandals, and Alamanni, and attacks from Sassanids in the east. Climate changes and a sea level rise disrupted the agriculture of what is now the Low Countries, forcing tribes residing in the region to migrate into Roman lands.[18] Further disruption arose in 251, when the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox) broke out. This plague caused large-scale death, severely weakening the empire.[19][20] The situation was worsened in 260 when the emperor Valerian was captured in battle by the Sassanids (he later died in captivity).Throughout the period, numerous usurpers claimed the imperial throne. In the absence of a strong central authority, the empire broke into three competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain, and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire in 260. The eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Aegyptus also became independent as the Palmyrene Empire in 267. The remaining provinces, centered on Italy, stayed under a single ruler but now faced threats on every side.[21]Gothic raids in the 3rd centuryAn invasion of Macedonia and Greece by Goths, who had been displaced from their lands on the Black Sea, was defeated by emperor Claudius II Gothicus at the Battle of Naissus in 268 or 269. Historians see this victory as the turning point of the crisis. In its aftermath, a series of tough, energetic barracks emperors were able to reassert central authority. Further victories by Claudius Gothicus drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire. He died of the plague in 270 and was succeeded by Aurelian, who had commanded the cavalry at Naissus. Aurelian reigned (270–275) through the worst of the crisis, gradually restoring the empire. He defeated the Vandals, Visigoths, Palmyrene Empire, and finally the remainder of the Gallic Empire. By late 274, the Roman Empire had been reunited into a single entity. However, Aurelian was assassinated in 275, sparking a further series of competing emperors with short reigns. The situation did not stabilize until Diocletian, himself a barracks emperor, took power in 284.[citation needed]More than a century would pass before Rome again lost military ascendancy over its external enemies. However, dozens of formerly thriving cities, especially in the Western Empire, had been ruined. Their populations dead or dispersed, these cities could not be rebuilt, due to the economic breakdown caused by constant warfare. The economy was also crippled by the breakdown in trading networks and the debasement of the currency. Major cities and towns, including Rome itself, had not needed fortifications for many centuries, but now surrounded themselves with thick walls.[22]Fundamental problems with the empire still remained. The right of imperial succession had never been clearly defined, which was a factor in the continuous civil wars as competing factions in the military, Senate, and other parties put forward their favored candidate for emperor. The sheer size of the empire, which had been an issue since the late Roman Republic three centuries earlier, continued to make it difficult for a single ruler to effectively counter multiple threats at the same time. These continuing problems were addressed by the radical reforms of Diocletian, who broke the cycle of usurpation. He began by sharing his rule with a colleague, then formally established the Tetrarchy of four co-emperors in 293.[23] However the trend of civil war would continue after the abdication of Diocletian in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324) until the rise of Constantine the Great as sole Emperor.[24] The empire survived until 476 in the West and until 1453 in the East.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard"},{"link_name":"hereditary succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_succession"},{"link_name":"Julio-Claudian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Year of the Five Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Problem of succession and civil war","text":"From the beginning of the Principate there were no clear rules for the imperial succession, largely because the empire maintained the facade of a republic.[25]During the early Principate, the process for becoming an emperor relied on a combination of proclamation by the Senate, popular approval, and acceptance by the army, in particular the Praetorian Guard. A family connection to a previous emperor was beneficial, but it did not determine the issue in the way a formal system of hereditary succession would. From the Julio-Claudian dynasty onwards there was sometimes tension between the Senate's preferred choice and the army. As the Senatorial class declined in political influence and more generals were recruited from the provinces, this tension increased.Whenever the succession appeared uncertain, there was an incentive for any general with support of a sizable army to attempt to seize power, sparking civil war. The most recent example of this prior to the Crisis was the Year of the Five Emperors which resulted in the victory of Septimius Severus. After the overthrow of the Severan dynasty, for the rest of the 3rd century, Rome was ruled by a series of generals, coming into power through frequent civil wars which devastated the empire.[26]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonine Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague"},{"link_name":"Roman economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Plague of Cyprian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian"},{"link_name":"city of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"agricultural productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Natural disasters","text":"The first and most immediately disastrous of the natural disasters that the Roman Empire faced during the Third Century was the plague. The Antonine Plague that preceded the Crisis of the Third Century sapped manpower from Roman armies and proved disastrous for the Roman economy.[27] From 249 to 262, the Plague of Cyprian devastated the Roman Empire to such a degree that some cities, such as the city of Alexandria, experienced a 62% decline in population.[28] These plagues greatly hindered the Roman Empire's ability to ward off barbarian invasions but also factored into problems such as famine, with many farms becoming abandoned and unproductive.[29]A second and longer-term natural disaster that took place during the third century was the increased variability of weather. Drier summers meant less agricultural productivity and more extreme weather events led to agricultural instability. This could also have contributed to the increased barbarian pressure on Roman borders, as they too would have experienced the detrimental effects of climate change and sought to push inward to more productive areas of the Mediterranean region.[30]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png"},{"link_name":"Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_of_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"Alamanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_emperors"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Persia"},{"link_name":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribe"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ardashir I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I"},{"link_name":"Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Nisibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisibis"},{"link_name":"Carrhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrhae"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Foreign invasions","text":"Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd centuryBarbarian invasions came in the wake of civil war, plague, and famine. Distress caused in part by the changing climate led various barbarian tribes to push into Roman territory. Other tribes coalesced into more formidable entities (notably the Alamanni and Franks), or were pushed out of their former territories by more dangerous peoples such as the Sarmatians (the Huns did not appear west of the Volga for another century). Eventually, the frontiers were stabilized by the Illyrian Emperors. However, barbarian migrations into the empire continued in greater and greater numbers. Though these migrants were initially closely monitored and assimilated, later tribes eventually entered the Roman Empire en masse with their weapons, giving only token recognition of Roman authority.[31]The defensive battles that Rome had to endure on the Danube since the 230s, however, paled in comparison to the threat the empire faced in the East. There, Sassanid Persia represented a far greater danger to Rome than the isolated attacks of Germanic tribes.[32] The Sassanids had in 224 and 226 overthrown the Parthian Arsacids, and the Persian King Ardashir I, who also wanted to prove his legitimacy through military successes, had already penetrated into Roman territory at the time of Severus Alexander, probably taking the strategically important cities of Nisibis and Carrhae in 235/236.[33]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_(284-305_d.C.)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation"},{"link_name":"devaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Severan emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Real values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value"},{"link_name":"aurei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureus"},{"link_name":"denarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius"},{"link_name":"sestertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestertius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Emperor Diocletian. With his rise to power in 284, the Crisis of the Third Century ended and gave rise to the TetrarchyInternally, the empire faced hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation.[34] This had started earlier under the Severan emperors who enlarged the army by one quarter,[35][self-published source?] and doubled the base pay of legionaries. As each of the short-lived emperors took power, they needed ways to raise money quickly to pay the military's \"accession bonus\" and the easiest way to do so was by inflating the coinage severely, a process made possible by debasing the coinage with bronze and copper.This resulted in runaway rises in prices, and by the time Diocletian came to power, the old coinage of the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed. Some taxes were collected in kind and values often were notional, in bullion or bronze coinage. Real values continued to be figured in gold coinage, but the silver coin, the denarius, used for 300 years, was gone (1 pound of gold = 40 gold aurei = 1,000 denarii = 4,000 sestertii).[citation needed] This currency had almost no value by the end of the third century, and trade was carried out without retail coinage.","title":"Economic impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pax Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"dried fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"manorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"coloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonus_(person)"},{"link_name":"serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"feudal society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_society"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"hoards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoards"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"walled cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_city"},{"link_name":"Pax Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"},{"link_name":"Nicomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"eastern empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"end of Roman rule in the west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Breakdown of the internal trade network","text":"One of the most profound and lasting effects of the Crisis of the Third Century was the disruption of Rome's extensive internal trade network. Ever since the Pax Romana, starting with Augustus, the empire's economy had depended in large part on trade between Mediterranean ports and across the extensive road systems to the Empire's interior. Merchants could travel from one end of the empire to the other in relative safety within a few weeks, moving agricultural goods produced in the provinces to the cities, and manufactured goods produced by the great cities of the East to the more rural provinces.Large estates produced cash crops for export and used the resulting revenues to import food and urban manufactured goods. This resulted in a great deal of economic interdependence among the empire's inhabitants. The historian Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort Moss describes the situation as it stood before the crisis:Along these roads passed an ever-increasing traffic, not only of troops and officials but of traders, merchandise and even tourists. An interchange of goods between the various provinces rapidly developed, which soon reached a scale unprecedented in the previous history and not repeated until a few centuries ago. Metals mined in the uplands of Western Europe, hides, fleeces, and livestock from the pastoral districts of Britain, Spain, and the shores of the Black Sea, wine and oil from Provence and Aquitaine, timber, pitch and wax from South Russia and northern Anatolia, dried fruits from Syria, marble from the Aegean coasts, and – most important of all – grain from the wheat-growing districts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Danube Valley for the needs of the great cities; all these commodities, under the influence of a highly organized system of transport and marketing, moved freely from one corner of the Empire to the other.[36]With the onset of the Crisis of the Third Century, however, this vast internal trade network broke down. The widespread civil unrest made it no longer safe for merchants to travel as they once had, and the financial crisis that struck made exchange very difficult with the debased currency. This produced profound changes that, in many ways, foreshadowed the very decentralized economic character of the coming Middle Ages.[37]Large landowners, no longer able to successfully export their crops over long distances, began producing food for subsistence and local barter. Rather than import manufactured goods from the empire's great urban areas, they began to manufacture many goods locally, often on their own estates, thus beginning the self-sufficient \"house economy\" that would become commonplace in later centuries, reaching its final form in the manorialism of the Middle Ages. The common, free people of the Roman cities, meanwhile, began to move out into the countryside in search of food and better protection.[38]Made desperate by economic necessity, many of these former city dwellers, as well as many small farmers, were forced to give up hard-earned basic civil rights in order to receive protection from large land-holders. In doing so, they became a half-free class of Roman citizen known as coloni. They were tied to the land, and in later Imperial law, their status was made hereditary. This provided an early model for serfdom, the origins of medieval feudal society and of the medieval peasantry. The decline in commerce between the imperial provinces put them on a path toward increased self-sufficiency. Large landowners, who had become more self-sufficient, became less mindful of Rome's central authority, particularly in the Western Empire, and were downright hostile toward its tax collectors. The measure of wealth at this time began to have less to do with wielding urban civil authority and more to do with controlling large agricultural estates in rural regions since this guaranteed access to the only economic resource of real value – agricultural land and the crops it produced. The common people of the empire lost economic and political status to the land-holding nobility, and the commercial middle classes waned along with their trade-derived livelihoods. The Crisis of the Third Century thus marked the beginning of a long gradual process that would transform the ancient world of classical antiquity into the medieval one of the Early Middle Ages.[39]However, although the burdens on the population increased, especially the lower strata of the population, this cannot be generalized to the whole empire, especially since living conditions were not uniform. Although the structural integrity of the economy suffered from the military conflicts of that time and the inflationary episode of the 270s, it did not collapse, especially because of the complex regional differences. Recent research has shown that there were regions that prospered even further, such as Egypt, Africa and Hispania. But even for Asia Minor, which was directly affected by attacks, no general decline can be observed.[40] While commerce and the overall economy flourished in several regions, with several provinces not affected by hostilities, other provinces experienced some serious problems, as evidenced by personal hoards in the northwestern provinces of the empire. However, there can be no talk of a general economic crisis throughout the whole of Empire.[41]Even the Roman cities began to change in character. The large cities of classical antiquity slowly gave way to the smaller, walled cities that became common in the Middle Ages. These changes were not restricted to the third century, but took place slowly over a long period, and were punctuated with many temporary reversals. In spite of extensive reforms by later emperors, however, the Roman trade network was never able to fully recover to what it had been during the Pax Romana (27 BC – AD 180). This economic decline was far more noticeable and important in the western part of the empire, which was also invaded by barbarian tribes several times during the century. Hence, the balance of power clearly shifted eastward during this period, as evidenced by the choice of Diocletian to rule from Nicomedia in Asia Minor, putting his second in command, Maximian, in Milan. This would have a considerable impact on the later development of the empire with a richer, more stable eastern empire surviving the end of Roman rule in the west.[42]While imperial revenues fell, imperial expenses rose sharply. More soldiers, greater proportions of cavalry, and the ruinous expense of walling in cities all added to the toll. Goods and services previously paid for by the government were now demanded in addition to monetary taxes. The empire suffered from a crippling labour shortage. The steady exodus of both rich and poor from the cities and now-unprofitable professions forced Diocletian to use compulsion; conscription was made universal, most trades were made hereditary, and workers could not legally leave their jobs or travel elsewhere to seek better-paying ones. This included the unwanted middle-class civil service positions and under Constantine, the military. Constantine also tried to provide social programs for the poor to reduce the labour shortage.[43]","title":"Economic impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barracks emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks_emperor"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Increased militarization","text":"All the barracks emperors based their power on the military and on the soldiers of the field armies, not on the Praetorians in Rome. Thus, Rome lost its role as the political center of the empire during the third century, although it remained ideologically important. In order to legitimize and secure their rule, the emperors of the third century needed above all military successes.[44]The centre of decision-making shifted away from Rome and to wherever the emperor was with his armies, typically, in the east. This led to the transfer of the capital to the four cities Milan, Trier, Nicomedia, and Sirmium, and then to Constantinople. The Senate ceased to be the main governing organ and instead members of the equestrian class who filled the military officer corps became increasingly prominent.[45]","title":"Economic impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(title)"}],"text":"Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by giving their descendants the title of Augustus and so making them co-emperors who later succeeded to the throne after their death or on some occasions their relatives managed to become an emperor immediately after their death. This led to the creation of several brief dynasties.","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-dynastic","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gordian dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-dynastic","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Decian dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-dynastic","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Valerian dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Claudian dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-dynastic","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tacitan dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-dynastic","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Caran dynasty","title":"Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic"},{"link_name":"Ionian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Sea"}],"text":"^ Adriatic-Ionian-centered","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//philpapers.org/rec/VANPIT-16"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/289894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F289894"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"289894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/289894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0500320228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500320228"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415100588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100588"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/numismatics/severus.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC&dq=septimius%20severus%20legion%20pay&pg=PA216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spek_7-0"},{"link_name":"R.J. van der Spek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._van_der_Spek"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to the Ancient World, p. 272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170730064823/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272#"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_9-0"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns"},{"link_name":"405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns/page/n439"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7425-6832-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6832-7"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:7_10-0"},{"link_name":"The Romans, from village to empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413"},{"link_name":"413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-511875-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511875-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_11-0"},{"link_name":"How Rome Fell: death of a superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-16426-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1134908156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134908156"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Joannes Zonaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras"},{"link_name":"extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Meckler, Michael L., Maximinus Thrax (235–238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Third Century Crisis of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/thirdcenturycrisis_article_01.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zosimus_20-0"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The New History, Book 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781555816483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555816483"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brewminate.com/romes-imperial-crisis-of-the-third-century/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century A.D.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.37879/belleten.1988.1509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"252492735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252492735"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-010934-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010934-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7099-4685-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-4685-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181112225212/https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171208024717/http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1124-9390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1124-9390"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20046111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wondriumdaily.com/systemic-problems-that-led-to-the-crisis-of-the-third-century/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180121010741/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1197175"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2011Sci...331..578B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..578B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.1197175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1197175"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21233349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233349"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0754816027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754816027"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"62177842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62177842"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171011080246/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781291097337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291097337"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp/page/n140"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500260-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500260-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500260-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-515-08941-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08941-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"180946164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/180946164"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7486-2992-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2992-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"271165910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/271165910"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500260-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"052138673X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052138673X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3050045290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3050045290"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1134908156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134908156"}],"text":"^ van Sickle, C. E. (1930). \"Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy\". American Journal of Philology. 51 (4): 343–357. doi:10.2307/289894. JSTOR 289894.\n\n^ Brown, Peter Robert Lamont (1971). The World of Late Antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 22. ISBN 978-0500320228.\n\n^ Potter, David Stone (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 Routledge history of the ancient world. Psychology Press. pp. 85, 167. ISBN 978-0415100588.\n\n^ \"Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius\". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-10.\n\n^ Kenneth W. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700, p. 216\n\n^ R.J. van der Spek, Lukas De Blois (2008), An Introduction to the Ancient World, p. 272 Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge\n\n^ Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 42.\n\n^ Dunstan, William, E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from village to empire. Oxford University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-19-511875-9.\n\n^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.\n\n^ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 11–13. ISBN 1134908156.\n\n^ \" Herodian says \"in their opinion, Alexander showed no honourable intention to pursue the war and preferred a life of ease, when he should have marched out to punish the Germans for their previous insolence\" (Herodian vi.7.10).\n\n^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 64\n\n^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 66\n\n^ Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284 12:16\n\n^ Southern, Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67\n\n^ Meckler, Michael L., Maximinus Thrax (235–238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997)\n\n^ Southern, Pat (2011-02-17). \"Third Century Crisis of the Roman Empire\". BBC History, 17 February 2011.\n\n^ Zosimus (1814) [translation originally printed]. The New History, Book 1. (scanned and published online by Roger Pearse). London: Green and Chaplin. pp. 16, 21, 31. Retrieved 2016-04-22.\n\n^ Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). The power of plagues by Irwin W. Sherman. ISBN 9781555816483.\n\n^ \"Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century\". Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-01-12.\n\n^ G. M. Rogers (December 1988). \"The Crisis of the Third Century A.D.\" Belleten. 52 (205): 1509–1526. doi:10.37879/belleten.1988.1509. S2CID 252492735.\n\n^ Kolb, Frank (1987). Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie. Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft?, Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-010934-4\n\n^ MacMullen, Ramsay. Constantine. New York: Dial Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6\n\n^ \"Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History\". www.armstrong.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2018-10-19.\n\n^ Freedman, Paul (Fall 2011). \"The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms\". Yale University. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2018-10-19.\n\n^ Sabbatani, S.; Fiorino, S. (December 2009). \"The Antonine Plague and the decline of the Roman Empire\". Le Infezioni in Medicina: Rivista Periodica di Eziologia, Epidemiologia, Diagnostica, Clinica e Terapia delle Patologie Infettive. 17 (4): 261–275. ISSN 1124-9390. PMID 20046111.\n\n^ Bernett, Rich (2020-08-22). \"Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century\". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-12.\n\n^ Harper, Kyle (2017-11-01). \"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-10-20.\n\n^ Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Wanner, Heinz; Luterbacher, Jürg; Esper, Jan (13 January 2011). \"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility\". Science. 331 (6017): 578–582. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..578B. doi:10.1126/science.1197175. PMID 21233349.\n\n^ Nigel., Rodgers (2006). Roman Empire. Dodge, Hazel. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754816027. OCLC 62177842.\n\n^ Josef Wiesehöfer: Das Reich der Sāsāniden, in Klaus Peter Johne, Udo Hartmann, Thomas Gerhardt, Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284) 2008, p. 531ff.\n\n^ Erich Kettenhofen: Die Eroberung von Nisibis und Karrhai durch die Sāsāniden in der Zeit Kaiser Maximins, AD 235/236. In: Iranica Antiqua 30 (1995), pp. 159–177.\n\n^ \"This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-10-20.\n\n^ Flichy, Thomas (28 September 2012). Financial crises and renewal of empires. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291097337.[self-published source]\n\n^ Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort Moss (1935). The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 1.\n\n^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1\n\n^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 29–30\n\n^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 26, 28–29\n\n^ Ruffing, Kai (2006). Deleto paene imperio Romano: Transformationsprozesse des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert und ihre Rezeption in der Neuzeit. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 223. ISBN 978-3-515-08941-8. OCLC 180946164.\n\n^ Hekster, Olivier. (2008). Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7486-2992-3. OCLC 271165910.\n\n^ H. St. L. B. Moss, The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000) ISBN 0-19-500260-1 pp. 7, 30\n\n^ Joseph Tainter (1988). The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 052138673X.\n\n^ Johne, Klaus-Peter; Hartmann, Udo; Gerhardt, Thomas (2008). Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284). Rome: Akademie Verlag. p. 1026. ISBN 978-3050045290.\n\n^ Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN 1134908156.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"ABC-CLIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO"},{"link_name":"346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle/page/n364"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1598842517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598842517"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"University of Wales Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0708313510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708313510"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978 0 7486 2303 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B7486%2B2303%2B7"},{"link_name":"Lot, Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-500260-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500260-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-30187-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30187-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86227-250-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-250-6"}],"text":"Allen, Larry (2009). The Encyclopedia of Money (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 346–348. ISBN 978-1598842517.\nDavies, Glyn (1997) [1994]. A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Reprint ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-0708313510.\nOlivier Hekster, Rome and Its Empire, AD 193–284 (Edinburgh, 2008). ISBN 978 0 7486 2303 7.\nKlaus-Peter Johne (ed.), Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser (Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2008).\nLot, Ferdinand. End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages (Harper Torchbooks Printing, New York, 1961. First English printing by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1931).\nMoss, H. St. L. B. The Birth of the Middle Ages (Clarendon Press, 1935, reprint Oxford University Press, January 2000). ISBN 0-19-500260-1.\nWatson, Alaric. Aurelian and the Third Century (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 0-415-30187-4\nWhite, John F. Restorer of the World: The Roman Emperor Aurelian (Spellmount, 2004) ISBN 1-86227-250-6","title":"General bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050526035139/http://www.accla.org/actaaccla/kramer.html"},{"link_name":"Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060819181741/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/imgs/map15.html"},{"link_name":"The Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060717182740/http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/50501/4.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ancient Roman wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles"},{"link_name":"Wars of theRoman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Roman–Etruscan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman-Aequian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars"},{"link_name":"Roman–Latin wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars"},{"link_name":"Roman–Hernician wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici"},{"link_name":"Roman–Volscian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars"},{"link_name":"Roman–Sabine wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars"},{"link_name":"Samnite Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnite_Wars"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_War"},{"link_name":"Social War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)"},{"link_name":"Roman–Gallic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Illyro-Roman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Wars"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Roman–Seleucid war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war"},{"link_name":"Galatian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatian_War"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Celtiberian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lusitanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanian_War"},{"link_name":"Numantine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numantine_War"},{"link_name":"Sertorian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertorian_War"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Achaean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaean_War"},{"link_name":"Jugurthine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugurthine_War"},{"link_name":"Cimbrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_War"},{"link_name":"Servile Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servile_Wars"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"Bellum Octavianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum"},{"link_name":"Sulla's civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Mithridatic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War"},{"link_name":"Gallic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman–Parthian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Caesar's civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war"},{"link_name":"War of Mutina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Mutina"},{"link_name":"Liberators' civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Bellum Siculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Siculum"},{"link_name":"Perusine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusine_War"},{"link_name":"War of Actium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Actium"},{"link_name":"Wars of theRoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military"},{"link_name":"Germanic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Marcomannic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Gothic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Boudican revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudican_revolt"},{"link_name":"Armenian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363"},{"link_name":"Civil war of 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Jewish–Roman wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars"},{"link_name":"Domitian's Dacian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Dacian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman–Persian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Civil wars of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Military history of ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"History of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"Iron Age Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"Classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Classical Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christianity in late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Christianity in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Maritime republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Republic of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Kalmar Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union"},{"link_name":"Early modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Christianity in the modern era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Age of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Absolute monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Early modern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_France"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Late modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789%E2%80%931914)"},{"link_name":"Great Divergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Divergence"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"European debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Art of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of European history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history"},{"link_name":"Genetic history of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"History of Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"History of the Mediterranean region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region"},{"link_name":"History of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"History of Western civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization"},{"link_name":"Maritime history of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Military history of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Crusading movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading_movement"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"Financial crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Bank run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run"},{"link_name":"Commodity price shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks"},{"link_name":"Credit crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_crunch"},{"link_name":"Credit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cycle"},{"link_name":"Currency crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_crisis"},{"link_name":"Debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"Financial contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_contagion"},{"link_name":"Social contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contagion"},{"link_name":"Flash crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_crash"},{"link_name":"Hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation"},{"link_name":"Liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_crisis"},{"link_name":"Accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_capital"},{"link_name":"Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Minsky moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsky_moment"},{"link_name":"Social crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_crisis"},{"link_name":"Stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Commercial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Great Bullion Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine"},{"link_name":"The Great Debasement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Debasement"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic stock market crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kipper und Wipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper"},{"link_name":"Tulip mania crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"},{"link_name":"South Sea bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"Mississippi bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Company"},{"link_name":"1st Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763"},{"link_name":"Bengal bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769"},{"link_name":"British credit crisis of 1772–1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic financial collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Copper Panic of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1792"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1796–1797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797"},{"link_name":"Danish state bankruptcy of 1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813"},{"link_name":"Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1819"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1825"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"European potato failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_potato_failure"},{"link_name":"Great Irish Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Highland Potato Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1847"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Black Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)"},{"link_name":"2nd Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873"},{"link_name":"Paris Bourse crash of 1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1884"},{"link_name":"Arendal crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_crash"},{"link_name":"Baring crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baring_crisis"},{"link_name":"Encilhamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encilhamento"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893"},{"link_name":"Australian banking crisis of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893"},{"link_name":"Black Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1896"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1901"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907"},{"link_name":"Shanghai rubber stock market crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1910–1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%931911"},{"link_name":"Financial crisis of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Early Soviet hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Shōwa financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1930"},{"link_name":"Post–WWII expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Slide of 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962"},{"link_name":"1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great Inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation"},{"link_name":"1970s energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"1973–1974 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975"},{"link_name":"Steel crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_crisis"},{"link_name":"Latin American debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"1976 British currency crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis"},{"link_name":"1979 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"Brazilian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Great Moderation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moderation"},{"link_name":"Great Regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Regression"},{"link_name":"Brazilian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Chilean crisis of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_1982"},{"link_name":"1983 Israel bank stock crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis"},{"link_name":"Black Saturday (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)"},{"link_name":"Savings and loan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cameroonian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"Black Monday (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)"},{"link_name":"1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"Japanese asset price bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"1991 Indian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"1990s Swedish financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994"},{"link_name":"1990s Finnish banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"1990s Armenian energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s"},{"link_name":"Cuban Special Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Period"},{"link_name":"Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1994 bond market crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994"},{"link_name":"Mexican peso crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"October 1997 mini-crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash"},{"link_name":"1998 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"1998–2002 Argentine great depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression"},{"link_name":"Samba effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_effect"},{"link_name":"Dot-com bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"9/11 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"2001 Turkish economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"South American economic crisis of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002"},{"link_name":"Stock market downturn of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002"},{"link_name":"2002 Uruguay banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2003 Myanmar banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2000s energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"2004 Argentine energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"2007 Chinese stock bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"September 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008"},{"link_name":"October 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008"},{"link_name":"November 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008"},{"link_name":"December 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009"},{"link_name":"Subprime mortgage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis"},{"link_name":"2000s U.S. housing market correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction"},{"link_name":"U.S. bear market of 2007–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009"},{"link_name":"2008 Latvian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2011 Irish banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Blue Monday Crash 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009"},{"link_name":"European debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Greek government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Information Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age"},{"link_name":"2009 Dubai debt standstill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010"},{"link_name":"2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Energy crisis in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Syrian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"August 2011 stock markets fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall"},{"link_name":"2011 Bangladesh share market scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013"},{"link_name":"Venezuela economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2015 Nepal blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 stock market selloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff"},{"link_name":"Brexit stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis"},{"link_name":"Ghana banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"Turkish economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)"},{"link_name":"Lebanese liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Financial market impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2020 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_2020s_recession"},{"link_name":"Chinese property sector crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2021–2023 inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"2022 stock market decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline"},{"link_name":"2023 United States banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"List of banking crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banking_crises"},{"link_name":"List of economic crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_crises"},{"link_name":"List of sovereign debt crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises"},{"link_name":"List of stock market crashes and bear markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329838#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543880705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115153"}],"text":"Crisis of the Third Century, Hugh Kramer.\nMap, University of Calgary.\nThe Crisis of the Third Century, OSU.vteAncient Roman warsWars of theRoman Republic\nRoman conquest of Italy\nRoman–Etruscan Wars\nRoman-Aequian wars\nRoman–Latin wars\nRoman–Hernician wars\nRoman–Volscian wars\nRoman–Sabine wars\nSamnite Wars\nPyrrhic War\nSocial War\nRoman–Gallic wars\nPunic Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nIllyro-Roman Wars\nMacedonian Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nRoman–Seleucid war\nGalatian War\nRoman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula\nCeltiberian Wars\nLusitanian War\nNumantine War\nSertorian War\nCantabrian Wars\nAchaean War\nJugurthine War\nCimbrian War\nServile Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nBellum Octavianum\nSulla's civil war\nMithridatic Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nGallic Wars\nJulius Caesar's invasions of Britain\nRoman–Parthian Wars\nCaesar's civil war\nWar of Mutina\nLiberators' civil war\nBellum Siculum\nPerusine War\nWar of Actium\nWars of theRoman Empire\nGermanic wars\nMarcomannic Wars\nGothic War\nRoman conquest of Britain\nBoudican revolt\nArmenian War\nCivil war of 69\nJewish–Roman wars\nDomitian's Dacian War\nTrajan's Dacian Wars\nRoman–Persian Wars\nCivil wars of the Third Century\nWars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire\nMilitary history of ancient RomevteHistory of EuropePrehistory\nPaleolithic Europe\nNeolithic Europe\nBronze Age Europe\nIron Age Europe\nClassical antiquity\nClassical Greece\nRoman Republic\nHellenistic period\nRoman Empire\nEarly Christianity\nChristianity in late antiquity\nCrisis of the Third Century\nFall of the Western Roman Empire\nLate antiquity\nMiddle Ages\nEarly Middle Ages\nMigration Period\nChristianity in the Middle Ages\nChristianization\nFrancia\nAnglo-Saxon England\nByzantine Empire\nPapal States\nBulgarian Empire\nFirst\nSecond\nMaritime republics\nVenice\nGenoa\nPisa\nAmalfi\nViking Age\nKievan Rus'\nCrown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca)\nHoly Roman Empire\nHigh Middle Ages\nRepublic of Florence\nFeudalism\nCrusades\nMongol invasion\nSerbian Empire\nLate Middle Ages\nBlack Death\nHundred Years' War\nKalmar Union\nEarly modern\nRenaissance\nChristianity in the modern era\nReformation\nAge of Discovery\nBaroque\nGrand Duchy of Tuscany\nThirty Years' War\nAbsolute monarchy\nOttoman Empire\nPortuguese Empire\nSpanish Empire\nEarly modern France\nPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\nCossack Hetmanate\nSwedish Empire\nDutch Republic\nBritish Empire\nHabsburg monarchy\nRussian Empire\nAge of Enlightenment\nLate modern\nGreat Divergence\nIndustrial Revolution\nFrench Revolution\nNapoleonic Wars\nNationalism\nRevolutions of 1848\nWorld War I\nRussian Revolution\nInterwar period\nWorld War II\nCold War\nEuropean integration\nEuropean debt crisis\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nRussian invasion of Ukraine\nSee also\nArt of Europe\nBibliography of European history\nGenetic history of Europe\nHistory of Christianity\nHistory of the Mediterranean region\nHistory of the European Union\nHistory of Western civilization\nMaritime history of Europe\nMilitary history of Europe\nCrusading movementvteFinancial crises\nBank run\nCommodity price shocks\nCredit crunch\nCredit cycle\nCurrency crisis\nDebt crisis\nEnergy crisis\nFinancial contagion\nSocial contagion\nFlash crash\nHyperinflation\nLiquidity crisis\nAccounting\nCapital\nFunding\nMarket\nMinsky moment\nSocial crisis\nStock market crash\nPre-1000\nCrisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)\nCommercial revolution(1000–1760)\nGreat Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)\nThe Great Debasement (1544–1551)\nDutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)\nKipper und Wipper (1621–1623)\nTulip mania crash (1637)\nSouth Sea bubble crash (1720)\nMississippi bubble crash (1720)\n1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)\nAmsterdam banking crisis of 1763\nBengal bubble crash (1769–1784)\nBritish credit crisis of 1772–1773\nDutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)\nCopper Panic of 1789\nPanic of 1792\nPanic of 1796–1797\nDanish state bankruptcy of 1813\nPost-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)\nPanic of 1819\nPanic of 1825\nPanic of 1837\n1840–1870\nEuropean potato failure (1845–1856)\nGreat Irish Famine\nHighland Potato Famine\nPanic of 1847\nPanic of 1857\nPanic of 1866\nBlack Friday (1869)\n2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)\nPanic of 1873\nParis Bourse crash of 1882\nPanic of 1884\nArendal crash (1886)\nBaring crisis (1890)\nEncilhamento (1890–1893)\nPanic of 1893\nAustralian banking crisis of 1893\nBlack Monday (1894)\nPanic of 1896\nPanic of 1901\nPanic of 1907\nShanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)\nPanic of 1910–1911\nFinancial crisis of 1914\nInterwar period(1918–1939)\nEarly Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)\nWeimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)\nShōwa financial crisis (1927)\nWall Street Crash of 1929\nPanic of 1930\nPost–WWII expansion(1945–1973)\nKennedy Slide of 1962\n1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation\nGreat Inflation(1973–1982)\n1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)\n1973 oil crisis\n1973–1974 stock market crash\nSecondary banking crisis of 1973–1975\nSteel crisis (1973–1982)\nLatin American debt crisis (1975–1982)\n1976 British currency crisis\n1979 oil crisis\nBrazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)\nGreat Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)\nBrazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)\nSouk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)\nChilean crisis of 1982\n1983 Israel bank stock crisis\nBlack Saturday (1983)\nSavings and loan crisis (1986–1995)\nCameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)\nBlack Monday (1987)\n1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis\nJapanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)\nRhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)\n1991 Indian economic crisis\n1990s Swedish financial crisis\n1990s Finnish banking crisis\n1990s Armenian energy crisis\nCuban Special Period (1991–2000)\nBlack Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)\nYugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)\n1994 bond market crisis\nVenezuelan banking crisis of 1994\nMexican peso crisis (1994–1996)\n1997 Asian financial crisis\nOctober 1997 mini-crash\n1998 Russian financial crisis\n1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis\n1998–2002 Argentine great depression\nSamba effect (1999)\nDot-com bubble crash (2000–2004)\n9/11 stock market crash (2001)\n2001 Turkish economic crisis\nSouth American economic crisis of 2002\nStock market downturn of 2002\n2002 Uruguay banking crisis\n2003 Myanmar banking crisis\n2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)\n2004 Argentine energy crisis\n2007 Chinese stock bubble crash\nZimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)\nGreat Recession(2007–2009)\n2007–2008 financial crisis\nSeptember 2008\nOctober 2008\nNovember 2008\nDecember 2008\n2009\nSubprime mortgage crisis\n2000s U.S. housing market correction\nU.S. bear market of 2007–2009\n2008 Latvian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Russian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis\n2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis\n2008–2011 Irish banking crisis\n2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis\nBlue Monday Crash 2009\nEuropean debt crisis\nGreek government-debt crisis\nInformation Age(2009–present)\n2009 Dubai debt standstill\nVenezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010\n2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis\nEnergy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)\nSyrian economic crisis (2011–present)\nAugust 2011 stock markets fall\n2011 Bangladesh share market scam\n2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis\n2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis\nVenezuela economic crisis (2013–present)\n2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis\nPuerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)\nRussian financial crisis (2014–2016)\n2015 Nepal blockade\n2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence\n2015–2016 stock market selloff\nBrexit stock market crash (2016)\nVenezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022)\n2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis\nGhana banking crisis (2017–2018)\nTurkish economic crisis (2018–present)\nLebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)\nSri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nFinancial market impact\n2020 stock market crash\nRecession\nChinese property sector crisis (2020–present)\n2021–2023 inflation\n2022 Russian financial crisis\n2022 stock market decline\n2023 United States banking crisis\n\nList of banking crises\nList of economic crises\nList of sovereign debt crises\nList of stock market crashes and bear marketsAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Gothic raids in the 3rd century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.jpg/240px-Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/270px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png"},{"image_text":"Emperor Diocletian. With his rise to power in 284, the Crisis of the Third Century ended and gave rise to the Tetrarchy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_bust_sept_2019_6079.jpg/99px-Antakya_Archaeology_Museum_Emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_bust_sept_2019_6079.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AURELIANUS_RIC_V_15_%28Rome%29_and_182_%28Siscia%29-765588_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-AURELIANUS_RIC_V_15_%28Rome%29_and_182_%28Siscia%29-765588_%28obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Bagaudae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaudae"},{"title":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"title":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"title":"Three Kingdoms period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period"},{"title":"Jublains archeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jublains_archeological_site"},{"title":"Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_invasions_of_the_3rd_century"}]
|
[{"reference":"van Sickle, C. E. (1930). \"Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy\". American Journal of Philology. 51 (4): 343–357. doi:10.2307/289894. JSTOR 289894.","urls":[{"url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/VANPIT-16","url_text":"\"Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology","url_text":"American Journal of Philology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F289894","url_text":"10.2307/289894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/289894","url_text":"289894"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Peter Robert Lamont (1971). The World of Late Antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 22. ISBN 978-0500320228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500320228","url_text":"978-0500320228"}]},{"reference":"Potter, David Stone (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 Routledge history of the ancient world. Psychology Press. pp. 85, 167. ISBN 978-0415100588.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100588","url_text":"978-0415100588"}]},{"reference":"\"Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius\". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/numismatics/severus.html","url_text":"\"Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Michael (1996). The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire. Psychology Press. p. 42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dunstan, William, E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns","url_text":"Ancient Rome"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns/page/n439","url_text":"405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6832-7","url_text":"978-0-7425-6832-7"}]},{"reference":"Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans, from village to empire. Oxford University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-19-511875-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413","url_text":"The Romans, from village to empire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413","url_text":"413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511875-9","url_text":"978-0-19-511875-9"}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70","url_text":"How Rome Fell: death of a superpower"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16426-8","url_text":"978-0-300-16426-8"}]},{"reference":"Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 11–13. ISBN 1134908156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134908156","url_text":"1134908156"}]},{"reference":"Zosimus (1814) [translation originally printed]. The New History, Book 1. (scanned and published online by Roger Pearse). London: Green and Chaplin. pp. 16, 21, 31. Retrieved 2016-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)","url_text":"Zosimus"},{"url":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm","url_text":"The New History, Book 1"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). The power of plagues by Irwin W. Sherman. ISBN 9781555816483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555816483","url_text":"9781555816483"}]},{"reference":"\"Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century\". Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://brewminate.com/romes-imperial-crisis-of-the-third-century/","url_text":"\"Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century\""}]},{"reference":"G. M. Rogers (December 1988). \"The Crisis of the Third Century A.D.\" Belleten. 52 (205): 1509–1526. doi:10.37879/belleten.1988.1509. S2CID 252492735.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509","url_text":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century A.D.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509","url_text":"10.37879/belleten.1988.1509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252492735","url_text":"252492735"}]},{"reference":"\"Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History\". www.armstrong.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181112225212/https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro","url_text":"\"Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History\""},{"url":"https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freedman, Paul (Fall 2011). \"The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms\". Yale University. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2","url_text":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208024717/http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sabbatani, S.; Fiorino, S. (December 2009). \"The Antonine Plague and the decline of the Roman Empire\". Le Infezioni in Medicina: Rivista Periodica di Eziologia, Epidemiologia, Diagnostica, Clinica e Terapia delle Patologie Infettive. 17 (4): 261–275. ISSN 1124-9390. PMID 20046111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1124-9390","url_text":"1124-9390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046111","url_text":"20046111"}]},{"reference":"Bernett, Rich (2020-08-22). \"Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century\". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wondriumdaily.com/systemic-problems-that-led-to-the-crisis-of-the-third-century/","url_text":"\"Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century\""}]},{"reference":"Harper, Kyle (2017-11-01). \"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/","url_text":"\"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121010741/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Wanner, Heinz; Luterbacher, Jürg; Esper, Jan (13 January 2011). \"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility\". Science. 331 (6017): 578–582. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..578B. doi:10.1126/science.1197175. PMID 21233349.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1197175","url_text":"\"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..578B","url_text":"2011Sci...331..578B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1197175","url_text":"10.1126/science.1197175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233349","url_text":"21233349"}]},{"reference":"Nigel., Rodgers (2006). Roman Empire. Dodge, Hazel. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754816027. OCLC 62177842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754816027","url_text":"978-0754816027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62177842","url_text":"62177842"}]},{"reference":"\"This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2","url_text":"\"This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011080246/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flichy, Thomas (28 September 2012). Financial crises and renewal of empires. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291097337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291097337","url_text":"9781291097337"}]},{"reference":"Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort Moss (1935). The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","url_text":"The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp/page/n140","url_text":"1"}]},{"reference":"Ruffing, Kai (2006). Deleto paene imperio Romano: Transformationsprozesse des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert und ihre Rezeption in der Neuzeit. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 223. ISBN 978-3-515-08941-8. OCLC 180946164.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08941-8","url_text":"978-3-515-08941-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180946164","url_text":"180946164"}]},{"reference":"Hekster, Olivier. (2008). Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7486-2992-3. OCLC 271165910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2992-3","url_text":"978-0-7486-2992-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271165910","url_text":"271165910"}]},{"reference":"Joseph Tainter (1988). The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 052138673X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052138673X","url_text":"052138673X"}]},{"reference":"Johne, Klaus-Peter; Hartmann, Udo; Gerhardt, Thomas (2008). Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284). Rome: Akademie Verlag. p. 1026. ISBN 978-3050045290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3050045290","url_text":"978-3050045290"}]},{"reference":"Alaric Watson (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN 1134908156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134908156","url_text":"1134908156"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Larry (2009). The Encyclopedia of Money (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 346–348. ISBN 978-1598842517.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California","url_text":"Santa Barbara, CA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle/page/n364","url_text":"346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598842517","url_text":"978-1598842517"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Glyn (1997) [1994]. A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Reprint ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 95–99. ISBN 978-0708313510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff","url_text":"Cardiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press","url_text":"University of Wales Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708313510","url_text":"978-0708313510"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/rec/VANPIT-16","external_links_name":"\"Particularism in the Roman Empire during the Military Anarchy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F289894","external_links_name":"10.2307/289894"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/289894","external_links_name":"289894"},{"Link":"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/numismatics/severus.html","external_links_name":"\"Septimius Severus:Legionary Denarius\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC&dq=septimius%20severus%20legion%20pay&pg=PA216","external_links_name":"Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"An Introduction to the Ancient World, p. 272"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170730064823/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns","external_links_name":"Ancient Rome"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ancientrome00duns/page/n439","external_links_name":"405"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413","external_links_name":"The Romans, from village to empire"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag00boat_0/page/413","external_links_name":"413"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70","external_links_name":"How Rome Fell: death of a superpower"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/70","external_links_name":"70"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415","external_links_name":"extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284"},{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm","external_links_name":"Meckler, Michael L., Maximinus Thrax (235–238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/thirdcenturycrisis_article_01.shtml","external_links_name":"Third Century Crisis of the Roman Empire"},{"Link":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm","external_links_name":"The New History, Book 1"},{"Link":"https://brewminate.com/romes-imperial-crisis-of-the-third-century/","external_links_name":"\"Rome's Imperial Crisis of the Third Century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509","external_links_name":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century A.D.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1988.1509","external_links_name":"10.37879/belleten.1988.1509"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252492735","external_links_name":"252492735"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181112225212/https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro","external_links_name":"\"Res Publica Restituta? Republic and Princeps in the Early Roman Empire – Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History\""},{"Link":"https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-res-publica-restituta-republic-and-princeps-in-the-early-ro","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2","external_links_name":"\"The Crisis of the Third Century and the Diocletianic Reforms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208024717/http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1124-9390","external_links_name":"1124-9390"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046111","external_links_name":"20046111"},{"Link":"https://www.wondriumdaily.com/systemic-problems-that-led-to-the-crisis-of-the-third-century/","external_links_name":"\"Systemic Problems that Led to the Crisis of the Third Century\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/","external_links_name":"\"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121010741/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1197175","external_links_name":"\"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..578B","external_links_name":"2011Sci...331..578B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1197175","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1197175"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233349","external_links_name":"21233349"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62177842","external_links_name":"62177842"},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2","external_links_name":"\"This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011080246/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-currency-debasement-contributed-to-fall-of-rome-2016-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages 395–814"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp/page/n140","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180946164","external_links_name":"180946164"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271165910","external_links_name":"271165910"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Money"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle/page/n364","external_links_name":"346"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/birthofthemiddle027632mbp","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050526035139/http://www.accla.org/actaaccla/kramer.html","external_links_name":"Crisis of the Third Century"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060819181741/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/imgs/map15.html","external_links_name":"Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060717182740/http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/50501/4.htm","external_links_name":"The Crisis of the Third Century"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543880705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115153","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremitus
|
Fremitus
|
["1 Types","1.1 Vocal fremitus","1.2 Pleural fremitus","1.3 Dental fremitus","1.4 Periodontal fremitus","1.5 Rhonchal fremitus","1.6 Tactile fremitus","1.7 Tussive fremitus","1.8 Pericardial fremitus","1.9 Hydatid fremitus","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Medical conditionFremitus
Fremitus is a vibration transmitted through the body. In common medical usage, it usually refers to assessment of the lungs by either the vibration intensity felt on the chest wall (tactile fremitus) and/or heard by a stethoscope on the chest wall with certain spoken words (vocal fremitus), although there are several other types.
Types
Vocal fremitus
When a person speaks, the vocal cords create vibrations (vocal fremitus) in the tracheobronchial tree and through the lungs and chest wall, where they can be felt (tactile fremitus). This is usually assessed with the healthcare provider placing the flat of their palms on the chest wall and then asking a patient to repeat a phrase containing low-frequency vowels such as "blue balloons" or "toys for tots" (the original diphthong used was the German word neunundneunzig but the translation to the English 'ninety-nine' was a higher-frequency diphthong and thus not as effective in eliciting fremitus). An increase in tactile fremitus indicates denser or inflamed lung tissue, which can be caused by diseases such as pneumonia. A decrease suggests air or fluid in the pleural spaces or a decrease in lung tissue density, which can be caused by diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.
Pleural fremitus
Pleural fremitus is a palpable vibration of the wall of the thorax caused by friction between the parietal and visceral pleura of the lungs. See pleural friction rub for the auditory analog of this sign.
Dental fremitus
Fremitus appears when teeth move. This can be assessed by feeling and looking at teeth when the mouth is opened and closed.
Periodontal fremitus
Periodontal fremitus occurs in either of the alveolar bones when an individual sustains trauma from occlusion. It is a result of teeth exhibiting at least slight mobility rubbing against the adjacent walls of their sockets, the volume of which has been expanded ever so slightly by inflammatory responses, bone resorption or both. As a test to determine the severity of periodontal disease, a patient is told to close his or her mouth into maximum intercuspation and is asked to grind his or her teeth ever so slightly. Fingers placed in the labial vestibule against the alveolar bone can detect fremitus.
Rhonchal fremitus
Rhonchal fremitus, also known as bronchial fremitus, is a palpable vibration produced during breathing caused by partial airway obstruction. The obstruction can be due to mucus or other secretions in the airway,: 411 bronchial hyperreactivity, or tumors. See rhonchus (rhonchi) for the auditory analog of this sign.
Tactile fremitus
Tactile fremitus, known by many other names including pectoral fremitus, tactile vocal fremitus, or just vocal fremitus, is a vibration felt on the patient's chest during low frequency vocalization.: 409 Commonly, the patient is asked to repeat a phrase while the examiner feels for vibrations by placing a hand over the patient's chest or back. Phrases commonly used in English include, 'boy oh boy' and 'toy boat' (diphthong phrases), as well as 'blue balloons' and 'Scooby-Doo'. 'Ninety-nine' is classically included, however, this is a misinterpretation of the original German report, in which "neunundneunzig" was the low-frequency diphthong of choice.
Tactile fremitus is normally more intense in the right second intercostal space, as well as in the interscapular region, as these areas are closest to the bronchial trifurcation (right side) or bifurcation (left side). Tactile fremitus is pathologically increased over areas of consolidation and decreased or absent over areas of pleural effusion or pneumothorax (when there is air outside the lung in the chest cavity, preventing lung expansion).
The reason for increased fremitus in a consolidated lung is the fact that the sound waves are transmitted with less decay in a solid or fluid medium (the consolidation) than in a gaseous medium (aerated lung). Conversely, the reason for decreased fremitus in a pleural effusion or pneumothorax (or any pathology separating the lung tissue itself from the body wall) is that this increased space diminishes or prevents entirely sound transmission.
It has been suggested that the artifacts caused by eliciting tactile fremitus during breast ultrasonography can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.
Tussive fremitus
Tussive fremitus is a vibration felt on the chest when the patient coughs.: 411
Pericardial fremitus
Pericardial fremitus is a vibration felt on the chest wall due to the friction of the surfaces of the pericardium over each other. See pericardial friction rub for the auditory analog of this sign.
Hydatid fremitus
Hydatid fremitus is a vibratory sensation felt on palpating a hydatid cyst.
References
^ "fremitus" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ a b Kacmarek, Robert M.; Stoller, James K.; Heuer, Al (5 February 2016). Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 336. ISBN 9780323393850.
^ Main, Eleanor; Denehy, Linda (2016). Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics E-Book: formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 60. ISBN 9780702049521.
^ Levi, Paul A.; Rudy, Robert J.; Jeong, Y. Natalie; Coleman, Daniel K. (2015-12-29). Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Handbook. Springer. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9783662466230.
^ Bathla, Shalu (2011). Periodontics Revisited. JP Medical Ltd. p. 221. ISBN 9789350253670.
^ a b c Estes, Mary Ellen Zator; Calleja, Pauline; Theobald, Karen; Harvey, Theresa (2015). Health Assessment and Physical Examination: Australian and New Zealand Edition with Student Resource Access 24 Months. Cengage AU. ISBN 9780170354844. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Dock, William (July 1973). "Examination of the Chest: Advantages of Conducting and Reporting it in English". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 49 (7): 575–582. PMC 1807045. PMID 4514297.
^ Sohn C, Baudendistel A (1995). "Differential diagnosis of mammary tumors with vocal fremitus in sonography: preliminary report". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 6 (3): 205–7. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x. PMID 8521071. S2CID 25945830.
^ Francis, Johnson (24 November 2017). "Pericardial fremitus - palpable pericardial rub - due to friction". Cardiophile MD.
^ "Hydatid Fremitus". The Lancet. 198 (5128): 1231–1232. December 1921. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)34590-7.
External links
ClassificationDDiseasesDB: 13981
vteSigns and symptoms relating to the respiratory systemAuscultation
Stethoscope
Respiratory sounds
Stridor
Wheeze
Crackles
Rhonchi
Stertor
Squawk
Pleural friction rub
Fremitus
Bronchophony
Death rattle
Elicited findings
Percussion
Pectoriloquy
Whispered pectoriloquy
Egophony
BreathingRate
Apnea
Prematurity
Dyspnea
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Hyperpnea
Tachypnea
Hypopnea
Bradypnea
Pattern
Agonal respiration
Biot's respiration
Cheyne–Stokes respiration
Kussmaul breathing
Ataxic respiration
Other
Respiratory distress
Respiratory arrest
Orthopnea/Platypnea
Trepopnea
Aerophagia
Asphyxia
Breath holding
Mouth breathing
Snoring
Other
Chest pain
In children
Precordial catch syndrome
Pleurisy
Nail clubbing
Cyanosis
Cough
Sputum
Hemoptysis
Epistaxis
Silhouette sign
Post-nasal drip
Hiccup
COPD
Hoover's sign
asthma
Curschmann's spirals
Charcot–Leyden crystals
chronic bronchitis
Reid index
sarcoidosis
Kveim test
pulmonary embolism
Hampton hump
Westermark sign
pulmonary edema
Kerley lines
Hamman's sign
Golden S sign
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fremitus is a vibration transmitted through the body.[1] In common medical usage, it usually refers to assessment of the lungs by either the vibration intensity felt on the chest wall (tactile fremitus) and/or heard by a stethoscope on the chest wall with certain spoken words (vocal fremitus), although there are several other types.","title":"Fremitus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tracheobronchial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheobronchial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"pleural spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_space"},{"link_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Vocal fremitus","text":"When a person speaks, the vocal cords create vibrations (vocal fremitus) in the tracheobronchial tree and through the lungs and chest wall, where they can be felt (tactile fremitus).[2] This is usually assessed with the healthcare provider placing the flat of their palms on the chest wall and then asking a patient to repeat a phrase containing low-frequency vowels such as \"blue balloons\" or \"toys for tots\" (the original diphthong used was the German word neunundneunzig but the translation to the English 'ninety-nine' was a higher-frequency diphthong and thus not as effective in eliciting fremitus). An increase in tactile fremitus indicates denser or inflamed lung tissue, which can be caused by diseases such as pneumonia. A decrease suggests air or fluid in the pleural spaces or a decrease in lung tissue density, which can be caused by diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.[2]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pleural friction rub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_friction_rub"}],"sub_title":"Pleural fremitus","text":"Pleural fremitus is a palpable vibration of the wall of the thorax caused by friction between the parietal and visceral pleura of the lungs.[3] See pleural friction rub for the auditory analog of this sign.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Dental fremitus","text":"Fremitus appears when teeth move. This can be assessed by feeling and looking at teeth when the mouth is opened and closed.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alveolar bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_bone"},{"link_name":"trauma from occlusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusal_trauma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth"},{"link_name":"periodontal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_disease"},{"link_name":"maximum intercuspation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_intercuspation"},{"link_name":"labial vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_vestibule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Periodontal fremitus","text":"Periodontal fremitus occurs in either of the alveolar bones when an individual sustains trauma from occlusion.[5] It is a result of teeth exhibiting at least slight mobility rubbing against the adjacent walls of their sockets, the volume of which has been expanded ever so slightly by inflammatory responses, bone resorption or both. As a test to determine the severity of periodontal disease, a patient is told to close his or her mouth into maximum intercuspation and is asked to grind his or her teeth ever so slightly. Fingers placed in the labial vestibule against the alveolar bone can detect fremitus.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZaterEstes15-6"},{"link_name":"bronchial hyperreactivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial_hyperreactivity"},{"link_name":"rhonchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhonchus"}],"sub_title":"Rhonchal fremitus","text":"Rhonchal fremitus, also known as bronchial fremitus, is a palpable vibration produced during breathing caused by partial airway obstruction. The obstruction can be due to mucus or other secretions in the airway,[6]: 411 bronchial hyperreactivity, or tumors. See rhonchus (rhonchi) for the auditory analog of this sign.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZaterEstes15-6"},{"link_name":"diphthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pleural effusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion"},{"link_name":"pneumothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultrasonography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonography"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Tactile fremitus","text":"Tactile fremitus, known by many other names including pectoral fremitus, tactile vocal fremitus, or just vocal fremitus, is a vibration felt on the patient's chest during low frequency vocalization.[6]: 409 Commonly, the patient is asked to repeat a phrase while the examiner feels for vibrations by placing a hand over the patient's chest or back. Phrases commonly used in English include, 'boy oh boy' and 'toy boat' (diphthong phrases), as well as 'blue balloons' and 'Scooby-Doo'. 'Ninety-nine' is classically included, however, this is a misinterpretation of the original German report, in which \"neunundneunzig\" was the low-frequency diphthong of choice.[7]Tactile fremitus is normally more intense in the right second intercostal space, as well as in the interscapular region, as these areas are closest to the bronchial trifurcation (right side) or bifurcation (left side). Tactile fremitus is pathologically increased over areas of consolidation and decreased or absent over areas of pleural effusion or pneumothorax (when there is air outside the lung in the chest cavity, preventing lung expansion).[citation needed]The reason for increased fremitus in a consolidated lung is the fact that the sound waves are transmitted with less decay in a solid or fluid medium (the consolidation) than in a gaseous medium (aerated lung). Conversely, the reason for decreased fremitus in a pleural effusion or pneumothorax (or any pathology separating the lung tissue itself from the body wall) is that this increased space diminishes or prevents entirely sound transmission.It has been suggested that the artifacts caused by eliciting tactile fremitus during breast ultrasonography can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.[8]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZaterEstes15-6"}],"sub_title":"Tussive fremitus","text":"Tussive fremitus is a vibration felt on the chest when the patient coughs.[6]: 411","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pericardial friction rub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_friction_rub"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Pericardial fremitus","text":"Pericardial fremitus is a vibration felt on the chest wall due to the friction of the surfaces of the pericardium over each other. See pericardial friction rub for the auditory analog of this sign.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydatid cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatid_cyst"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Hydatid fremitus","text":"Hydatid fremitus is a vibratory sensation felt on palpating a hydatid cyst.[10]","title":"Types"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kacmarek, Robert M.; Stoller, James K.; Heuer, Al (5 February 2016). Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 336. ISBN 9780323393850.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nSKCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323393850","url_text":"9780323393850"}]},{"reference":"Main, Eleanor; Denehy, Linda (2016). Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics E-Book: formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 60. ISBN 9780702049521.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sqWqDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Pleural+fremitus%22&pg=PA60","url_text":"Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics E-Book: formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702049521","url_text":"9780702049521"}]},{"reference":"Levi, Paul A.; Rudy, Robert J.; Jeong, Y. Natalie; Coleman, Daniel K. (2015-12-29). Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Handbook. Springer. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9783662466230.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x94LCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662466230","url_text":"9783662466230"}]},{"reference":"Bathla, Shalu (2011). Periodontics Revisited. JP Medical Ltd. p. 221. ISBN 9789350253670.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NKe1zjbxpvQC&q=%22%27Periodontal+fremitus%22&pg=PA220","url_text":"Periodontics Revisited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350253670","url_text":"9789350253670"}]},{"reference":"Estes, Mary Ellen Zator; Calleja, Pauline; Theobald, Karen; Harvey, Theresa (2015). Health Assessment and Physical Examination: Australian and New Zealand Edition with Student Resource Access 24 Months. Cengage AU. ISBN 9780170354844. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dLDwAAQBAJ&q=%22%27Rhonchal+fremitus%22&pg=PA411","url_text":"Health Assessment and Physical Examination: Australian and New Zealand Edition with Student Resource Access 24 Months"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780170354844","url_text":"9780170354844"}]},{"reference":"Dock, William (July 1973). \"Examination of the Chest: Advantages of Conducting and Reporting it in English\". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 49 (7): 575–582. PMC 1807045. PMID 4514297.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807045","url_text":"\"Examination of the Chest: Advantages of Conducting and Reporting it in English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807045","url_text":"1807045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4514297","url_text":"4514297"}]},{"reference":"Sohn C, Baudendistel A (1995). \"Differential diagnosis of mammary tumors with vocal fremitus in sonography: preliminary report\". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 6 (3): 205–7. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x. PMID 8521071. S2CID 25945830.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x","url_text":"\"Differential diagnosis of mammary tumors with vocal fremitus in sonography: preliminary report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521071","url_text":"8521071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25945830","url_text":"25945830"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Johnson (24 November 2017). \"Pericardial fremitus - palpable pericardial rub - due to friction\". Cardiophile MD.","urls":[{"url":"https://cardiophile.org/pericardial-fremitus-palpable-pericardial-rub/","url_text":"\"Pericardial fremitus - palpable pericardial rub - due to friction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hydatid Fremitus\". The Lancet. 198 (5128): 1231–1232. December 1921. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)34590-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2934590-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(01)34590-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/four/000042668.htm","external_links_name":"\"fremitus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nSKCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sqWqDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Pleural+fremitus%22&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics E-Book: formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x94LCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NKe1zjbxpvQC&q=%22%27Periodontal+fremitus%22&pg=PA220","external_links_name":"Periodontics Revisited"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dLDwAAQBAJ&q=%22%27Rhonchal+fremitus%22&pg=PA411","external_links_name":"Health Assessment and Physical Examination: Australian and New Zealand Edition with Student Resource Access 24 Months"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807045","external_links_name":"\"Examination of the Chest: Advantages of Conducting and Reporting it in English\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807045","external_links_name":"1807045"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4514297","external_links_name":"4514297"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x","external_links_name":"\"Differential diagnosis of mammary tumors with vocal fremitus in sonography: preliminary report\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.06030205.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521071","external_links_name":"8521071"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25945830","external_links_name":"25945830"},{"Link":"https://cardiophile.org/pericardial-fremitus-palpable-pericardial-rub/","external_links_name":"\"Pericardial fremitus - palpable pericardial rub - due to friction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2934590-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(01)34590-7"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13981.htm","external_links_name":"13981"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_McSweeney%27s_Quarterly_Concern
|
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern
|
[]
|
American literary journal
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly ConcernIssue 15: "The Icelandic Issue" (2004)EditorDave EggersCategoriesLiterary magazineFrequencyQuarterlyFounded 1998 (1998-month)CompanyMcSweeney'sCountryUSABased inSan Francisco, CaliforniaLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.mcsweeneys.net
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern is an American literary journal, founded in 1998, typically containing short stories, reportage, and illustrations. Some issues also include poetry, comic strips, and novellas. The Quarterly Concern is published by McSweeney's based in San Francisco and it has been edited by Dave Eggers. The journal is notable in that it has no fixed format, and changes its publishing style from issue to issue, unlike more conventional journals and magazines.
The first issue featured only works that had been rejected by other publications, but the journal has since begun publishing pieces written with McSweeney's in mind.
History
McSweeney's was founded in 1998 after Dave Eggers left an editing position at Esquire, during the same time he was working on A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. McSweeney's is a sort of successor to Eggers' earlier magazine project Might, although Might was focused on editorial content and news, and not literature. Eggers also refers to McSweeney's as having "less edge" than Might.
Although originally reaching only a small audience, McSweeney's has grown to be a well respected journal, with Ruth Franklin, writing for Slate, referring to the Quarterly (and company) as "...the first bona fide literary movement in decades". In 2013, NPR wrote about the company's fifteenth anniversary, and referred to the journal as the "flagship literary quarterly" of a "literary empire based in San Francisco".
Authors
Notable authors featured in McSweeney's include Denis Johnson, William T. Vollmann, Joyce Carol Oates, Jonathan Lethem, Michael Chabon, Susan Straight, Roddy Doyle, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Steven Millhauser, Robert Coover, Stephen King, David Foster Wallace and Ann Beattie. The Quarterly has also helped launch the careers of dozens of emerging writers, including Philipp Meyer, Wells Tower, and Rebecca Curtis.
Awards
In 2007, McSweeney's received the National Magazine Award for Fiction for three stories published in 2006: "Wild Child" by T.C. Boyle (Issue 19); "To Sit, Unmoving" by Susan Steinberg (author) (Issue 20); and "The Strange Career of Dr. Raju Gopalarajan" by Rajesh Parameswaran (Issue 21).
In 2010, Anthony Doerr, Wells Tower, and Kevin Moffett won the National Magazine Awards for their stories "Memory Wall", "Raw Water", and "Further Interpretations of Real-Life Events", respectively, all published in Issue 32.
Published issues
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024)
McSweeney's publishes each issue in a different format. Past issues have ranged in format from simple hardcovers or softcovers to more unconventional configurations, such as newspapers, a bundle of mail, a box emblazoned with a man's sweaty head, and a deck of playing cards. Some issues feature writing exclusively or mostly from one geographic area, such as Issue 15, which contained half American and half Icelandic writing.
In Issue 10, it was claimed that exactly 56 issues of the journal would be published. In Issue 20, this claim was repeated in an advertisement that stated: "There will be roughly thirty-six to come; then, a five-year retrenchment." With the publication of Issue 56 it was revealed that this had always been a joke and that they would continue to publish until at least issue 156.
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Issue
Date
Description
Contributors
1
Autumn 1998
"Gegenshein", or "The Ski Instructor" (paperback)
Letters: Ana Marie Cox, John Hodgman, Laura Miller, Tish O'Mara, Glasgow Phillips, Morgan Phillips, William Powers, Don Steinberg, Sarah Vowell, Stuart Wade, Ches Wajda Main contributors: Zev Borow, Arthur Bradford, Randy Cohen, Courtney Eldridge, Mia Fineman, Mary R. Gallagher, Chris Harris, Marc Herman, Tom Junod, Komar and Melamid, Adrienne Miller, Rick Moody, Mark O'Donnell, Christina Pelham-Fence, Morgan Phillips, Neal Pollack, Heidi Pollock, Todd Pruzan, Ted Rall, Marny Requa, Tim Rogers, Phillip Ryan, Steven J. Shalit, Steve Steinberg, Jill Stoddard, Paul Tullis, David Foster Wallace, Jason Zengerle
2
Late Winter, Early Spring 1999
"Timothy McSweeney's Blues/Jazz Odyssey", or "Pollyanna's Bootless Errand" (paperback)
Letters: Shaun Armour, Tim Carvell, Pamela Grim, Brent Hoff, Jon Langford, Jonathan Lethem, Gary Pike, Neal Pollack, Kate Powers Main contributors: Zev Borrow, John Bowe, Arthur Bradford, Paul Collins, Ana Marie Cox, Amanda Davis, Paul DuChateau, Dave Eggers, Mary Gallagher, John Hodgman, Brent Hoff, Heidi Julavits, Brian Kennedy, Lawrence Krauser, Paul Maliszewski, Todd Pruzan, Daniel Radosh, Marny Requa, Tim Rogers, Amy Krouse Rosenthal, David Shields, M. E. Song, Jim Stallard, Sarah Vowell, Colleen Werthmann, Sean Wilsey
3
Late Summer, Early Fall 1999
"Timothy McSweeney's Windfall Republic" (paperback)
Letters: Jason Adams, Arthur Bradford, Dean F. Cully, Jason De Joux, Camden Joy, Jonathan Lethem, Paul Maliszewski, Denise O'Mara, Morgan Phillips, Christopher P. Riley-Zaliniev, Rodney Rothman, David Shields, Sarah Vowell, Colleen Werthmann Main contributors: Steve Amick, Zev Borow, Judy Budnitz, Paul Collins, Ana Marie Cox, Dave Eggers (as Lucy Thomas), Ken Foster, Gary Greenberg, Brian Greene, Kirsten Haas, Jim Hanas, Aleksandar Hemon, Brent Hoff, Cynthia Kaplan, Komar and Melamid, J. Robert Lennon, Dr. Randy Lewis, Magnus Mills, Rick Moody, Christina Nunez, Mark O'Donnell, Tracy Olssen, T. Z. Parsa, A. G. Pasquella, Todd Pruzan, Amy Krouse Rosenthal, Edwin Rozic, Christopher Sorrentino, Saul Steinberg, David Steinhardt, Dr. Jeff Turner, Tom Tomorrow, Dr. Fritz Vollrath, David Foster Wallace, John Warner, E. Weinberger, Lawrence Weschler
4
Late Winter 2000
"Trying, Trying, Trying, Trying, Trying" (box containing 14 booklets and one decorated subscription card)
Letters: Arthur Bradford, Christopher P. Riley-Zaleniev, Sarah Vowell, Sean Wilsey Main contributors: Joshuah Bearman, Rachel Cohen, Paul Collins, Lydia Davis, Marcy Dermansky, Jason Eaton, Steve Featherstone, Amy Fusselman, Ben Greenman, Sheila Heti, Gabe Hudson, Denis Johnson, Nicholas Laughlin, J. Robert Lennon, Jonathan Lethem, Paul Maliszewski, Ben Miller, Rick Moody, Haruki Murakami, David Pacheco, Dan Pope, George Saunders, John Warner, Lawrence Weschler, Ralph Worsey
5
Summer 2000
(hardcover; three different book covers and four different dustjackets)
Letters: Lydia Davis, Courtney Eldridge, Gary Pike, Sarah Vowell Main contributors: Steven Barthelme, Joshuah Bearman, Paul Collins, Ann Cummins, RJ Curtis, Lydia Davis, Kelly Feeney, Ben Greenman, Ted Koppel, Paul LaFarge, J. Robert Lennon, Paul Maliszewski, Ben Marcus, Susan Minot, Jason Ockert, Daniel O'Mara, Alastair Reid, Rodney Rothman, Sarah Vowell, David Foster Wallace (as Elizabeth Klemm), Colleen Werthmann, Lawrence Weschler, Chad Willenborg
6
2001
"Timothy McSweeney's Very Intense Heated Passionate Battle/Embrace with They Might Be Giants" (hardcover; two variants, with different front-cover text: 1) WE NOW KNOW WHO. or 2) FIND THEM AND CONVINCE THEM.; includes CD They Might Be Giants vs. McSweeney's, with tracks to accompany stories and artwork in book) ISBN 978-0-9703355-4-8
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Nathaniel Bellows, Barry Blitt, Arthur Bradford, Katherine Bradford, Breyten Breytenbach, Judy Budnitz, Jeri Coppola, Ann Cummins, Lydia Davis, Marcel Dzama, Richard Erickson, Walker Evans, Matt Fagan, Steve Featherstone, Mia Fineman, Dave Ford, Ian Frazier, Mary Gallagher, Karl Haendel, Saskia Hamilton, Sheila Heti, Samantha Hunt, Candy Jernigan, Roy Kesey, Walter Koenigstein, Mark O'Donnell, Gina O'Mara, Ad Reinhardt, Amy Sillman, Zadie Smith, Fritz Swanson, Chris Ware, Tommy Wallach, John Warner, Lawrence Weschler, Sean Wilsey CD contributors: Arthur Bradford, Ann Cummins, M. Doughty, Free Cooperation, Philip Glass, Roger Greenawalt, Erika Kawalek, Michael Meredith, The Elegant Too (Chris Maxwell, Phil Hernandez), They Might Be Giants (John Flansburgh, John Linnell), S. E. Willis
7
2001
(hardcover case holding nine booklets, all bound by a rubber band) ISBN 978-0-9703355-6-2
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Kevin Brockmeier, Michael Chabon, Steven Connelly, Ann Cummins, Courtney Eldridge, Joan Fry, A. M. Homes, Heidi Julavits, JT LeRoy, Allan Seager, William T. Vollmann, John Warner Cover artists: Melissa Beck, Tim Bower, Elizabeth Kairys, Sharon Leong, Katherine Streeter, Chris Ware, Eric White
8
2002
Guest editor: Paul Maliszewski (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-9719047-1-2
Letters: Amie Barrodale, Karyn Coughlin, Kevin Guilfoile, Mark Honey, J. Robert Lennon, Edna Mayfair, Gary Pike, Lynne Tillman, Steve Timm, James Wagner, Colleen Werthmann, Randall Williams Main contributors: Amie Barrodale, Jonathan Ames, Tina Barney, Joshuah Bearman, Sandow Birk, Janet Bland, Patrick Borelli, Stephan Chapman, Rachel Cohen, Chris Colin, Michel Desommelier, Ben Dryer, Rikki Ducornet, Monique Dufour, Marcel Dzama, Jeff Edmunds, Eric P. Elshtain, Amy England, Jacques Gauthier, Dan Goldstein, Manuel Gonzalez, Aleksandar Hemon, John Hodgman, Carla Howl, Gabe Hudson, Christine Hume, Samantha Hunt, Mike Jerominski, Dewey L. Johnson IV, Catherine Kasper, Erik P. Kraft, Cynthia Kuhn, Paul LaFarge, J. Robert Lennon, Ben Marcus, Jill Marquis, Michael Martone, Whitney Melton, Eugene Mitman, Rick Moody, Robert Nedelkoff, Cedar Pruitt, Christy Ann Rowe, Matt Sauer, Kevin Shay, Joey Skaggs, Gilbert Sorrentino, Brian Spinks, C. Stelzmann, Darin Strauss, Steve Tomasula, David Ray Vance, Bill Wasik, Lawrence Weschler, Curtis White, John Williams, Sean Wilsey Guest cover designer: Elizabeth Kairys
9
Late Summer, Early Fall 2002
"We Feel This One Is More Urgent" (paperback) ISBN 978-0-9719047-5-0
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Isaac Babel, Doug Dorst, Jeff Greenwald, A. M. Homes, Gabe Hudson, Denis Johnson, Roy Kesey, K. Kvashay-Boyle, Nicholas Minton, Ellen Moore, Val Vinokurov, William T. Vollmann
10
2002
"McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales" Guest editor: Michael Chabon (paperback; pulp magazine style)
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Sherman Alexie, Aimee Bender, Michael Chabon, Dan Chaon, Michael Crichton, Dave Eggers, Harlan Ellison, Carol Emshwiller, Karen Joy Fowler, Neil Gaiman, Glen David Gold, Nick Hornby, Laurie R. King, Stephen King, Elmore Leonard, Kelly Link, Rick Moody, Michael Moorcock, Chris Offutt, Jim Shepard Illustrations: Howard Chaykin Cover art: H. J. Ward
11
2003
"It Can Be Free" (hardcover; issued in four variant faux-leather bindings: black, blue, brown, and yellow/orange; includes DVD) ISBN 978-1-932416-01-5
Letters: Ben Greenman, Trevor Koski, M, Dow Mossman, Emilio Oliveira, Benjamin Rosenbaum, Jeffrey Rotter Main contributors: Daphne Beal, Tom Bissell, Kit Bolstad, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Doug Dorst, Stephen Elliott, Brent Hoff, Samantha Hunt, Denis Johnson, Benjamin Lytal, David Means, Joyce Carol Oates, Robert Olmstead, Dr. Steve O'Shea, A. G. Pasaquella, Alison Smith, Sean Warren, Lawrence Welscher DVD only: Jonathan Ames, Marcel Dzama, Neal Farber, John Hodgman, Sarah Vowell
12
2003
"Unpublished, Unknown, &/or Unbelievable" (paperback; divided into four colored sections; cover flaps can be unfolded to view 3D illusion inside) ISBN 978-1-932416-06-0
Letters: Ryan W. Bradley, Jeffrey Brand, David Dineen-Porter, Stephen Elliott, Eli Horowitz, Gabe Hudson, Sarah Manguso, Anna Pervukhin Main contributors: Steve Almond, Aimee Bender, Jill Bialosky, James Boice, Ryan Boudinot, Judy Budnitz, Douglas Coupland, Ann Cummins, Andrea Deszo, Roddy Doyle, David Ebershoff, Jennifer Egan, Ben Ehrenreich, Alicia Erian, John Henry Fleming, Emma Forrest, Glen David Gold, Myla Goldberg, Aleksandar Hemon, Gabe Hudson, Laird Hunt, Jessica Francis Kane, Steve Korver, Andy Lamey, J. Robert Lennon, Jonathan Lethem, Wythe Marschall, Rhett Miller, Rick Moody, Mark Nesbitt, Rene Nuijens, Peter Orner, Julie Orringer, Salvador Plascencia, Shann Ray, Sarah Raymont, Stacey Richter, Katie Roiphe, Rachel Sherman, Chad Simpson, Steve Stiefel, Darin Strauss, Valerie Sutton, Dean Wareham, Ashley Warlick Cover art: Christian Northeast
13
Spring 2004
"An Assorted Sampler of North American Comic Drawings, Strips, and Illustrated Stories, &c." Guest editor: Chris Ware (hardcover; dustjacket unfolds into two large artworks; includes two mini-comics) ISBN 978-1-932416-08-4
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Lynda Barry, Mark Beyer, Chester Brown, Jeffrey Brown, Ivan Brunetti, Charles Burns, Michael Chabon (as Malachi B. Cohen), Daniel Clowes, David Collier, R. Crumb, Kim Deitch, Julie Doucet, Debbie Drechsler, H. C. "Bud" Fisher, Ira Glass, Glen David Gold, Milt Gross, David Heatley, Gilbert Hernandez, Jaime Hernandez, Ben Katchor, Kaz, Chip Kidd, Joe Matt, Richard McGuire, John McLenan, Mark Newgarden, Gary Panter, John Porcellino, Archer Prewitt, Ronald J. Rege Jr., Joe Sacco, Richard Sala, Tim Samuelson, Seth, Art Spiegelman, Adrian Tomine, Rodolphe Töpffer, John Updike, Chris Ware, Jim Woodring Dustjacket art: Chris Ware
14
Early Fall 2004
"Timothy McSweeney's at War for the Foreseeable (Shitbrained) Future and He's Never Been So Scared" (paperback ISBN 978-1-932416-12-1
Letters: Jonathan Ames, Charlie, Brent Hoff, Nick Hornby, Laura Jensen, Timothy McSweeney, A. G. Pasquella, Simon, Sarah Vowell Main contributors: Chris Adrian, Jessica Anthony, Chris Bachelder, Joshuah Bearman, Ryan Boudinot, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Kate Braverman, Robert Olen Butler, Lindsay Carleton, Silvia DiPierdomenico, Pia Z. Ehrhardt, Denis Johnson, Jessica Lamb-Shapiro, Claire Light, Malinda McCollum, Jim Shepard, Susan Straight, Wells Tower, Lawrence Weschler
15
Winter 2005
"The Icelandic Issue" (hardcover; includes Icelandic tabloid mini-magazine) ISBN 978-1-932416-14-5
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Guðbergur Bergsson, Birna Anna Björnsdóttir, Kiara Brinkman, Judy Budnitz, Jimmy Chen, Roddy Doyle, Þórarinn Eldjárn, Gyrðir Elíasson, Seth Fried, Einar Már Guðmundsson, Eric Hanson, Silja Hauksdóttir, Hallgrímur Helgason, Roy Kesey, Andri Snœr Magnason, Steven Millhauser, Bragi Ólafsson, Padgett Powell, Benjamin Rosenbaum, Sjón, Oddný Sturludóttir Cover art: Leif Parsons
16
Summer 2005
(hardcover packaging; includes quarterly, novella, deck-of-cards story, and a Timothy-embossed plastic comb) ISBN 978-1-932416-15-2
Letters: (none) Main contributors: Ann Beattie, Robert Coover, Roddy Doyle, Pia Z. Ehrhardt, Brian Evenson, Denis Johnson, Adam Levin, Harry Mathews, Miranda Mellis, Nathaniel Minton, Kevin Moffett, Hannah Pittard Card backs: Michael Kupperman Beattie cover art: George Slavik Case art: Joanna Davis
17
October/ November 2005
"Made to Look Like It Came in Your Mailbox" (packaged as a bundle of mail; includes letters, magazines titled Yeti Researcher and Unfamiliar, sausage catalog, circular for Pantalaine "plural clothing", and Envelope, containing reproductions of "new artwork") ISBN 978-1-932416-31-2
Letters: (Yeti Researcher) Joshua Rivkin, Kaarl Mustanen Contributing writers: Joshuah Bearman, Erich Bluhm, Judy Budnitz, Rebecca Curtis, Trinie Dalton, Evan Derkacz, Stephen Elliott, Peter Ferry, Avital Gad-Cykman, Bryan Gardiner, Jon Alain Guzik, Eric Hanson, John Haskell, Brent Hoff, Gabe Hudson, Ronni Kapos, Starlee Kine, Kenneth Koch, Sarah Manguso, Laurenn McCubbin, Greg Moore, Kirby Olson, Jim Ruland, Jim Shepard, J. Silver, Mark Sundeen, Katie Wudel Envelope: David Byrne, Georgeanne Deen, Camille Rose Garcia, Salomon Huerta, Steve Klamm, Jasiu Krajewski, David Mamet, Tucker Nichols, Manuel Ocampo, Clare Rojas, Mark Ryden, Jaime Scholnick Pantalaine: Brian McMullen
18
Winter 2005/2006
(paperback; packaged with Wholphin DVD magazine, Issue #1) ISBN 978-1-932416-38-1
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Alan Ackman, Chris Adrian, Roddy Doyle, Rachel Haley Himmelhaber, Adam Levin, Joe Meno, Philipp Meyer, Yannick Murphy, Joyce Carol Oates, Daniel Orozco, Nelly Reifler, Deb Olin Unferth, Lawrence Weschler, Edmund White Maze specialist: Jason Shiga
19
Spring 2006
"Old Facts, New Fiction, & a Novella by T.C. Boyle" (cigar box containing quarterly and 15 reproductions of government publications, political propaganda, photographs, and other ephemera) ISBN 978-1-932416-48-0
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: T. Coraghessan Boyle, Sean Casey, Brendan Connell, Adam Golaski, Christopher Howard Cigar box art: Michael Kupperman
20
Summer 2006
(hardcover; every fourth page is a full-color illustration; includes a booklet, attached inside the back cover, containing the first part of The Children's Hospital, a novel by Chris Adrian) ISBN 978-1-932416-52-7
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Tony D'Souza, Aaron Gwynn, Ben Jahn, Roy Kesey, Sam Miller, Kevin Moffett, Jack Pendarvis, Sarah Raymont, Anthony Schneider, Susan Steinberg, J. Erin Sweeney, Corinna Vallianatos, Rod White Contributing artists: Franz Ackermann, Mamma Andersson, Kevin Christy, Anna Conway, Holly Coulis, Amy Cutler, Jules de Balincourt, Chris Duncan, Echo Eggebrecht, Niklas Eneblom, Jeff Gauntt, Angelina Gualdoni, Ernst Haeckel, Wendy Heldmann, Jason Holley, Håvard Homstvedt, Susan Logoreci, Ashley Macomber, Jacob Magraw-Mickelson, Jodie Mohr, Laura Owens, Clare Rojas, Henri Rousseau, Rachel Salomon, Andrew Schoultz, Keith Andrew Shore, Rachell Sumpter, Fred Tomaselli, Kuniyoshi Utagawa Cover art: Jacob Magraw-Mickelson
21
Fall 2006
(paperback; fully illustrated cover, with a small flap on the front that unfolds to create a continuous picture around all four sides; eight variant covers) ISBN 978-1-932416-61-9
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Greg Ames, Arthur Bradford, Roddy Doyle, Stephen Elliott, Chloe Hooper, Miranda July, Kevin Moffett, Yannick Murphy, Joyce Carol Oates, Peter Orner, Rajesh Parameswaran, Holly Tavel, A. Nathan West, Christian Winn Contributing artists: Nate Beaty, Robert Goodin, Leif Parsons, Matt Rota Cover art: Keith Jones
22
2007
"Three Books Held Within By Magnets" (faux-leather hardcover case with a magnet bound into the spine, holding three paperbacks with metal strips bound into their spines) ISBN 978-1-932416-66-4
Letters: (none) Contributors to Book 1, "From the Notebook: The Unwritten Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald": Stephany Aulenback, John Beckman, Marc Bojanowski, Judy Budnitz, Ian Caldwell, Rachel Ingalls, Sam Lipsyte, Tom Lombardi, Carey Mercer, Lydia Millet, Sigrid Nunez, Michelle Orange, Salvador Plascencia, Matthew Sharpe, Miriam Toews, Jincy Willett, Diane Williams Contributors to Book 2, "The State of Constraint: New Work by Oulipo": Marcel Bénabou, François Caradec, Lynn Crawford, Frédéric Forte, Paul Fournel, Anne F. Garréta, Michelle Grangaud, Jacques Jouet, Hervé Le Tellier, Harry Mathews, Ian Monk, Jacques Roubaud, Olivier Salon Contributors to Book 3, "The Poetry Chains of Dominic Luxford: Ten Poets Pick Ten More and So On": Elizabeth Alexander, Ralph Angel, John Ashbery, Caroline Bergvall, David Berman, Michael Burkard, Tina Chang, Olena Kaiytiak Davis, Mark Doty, Lynn Emanuel, Ángel Garcia, Forrest Hamer, francine j. harris, Terrance Hayes, Brenda Hillman, Jane Hirshfield, Denis Johnson, A. Van Jordan, Thomas Kane, Mary Karr, Ruth Ellen Kocher, Yusef Komunyakaa, Gerry LaFemina, Patrick Lawler, Sarah Lindsay, Harryette Mullen, Alice Notley, Michael Ondaatje, Linda Tomol Pennisi, Heidi Johannesen Poon, Courtney Queeney, Brett Eugene Ralph, Atsuro Riley, Lisa Robertson, Pattiann Rogers, Mary Ruefle, Kay Ryan, Tomaž Šalamun, Kaia Sand, Bernd Sauerman, Brenda Shaughnessy, Charles Simic, Tracy K. Smith, Brandon Som, Mary Stebbins, Larissa Szporluk, James Tate, Rodrigo Toscano, C. D. Wright, Dean Young
23
Spring 2007
"Still Going Strong / Like Castro (We Meant Ramón)" (hardcover; dustjacket unfolds, with an illustration by Andrea Dezsö on one side, and, on the other, several short-short stories and nearly 200 drawings—presented in a volvelle-like circular array—by Dave Eggers; "Comedy by the Numbers" booklet attached inside back cover) ISBN 978-1-932416-76-3
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Chris Bachelder, Ann Beattie, Caren Beilin, Roddy Doyle, Dave Eggers, Clancy Martin, Deb Olin Unferth, Chris Stokes, Wells Tower, Shawn Vestal, April Wilder Dustjacket (exterior) art and interior illustrations: Andrea Dezsö Dustjacket (interior) design: Dave Eggers and Brian McMullen
24
Fall 2007
"Trouble" and "Come Back, Donald Barthelme"(hardcover; the two parts are bound dos-à-dos; includes a booklet, attached to the verso of the front free endpaper of "Trouble", containing the first part of Bowl of Cherries, a novel by Millard Kaufman) ISBN 978-1-932416-77-0
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: "Trouble": Jonathan Ames, Aaron Gwyn, Eric Hanson, Christopher R. Howard, Joe Meno, Philippe Soupault, Robin Walz (translator of the Soupault story) "Come Back, Donald Barthelme": Donald Barthelme, Justin Taylor, Ann Beattie, Cliff Chase, Robert Coover, Tracy Daugherty, David Gates, Kim Herzinger, Oscar Hijuelos, Edward Hirsch, Brian Kiteley, Gary Lutz, Mark Jay Mirsky, Lance Olsen, Grace Paley, Padgett Powell, George Saunders, Michael Silverblatt, Tom Steele, Brian Kim Stefans, Frederic Tuten, Lawrence Weschler, Lois Parkinson Zamora Cover art: Rachell Sumpter
25
Fall/Winter 2007
(hardcover) ISBN 978-1-932416-84-8
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Emily Anderson, Kenneth Bonert, David Hollander, Chloe Hooper, Connor Kilpatrick, Alexander MacBride, Steven Millhauser, Joyce Carol Oates, Padgett Powell, Terry Wright Cover illustration: Leah Hayes Interior illustrations: Amy Jean Porter
26
Winter/Spring 2008
"New Stories from Overseas", "New Stories from Our Shores", and "Where to Invade Next"(three volumes: the two "New Stories" volumes are small oblong paperbacks; the third volume is hardcover) ISBN 978-1-932416-88-6
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: "New Stories from Overseas": Uzodinma Iweala, Frank Lentricchia, Dana Mazur, Garry Craig Powell, Ismet Prcic, Rob Sears, Stephen Smith "New Stories from Our Shores": John Brandon, Amanda Davis, Wayne Harrison, Michael Gills, Uzodinma Iweala, Ismet Prcic "Where to Invade Next": Stephen Elliott (editor), Andrew F. Altschul, Greg Larson, Eric Martin, Jesse Nathan, Peter Rednour, Jason Roberts
27
Spring 2008
(paperback; three volumes in illustrated card slipcase: the journal, Autophobia by Art Spiegelman, and Lots of Things Like This, an exhibition catalog) ISBN 978-1-932416-91-6
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Ashlee Adams, Dave Eggers (introduction to Lots of Things Like This), Mikel Jollett, Stephen King, Liz Mandrell, Jim Shepard, Larry Smith, Art Spiegelman Slipcase photograph: Irving Underhill (1921) Cover illustration: Scott Teplin (journal), Art Spiegelman (Autophobia) Interior illustrations: Scott Teplin (journal)
28
Summer 2008
(hardcover; eight volumes housed in a board tray and held in place by elastic bands; the volumes, with illustrated back covers, are arranged in two sets of four, with each set combining to form a larger illustration; introduction by Jess Benjamin is printed inside the tray) ISBN 978-1-934781-07-4
Letters: (none) Contributing writers (and interior illustrators): Daniel Alarcón (Jordan Awan), Ryan Boudinot (Genevieve Simms), Arthur Bradford (Jon Adams), Nathan Englander (Jordin Isip), Brian Evenson (Phillip Fivel Nessen), Sheila Heti (Liz Lee), Tayari Jones (Morgan Elliott), Sarah Manguso (Louie Cordero) Cover illustrations: Danica Novgorodoff
29
Fall/Winter 2008
(hardcover; three variant bindings (die-cut blue cloth over black cloth, gray over black, and black over red); illustrated throughout with color reproductions of matchbook covers, "most of them Eastern European in origin," collected by Jane McDevitt) ISBN 978-1-934781-08-1
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Brian Baise, Roddy Doyle, Blaze Ginsberg, Ben Greenman, Laura Hendrix, Erica Plouffe Lazure, Nathaniel Minton, Yannick Murphy, Joyce Carol Oates, Peter Orner, Nelly Reifler, Dawn Ryan, J. Erin Sweeney, John Thorson
30
Winter 2008/09
"¡Rejoice!", or "Forge-Ahead/Throwback Issue" (paperback; design similar to issues 1–3) ISBN 978-1-934781-22-7
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Catherine Bussinger, Michael Cera, Bill Cotter, Nick Ekkizogloy, J. Malcolm Garcia, Etgar Keret, Carson Mell, Kevin Moffett, Shelly Oria, Wells Tower, Matei Visniec (translated by Shari Gerstenberger) Interior illustrations: Jason Polan
31
Summer 2009
"Vikings, Monks, Philosophers, Whores: Old Forms, Unearthed"Curated by Darren Franich and Graham Weatherly(hardcover; "McSweeney's Summertime Sampler", a 16-page tabloid-sized publication containing excerpts from three current or forthcoming books from McSweeney's, attached inside back cover) ISBN 978-1-934781-34-0
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: anonymous/unknown, Nicky Beer, John Brandon, Joel Brouwer, Duan Chengshi, Nicolas Chorier, Douglas Coupland, Jennifer Michael Hecht, Shelley Jackson, Ben Jahn, Troy Jollimore, Dan Liebert, Byron Lu, George Barr McCutcheon, Mary Miller, Douglas W. Milliken, Walker Pfost, Plato, Will Sheff, Chris Spurr, Bill Tarlin, David Thomson, Tony Trigilio, Miguel de Unamuno, Joy Williams Cover illustration: Scott Teplin McSweeney's Summertime Sampler: Jessica Anthony, Bill Cotter, James Hannaham, Jayme Yen (design)
32
Fall 2009
"2024 AD" (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-934781-35-7
Letters: (none) Contributing writers: Chris Adrian, Chris Bachelder, Anthony Doerr, Sesshu Foster, Sheila Heti, Heidi Julavits, Salvador Plascencia, Jim Shepard, J. Erin Sweeney, Wells Tower Cover and endpaper illustration: Robyn O'Neil Interior illustrations: Michael Schall
33
Winter 2009/10
"San Francisco Panorama" (newspaper; includes explanatory insert, poster, "Rocket Sam" cut out sheet, and two magazines: The Panorama Magazine and The Panorama Book Review) ISBN 978-1-934781-48-7
Contributors
Contributing writers: Newspaper: Tsan Abrahamson, Charon Asetoyer, Nicholson Baker, Tom Barbash, Christopher Benz, Anna Brenner, Lisa Brown, Faye Browne, Brandon Bussolini, Crystal Carter, Kevin Collier, Patricia Decker, Matthew Derby, Katrina Dodson, Stephen Elliott, Ryan Farr, FreeDarko Collective, Albino Garcia, J. Malcolm Garcia, Yana Garcia, Aidan Gardiner, Tom Goldtooth, PennElys GoodShield, Moze Halperin, Lisa M. Hamilton, Daniel Handler, Reyhan Harmanci, Tim Heidecker, Chinaka Hodge, Brent Hoff, Jessica Hopper, John Horgan, Rachel Khong, Stephen King, Winona LaDuke, Andrew Leland, L. E. Leone, Joe Loya, Paolo Luchessi, Amy Martin, Theodore McDermott, China Miéville, John Mooallem, Sarah Morrison, Eddie Muller, Jesse Nathan, Don Novello, Richard Parks, Michaelanne and Angela Petrella, Roger Pimentel, Peter Plate, Robert Porterfield, Brendan Emmett Quigley, Tom Reed, Irma Rodriguez, Salman Rushdie, Chris Sheehy, Ross Simonini, Zac Stone, Brandon Stosuy, Benjamin Tausig, Michelle Tea, Jeremy Teppas, Kendra Terry, Colin Thomas-Jensen, Nick Tilsen, Wendy Todd, Gustavo Turner, William T. Vollman, Douglas Wolk, Chris Ying Magazine: Wajahat Ali, Christopher Benz, Tom Bissell, Zev Borow, Michael Chabon, David Fenkel, Andrew Sean Greer, Marshall Hayes, Brent Hoff, Chip Kidd, Scott Kirsner, Matthew Klam, Jonah Lehrer, Gideon Lewis-Kraus, Juliet Linderman, Tom Luddy, Timothy Parker, Peter Sollett, Mary Williams Book Review: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Chris Adrian, Samuel Garang Akau, Daniel Alarcón, Rae Armantrout, John Ashbery, Joshuah Bearman, Stephen Burt, Katie Crouch, Junot Díaz, Matthew Dickman, Anthony Doerr, Roddy Doyle, Firoozah Dumas, Jessica Fisher, James Franco, Seth Fried, Beverly Gage, Jeff Gundy, Matthea Harvey, Robert Hass, Brenda Hillman, Jane Hirshfield, H. L. Hix, Ben Jahn, Jean Janzen, Troy Jollimore, Miranda July, Ilya Kaminsky, Julia Kinsman, Juliet Litman, Alia Malek, Lisa Morehouse, Paul Muldoon, Dicky Murphy, Geoff Nicholson, Peter Orner, Keith Ratzlaff, George Saunders, Deb Olin Unferth, Sean Wilsey, Matthew Zapruder Contributing illustrators: Newspaper: Aron Bothman, Susan Kelk Cervantes, Emily Eibel, Laura Foxgrover, Eric Heiman, Ian Huebert, Lauren LoPrete, Nancy Smith, Jackson Solway (photo), James Stokoe, David Thomson, Shihwen Wang, Chris Ware Comics section: Jessica Abel, Jon Adams, Mac Barnett, Alison Bechdel, Gabrielle Bell, Heather Brinesh, Ivan Brunetti, Michael Capozzola, Daniel Clowes, Kim Deitch, Ian Huebert, Keith Knight, Erik Larsen, Katrina Ortiz, Adam Rex, Seth, Art Spiegelman, Adrian Tomine, Chris Ware, Gene Luen Yang Magazine: Amelia Bauer (cover), Domitille Collardey, Eric Drooker, Toufic El Rassi Book Review: Mark Todd (cover), Wesley Allsbrook, Melissa Beck, Guy Billout, Louie Cordero, Brad Farwell (photo), Katherine Guillen, Lisa Hanawalt, Michael Kupperman, Jesse Lefkowitz, Matt Rota, Leigh Wells
34
Spring 2010
(two paperbacks in plastic sleeve: the journal and The End of Major Combat Operations by Nick McDonell) ISBN 978-1-934781-67-8
Letters: Arthur Bradford, Eric Calderwood, Tim Carvell, Julio Villanueva Chang, Brian T. Edwards, John Hodgman, Julie Klausner, Sodienye Kurubo, Andrew Leland, David Shields, Sarah Vowell Contributing writers: Mona Awad, Tom Barbash, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Sean Casey, Bridget Clerkin, Lawrence-Minh Bùi Davis, Anthony Doerr, Daniel Handler, Annie Holmes, David Means, Peter Orner Cover illustration: Siri Hustvedt Interior illustrations: (self-portraits; introduction by Brian McMullen) Joey Lauren Adams, Jonathan Ames, Ramin Bahrani, Lisa Brown, Seymour Chwast, Stephen Elliott, Brian Evenson (back page), Michel Gondry, Rashida Jones, Nicole Holofcener, Arsinée Khanjian, Jon Langford, Mike Leigh, Jonathan Lethem, Ben Marcus, Greil Marcus, Michael Martone, Jack Pendarvis, Davy Rothbart, Sarah Silverman
35
Summer 2010
(paperback; a section of the journal is devoted to "a portfolio of stories from Norway"; preview booklet for the novel Citrus County by John Brandon inside back cover flap) ISBN 978-1-934781-72-2
Letters: Brian Beatty, Benjamin Cohen, Ben Greenman, Ellie Kemper, Dan Kennedy, Pasha Malla, Mike Sacks, Leon Sanders, Jim Stallard, Sarah Walker, Teddy Wayne, Kent Woodyard Contributing writers: Hilton Als, Patrick Crerand, Roddy Doyle, Steven Millhauser Stories from Norway: Mikkel Bugge (editor), John Erik Riley (editor) (translations by Riley, Liv Irene Myrhe, May-Brit Akerholt, and Kari Dickson) Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Frode Grytten, Johan Harstad, Hans Herbjørnsrud, Roy Jacobsen, Gunnhild Øyehaug, Per Pettersen, Laila Stien, Tor Ulven Flamme Forlag section: Nils-Øivind Haagensen (editor), Bendik Wold (editor), Ole-Petter Arneberg, Victoria Durnak, Audun Mortensen, Rannveig Revhaug Contributing artist: Robert Barnes Cover illustration: Jordan Crane
36
Winter 2010/11
"Timothy McSweeney's Thirty-sixth Issue"(illustrated "head" box containing journal, eight other booklets, four postcards, uncut roll of fortune-cookie fortunes, insert card, and cardboard spacer) ISBN 978-1-934781-74-6
Letters: Christopher Benz, Steve Delahoyde, Jesse Eisenberg, Marco Kaye, L. E. Leone, Gideon Lewis-Kraus, Mary Miller, Davy Rothbart, Aulden Timmer Contributing writers: Wajahat Ali, Andrew Kennedy Hutchison Boyd, John Brandon, Michael Chabon, Paul Collins, Sophia Cara Frydman, Tim Heidecker, Maggie Lemere, Adam Levin, Ricardo Nuila, Jack Pendarvis (writing as L. P. Eaves), Ismet Prcic, Ishmael Reed, Colm Tóibín, Gregg Turkington, Zoë West Contributing illustrators: Sophia Cara Frydman (Frydman), Ian Huebert (postcards), Daniel Krall (Ali cover), Léon Krier (Chabon), Michael Kupperman (Eaves), Connie Sun (Ali interior) Box illustration: Matt Furie
37
Spring 2011
(hardcover; perspective cover illustration and format, with truncated corners at the spine top and fore-edge bottom, giving the appearance of a book seen from an angle; a section of the journal is devoted to "five new stories from Kenya"; preview booklet containing four chapters from A Moment in the Sun by John Sayles in a pocket affixed to the front pastedown endpaper; vertical wraparound band on back cover) ISBN 978-1-934781-86-9
Letters: Jamie Allen, Steve Delahoyde, James Fleming, Hallie Haglund, Jamie Quatro, Brendan Emmett Quigley, Christopher Monks, Laraine Newman, Mike Sacks, Ted Travelstead, Christopher Turner Contributing writers: Jonathan Franzen, J. Malcolm Garcia, John Hyduk, Etgar Keret, Edan Lepucki, Joe Meno, Kevin Moffett, Joyce Carol Oates, Nelly Reifler, Jess Walter Stories from Kenya: Binyavanga Wainaina (editor and story), Keguro Macharia (editor), Billy Kahora, Annette Lutivini Majanja, Richard Onyango (story and paintings), Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor Cover and interior paintings: Jonathan Runcio Border art: Sophia Cara Frydman, Henry James
38
Summer/Fall 2011
(cloth-covered card softcover, issued in three color variants (red, green, gold); Jack Teagle's short comic "The Jungle" included as a bound-in insert) ISBN 978-1-936365-00-5
Letters: Paul Curtis, Deejay, Rory Douglas, David Henne, Joey Latimer, Peter Meehan, John Moe, Peter Orner, Jason Polan, Sloan Schang, Jen Statsky, Jon Wurster Contributing writers: Bisi Adjapon, Ariel Dorfman, Roddy Doyle, Dave Eggers, Rachel B. Glaser, Dan Guterman, Adam Levin, Alia Malik, Steven Millhauser, Nathaniel Rich, Jack Teagle, Chanan Tigay Cover and spine illustration: Jessica Hische
39
Fall/Winter 2011
(hardcover) ISBN 978-1-936365-10-4
Letters: Benjamin Cohen, David-Ivar Herman Düne, Stephen Elliott, Marco Kaye, Avery Lee, Dickey Murphy, Elizabeth Sankey Contributing writers: Tom Barbash, J. T. K. Belle, Roberto Bolaño, Amelia Gray, Václav Havel, Julie Hecht, Elmore Leonard, Abi Maxwell, Yannick Murphy, E. C. Osondu, Jennie Erin Smith, Jess Walter, Benjamin Weissman Cover photo and photographic inserts: Tabitha Soren
40
Spring 2012
(softcover journal, with Jason Jägel's illustrated booklet "Well Come Home" included as a bound-in insert, and hardcover book In My Home There Is No More Sorrow by Rick Bass, with paperboard cutout wraparound band) ISBN 978-1-936365-35-7
Letters: Jesse Adelman, Amy Fusselman, Simon De Ferry, Daniel Galera, Calvin Godfrey, Andrew Golden, Tom O'Donnell, Jack Pendarvis, Simon Rich, Rob Sears Contributing writers: Neil Gaiman, Etgar Keret, Adam Levin, Nathan C. Martin, Kevin Moffett, Saïd Sayrafiezadeh, David Vann Egyptian Revolution special section: Noor Elashi (compiler), Daniel Gumbiner (compiler), Hany Adel, Alaa El Aswany, Tamim al-Bargouti, Sarah Carr, Amir Eid, Bilal Fadl, Alaa Abd El-Fattah, Adel Iskandar, Asmaa Mahfouz, Hosni Mubarak, Ahmad Fouad Negm, Youssef Rakha, Gene Sharp Cover illustration: Jason Jägel (journal), Lowry Bass (book cover photo)
41
Fall/Winter 2012
(hardcover) ISBN 978-1-936365-60-9
Letters: Cirocco Dunlap, John Flowers, David Lida, Jason Polan, Susan Straight Contributing writers: Henry Bean, Aimee Bender, Ryan Boudinot, John Brandon, Sibylla Brodzinsky, J. Malcolm Garcia, Jowhor Ile, Thomas McGuane, Viveca Mellegard, Steven Millhauser, Max Shoening, Deb Olin Unferth, Jess Walter Terra Australis: Four Stories from Australian Aboriginal Writers: Chris Flynn (introduction), Tony Birch, Melissa Lucashenko, Ellen van Nerveen-Curry, Tara June Winch Cover and endpapers: Cassandra C. Jones
42
Winter 2013
"Multiples" or Twelve Stories Appearing in up to Six Versions EachGuest editor: Adam Thirlwell(oblong softcover with a two-layer stepped partial cover) ISBN 978-1-936365-77-7
Letters: none Contributing writers: Originals: Carlo Emilio Gadda, Youssef Habchi El-Achkar, Franz Kafka, Søren Kierkegaard, Danilo Kiš, László Krasznahorkai, Richard Middleton, Kenji Miyazawa, Giuseppe Pontiggia, A. L. Snijders, Enrique Vila-Matas Translations: Nadeem Aslam, Tash Aw, John Banville, Frédéric Beigbeder, Laurent Binet, A. S. Byatt, Orly Castel-Bloom, J. M. Coetzee, Lydia Davis, Joe Dunthorne, Dave Eggers, Nathan Englander, Álvaro Enrigue, Péter Esterházy, Jeffrey Eugenides, Adam Foulds, Julia Franck, Rodrigo Fresán, Tristan Garcia, Francisco Goldman, Andrew Sean Greer, Arnon Grunberg, Yannick Haenel, Rawi Hage, Aleksandar Hemon, Sheila Heti, Chloe Hooper, Heidi Julavits, Daniel Kehlmann, Etgar Keret, Jonas Hassen Khemiri, László Krasznahorkai, Jonathan Lethem, Mara Faye Lethem, Valeria Luiselli, Ma Jian, Sarah Manguso, Javier Marías, Clancy Martin, Wyatt Mason, Tom McCarthy, David Mitchell, Cees Nooteboom, Lawrence Norfolk, Julie Orringer, Francisco Pacifico, Alan Pauls, José Luís Peixoto, Gary Shteyngart, Sjón, Zadie Smith, Peter Stamm, Adam Thirlwell, Colm Tóibín, Camille de Toledo, Jean-Christophe Valtat, Vendela Vida, Ivan Vladislavić, John Wray, Alejandro Zambra, Florian Zeller Illustrations: Wesley Allsbrook, Erin Althea, Mike Bertino, Brianna Harden, Ian Huebert, Tim Lahan Cover illustrations: Wesley Allsbrook, Erin Althea, Mike Bertino, Kelsey Dake, Ian Huebert
43
Spring 2013
(softcover journal and softcover book of fiction from South Sudan, each with a folding three-panel cutout front cover) ISBN 978-1-938073-20-5
Letters: Doogie Horner, Nathan C. Martin, Avery Monsen, Theo Nguyen, Patrick Shaffner, Rachel Sommerville Contributing writers: Charles Baxter, T. C. Boyle, Noor Elashi, Catherine Lacey, Ludmilla Petrushevskaya, William Wheeler There Is a Country: New Fiction from the New Nation of South Sudan: Nyuol Lueth Tong (editor and contributor), Samuel Garang Akau, Arif Gamal, Taban Lo Liyong, Victor Lugala, Edward Eremugo Luka, David L. Lukudu, John Oryem Covers: Gregory Euclide Interior illustrations: Gregory Euclide (journal), Sunra Thompson (South Sudan anthology)
44
Fall/Winter 2013
(Hardcover journal) ISBN 978-1938073458
Letters: Jessica Hopper, Stuart Glover, Simon Rich, Rob Curran, Jenny Shank, Andrew Palmer, and Mike Sacks Contributing writers: Rebecca Curtis, Joe Meno, Jim Shepard, Stuart Dybek, Wells Tower, Tom Barbash
45
Winter 2013
Hitchcock and Bradbury Fistfight in Heaven (Hardcover journal) ISBN 978-1938073632
This edition features stories republished from magazines managed by Ray Bradbury and Alfred Hitchcock.
46
Spring 2014
Thirteen Crime Stories from Latin America (Hardcover journal) ISBN 978-1938073854
This edition features stories by authors from Latin America, all dealing in some way with crime.
47
Fall 2014
(Hardcover sleeve with ten portable booklets) ISBN 9781938073861
Letters: Jason D. Polan, Alex Ryan Bauer, Kathryn Davis, Ben Greenman, and José Luís Peixoto
48
Spring 2015
Sixteen new stories and a full-length screenplay (Hardcover, two volumes)
Letters: Gary Rudoren, Dan Keane, Katherine Heiny, Colin Winnette, Rachel B. Glaser, Keaton Patti, David Gumbiner, Sonny Smith, and Matt Sumell.
49
Spring 2017
Cover Stories, in which well-known short stories and poems are reimagined in a manner similar to a musician covering another's song ISBN 9781940450094
Letters: Wajahat Ali, Nick Jaina, Robin Terrell, Kimberly Harrington, Mary Miller, Rick Moody, Will Butler, and Ariel S. Winter
50
Summer 2017
Hardcover book featuring the work of 50 authors ISBN 9781940450100
51
Winter 2017/18
ISBN 9781944211448
Letters: Patty Yumi Cottrell, Amy Berkowitz, Ali Liebegott, Lawrence Weschler, José Vadi, Niela Orr, Claire Vaye Watkins, and Rajeev Balasubramanyam
52
Spring 2018
In Their Faces A Landmark: Stories of Movement and Displacement, a collection of migrant literature guest-edited by Nyuol Lueth Tong ISBN 9781944211578
53
Summer 2018
Includes eight balloons with stories printed on them, which must be blown up to read ISBN 9781944211585
Letters: Scaachi Koul, Daniel Gumbiner, Rita Bullwinkel, Irving Ruan
54
Fall 2018
The End of Trust, a non-fiction issue about digital surveillance co-produced by the Electronic Frontier Foundation ISBN 9781944211608
55
Spring 2019
Letters: Jack Pendarvis, R.O. Kwon, Alexander Chee, Jenny Traig & Peter McGrath, Joseph Osmundson, and Marcus Burke.
56
Summer 2019
New work from Jose Antonio Vargas, T. C. Boyle, Dantiel W. Moniz, Genevieve Hudson, Jincy Willett, to name a few, and a section of staggering fiction from emerging Nigerian writers soon to be household names, with an introduction by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. ISBN 9781944211684
Letters: Emerson Whitney, Jose Antonio Vargas, Michelle Tea, Kristen Iskandrian & Mary Houlihan.
57
Fall 2019
Twenty-first Anniversary Issue ISBN 9781944211691
Letters: Hanif Abdurraqib, Nikki Darling, Katrina Dodson, Nick Hornby, Morgan Jerkins, Tucker Nichols, Bob Odenkirk, Elena Passarello, Mike Sacks, Avery Trufelman, Novuyo Rosa Tshuma, Deb Olin Unferth.
58
Winter 2019
2040 A.D. ISBN 9781944211707
McSweeney’s 58 is wholly focused on climate change, with speculative fiction from ten contributors, made in collaboration with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Contributors include Tommy Orange, Rachel Heng, Luis Alberto Urrea, Kanishk Tharoor, Elif Shafak and more.
59
Spring 2020
Paperback ISBN 9781944211851
Featuring the conclusions to Issue 57's cliffhanger stories by Oyinkan Braithwaite, Brian Evanson, and Mona Awad.
60
Summer 2020
The Photography Issue ISBN 9781944211905
McSweeney’s 60 features eight original stories, each accompanied by cinematic, full-color photography from award-winning photographer Holly Andres.
Notes
^ Contributors: A few of the purported contributors—especially in the Letters sections—are pseudonyms used by Eggers and others associated with the journal. Also, although Dale Peck appears in the list of contributors at the end of Issue 1, his name is not attached to any actual contribution, and his name does not appear in the Appendix to The Better of McSweeney's, which lists all of the main contributors to Issues 1 through 10.
^ Issue 1: First printing of 2,500 copies.
^ Issues 1–3: The first three issues were reprinted as a set in 2002, and again in 2006.
^ Issue 5: The four dustjackets: 1) medical drawing of an arm, with text, 2) illustration of a person with a head lesion, 3) plain white cover, and 4) "Simple red cover". All four have a list of contributors on the back; jacket 3 also has the illustration of the head lesion and two medical drawings of arms. The three book covers: A) front similar to jacket 1, but with a different arm and different text, which is reversed; the back shows a collection of small black-and-white drawings with the caption, "The Assembled", B) an outtake from Susan Minot's piece on Uganda, front and back, and C) color photographs of Ted Koppel, front and back. Also, the jackets and books were not matched randomly. Jackets 1 and 4 go over book A, jacket 2 over book B, and jacket 3 over book C.
^ Issue 10: The retail edition was issued, in a slightly different form, as a Vintage Original paperback in February 2003. (ISBN 978-1-4000-3339-3) It was followed in 2004 by a companion volume, McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories, also edited by Chabon and published as a Vintage Original (ISBN 978-1-4000-7874-5)
^ Issue 11: 20,000 total copies: black, 9,000 copies; brown, 8,300; yellow/orange, 1,800; blue, 900.
^ Issue 12: Contents and Letters (white); "Twelve new stories from twelve new writers" (pink); novella by Roddy Doyle (blue); Twenty-Minute Stories (green).
^ Issue 17: The mail is addressed to: Maria Vasquez, 4416 North 16th Street, Arlington, VA 22207
^ Issue 21: According to the editor's note on the copyright page, there are "eight different covers, quiet variations made possible by a quirk of the printing process." The variations are a result of different left/right displacements of the illustration.
^ Issue 22: The subtitles of Books 2 and 3 are as they appear on the front covers of the books; different subtitles are shown on the case.
Anthologies
Created in Darkness by Troubled Americans: The Best of McSweeney's Humor Category (Alfred A. Knopf, 2004)
The Best of McSweeney's, Volume 1 (Hamish Hamilton, 2004)
The Best of McSweeney's, Volume 2 (Hamish Hamilton, 2005)
The Better of McSweeney's: Volume One — Issues 1 – 10, Stories and Letters (McSweeney's Books, 2005)
The Best of McSweeney's (McSweeney's Books, 2013)
References
^ Zachary Petit (May 12, 2010). "12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading". Writer's Digest. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Susan E. Thomas (Spring 2007). "Zeroing In on Contemporary, Independent Visual Arts Magazines Zeroing In on Contemporary, Independent Visual Arts Magazines". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 26 (1). JSTOR 27949453.
^ Goldberg, Matt (March 23, 1999). "Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following". The Village Voice. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ NPR Staff (November 18, 2013). "'McSweeney's': Quirky Quarterly To Publishing Powerhouse". NPR. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
^ "2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced". American Society of Magazine Editors. May 1, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
^ Quinn, Michelle (December 7, 2009). "Dave Eggers and the San Francisco Panorama". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ McSweeney's Internet Tendency: New Issue Is Out; It Is Our Fifth And We Like It
^ McSweeney's Internet Tendency: Answers to Recently Asked Questions about McSweeney's 11, William T. Vollmann's Rising Up and Rising Down, The Believer, Marcel Dzama, You Shall Know Our Velocity, and Other Upcoming Books
External links
Official website
Tai Moses, "Mighty Muse", a 1998 review of the debut issue, from the Silicon Valley online weekly Metroactive.
Matt Goldberg, "Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following"(interview), The Village Voice, March 23, 1999. Archived November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
"Review of Literary Magazines: McSweeney's" by Martin Riker, a 1999 review from Context, at the Center for Book Culture.org.
Ruth Franklin, "The 98-Pound Gorilla in the Room" by Ruth Franklin, a review of Issue 10 and the "McSweeney's short story", from Slate.com, April 3, 2003.
Mark Holcomb, "Amazing Stories: Michael Chabon's Dime-Store Serenade", a review of Issue 10 from The Village Voice, April 8, 2003.
vteDave EggersNovels
You Shall Know Our Velocity (2002)
What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng (2006)
The Wild Things (2009)
A Hologram for the King (2012)
The Circle (2013)
Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever? (2014)
Heroes of the Frontier (2016)
The Every (2021)
Short stories
How We Are Hungry (2004)
Children's books
Tomorrow Most Likely (2019)
Non-fiction
A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000)
Mistakes We Knew We Were Making (2000)
Teachers Have It Easy: The Big Sacrifices and Small Salaries of America's Teachers (2005)
Zeitoun (2009)
Projects
1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs
826 Valencia
The Best American Nonrequired Reading
McSweeney's
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern
The Believer
Wholphin
Might
ScholarMatch
Adaptations
Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
The Circle (2017)
vteMcSweeney'sPublications
Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern
The Believer
Former Publications
Wholphin
Grantland
Lucky Peach
People
Dave Eggers
Vendela Vida
Heidi Julavits
Ed Park
Other
Believer Book Award
Believer Poetry Award
"It's Decorative Gourd Season, Motherfuckers"
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_journal"},{"link_name":"McSweeney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McSweeney%27s"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Dave Eggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Eggers"}],"text":"Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern is an American literary journal, founded in 1998, typically containing short stories, reportage, and illustrations. Some issues also include poetry, comic strips, and novellas. The Quarterly Concern is published by McSweeney's based in San Francisco and it has been edited by Dave Eggers. The journal is notable in that it has no fixed format, and changes its publishing style from issue to issue, unlike more conventional journals and magazines.The first issue featured only works that had been rejected by other publications, but the journal has since begun publishing pieces written with McSweeney's in mind.","title":"Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Heartbreaking_Work_of_Staggering_Genius"},{"link_name":"Might","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Might_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"McSweeney's was founded in 1998[1][2] after Dave Eggers left an editing position at Esquire, during the same time he was working on A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. McSweeney's is a sort of successor to Eggers' earlier magazine project Might, although Might was focused on editorial content and news, and not literature. Eggers also refers to McSweeney's as having \"less edge\" than Might.[3]Although originally reaching only a small audience, McSweeney's has grown to be a well respected journal, with Ruth Franklin, writing for Slate, referring to the Quarterly (and company) as \"...the first bona fide literary movement in decades\". In 2013, NPR wrote about the company's fifteenth anniversary, and referred to the journal as the \"flagship literary quarterly\" of a \"literary empire based in San Francisco\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"William T. Vollmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Vollmann"},{"link_name":"Joyce Carol Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lethem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lethem"},{"link_name":"Michael Chabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chabon"},{"link_name":"Susan Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Straight"},{"link_name":"Roddy Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Doyle"},{"link_name":"T. Coraghessan Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Coraghessan_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Steven Millhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Millhauser"},{"link_name":"Robert Coover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coover"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"David Foster Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Ann Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Philipp Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Wells Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Tower"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Curtis"}],"text":"Notable authors featured in McSweeney's include Denis Johnson, William T. Vollmann, Joyce Carol Oates, Jonathan Lethem, Michael Chabon, Susan Straight, Roddy Doyle, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Steven Millhauser, Robert Coover, Stephen King, David Foster Wallace and Ann Beattie. The Quarterly has also helped launch the careers of dozens of emerging writers, including Philipp Meyer, Wells Tower, and Rebecca Curtis.","title":"Authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Magazine Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Award"},{"link_name":"Susan Steinberg (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Steinberg_(author)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anthony Doerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Doerr"},{"link_name":"Wells Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Tower"}],"text":"In 2007, McSweeney's received the National Magazine Award for Fiction for three stories published in 2006: \"Wild Child\" by T.C. Boyle (Issue 19); \"To Sit, Unmoving\" by Susan Steinberg (author) (Issue 20); and \"The Strange Career of Dr. Raju Gopalarajan\" by Rajesh Parameswaran (Issue 21).[5]In 2010, Anthony Doerr, Wells Tower, and Kevin Moffett won the National Magazine Awards for their stories \"Memory Wall\", \"Raw Water\", and \"Further Interpretations of Real-Life Events\", respectively, all published in Issue 32.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#16"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#17"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#18"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#19"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#20"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#21"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#22"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#23"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#24"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#25"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#26"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#27"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#28"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#29"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#30"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#31"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#32"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#33"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#34"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#35"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#36"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#37"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#38"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#39"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#40"},{"link_name":"41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#41"},{"link_name":"42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#42"},{"link_name":"43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#43"},{"link_name":"44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#44"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#45"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#46"},{"link_name":"47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#47"},{"link_name":"48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#48"},{"link_name":"49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#49"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#50"},{"link_name":"51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#51"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#52"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#53"},{"link_name":"54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#54"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#55"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#56"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#57"},{"link_name":"58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#58"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#59"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#60"},{"link_name":"61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#61"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#62"},{"link_name":"63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#63"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#64"},{"link_name":"65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#65"}],"text":"McSweeney's publishes each issue in a different format. Past issues have ranged in format from simple hardcovers or softcovers to more unconventional configurations, such as newspapers, a bundle of mail, a box emblazoned with a man's sweaty head, and a deck of playing cards.[6] Some issues feature writing exclusively or mostly from one geographic area, such as Issue 15, which contained half American and half Icelandic writing.In Issue 10, it was claimed that exactly 56 issues of the journal would be published. In Issue 20, this claim was repeated in an advertisement that stated: \"There will be roughly thirty-six [issues] to come; then, a five-year retrenchment.\" With the publication of Issue 56 it was revealed that this had always been a joke and that they would continue to publish until at least issue 156.Contents\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65","title":"Published issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Contributors"},{"link_name":"Dale Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Peck"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issues_1%E2%80%933"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4000-3339-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3339-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4000-7874-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7874-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Issue_22"}],"text":"^ Contributors: A few of the purported contributors—especially in the Letters sections—are pseudonyms used by Eggers and others associated with the journal. Also, although Dale Peck appears in the list of contributors at the end of Issue 1, his name is not attached to any actual contribution, and his name does not appear in the Appendix to The Better of McSweeney's, which lists all of the main contributors to Issues 1 through 10.\n^ Issue 1: First printing of 2,500 copies.\n^ Issues 1–3: The first three issues were reprinted as a set in 2002, and again in 2006.\n^ Issue 5: The four dustjackets: 1) medical drawing of an arm, with text, 2) illustration of a person with a head lesion, 3) plain white cover, and 4) \"Simple red cover\". All four have a list of contributors on the back; jacket 3 also has the illustration of the head lesion and two medical drawings of arms. The three book covers: A) front similar to jacket 1, but with a different arm and different text, which is reversed; the back shows a collection of small black-and-white drawings with the caption, \"The Assembled\", B) an outtake from Susan Minot's piece on Uganda, front and back, and C) color photographs of Ted Koppel, front and back.[7] Also, the jackets and books were not matched randomly. Jackets 1 and 4 go over book A, jacket 2 over book B, and jacket 3 over book C.\n^ Issue 10: The retail edition was issued, in a slightly different form, as a Vintage Original paperback in February 2003. (ISBN 978-1-4000-3339-3) It was followed in 2004 by a companion volume, McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories, also edited by Chabon and published as a Vintage Original (ISBN 978-1-4000-7874-5)\n^ Issue 11: 20,000 total copies: black, 9,000 copies; brown, 8,300; yellow/orange, 1,800; blue, 900.[8]\n^ Issue 12: Contents and Letters (white); \"Twelve new stories from twelve new writers\" (pink); novella by Roddy Doyle (blue); Twenty-Minute Stories (green).\n^ Issue 17: The mail is addressed to: [Sgt.] Maria Vasquez, 4416 North 16th Street, Arlington, VA 22207\n^ Issue 21: According to the editor's note on the copyright page, there are \"eight different covers, quiet variations made possible by a quirk of the printing process.\" The variations are a result of different left/right displacements of the illustration.\n^ Issue 22: The subtitles of Books 2 and 3 are as they appear on the front covers of the books; different subtitles are shown on the case.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred A. Knopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"}],"text":"Created in Darkness by Troubled Americans: The Best of McSweeney's Humor Category (Alfred A. Knopf, 2004)\nThe Best of McSweeney's, Volume 1 (Hamish Hamilton, 2004)\nThe Best of McSweeney's, Volume 2 (Hamish Hamilton, 2005)\nThe Better of McSweeney's: Volume One — Issues 1 – 10, Stories and Letters (McSweeney's Books, 2005)\nThe Best of McSweeney's (McSweeney's Books, 2013)","title":"Anthologies"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Zachary Petit (May 12, 2010). \"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\". Writer's Digest. Retrieved December 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-goal/improve-my-writing/12-literary-journals-your-future-agent-is-reading","url_text":"\"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\""}]},{"reference":"Susan E. Thomas (Spring 2007). \"Zeroing In on Contemporary, Independent Visual Arts Magazines Zeroing In on Contemporary, Independent Visual Arts Magazines\". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 26 (1). JSTOR 27949453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27949453","url_text":"27949453"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Matt (March 23, 1999). \"Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following\". The Village Voice. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-03-23/news/mighty-mcsweeney-s/","url_text":"\"Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following\""}]},{"reference":"NPR Staff (November 18, 2013). \"'McSweeney's': Quirky Quarterly To Publishing Powerhouse\". NPR. Retrieved October 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2013/11/18/245420833/the-best-of-mcsweeneys-from-quirky-quarterly-to-publishing-powerhouse","url_text":"\"'McSweeney's': Quirky Quarterly To Publishing Powerhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced\". American Society of Magazine Editors. May 1, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magazine.org/editorial/about_asme/press_releases/22246.cfm","url_text":"\"2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Michelle (December 7, 2009). \"Dave Eggers and the San Francisco Panorama\". Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bayarea.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/dave-eggers-and-the-san-francisco-panorama/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","url_text":"\"Dave Eggers and the San Francisco Panorama\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mcsweeneys.net/","external_links_name":"www.mcsweeneys.net"},{"Link":"http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-goal/improve-my-writing/12-literary-journals-your-future-agent-is-reading","external_links_name":"\"12 Literary Journals Your Future Agent is Reading\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27949453","external_links_name":"27949453"},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-03-23/news/mighty-mcsweeney-s/","external_links_name":"\"Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2013/11/18/245420833/the-best-of-mcsweeneys-from-quirky-quarterly-to-publishing-powerhouse","external_links_name":"\"'McSweeney's': Quirky Quarterly To Publishing Powerhouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.magazine.org/editorial/about_asme/press_releases/22246.cfm","external_links_name":"\"2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced\""},{"Link":"http://bayarea.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/dave-eggers-and-the-san-francisco-panorama/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Dave Eggers and the San Francisco Panorama\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcsweeneys.net/subscribe/issue5.html","external_links_name":"McSweeney's Internet Tendency: New Issue Is Out; It Is Our Fifth And We Like It"},{"Link":"http://www.mcsweeneys.net/links/faq/","external_links_name":"McSweeney's Internet Tendency: Answers to Recently Asked Questions about McSweeney's 11, William T. Vollmann's Rising Up and Rising Down, The Believer, Marcel Dzama, You Shall Know Our Velocity, and Other Upcoming Books"},{"Link":"http://www.mcsweeneys.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/12.03.98/cover/lit-zine-9848.html","external_links_name":"\"Mighty Muse\""},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9912,goldberg,4557,8.html","external_links_name":"\"Mighty McSweeney's: David Eggers's Quarterly Builds a Following\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061104151426/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9912,goldberg,4557,8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.centerforbookculture.org/context/no1/riker.html","external_links_name":"\"Review of Literary Magazines: McSweeney's\" by Martin Riker"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2081102/","external_links_name":"\"The 98-Pound Gorilla in the Room\" by Ruth Franklin"},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/books/0315,holcomb,43177,10.html","external_links_name":"\"Amazing Stories: Michael Chabon's Dime-Store Serenade\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167399696","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150903027","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150903027","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002047739","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannesmann
|
Mannesmann
|
["1 History","1.1 Establishment and growth as an international tube manufacturer","1.2 Expansion into a coal and steel conglomerate","1.3 Further diversification","1.4 Telecommunications","1.5 Takeover by Vodafone and aftermath","2 Controversies","3 Individual subsidiaries","3.1 Mannesmann Arcor","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Defunct German conglomerate
This article is about the Germany-based multinational conglomerate Mannesmann. For the Mannesmann process, see Rotary piercing. For D2 Mannesmann, see Vodafone Germany.
Mannesmann AGIndustryconglomeratePredecessorEssener SteinkohlenbergwerkeHartmann & BraunKammerich Werke AGMannesmannröhren-Werke AGZF Sachs Founded16 July 1890; 133 years ago (1890-07-16)FounderReinhard and Max MannesmannDefunctAugust 22, 2001 (2001-08-22)FateTaken over by VodafoneSuccessorVodafoneHeadquartersDüsseldorf, GermanyArea servedGermanyProductsSteel Engineering (mechanical & electrical) automotive telecommunicationsOwnerVodafoneParentVodafone PLCWebsitewww.mannesmann.com
Brass sign from Mannesmann-Rohrbau AG – Munich
Mannesmann was a German industrial conglomerate. It was originally established as a manufacturer of steel pipes in 1890 under the name "Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG" (lit. "German-Austrian Mannesmann pipe-works joint-stock company"). In the twentieth century, Mannesmann's product range grew and the company expanded into numerous sectors; starting from various steel products and trading to mechanical and electrical engineering, automotive and telecommunications. From 1955, the conglomerate's management holding with headquarters in Düsseldorf was named Mannesmann AG.
The particular success of the corporate activities in the area of telecommunications that started in 1990 was the predominant reason for the takeover of Mannesmann by the British telecommunications company Vodafone in 2000, still one of the largest-ever company takeovers worldwide. Back then, the Mannesmann Group had 130,860 employees worldwide and revenues of €23.27 billion.
The name Mannesmann ceased to exist in the engineering, automotive and telecommunications sectors soon after Vodafone purchased the company. It lives on in the steel industry, particularly in the steel tube and pipe industry, as the German steel manufacturer Salzgitter AG bought the pipe production division of Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG (today Mannesmannröhren-Werke GmbH), as well as the Mannesmann brand.
History
Establishment and growth as an international tube manufacturer
Share of the Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, issued 14. November 1890
Mannesmann air protection grille - City Hall in Dresden - around 1940
In 1886, the German brothers Reinhard (1856–1922) and Max Mannesmann (1857–1915) received the world's first patent for their invention of a process for rolling seamless steel pipes (Mannesmann process). Between 1887 and 1889 they founded tube mills with several different business partners in Bous, Germany, in Komotau/Bohemia, in Landore/Wales and in their home town Remscheid/Germany.
In 1890, due to technical and financial start-up problems, the tube and pipe mills existing on the continent were folded into Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG. The new company had its headquarters in Berlin. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann formed the first board of directors but left it in 1893. In that year the company headquarters were moved to Düsseldorf - at that time the center of the German tube and pipe industry. The company was renamed Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG in 1908.
In the following years the company's position in the export business, which was important from the beginning, was consolidated and expanded by the acquisition of the Mannesmann tube mill in Landore/Wales and by the founding of a Mannesmann tube mill in Dalmine/Italy. Branch offices for storage and direct sales business, sometimes with tube processing workshops and pipeline construction capacities, were set up in cooperation with well-established companies all over the world, especially in South America, Asia, and South Africa. In addition, Mannesmannröhren-Werke took up the production of welded steel pipes, stainless steel pipes and other type of pipes and tubes. The company became the worldwide leading manufacturer of steel tube and pipe
Expansion into a coal and steel conglomerate
In the first decades of its existence, Mannesmann was a pure manufacturer and therefore highly dependent on third-party deliveries of starting material. To reduce the associated risk, the company started to broaden into a vertically integrated iron and steel group in the first half of the twentieth century. The group had its own ore and coal production, steel manufacturers and processors as well as an integrated trading division. In the 1950s Mannesmann established pipe mills in Brazil, Canada and Turkey
Further diversification
In 1955, the group's management holding was renamed Mannesmann AG. The group continued to develop into a highly diversified conglomerate. The corporate sectors engineering and automotive founded in the late 1960s comprised famous companies as e.g. Rexroth, Demag, Dematic, Fichtel & Sachs, VDO, Mannesman Sachs, Boge, Kienzle, Krauss-Maffei, Hartmann & Braun and Tally. Within the Mannesmann Group several of these companies evolved into world market leaders in their respective business sectors.
Telecommunications
In 1990, following the liberalization of the German telecommunications market, Mannesmann set up a new business sector and established Germany's first cellular network carrier in private ownership known as D2 Mannesmann. The network company was called Mannesmann Mobilfunk GmbH. It was the main competitor to Germany's incumbent carrier, Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile, also known as D1.
Additionally, Mannesmann extended its telecommunications division with integrated services covering mobile and fixed network telephony, Internet, and TeleCommerce with companies in Germany, Italy, UK and Austria
Takeover by Vodafone and aftermath
The Europe-wide telecommunication branch of Mannesmann was extraordinarily successful and so in 1999 the Mannesmann Group hatched a plan to spin off the other divisions. Through a stock exchange flotation under the name of Mannesmann Atecs AG, these industrial divisions were to be combined in a separate enterprise that would be one of the largest companies listed in the German stock index DAX.
However, before these plans could materialize, a historic takeover battle lasting several months ended with the acquisition of Mannesmann by the British mobile phone company Vodafone in 2000. On 4 February 2000 Mannesmann's supervisory board eventually agreed to a takeover price of 190 billion €, which was the largest takeover price ever paid until that date and still is the highest.
The telecommunications division of Mannesmann was subsequently incorporated into the Vodafone Group.
The other divisions were resold to various companies soon after the deal. The origins of Mannesmann, the pipe production activities of Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, were sold to Salzgitter AG along with the brand name Mannesmann. Siemens AG bought the majority of Atecs Mannesmann AG, including automobile components (VDO Adolf Schindling AG, Mannesmann Sachs, Boge GmbH), cranes and locomotives (Mannesman Demag Krauss-Maffei GmbH), logistics (Mannesmann Dematic AG), and defense (Krauss-Maffei Wegmann); Robert Bosch GmbH acquired Rexroth, an industrial engineering company. KraussMaffei logos and trademarks are transferred to Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH, plastics and molding equipment subsidiary that was spun off in 1986.
Controversies
During the Second World War, when the company was chaired by Nazi Party activist Wilhelm Zangen, slave labour was employed at their tube rolling mills. Zangen served four months in prison for his involvement, although he remained a leading figure with Mannesmann until his retirement in 1966.
In 2000, Mannesmann was acquired by Vodafone Group Plc. in a tax-free exchange of 53.7 Vodafone shares for each share of Mannesmann. This was a controversial takeover, since never before in Germany had a company as large and successful as Mannesmann been acquired in a hostile takeover by a non-German owner. The merger was said to have been engineered in a private deal concluded between Mannesmann's management and Vodafone. The acquisition was spearheaded by Vodafone's Chief Executive, Chris Gent, and Goldman Sachs' Scott Mead, who was then the chief advisor on the deal.
The circumstances of the deal and the (not only for German standards) particularly high severance payments awarded to leading managers of the company led in 2004 to a trial at Landgericht Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf Regional Court) - the so-called Mannesmann trial. The accused, among others the chairman of the supervisory board at the time of the takeover, Josef Ackermann, and the former CEO of Mannesmann, Klaus Esser, were initially granted a full discharge by the court. However, after revision proceedings, the Bundesgerichtshof Federal Court of Justice overruled the contested judgment and referred the case back for retrial at the Landgericht. On 29 November 2006, the proceedings were terminated, with the defendants agreeing to settlements amounting to millions of euros.
Under the terms of the takeover deal, Mannesmann sought assurances from Vodafone that the Mannesmann brand and name would be kept under the new owners. This was agreed and the deal was announced. However, not long after this, Vodafone reneged on the deal and rebranded.
Individual subsidiaries
Mannesmann Arcor
Mannesmann Arcor was a fixed line telephony and internet company. It has been owned solely by Vodafone since May 2008, when Deutsche Bahn (18.17%) and Deutsche Bank (8.18%) sold their shares to Vodafone.
References
^ Suppes 94/95 Historische Wertpapiere. WWA Bernd Suppes. 1994. p. 101. ISSN 0936-9406.
^ Wessel, Horst A.: Mannesmann 1890: A European Enterprise with an International Perspective, in: The Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 29, 2000, pp. 335-356
^ a b c Wessel, Horst A.: Kontinuität im Wandel. 100 Jahre Mannesmann, Düsseldorf 1990 (in German)
^ a b c International Directory of Company Histories, Vol 38, 2001
^ a b "History of Mannesmann AG – FundingUniverse". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Profile: Mannesmann - turning pipes into phones". BBC. January 21, 2000.
^ "Mannesmann: The mother of all takeovers". Deutsche Welle. February 3, 2010.
^ "Unilever rejects $143bn Kraft Heinz takeover bid". Financial Times. February 17, 2017.
^ "Mannesmann-Konzern nach der Übernahme durch Vodafone ǀ History". Geschichte.salzgitter-ag.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Vodafone Airtouch confirms sale of Mannesmann tubes". Vodafone.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ Wistrich, Robert S. (2001). Who's who in Nazi Germany (3 ed.). Routledge, p. 183
^ S. Jonathan Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945-1955, UNC Press Books, 2004, p. 28
^ "Deutsche Bank Chief Walks Free in Mannesmann Trial". Deutsche Welle. November 29, 2006.
^ "Deutsche Bank Chief Settles Mannesmann Suit". Dealbook. November 27, 2006.
^ "Vodafone übernimmt Arcor vollständig" (in German). Deutscher Depeschendienst. 2008-05-19. Retrieved 2008-09-02
External links
Official website
Images of British Mannesmann Tube Co., Wales
Höpner, M. and G. Jackson. 2006. “Revisiting the Mannesmann takeover: how markets for corporate control emerge” Management Review (2006) 3, 142–155.
New York Times-article “Europe‘s Megadeal”
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotary piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_piercing"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messingschild_der_Mannesmann-Rohrbau_AG_-_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"steel pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)"},{"link_name":"AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"management holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"largest-ever company takeovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"Salzgitter AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzgitter_AG"}],"text":"This article is about the Germany-based multinational conglomerate Mannesmann. For the Mannesmann process, see Rotary piercing. For D2 Mannesmann, see Vodafone Germany.Brass sign from Mannesmann-Rohrbau AG – MunichMannesmann was a German industrial conglomerate. It was originally established as a manufacturer of steel pipes in 1890 under the name \"Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG\" (lit. \"German-Austrian Mannesmann pipe-works joint-stock company\"). In the twentieth century, Mannesmann's product range grew and the company expanded into numerous sectors; starting from various steel products and trading to mechanical and electrical engineering, automotive and telecommunications. From 1955, the conglomerate's management holding with headquarters in Düsseldorf was named Mannesmann AG.The particular success of the corporate activities in the area of telecommunications that started in 1990 was the predominant reason for the takeover of Mannesmann by the British telecommunications company Vodafone in 2000, still one of the largest-ever company takeovers worldwide. Back then, the Mannesmann Group had 130,860 employees worldwide and revenues of €23.27 billion.The name Mannesmann ceased to exist in the engineering, automotive and telecommunications sectors soon after Vodafone purchased the company. It lives on in the steel industry, particularly in the steel tube and pipe industry, as the German steel manufacturer Salzgitter AG bought the pipe production division of Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG (today Mannesmannröhren-Werke GmbH), as well as the Mannesmann brand.","title":"Mannesmann"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsch-Oesterreichische_Mannesmannr%C3%B6hren-Werke_1890_Reinhard.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sup-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mannesmann_Luftschutzgitter_-_Rathaus_in_Dresden_-_um_1940.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Mannesmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Mannesmann"},{"link_name":"Mannesmann process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_piercing"},{"link_name":"Bous, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bous,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Komotau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomutov"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Landore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landore"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Remscheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remscheid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Dalmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmine"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-5"}],"sub_title":"Establishment and growth as an international tube manufacturer","text":"Share of the Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, issued 14. November 1890[1]Mannesmann air protection grille - City Hall in Dresden - around 1940In 1886, the German brothers Reinhard [de] (1856–1922) and Max Mannesmann (1857–1915) received the world's first patent for their invention of a process for rolling seamless steel pipes (Mannesmann process). Between 1887 and 1889 they founded tube mills with several different business partners in Bous, Germany, in Komotau/Bohemia, in Landore/Wales and in their home town Remscheid/Germany.[2] \nIn 1890, due to technical and financial start-up problems, the tube and pipe mills existing on the continent were folded into Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG. The new company had its headquarters in Berlin. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann formed the first board of directors but left it in 1893. In that year the company headquarters were moved to Düsseldorf - at that time the center of the German tube and pipe industry. The company was renamed Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG in 1908.In the following years the company's position in the export business, which was important from the beginning, was consolidated and expanded by the acquisition of the Mannesmann tube mill in Landore/Wales and by the founding of a Mannesmann tube mill in Dalmine/Italy. Branch offices for storage and direct sales business, sometimes with tube processing workshops and pipeline construction capacities, were set up in cooperation with well-established companies all over the world, especially in South America, Asia, and South Africa. In addition, Mannesmannröhren-Werke took up the production of welded steel pipes, stainless steel pipes and other type of pipes and tubes. The company became the worldwide leading manufacturer of steel tube and pipe [3][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"}],"sub_title":"Expansion into a coal and steel conglomerate","text":"In the first decades of its existence, Mannesmann was a pure manufacturer and therefore highly dependent on third-party deliveries of starting material. To reduce the associated risk, the company started to broaden into a vertically integrated iron and steel group in the first half of the twentieth century. The group had its own ore and coal production, steel manufacturers and processors as well as an integrated trading division. In the 1950s Mannesmann established pipe mills in Brazil, Canada and Turkey[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rexroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_Rexroth"},{"link_name":"Demag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demag"},{"link_name":"Dematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematic"},{"link_name":"Fichtel & Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachs_Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"VDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDO_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mannesman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Kienzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kienzle_Computer"},{"link_name":"Krauss-Maffei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauss-Maffei"},{"link_name":"Tally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_(company)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"}],"sub_title":"Further diversification","text":"In 1955, the group's management holding was renamed Mannesmann AG. The group continued to develop into a highly diversified conglomerate. The corporate sectors engineering and automotive founded in the late 1960s comprised famous companies as e.g. Rexroth, Demag, Dematic, Fichtel & Sachs, VDO, Mannesman Sachs, Boge, Kienzle, Krauss-Maffei, Hartmann & Braun and Tally. Within the Mannesmann Group several of these companies evolved into world market leaders in their respective business sectors.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_International_AG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Telecommunications","text":"In 1990, following the liberalization of the German telecommunications market, Mannesmann set up a new business sector and established Germany's first cellular network carrier in private ownership known as D2 Mannesmann. The network company was called Mannesmann Mobilfunk GmbH. It was the main competitor to Germany's incumbent carrier, Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile, also known as D1.\nAdditionally, Mannesmann extended its telecommunications division with integrated services covering mobile and fixed network telephony, Internet, and TeleCommerce with companies in Germany, Italy, UK and Austria [5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAX"},{"link_name":"acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover"},{"link_name":"supervisory board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_board"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Salzgitter AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzgitter_AG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Siemens AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_AG"},{"link_name":"Atecs Mannesmann AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atecs_Mannesmann_AG"},{"link_name":"VDO Adolf Schindling AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDO_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mannesmann Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Mannesman Demag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demag"},{"link_name":"Krauss-Maffei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KraussMaffei"},{"link_name":"Mannesmann Dematic AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematic"},{"link_name":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann"},{"link_name":"Robert Bosch GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Rexroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_Rexroth"},{"link_name":"KraussMaffei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KraussMaffei"}],"sub_title":"Takeover by Vodafone and aftermath","text":"The Europe-wide telecommunication branch of Mannesmann was extraordinarily successful and so in 1999 the Mannesmann Group hatched a plan to spin off the other divisions. Through a stock exchange flotation under the name of Mannesmann Atecs AG, these industrial divisions were to be combined in a separate enterprise that would be one of the largest companies listed in the German stock index DAX.\nHowever, before these plans could materialize, a historic takeover battle lasting several months ended with the acquisition of Mannesmann by the British mobile phone company Vodafone in 2000. On 4 February 2000 Mannesmann's supervisory board eventually agreed to a takeover price of 190 billion €, which was the largest takeover price ever paid until that date and still is the highest.[7][8]\nThe telecommunications division of Mannesmann was subsequently incorporated into the Vodafone Group.The other divisions were resold to various companies soon after the deal. The origins of Mannesmann, the pipe production activities of Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, were sold to Salzgitter AG along with the brand name Mannesmann.[9][10] Siemens AG bought the majority of Atecs Mannesmann AG, including automobile components (VDO Adolf Schindling AG, Mannesmann Sachs, Boge GmbH), cranes and locomotives (Mannesman Demag Krauss-Maffei GmbH), logistics (Mannesmann Dematic AG), and defense (Krauss-Maffei Wegmann); Robert Bosch GmbH acquired Rexroth, an industrial engineering company. KraussMaffei logos and trademarks are transferred to Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH, plastics and molding equipment subsidiary that was spun off in 1986.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Zangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Zangen"},{"link_name":"slave labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"hostile takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover#Hostile_takeovers"},{"link_name":"Chris Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gent"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Scott Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mead"},{"link_name":"Landgericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Josef Ackermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ackermann"},{"link_name":"Klaus Esser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Esser"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"During the Second World War, when the company was chaired by Nazi Party activist Wilhelm Zangen, slave labour was employed at their tube rolling mills.[11] Zangen served four months in prison for his involvement, although he remained a leading figure with Mannesmann until his retirement in 1966.[12]In 2000, Mannesmann was acquired by Vodafone Group Plc. in a tax-free exchange of 53.7 Vodafone shares for each share of Mannesmann. This was a controversial takeover, since never before in Germany had a company as large and successful as Mannesmann been acquired in a hostile takeover by a non-German owner. The merger was said to have been engineered in a private deal concluded between Mannesmann's management and Vodafone. The acquisition was spearheaded by Vodafone's Chief Executive, Chris Gent, and Goldman Sachs' Scott Mead, who was then the chief advisor on the deal.\nThe circumstances of the deal and the (not only for German standards) particularly high severance payments awarded to leading managers of the company led in 2004 to a trial at Landgericht Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf Regional Court) - the so-called Mannesmann trial. The accused, among others the chairman of the supervisory board at the time of the takeover, Josef Ackermann, and the former CEO of Mannesmann, Klaus Esser, were initially granted a full discharge by the court. However, after revision proceedings, the Bundesgerichtshof Federal Court of Justice overruled the contested judgment and referred the case back for retrial at the Landgericht. On 29 November 2006, the proceedings were terminated, with the defendants agreeing to settlements amounting to millions of euros.[13][14]Under the terms of the takeover deal, Mannesmann sought assurances from Vodafone that the Mannesmann brand and name would be kept under the new owners.[citation needed] This was agreed and the deal was announced. However, not long after this, Vodafone reneged on the deal and rebranded.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arcor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcor_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Mannesmann Arcor","text":"Mannesmann Arcor was a fixed line telephony and internet company. It has been owned solely by Vodafone since May 2008, when Deutsche Bahn (18.17%) and Deutsche Bank (8.18%) sold their shares to Vodafone.[15]","title":"Individual subsidiaries"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Brass sign from Mannesmann-Rohrbau AG – Munich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Messingschild_der_Mannesmann-Rohrbau_AG_-_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/220px-Messingschild_der_Mannesmann-Rohrbau_AG_-_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Share of the Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, issued 14. November 1890[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Deutsch-Oesterreichische_Mannesmannr%C3%B6hren-Werke_1890_Reinhard.JPG/220px-Deutsch-Oesterreichische_Mannesmannr%C3%B6hren-Werke_1890_Reinhard.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mannesmann air protection grille - City Hall in Dresden - around 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mannesmann_Luftschutzgitter_-_Rathaus_in_Dresden_-_um_1940.jpg/220px-Mannesmann_Luftschutzgitter_-_Rathaus_in_Dresden_-_um_1940.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Suppes 94/95 Historische Wertpapiere. WWA Bernd Suppes. 1994. p. 101. ISSN 0936-9406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-9406","url_text":"0936-9406"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mannesmann AG – FundingUniverse\". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mannesmann-ag-history/","url_text":"\"History of Mannesmann AG – FundingUniverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Mannesmann - turning pipes into phones\". BBC. January 21, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/608994.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Mannesmann - turning pipes into phones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Mannesmann: The mother of all takeovers\". Deutsche Welle. February 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/mannesmann-the-mother-of-all-takeovers/a-5206028","url_text":"\"Mannesmann: The mother of all takeovers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Unilever rejects $143bn Kraft Heinz takeover bid\". Financial Times. February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/e4afc504-f47e-11e6-8758-6876151821a6","url_text":"\"Unilever rejects $143bn Kraft Heinz takeover bid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Mannesmann-Konzern nach der Übernahme durch Vodafone ǀ History\". Geschichte.salzgitter-ag.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://geschichte.salzgitter-ag.com/en/faq/what-happened-to-the-mannesmann-group-after-the-vodafone-take-over.html","url_text":"\"Mannesmann-Konzern nach der Übernahme durch Vodafone ǀ History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vodafone Airtouch confirms sale of Mannesmann tubes\". Vodafone.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819133258/http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2000/press_release30_051.html","url_text":"\"Vodafone Airtouch confirms sale of Mannesmann tubes\""},{"url":"http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2000/press_release30_051.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Walks Free in Mannesmann Trial\". Deutsche Welle. November 29, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/deutsche-bank-chief-walks-free-in-mannesmann-trial/a-2251890;","url_text":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Walks Free in Mannesmann Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Settles Mannesmann Suit\". Dealbook. November 27, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/deutsche-bank-chief-settles-mannesmann-suit/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Settles Mannesmann Suit\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.mannesmann.com/","external_links_name":"www.mannesmann.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-9406","external_links_name":"0936-9406"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mannesmann-ag-history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Mannesmann AG – FundingUniverse\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/608994.stm","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Mannesmann - turning pipes into phones\""},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/mannesmann-the-mother-of-all-takeovers/a-5206028","external_links_name":"\"Mannesmann: The mother of all takeovers\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/e4afc504-f47e-11e6-8758-6876151821a6","external_links_name":"\"Unilever rejects $143bn Kraft Heinz takeover bid\""},{"Link":"https://geschichte.salzgitter-ag.com/en/faq/what-happened-to-the-mannesmann-group-after-the-vodafone-take-over.html","external_links_name":"\"Mannesmann-Konzern nach der Übernahme durch Vodafone ǀ History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819133258/http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2000/press_release30_051.html","external_links_name":"\"Vodafone Airtouch confirms sale of Mannesmann tubes\""},{"Link":"http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2000/press_release30_051.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/deutsche-bank-chief-walks-free-in-mannesmann-trial/a-2251890;","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Walks Free in Mannesmann Trial\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/deutsche-bank-chief-settles-mannesmann-suit/?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Bank Chief Settles Mannesmann Suit\""},{"Link":"http://www.mannesmann.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Images of British Mannesmann Tube Co., Wales"},{"Link":"http://www.mpifg.de/people/mh/paper/HoepnerJackson%202006%20EMR%20-%20Revisiting%20Mannesmann.pdf","external_links_name":"Höpner, M. and G. Jackson. 2006. “Revisiting the Mannesmann takeover: how markets for corporate control emerge” Management Review (2006) 3, 142–155."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/04/business/europe-s-megadeal-the-impact-dusseldorf-and-mannesmann.html","external_links_name":"New York Times-article “Europe‘s Megadeal”"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110185094","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155947488","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2019026-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461603705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81047092","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_spectral_range
|
Free spectral range
|
["1 In general","2 Diffraction gratings","3 Fabry–Pérot interferometer","4 References"]
|
Concept in wave optics
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Free spectral range" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Free spectral range (FSR) is the spacing in optical frequency or wavelength between two successive reflected or transmitted optical intensity maxima or minima of an interferometer or diffractive optical element.
The FSR is not always represented by
Δ
ν
{\displaystyle \Delta \nu }
or
Δ
λ
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda }
, but instead is sometimes represented by just the letters FSR. The reason is that these different terms often refer to the bandwidth or linewidth of an emitted source respectively.
In general
The free spectral range (FSR) of a cavity in general is given by
|
Δ
λ
FSR
|
=
2
π
L
|
(
∂
β
∂
λ
)
−
1
|
{\displaystyle \left|\Delta \lambda _{\text{FSR}}\right|={\frac {2\pi }{L}}\left|\left({\frac {\partial \beta }{\partial \lambda }}\right)^{-1}\right|}
or, equivalently,
|
Δ
ν
FSR
|
=
2
π
L
|
(
∂
β
∂
ν
)
−
1
|
{\displaystyle \left|\Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}\right|={\frac {2\pi }{L}}\left|\left({\frac {\partial \beta }{\partial \nu }}\right)^{-1}\right|}
These expressions can be derived from the resonance condition
Δ
β
L
=
2
π
{\displaystyle \Delta \beta L=2\pi }
by expanding
Δ
β
{\displaystyle \Delta \beta }
in Taylor series. Here,
β
=
k
0
n
(
λ
)
=
2
π
λ
n
(
λ
)
{\displaystyle \beta =k_{0}n(\lambda )={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}n(\lambda )}
is the wavevector of the light inside the cavity,
k
0
{\displaystyle k_{0}}
and
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
are the wavevector and wavelength in vacuum,
n
{\displaystyle n}
is the refractive index of the cavity and
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the round trip length of the cavity (notice that for a standing-wave cavity,
L
{\displaystyle L}
is equal to twice the physical length of the cavity).
Given that
|
(
∂
β
∂
λ
)
|
=
2
π
λ
2
[
n
(
λ
)
−
λ
∂
n
∂
λ
]
=
2
π
λ
2
n
g
{\displaystyle \left|\left({\frac {\partial \beta }{\partial \lambda }}\right)\right|={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda ^{2}}}\left={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda ^{2}}}n_{g}}
, the FSR (in wavelength) is given by
Δ
λ
FSR
=
λ
2
n
g
L
,
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda _{\text{FSR}}={\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{n_{\text{g}}L}},}
being
n
g
{\displaystyle n_{\text{g}}}
is the group index of the media within the cavity.
or, equivalently,
Δ
ν
FSR
=
c
n
g
L
,
{\displaystyle \Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}={\frac {c}{n_{\text{g}}L}},}
where
c
{\displaystyle c}
is the speed of light in vacuum.
If the dispersion of the material is negligible, i.e.
∂
n
∂
λ
≈
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial n}{\partial \lambda }}\approx 0}
, then the two expressions above reduce to
Δ
λ
FSR
≈
λ
2
n
(
λ
)
L
,
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda _{\text{FSR}}\approx {\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{n(\lambda )L}},}
and
Δ
ν
FSR
≈
c
n
(
λ
)
L
.
{\displaystyle \Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}\approx {\frac {c}{n(\lambda )L}}.}
A simple intuitive interpretation of the FSR is that it is the inverse of the roundtrip time
T
R
{\displaystyle T_{R}}
:
T
R
=
n
g
L
c
=
1
Δ
ν
FSR
.
{\displaystyle T_{R}={\frac {n_{\text{g}}L}{c}}={\frac {1}{\Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}}}.}
In wavelength, the FSR is given by
Δ
λ
FSR
=
λ
2
n
g
L
,
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda _{\text{FSR}}={\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{n_{\text{g}}L}},}
where
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is the vacuum wavelength of light. For a linear cavity, such as the Fabry-Pérot interferometer
discussed below,
L
=
2
l
{\displaystyle L=2l}
, where
L
{\displaystyle L}
is the distance travelled by light in one roundtrip around the closed cavity, and
l
{\displaystyle l}
is the length of the cavity.
Diffraction gratings
The free spectral range of a diffraction grating is the largest wavelength range for a given order that does not overlap the same range in an adjacent order. If the (m + 1)-th order of
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
and m-th order of
(
λ
+
Δ
λ
)
{\displaystyle (\lambda +\Delta \lambda )}
lie at the same angle, then
Δ
λ
=
λ
m
.
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda ={\frac {\lambda }{m}}.}
Fabry–Pérot interferometer
In a Fabry–Pérot interferometer or etalon, the wavelength separation between adjacent transmission peaks is called the free spectral range of the etalon and is given by
Δ
λ
=
λ
0
2
2
n
l
cos
θ
+
λ
0
≈
λ
0
2
2
n
l
cos
θ
,
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda ={\frac {\lambda _{0}^{2}}{2nl\cos \theta +\lambda _{0}}}\approx {\frac {\lambda _{0}^{2}}{2nl\cos \theta }},}
where λ0 is the central wavelength of the nearest transmission peak, n is the index of refraction of the cavity medium,
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
is the angle of incidence, and
l
{\displaystyle l}
is the thickness of the cavity. More often FSR is quoted in frequency, rather than wavelength units:
Δ
f
≈
c
2
n
l
cos
θ
.
{\displaystyle \Delta f\approx {\frac {c}{2nl\cos \theta }}.}
The transmission of an etalon as a function of wavelength. A high-finesse etalon (red line) shows sharper peaks and lower transmission minima than a low-finesse etalon (blue). The free spectral range is Δλ (shown above the graph).
The FSR is related to the full-width half-maximum δλ of any one transmission band by a quantity known as the finesse:
F
=
Δ
λ
δ
λ
=
π
2
arcsin
(
1
/
F
)
,
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{\delta \lambda }}={\frac {\pi }{2\arcsin(1/{\sqrt {F}})}},}
where
F
=
4
R
(
1
−
R
)
2
{\displaystyle F={\frac {4R}{(1-R)^{2}}}}
is the coefficient of finesse, and R is the reflectivity of the mirrors.
This is commonly approximated (for R > 0.5) by
F
≈
π
F
2
=
π
R
1
/
2
(
1
−
R
)
.
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\approx {\frac {\pi {\sqrt {F}}}{2}}={\frac {\pi R^{1/2}}{(1-R)}}.}
References
^ Hecht, Eugene (2017). Optics (5th ed.). pp. 431–433, 614. ISBN 9780133977226. OCLC 953709783.
^ Rabus, Dominik.G. (26 April 2007). Integrated Ring Resonators. ISBN 978-3-540-68788-7. OCLC 123893382.
^ a b Ismail, N.; Kores, C. C.; Geskus, D.; Pollnau, M. (2016). "Fabry-Pérot resonator: spectral line shapes, generic and related Airy distributions, linewidths, finesses, and performance at low or frequency-dependent reflectivity". Optics Express. 24 (15): 16366–16389. Bibcode:2016OExpr..2416366I. doi:10.1364/OE.24.016366. PMID 27464090.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometer"},{"link_name":"diffractive optical element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractive_optical_element"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Free spectral range (FSR) is the spacing in optical frequency or wavelength between two successive reflected or transmitted optical intensity maxima or minima of an interferometer or diffractive optical element.[1]The FSR is not always represented by \n \n \n \n Δ\n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\nu }\n \n or \n \n \n \n Δ\n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda }\n \n, but instead is sometimes represented by just the letters FSR. The reason is that these different terms often refer to the bandwidth or linewidth of an emitted source respectively.","title":"Free spectral range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"group index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Group_index"},{"link_name":"Fabry-Pérot interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry-P%C3%A9rot_interferometer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsmailPollnau2016-3"}],"text":"The free spectral range (FSR) of a cavity in general is given by [2]|\n \n Δ\n \n λ\n \n FSR\n \n \n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n L\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n β\n \n \n ∂\n λ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\Delta \\lambda _{\\text{FSR}}\\right|={\\frac {2\\pi }{L}}\\left|\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\lambda }}\\right)^{-1}\\right|}or, equivalently,|\n \n Δ\n \n ν\n \n FSR\n \n \n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n L\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n β\n \n \n ∂\n ν\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\Delta \\nu _{\\text{FSR}}\\right|={\\frac {2\\pi }{L}}\\left|\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\nu }}\\right)^{-1}\\right|}These expressions can be derived from the resonance condition \n \n \n \n Δ\n β\n L\n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\beta L=2\\pi }\n \n by expanding \n \n \n \n Δ\n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\beta }\n \n in Taylor series. Here, \n \n \n \n β\n =\n \n k\n \n 0\n \n \n n\n (\n λ\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n λ\n \n \n n\n (\n λ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta =k_{0}n(\\lambda )={\\frac {2\\pi }{\\lambda }}n(\\lambda )}\n \n is the wavevector of the light inside the cavity, \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{0}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n are the wavevector and wavelength in vacuum, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the refractive index of the cavity and \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the round trip length of the cavity (notice that for a standing-wave cavity, \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is equal to twice the physical length of the cavity).Given that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n β\n \n \n ∂\n λ\n \n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n n\n (\n λ\n )\n −\n λ\n \n \n \n ∂\n n\n \n \n ∂\n λ\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\lambda }}\\right)\\right|={\\frac {2\\pi }{\\lambda ^{2}}}\\left[n(\\lambda )-\\lambda {\\frac {\\partial n}{\\partial \\lambda }}\\right]={\\frac {2\\pi }{\\lambda ^{2}}}n_{g}}\n \n, the FSR (in wavelength) is given byΔ\n \n λ\n \n FSR\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda _{\\text{FSR}}={\\frac {\\lambda ^{2}}{n_{\\text{g}}L}},}being \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{\\text{g}}}\n \n is the group index of the media within the cavity.\nor, equivalently,Δ\n \n ν\n \n FSR\n \n \n =\n \n \n c\n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\nu _{\\text{FSR}}={\\frac {c}{n_{\\text{g}}L}},}where \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n is the speed of light in vacuum.If the dispersion of the material is negligible, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n n\n \n \n ∂\n λ\n \n \n \n ≈\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial n}{\\partial \\lambda }}\\approx 0}\n \n, then the two expressions above reduce toΔ\n \n λ\n \n FSR\n \n \n ≈\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n (\n λ\n )\n L\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda _{\\text{FSR}}\\approx {\\frac {\\lambda ^{2}}{n(\\lambda )L}},}andΔ\n \n ν\n \n FSR\n \n \n ≈\n \n \n c\n \n n\n (\n λ\n )\n L\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\nu _{\\text{FSR}}\\approx {\\frac {c}{n(\\lambda )L}}.}A simple intuitive interpretation of the FSR is that it is the inverse of the roundtrip time \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n R\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{R}}\n \n:T\n \n R\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n L\n \n c\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n Δ\n \n ν\n \n FSR\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{R}={\\frac {n_{\\text{g}}L}{c}}={\\frac {1}{\\Delta \\nu _{\\text{FSR}}}}.}In wavelength, the FSR is given byΔ\n \n λ\n \n FSR\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n g\n \n \n L\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda _{\\text{FSR}}={\\frac {\\lambda ^{2}}{n_{\\text{g}}L}},}where \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is the vacuum wavelength of light. For a linear cavity, such as the Fabry-Pérot interferometer[3]\ndiscussed below, \n \n \n \n L\n =\n 2\n l\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L=2l}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the distance travelled by light in one roundtrip around the closed cavity, and \n \n \n \n l\n \n \n {\\displaystyle l}\n \n is the length of the cavity.","title":"In general"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diffraction grating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating"}],"text":"The free spectral range of a diffraction grating is the largest wavelength range for a given order that does not overlap the same range in an adjacent order. If the (m + 1)-th order of \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n and m-th order of \n \n \n \n (\n λ\n +\n Δ\n λ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\lambda +\\Delta \\lambda )}\n \n lie at the same angle, thenΔ\n λ\n =\n \n \n λ\n m\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda ={\\frac {\\lambda }{m}}.}","title":"Diffraction gratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabry–Pérot interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsmailPollnau2016-3"},{"link_name":"index of refraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_refraction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etalon-2.png"}],"text":"In a Fabry–Pérot interferometer[3] or etalon, the wavelength separation between adjacent transmission peaks is called the free spectral range of the etalon and is given byΔ\n λ\n =\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n n\n l\n cos\n \n θ\n +\n \n λ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ≈\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n n\n l\n cos\n \n θ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\lambda ={\\frac {\\lambda _{0}^{2}}{2nl\\cos \\theta +\\lambda _{0}}}\\approx {\\frac {\\lambda _{0}^{2}}{2nl\\cos \\theta }},}where λ0 is the central wavelength of the nearest transmission peak, n is the index of refraction of the cavity medium, \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n is the angle of incidence, and \n \n \n \n l\n \n \n {\\displaystyle l}\n \n is the thickness of the cavity. More often FSR is quoted in frequency, rather than wavelength units:Δ\n f\n ≈\n \n \n c\n \n 2\n n\n l\n cos\n \n θ\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta f\\approx {\\frac {c}{2nl\\cos \\theta }}.}The transmission of an etalon as a function of wavelength. A high-finesse etalon (red line) shows sharper peaks and lower transmission minima than a low-finesse etalon (blue). The free spectral range is Δλ (shown above the graph).The FSR is related to the full-width half-maximum δλ of any one transmission band by a quantity known as the finesse:F\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Δ\n λ\n \n \n δ\n λ\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n π\n \n 2\n arcsin\n \n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}={\\frac {\\Delta \\lambda }{\\delta \\lambda }}={\\frac {\\pi }{2\\arcsin(1/{\\sqrt {F}})}},}where \n \n \n \n F\n =\n \n \n \n 4\n R\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n R\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F={\\frac {4R}{(1-R)^{2}}}}\n \n is the coefficient of finesse, and R is the reflectivity of the mirrors.This is commonly approximated (for R > 0.5) byF\n \n \n ≈\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n π\n \n R\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n R\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}\\approx {\\frac {\\pi {\\sqrt {F}}}{2}}={\\frac {\\pi R^{1/2}}{(1-R)}}.}","title":"Fabry–Pérot interferometer"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The transmission of an etalon as a function of wavelength. A high-finesse etalon (red line) shows sharper peaks and lower transmission minima than a low-finesse etalon (blue). The free spectral range is Δλ (shown above the graph).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Etalon-2.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hecht, Eugene (2017). Optics (5th ed.). pp. 431–433, 614. ISBN 9780133977226. OCLC 953709783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133977226","url_text":"9780133977226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953709783","url_text":"953709783"}]},{"reference":"Rabus, Dominik.G. (26 April 2007). Integrated Ring Resonators. ISBN 978-3-540-68788-7. OCLC 123893382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68788-7","url_text":"978-3-540-68788-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123893382","url_text":"123893382"}]},{"reference":"Ismail, N.; Kores, C. C.; Geskus, D.; Pollnau, M. (2016). \"Fabry-Pérot resonator: spectral line shapes, generic and related Airy distributions, linewidths, finesses, and performance at low or frequency-dependent reflectivity\". Optics Express. 24 (15): 16366–16389. Bibcode:2016OExpr..2416366I. doi:10.1364/OE.24.016366. PMID 27464090.","urls":[{"url":"http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:948682/FULLTEXT01","url_text":"\"Fabry-Pérot resonator: spectral line shapes, generic and related Airy distributions, linewidths, finesses, and performance at low or frequency-dependent reflectivity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016OExpr..2416366I","url_text":"2016OExpr..2416366I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.24.016366","url_text":"10.1364/OE.24.016366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27464090","url_text":"27464090"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Free+spectral+range%22","external_links_name":"\"Free spectral range\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Free+spectral+range%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Free+spectral+range%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Free+spectral+range%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Free+spectral+range%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Free+spectral+range%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953709783","external_links_name":"953709783"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123893382","external_links_name":"123893382"},{"Link":"http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:948682/FULLTEXT01","external_links_name":"\"Fabry-Pérot resonator: spectral line shapes, generic and related Airy distributions, linewidths, finesses, and performance at low or frequency-dependent reflectivity\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016OExpr..2416366I","external_links_name":"2016OExpr..2416366I"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.24.016366","external_links_name":"10.1364/OE.24.016366"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27464090","external_links_name":"27464090"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovis
|
Hovis
|
["1 History","2 Advertising","3 Hovis map books","4 Hovis biscuit","5 The Bread Bag Recycling Programme","6 References","7 External links"]
|
British company that produces flour and bread
For other uses, see Hovis (disambiguation).
Hovis LtdCompany typeLimited companyIndustryFoodFoundedMacclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom (1886)HeadquartersHigh Wycombe, BuckinghamshireKey peopleJon Jenkins CEOProductsBread, flourOwnerEndless LLPWebsitewww.hovis.co.uk
Hovis Ltd is a British company that produces flour, yeast
and bread. Founded in Stoke-on-Trent, it began mass-production in Macclesfield in 1886.
Hovis became part of Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) in 1962 after a succession of mergers. RHM, with its brands including Hovis and Mother's Pride, was acquired by Premier Foods in 2007. In April 2014 it became a limited company after Premier Foods sold a 51% stake in the business to The Gores Group to form a joint venture between the two companies.
In November 2020, it was announced that both the Gores Group and Premier Foods had sold their stakes in the business to British-based private equity firm Endless LLP.
Hovis specialises in high wheatgerm wholemeal flour, the bread being baked independently. It also produces the Nimble brand reduced-calorie bread.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011)
Grave of Richard "Stoney" Smith in Highgate Cemetery. The inscription details his discovery of the "Hovis" process.
Hovis's managing director giving a pep talk to staff in 1935
The brand began in 1886; the Hovis process was patented on 6 October 1887 by Richard "Stoney" Smith (1836–1900), and S. Fitton & Sons Ltd developed the brand, milling the flour and selling it along with Hovis-branded baking tins to other bakers. The name was coined in 1890 by London student Herbert Grime in a national competition set by S. Fitton & Sons Ltd to find a trading name for their patent flour which was rich in wheat germ. Grime won £25 when he coined the word from the Latin phrase hominis vis, "the strength of man". The company became the Hovis Bread Flour Company Limited in 1898.
When the abundance of certain B vitamins in wheatgerm was reported in 1924, Hovis increased in popularity.
Advertising
1895 Advertisement for Hovis Bread
In 1915, when the London and South Western Railway inaugurated their first electric train services, they introduced alphabetical head-codes in lieu of the traditional discs used on steam locomotives so that the general public could more easily identify their train. A 1926 advertisement widely deployed on the railways showed five such trains carrying headcodes H ō V I S along with an explanation (H-Hampton Court, ō-Hounslow, V-Kingston , I-Dorking North & Effingham, and S-Shepperton). That the "clockwise" Hounslow Loop head-code was a slightly height-reduced 'O' topped by a bar led to the rendering of the brand as HōVIS, a rendering that significantly outlasted the advertising campaign.
Gold Hill, Shaftesbury, where Ridley Scott filmed the 1973 Hovis commercial
In 1973, Hovis ran a television advertisement, Boy on the Bike, written by advertising agency Collett Dickenson Pearce and filmed by CDP's photographer Jack Bankhead under the direction of Ridley Scott, who later directed Alien. The advert featured the slow movement of Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 rearranged for brass. Filmed on Gold Hill in Shaftesbury, Dorset, Scott's advert has been voted Britain's favourite advertisement of all time. An original film print was restored by the BFI in 2019 and is available on their Advertising Collection.
This advertisement was repeated on British television for a 10-day run in May 2006 to commemorate the firm's 120th anniversary. The soundtrack had to be re-recorded to meet advertising standards. The boy on the bike, Carl Barlow, then aged 13, left acting and eventually became a firefighter in East Ham in 1979.
In 2008 Hovis departed from the "boy on a bike" format by commissioning Go On Lad, a retrospective advertisement documenting the 122 years of British history since the brand's launch. Go On Lad was voted "Advert of the Decade" by the British public in December 2009.
Hovis map books
Hovis bread monument at Gold Hill
Hovis Ltd. published a series of map books which included advertisements for their products. In 1899 the company produced eight books of maps, covering England and Wales, designed for cyclists. In 1920 the company published Where to Go and How to Get There: Hovis Road Map of England, Wales and Scotland, and several versions of this book were later printed.
Hovis biscuit
Main article: Hovis biscuit
Since 1980, Hovis have licensed Jacob's to produce a digestive biscuit, branded as Hovis. Now a United Biscuits product, they are shaped like a miniature flat copy of the traditional Hovis loaf, and like the bread have the word "HOVIS" stamped on their top surface.
The Bread Bag Recycling Programme
In a bid to help the environment and sustainability, Hovis collaborated with TerraCycle in The Bread Bag Recycling Programme. The objective of the programme is to drop-off used bread bags at public drop-off locations across the UK, or mail them to delivery services like those provided by UPS. These are all listed on an interactive map. After that the bags are recycled in a specialist plant. Those who take part in the programme are able to get TerraCycle points. These can be redeemed for a variety of charitable gifts or a payment to the non-profit organisation.
References
^ Brownsell, Alex (27 January 2014). "Premier Foods sells controlling stake in Hovis". Marketing Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ "Endless LLP acquires Hovis Ltd".
^ "Hovis sold to private equity firm". 6 November 2020.
^ "Nimble". Hovis. 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f Robert Opie (2006). Ifan Jenkins (ed.). "Hovis: 120 years of Goodness" (PDF). RHM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
^ GB 189905961 Smith, Richard A New or Improved Method or Process for Treating the Germ of Wheat for Food Purposes. 17 February 1900
^ Iain Sinclair (20 January 2011). "The Raging Peloton". London Review of Books. Vol. 33, no. 2. pp. 3–8. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
^ a b Ciar Byrne (2 May 2006). "Ridley Scott's Hovis advert is voted all-time favourite". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
^ Sam Delaney (23 August 2007). "Jets, jeans and Hovis". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ a b "Boy on the Bike (1974)". BFI Player. 18 July 2020.
^ "Boy on the Bike - Hovis advert's 2019 restoration". BFI on Youtube. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.
^ Euan Stretch (4 December 2013). "Back to where I was born and bread – Hovis boy recreates famous advert 40 YEARS later". Mirror. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ Thomas, Joe; "Hovis tops ITV's Ad Of The Decade with 'Go On Lad'", Marketing, 21 December 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
^ Maurice Rickards (2000). The Encyclopedia of Ephemera: A Guide to the Fragmentary Documents of Everyday Life for the Collector, Curator, and Historian. Psychology Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-415-92648-5.
^ "Hovis road map of England, Wales and Scotland". Holdings of the Roger S. Baskes Collection (Newberry Library).
^ "The Bread Bag Recycling Programme". TerraCycle. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ "Home Hovis® Launches UK-wide Bread Bag Recycling Initiative in Partnership with TerraCycle". Packaging Europe. 21 February 2019.
External links
Official website
Hovis on Facebook
Hovis's channel on YouTube
Hovis profile on Twitter
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hovis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Rank Hovis McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Hovis_McDougall"},{"link_name":"Mother's Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Pride"},{"link_name":"Premier Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Foods"},{"link_name":"The Gores Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gores_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wheatgerm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_germ#Wheat_germ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hovis (disambiguation).Hovis Ltd is a British company that produces flour, yeast\nand bread. Founded in Stoke-on-Trent, it began mass-production in Macclesfield in 1886.Hovis became part of Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) in 1962 after a succession of mergers. RHM, with its brands including Hovis and Mother's Pride, was acquired by Premier Foods in 2007. In April 2014 it became a limited company after Premier Foods sold a 51% stake in the business to The Gores Group to form a joint venture between the two companies.[1]In November 2020, it was announced that both the Gores Group and Premier Foods had sold their stakes in the business to British-based private equity firm Endless LLP.[2][3]Hovis specialises in high wheatgerm wholemeal flour, the bread being baked independently. It also produces the Nimble brand reduced-calorie bread.[4]","title":"Hovis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Richard_%22Stoney%22_Smith,_Highgate_Cemetery_2016-06-09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Hovis.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"wheat germ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_germ"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"},{"link_name":"B vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"}],"text":"Grave of Richard \"Stoney\" Smith in Highgate Cemetery. The inscription details his discovery of the \"Hovis\" process.Hovis's managing director giving a pep talk to staff in 1935The brand began in 1886;[5] the Hovis process was patented on 6 October 1887[6] by Richard \"Stoney\" Smith (1836–1900), and S. Fitton & Sons Ltd developed the brand, milling the flour and selling it along with Hovis-branded baking tins to other bakers. The name was coined in 1890 by London student Herbert Grime in a national competition set by S. Fitton & Sons Ltd to find a trading name for their patent flour which was rich in wheat germ. Grime won £25 when he coined the word from the Latin phrase hominis vis, \"the strength of man\".[5] The company became the Hovis Bread Flour Company Limited in 1898.[5]When the abundance of certain B vitamins in wheatgerm was reported in 1924, Hovis increased in popularity.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hovis_Bread_Advertisement_1895.tif"},{"link_name":"London and South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"electric train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"head-codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_reporting_number"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_Hill,_Shaftsbury,_Dorset,_England.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gold Hill, Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Hill,_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Boy on the Bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_on_the_Bike"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"},{"link_name":"Collett Dickenson Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collett_Dickenson_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)"},{"link_name":"Antonín Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gold Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Hill,_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridley-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfi-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"British television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfi-10"},{"link_name":"East Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridley-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Go On Lad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_On_Lad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"1895 Advertisement for Hovis BreadIn 1915, when the London and South Western Railway inaugurated their first electric train services, they introduced alphabetical head-codes in lieu of the traditional discs used on steam locomotives so that the general public could more easily identify their train. A 1926 advertisement widely deployed on the railways showed five such trains carrying headcodes H ō V I S along with an explanation (H-Hampton Court, ō-Hounslow, V-Kingston [V for Thames Valley], I-Dorking North & Effingham, and S-Shepperton). That the \"clockwise\" Hounslow Loop head-code was a slightly height-reduced 'O' topped by a bar led to the rendering of the brand as HōVIS, a rendering that significantly outlasted the advertising campaign.Gold Hill, Shaftesbury, where Ridley Scott filmed the 1973 Hovis commercialIn 1973, Hovis ran a television advertisement, Boy on the Bike,[5] written by advertising agency Collett Dickenson Pearce and filmed by CDP's photographer Jack Bankhead under the direction of Ridley Scott, who later directed Alien. The advert featured the slow movement of Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 rearranged for brass.[7] Filmed on Gold Hill in Shaftesbury, Dorset, Scott's advert has been voted Britain's favourite advertisement of all time.[8][9] An original film print was restored by the BFI in 2019 and is available on their Advertising Collection.[10][11]This advertisement was repeated on British television for a 10-day run in May 2006 to commemorate the firm's 120th anniversary. The soundtrack had to be re-recorded to meet advertising standards.[10] The boy on the bike, Carl Barlow, then aged 13, left acting and eventually became a firefighter in East Ham in 1979.[8][12]In 2008 Hovis departed from the \"boy on a bike\" format by commissioning Go On Lad, a retrospective advertisement documenting the 122 years of British history since the brand's launch. Go On Lad was voted \"Advert of the Decade\" by the British public in December 2009.[13]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hovis_Bread_Monument_(Gold_Hill).JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rickards2000-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Hovis bread monument at Gold HillHovis Ltd. published a series of map books which included advertisements for their products. In 1899 the company produced eight books of maps, covering England and Wales, designed for cyclists.[14] In 1920 the company published Where to Go and How to Get There: Hovis Road Map of England, Wales and Scotland, and several versions of this book were later printed.[15]","title":"Hovis map books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacob's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s"},{"link_name":"digestive biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hovis120-5"},{"link_name":"United Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaf"}],"text":"Since 1980, Hovis have licensed Jacob's to produce a digestive biscuit, branded as Hovis.[5] Now a United Biscuits product, they are shaped like a miniature flat copy of the traditional Hovis loaf, and like the bread have the word \"HOVIS\" stamped on their top surface.","title":"Hovis biscuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TerraCycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraCycle"},{"link_name":"UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPS_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In a bid to help the environment and sustainability, Hovis collaborated with TerraCycle in The Bread Bag Recycling Programme. The objective of the programme is to drop-off used bread bags at public drop-off locations across the UK, or mail them to delivery services like those provided by UPS. These are all listed on an interactive map. After that the bags are recycled in a specialist plant. Those who take part in the programme are able to get TerraCycle points. These can be redeemed for a variety of charitable gifts or a payment to the non-profit organisation.[16][17]","title":"The Bread Bag Recycling Programme"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Grave of Richard \"Stoney\" Smith in Highgate Cemetery. The inscription details his discovery of the \"Hovis\" process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Grave_of_Richard_%22Stoney%22_Smith%2C_Highgate_Cemetery_2016-06-09.jpg/170px-Grave_of_Richard_%22Stoney%22_Smith%2C_Highgate_Cemetery_2016-06-09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hovis's managing director giving a pep talk to staff in 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Hovis.jpg/220px-Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Hovis.jpg"},{"image_text":"1895 Advertisement for Hovis Bread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hovis_Bread_Advertisement_1895.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Hovis_Bread_Advertisement_1895.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold Hill, Shaftesbury, where Ridley Scott filmed the 1973 Hovis commercial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gold_Hill%2C_Shaftsbury%2C_Dorset%2C_England.JPG/220px-Gold_Hill%2C_Shaftsbury%2C_Dorset%2C_England.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hovis bread monument at Gold Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hovis_Bread_Monument_%28Gold_Hill%29.JPG/220px-Hovis_Bread_Monument_%28Gold_Hill%29.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Brownsell, Alex (27 January 2014). \"Premier Foods sells controlling stake in Hovis\". Marketing Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1228649/premier-foods-sells-controlling-stake-hovis","url_text":"\"Premier Foods sells controlling stake in Hovis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Endless LLP acquires Hovis Ltd\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.endlessllp.com/news/endless-acquires-hovis","url_text":"\"Endless LLP acquires Hovis Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hovis sold to private equity firm\". 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/hovis-sold-private-equity-firm-19231804","url_text":"\"Hovis sold to private equity firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nimble\". Hovis. 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/our-range/nimble","url_text":"\"Nimble\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Opie (2006). Ifan Jenkins (ed.). \"Hovis: 120 years of Goodness\" (PDF). RHM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219012829/http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/assets/downloads/Hovis_History.pdf","url_text":"\"Hovis: 120 years of Goodness\""},{"url":"http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/assets/downloads/Hovis_History.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iain Sinclair (20 January 2011). \"The Raging Peloton\". London Review of Books. Vol. 33, no. 2. pp. 3–8. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Sinclair","url_text":"Iain Sinclair"},{"url":"http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n02/iain-sinclair/the-raging-peloton/print","url_text":"\"The Raging Peloton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books","url_text":"London Review of Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","url_text":"0260-9592"}]},{"reference":"Ciar Byrne (2 May 2006). \"Ridley Scott's Hovis advert is voted all-time favourite\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210143519/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ridley-scotts-hovis-advert-is-voted-alltime-favourite-476424.html","url_text":"\"Ridley Scott's Hovis advert is voted all-time favourite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ridley-scotts-hovis-advert-is-voted-alltime-favourite-476424.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sam Delaney (23 August 2007). \"Jets, jeans and Hovis\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/24/1","url_text":"\"Jets, jeans and Hovis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy on the Bike (1974)\". BFI Player. 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-hovis-boy-on-the-bike-1974-online","url_text":"\"Boy on the Bike (1974)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy on the Bike - Hovis advert's 2019 restoration\". BFI on Youtube. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkonymPyp5g","url_text":"\"Boy on the Bike - Hovis advert's 2019 restoration\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NkonymPyp5g","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Euan Stretch (4 December 2013). \"Back to where I was born and bread – Hovis boy recreates famous advert 40 YEARS later\". Mirror. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/carl-barlow-hovis-boy-recreates-2880768","url_text":"\"Back to where I was born and bread – Hovis boy recreates famous advert 40 YEARS later\""}]},{"reference":"Maurice Rickards (2000). The Encyclopedia of Ephemera: A Guide to the Fragmentary Documents of Everyday Life for the Collector, Curator, and Historian. Psychology Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-415-92648-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T4O3vIHhjoUC&pg=PA332","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Ephemera: A Guide to the Fragmentary Documents of Everyday Life for the Collector, Curator, and Historian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92648-5","url_text":"978-0-415-92648-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bread Bag Recycling Programme\". TerraCycle. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.terracycle.com/en-GB/brigades/breadbag","url_text":"\"The Bread Bag Recycling Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Hovis® Launches UK-wide Bread Bag Recycling Initiative in Partnership with TerraCycle\". Packaging Europe. 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://packagingeurope.com/hovis%C2%AE-launches-uk-wide-bread-bag-recycling-initiative/","url_text":"\"Home Hovis® Launches UK-wide Bread Bag Recycling Initiative in Partnership with TerraCycle\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hovis.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.hovis.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hovis&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1228649/premier-foods-sells-controlling-stake-hovis","external_links_name":"\"Premier Foods sells controlling stake in Hovis\""},{"Link":"https://www.endlessllp.com/news/endless-acquires-hovis","external_links_name":"\"Endless LLP acquires Hovis Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/hovis-sold-private-equity-firm-19231804","external_links_name":"\"Hovis sold to private equity firm\""},{"Link":"http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/our-range/nimble","external_links_name":"\"Nimble\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219012829/http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/assets/downloads/Hovis_History.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hovis: 120 years of Goodness\""},{"Link":"http://www.hovisbakery.co.uk/assets/downloads/Hovis_History.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB189905961","external_links_name":"GB 189905961"},{"Link":"http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n02/iain-sinclair/the-raging-peloton/print","external_links_name":"\"The Raging Peloton\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592","external_links_name":"0260-9592"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210143519/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ridley-scotts-hovis-advert-is-voted-alltime-favourite-476424.html","external_links_name":"\"Ridley Scott's Hovis advert is voted all-time favourite\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ridley-scotts-hovis-advert-is-voted-alltime-favourite-476424.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/24/1","external_links_name":"\"Jets, jeans and Hovis\""},{"Link":"https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-hovis-boy-on-the-bike-1974-online","external_links_name":"\"Boy on the Bike (1974)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkonymPyp5g","external_links_name":"\"Boy on the Bike - Hovis advert's 2019 restoration\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NkonymPyp5g","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/carl-barlow-hovis-boy-recreates-2880768","external_links_name":"\"Back to where I was born and bread – Hovis boy recreates famous advert 40 YEARS later\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/974866/Hovis-tops-ITVs-Ad-Decade-Go-Lad/","external_links_name":"Hovis tops ITV's Ad Of The Decade with 'Go On Lad'"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T4O3vIHhjoUC&pg=PA332","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Ephemera: A Guide to the Fragmentary Documents of Everyday Life for the Collector, Curator, and Historian"},{"Link":"http://www.biblioserver.com/newberry/index.php?m=word&kid=17689468&gid=3&id=","external_links_name":"\"Hovis road map of England, Wales and Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.terracycle.com/en-GB/brigades/breadbag","external_links_name":"\"The Bread Bag Recycling Programme\""},{"Link":"https://packagingeurope.com/hovis%C2%AE-launches-uk-wide-bread-bag-recycling-initiative/","external_links_name":"\"Home Hovis® Launches UK-wide Bread Bag Recycling Initiative in Partnership with TerraCycle\""},{"Link":"http://www.hovis.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/hovisbakery/","external_links_name":"Hovis"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/hovisbakery","external_links_name":"Hovis's channel"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/hovisbakery/","external_links_name":"Hovis"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_(filming)
|
Scene (performing arts)
|
["1 Theatre","1.1 French scene","1.2 Obligatory scene","2 Film","3 Scene-writing techniques","4 See also","5 References"]
|
A dramatic part of a story, at a specific time and place, between specific characters
For other uses, see Scene (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Scene" performing arts – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A scene is a dramatic part of a story, at a specific time and place, between specific characters. The term is used in both filmmaking and theatre, with some distinctions between the two.
Theatre
In drama, a scene is a unit of action, often a subdivision of an act.
French scene
A "French scene" is a scene in which the beginning and end are marked by a change in the presence of characters onstage, rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.
Obligatory scene
From the French scène à faire, an obligatory scene is a scene (usually highly charged with emotion) which is anticipated by the audience and provided by an obliging playwright. An example is Hamlet 3.4, when Hamlet confronts his mother.
Film
In filmmaking and video production, a scene
is generally thought of as a section of a motion picture
in a single location and continuous time
made up of a series of shots, which are each a
set of contiguous frames from individual cameras from varying angles.
A scene is a part of a film, as well as an act, a sequence (longer or shorter than a scene), and a setting (usually shorter than a scene). While the terms refer to a set sequence and continuity of observation, resulting from the handling of the camera or by the editor, the term "scene" refers to the continuity of the observed action: an association of time, place, or characters. The term may refer to the division of the film from the screenplay, from the finished film, or it may only occur in the mind of the spectator who is trying to close on a logic of action. For example, parts of an action film at the same location, that play at different times can also consist of several scenes. Likewise, there can be parallel action scenes at different locations usually in separate scenes, except that they would be connected by media such as telephone, video, etc.
Due to the ability to edit recorded visual works, a movie scene is much shorter than a stage play scene.
Because of their frequent appearance in films, some types of scenes have acquired names, such as love scene, sex scene, nude scene, dream scene, action scene, car chase scene, crash scene, emotional scene, fight scene, tragedy scene, or post-credits scene. There is usually an opening scene and a closing scene.
In contrast, the traditional movie script is divided into acts, but those categories are less frequently used in the digital technology. The scene is important for the unity of the action of the film, while a stage drama is typically divided into acts. The division of a movie into scenes is usually done in the script. Some action scenes need to be planned very carefully.
Scene-writing techniques
In his 2008 book The Anatomy of Story, John Truby suggests that the beginning of a scene should frame what the whole scene will be about, and that the scene should then funnel down to a single point, with the most important word or line of dialogue stated last.
Tension (also known as suspense) within a scene can be created in any of the ways discussed below:
Anything that is unresolved creates tension. More specifically, conflict, dissonance, and instability.
Uncertainty creates tension. Whenever the audience cannot confidently predict the outcome of events, uncertainty is present.
Expectation, prediction, and anticipation create tension within a scene. Give the audience a sense that if they just stay engaged for a very short time, they will see or know that which they desire.
Emotional significance of anticipated events increases tension. The intensity of the tension is proportional to the emotional audience's (or character's) investment in the outcome.
Lack of control creates tension. A character or audience lacks control whenever they are in an unfamiliar environment, or within the power of something or somebody. Urgency is a common example of when lack of control creates tension.
Show, don't tell is another common technique to make a scene more engaging by implying information rather than saying it directly.
Each scene should have a significant purpose within the overall story by having clear answers to the following questions:
Why are your characters here?
What does each character want?
What will happen here that turns the story?
What or who is standing in the character's way?
See also
Fiction
Long take
Plot (narrative)
Scene and sequel
Theatrical scenery
References
^ LaPlante A (2007). The Making of a Story: A Norton Guide to Creative Writing. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-393-06164-2.
^ George K (1994). Playwriting: The First Workshop. Boston, MA: Focal Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-240-80190-2.
^ Cuddon JA (1998). "obligatory scene". In Preston CE (ed.). The Penguin Dictionary Literary Terms and Literary Terminology. London: Penguin. p. 606. ISBN 9780140513639.
^ Katz E (1979). The film encyclopedia. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 1019. OCLC 1123262590.
^ Truby J (2008). "Chapter 10: Scene Construction and Symphonic Dialogue". The Anatomy of Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1-4299-2370-5. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Lehne M, Koelsch S (2015). "Toward a general psychological model of tension and suspense". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 79. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00079. PMC 4324075. PMID 25717309.
This article related to film or motion picture terminology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scene (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Scene (disambiguation).A scene is a dramatic part of a story, at a specific time and place, between specific characters.[1] The term is used in both filmmaking and theatre, with some distinctions between the two.","title":"Scene (performing arts)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_(drama)"}],"text":"In drama, a scene is a unit of action, often a subdivision of an act.","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George-2"}],"sub_title":"French scene","text":"A \"French scene\" is a scene in which the beginning and end are marked by a change in the presence of characters onstage, rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.[2]","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Obligatory scene","text":"From the French scène à faire, an obligatory scene is a scene (usually highly charged with emotion) which is anticipated by the audience and provided by an obliging playwright. An example is Hamlet 3.4, when Hamlet confronts his mother.[3]","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"video production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_production"},{"link_name":"location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filming_location"},{"link_name":"shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz1979-4"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing"},{"link_name":"stage play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_(drama)"},{"link_name":"sex scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_scene"},{"link_name":"nude scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_scene"},{"link_name":"chase scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_chase#In_film_and_television"},{"link_name":"fight scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_scene"},{"link_name":"post-credits scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-credits_scene"}],"text":"In filmmaking and video production, a scene \nis generally thought of as a section of a motion picture \nin a single location and continuous time \nmade up of a series of shots,[4] which are each a \nset of contiguous frames from individual cameras from varying angles.A scene is a part of a film, as well as an act, a sequence (longer or shorter than a scene), and a setting (usually shorter than a scene). While the terms refer to a set sequence and continuity of observation, resulting from the handling of the camera or by the editor, the term \"scene\" refers to the continuity of the observed action: an association of time, place, or characters. The term may refer to the division of the film from the screenplay, from the finished film, or it may only occur in the mind of the spectator who is trying to close on a logic of action. For example, parts of an action film at the same location, that play at different times can also consist of several scenes. Likewise, there can be parallel action scenes at different locations usually in separate scenes, except that they would be connected by media such as telephone, video, etc.Due to the ability to edit recorded visual works, a movie scene is much shorter than a stage play scene.\nBecause of their frequent appearance in films, some types of scenes have acquired names, such as love scene, sex scene, nude scene, dream scene, action scene, car chase scene, crash scene, emotional scene, fight scene, tragedy scene, or post-credits scene. There is usually an opening scene and a closing scene.In contrast, the traditional movie script is divided into acts, but those categories are less frequently used in the digital technology. The scene is important for the unity of the action of the film, while a stage drama is typically divided into acts. The division of a movie into scenes is usually done in the script. Some action scenes need to be planned very carefully.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Truby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Truby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truby_2008_p.-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Show, don't tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell"}],"text":"In his 2008 book The Anatomy of Story, John Truby suggests that the beginning of a scene should frame what the whole scene will be about, and that the scene should then funnel down to a single point, with the most important word or line of dialogue stated last.[5]Tension (also known as suspense) within a scene can be created in any of the ways discussed below:[6]Anything that is unresolved creates tension. More specifically, conflict, dissonance, and instability.\nUncertainty creates tension. Whenever the audience cannot confidently predict the outcome of events, uncertainty is present.\nExpectation, prediction, and anticipation create tension within a scene. Give the audience a sense that if they just stay engaged for a very short time, they will see or know that which they desire.\nEmotional significance of anticipated events increases tension. The intensity of the tension is proportional to the emotional audience's (or character's) investment in the outcome.\nLack of control creates tension. A character or audience lacks control whenever they are in an unfamiliar environment, or within the power of something or somebody. Urgency is a common example of when lack of control creates tension.Show, don't tell is another common technique to make a scene more engaging by implying information rather than saying it directly.Each scene should have a significant purpose within the overall story by having clear answers to the following questions:Why are your characters here?\nWhat does each character want?\nWhat will happen here that turns the story?\nWhat or who is standing in the character's way?","title":"Scene-writing techniques"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"title":"Long take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"title":"Plot (narrative)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_(narrative)"},{"title":"Scene and sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_and_sequel"},{"title":"Theatrical scenery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_scenery"}]
|
[{"reference":"LaPlante A (2007). The Making of a Story: A Norton Guide to Creative Writing. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-393-06164-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06164-2","url_text":"978-0-393-06164-2"}]},{"reference":"George K (1994). Playwriting: The First Workshop. Boston, MA: Focal Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-240-80190-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80190-2","url_text":"978-0-240-80190-2"}]},{"reference":"Cuddon JA (1998). \"obligatory scene\". In Preston CE (ed.). The Penguin Dictionary Literary Terms and Literary Terminology. London: Penguin. p. 606. ISBN 9780140513639.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Cuddon","url_text":"Cuddon JA"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/606","url_text":"\"obligatory scene\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/606","url_text":"606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140513639","url_text":"9780140513639"}]},{"reference":"Katz E (1979). The film encyclopedia. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 1019. OCLC 1123262590.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123262590","url_text":"1123262590"}]},{"reference":"Truby J (2008). \"Chapter 10: Scene Construction and Symphonic Dialogue\". The Anatomy of Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1-4299-2370-5. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrQQr1cx4QC","url_text":"The Anatomy of Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-2370-5","url_text":"978-1-4299-2370-5"}]},{"reference":"Lehne M, Koelsch S (2015). \"Toward a general psychological model of tension and suspense\". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 79. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00079. PMC 4324075. PMID 25717309.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324075","url_text":"\"Toward a general psychological model of tension and suspense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00079","url_text":"10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324075","url_text":"4324075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25717309","url_text":"25717309"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Scene%22+performing+arts","external_links_name":"\"Scene\" performing arts"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Scene%22+performing+arts+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Scene%22+performing+arts&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Scene%22+performing+arts+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Scene%22+performing+arts","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Scene%22+performing+arts&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/606","external_links_name":"\"obligatory scene\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/606","external_links_name":"606"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123262590","external_links_name":"1123262590"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hOrQQr1cx4QC","external_links_name":"The Anatomy of Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324075","external_links_name":"\"Toward a general psychological model of tension and suspense\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00079","external_links_name":"10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00079"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324075","external_links_name":"4324075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25717309","external_links_name":"25717309"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scene_(performing_arts)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_isotopes
|
Isotopes of titanium
|
["1 List of isotopes","2 Titanium-44","3 References"]
|
Nuclides with atomic number of 22 but with different mass numbersIsotopes of titanium (22Ti)
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
44Ti
synth
59.1 y
ε
44Sc
46Ti
8.25%
stable
47Ti
7.44%
stable
48Ti
73.7%
stable
49Ti
5.41%
stable
50Ti
5.18%
stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ti)47.867±0.00147.867±0.001 (abridged)viewtalkedit
Naturally occurring titanium (22Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44Ti with a half-life of 60 years, 45Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.
The isotopes of titanium range in atomic mass from 39.00 u (39Ti) to 64.00 u (64Ti). The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes (lighter than 46Ti) is β+ and the primary mode for the heavier ones (heavier than 50Ti) is β−; their respective decay products are scandium isotopes and the primary products after are vanadium isotopes.
List of isotopes
Nuclide
Z
N
Isotopic mass (Da)
Half-life
Decaymode
Daughterisotope
Spin andparity
Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy
Normal proportion
Range of variation
39Ti
22
17
39.00161(22)#
31(4) ms
β+, p (85%)
38Ca
3/2+#
β+ (15%)
39Sc
β+, 2p (<.1%)
37K
40Ti
22
18
39.99050(17)
53.3(15) ms
β+ (56.99%)
40Sc
0+
β+, p (43.01%)
39Ca
41Ti
22
19
40.98315(11)#
80.4(9) ms
β+, p (>99.9%)
40Ca
3/2+
β+ (<.1%)
41Sc
42Ti
22
20
41.973031(6)
199(6) ms
β+
42Sc
0+
43Ti
22
21
42.968522(7)
509(5) ms
β+
43Sc
7/2−
43m1Ti
313.0(10) keV
12.6(6) μs
(3/2+)
43m2Ti
3066.4(10) keV
560(6) ns
(19/2−)
44Ti
22
22
43.9596901(8)
60.0(11) y
EC
44Sc
0+
45Ti
22
23
44.9581256(11)
184.8(5) min
β+
45Sc
7/2−
46Ti
22
24
45.9526316(9)
Stable
0+
0.0825(3)
47Ti
22
25
46.9517631(9)
Stable
5/2−
0.0744(2)
48Ti
22
26
47.9479463(9)
Stable
0+
0.7372(3)
49Ti
22
27
48.9478700(9)
Stable
7/2−
0.0541(2)
50Ti
22
28
49.9447912(9)
Stable
0+
0.0518(2)
51Ti
22
29
50.946615(1)
5.76(1) min
β−
51V
3/2−
52Ti
22
30
51.946897(8)
1.7(1) min
β−
52V
0+
53Ti
22
31
52.94973(11)
32.7(9) s
β−
53V
(3/2)−
54Ti
22
32
53.95105(13)
1.5(4) s
β−
54V
0+
55Ti
22
33
54.95527(16)
490(90) ms
β−
55V
3/2−#
56Ti
22
34
55.95820(21)
164(24) ms
β− (>99.9%)
56V
0+
β−, n (<.1%)
55V
57Ti
22
35
56.96399(49)
60(16) ms
β− (>99.9%)
57V
5/2−#
β−, n (<.1%)
56V
58Ti
22
36
57.96697(75)#
54(7) ms
β−
58V
0+
59Ti
22
37
58.97293(75)#
30(3) ms
β−
59V
(5/2−)#
60Ti
22
38
59.97676(86)#
22(2) ms
β−
60V
0+
61Ti
22
39
60.98320(97)#
10# ms
β−
61V
1/2−#
β−, n
60V
62Ti
22
40
61.98749(97)#
10# ms
0+
63Ti
22
41
62.99442(107)#
3# ms
1/2−#
64Ti
22
42
63.998410(640)#
5# ms
0+
This table header & footer: view
^ mTi – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^
Modes of decay:
EC:
Electron capture
n:
Neutron emission
p:
Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
Titanium-44
Titanium-44 (44Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes electron capture to an excited state of scandium-44 with a half-life of 60 years, before the ground state of 44Sc and ultimately 44Ca are populated. Because titanium-44 can only undergo electron capture, its half-life increases with ionization and it becomes stable in its fully ionized state (that is, having a charge of +22).
Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis and the early stages of supernova explosions. It is produced when calcium-40 fuses with an alpha particle (helium-4 nucleus) in a star's high-temperature environment; the resulting 44Ti nucleus can then fuse with another alpha particle to form chromium-48. The age of supernovae may be determined through measurements of gamma-ray emissions from titanium-44 and its abundance. It was observed in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and SN 1987A at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions.
References
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ a b Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium". Retrieved 2006-12-26.
^ Tarasov, O. B. (20 May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612.
^ a b Motizuki, Y.; Kumagai, S. (2004). "Radioactivity of the key isotope 44Ti in SN 1987A". AIP Conference Proceedings. 704 (1): 369–374. arXiv:astro-ph/0312620. Bibcode:2004AIPC..704..369M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.315.8412. doi:10.1063/1.1737130. S2CID 1700673.
^ a b c Mochizuki, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Janka, H.-Th.; Hillebrandt, W.; Diehl, R. (2008). "Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 346 (3): 831–842. arXiv:astro-ph/9904378.
^ Fryer, C.; Dimonte, G.; Ellinger, E.; Hungerford, A.; Kares, B.; Magkotsios, G.; Rockefeller, G.; Timmes, F.; Woodward, P.; Young, P. (2011). Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding 44Ti (PDF). ADTSC Science Highlights (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 42–43.
Isotope masses from:
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
vteIsotopes of the chemical elements
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Period
Hydrogen andalkali metals
Alkalineearth metals
Pnictogens
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
①
Isotopes
§ ListH1
Isotopes
§ ListHe2
②
Isotopes
§ ListLi3
Isotopes
§ ListBe4
Isotopes
§ ListB5
Isotopes
§ ListC6
Isotopes
§ ListN7
Isotopes
§ ListO8
Isotopes
§ ListF9
Isotopes
§ ListNe10
③
Isotopes
§ ListNa11
Isotopes
§ ListMg12
Isotopes
§ ListAl13
Isotopes
§ ListSi14
Isotopes
§ ListP15
Isotopes
§ ListS16
Isotopes
§ ListCl17
Isotopes
§ ListAr18
④
Isotopes
§ ListK19
Isotopes
§ ListCa20
Isotopes
§ ListSc21
Isotopes
§ ListTi22
Isotopes
§ ListV23
Isotopes
§ ListCr24
Isotopes
§ ListMn25
Isotopes
§ ListFe26
Isotopes
§ ListCo27
Isotopes
§ ListNi28
Isotopes
§ ListCu29
Isotopes
§ ListZn30
Isotopes
§ ListGa31
Isotopes
§ ListGe32
Isotopes
§ ListAs33
Isotopes
§ ListSe34
Isotopes
§ ListBr35
Isotopes
§ ListKr36
⑤
Isotopes
§ ListRb37
Isotopes
§ ListSr38
Isotopes
§ ListY39
Isotopes
§ ListZr40
Isotopes
§ ListNb41
Isotopes
§ ListMo42
Isotopes
§ ListTc43
Isotopes
§ ListRu44
Isotopes
§ ListRh45
Isotopes
§ ListPd46
Isotopes
§ ListAg47
Isotopes
§ ListCd48
Isotopes
§ ListIn49
Isotopes
§ ListSn50
Isotopes
§ ListSb51
Isotopes
§ ListTe52
Isotopes
§ ListI53
Isotopes
§ ListXe54
⑥
Isotopes
§ ListCs55
Isotopes
§ ListBa56
Isotopes
§ ListLu71
Isotopes
§ ListHf72
Isotopes
§ ListTa73
Isotopes
§ ListW74
Isotopes
§ ListRe75
Isotopes
§ ListOs76
Isotopes
§ ListIr77
Isotopes
§ ListPt78
Isotopes
§ ListAu79
Isotopes
§ ListHg80
Isotopes
§ ListTl81
Isotopes
§ ListPb82
Isotopes
§ ListBi83
Isotopes
§ ListPo84
Isotopes
§ ListAt85
Isotopes
§ ListRn86
⑦
Isotopes
§ ListFr87
Isotopes
§ ListRa88
Isotopes
§ ListLr103
Isotopes
§ ListRf104
Isotopes
§ ListDb105
Isotopes
§ ListSg106
Isotopes
§ ListBh107
Isotopes
§ ListHs108
Isotopes
§ ListMt109
Isotopes
§ ListDs110
Isotopes
§ ListRg111
Isotopes
§ ListCn112
Isotopes
§ ListNh113
Isotopes
§ ListFl114
Isotopes
§ ListMc115
Isotopes
§ ListLv116
Isotopes
§ ListTs117
Isotopes
§ ListOg118
⑧
Isotopes
§ ListUue119
Isotopes
§ ListUbn120
Isotopes
§ ListLa57
Isotopes
§ ListCe58
Isotopes
§ ListPr59
Isotopes
§ ListNd60
Isotopes
§ ListPm61
Isotopes
§ ListSm62
Isotopes
§ ListEu63
Isotopes
§ ListGd64
Isotopes
§ ListTb65
Isotopes
§ ListDy66
Isotopes
§ ListHo67
Isotopes
§ ListEr68
Isotopes
§ ListTm69
Isotopes
§ ListYb70
Isotopes
§ ListAc89
Isotopes
§ ListTh90
Isotopes
§ ListPa91
Isotopes
§ ListU92
Isotopes
§ ListNp93
Isotopes
§ ListPu94
Isotopes
§ ListAm95
Isotopes
§ ListCm96
Isotopes
§ ListBk97
Isotopes
§ ListCf98
Isotopes
§ ListEs99
Isotopes
§ ListFm100
Isotopes
§ ListMd101
Isotopes
§ ListNo102
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"natural abundance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_abundance"},{"link_name":"radioisotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnvChem-4"},{"link_name":"atomic mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit"},{"link_name":"decay mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay"},{"link_name":"β+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay"},{"link_name":"decay products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_product"},{"link_name":"scandium isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium"},{"link_name":"vanadium isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnvChem-4"}],"text":"Naturally occurring titanium (22Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44Ti with a half-life of 60 years, 45Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.[4]The isotopes of titanium range in atomic mass from 39.00 u (39Ti) to 64.00 u (64Ti). The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes (lighter than 46Ti) is β+ and the primary mode for the heavier ones (heavier than 50Ti) is β−; their respective decay products are scandium isotopes and the primary products after are vanadium isotopes.[4]","title":"Isotopes of titanium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TMS_7-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"},{"link_name":"Neutron emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission"},{"link_name":"Proton emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_emission"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ mTi – Excited nuclear isomer.\n\n^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.\n\n^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).\n\n^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).\n\n^ \nModes of decay:\n\n\n\nEC:\nElectron capture\n\n\n\n\nn:\nNeutron emission\n\n\np:\nProton emission\n\n\n^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.\n\n^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.","title":"List of isotopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"},{"link_name":"excited state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"scandium-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium-44"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn1987-13"},{"link_name":"fully ionized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_ionized"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti44-14"},{"link_name":"alpha process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process"},{"link_name":"stellar nucleosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis"},{"link_name":"supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laur-15"},{"link_name":"calcium-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-40"},{"link_name":"alpha particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"helium-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-4"},{"link_name":"gamma-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti44-14"},{"link_name":"Cassiopeia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiopeia_A"},{"link_name":"SN 1987A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1987A"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn1987-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti44-14"}],"text":"Titanium-44 (44Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes electron capture to an excited state of scandium-44 with a half-life of 60 years, before the ground state of 44Sc and ultimately 44Ca are populated.[6] Because titanium-44 can only undergo electron capture, its half-life increases with ionization and it becomes stable in its fully ionized state (that is, having a charge of +22).[7]Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis and the early stages of supernova explosions.[8] It is produced when calcium-40 fuses with an alpha particle (helium-4 nucleus) in a star's high-temperature environment; the resulting 44Ti nucleus can then fuse with another alpha particle to form chromium-48. The age of supernovae may be determined through measurements of gamma-ray emissions from titanium-44 and its abundance.[7] It was observed in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and SN 1987A at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions.[6][7]","title":"Titanium-44"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). \"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium\". CIAAW. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaaw.org/titanium.htm","url_text":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights","url_text":"CIAAW"}]},{"reference":"Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). \"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","url_text":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"}]},{"reference":"Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). \"Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium\". Retrieved 2006-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti-pg2.html#Nuclides","url_text":"\"Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium\""}]},{"reference":"Tarasov, O. B. (20 May 2013). \"Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line\". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.87.054612","url_text":"\"Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.7164","url_text":"1303.7164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvC..87e4612T","url_text":"2013PhRvC..87e4612T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.87.054612","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612"}]},{"reference":"Motizuki, Y.; Kumagai, S. (2004). \"Radioactivity of the key isotope 44Ti in SN 1987A\". AIP Conference Proceedings. 704 (1): 369–374. arXiv:astro-ph/0312620. Bibcode:2004AIPC..704..369M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.315.8412. doi:10.1063/1.1737130. S2CID 1700673.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312620","url_text":"astro-ph/0312620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AIPC..704..369M","url_text":"2004AIPC..704..369M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.315.8412","url_text":"10.1.1.315.8412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1737130","url_text":"10.1063/1.1737130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1700673","url_text":"1700673"}]},{"reference":"Mochizuki, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Janka, H.-Th.; Hillebrandt, W.; Diehl, R. (2008). \"Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 346 (3): 831–842. arXiv:astro-ph/9904378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9904378","url_text":"astro-ph/9904378"}]},{"reference":"Fryer, C.; Dimonte, G.; Ellinger, E.; Hungerford, A.; Kares, B.; Magkotsios, G.; Rockefeller, G.; Timmes, F.; Woodward, P.; Young, P. (2011). Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding 44Ti (PDF). ADTSC Science Highlights (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 42–43.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanl.gov/orgs/adtsc/publications/science_highlights_2011/docs/2CosmoPDFs/fryer.pdf","url_text":"Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding 44Ti"}]},{"reference":"Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), \"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra","url_text":"Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik"},{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","url_text":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","url_text":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"}]},{"reference":"de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). \"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_de_Laeter","url_text":"de Laeter, John Robert"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"10.1351/pac200375060683"}]},{"reference":"Wieser, Michael E. (2006). \"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"10.1351/pac200678112051"}]},{"reference":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html","url_text":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\""}]},{"reference":"Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), \"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra","url_text":"Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik"},{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","url_text":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","url_text":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"}]},{"reference":"National Nuclear Data Center. \"NuDat 2.x database\". Brookhaven National Laboratory.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center","url_text":"National Nuclear Data Center"},{"url":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/","url_text":"\"NuDat 2.x database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Brookhaven National Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Norman E. (2004). \"11. Table of the Isotopes\". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida","url_text":"Boca Raton, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9","url_text":"978-0-8493-0485-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","external_links_name":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"},{"Link":"https://www.ciaaw.org/titanium.htm","external_links_name":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium\""},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","external_links_name":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","external_links_name":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","external_links_name":"1365-3075"},{"Link":"http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti-pg2.html#Nuclides","external_links_name":"\"Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.87.054612","external_links_name":"\"Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.7164","external_links_name":"1303.7164"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvC..87e4612T","external_links_name":"2013PhRvC..87e4612T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.87.054612","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312620","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0312620"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AIPC..704..369M","external_links_name":"2004AIPC..704..369M"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.315.8412","external_links_name":"10.1.1.315.8412"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1737130","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.1737130"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1700673","external_links_name":"1700673"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9904378","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9904378"},{"Link":"https://www.lanl.gov/orgs/adtsc/publications/science_highlights_2011/docs/2CosmoPDFs/fryer.pdf","external_links_name":"Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding 44Ti"},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","external_links_name":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","external_links_name":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","external_links_name":"\"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","external_links_name":"10.1351/pac200375060683"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","external_links_name":"\"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","external_links_name":"10.1351/pac200678112051"},{"Link":"http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html","external_links_name":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\""},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","external_links_name":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","external_links_name":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"},{"Link":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/","external_links_name":"\"NuDat 2.x database\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)
|
Forbes
|
["1 Company history","1.1 Sale of headquarters","1.2 Sale to Integrated Whale Media (51% stake)","1.3 Failed SPAC merger and sale","2 Other publications","3 Forbes.com","4 Forbes8","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
American business magazine
For other uses, see Forbes (disambiguation).
ForbesThe December 20, 2010, cover of Forbes, featuring WikiLeaks founder Julian AssangeEditorRandall LaneCategoriesBusiness magazineFrequencyTwice quarterlyPublisherForbes MediaTotal circulation(2020)657,215FounderB. C. ForbesFirst issueSeptember 15, 1917; 106 years ago (1917-09-15)CompanyIntegrated Whale Media InvestmentsCountryUnited StatesBased inJersey City, New Jersey, U.S.LanguageEnglishWebsiteforbes.comISSN0015-6914OCLC6465733
Forbes (/fɔːrbz/) is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014. Its chairperson and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Federle. It is based in Jersey City, New Jersey. Competitors in the national business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek.
Published eight times a year, Forbes features articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. It also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics, and law. It has an international edition in Asia as well as editions produced under license in 27 countries and regions worldwide. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including of the richest Americans (the Forbes 400), the 600 most notable young people under the age of 30 (Forbes 30 under 30), America's Wealthiest Celebrities, the world's top companies (the Forbes Global 2000), Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People, and The World's Billionaires. The motto of Forbes magazine is "Change the World".
Company history
Forbes Building on Fifth Avenue in New York City, the former headquarters of Forbes in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)
Forbes Media headquarters at 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City since 2014
B. C. Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15, 1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise. The original name of the magazine was Forbes: Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B.C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B.C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, a post he held until his death in 1954. B.C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes (1916–1964) and Malcolm Forbes (1917–1990).
Bruce Forbes took over after his father's death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations and developing marketing. During his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazine's circulation nearly doubled.
On Bruce's death, his brother Malcolm Forbes became president and chief executive officer of Forbes, and editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine. Between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. In 2006, an investment group Elevation Partners that includes rock star Bono bought a minority interest in the company with a reorganization, through a new company, Forbes Media LLC, in which Forbes Magazine and Forbes.com, along with other media properties, is now a part. A 2009 New York Times report said: "40 percent of the enterprise was sold... for a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million." Three years later, Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners observed, "It's probably not worth half of that now." It was later revealed that the price had been US$264 million.
Sale of headquarters
In January 2010, Forbes reached an agreement to sell its headquarters building on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to New York University; terms of the deal were not publicly reported, but Forbes was to continue to occupy the space under a five-year sale-leaseback arrangement. The company's headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City, New Jersey, in 2014.
Sale to Integrated Whale Media (51% stake)
In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale. This was encouraged by minority shareholders Elevation Partners. Sale documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publisher's 2012 earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization was US$15 million. Forbes reportedly sought a price of US$400 million. In July 2014, the Forbes family bought out Elevation and then Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments purchased a 51 percent majority of the company.
In 2017, Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow of the Asia Society, wrote in The Washington Post that "Since that purchase, there have been several instances of editorial meddling on stories involving China that raise questions about Forbes magazine's commitment to editorial independence."
Failed SPAC merger and sale
On August 26, 2021, Forbes announced their plans to go public via a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company called Magnum Opus Acquisition, and starting to trade at the New York Stock Exchange as FRBS. In February 2022, it was announced that Cryptocurrency exchange Binance would acquire a $200 million stake in Forbes as a result of the SPAC flotation. In June 2022, the company terminated its SPAC merger citing unfavorable market conditions.
In August 2022, the company announced that it was exploring a sale of its business. In May 2023, it was announced that billionaire Austin Russell, founder of Luminar Technologies, agreed to acquire an 82 percent stake in a deal valuing the company at $800 million. His majority ownership was to include the remaining portion of the company owned by Forbes family which was not previously sold to Integrated Whale Media. The transaction attracted scrutiny by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Russell denied reports that Russian businessman Magomed Musaev was involved in the transaction. In November 2023, the deal collapsed, as Russell was unable to put together the necessary funds.
Other publications
Apart from Forbes and its lifestyle supplement, Forbes Life, other titles include Forbes Asia and 45 local language editions, including:
Forbes Africa
Forbes África Lusófona
Forbes Afrique
Forbes Argentina
Forbes Australia
Forbes Austria
Forbes Baltics
Forbes Brazil
Forbes Bulgaria
Forbes Central America
Forbes Colombia
Forbes Chile
Forbes China
Forbes Czech
Forbes Dominican Republic
Forbes Ecuador
Forbes En Español
Forbes Estonia
Forbes France
Forbes Georgia
Forbes Greece
Forbes Hungary
Forbes India
Forbes Indonesia
Forbes Israel
Forbes Italy
Forbes Japan
Forbes Kazakhstan
Forbes Korea
Forbes Latvia
Forbes Lithuania
Forbes Lusophone Africa
Forbes Mexico
Forbes Middle East
Forbes Monaco
Forbes Perú
Forbes Poland
Forbes Portugal
Forbes Romania
Forbes Russia
Forbes Serbia
Forbes Slovakia
Forbes Spain
Forbes Thailand
Forbes Ukraine
Forbes Uruguay
Forbes Vietnam
Steve Forbes and his magazine's writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes on Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group and Forbes Custom Media. From the 2009 Times report: "Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10." In addition, that year the company began publishing ForbesWoman, a quarterly magazine published by Steve Forbes's daughter, Moira Forbes, with a companion Web site.
The company formerly published American Legacy magazine as a joint venture, although that magazine separated from Forbes on May 14, 2007.
The company also formerly published American Heritage and Invention & Technology magazines. After failing to find a buyer, Forbes suspended publication of these two magazines as of May 17, 2007. Both magazines were purchased by the American Heritage Publishing Company and resumed publication as of the spring of 2008.
Forbes has published the Forbes Travel Guide since 2009.
In 2013, Forbes licensed its brand to Ashford University, and assisted them to launch the Forbes School of Business & Technology. Forbes Media CEO Mike Federle justified the licensing in 2018, stating that "Our licensing business is almost a pure-profit business, because it's an annual annuity." Forbes would launch limited promotions for the school in limited issues. Forbes would never formally endorse the school.
On January 6, 2014, Forbes magazine announced that, in partnership with app creator Maz, it was launching a social networking app called "Stream". Stream allows Forbes readers to save and share visual content with other readers and discover content from Forbes magazine and Forbes.com within the app.
Forbes.com
Forbes.com is part of Forbes Digital, a division of Forbes Media LLC. Forbes's holdings include a portion of RealClearPolitics. Together these sites reach more than 27 million unique visitors each month. Forbes.com employs the slogan "Home Page for the World's Business Leaders" and claimed, in 2006, to be the world's most widely visited business web site. The 2009 Times report said that, while "one of the top five financial sites by traffic off an estimated $70 million to $80 million a year in revenue, never yielded the hoped-for public offering".
As of 2019 the company published 100 articles each day produced by 3,000 outside contributors who were paid little or nothing. This business model, in place since 2010, "changed their reputation from being a respectable business publication to a content farm", according to Damon Kiesow, the Knight Chair in digital editing and producing at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. Similarly, Harvard University's Nieman Lab deemed Forbes "a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism" as of 2022.
Forbes.com uses a "contributor model" in which a wide network of "contributors" writes and publishes articles directly on the website. Contributors are paid based on traffic to their respective Forbes.com pages; the site has received contributions from over 2,500 individuals, and some contributors have earned over US$100,000, according to the company. The contributor system has been criticized for enabling "pay-to-play journalism" and the repackaging of public relations material as news. Forbes currently allows advertisers to publish blog posts on its website alongside regular editorial content through a program called BrandVoice, which accounts for more than 10 percent of its digital revenue. Forbes.com also publishes subscription investment newsletters, and an online guide to web sites, Best of the Web. In July 2018 Forbes deleted an article by a contributor who argued that libraries should be closed, and Amazon should open bookstores in their place.
David Churbuck founded Forbes's web site in 1996. The site uncovered Stephen Glass's journalistic fraud in The New Republic in 1998, an article that drew attention to internet journalism. At the peak of media coverage of alleged Toyota sudden unintended acceleration in 2010, it exposed the California "runaway Prius" as a hoax, as well as running five other articles by Michael Fumento challenging the entire media premise of Toyota's cars gone bad. The site, like the magazine, publishes many lists focusing on billionaires and their possessions, especially expensive homes, a critical aspect of the website's popularity.
Currently, the website also blocks internet users using ad blocking software from accessing articles, demanding that the website be put on the ad blocking software's whitelist before access is granted. Forbes argues that this is done because customers using ad blocking software do not contribute to the site's revenue. Malware attacks have been noted to occur from the Forbes site.
Forbes won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Business Blog/Website.
Forbes8
In November 2019, Forbes launched a streaming platform Forbes8, aimed for entrepreneurs. In 2020, the network announced the release of several documentary series including Forbes Rap Mentors, Driven Against the Odds, Indie Nation and Titans on the Rocks.
See also
Forbes 30 Under 30
Forbes 400
Forbes 500
Forbes Global 2000
The World's Billionaires
World's 100 Most Powerful Women
World's Most Powerful People
References
^ Romenesko, Jim (August 9, 2011). "Randall Lane returns to Forbes as editor". Poynter.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
^ "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020.
^ a b "Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake to a Group of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth". Forbes (Press release). July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ a b "Forbes Sells to Hong Kong Investment Group". Recode. July 18, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
^ Silva, Emma (November 30, 2017). "Mike Federle Succeeds Mike Perlis As CEO Of Forbes". Folio.
^ Carr, David. "Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
^ Delbridge, Emily (November 21, 2019). "The 8 Best Business Magazines of 2020". The Balance Small Business. New York City: Dotdash. Best for Lists: Forbes. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ "'Forbes' Launches New Tagline, Brand Campaign". MediaPostb. October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
^ a b Praneeth (July 6, 2007). "Notes of a Business Quizzer: Forbes". Retrieved August 27, 2018.
^ a b c Gorman, Robert F. (ed.) (2007) "September 15, 1917: Forbes Magazine is founded" The Twentieth Century, 1901–1940 (Volume III) Salem Press, Pasadena, California, pp. 1374–1376 , ISBN 978-1-58765-327-8
^ "Media Kit 2013" (PDF). Forbes Middle East. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
^ Commerce and Industry Association of New York (November 18, 1922) "The Association Prepares for New Demands: The Volunteer Workers" Greater New York: Bulletin of the Merchants' Association of New York Commerce and Industry Association of New York City, p. 6, OCLC 2447287
^ a b 'Forbes Announce Elevation Partners Investment in Family Held Company' Archived August 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Elevation Partners press release, August 6, 2006.
^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (October 4, 2007). "James Michaels, Longtime Forbes Editor, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "National Magazine Awards Database". Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ "NussbaumOnDesign Bono Buys into Forbes, Launches Product Red in US and Expands His Brand". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on August 9, 2006. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ a b c Carr, David (June 14, 2009). "Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ a b Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A (July 19, 2014). "Forbes sold to Asian investors". MarketWatch. Market Watch, Inc. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ "Forbes Sells Building to N.Y.U." New York Times Media Decoder. January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
^ Schneider, Mike (December 18, 2014). "Forbes Moves Across the Hudson to Jersey City". WNET – NJTV. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
^ "Forbes moving into Jersey City offices on Monday, report says". The Jersey Journal. December 11, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
^ Haughney, Christine; Gelles, David (November 15, 2013). "Forbes Says It Is for Sale". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
^ a b Doctor, Ken (January 16, 2014). "The Newsonomics of Forbes' real performance and price potential". Nieman Lab.
^ Fish, Isaac Stone (December 14, 2017). "Chinese ownership is raising questions about the editorial independence of a major U.S. magazine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2020. When a Chinese company buys a major American magazine, does the publication censor its coverage of China? There is only one example so far, and the results are discouraging. In 2014, a Hong Kong-based investment group called Integrated Whale Media purchased a majority stake in Forbes Media, one of the United States' best-known media companies. It's hard to demonstrate causality in such cases. But since that purchase, there have been several instances of editorial meddling on stories involving China that raise questions about Forbes magazine's commitment to editorial independence.
^ Burtsztynsky, Jessica (August 26, 2021). "Forbes announces plan to go public via SPAC". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
^ Wilson, Tom (February 10, 2022). "Crypto exchange Binance to invest $200 mln in U.S. media firm Forbes". Reuters.
^ Osipovich, Alexander (February 10, 2022). "Crypto Exchange Binance to Invest $200 Million in Forbes". Wall Street Journal.
^ Ramkumar, Amrith (June 1, 2022). "SeatGeek and Forbes Nix SPAC Deals During Market Pullback". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Mullin, Benjamin; Hirsch, Lauren (August 2, 2022). "Forbes Explores Sale After SPAC Deal Collapses". The New York Times.
^ a b "Russian tycoon claims he is behind Forbes purchase, audiotapes show". The Washington Post. October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "Forbes to be acquired by Luminar Technologies' Austin Russell". Axios. May 12, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
^ Bruell, Alexandra (May 12, 2023). "Automotive Tech Billionaire Austin Russell to Acquire Majority Stake in Forbes". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Fischer, Sara (November 21, 2023). "Forbes deal dead as Austin Russell fails to raise cash by deadline". Axios.
^ "Forbes.com Footer". Forbes.
^ "With The May 14 Announced Separation: Twelve-Year-Old "American Legacy"/"Forbes" Partnership Was Mutually Beneficial". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
^ McGrath, Charles (May 17, 2007). "Magazine Suspends Its Run in History". The New York Times.
^ "Thank You for Your Feedback on the American Heritage Winter 2008 Issue". American Heritage. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010.
^ "Forbes School of Business & Technology Board of Advisors". University of Arizona Global Campus. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ Patel, Sahil (December 21, 2018). "Amid media doom and gloom, Forbes says revenue was up and profits highest in a decade". Digiday. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
^ "Forbes Is The First Magazine To Launch Its Own Social Network With "Stream"". Forbes. January 6, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023.
^ Edmonston, Peter (August 28, 2006). "At Forbes.com, Lots of Glitter but Maybe Not So Many Visitors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ a b Hsu, Tiffany (July 19, 2019). "Jeffrey Epstein pushed a new narrative; these sites published it". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ Sonderman, Jeff (May 29, 2012). "What the Forbes model of contributed content means for journalism". Poynter. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ a b Benton, Joshua (February 9, 2022). "An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism". Nieman Lab. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ a b Bartlett, Rachel (September 26, 2013). "The Forbes contributor model: Technology, feedback and incentives". journalism.co.uk. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
^ "Forbes gives advertisers an editorial voice". emedia. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013.
^ Weissman, Cale (July 23, 2018). "Forbes deleted its controversial article about Amazon replacing libraries". Fast Company.
^ "Hello, My Name Is Stephen Glass, and I'm Sorry". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
^ "Jobs: Motley to Leave Time Inc., Plus More Job-Hopping Fun". Gawker. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ Bloomberg, Jason. "Ad Blocking Battle Drives Disruptive Innovation". Forbes. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ Hruska, Joel. "Forbes forces readers to turn off ad blockers, promptly serves malware". Extreme Tech. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 20, 2020). "Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards". The Verge. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
^ Releases, Forbes Press. "Forbes8, Forbes' On-Demand Video Network For Entrepreneurs, Debuts New Slate Of Original Content". Forbes. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ Kene-Okafor, Tage (May 25, 2020). "Forbes8 launches digital startup accelerator, calls for applications". Techpoint Africa. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ "Forbes8 Original Series: 6 icons of entrepreneurship show you how to become your own boss". Grit Daily News. October 23, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ "Forbes Councils". Forbes. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
Further reading
Merid, Fevin (2023) "Big Business: The disarray and discontent at Forbes" Columbia Journalism Review
Benton, Joshua (2022) "An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism" NiemanLabs
Forbes, Malcolm S. (1973). Fact and Comment. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-49187-4; twenty-five years of the editor's columns from Forbes
Grunwald, Edgar A. (1988). The Business Press Editor. New York University Press, New York, ISBN 0-8147-3016-7
Holliday, Karen Kahler (1987). A Content Analysis of Business Week, Forbes and Fortune from 1966 to 1986. Master's of Journalism thesis from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 69 pages, OCLC 18772376, available on microfilm
Kohlmeier, Louis M.; Udell, Jon G. and Anderson, Laird B. (eds.) (1981). Reporting on Business and the Economy. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, ISBN 0-13-773879-X
Kurtz, Howard (2000). The Fortune Tellers: Inside Wall Street's Game of Money, Media, and Manipulation. Free Press, New York, ISBN 0-684-86879-2
Pinkerson, Stewart (2011). The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312658595.
Tebbel, John William and Zuckerman, Mary Ellen (1991). The Magazine in America, 1741–1990. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-505127-0
Parsons, D. W. (1989). The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and Economic Opinion in Britain and America. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, ISBN 0-8135-1497-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forbes.
Official website
vteForbes magazineCompanies
Forbes Global 2000
Forbes 500
People
The World's Billionaires
Forbes 400
30 Under 30
Australia's 50 Richest People
World's Most Powerful People
World's 100 Most Powerful Women
EntertainmentGeneral
Forbes Top 40
Celebrity 100
Forbes Fictional 15
China Celebrity 100
Korea Power Celebrity 40
Highest-paid dead celebrities
Fashion
Highest-paid models
Film
Highest-paid actors
Music
Highest-paid musicians
Sport
Highest-paid athletes
Most valuable sports teams
Football clubs
MLS clubs
NFL teams
MLB teams
NBA teams
NHL teams
Education
America's Top Colleges
Technology
Midas List (Tech's Top Deal Makers)
Related topics
Lists of people by net worth
Wealthiest musical artists
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Norway
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/fɔːrbz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"B. C. Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._C._Forbes"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recode11628980-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Mike Federle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Federle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folio:-5"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Forbes 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400"},{"link_name":"Forbes 30 under 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30"},{"link_name":"Forbes Global 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000"},{"link_name":"Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World%27s_Most_Powerful_People"},{"link_name":"The World's Billionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For other uses, see Forbes (disambiguation).Forbes (/fɔːrbz/) is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.[3][4] Its chairperson and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Federle.[5] It is based in Jersey City, New Jersey. Competitors in the national business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek.[6]Published eight times a year, Forbes features articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. It also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics, and law. It has an international edition in Asia as well as editions produced under license in 27 countries and regions worldwide. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including of the richest Americans (the Forbes 400), the 600 most notable young people under the age of 30 (Forbes 30 under 30), America's Wealthiest Celebrities, the world's top companies (the Forbes Global 2000), Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People, and The World's Billionaires.[7] The motto of Forbes magazine is \"Change the World\".[8]","title":"Forbes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Forbes_Headquarters,_Manhattan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_City_Day_292_2014_(15554742826).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_City_Day_292_2014_(15554742826).jpg"},{"link_name":"B. C. Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._C._Forbes"},{"link_name":"Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-10"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP01-13"},{"link_name":"James Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michaels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20071004nytimes-14"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elevation Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_Partners"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP01-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marketwatch-18"}],"text":"Forbes Building on Fifth Avenue in New York City, the former headquarters of Forbes in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)Forbes Media headquarters at 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City since 2014B. C. Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street,[9] founded Forbes magazine on September 15, 1917.[10][11] Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise. The original name of the magazine was Forbes: Devoted to Doers and Doings.[9] Drey became vice-president of the B.C. Forbes Publishing Company,[12] while B.C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, a post he held until his death in 1954. B.C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes (1916–1964) and Malcolm Forbes (1917–1990).Bruce Forbes took over after his father's death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations and developing marketing.[10] During his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazine's circulation nearly doubled.[10]On Bruce's death, his brother Malcolm Forbes became president and chief executive officer of Forbes, and editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine.[13] Between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels.[14] In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award.[15] In 2006, an investment group Elevation Partners that includes rock star Bono bought a minority interest in the company with a reorganization, through a new company, Forbes Media LLC, in which Forbes Magazine and Forbes.com, along with other media properties, is now a part.[13][16] A 2009 New York Times report said: \"40 percent of the enterprise was sold... for a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million.\" Three years later, Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners observed, \"It's probably not worth half of that now.\"[17] It was later revealed that the price had been US$264 million.[18]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"sale-leaseback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale-leaseback"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"downtown Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20141218njtvonline-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20141212nj-21"}],"sub_title":"Sale of headquarters","text":"In January 2010, Forbes reached an agreement to sell its headquarters building on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to New York University; terms of the deal were not publicly reported, but Forbes was to continue to occupy the space under a five-year sale-leaseback arrangement.[19] The company's headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City, New Jersey, in 2014.[20][21]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20131115nytimes-22"},{"link_name":"Elevation Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_Partners"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest,_taxes,_depreciation,_and_amortization"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niemanlab-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niemanlab-23"},{"link_name":"Forbes family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_family_(publishers)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recode11628980-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marketwatch-18"},{"link_name":"Asia Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Society"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost-24"}],"sub_title":"Sale to Integrated Whale Media (51% stake)","text":"In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale.[22] This was encouraged by minority shareholders Elevation Partners. Sale documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publisher's 2012 earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization was US$15 million.[23] Forbes reportedly sought a price of US$400 million.[23] In July 2014, the Forbes family bought out Elevation and then Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments purchased a 51 percent majority of the company.[3][4][18]In 2017, Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow of the Asia Society, wrote in The Washington Post that \"Since that purchase, there have been several instances of editorial meddling on stories involving China that raise questions about Forbes magazine's commitment to editorial independence.\"[24]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special-purpose acquisition company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cryptocurrency exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange"},{"link_name":"Binance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Austin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Russell_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Luminar Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminar_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russell-sale-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Investment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Magomed Musaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomed_Musaev_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russell-fail-33"}],"sub_title":"Failed SPAC merger and sale","text":"On August 26, 2021, Forbes announced their plans to go public via a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company called Magnum Opus Acquisition, and starting to trade at the New York Stock Exchange as FRBS.[25] In February 2022, it was announced that Cryptocurrency exchange Binance would acquire a $200 million stake in Forbes as a result of the SPAC flotation.[26][27] In June 2022, the company terminated its SPAC merger citing unfavorable market conditions.[28]In August 2022, the company announced that it was exploring a sale of its business.[29] In May 2023, it was announced that billionaire Austin Russell, founder of Luminar Technologies, agreed to acquire an 82 percent stake in a deal valuing the company at $800 million.[30] His majority ownership was to include the remaining portion of the company owned by Forbes family which was not previously sold to Integrated Whale Media.[31][32] The transaction attracted scrutiny by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Russell denied reports that Russian businessman Magomed Musaev was involved in the transaction.[30] In November 2023, the deal collapsed, as Russell was unable to put together the necessary funds.[33]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Forbes India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_India"},{"link_name":"Forbes Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Spain"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Forbes magazine in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_India"},{"link_name":"Moira Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-17"},{"link_name":"American Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legacy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"American Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Invention & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_and_Technology_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20070517nytimes-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americanheritage20080204-37"},{"link_name":"Forbes Travel Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Travel_Guide"},{"link_name":"Ashford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_University"},{"link_name":"Forbes School of Business & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_School_of_Business_%26_Technology"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"profit business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"annual annuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuity"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Apart from Forbes and its lifestyle supplement, Forbes Life, other titles include Forbes Asia and 45 local language editions,[34] including:Forbes Africa\nForbes África Lusófona\nForbes Afrique\nForbes Argentina\nForbes Australia\nForbes Austria\nForbes Baltics\nForbes Brazil\nForbes Bulgaria\nForbes Central America\nForbes Colombia\nForbes Chile\nForbes China\nForbes Czech\nForbes Dominican Republic\nForbes Ecuador\nForbes En Español\nForbes Estonia\nForbes France\nForbes Georgia\nForbes Greece\nForbes Hungary\nForbes India\nForbes Indonesia\nForbes Israel\nForbes Italy\nForbes Japan\nForbes Kazakhstan\nForbes Korea\nForbes Latvia\nForbes Lithuania\nForbes Lusophone Africa\nForbes Mexico\nForbes Middle East\nForbes Monaco\nForbes Perú\nForbes Poland\nForbes Portugal\nForbes Romania\nForbes Russia\nForbes Serbia\nForbes Slovakia\nForbes Spain\nForbes Thailand\nForbes Ukraine\nForbes Uruguay\nForbes VietnamSteve Forbes and his magazine's writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes on Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group and Forbes Custom Media. From the 2009 Times report: \"Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10.\" In addition, that year the company began publishing ForbesWoman, a quarterly magazine published by Steve Forbes's daughter, Moira Forbes, with a companion Web site.[17]The company formerly published American Legacy magazine as a joint venture, although that magazine separated from Forbes on May 14, 2007.[35]The company also formerly published American Heritage and Invention & Technology magazines. After failing to find a buyer, Forbes suspended publication of these two magazines as of May 17, 2007.[36] Both magazines were purchased by the American Heritage Publishing Company and resumed publication as of the spring of 2008.[37]Forbes has published the Forbes Travel Guide since 2009.In 2013, Forbes licensed its brand to Ashford University, and assisted them to launch the Forbes School of Business & Technology.[38] Forbes Media CEO Mike Federle justified the licensing in 2018, stating that \"Our licensing business is almost a pure-profit business, because it's an annual annuity.\"[39] Forbes would launch limited promotions for the school in limited issues. Forbes would never formally endorse the school.On January 6, 2014, Forbes magazine announced that, in partnership with app creator Maz, it was launching a social networking app called \"Stream\". Stream allows Forbes readers to save and share visual content with other readers and discover content from Forbes magazine and Forbes.com within the app.[40]","title":"Other publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RealClearPolitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealClearPolitics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20060828nytimes-41"},{"link_name":"public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_offering"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-17"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hsu-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hsu-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niemenlab-44"},{"link_name":"contributor model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_model"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contributorstory-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contributorstory-45"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niemenlab-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"David Churbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Churbuck"},{"link_name":"Stephen Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Glass"},{"link_name":"journalistic fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistic_fraud"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"internet journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_journalism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker162725-49"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"ad blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_blocking"},{"link_name":"whitelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelist"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extremetech220696-51"},{"link_name":"2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Business Blog/Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Webby_Award"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kastrenakes-52"}],"text":"Forbes.com is part of Forbes Digital, a division of Forbes Media LLC. Forbes's holdings include a portion of RealClearPolitics. Together these sites reach more than 27 million unique visitors each month. Forbes.com employs the slogan \"Home Page for the World's Business Leaders\" and claimed, in 2006, to be the world's most widely visited business web site.[41] The 2009 Times report said that, while \"one of the top five financial sites by traffic [throwing] off an estimated $70 million to $80 million a year in revenue, [it] never yielded the hoped-for public offering\".[17]As of 2019 the company published 100 articles each day produced by 3,000 outside contributors who were paid little or nothing.[42] This business model, in place since 2010,[43] \"changed their reputation from being a respectable business publication to a content farm\", according to Damon Kiesow, the Knight Chair in digital editing and producing at the University of Missouri School of Journalism.[42] Similarly, Harvard University's Nieman Lab deemed Forbes \"a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism\" as of 2022.[44]Forbes.com uses a \"contributor model\" in which a wide network of \"contributors\" writes and publishes articles directly on the website.[45] Contributors are paid based on traffic to their respective Forbes.com pages; the site has received contributions from over 2,500 individuals, and some contributors have earned over US$100,000, according to the company.[45] The contributor system has been criticized for enabling \"pay-to-play journalism\" and the repackaging of public relations material as news.[44] Forbes currently allows advertisers to publish blog posts on its website alongside regular editorial content through a program called BrandVoice, which accounts for more than 10 percent of its digital revenue.[46] Forbes.com also publishes subscription investment newsletters, and an online guide to web sites, Best of the Web. In July 2018 Forbes deleted an article by a contributor who argued that libraries should be closed, and Amazon should open bookstores in their place.[47]David Churbuck founded Forbes's web site in 1996. The site uncovered Stephen Glass's journalistic fraud in The New Republic in 1998, an article that drew attention to internet journalism.[48] At the peak of media coverage of alleged Toyota sudden unintended acceleration in 2010, it exposed the California \"runaway Prius\" as a hoax, as well as running five other articles by Michael Fumento challenging the entire media premise of Toyota's cars gone bad. The site, like the magazine, publishes many lists focusing on billionaires and their possessions, especially expensive homes, a critical aspect of the website's popularity.[49][better source needed]Currently, the website also blocks internet users using ad blocking software from accessing articles, demanding that the website be put on the ad blocking software's whitelist before access is granted.[50] Forbes argues that this is done because customers using ad blocking software do not contribute to the site's revenue. Malware attacks have been noted to occur from the Forbes site.[51]Forbes won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Business Blog/Website.[52]","title":"Forbes.com"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_platform"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"In November 2019, Forbes launched a streaming platform Forbes8, aimed for entrepreneurs.[53][54] In 2020, the network announced the release of several documentary series including Forbes Rap Mentors, Driven Against the Odds, Indie Nation and Titans on the Rocks.[55][56]","title":"Forbes8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cjr.org/the_feature/forbes-big-business.php"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.niemanlab.org/2022/02/an-incomplete-history-of-forbes-com-as-a-platform-for-scams-grift-and-bad-journalism/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-49187-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49187-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8147-3016-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3016-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18772376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18772376"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-773879-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-773879-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-86879-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86879-2"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fallofhouseoffor0000pink"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0312658595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312658595"},{"link_name":"Tebbel, John William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Tebbel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-505127-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505127-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8135-1497-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1497-5"}],"text":"Merid, Fevin (2023) \"Big Business: The disarray and discontent at Forbes\" Columbia Journalism Review [1]\nBenton, Joshua (2022) \"An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism\" NiemanLabs [2]Forbes, Malcolm S. (1973). Fact and Comment. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-49187-4; twenty-five years of the editor's columns from Forbes\nGrunwald, Edgar A. (1988). The Business Press Editor. New York University Press, New York, ISBN 0-8147-3016-7\nHolliday, Karen Kahler (1987). A Content Analysis of Business Week, Forbes and Fortune from 1966 to 1986. Master's of Journalism thesis from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 69 pages, OCLC 18772376, available on microfilm\nKohlmeier, Louis M.; Udell, Jon G. and Anderson, Laird B. (eds.) (1981). Reporting on Business and the Economy. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, ISBN 0-13-773879-X\nKurtz, Howard (2000). The Fortune Tellers: Inside Wall Street's Game of Money, Media, and Manipulation. Free Press, New York, ISBN 0-684-86879-2\nPinkerson, Stewart (2011). The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312658595.\nTebbel, John William and Zuckerman, Mary Ellen (1991). The Magazine in America, 1741–1990. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-505127-0\nParsons, D. W. (1989). The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and Economic Opinion in Britain and America. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, ISBN 0-8135-1497-5","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Forbes Building on Fifth Avenue in New York City, the former headquarters of Forbes in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Former_Forbes_Headquarters%2C_Manhattan.jpg/260px-Former_Forbes_Headquarters%2C_Manhattan.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Forbes 30 Under 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30"},{"title":"Forbes 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400"},{"title":"Forbes 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_500"},{"title":"Forbes Global 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000"},{"title":"The World's Billionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires"},{"title":"World's 100 Most Powerful Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World%27s_100_Most_Powerful_Women"},{"title":"World's Most Powerful People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World%27s_Most_Powerful_People"}]
|
[{"reference":"Romenesko, Jim (August 9, 2011). \"Randall Lane returns to Forbes as editor\". Poynter.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140925/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/142283/randall-lane-returns-to-forbes-as-editor/","url_text":"\"Randall Lane returns to Forbes as editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynter_Institute","url_text":"Poynter.org"},{"url":"http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/142283/randall-lane-returns-to-forbes-as-editor/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Magazines\". Alliance for Audited Media. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013051317/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"\"Consumer Magazines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Audited_Media","url_text":"Alliance for Audited Media"},{"url":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake to a Group of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth\". Forbes (Press release). July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/07/18/forbes-media-agrees-to-sell-majority-stake-to-a-group-of-international-investors-to-accelerate-the-companys-global-growth/","url_text":"\"Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake to a Group of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Sells to Hong Kong Investment Group\". Recode. July 18, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170124211943/https://www.recode.net/2014/7/18/11628980/forbes-sells-to-hong-kong-investment-group","url_text":"\"Forbes Sells to Hong Kong Investment Group\""},{"url":"http://www.recode.net/2014/7/18/11628980/forbes-sells-to-hong-kong-investment-group","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Emma (November 30, 2017). \"Mike Federle Succeeds Mike Perlis As CEO Of Forbes\". Folio.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foliomag.com/mike-federle-succeeds-mike-perlis-ceo-forbes-media-people-move/","url_text":"\"Mike Federle Succeeds Mike Perlis As CEO Of Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, David. \"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","url_text":"\"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\""}]},{"reference":"Delbridge, Emily (November 21, 2019). \"The 8 Best Business Magazines of 2020\". The Balance Small Business. New York City: Dotdash. Best for Lists: Forbes. Retrieved February 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebalancesmb.com/best-business-magazines-4176680","url_text":"\"The 8 Best Business Magazines of 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Forbes' Launches New Tagline, Brand Campaign\". MediaPostb. October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/185898/forbes-launches-new-tagline-brand-campaign.html","url_text":"\"'Forbes' Launches New Tagline, Brand Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Praneeth (July 6, 2007). \"Notes of a Business Quizzer: Forbes\". Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bizgyan.blogspot.com/2007/07/forbes.html","url_text":"\"Notes of a Business Quizzer: Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Kit 2013\" (PDF). Forbes Middle East. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105210647/http://www.forbesmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013-Forbes-Middle-East-English-Media-Kit.pdf","url_text":"\"Media Kit 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.forbesmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013-Forbes-Middle-East-English-Media-Kit.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pérez-Peña, Richard (October 4, 2007). \"James Michaels, Longtime Forbes Editor, Dies at 86\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/business/04michaels.html","url_text":"\"James Michaels, Longtime Forbes Editor, Dies at 86\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Magazine Awards Database\". Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526232156/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx","url_text":"\"National Magazine Awards Database\""},{"url":"http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NussbaumOnDesign Bono Buys into Forbes, Launches Product Red in US and Expands His Brand\". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on August 9, 2006. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060809233845/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2006/08/bono_buys_into.html","url_text":"\"NussbaumOnDesign Bono Buys into Forbes, Launches Product Red in US and Expands His Brand\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2006/08/bono_buys_into.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carr, David (June 14, 2009). \"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carr_(journalist)","url_text":"Carr, David"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","url_text":"\"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020846/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A (July 19, 2014). \"Forbes sold to Asian investors\". MarketWatch. Market Watch, Inc. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forbes-sold-to-asian-investors-2014-07-19","url_text":"\"Forbes sold to Asian investors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720002531/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forbes-sold-to-asian-investors-2014-07-19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Sells Building to N.Y.U.\" New York Times Media Decoder. January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/forbes-sells-building-to-nyu/","url_text":"\"Forbes Sells Building to N.Y.U.\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Mike (December 18, 2014). \"Forbes Moves Across the Hudson to Jersey City\". WNET – NJTV. Retrieved June 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/forbes-moves-across-the-hudson-to-jersey-city/","url_text":"\"Forbes Moves Across the Hudson to Jersey City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes moving into Jersey City offices on Monday, report says\". The Jersey Journal. December 11, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/12/forbes_moving_to_new_jersey_city_offices_monday_report_says.html","url_text":"\"Forbes moving into Jersey City offices on Monday, report says\""}]},{"reference":"Haughney, Christine; Gelles, David (November 15, 2013). \"Forbes Says It Is for Sale\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/business/media/forbes-says-it-is-for-sale.html","url_text":"\"Forbes Says It Is for Sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131116085241/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/business/media/forbes-says-it-is-for-sale.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doctor, Ken (January 16, 2014). \"The Newsonomics of Forbes' real performance and price potential\". Nieman Lab.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/01/the-newsonomics-of-forbes-real-performance-and-price-potential/","url_text":"\"The Newsonomics of Forbes' real performance and price potential\""}]},{"reference":"Fish, Isaac Stone (December 14, 2017). \"Chinese ownership is raising questions about the editorial independence of a major U.S. magazine\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2020. When a Chinese company buys a major American magazine, does the publication censor its coverage of China? There is only one example so far, and the results are discouraging. In 2014, a Hong Kong-based investment group called Integrated Whale Media purchased a majority stake in Forbes Media, one of the United States' best-known media companies. It's hard to demonstrate causality in such cases. But since that purchase, there have been several instances of editorial meddling on stories involving China that raise questions about Forbes magazine's commitment to editorial independence.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20171215035245/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/12/14/chinese-ownership-is-raising-questions-about-the-editorial-independence-of-a-major-u-s-magazine/","url_text":"\"Chinese ownership is raising questions about the editorial independence of a major U.S. magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/12/14/chinese-ownership-is-raising-questions-about-the-editorial-independence-of-a-major-u-s-magazine/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burtsztynsky, Jessica (August 26, 2021). \"Forbes announces plan to go public via SPAC\". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/26/forbes-announces-plan-to-go-public-via-spac.html","url_text":"\"Forbes announces plan to go public via SPAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Tom (February 10, 2022). \"Crypto exchange Binance to invest $200 mln in U.S. media firm Forbes\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/binance-crypto-exchange-take-200-mln-stake-forbes-magazine-cnbc-2022-02-10/","url_text":"\"Crypto exchange Binance to invest $200 mln in U.S. media firm Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"Osipovich, Alexander (February 10, 2022). \"Crypto Exchange Binance to Invest $200 Million in Forbes\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-exchange-binance-to-invest-200-million-in-forbes-11644534040","url_text":"\"Crypto Exchange Binance to Invest $200 Million in Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"Ramkumar, Amrith (June 1, 2022). \"SeatGeek and Forbes Nix SPAC Deals During Market Pullback\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/seatgeek-and-forbes-nix-spac-deals-during-market-pullback-11654099960","url_text":"\"SeatGeek and Forbes Nix SPAC Deals During Market Pullback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Mullin, Benjamin; Hirsch, Lauren (August 2, 2022). \"Forbes Explores Sale After SPAC Deal Collapses\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/02/business/media/forbes-sale-spac.html","url_text":"\"Forbes Explores Sale After SPAC Deal Collapses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian tycoon claims he is behind Forbes purchase, audiotapes show\". The Washington Post. October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/20/forbes-sale-musaev-russia/","url_text":"\"Russian tycoon claims he is behind Forbes purchase, audiotapes show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes to be acquired by Luminar Technologies' Austin Russell\". Axios. May 12, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/2023/05/12/forbes-acquired-luminar-technologies-austin-russell","url_text":"\"Forbes to be acquired by Luminar Technologies' Austin Russell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_(website)","url_text":"Axios"}]},{"reference":"Bruell, Alexandra (May 12, 2023). \"Automotive Tech Billionaire Austin Russell to Acquire Majority Stake in Forbes\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/automotive-tech-billionaire-austin-russell-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-forbes-83dbb3be","url_text":"\"Automotive Tech Billionaire Austin Russell to Acquire Majority Stake in Forbes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Sara (November 21, 2023). \"Forbes deal dead as Austin Russell fails to raise cash by deadline\". Axios.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/2023/11/21/forbes-deal-dead-austin-russell","url_text":"\"Forbes deal dead as Austin Russell fails to raise cash by deadline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_(website)","url_text":"Axios"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes.com Footer\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/?sh=3d7407542254#:~:text=Forbes%20Africa,Forbes%20Vietnam","url_text":"\"Forbes.com Footer\""}]},{"reference":"\"With The May 14 Announced Separation: Twelve-Year-Old \"American Legacy\"/\"Forbes\" Partnership Was Mutually Beneficial\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903140410/http://www.minonline.com/min/4549.html","url_text":"\"With The May 14 Announced Separation: Twelve-Year-Old \"American Legacy\"/\"Forbes\" Partnership Was Mutually Beneficial\""},{"url":"http://www.minonline.com/min/4549.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGrath, Charles (May 17, 2007). \"Magazine Suspends Its Run in History\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/arts/17heri.html","url_text":"\"Magazine Suspends Its Run in History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thank You for Your Feedback on the American Heritage Winter 2008 Issue\". American Heritage. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230034738/http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20080204-ThankYou.shtml","url_text":"\"Thank You for Your Feedback on the American Heritage Winter 2008 Issue\""},{"url":"http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20080204-ThankYou.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes School of Business & Technology Board of Advisors\". University of Arizona Global Campus. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uagc.edu/forbes-school-of-business-and-technology/board-of-advisors","url_text":"\"Forbes School of Business & Technology Board of Advisors\""}]},{"reference":"Patel, Sahil (December 21, 2018). \"Amid media doom and gloom, Forbes says revenue was up and profits highest in a decade\". Digiday. Retrieved May 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://digiday.com/media/with-revenue-rising-forbes-is-looking-to-invest-in-or-buy-media-and-tech-companies/","url_text":"\"Amid media doom and gloom, Forbes says revenue was up and profits highest in a decade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Is The First Magazine To Launch Its Own Social Network With \"Stream\"\". Forbes. January 6, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/01/06/forbes-is-the-first-magazine-to-launch-its-own-social-network-with-stream/","url_text":"\"Forbes Is The First Magazine To Launch Its Own Social Network With \"Stream\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231007025424/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/01/06/forbes-is-the-first-magazine-to-launch-its-own-social-network-with-stream/?sh=4e2ec91662b0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edmonston, Peter (August 28, 2006). \"At Forbes.com, Lots of Glitter but Maybe Not So Many Visitors\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/technology/28forbes.html","url_text":"\"At Forbes.com, Lots of Glitter but Maybe Not So Many Visitors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121116105748/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/technology/28forbes.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Tiffany (July 19, 2019). \"Jeffrey Epstein pushed a new narrative; these sites published it\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/business/media/jeffrey-epstein-media.html","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Epstein pushed a new narrative; these sites published it\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230907032420/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/business/media/jeffrey-epstein-media.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sonderman, Jeff (May 29, 2012). \"What the Forbes model of contributed content means for journalism\". Poynter. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2012/what-the-forbes-model-of-contributed-content-means-for-journalism/","url_text":"\"What the Forbes model of contributed content means for journalism\""}]},{"reference":"Benton, Joshua (February 9, 2022). \"An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism\". Nieman Lab. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Benton","url_text":"Benton, Joshua"},{"url":"https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/02/an-incomplete-history-of-forbes-com-as-a-platform-for-scams-grift-and-bad-journalism/","url_text":"\"An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism","url_text":"Nieman Lab"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Rachel (September 26, 2013). \"The Forbes contributor model: Technology, feedback and incentives\". journalism.co.uk. Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/the-forbes-contributor-model-technology-feedback-and-incentives/s2/a554255/","url_text":"\"The Forbes contributor model: Technology, feedback and incentives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes gives advertisers an editorial voice\". emedia. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153816/http://www.emediavitals.com/content/forbes-gives-advertisers-editorial-voice","url_text":"\"Forbes gives advertisers an editorial voice\""},{"url":"http://www.emediavitals.com/content/forbes-gives-advertisers-editorial-voice","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weissman, Cale (July 23, 2018). \"Forbes deleted its controversial article about Amazon replacing libraries\". Fast Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/90206661/forbes-seems-to-have-deleted-its-controversial-article-about-amazon-replacing-libraries","url_text":"\"Forbes deleted its controversial article about Amazon replacing libraries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)","url_text":"Fast Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Hello, My Name Is Stephen Glass, and I'm Sorry\". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/120145/stephen-glass-new-republic-scandal-still-haunts-his-law-career","url_text":"\"Hello, My Name Is Stephen Glass, and I'm Sorry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583","url_text":"0028-6583"}]},{"reference":"\"Jobs: Motley to Leave Time Inc., Plus More Job-Hopping Fun\". Gawker. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218092904/http://gawker.com/news/jobs/motley-to-leave-time-inc-plus-more-jobhopping-fun-162725.php","url_text":"\"Jobs: Motley to Leave Time Inc., Plus More Job-Hopping Fun\""},{"url":"http://www.gawker.com/news/jobs/motley-to-leave-time-inc-plus-more-jobhopping-fun-162725.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bloomberg, Jason. \"Ad Blocking Battle Drives Disruptive Innovation\". Forbes. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2017/02/18/ad-blocking-battle-drives-disruptive-innovation/","url_text":"\"Ad Blocking Battle Drives Disruptive Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"Hruska, Joel. \"Forbes forces readers to turn off ad blockers, promptly serves malware\". Extreme Tech. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extremetech.com/internet/220696-forbes-forces-readers-to-turn-off-ad-blockers-promptly-serves-malware","url_text":"\"Forbes forces readers to turn off ad blockers, promptly serves malware\""}]},{"reference":"Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 20, 2020). \"Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards\". The Verge. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski","url_text":"\"Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Releases, Forbes Press. \"Forbes8, Forbes' On-Demand Video Network For Entrepreneurs, Debuts New Slate Of Original Content\". Forbes. Retrieved August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2020/02/20/forbes8-forbes-on-demand-video-network-for-entrepreneurs-debuts-new-slate-of-original-content/","url_text":"\"Forbes8, Forbes' On-Demand Video Network For Entrepreneurs, Debuts New Slate Of Original Content\""}]},{"reference":"Kene-Okafor, Tage (May 25, 2020). \"Forbes8 launches digital startup accelerator, calls for applications\". Techpoint Africa. Retrieved August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://techpoint.africa/2020/05/25/forbes8-digital-startup-accelerator/","url_text":"\"Forbes8 launches digital startup accelerator, calls for applications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes8 Original Series: 6 icons of entrepreneurship show you how to become your own boss\". Grit Daily News. October 23, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gritdaily.com/forbes8-launches-6-original-series/","url_text":"\"Forbes8 Original Series: 6 icons of entrepreneurship show you how to become your own boss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Councils\". Forbes. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://councils.forbes.com/","url_text":"\"Forbes Councils\""}]},{"reference":"Pinkerson, Stewart (2011). The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312658595.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseoffor0000pink","url_text":"The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312658595","url_text":"978-0312658595"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/","external_links_name":"forbes.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-6914","external_links_name":"0015-6914"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6465733","external_links_name":"6465733"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140925/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/142283/randall-lane-returns-to-forbes-as-editor/","external_links_name":"\"Randall Lane returns to Forbes as editor\""},{"Link":"http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/142283/randall-lane-returns-to-forbes-as-editor/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201013051317/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Magazines\""},{"Link":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/07/18/forbes-media-agrees-to-sell-majority-stake-to-a-group-of-international-investors-to-accelerate-the-companys-global-growth/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake to a Group of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170124211943/https://www.recode.net/2014/7/18/11628980/forbes-sells-to-hong-kong-investment-group","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Sells to Hong Kong Investment Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.recode.net/2014/7/18/11628980/forbes-sells-to-hong-kong-investment-group","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.foliomag.com/mike-federle-succeeds-mike-perlis-ceo-forbes-media-people-move/","external_links_name":"\"Mike Federle Succeeds Mike Perlis As CEO Of Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","external_links_name":"\"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebalancesmb.com/best-business-magazines-4176680","external_links_name":"\"The 8 Best Business Magazines of 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/185898/forbes-launches-new-tagline-brand-campaign.html","external_links_name":"\"'Forbes' Launches New Tagline, Brand Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://bizgyan.blogspot.com/2007/07/forbes.html","external_links_name":"\"Notes of a Business Quizzer: Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105210647/http://www.forbesmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013-Forbes-Middle-East-English-Media-Kit.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Media Kit 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.forbesmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013-Forbes-Middle-East-English-Media-Kit.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6sZNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PT593","external_links_name":"p. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2447287","external_links_name":"2447287"},{"Link":"http://www.elevation.com/downloads/News_08-07.pdf","external_links_name":"'Forbes Announce Elevation Partners Investment in Family Held Company'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060813150204/http://www.elevation.com/downloads/News_08-07.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/business/04michaels.html","external_links_name":"\"James Michaels, Longtime Forbes Editor, Dies at 86\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526232156/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx","external_links_name":"\"National Magazine Awards Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060809233845/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2006/08/bono_buys_into.html","external_links_name":"\"NussbaumOnDesign Bono Buys into Forbes, Launches Product Red in US and Expands His Brand\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2006/08/bono_buys_into.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","external_links_name":"\"Even Forbes is Pinching Pennies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020846/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/media/15forbes.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forbes-sold-to-asian-investors-2014-07-19","external_links_name":"\"Forbes sold to Asian investors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720002531/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forbes-sold-to-asian-investors-2014-07-19","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/forbes-sells-building-to-nyu/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Sells Building to N.Y.U.\""},{"Link":"http://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/forbes-moves-across-the-hudson-to-jersey-city/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Moves Across the Hudson to Jersey City\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/12/forbes_moving_to_new_jersey_city_offices_monday_report_says.html","external_links_name":"\"Forbes moving into Jersey City offices on Monday, report says\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/business/media/forbes-says-it-is-for-sale.html","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Says It Is for Sale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131116085241/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/business/media/forbes-says-it-is-for-sale.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/01/the-newsonomics-of-forbes-real-performance-and-price-potential/","external_links_name":"\"The Newsonomics of Forbes' real performance and price potential\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20171215035245/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/12/14/chinese-ownership-is-raising-questions-about-the-editorial-independence-of-a-major-u-s-magazine/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese ownership is raising questions about the editorial independence of a major U.S. magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/12/14/chinese-ownership-is-raising-questions-about-the-editorial-independence-of-a-major-u-s-magazine/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/26/forbes-announces-plan-to-go-public-via-spac.html","external_links_name":"\"Forbes announces plan to go public via SPAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/binance-crypto-exchange-take-200-mln-stake-forbes-magazine-cnbc-2022-02-10/","external_links_name":"\"Crypto exchange Binance to invest $200 mln in U.S. media firm Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-exchange-binance-to-invest-200-million-in-forbes-11644534040","external_links_name":"\"Crypto Exchange Binance to Invest $200 Million in Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/seatgeek-and-forbes-nix-spac-deals-during-market-pullback-11654099960","external_links_name":"\"SeatGeek and Forbes Nix SPAC Deals During Market Pullback\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/02/business/media/forbes-sale-spac.html","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Explores Sale After SPAC Deal Collapses\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/20/forbes-sale-musaev-russia/","external_links_name":"\"Russian tycoon claims he is behind Forbes purchase, audiotapes show\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2023/05/12/forbes-acquired-luminar-technologies-austin-russell","external_links_name":"\"Forbes to be acquired by Luminar Technologies' Austin Russell\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/automotive-tech-billionaire-austin-russell-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-forbes-83dbb3be","external_links_name":"\"Automotive Tech Billionaire Austin Russell to Acquire Majority Stake in Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/2023/11/21/forbes-deal-dead-austin-russell","external_links_name":"\"Forbes deal dead as Austin Russell fails to raise cash by deadline\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/?sh=3d7407542254#:~:text=Forbes%20Africa,Forbes%20Vietnam","external_links_name":"\"Forbes.com Footer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903140410/http://www.minonline.com/min/4549.html","external_links_name":"\"With The May 14 Announced Separation: Twelve-Year-Old \"American Legacy\"/\"Forbes\" Partnership Was Mutually Beneficial\""},{"Link":"http://www.minonline.com/min/4549.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/arts/17heri.html","external_links_name":"\"Magazine Suspends Its Run in History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230034738/http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20080204-ThankYou.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Thank You for Your Feedback on the American Heritage Winter 2008 Issue\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20080204-ThankYou.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uagc.edu/forbes-school-of-business-and-technology/board-of-advisors","external_links_name":"\"Forbes School of Business & Technology Board of Advisors\""},{"Link":"https://digiday.com/media/with-revenue-rising-forbes-is-looking-to-invest-in-or-buy-media-and-tech-companies/","external_links_name":"\"Amid media doom and gloom, Forbes says revenue was up and profits highest in a decade\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/01/06/forbes-is-the-first-magazine-to-launch-its-own-social-network-with-stream/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Is The First Magazine To Launch Its Own Social Network With \"Stream\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231007025424/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/01/06/forbes-is-the-first-magazine-to-launch-its-own-social-network-with-stream/?sh=4e2ec91662b0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/technology/28forbes.html","external_links_name":"\"At Forbes.com, Lots of Glitter but Maybe Not So Many Visitors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121116105748/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/technology/28forbes.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/business/media/jeffrey-epstein-media.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeffrey Epstein pushed a new narrative; these sites published it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230907032420/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/business/media/jeffrey-epstein-media.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2012/what-the-forbes-model-of-contributed-content-means-for-journalism/","external_links_name":"\"What the Forbes model of contributed content means for journalism\""},{"Link":"https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/02/an-incomplete-history-of-forbes-com-as-a-platform-for-scams-grift-and-bad-journalism/","external_links_name":"\"An incomplete history of Forbes.com as a platform for scams, grift, and bad journalism\""},{"Link":"http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/the-forbes-contributor-model-technology-feedback-and-incentives/s2/a554255/","external_links_name":"\"The Forbes contributor model: Technology, feedback and incentives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153816/http://www.emediavitals.com/content/forbes-gives-advertisers-editorial-voice","external_links_name":"\"Forbes gives advertisers an editorial voice\""},{"Link":"http://www.emediavitals.com/content/forbes-gives-advertisers-editorial-voice","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/90206661/forbes-seems-to-have-deleted-its-controversial-article-about-amazon-replacing-libraries","external_links_name":"\"Forbes deleted its controversial article about Amazon replacing libraries\""},{"Link":"https://newrepublic.com/article/120145/stephen-glass-new-republic-scandal-still-haunts-his-law-career","external_links_name":"\"Hello, My Name Is Stephen Glass, and I'm Sorry\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583","external_links_name":"0028-6583"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218092904/http://gawker.com/news/jobs/motley-to-leave-time-inc-plus-more-jobhopping-fun-162725.php","external_links_name":"\"Jobs: Motley to Leave Time Inc., Plus More Job-Hopping Fun\""},{"Link":"http://www.gawker.com/news/jobs/motley-to-leave-time-inc-plus-more-jobhopping-fun-162725.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2017/02/18/ad-blocking-battle-drives-disruptive-innovation/","external_links_name":"\"Ad Blocking Battle Drives Disruptive Innovation\""},{"Link":"https://www.extremetech.com/internet/220696-forbes-forces-readers-to-turn-off-ad-blockers-promptly-serves-malware","external_links_name":"\"Forbes forces readers to turn off ad blockers, promptly serves malware\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski","external_links_name":"\"Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2020/02/20/forbes8-forbes-on-demand-video-network-for-entrepreneurs-debuts-new-slate-of-original-content/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes8, Forbes' On-Demand Video Network For Entrepreneurs, Debuts New Slate Of Original Content\""},{"Link":"https://techpoint.africa/2020/05/25/forbes8-digital-startup-accelerator/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes8 launches digital startup accelerator, calls for applications\""},{"Link":"https://gritdaily.com/forbes8-launches-6-original-series/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes8 Original Series: 6 icons of entrepreneurship show you how to become your own boss\""},{"Link":"https://councils.forbes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Councils\""},{"Link":"https://www.cjr.org/the_feature/forbes-big-business.php","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/02/an-incomplete-history-of-forbes-com-as-a-platform-for-scams-grift-and-bad-journalism/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18772376","external_links_name":"18772376"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseoffor0000pink","external_links_name":"The Fall of the House of Forbes: The Inside Story of the Collapse of a Media Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3501149108691468780004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8019819","external_links_name":"Norway"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship
|
Christian worship
|
["1 Early Church Fathers","2 Reformation liturgies","3 Present day","3.1 Common elements","3.2 Sacramental tradition","3.3 Reformation tradition","3.4 Charismatic tradition","4 Types of Christian worship","4.1 Sacraments, ordinances, holy mysteries","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography"]
|
Act of attributing reverent honour and homage to God
For Christian liturgical worship, see Christian liturgy. For the hymnal of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, see Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Christian worship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Worship at a Byzantine Catholic altar
An altar is a stone or wooden table used for the celebration of the Eucharist in some Christian worship rites
Part of a series onChristianity
JesusChrist
Nativity
Baptism
Ministry
Crucifixion
Resurrection
Ascension
BibleFoundations
Old Testament
New Testament
Gospel
Canon
Church
Creed
New Covenant
Theology
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
Apologetics
Baptism
Christology
History of theology
Mission
Salvation
Universalism
HistoryTradition
Apostles
Peter
Paul
Mary
Early Christianity
Church Fathers
Constantine
Councils
Augustine
Ignatius
East–West Schism
Crusades
Aquinas
Reformation
Luther
Denominations(full list)
Nicene
Catholic
Latin
Eastern
Old Catholic
Independent Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Church of the East
Protestant
Adventist
Anabaptist
Anglican
Baptist
Free Evangelical
Lutheran
Methodist
Moravian
Pentecostal
Plymouth Brethren
Quaker
Reformed
United Protestant
Waldensian
Nondenominational Christianity
Restorationist
Christadelphians
Iglesia ni Cristo
Irvingians
Jehovah's Witness
Latter Day Saints
Members Church of God International
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The New Church (Swedenborgian)
Unitarians and Universalists
Related topics
Civilization
Criticism
Culture
Ecumenism
Glossary
Index
Liturgy
Other religions
Outline
Prayer
Sermon
Symbolism
Worship
Glossary
Index
Outline
Christianity portalvte
In Christianity, worship is the act of attributing reverent honour and homage to God. In the New Testament, various words are used to refer to the term worship. One is proskuneo ("to worship") which means to bow down to God or kings.
Throughout most of Christianity's history, corporate Christian worship has been liturgical, characterized by prayers and hymns, with texts rooted in, or closely related to, the Bible (Scripture), particularly the Psalter, and centered on the altar (or table) and the Eucharist; this form of sacramental and ceremonial worship is still practiced by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches, and Methodism to a lesser extent. In the Charismatic tradition worship is viewed as an act of adoration of God, with a more informal conception. Among certain Christian denominations, such as those of traditional Anabaptism, the observance of various ordinances rooted in Scripture occurs during Christian worship, such as feetwashing, anointing with oil, and the wearing of headcoverings by women.
The term liturgy is derived from the Greek leitourgia meaning "public service" and is formed by two words: "laos" (people) and "ergon" (work), literally "work of the people". Responsorial prayers are a series of petitions read or sung by a leader with responses made by the congregation. Set times for prayer during the day were established (based substantially on Jewish models), and a festal cycle throughout the Church year governed the celebration of feasts and holy days pertaining to the events in the life of Jesus, the lives of the saints, and aspects of the Godhead.
A great deal of emphasis was placed on the forms of worship, as they were seen in terms of the Latin phrase lex orandi, lex credendi ("the rule of prayer is the rule of belief")—that is, the specifics of one's worship express, teach, and govern the doctrinal beliefs of the community. According to this view, alterations in the patterns and content of worship would necessarily reflect a change in the faith itself. Each time a heresy arose in the Church, it was typically accompanied by a shift in worship for the heretical group. Orthodoxy in faith also meant orthodoxy in worship, and vice versa. Thus, unity in Christian worship was understood to be a fulfillment of Jesus' words that the time was at hand when true worshipers would worship "in spirit and in truth" (John 4:23).
Early Church Fathers
The theme of worship is taken up by many of the Church Fathers including Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170-c. 236). The Holy Eucharist was the central act of worship in early Christianity. The liturgy of the synagogues and the ritual of the Jewish temple, both of which were participated in by early Christians, helped shape the form of the early Christian liturgy, which was a dual liturgy of the word and of the Eucharist; this early structure of the liturgy still exists in the Catholic Mass and Eastern Divine Liturgy. The early Christian use of incense in worship first originated in Christian funeral rites, and was later used during regular worship services. Incense was also used in the Bible to worship God and symbolize prayer, in both the Old Testament and New Testament; one of the three Magi offered Christ frankincense, and in the Book of Revelation, angels and saints appear in Heaven offering incense to God, thus setting a precedent for Christian use of incense in worship.
Reformation liturgies
Further information: Reformed worship, Lutheranism § Liturgy, Divine Service (Lutheran), Lutheran hymn, and Lutheran chorale
Worship as singing underwent great changes for some Christians within the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther, a music lover, composed hymns that are still sung today, and expected congregations to be active participants in the service, singing along.
John Calvin, in Geneva, argued that while instrumental music had its time with the Levites of the Old Testament, it was no longer a proper expression for the church. This was expanded upon by John Knox (see Presbyterian worship); only Psalms were sung, and they were sung a cappella. Furthermore, in the Genevan and Scottish Reformed tradition, man-made hymns are not sung, being seen inferior to the God-inspired psalms of the Bible. The Calvinist Regulative Principle of Worship distinguishes traditional Presbyterian and Reformed churches from the Lutheran or other Protestant churches.
Present day
A congregation during a Christian service of worship, with women observing the ordinance of headcovering (Brazil)
Current Christian worship practices are diverse in modern Christianity, with a range of customs and theological views. Three broad groupings can be identified, and whilst some elements are universal, style and content varies greatly due to the history and differing emphases of the various branches of Christianity.
In many Christian traditions, regular public worship is complemented by worship in private and small groups, such as meditation, prayer and study. Singing often forms an important part of Christian worship.
Common elements
While differing considerably in form, the following items characterise the worship of virtually all Christian churches.
Meeting on Sunday (Sabbath in Christianity; Sabbath in seventh-day churches is an exception)
Bible reading
Communion or the Eucharist
Music, either choral or congregational, either with or without instrumental accompaniment
Prayer
Teaching in the form of a sermon or homily
A collection or offering
Sacramental tradition
Pope Benedict XVI elevating the Eucharist for worship of the faithful amidst incense
This grouping can also be referred to as the Eucharistic or Catholic tradition, but note that it is not limited to the Catholic Church, but also includes the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Lutheran churches, and most branches of the Anglican Communion. Worship (variously known as the Mass, Divine Liturgy, Divine Service, Eucharist, or Communion) is formal and centres on the offering of thanks and praise for the death and resurrection of Christ over the people's offerings of bread and wine, breaking the bread, and the receiving of the Eucharist, seen as the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Churches in this group understand worship as a mystic participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, through which they are united with him and with each other. Services are structured according to a liturgy and typically include other elements such as prayers, psalms, hymns, choral music (including polyphonic chant, plainchant, and hymnody) the reading of Scripture, and some form of teaching or homily. In the theology of the Catholic Church, the Mass takes on another dimension, that of a sacrifice which involves a ritualistic re-presentation of the Body and Blood of Christ to God the Father. The liturgy, normally led by a priest who wears vestments (a form of sacred clothing), includes the ritual usage of sacred liturgical vessels, incense, candles, and holy water, and includes ritual acts of bowing, prostration, kneeling, kissing sacred images and relics, and crossing oneself. In the Catholic Church there is a diversity of ancient liturgical rites: the Roman Rite (including both the Tridentine Mass and the ordinary-form Roman Rite) the Byzantine Rite, the Ge'ez Rite, and the Antiochene Rite to name several of the more prominent examples.
Within the Catholic Church, the charismatic movement has had much less influence, although modern Christian hymnody is found in some parishes, owing a large part to a movement known as the Catholic Charismatic Renewal.
Worship practices in the Eastern Churches have largely remained traditional.
Reformation tradition
In many Protestant groups, such as the Methodist and Reformed churches and some parts of the Anglican Communion, corporate worship is shaped by the legacy of the Reformation. Worship in such a context also generally features spoken prayer (either unscripted or prepared), Scripture readings, congregational singing of hymns, and a sermon. Some liturgy is normally used but may not be described as such. The Lord's Supper, or Communion, is celebrated less frequently (intervals vary from once a week to annually according to the denomination or local church). Vestments are less elaborate or absent.
Charismatic tradition
A contemporary worship team leads the congregation in praise and worship
In Charismatic Christianity (including pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, neo-charismatic movement and certain parts of nondenominational Christianity), worship is viewed like an act of adoration of God, with a more informal conception. Some gatherings take place in auditoriums with few religious signs. There is no dress style.
Since the beginning of charismatic movement of the 1960s there have been significant changes to Christian worship practices of many denominations. A new music-centered approach to worship, known as contemporary worship, is now commonplace. This replaces the traditional order of worship based around liturgy or a "hymn-prayer sandwich" with extended periods of congregational singing sometimes referred to as "block worship". The worship has two parts; one in the beginning with music and the second part with sermon and Lord's Supper.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Contemporary worship music settled in many evangelical churches. This music is written in the style of popular music, Christian rock or folk music and therefore differs considerably from traditional hymns. It is frequently played on a range of instruments that would not have previously been used in churches such as guitars (including electric) and drum kits.
Types of Christian worship
See also: Church service § Types of church service
Regular Sunday services are a part of most traditions. The Eucharist may be celebrated at some or all of these; often it is included either once a month or once a quarter. A few denominations have their main weekly services on Saturday rather than Sunday. Larger churches often tend to have several services each Sunday; often two or three in the morning and one or two in the late afternoon or evening.
Sacraments, ordinances, holy mysteries
Some clergy may wear vestments such as the alb (pictured) when celebrating rites such as baptism
Common to almost all
Baptism
Eucharist, Communion, Lord's Supper
Sacraments/Holy Mysteries Common to the East and to Roman Catholicism
Chrismation (Eastern) / Confirmation (Western)
Marriage
Ordination
Confession
Anointing of the Sick (Unction)
Lutherans see baptism, the Eucharist, and (for some) confession and absolution as sacraments. They recognize marriage, confirmation, ordination, and the anointing of the sick as useful church rites that do not forgive sins and therefore are not sacraments in the strict sense.
See also
Christianity portalReligion portal
Alternative worship
Church service
Contemporary worship
Devotional literature
Magnificat
Service of worship
Theological aesthetics
References
Notes
^ "worship", Dictionary.com Unabridged, Random House, retrieved 4 Sep 2013
^ Called to Worship: The Biblical Foundations of Our Response Vernon Whaley - 2009 - In the Greek, the word for worship, proskuneo, means to express deep respect or adoration—by kissing, with words, or by bowing down. Associated words include epaineo, "to commend or applaud"; aineo, "to praise God"; and sebomai,"
^ a b Church - Question Mark Booklets - Page 16 - ISBN 0-85421-333-3
^ "Bruderhof Communities". SoundCloud. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
^ "Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music - Adoremus Bulletin". Adoremus.org. 1903-11-22. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
^ Matthew Hoffman. "Various Statements of Pope Paul VI and Other Authorities". Matthewhoffman.net. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
^ "Musicae Sacrae (December 25, 1955) | PIUS XII". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
^ Gerald R. McDermott, The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 311
^ Jeanne Halgren Kilde, Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship, Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193
^ Keith A. Roberts, David Yamane, Religion in Sociological Perspective, SAGE , USA, 2011, p. 209
^ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 171
^ Charles E. Farhadian, Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2007, p. 112
^ Suzel Ana Reily, Jonathan M. Dueck, The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 443
^ Mathew Guest, Evangelical Identity and Contemporary Culture: A Congregational Study in Innovation, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2007, p. 42
^ George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 629
Bibliography
Lang, Bernhard (1997), Sacred Games: A History of Christian Worship, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06932-4
Stevens, James H. S. (2002), Worship In The Spirit - Charismatic Worship In The Church of England, Paternoster, ISBN 1-84227-103-2.
Ward, Pete (2005), Selling Worship - How What We Sing Has Changed The Church, Paternoster, ISBN 1-84227-270-5
Warner, Rob (2007), Reinventing English Evangelicalism 1966-2001 - A Theological And Sociological Study, Paternoster, ISBN 978-1-84227-570-2. Chapter 2 includes a study of changing worship styles.
Lupia, John N., (1995) "Censer," The New Grove's Dictionary of Art (Macmillan Publishers, London)
vteChristianity
Index
Outline
Glossary
Prophets
People
Lists of Christians
By country
Bible(Scriptures)
Canon
Old Testament
New Testament
Foundations
Church
Creed
Gospel
New Covenant
Christian tradition
Worship
History(timeline)(spread)EarlyChristianity
Jesus
in Christianity
Nativity
Baptism
Ministry
Sermon on the Mount
Parables
Miracles
Great Commandment
Crucifixion
Resurrection
Great Commission
Apostles
Church fathers
Apostolic fathers
Great Church
Ante-Nicene period
Late antiquity
Constantine
First seven ecumenical councils
Nicaea I
Chalcedon
State church of the Roman Empire
Christian biblical canon
Middle Ages
Monasticism
Papal States
East–West Schism
Investiture Controversy
Crusades
Age of Discovery
Modern era
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Reformation
Thirty Years' War
Enlightenment
French Revolution
Relations with Islam
Influences
Denominations(list, members)Western
Catholic
Old Catholic
Independent Catholic
Protestant
Adventist
Anabaptist
Anglican
Baptist
Reformed
Charismatic
Evangelical
Holiness
Lutheran
Methodist
Pentecostal
Quakers
Western Rite Orthodoxy
Eastern
Eastern Orthodox
Church
Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
Church of the East (Nestorian)
Eastern Catholic
Restorationist
Jehovah's Witnesses
Latter Day Saint movement
Iglesia ni Cristo
Theology
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
Christology
Nicene Creed
Tradition
Original sin
Salvation
Born again
Liturgy
Catholic
Eastern Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Protestant
Worship
Mariology
Theotokos
Saints
Angel
Ecclesiology
Four marks
Body of Christ
One true church
People of God
Canon law
Sacraments
Baptism
Eucharist
Marriage
Confirmation
Penance
Anointing of the Sick
Holy orders
Mission
Ablution
Hygiene
Philosophy
Natural law
Ethics
Science
Evolution
Politics
Views on poverty and wealth
OtherfeaturesCulture
Architecture
Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
Art
Jesus
Mary
Trinity
God the Father
Holy Spirit
Education
Catechism
Flag
Literature
Music
Mythology
Pilgrimage
Popular piety
Church buildings
Cathedrals
Role in civilization
Movements
Crusading movement
Anarchism
Charismatic
Democracy
Environmentalism
Existentialism
Fundamentalism
Liberation
Left/Right
Mysticism
Pacifism
Prosperity
Traditionalist Catholicism
Cooperation
Christendom
Ecumenism
Charta Oecumenica
World Council of Churches
World Evangelical Alliance
Nondenominationalism
Related
Cultural Christians
Anti-Christian sentiment
Criticism
Persecution
Relations with other religions
Christianity portal
Category
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy"},{"link_name":"Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Worship:_A_Lutheran_Hymnal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:At_altar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar.stmaryredcliffe.arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy"},{"link_name":"prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalter"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar#Christianity"},{"link_name":"table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_table"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"sacramental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Methodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Anabaptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism"},{"link_name":"ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"feetwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feetwashing"},{"link_name":"anointing with oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick"},{"link_name":"headcoverings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_head_covering"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer"},{"link_name":"Church year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_year"},{"link_name":"life of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"lives of the saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_saints"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"lex orandi, lex credendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"}],"text":"For Christian liturgical worship, see Christian liturgy. For the hymnal of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, see Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal.Worship at a Byzantine Catholic altarAn altar is a stone or wooden table used for the celebration of the Eucharist in some Christian worship ritesIn Christianity, worship is the act of attributing reverent honour and homage to God.[1] In the New Testament, various words are used to refer to the term worship. One is proskuneo (\"to worship\") which means to bow down to God or kings.[2]Throughout most of Christianity's history, corporate Christian worship has been liturgical, characterized by prayers and hymns, with texts rooted in, or closely related to, the Bible (Scripture), particularly the Psalter, and centered on the altar (or table) and the Eucharist; this form of sacramental and ceremonial worship is still practiced by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches, and Methodism to a lesser extent. In the Charismatic tradition worship is viewed as an act of adoration of God, with a more informal conception. Among certain Christian denominations, such as those of traditional Anabaptism, the observance of various ordinances rooted in Scripture occurs during Christian worship, such as feetwashing, anointing with oil, and the wearing of headcoverings by women.The term liturgy is derived from the Greek leitourgia meaning \"public service\" and is formed by two words: \"laos\" (people) and \"ergon\" (work), literally \"work of the people\". Responsorial prayers are a series of petitions read or sung by a leader with responses made by the congregation. Set times for prayer during the day were established (based substantially on Jewish models), and a festal cycle throughout the Church year governed the celebration of feasts and holy days pertaining to the events in the life of Jesus, the lives of the saints, and aspects of the Godhead.A great deal of emphasis was placed on the forms of worship, as they were seen in terms of the Latin phrase lex orandi, lex credendi (\"the rule of prayer is the rule of belief\")—that is, the specifics of one's worship express, teach, and govern the doctrinal beliefs of the community. According to this view, alterations in the patterns and content of worship would necessarily reflect a change in the faith itself. Each time a heresy arose in the Church, it was typically accompanied by a shift in worship for the heretical group. Orthodoxy in faith also meant orthodoxy in worship, and vice versa. Thus, unity in Christian worship was understood to be a fulfillment of Jesus' words that the time was at hand when true worshipers would worship \"in spirit and in truth\" (John 4:23).","title":"Christian worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus"},{"link_name":"Hippolytus of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Holy Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Mass"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"three Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Magi"},{"link_name":"frankincense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"}],"text":"The theme of worship is taken up by many of the Church Fathers including Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170-c. 236). The Holy Eucharist was the central act of worship in early Christianity. The liturgy of the synagogues and the ritual of the Jewish temple, both of which were participated in by early Christians, helped shape the form of the early Christian liturgy, which was a dual liturgy of the word and of the Eucharist; this early structure of the liturgy still exists in the Catholic Mass and Eastern Divine Liturgy. The early Christian use of incense in worship first originated in Christian funeral rites, and was later used during regular worship services. Incense was also used in the Bible to worship God and symbolize prayer, in both the Old Testament and New Testament; one of the three Magi offered Christ frankincense, and in the Book of Revelation, angels and saints appear in Heaven offering incense to God, thus setting a precedent for Christian use of incense in worship.","title":"Early Church Fathers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformed worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_worship"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism § Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism#Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Divine Service (Lutheran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_hymn"},{"link_name":"Lutheran chorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_chorale"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"Levites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levites"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_worship"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"Regulative Principle of Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulative_Principle_of_Worship"}],"text":"Further information: Reformed worship, Lutheranism § Liturgy, Divine Service (Lutheran), Lutheran hymn, and Lutheran choraleWorship as singing underwent great changes for some Christians within the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther, a music lover, composed hymns that are still sung today, and expected congregations to be active participants in the service, singing along.[citation needed]John Calvin, in Geneva, argued that while instrumental music had its time with the Levites of the Old Testament, it was no longer a proper expression for the church. [citation needed] This was expanded upon by John Knox (see Presbyterian worship); only Psalms were sung, and they were sung a cappella. Furthermore, in the Genevan and Scottish Reformed tradition, man-made hymns are not sung, being seen inferior to the God-inspired psalms of the Bible. The Calvinist Regulative Principle of Worship distinguishes traditional Presbyterian and Reformed churches from the Lutheran or other Protestant churches.","title":"Reformation liturgies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg"},{"link_name":"headcovering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_head_covering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A congregation during a Christian service of worship, with women observing the ordinance of headcovering (Brazil)Current Christian worship practices are diverse in modern Christianity, with a range of customs and theological views. Three broad groupings can be identified, and whilst some elements are universal, style and content varies greatly due to the history and differing emphases of the various branches of Christianity.In many Christian traditions, regular public worship is complemented by worship in private and small groups, such as meditation, prayer and study.[3] Singing often forms an important part of Christian worship.[4]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabbath in Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Sabbath in seventh-day churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches"},{"link_name":"Bible reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lection"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"homily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"}],"sub_title":"Common elements","text":"While differing considerably in form, the following items characterise the worship of virtually all Christian churches.Meeting on Sunday (Sabbath in Christianity; Sabbath in seventh-day churches is an exception)\nBible reading[3]\nCommunion or the Eucharist\nMusic, either choral or congregational, either with or without instrumental accompaniment\nPrayer\nTeaching in the form of a sermon or homily\nA collection or offering","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BentoXVI-51-11052007_(frag).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Divine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonic"},{"link_name":"plainchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainchant"},{"link_name":"hymnody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnody"},{"link_name":"homily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"vestments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestments"},{"link_name":"vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(container)"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"holy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_water"},{"link_name":"prostration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"crossing oneself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Tridentine Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"ordinary-form Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_Rite"},{"link_name":"Antiochene Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochene_Rite"},{"link_name":"charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Movement"},{"link_name":"Catholic Charismatic Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eastern Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"}],"sub_title":"Sacramental tradition","text":"Pope Benedict XVI elevating the Eucharist for worship of the faithful amidst incenseThis grouping can also be referred to as the Eucharistic or Catholic tradition, but note that it is not limited to the Catholic Church, but also includes the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Lutheran churches, and most branches of the Anglican Communion. Worship (variously known as the Mass, Divine Liturgy, Divine Service, Eucharist, or Communion) is formal and centres on the offering of thanks and praise for the death and resurrection of Christ over the people's offerings of bread and wine, breaking the bread, and the receiving of the Eucharist, seen as the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Churches in this group understand worship as a mystic participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, through which they are united with him and with each other. Services are structured according to a liturgy and typically include other elements such as prayers, psalms, hymns, choral music (including polyphonic chant, plainchant, and hymnody) the reading of Scripture, and some form of teaching or homily. In the theology of the Catholic Church, the Mass takes on another dimension, that of a sacrifice which involves a ritualistic re-presentation of the Body and Blood of Christ to God the Father. The liturgy, normally led by a priest who wears vestments (a form of sacred clothing), includes the ritual usage of sacred liturgical vessels, incense, candles, and holy water, and includes ritual acts of bowing, prostration, kneeling, kissing sacred images and relics, and crossing oneself. In the Catholic Church there is a diversity of ancient liturgical rites: the Roman Rite (including both the Tridentine Mass and the ordinary-form Roman Rite) the Byzantine Rite, the Ge'ez Rite, and the Antiochene Rite to name several of the more prominent examples.Within the Catholic Church, the charismatic movement has had much less influence, although modern Christian hymnody is found in some parishes, owing a large part to a movement known as the Catholic Charismatic Renewal.[5][6][7]\nWorship practices in the Eastern Churches have largely remained traditional.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_tradition"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Reformation tradition","text":"In many Protestant groups, such as the Methodist and Reformed churches and some parts of the Anglican Communion, corporate worship is shaped by the legacy of the Reformation. Worship in such a context also generally features spoken prayer (either unscripted or prepared), Scripture readings, congregational singing of hymns, and a sermon. Some liturgy is normally used but may not be described as such. The Lord's Supper, or Communion, is celebrated less frequently (intervals vary from once a week to annually according to the denomination or local church). Vestments are less elaborate or absent.[citation needed]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvest_Community_Church_Goshen_Worship_Service_1-24-2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"neo-charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"nondenominational Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity"},{"link_name":"adoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"Lord's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Contemporary worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Charismatic tradition","text":"A contemporary worship team leads the congregation in praise and worshipIn Charismatic Christianity (including pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, neo-charismatic movement and certain parts of nondenominational Christianity), worship is viewed like an act of adoration of God, with a more informal conception.[8] Some gatherings take place in auditoriums with few religious signs.[9][10] There is no dress style.\nSince the beginning of charismatic movement of the 1960s there have been significant changes to Christian worship practices of many denominations.[11] A new music-centered approach to worship, known as contemporary worship, is now commonplace. This replaces the traditional order of worship based around liturgy or a \"hymn-prayer sandwich\" with extended periods of congregational singing sometimes referred to as \"block worship\". The worship has two parts; one in the beginning with music and the second part with sermon and Lord's Supper.[12]In the 1980s and 1990s, Contemporary worship music settled in many evangelical churches.[13][14] This music is written in the style of popular music, Christian rock or folk music and therefore differs considerably from traditional hymns.[15] It is frequently played on a range of instruments that would not have previously been used in churches such as guitars (including electric) and drum kits.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church service § Types of church service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service#Types_of_church_service"}],"text":"See also: Church service § Types of church serviceRegular Sunday services are a part of most traditions. The Eucharist may be celebrated at some or all of these; often it is included either once a month or once a quarter. A few denominations have their main weekly services on Saturday rather than Sunday. Larger churches often tend to have several services each Sunday; often two or three in the morning and one or two in the late afternoon or evening.","title":"Types of Christian worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglican_priest_vested_in_an_alb,_cincture_and_purple_stole.jpg"},{"link_name":"vestments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestment"},{"link_name":"alb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb"},{"link_name":"Baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Eucharist, Communion, Lord's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Sacraments/Holy Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy#Holy_mysteries_(sacraments)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Chrismation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrismation"},{"link_name":"Confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_(sacrament)"},{"link_name":"Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Anointing of the Sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments"},{"link_name":"confession and absolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(religion)#Other_Christian_Churches"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage#State_recognition"},{"link_name":"confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation#Protestant_views"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_preach"},{"link_name":"anointing of the sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick#Protestant_Churches"}],"sub_title":"Sacraments, ordinances, holy mysteries","text":"Some clergy may wear vestments such as the alb (pictured) when celebrating rites such as baptismCommon to almost all\nBaptism\nEucharist, Communion, Lord's Supper\nSacraments/Holy Mysteries Common to the East and to Roman Catholicism\nChrismation (Eastern) / Confirmation (Western)\nMarriage\nOrdination\nConfession\nAnointing of the Sick (Unction)\nLutherans see baptism, the Eucharist, and (for some) confession and absolution as sacraments. They recognize marriage, confirmation, ordination, and the anointing of the sick as useful church rites that do not forgive sins and therefore are not sacraments in the strict sense.","title":"Types of Christian worship"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Worship at a Byzantine Catholic altar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/At_altar.JPG/220px-At_altar.JPG"},{"image_text":"An altar is a stone or wooden table used for the celebration of the Eucharist in some Christian worship rites","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Altar.stmaryredcliffe.arp.jpg/220px-Altar.stmaryredcliffe.arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"A congregation during a Christian service of worship, with women observing the ordinance of headcovering (Brazil)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg/250px-CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Benedict XVI elevating the Eucharist for worship of the faithful amidst incense","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg/220px-BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A contemporary worship team leads the congregation in praise and worship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvest_Community_Church_Goshen_Worship_Service_1-24-2016.jpg/220px-Harvest_Community_Church_Goshen_Worship_Service_1-24-2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some clergy may wear vestments such as the alb (pictured) when celebrating rites such as baptism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anglican_priest_vested_in_an_alb%2C_cincture_and_purple_stole.jpg/220px-Anglican_priest_vested_in_an_alb%2C_cincture_and_purple_stole.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Alternative worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_worship"},{"title":"Church service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"title":"Contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship"},{"title":"Devotional literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional_literature"},{"title":"Magnificat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat"},{"title":"Service of worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_worship"},{"title":"Theological aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_aesthetics"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"worship\", Dictionary.com Unabridged, Random House, retrieved 4 Sep 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/worship","url_text":"\"worship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruderhof Communities\". SoundCloud. Retrieved 2018-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/bruderhof","url_text":"\"Bruderhof Communities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music - Adoremus Bulletin\". Adoremus.org. 1903-11-22. Retrieved 2019-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adoremus.org/MotuProprio.html","url_text":"\"Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music - Adoremus Bulletin\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Hoffman. \"Various Statements of Pope Paul VI and Other Authorities\". Matthewhoffman.net. Retrieved 2019-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://matthewhoffman.net/music/","url_text":"\"Various Statements of Pope Paul VI and Other Authorities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musicae Sacrae (December 25, 1955) | PIUS XII\". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_25121955_musicae-sacrae_en.html","url_text":"\"Musicae Sacrae (December 25, 1955) | PIUS XII\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christian+worship%22","external_links_name":"\"Christian worship\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christian+worship%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Christian+worship%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christian+worship%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christian+worship%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christian+worship%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_worship&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/worship","external_links_name":"\"worship\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/bruderhof","external_links_name":"\"Bruderhof Communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.adoremus.org/MotuProprio.html","external_links_name":"\"Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music - Adoremus Bulletin\""},{"Link":"http://matthewhoffman.net/music/","external_links_name":"\"Various Statements of Pope Paul VI and Other Authorities\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_25121955_musicae-sacrae_en.html","external_links_name":"\"Musicae Sacrae (December 25, 1955) | PIUS XII\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021671-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph323778&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_debugger
|
Debugger
|
["1 Features","1.1 Record and replay debugging","1.2 Reverse debugging","1.3 Time Travel debugging","2 Language dependency","3 Memory protection","4 Hardware support for debugging","5 Debugger front-ends","6 List of debuggers","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Sources","9 External links"]
|
Computer program used to test and debug other programs
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Debugger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Debugger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Part of a series onSoftware development
Core activities
Data modeling
Processes
Requirements
Design
Construction
Engineering
Testing
Debugging
Deployment
Maintenance
Paradigms and models
Agile
Cleanroom
Incremental
Prototyping
Spiral
V model
Waterfall
Methodologies and frameworks
ASD
DevOps
DAD
DSDM
FDD
IID
Kanban
Lean SD
LeSS
MDD
MSF
PSP
RAD
RUP
SAFe
Scrum
SEMAT
TDD
TSP
OpenUP
UP
XP
Supporting disciplines
Configuration management
Documentation
Software quality assurance
Project management
User experience
Practices
ATDD
BDD
CCO
CI
CD
DDD
PP
SBE
Stand-up
TDD
Tools
Compiler
Debugger
Profiler
GUI designer
UML Modeling
IDE
Build automation
Release automation
Infrastructure as code
Standards and bodies of knowledge
CMMI
IEEE standards
ISO 9001
ISO/IEC standards
PMBOK
SWEBOK
ITIL
IREB
OMG
Glossaries
Artificial intelligence
Computer science
Electrical and electronics engineering
Outlines
Outline of software development
vte
Winpdb debugging itself
A debugger or debugging tool is a computer program used to test and debug other programs (the "target" program). The main use of a debugger is to run the target program under controlled conditions that permit the programmer to track its execution and monitor changes in computer resources that may indicate malfunctioning code. Typical debugging facilities include the ability to run or halt the target program at specific points, display the contents of memory, CPU registers or storage devices (such as disk drives), and modify memory or register contents in order to enter selected test data that might be a cause of faulty program execution.
The code to be examined might alternatively be running on an instruction set simulator (ISS), a technique that allows great power in its ability to halt when specific conditions are encountered, but which will typically be somewhat slower than executing the code directly on the appropriate (or the same) processor. Some debuggers offer two modes of operation, full or partial simulation, to limit this impact.
A "trap" occurs when the program cannot normally continue because of a programming bug or invalid data. For example, the program might have tried to use an instruction not available on the current version of the CPU or attempted to access unavailable or protected memory. When the program "traps" or reaches a preset condition, the debugger typically shows the location in the original code if it is a source-level debugger or symbolic debugger, commonly now seen in integrated development environments. If it is a low-level debugger or a machine-language debugger it shows the line in the disassembly (unless it also has online access to the original source code and can display the appropriate section of code from the assembly or compilation).
Features
Typically, debuggers offer a query processor, a symbol resolver, an expression interpreter, and a debug support interface at its top level. Debuggers also offer more sophisticated functions such as running a program step by step (single-stepping or program animation), stopping (breaking) (pausing the program to examine the current state) at some event or specified instruction by means of a breakpoint, and tracking the values of variables. Some debuggers have the ability to modify the program state while it is running. It may also be possible to continue execution at a different location in the program to bypass a crash or logical error.
The same functionality which makes a debugger useful for correcting bugs allows it to be used as a software cracking tool to evade copy protection, digital rights management, and other software protection features. It often also makes it useful as a general verification tool, fault coverage, and performance analyzer, especially if instruction path lengths are shown. Early microcomputers with disk-based storage often benefitted from the ability to diagnose and recover corrupted directory or registry data records, to "undelete" files marked as deleted, or to crack file password protection.
Most mainstream debugging engines, such as gdb and dbx, provide console-based command line interfaces. Debugger front-ends are popular extensions to debugger engines that provide IDE integration, program animation, and visualization features.
Record and replay debugging
Record and replay debugging, also known as "software flight recording" or "program execution recording", captures application state changes and stores them to disk as each instruction in a program executes. The recording can then be replayed over and over, and interactively debugged to diagnose and resolve defects. Record and replay debugging is very useful for remote debugging and for resolving intermittent, non-deterministic, and other hard-to-reproduce defects.
Reverse debugging
Some debuggers include a feature called "reverse debugging", also known as "historical debugging" or "backwards debugging". These debuggers make it possible to step a program's execution backwards in time. Various debuggers include this feature. Microsoft Visual Studio (2010 Ultimate edition, 2012 Ultimate, 2013 Ultimate, and 2015 Enterprise edition) offers IntelliTrace reverse debugging for C#, Visual Basic .NET, and some other languages, but not C++. Reverse debuggers also exist for C, C++, Java, Python, Perl, and other languages. Some are open source; some are proprietary commercial software. Some reverse debuggers slow down the target by orders of magnitude, but the best reverse debuggers cause a slowdown of 2× or less. Reverse debugging is very useful for certain types of problems, but is still not commonly used yet.
Time Travel debugging
In addition to the features of reverse debuggers, time travel debugging also allow users to interact with the program, changing the history if desired, and watch how the program responds.
Language dependency
Some debuggers operate on a single specific language while others can handle multiple languages transparently. For example, if the main target program is written in COBOL but calls assembly language subroutines and PL/1 subroutines, the debugger may have to dynamically switch modes to accommodate the changes in language as they occur.
Memory protection
Some debuggers also incorporate memory protection to avoid storage violations such as buffer overflow. This may be extremely important in transaction processing environments where memory is dynamically allocated from memory 'pools' on a task by task basis.
Hardware support for debugging
Most modern microprocessors have at least one of these features in their CPU design to make debugging easier:
Hardware support for single-stepping a program, such as the trap flag.
An instruction set that meets the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements makes it easier to write debugger software that runs on the same CPU as the software being debugged; such a CPU can execute the inner loops of the program under test at full speed, and still remain under debugger control.
In-system programming allows an external hardware debugger to reprogram a system under test (for example, adding or removing instruction breakpoints). Many systems with such ISP support also have other hardware debug support.
Hardware support for code and data breakpoints, such as address comparators and data value comparators or, with considerably more work involved, page fault hardware.
JTAG access to hardware debug interfaces such as those on ARM architecture processors or using the Nexus command set. Processors used in embedded systems typically have extensive JTAG debug support.
Micro controllers with as few as six pins need to use low pin-count substitutes for JTAG, such as BDM, Spy-Bi-Wire, or debugWIRE on the Atmel AVR. DebugWIRE, for example, uses bidirectional signaling on the RESET pin.
Debugger front-ends
Some of the most capable and popular debuggers implement only a simple command line interface (CLI)—often to maximize portability and minimize resource consumption. Developers typically consider debugging via a graphical user interface (GUI) easier and more productive. This is the reason for visual front-ends, that allow users to monitor and control subservient CLI-only debuggers via graphical user interface. Some GUI debugger front-ends are designed to be compatible with a variety of CLI-only debuggers, while others are targeted at one specific debugger.
List of debuggers
Main article: List of debuggers
Some widely used debuggers are:
Arm DTT, formerly known as Allinea DDT
Eclipse debugger API used in a range of IDEs: Eclipse IDE (Java), Nodeclipse (JavaScript)
Firefox JavaScript debugger
GDB - the GNU debugger
LLDB
Microsoft Visual Studio Debugger
Radare2
Valgrind
WinDbg
Earlier minicomputer debuggers include:
Dynamic debugging technique (DDT)
On-line Debugging Tool (ODT)
Mainframe debuggers include:
CA/EZTEST
See also
Computer programming portal
Comparison of debuggers
Core dump
Kernel debugger
List of tools for static code analysis
Memory debugger
Packet analyzer
Profiling
Time travel debugging
GNU Debugger
Rubber duck debugging
References
Citations
^ Aggarwal and Kumar, p. 302.
^ Aggarwal and Kumar 2003, p. 301.
^ Aggarwal and Kumar, pp. 307-312.
^ O'Callahan, Robert; Jones, Chris; Froyd, Nathan; Huey, Kyle; Noll, Albert; Partush, Nimrod (2017). "Engineering Record And Replay For Deployability Extended Technical Report". arXiv:1705.05937 .
^ Philip Claßen; Undo Software. "Why is reverse debugging rarely used?". Programmers Stack Exchange. Stack Exchange, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ Aggarwal and Kumar 2003, pp. 299-301.
Sources
Sanjeev Kumar Aggarwal; M. Sarath Kumar (2003). "Debuggers for Programming Languages". In Y.N. Srikant; Priti Shankar (eds.). The Compiler Design Handbook: Optimizations and Machine Code Generation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–327. ISBN 978-0-8493-1240-3.
Jonathan B. Rosenberg (1996). How Debuggers Work: Algorithms, Data Structures, and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14966-7.
External links
Look up debugger in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Debugging Tools for Windows
OpenRCE: Various Debugger Resources and Plug-ins
IntelliTrace MSDN, Visual Studio 2015
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winpdb-1.3.6.png"},{"link_name":"Winpdb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winpdb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"computer program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"debug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging"},{"link_name":"instruction set simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_simulator"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(computing)"},{"link_name":"programming bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"protected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory"},{"link_name":"integrated development environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"disassembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disassembly"}],"text":"Winpdb debugging itselfA debugger or debugging tool is a computer program used to test and debug other programs (the \"target\" program). The main use of a debugger is to run the target program under controlled conditions that permit the programmer to track its execution and monitor changes in computer resources that may indicate malfunctioning code. Typical debugging facilities include the ability to run or halt the target program at specific points, display the contents of memory, CPU registers or storage devices (such as disk drives), and modify memory or register contents in order to enter selected test data that might be a cause of faulty program execution.The code to be examined might alternatively be running on an instruction set simulator (ISS), a technique that allows great power in its ability to halt when specific conditions are encountered, but which will typically be somewhat slower than executing the code directly on the appropriate (or the same) processor. Some debuggers offer two modes of operation, full or partial simulation, to limit this impact.A \"trap\" occurs when the program cannot normally continue because of a programming bug or invalid data. For example, the program might have tried to use an instruction not available on the current version of the CPU or attempted to access unavailable or protected memory. When the program \"traps\" or reaches a preset condition, the debugger typically shows the location in the original code if it is a source-level debugger or symbolic debugger, commonly now seen in integrated development environments. If it is a low-level debugger or a machine-language debugger it shows the line in the disassembly (unless it also has online access to the original source code and can display the appropriate section of code from the assembly or compilation).","title":"Debugger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"step by step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_(debugging)"},{"link_name":"program animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_animation"},{"link_name":"breakpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakpoint"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"software cracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking"},{"link_name":"copy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection"},{"link_name":"digital rights management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"fault coverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_coverage"},{"link_name":"performance analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"instruction path lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_path_length"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gdb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdb"},{"link_name":"dbx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbx_(debugger)"},{"link_name":"command line interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interface"},{"link_name":"Debugger front-ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger_front-end"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Developer_Environment"},{"link_name":"program animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_animation"}],"text":"Typically, debuggers offer a query processor, a symbol resolver, an expression interpreter, and a debug support interface at its top level.[1] Debuggers also offer more sophisticated functions such as running a program step by step (single-stepping or program animation), stopping (breaking) (pausing the program to examine the current state) at some event or specified instruction by means of a breakpoint, and tracking the values of variables.[2] Some debuggers have the ability to modify the program state while it is running. It may also be possible to continue execution at a different location in the program to bypass a crash or logical error.The same functionality which makes a debugger useful for correcting bugs allows it to be used as a software cracking tool to evade copy protection, digital rights management, and other software protection features. It often also makes it useful as a general verification tool, fault coverage, and performance analyzer, especially if instruction path lengths are shown.[3] Early microcomputers with disk-based storage often benefitted from the ability to diagnose and recover corrupted directory or registry data records, to \"undelete\" files marked as deleted, or to crack file password protection.Most mainstream debugging engines, such as gdb and dbx, provide console-based command line interfaces. Debugger front-ends are popular extensions to debugger engines that provide IDE integration, program animation, and visualization features.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Record and replay debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_and_replay_debugging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Record and replay debugging","text":"Record and replay debugging,[4] also known as \"software flight recording\" or \"program execution recording\", captures application state changes and stores them to disk as each instruction in a program executes. The recording can then be replayed over and over, and interactively debugged to diagnose and resolve defects. Record and replay debugging is very useful for remote debugging and for resolving intermittent, non-deterministic, and other hard-to-reproduce defects.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Visual Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Reverse debugging","text":"Some debuggers include a feature called \"reverse debugging\", also known as \"historical debugging\" or \"backwards debugging\". These debuggers make it possible to step a program's execution backwards in time. Various debuggers include this feature. Microsoft Visual Studio (2010 Ultimate edition, 2012 Ultimate, 2013 Ultimate, and 2015 Enterprise edition) offers IntelliTrace reverse debugging for C#, Visual Basic .NET, and some other languages, but not C++. Reverse debuggers also exist for C, C++, Java, Python, Perl, and other languages. Some are open source; some are proprietary commercial software. Some reverse debuggers slow down the target by orders of magnitude, but the best reverse debuggers cause a slowdown of 2× or less. Reverse debugging is very useful for certain types of problems, but is still not commonly used yet.[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time travel debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_debugging"}],"sub_title":"Time Travel debugging","text":"In addition to the features of reverse debuggers, time travel debugging also allow users to interact with the program, changing the history if desired, and watch how the program responds.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL"},{"link_name":"assembly language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language"},{"link_name":"PL/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/1"}],"text":"Some debuggers operate on a single specific language while others can handle multiple languages transparently. For example, if the main target program is written in COBOL but calls assembly language subroutines and PL/1 subroutines, the debugger may have to dynamically switch modes to accommodate the changes in language as they occur.","title":"Language dependency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storage violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_violation"},{"link_name":"buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"},{"link_name":"transaction processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processing"}],"text":"Some debuggers also incorporate memory protection to avoid storage violations such as buffer overflow. This may be extremely important in transaction processing environments where memory is dynamically allocated from memory 'pools' on a task by task basis.","title":"Memory protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPU design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_design"},{"link_name":"trap flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_flag"},{"link_name":"Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualization_requirements"},{"link_name":"In-system programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-system_programming"},{"link_name":"breakpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakpoint"},{"link_name":"page fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"JTAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG"},{"link_name":"ARM architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_(standard)"},{"link_name":"BDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_debug_mode_interface"},{"link_name":"Spy-Bi-Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy-Bi-Wire"},{"link_name":"debugWIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DebugWIRE"},{"link_name":"Atmel AVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR"}],"text":"Most modern microprocessors have at least one of these features in their CPU design to make debugging easier:Hardware support for single-stepping a program, such as the trap flag.\nAn instruction set that meets the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements makes it easier to write debugger software that runs on the same CPU as the software being debugged; such a CPU can execute the inner loops of the program under test at full speed, and still remain under debugger control.\nIn-system programming allows an external hardware debugger to reprogram a system under test (for example, adding or removing instruction breakpoints). Many systems with such ISP support also have other hardware debug support.\nHardware support for code and data breakpoints, such as address comparators and data value comparators or, with considerably more work involved, page fault hardware.[6]\nJTAG access to hardware debug interfaces such as those on ARM architecture processors or using the Nexus command set. Processors used in embedded systems typically have extensive JTAG debug support.\nMicro controllers with as few as six pins need to use low pin-count substitutes for JTAG, such as BDM, Spy-Bi-Wire, or debugWIRE on the Atmel AVR. DebugWIRE, for example, uses bidirectional signaling on the RESET pin.","title":"Hardware support for debugging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"}],"text":"Some of the most capable and popular debuggers implement only a simple command line interface (CLI)—often to maximize portability and minimize resource consumption. Developers typically consider debugging via a graphical user interface (GUI) easier and more productive.[citation needed] This is the reason for visual front-ends, that allow users to monitor and control subservient CLI-only debuggers via graphical user interface. Some GUI debugger front-ends are designed to be compatible with a variety of CLI-only debuggers, while others are targeted at one specific debugger.","title":"Debugger front-ends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arm DTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allinea_DDT"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"GDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger"},{"link_name":"LLDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLDB_(debugger)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Visual Studio Debugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Debugger"},{"link_name":"Radare2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radare2"},{"link_name":"Valgrind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgrind"},{"link_name":"WinDbg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinDbg"},{"link_name":"minicomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"Dynamic debugging technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique"},{"link_name":"On-line Debugging Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-line_Debugging_Tool"},{"link_name":"Mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe"},{"link_name":"CA/EZTEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA/EZTEST"}],"text":"Some widely used debuggers are:Arm DTT, formerly known as Allinea DDT\nEclipse debugger API used in a range of IDEs: Eclipse IDE (Java), Nodeclipse (JavaScript)\nFirefox JavaScript debugger\nGDB - the GNU debugger\nLLDB\nMicrosoft Visual Studio Debugger\nRadare2\nValgrind\nWinDbgEarlier minicomputer debuggers include:Dynamic debugging technique (DDT)\nOn-line Debugging Tool (ODT)Mainframe debuggers include:CA/EZTEST","title":"List of debuggers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Winpdb debugging itself","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Winpdb-1.3.6.png/220px-Winpdb-1.3.6.png"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg"},{"title":"Computer programming portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming"},{"title":"Comparison of debuggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_debuggers"},{"title":"Core dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump"},{"title":"Kernel debugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_debugger"},{"title":"List of tools for static code analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis"},{"title":"Memory debugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_debugger"},{"title":"Packet analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_analyzer"},{"title":"Profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)"},{"title":"Time travel debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_debugging"},{"title":"GNU Debugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger"},{"title":"Rubber duck debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_debugging"}]
|
[{"reference":"O'Callahan, Robert; Jones, Chris; Froyd, Nathan; Huey, Kyle; Noll, Albert; Partush, Nimrod (2017). \"Engineering Record And Replay For Deployability Extended Technical Report\". arXiv:1705.05937 [cs.PL].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05937","url_text":"1705.05937"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.PL","url_text":"cs.PL"}]},{"reference":"Philip Claßen; Undo Software. \"Why is reverse debugging rarely used?\". Programmers Stack Exchange. Stack Exchange, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/181527/why-is-reverse-debugging-rarely-used","url_text":"\"Why is reverse debugging rarely used?\""}]},{"reference":"Sanjeev Kumar Aggarwal; M. Sarath Kumar (2003). \"Debuggers for Programming Languages\". In Y.N. Srikant; Priti Shankar (eds.). The Compiler Design Handbook: Optimizations and Machine Code Generation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–327. ISBN 978-0-8493-1240-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1240-3","url_text":"978-0-8493-1240-3"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan B. Rosenberg (1996). How Debuggers Work: Algorithms, Data Structures, and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14966-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howdebuggerswork00rose","url_text":"How Debuggers Work: Algorithms, Data Structures, and Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14966-7","url_text":"0-471-14966-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debugger&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Debugger%22","external_links_name":"\"Debugger\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Debugger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Debugger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Debugger%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Debugger%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Debugger%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Debugger%22","external_links_name":"\"Debugger\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Debugger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Debugger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Debugger%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Debugger%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Debugger%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05937","external_links_name":"1705.05937"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.PL","external_links_name":"cs.PL"},{"Link":"http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/181527/why-is-reverse-debugging-rarely-used","external_links_name":"\"Why is reverse debugging rarely used?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howdebuggerswork00rose","external_links_name":"How Debuggers Work: Algorithms, Data Structures, and Architecture"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/devtools/debugging/","external_links_name":"Debugging Tools for Windows"},{"Link":"http://www.openrce.org/","external_links_name":"OpenRCE: Various Debugger Resources and Plug-ins"},{"Link":"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd264915.aspx/","external_links_name":"IntelliTrace"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixtamalization
|
Nixtamalization
|
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Mesoamerica","2.2 Spread","3 Process","3.1 Cooking","3.2 Extraction","3.3 Enzymatic nixtamalization","4 Impact on health","5 References"]
|
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Procedure for preparing corn to eat
An 1836 lithograph of tortilla production in rural Mexico
Bowl of hominy (nixtamalized corn kernels)
Nixtamalization (/ˌnɪkstəməlɪˈzeɪʃən/) is a process for the preparation of maize, or other grain, in which the grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater (but sometimes aqueous alkali metal carbonates), washed, and then hulled. The term can also refer to the removal via an alkali process of the pericarp from other grains such as sorghum.
Nixtamalized corn has several benefits over unprocessed grain: It is more easily ground, its nutritional value is increased, flavor and aroma are improved, and mycotoxins are reduced by up to 97%–100% (for aflatoxins).
Lime and ash are highly alkaline: the alkalinity helps the dissolution of hemicellulose, the major glue-like component of the maize cell walls, and loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the maize. The tryptophan in corn proteins are made more available for human absorption, thus helping to prevent pellagra.: §5.2
Some of the corn oil is broken down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides), while bonding of the maize proteins to each other is also facilitated. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains.
While cornmeal made from untreated ground maize is unable by itself to form a dough on addition of water, nixtamalized cornmeal will form a dough, called masa. These benefits make nixtamalization a crucial preliminary step for further processing of maize into food products, and the process is employed using both traditional and industrial methods in the production of tortillas and tortilla chips (but not corn chips), tamales, hominy, and many other items.
Etymology
In the Aztec language Nahuatl, the word for the product of this procedure is nixtamalli or nextamalli (pronounced or ), which in turn has yielded Mexican Spanish nixtamal (). The Nahuatl word is a compound of nextli "lime ashes" and tamalli "unformed/cooked corn dough, tamal". The term nixtamalization can also be used to describe the removal of the pericarp from any grain by an alkali process, including maize, sorghum, and others. When the unaltered Spanish spelling nixtamalización is used in written English, however, it almost exclusively refers to maize.
The labels on packages of commercially sold tortillas prepared with nixtamalized maize usually list corn treated with lime as an ingredient in English, while the Spanish versions list maíz nixtamalizado.
History
Mesoamerica
Dried, treated maize sold in Oaxaca, Mexico (US quarter and Mexican peso shown for scale)
The process of nixtamalization was first developed in Mesoamerica, where maize was originally cultivated. There is no precise date when the technology was developed, but the earliest evidence of nixtamalization is found in Guatemala's southern coast, with equipment dating from 1200 to 1500 BC.
How nixtamalization was discovered is not known, but one possibility may have been through the use of hot stones (see pot boiler) to boil corn in early cultures which did not have cooking vessels robust enough to put directly on fire or coals. In limestone regions like those in Guatemala and southern Mexico, heated chunks of limestone would naturally be used, and experiments show that hot limestone makes the cooking water sufficiently alkaline to cause nixtamalization. Archaeological evidence supporting this possibility has been found in southern Utah, United States.
The Aztec and Mayan civilizations developed nixtamalization using slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and lye (potassium hydroxide) to create alkaline solutions. The Chibcha people to the north of the ancient Inca also used calcium hydroxide (also known as "cal"), while the tribes of North America used soda ash.
The nixtamalization process was very important in the early Mesoamerican diet, as there is very little niacin in corn and the tryptophan within is unavailable without processing.: §5.2 A population that depends on untreated maize as a staple food risks malnourishment and is more likely to develop deficiency diseases such as pellagra, niacin deficiency, or kwashiorkor, the absence of certain amino acids that maize is deficient in. Maize cooked with lime or other alkali provided bioavailable niacin to Mesoamericans. Beans provided the otherwise missing amino acids required to balance maize for complete protein.: §8
Spread
The spread of maize cultivation in the Americas was accompanied by the adoption of the nixtamalization process. Traditional and contemporary regional cuisines (including Maya cuisine, Aztec cuisine, and Mexican cuisine) included, and still include, foods based on nixtamalized maize.
The process has not substantially declined in usage in the Mesoamerican region, though there has been a decline in North America. Many Native North American tribes, such as the Huron, no longer use the process. In some Mesoamerican and North American regions, dishes are still made from nixtamalized maize prepared by traditional techniques. The Hopi produce sodium carbonate from ashes of various native plants and trees. Some contemporary Maya use calcium salts in the form of ashes of burnt mussel shells or heated limestone.
In the United States, European settlers did not always adopt the nixtamalization process, except in the case of hominy grits, though maize became a staple among the poor of the southern states. This led to endemic pellagra in poor populations throughout the southern US in the early 20th century. A more varied diet and fortification of wheat flour, the other staple food, have essentially eliminated this deficiency.
Process
Cooking
Dry maize, boiled in lime (right) and untreated (left). In this case, typical of El Salvador, a pound of maize (454 g) is boiled with a tablespoon of lime (15 mL) for 15 minutes, left to stand for a few hours, and washed with fresh water. The hulls are removed, and the kernels ground into masa. Exact methods vary by use and region.
In the first step of nixtamalization, kernels of dried maize are cooked in an alkaline solution at or near the mixture's boiling point. After cooking, the maize is steeped in the cooking liquid for a period. The length of time for which the maize is boiled and soaked varies according to local traditions and the type of food being prepared, with cooking times ranging from a few minutes to an hour, and soaking times from a few minutes to about a day.
During cooking and soaking, a number of chemical changes take place in the grains of maize. Because plant cell wall components, including hemicellulose and pectin, are highly soluble in alkaline solutions, the kernels soften and their pericarps (hulls) loosen. The grain hydrates and absorbs calcium or potassium (depending on the alkali used) from the cooking solution. Starches swell and gelatinize, and some starches disperse into the liquid. Certain chemicals from the germ are released that allow the cooked grains to be ground more easily, yet make dough made from the grains less likely to tear and break down. Cooking changes the grain's protein matrix, which makes proteins and nutrients from the endosperm of the kernel more available to the human body.
Extraction
After cooking, the alkaline liquid (known as nejayote), containing dissolved hull, starch, and other corn matter, is decanted and discarded (or sometimes used for making amate bark paper). The kernels are washed thoroughly of remaining nejayote, which has an unpleasant flavor. The pericarp is then removed, leaving the endosperm of the grain with or without the germ, depending on the process. This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small-scale preparation, or mechanically, in larger scale or industrial production.
The prepared grain is called hominy or nixtamal. Nixtamal has many uses, contemporary and historic. Whole nixtamal may be used fresh or dried for later use. Whole nixtamal is used in the preparation of pozole, menudo, and other foods. Ground fresh nixtamal is made into masa (nixtamal dough) and used to make tortillas, tamales, and pupusas. Dried and ground, it is called masa harina or instant masa flour, and is reconstituted and used like masa.
The term hominy may refer to whole, coarsely ground, or finely ground nixtamal, or to a cooked porridge (also called samp) prepared from any of these.
Enzymatic nixtamalization
An alternative process for use in industrial settings has been developed known as enzymatic nixtamalization, which uses protease enzymes to accelerate the changes that occur in traditional nixtamalization, a technique borrowed from modern corn wet-milling. In this process, corn or corn meal is first partially hydrated in hot water, so that enzymes can penetrate the grain, then soaked briefly (for approximately 30 minutes) at 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) in an alkaline solution containing protease enzymes. A secondary enzymatic digestion may follow to further dissolve the pericarp. The resulting nixtamal is ground with little or no washing or hulling.
By pre-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote (alkaline wastewater) production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time (to approximately four hours) compared to traditional nixtamalization.
Impact on health
The primary nutritional benefits of nixtamalization arise from the alkaline processing involved. The processing renders the protein more digestible, allowing tryptophan to be absorbed by humans. Humans can convert tryptophan into niacin, thus helping to prevent pellagra. Other measures of protein quality are also improved.: §5.2 It was originally thought that the anti-pellagra action stems from increased availability of niacin (compared to a hemicellulose-bound form called "niacytin"), but multiple experiments have disproven this theory.: §5.2
Secondary benefits can arise from the grain's absorption of minerals from the alkali used or from the vessels used in preparation. These effects can increase calcium (by 750%, with 85% available for absorption), iron, copper, and zinc.
Nixtamalization significantly deactivates (by 90–94%) mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, molds that commonly infect maize, the toxins of which are putative carcinogens.
References
^ Thigpen, Susan (October 1983). "Hominy – Mountain Recipe". The Mountain Laurel. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
^ Doralinda Guzmán-de-Peña (2010). "The Destruction of Aflatoxins in Corn by "Nixtamalización"" (PDF). In M. Rai; A. Varma (eds.). Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 39–49. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_3. ISBN 978-3-642-00724-8. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ a b c d Wacher, Carmen (January 1, 2003). "Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods". Food Based Approaches for a Healthy Nutrition in Africa. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018.
^ a b c d e Maize in human nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1992. ISBN 9789251030134. – Section 5.2 "Lime-treated maize (part II)", Section 8 "Improvement of maize diets"
^ Harold McGee (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York, New York (USA): Scribner. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
^ Días Roig, Mercedes; Miaja, María Teresa (1979). Naranja dulce, limón partido (in Spanish) (1st ed.). México City: El Colegio de México. p. 137. ISBN 968-12-0049-7.
^ Staller, John E.; Carrasco, Michael (2009). Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4419-0471-3.
^ Ellwood, Emily C.; Scott, M. Paul; Lipe, William D.; Matson, R.G.; Jones, John G. (2013). "Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (1): 35–44. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40...35E. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.044.
^ Jennie Rose Joe; Robert S. Young (1993). Diabetes As a Disease of Civilization: The Impact of Culture Change on Indigenous People. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013474-2. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
^ Linda Murray Berzok (2005). American Indian Food. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32989-0. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
^ "Guatemalan Tortillas: How To Make Them And Why To Eat Them". Retrieved August 3, 2018.
^ Latham, Michael C. (1997). Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 183. ISBN 9789251038185.
^ Rucker, Robert B.; Zempleni, Janos; Suttie, John W.; Donald B. McCormick (2010). Handbook of Vitamins, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4200-0580-6.
^ von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang (1944). The Aztec and Maya Papermakers. J. J. Augustin Publisher. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87817-206-1.
^ "What is Hominy?". Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ "Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology". Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ "Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ "Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ "What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa?". November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ US patent 6428828, Jackson, David S. & Sahai, Deepak, "Enzymatic process for nixtamalization of cereal grains", issued 2002-08-06, assigned to NuTech Ventures Inc
Coe, Sophie. America's First Cuisines (1994). ISBN 0-292-71159-X
Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Nixtamalization", p. 534. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
Kulp, Karen and Klaude J. Lorenz (editors). Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology (2000), p. 670. ISBN 0-8247-8358-1
McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking, 2nd Edition (2004) p. 477-478 ISBN 0-684-80001-2
Smith, C. Wayne, Javier Betrán and E. C. A. Runge (editors). Corn: Origins, History and Technology (2004) p. 275 ISBN 0-471-41184-1
vteMaize and cornVarieties
Amylomaize
Baby
Blue
Dent
Field
Flint
Flour
Genetically modified
List
MON 810
MON 863
Purple
Quality Protein Maize
Shoepeg
Sweet
Varieties
Waxy
By origin
Bolivia
Ecuador
Italy
Peru
Parts
Cob
Kernel
Stover
Processing
Corn construction
Maize milling
Nixtamalization
Wet-milling
Popcorn maker
Pathology
BBCH-scale
Corn allergy
Corn smut
Maize streak virus
Production
Biofuel
Corn crib
Cornstalk fiddle
By country
U.S.
Tanzania
International corn production statistics
List of popcorn brands
Three Sisters (agriculture)
Culture
Corn Palace
Corn School
Field of Corn (1994 sculpture)
National Cornbread Festival
Sweet Corn Festival
Zea (film)
Maize dishesIngredients
Cornmeal
Masa
Mielie-meal
Oil
Samp
Starch
Steep liquor
Syrup
Glucose syrup
High-fructose
Public relations
High-maltose
Soups, stews, and porridge
Banku
Binte biluhuta
Bulz
Cocoloși
Corn chowder
Corn crab soup
Corn pudding
Corn soup
Corn stew
Cou-cou
Creamed corn
Fufu
Ginataang mais
Grits
Hasty pudding
Kačamak
Mămăligă
Mămăligă în pături
Mush
Pashofa
Polenta
Pozole
Sagamite
Suam na mais
Ugali
Xarém
Tamales
Acaçá
Tamale
Binaki
Guanime
Hallaca
Humita
Nacatamal
Pamonha
Pasteles
Breads and cakes
Arepa
Bollo
Broa
Cachapa
Chipa guasu
Cornbread
Corn cookie
Corn tortilla
List of tortilla-based dishes
Johnnycake
Makki di roti
Pastel de choclo
Piki
Proja
Pupusa
Sloosh
Sope
Sopa paraguaya
Spoonbread
Talo
Totopo
Wotou
Fried dishes
Battered sausage
Corn chip
Corn dog
Corn fritter
Corn nut
Cornick
Corn schnitzel
Hushpuppy
Milho frito
Sorullos
Other foods
Alivenci
Binatog
Conkies
Corn flakes
Corn on the cob
Corn relish
Corn sauce
Gofio
Hominy
Huitlacoche
Kenkey
Kuymak
Maíz con hielo
Maja maíz
Maque choux
Mote
Pinole
Popcorn
Succotash
Beverages
Atole
Bourbon whiskey
Cauim
Champurrado
Chicha
Chicha de jora
Chicha morada
Colada morada
Corn beer
Corn tea
Corn whiskey
Mazamorra
Pinolillo
Pozol
Tejate
Tejuino
Tesgüino
vteCooking techniquesList of cooking techniquesDryConduction
Dry roasting
Hot salt frying
Searing
Convection
Baking
Roasting (modern)
Smoking
Barbecue
Radiation
Charbroiler
Grilling (charbroiling)
Roasting (traditional)
Rotisserie
Toasting
WetHigh heat
Blanching
Boiling
Decoction
Parboiling
Shocking
Reduction
Low heat
Coddling
Creaming
Infusion
Poaching
Simmering
Slow cooking
Smothering
Steeping
Stewing
Indirect heat
Bain-marie (Double boiling)
Sous-vide
Double steaming
Steaming
Fat-basedHigh heat
Basting
Blackening
Browning
Frying
Deep frying
Pan frying
Shallow frying
Stir frying
Sautéing
Low heat
Gentle frying
Sweating
Mixed medium
Carryover cooking
Barbecuing
Braising
Caramelization
Deglazing
Flambé
Fricassee
Indirect grilling/Plank cooking
Stir frying (chao)
Device-based
Air frying
Microwaving
Pressure cooking
Pressure frying
Slow cooker
Thermal cooking
Non-heat
Aging
Brining
Curing
Drying
Fermenting
Juicing
Pickling
Purée
Salting
Souring
See also
List of cooking appliances
List of cooking vessels
Outdoor cooking
Food preparation
Food preservation
Food safety
Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tortilleras_Nebel.jpg"},{"link_name":"lithograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph"},{"link_name":"tortilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hominy_(maize).JPG"},{"link_name":"/ˌnɪkstəməlɪˈzeɪʃən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_grain"},{"link_name":"cooked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking"},{"link_name":"alkaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline"},{"link_name":"limewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limewater"},{"link_name":"alkali metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal"},{"link_name":"carbonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ml-1"},{"link_name":"hulled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulling"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarp"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"nutritional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_(taste)"},{"link_name":"aroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma"},{"link_name":"mycotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin"},{"link_name":"aflatoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hemicellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate-3"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"pellagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao92-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cornmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornmeal"},{"link_name":"masa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa"},{"link_name":"tortillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla"},{"link_name":"tortilla chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla_chip"},{"link_name":"corn chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_chip"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"hominy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy"}],"text":"Procedure for preparing corn to eatAn 1836 lithograph of tortilla production in rural MexicoBowl of hominy (nixtamalized corn kernels)Nixtamalization (/ˌnɪkstəməlɪˈzeɪʃən/) is a process for the preparation of maize, or other grain, in which the grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater (but sometimes aqueous alkali metal carbonates),[1] washed, and then hulled. The term can also refer to the removal via an alkali process of the pericarp from other grains such as sorghum.Nixtamalized corn has several benefits over unprocessed grain: It is more easily ground, its nutritional value is increased, flavor and aroma are improved, and mycotoxins are reduced by up to 97%–100% (for aflatoxins).[2]Lime and ash are highly alkaline: the alkalinity helps the dissolution of hemicellulose, the major glue-like component of the maize cell walls, and loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the maize.[3] The tryptophan in corn proteins are made more available for human absorption, thus helping to prevent pellagra.[4]: §5.2Some of the corn oil is broken down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides), while bonding of the maize proteins to each other is also facilitated. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains.[5]While cornmeal made from untreated ground maize is unable by itself to form a dough on addition of water, nixtamalized cornmeal will form a dough, called masa. These benefits make nixtamalization a crucial preliminary step for further processing of maize into food products, and the process is employed using both traditional and industrial methods in the production of tortillas and tortilla chips (but not corn chips), tamales, hominy, and many other items.","title":"Nixtamalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[niʃtaˈmalːi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[neʃtaˈmalːi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Mexican Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spanish"},{"link_name":"[nistaˈmal]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"tamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"}],"text":"In the Aztec language Nahuatl, the word for the product of this procedure is nixtamalli or nextamalli (pronounced [niʃtaˈmalːi] or [neʃtaˈmalːi]), which in turn has yielded Mexican Spanish nixtamal ([nistaˈmal]). The Nahuatl word is a compound of nextli \"lime ashes\" and tamalli \"unformed/cooked corn dough, tamal\".[6] The term nixtamalization can also be used to describe the removal of the pericarp from any grain by an alkali process, including maize, sorghum, and others. When the unaltered Spanish spelling nixtamalización is used in written English, however, it almost exclusively refers to maize.The labels on packages of commercially sold tortillas prepared with nixtamalized maize usually list corn treated with lime as an ingredient in English, while the Spanish versions list maíz nixtamalizado.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dried_Maize_Mote_from_Oaxaca.png"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"US quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"Mexican peso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staller-7"},{"link_name":"pot boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_boiler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Mayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization"},{"link_name":"calcium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"potassium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"Chibcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"soda ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_ash"},{"link_name":"niacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao92-4"},{"link_name":"staple food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food"},{"link_name":"deficiency diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiency_disease"},{"link_name":"pellagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra"},{"link_name":"kwashiorkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwashiorkor"},{"link_name":"complete protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_protein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao92-4"}],"sub_title":"Mesoamerica","text":"Dried, treated maize sold in Oaxaca, Mexico (US quarter and Mexican peso shown for scale)The process of nixtamalization was first developed in Mesoamerica, where maize was originally cultivated. There is no precise date when the technology was developed, but the earliest evidence of nixtamalization is found in Guatemala's southern coast, with equipment dating from 1200 to 1500 BC.[7]How nixtamalization was discovered is not known, but one possibility may have been through the use of hot stones (see pot boiler) to boil corn in early cultures which did not have cooking vessels robust enough to put directly on fire or coals. In limestone regions like those in Guatemala and southern Mexico, heated chunks of limestone would naturally be used, and experiments show that hot limestone makes the cooking water sufficiently alkaline to cause nixtamalization. Archaeological evidence supporting this possibility has been found in southern Utah, United States.[8]The Aztec and Mayan civilizations developed nixtamalization using slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and lye (potassium hydroxide) to create alkaline solutions. The Chibcha people to the north of the ancient Inca also used calcium hydroxide (also known as \"cal\"), while the tribes of North America used soda ash.The nixtamalization process was very important in the early Mesoamerican diet, as there is very little niacin in corn and the tryptophan within is unavailable without processing.[4]: §5.2 A population that depends on untreated maize as a staple food risks malnourishment and is more likely to develop deficiency diseases such as pellagra, niacin deficiency, or kwashiorkor, the absence of certain amino acids that maize is deficient in. Maize cooked with lime or other alkali provided bioavailable niacin to Mesoamericans. Beans provided the otherwise missing amino acids required to balance maize for complete protein.[4]: §8","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maya cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Aztec cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Mexican cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_region"},{"link_name":"Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"pellagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Spread","text":"The spread of maize cultivation in the Americas was accompanied by the adoption of the nixtamalization process. Traditional and contemporary regional cuisines (including Maya cuisine, Aztec cuisine, and Mexican cuisine) included, and still include, foods based on nixtamalized maize.The process has not substantially declined in usage in the Mesoamerican region, though there has been a decline in North America. Many Native North American tribes, such as the Huron, no longer use the process.[citation needed] In some Mesoamerican and North American regions, dishes are still made from nixtamalized maize prepared by traditional techniques. The Hopi produce sodium carbonate from ashes of various native plants and trees.[9][10] Some contemporary Maya use calcium salts in the form of ashes of burnt mussel shells or heated limestone.[11]In the United States, European settlers did not always adopt the nixtamalization process, except in the case of hominy grits, though maize became a staple among the poor of the southern states. This led to endemic pellagra in poor populations throughout the southern US in the early 20th century.[12] A more varied diet and fortification of wheat flour, the other staple food, have essentially eliminated this deficiency.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nixtamalized_Corn_maize_El_Salvador_recipe.jpg"},{"link_name":"cooked in an alkaline solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"hemicellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose"},{"link_name":"pectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"gelatinize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_gelatinization"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosperm"}],"sub_title":"Cooking","text":"Dry maize, boiled in lime (right) and untreated (left). In this case, typical of El Salvador, a pound of maize (454 g) is boiled with a tablespoon of lime (15 mL) for 15 minutes, left to stand for a few hours, and washed with fresh water. The hulls are removed, and the kernels ground into masa. Exact methods vary by use and region.In the first step of nixtamalization, kernels of dried maize are cooked in an alkaline solution at or near the mixture's boiling point. After cooking, the maize is steeped in the cooking liquid for a period. The length of time for which the maize is boiled and soaked varies according to local traditions and the type of food being prepared, with cooking times ranging from a few minutes to an hour, and soaking times from a few minutes to about a day.During cooking and soaking, a number of chemical changes take place in the grains of maize. Because plant cell wall components, including hemicellulose and pectin, are highly soluble in alkaline solutions, the kernels soften and their pericarps (hulls) loosen. The grain hydrates and absorbs calcium or potassium (depending on the alkali used) from the cooking solution. Starches swell and gelatinize, and some starches disperse into the liquid. Certain chemicals[which?] from the germ are released that allow the cooked grains to be ground more easily, yet make dough made from the grains less likely to tear and break down. Cooking changes the grain's protein matrix, which makes proteins and nutrients from the endosperm of the kernel more available to the human body.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarp"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosperm"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grain"},{"link_name":"germ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_germ"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pozole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozole"},{"link_name":"menudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_(soup)"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"tortillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"pupusas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupusa"},{"link_name":"samp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samp"}],"sub_title":"Extraction","text":"After cooking, the alkaline liquid (known as nejayote), containing dissolved hull, starch, and other corn matter, is decanted and discarded (or sometimes used for making amate bark paper).[14] The kernels are washed thoroughly of remaining nejayote, which has an unpleasant flavor. The pericarp is then removed, leaving the endosperm of the grain with or without the germ, depending on the process.[15][16][17][18][19] This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small-scale preparation, or mechanically, in larger scale or industrial production.The prepared grain is called hominy or nixtamal. Nixtamal has many uses, contemporary and historic. Whole nixtamal may be used fresh or dried for later use. Whole nixtamal is used in the preparation of pozole, menudo, and other foods. Ground fresh nixtamal is made into masa (nixtamal dough) and used to make tortillas, tamales, and pupusas. Dried and ground, it is called masa harina or instant masa flour, and is reconstituted and used like masa.The term hominy may refer to whole, coarsely ground, or finely ground nixtamal, or to a cooked porridge (also called samp) prepared from any of these.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"corn wet-milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_wet-milling"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Enzymatic nixtamalization","text":"An alternative process for use in industrial settings has been developed known as enzymatic nixtamalization, which uses protease enzymes to accelerate the changes that occur in traditional nixtamalization, a technique borrowed from modern corn wet-milling. In this process, corn or corn meal is first partially hydrated in hot water, so that enzymes can penetrate the grain, then soaked briefly (for approximately 30 minutes) at 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) in an alkaline solution containing protease enzymes. A secondary enzymatic digestion may follow to further dissolve the pericarp. The resulting nixtamal is ground with little or no washing or hulling.By pre-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote (alkaline wastewater) production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time (to approximately four hours) compared to traditional nixtamalization.[20]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"pellagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra"},{"link_name":"protein quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_quality"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao92-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao92-4"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate-3"},{"link_name":"mycotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin"},{"link_name":"Fusarium verticillioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_verticillioides"},{"link_name":"Fusarium proliferatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_proliferatum"},{"link_name":"carcinogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate-3"}],"text":"The primary nutritional benefits of nixtamalization arise from the alkaline processing involved. The processing renders the protein more digestible, allowing tryptophan to be absorbed by humans. Humans can convert tryptophan into niacin, thus helping to prevent pellagra. Other measures of protein quality are also improved.[4]: §5.2 It was originally thought that the anti-pellagra action stems from increased availability of niacin (compared to a hemicellulose-bound form called \"niacytin\"),[3] but multiple experiments have disproven this theory.[4]: §5.2Secondary benefits can arise from the grain's absorption of minerals from the alkali used or from the vessels used in preparation. These effects can increase calcium (by 750%, with 85% available for absorption), iron, copper, and zinc.[3]Nixtamalization significantly deactivates (by 90–94%) mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, molds that commonly infect maize, the toxins of which are putative carcinogens.[3]","title":"Impact on health"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An 1836 lithograph of tortilla production in rural Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tortilleras_Nebel.jpg/250px-Tortilleras_Nebel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bowl of hominy (nixtamalized corn kernels)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hominy_%28maize%29.JPG/200px-Hominy_%28maize%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dried, treated maize sold in Oaxaca, Mexico (US quarter and Mexican peso shown for scale)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dried_Maize_Mote_from_Oaxaca.png/220px-Dried_Maize_Mote_from_Oaxaca.png"},{"image_text":"Dry maize, boiled in lime (right) and untreated (left). In this case, typical of El Salvador, a pound of maize (454 g) is boiled with a tablespoon of lime (15 mL) for 15 minutes, left to stand for a few hours, and washed with fresh water. The hulls are removed, and the kernels ground into masa. Exact methods vary by use and region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nixtamalized_Corn_maize_El_Salvador_recipe.jpg/220px-Nixtamalized_Corn_maize_El_Salvador_recipe.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Thigpen, Susan (October 1983). \"Hominy – Mountain Recipe\". The Mountain Laurel. Retrieved November 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtnlaurel.com/recipes/160-hominy-mountain-recipe.html","url_text":"\"Hominy – Mountain Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"Doralinda Guzmán-de-Peña (2010). \"The Destruction of Aflatoxins in Corn by \"Nixtamalización\"\" (PDF). In M. Rai; A. Varma (eds.). Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 39–49. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_3. ISBN 978-3-642-00724-8. Retrieved April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://libcatalog.cimmyt.org/download/reprints/98545.pdf","url_text":"\"The Destruction of Aflatoxins in Corn by \"Nixtamalización\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-00725-5_3","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-00724-8","url_text":"978-3-642-00724-8"}]},{"reference":"Wacher, Carmen (January 1, 2003). \"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods\". Food Based Approaches for a Healthy Nutrition in Africa. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826","url_text":"\"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202539/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826_Nixtamalization_a_Mesoamerican_technology_to_process_maize_at_small-scale_with_great_potential_for_improving_the_nutritional_quality_of_maize_based_foods","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maize in human nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1992. ISBN 9789251030134.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fao.org/3/T0395E/T0395E00.htm","url_text":"Maize in human nutrition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251030134","url_text":"9789251030134"}]},{"reference":"Harold McGee (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York, New York (USA): Scribner. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. Retrieved January 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&q=nixtamalization","url_text":"On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons","url_text":"Scribner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1","url_text":"978-0-684-80001-1"}]},{"reference":"Días Roig, Mercedes; Miaja, María Teresa (1979). Naranja dulce, limón partido (in Spanish) (1st ed.). México City: El Colegio de México. p. 137. ISBN 968-12-0049-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-12-0049-7","url_text":"968-12-0049-7"}]},{"reference":"Staller, John E.; Carrasco, Michael (2009). Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4419-0471-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0471-3","url_text":"978-1-4419-0471-3"}]},{"reference":"Ellwood, Emily C.; Scott, M. Paul; Lipe, William D.; Matson, R.G.; Jones, John G. (2013). \"Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (1): 35–44. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40...35E. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.044.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1172&context=agron_pubs","url_text":"\"Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JArSc..40...35E","url_text":"2013JArSc..40...35E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2012.05.044","url_text":"10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.044"}]},{"reference":"Jennie Rose Joe; Robert S. Young (1993). Diabetes As a Disease of Civilization: The Impact of Culture Change on Indigenous People. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013474-2. Retrieved October 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0sdbsTK08C","url_text":"Diabetes As a Disease of Civilization: The Impact of Culture Change on Indigenous People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013474-2","url_text":"978-3-11-013474-2"}]},{"reference":"Linda Murray Berzok (2005). American Indian Food. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32989-0. Retrieved October 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B_y0ekzJvwQC","url_text":"American Indian Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32989-0","url_text":"978-0-313-32989-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Guatemalan Tortillas: How To Make Them And Why To Eat Them\". Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.healthacrosscultures.com/guatemalan-tortillas/","url_text":"\"Guatemalan Tortillas: How To Make Them And Why To Eat Them\""}]},{"reference":"Latham, Michael C. (1997). Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 183. ISBN 9789251038185.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_diGLEXZEGh8C","url_text":"Human Nutrition in the Developing World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_diGLEXZEGh8C/page/n189","url_text":"183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251038185","url_text":"9789251038185"}]},{"reference":"Rucker, Robert B.; Zempleni, Janos; Suttie, John W.; Donald B. McCormick (2010). Handbook of Vitamins, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4200-0580-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_B._McCormick","url_text":"Donald B. McCormick"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6fYso23Mi5IC&pg=PA192","url_text":"Handbook of Vitamins, Fourth Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0580-6","url_text":"978-1-4200-0580-6"}]},{"reference":"von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang (1944). The Aztec and Maya Papermakers. J. J. Augustin Publisher. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87817-206-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Wolfgang_von_Hagen","url_text":"von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-206-1","url_text":"978-0-87817-206-1"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Hominy?\". Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-hominy.html","url_text":"\"What is Hominy?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology\". Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://74.6.238.252/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=nixtamalization+germ&fr=altavista&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=nixtamalization+germ&d=4892844087183950&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=f7949c99,15694ecd&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=Rl3KbkpqQ_QD4uM69aUYCg--","url_text":"\"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process\". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm","url_text":"\"Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022421/http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain\". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489.aspx","url_text":"\"Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100059/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa?\". November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/","url_text":"\"What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713112935/http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mtnlaurel.com/recipes/160-hominy-mountain-recipe.html","external_links_name":"\"Hominy – Mountain Recipe\""},{"Link":"http://libcatalog.cimmyt.org/download/reprints/98545.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Destruction of Aflatoxins in Corn by \"Nixtamalización\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-00725-5_3","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_3"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826","external_links_name":"\"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology to process maize at small-scale with great potential for improving the nutritional quality of maize based foods\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202539/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228453826_Nixtamalization_a_Mesoamerican_technology_to_process_maize_at_small-scale_with_great_potential_for_improving_the_nutritional_quality_of_maize_based_foods","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fao.org/3/T0395E/T0395E00.htm","external_links_name":"Maize in human nutrition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&q=nixtamalization","external_links_name":"On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen"},{"Link":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1172&context=agron_pubs","external_links_name":"\"Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JArSc..40...35E","external_links_name":"2013JArSc..40...35E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2012.05.044","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.044"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0sdbsTK08C","external_links_name":"Diabetes As a Disease of Civilization: The Impact of Culture Change on Indigenous People"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B_y0ekzJvwQC","external_links_name":"American Indian Food"},{"Link":"https://www.healthacrosscultures.com/guatemalan-tortillas/","external_links_name":"\"Guatemalan Tortillas: How To Make Them And Why To Eat Them\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_diGLEXZEGh8C","external_links_name":"Human Nutrition in the Developing World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_diGLEXZEGh8C/page/n189","external_links_name":"183"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6fYso23Mi5IC&pg=PA192","external_links_name":"Handbook of Vitamins, Fourth Edition"},{"Link":"http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-hominy.html","external_links_name":"\"What is Hominy?\""},{"Link":"http://74.6.238.252/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=nixtamalization+germ&fr=altavista&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=nixtamalization+germ&d=4892844087183950&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=f7949c99,15694ecd&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=Rl3KbkpqQ_QD4uM69aUYCg--","external_links_name":"\"Nixtamalization, a Mesoamerican technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm","external_links_name":"\"Technological Limitations of the Nixtamalization Process\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022421/http://www.maiztortilla.com/en/introduction/limitations.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Selective Nixtamalization of Fractions of Maize Grain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100059/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Paper/12460489.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/","external_links_name":"\"What's the difference between corn meal and corn masa?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713112935/http://www.joepastry.com/2010/11/04/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6428828B1/en","external_links_name":"US patent 6428828"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_wire
|
Barbed wire
|
["1 Design","1.1 Nominal diameter","2 History","2.1 Before 1865","2.2 1873 meeting and initial development","2.3 Promotion and consolidation","2.4 In the American West","2.5 In the Southwest United States","3 Installation","3.1 Gates","4 Uses","4.1 Agriculture","4.2 Warfare and law enforcement","5 Safety and injuries","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References and further reading","9 External links"]
|
Type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points
"Barb wire" redirects here. For other uses, see Barb wire (disambiguation).
Close-up of a barbed wire
Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire
Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. Its primary use is the construction of inexpensive fences, and it is also used as a security measure atop walls surrounding property. As a wire obstacle, it is a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare.
A person or animal trying to pass through or over barbed wire will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed wire fencing requires only fence posts, wire, and fixing devices such as staples. It is simple to construct and quick to erect, even by an unskilled person.
The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor. Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.
Wire fences are cheaper and easier to erect than their alternatives (one such alternative is Osage orange, a thorny bush that is time-consuming to transplant and grow). When wire fences became widely available in the United States in the late 19th century, it became more affordable to fence much larger areas than before, and intensive animal husbandry was made practical on a much larger scale.
An example of the costs of fencing with lumber immediately prior to the invention of barbed wire can be found with the first farmers in the Fresno, California, area, who spent nearly $4,000 (equivalent to $102,000 in 2023) to have wood for fencing delivered and erected to protect 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of wheat crop from free-ranging livestock in 1872.
Design
This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2019)
Materials
Zinc-coated steel wire. Galvanized steel wire is the most widely used steel wire during barbed wire production. It has commercial type, Class 1 type and Class 3 type. Or it is also well known as electric galvanized steel wire and hot dipped galvanized steel wire.
Zinc-aluminum alloy coated steel wire. Barbed wire is available with zinc, 5% or 10% aluminum alloy and mischmetal steel wire, which is also known as Galfan wire.
Polymer-coated steel wire. Zinc steel wire or zinc-aluminum steel wire with PVC, PE or other organic polymer coating.
Stainless steel wire. It is available with SAE 304, 316 and other materials.
Strand structure
Single strand. Simple and light duty structure with single line wire (also known as strand wire) and barbs.
Double strand. Conventional structure with double strand wire (line wire) and barbs.
Barb structure
Single barb. Also known as 2-point barbed wire. It uses single barb wire twisted on the line wire (strand wire).
Double barb. Also known as 4-point barbed wire. Two barb wires twisted on the line wire (strand wire).
Twist type
Conventional twist. The strand wire (line wire) are twisted in single direction, which is also known as traditional twist. Besides, the barb wires are twisted between the two strand wire (line wire).
Reverse twist. The strand wire (line wire) are twisted in opposite direction. Besides, the barb wires are twisted outside of the two line wire.
Nominal diameter
Gauge
Imperial
Metric
12+1⁄2 gauge
0.099 in.
2.51 mm
13 gauge
0.093 in.
2.34 mm
13+3⁄4 gauge
0.083 in.
2.11 mm
14 gauge
0.080 in.
2.03 mm
16+1⁄2 gauge
0.058 in.
1.47 mm
History
Before 1865
Fencing consisting of flat and thin wire was first proposed in France, by Leonce Eugene Grassin-Baledans in 1860. His design consisted of bristling points, creating a fence that was painful to cross. In April 1865 Louis François Janin proposed a double wire with diamond-shaped metal barbs; Francois was granted a patent. Michael Kelly from New York had a similar idea, and proposed that the fencing should be used specifically for deterring animals.
More patents followed, and in 1867 alone there were six patents issued for barbed wire. Only two of them addressed livestock deterrence, one of which was from American Lucien B. Smith of Ohio. Before 1870, westward movement in the United States was largely across the plains with little or no settlement occurring. After the American Civil War the plains were extensively settled, consolidating America's dominance over them.
Ranchers moved out on the plains, and needed to fence their land in against encroaching farmers and other ranchers. The railroads throughout the growing West needed to keep livestock off their tracks, and farmers needed to keep stray cattle from trampling their crops. Traditional fence materials used in the Eastern U.S., like wood and stone, were expensive to use in the large open spaces of the plains, and hedging was not reliable in the rocky, clay-based and rain-starved dusty soils. A cost-effective alternative was needed to make cattle operations profitable.
1873 meeting and initial development
An early handmade specimen of Glidden's "The Winner" on display at the Barbed Wire History Museum in DeKalb, Illinois
Patent drawing for Joseph F. Glidden's Improvement to barbed wire (24 November 1874)
The "Big Four" in barbed wire were Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish, Charles Francis Washburn, and Isaac L. Ellwood. Glidden, a farmer in 1873 and the first of the "Big Four," is often credited for designing a successful sturdy barbed wire product, but he let others popularize it for him. Glidden's idea came from a display at a fair in DeKalb, Illinois in 1873, by Henry B. Rose. Rose had patented "The Wooden Strip with Metallic Points" in May 1873.
This was simply a wooden block with wire protrusions designed to keep cows from breaching the fence. That day, Glidden was accompanied by two other men, Isaac L. Ellwood, a hardware dealer and Jacob Haish, a lumber merchant. Like Glidden, they both wanted to create a more durable wire fence with fixed barbs. Glidden experimented with a grindstone to twist two wires together to hold the barbs on the wire in place. The barbs were created from experiments with a coffee mill from his home.
Later Glidden was joined by Ellwood who knew his design could not compete with Glidden's for which he applied for a patent in October 1873. Meanwhile, Haish, who had already secured several patents for barbed wire design, applied for a patent on his third type of wire, the S barb, and accused Glidden of interference, deferring Glidden's approval for his patented wire, nicknamed "The Winner," until November 24, 1874.
Barbed wire production greatly increased with Glidden and Ellwood's establishment of the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb following the success of "The Winner". The company's success attracted the attention of Charles Francis Washburn, Vice President of Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company, an important producer of plain wire in the Eastern U.S. Washburn visited DeKalb and convinced Glidden to sell his stake in the Barb Wire Fence Company, while Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I.L Ellwood & Company of DeKalb.
Promotion and consolidation
In the late 1870s, John Warne Gates of Illinois began to promote barbed wire, now a proven product, in the lucrative markets of Texas. At first, Texans were hesitant, as they feared that cattle might be harmed, or that the North was somehow trying to make profits from the South. There was also conflict between the farmers who wanted fencing and the ranchers who were losing the open range.
Demonstrations by Gates in San Antonio in 1876 showed that the wire could keep cattle contained, and sales then increased dramatically. Gates eventually parted company with Ellwood and became a barbed wire baron in his own right. Throughout the height of barbed wire sales in the late 19th century, Washburn, Ellwood, Gates, and Haish competed with one another. Ellwood and Gates eventually joined forces again to create the American Steel and Wire Company, later acquired by The U.S. Steel Corporation.
Between 1873 and 1899 there were as many as 150 companies manufacturing barbed wire. Investors knew that the business required minimal capital, and almost anyone with determination could profit by manufacturing a new wire design. There was then a sharp decline in the number of manufacturers, and many were consolidated into larger companies, notably the American Steel and Wire Company, formed by the merging of Gates's and Washburn's and Ellwood's industries.
Smaller companies were decimated because of economies of scale and the smaller pool of consumers available to them, compared to the larger corporations. The American Steel and Wire Company established in 1899 employed vertical integration: it controlled all aspects of production, from producing the steel rods to making many different wire and nail products from that steel. It later became part of U.S. Steel, and barbed wire remained a major source of revenue.
In the American West
A rangeland fence which has caught a tumbleweed
Barbed wire was important in protecting range rights in the Western U.S. Although some ranchers put notices in newspapers claiming land areas, and joined stockgrowers associations to help enforce their claims, livestock continued to cross range boundaries. Fences of smooth wire did not hold stock well, and hedges were difficult to grow and maintain. Barbed wire's introduction in the West in the 1870s dramatically reduced the cost of enclosing land. Rusted barbed wire in a roll
One fan wrote the inventor Joseph Glidden:
it takes no room, exhausts no soil, shades no vegetation, is proof against high winds, makes no snowdrifts, and is both durable and cheap.
Barbed wire emerged as a major source of conflict with the so-called "Big Die Up" incident in the 1880s. This occurred because of the instinctual migrations of cattle away from the blizzard conditions of the Northern Plains to the warmer and plentiful Southern Plains, but by the early 1880s this area was already divided and claimed by ranchers. The ranchers in place, especially in the Texas Panhandle, knew that their holdings could not support the grazing of additional cattle, so the only alternative was to block the migrations with barb wire fencing.
Many of the herds were decimated in the winter of 1885, with some losing as many as three-quarters of all animals when they could not find a way around the fence. Later other smaller scale cattlemen, especially in central Texas, opposed the closing of the open range, and began cutting fences to allow cattle to pass through to find grazing land. In this transition zone between the agricultural regions to the south and the rangeland to the north, conflict erupted, with vigilantes joining the scene causing chaos and even death. The Fence Cutting Wars ended with the passage of a Texas law in 1884 that made fence cutting a felony. Other states followed, although conflicts occurred through the early years of the 20th century. An 1885 federal law forbade placing such fences across the public domain.
Barbed wire is cited by historians as the invention that tamed the West. Herding large numbers of cattle on open range required significant manpower to catch strays. Barbed wire provided an inexpensive method to control the movement of cattle. By the beginning of the 20th century, large numbers of cowboys were unnecessary.
In the Southwest United States
Examples of barbed wire used in the late 1800s in Arizona Territory
John Warne Gates demonstrated barbed wire for Washburn and Moen in Military Plaza, San Antonio, Texas in 1876. The demonstration showing cattle restrained by the new kind of fencing was followed immediately by invitations to the Menger Hotel to place orders. Gates subsequently had a falling out with Washburn and Moen and Isaac Ellwood. He moved to St. Louis and founded the Southern Wire Company, which became the largest manufacturer of unlicensed or "bootleg" barbed wire.
An 1880 US District Court decision upheld the validity of the Glidden patent, effectively establishing a monopoly. This decision was affirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1892. In 1898 Gates took control of Washburn and Moen, and created the American Steel and Wire monopoly, which became a part of the United States Steel Corporation.
This led to disputes known as the range wars between open range ranchers and farmers in the late 19th century. These were similar to the disputes which resulted from enclosure laws in England in the early 18th century. These disputes were decisively settled in favor of the farmers, and heavy penalties were instituted for cutting a barbed wire fence. Within 2 years, nearly all of the open range had been fenced in under private ownership. For this reason, some historians have dated the end of the Old West era of American history to the invention and subsequent proliferation of barbed wire.
Installation
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Barbed wire fence in line brace
The most important and most time-consuming part of a barbed wire fence is constructing the corner post and the bracing assembly. A barbed wire fence is under tremendous tension, often up to half a ton, and so the corner post's sole function is to resist the tension of the fence spans connected to it. The bracing keeps the corner post vertical and prevents slack from developing in the fence.
Brace posts are placed in-line about 2.5 metres (8 ft) from the corner post. A horizontal compression brace connects the top of the two posts, and a diagonal wire connects the top of the brace post to the bottom of the corner post. This diagonal wire prevents the brace post from leaning, which in turn allows the horizontal brace to prevent the corner post from leaning into the brace post. A second set of brace posts (forming a double brace) is used whenever the barbed wire span exceeds 60 metres (200 ft).
When the barbed wire span exceeds 200 m (650 ft), a braced line assembly is added in-line. This has the function of a corner post and brace assembly but handles tension from opposite sides. It uses diagonal brace wire that connects the tops to the bottoms of all adjacent posts.
Line posts are installed along the span of the fence at intervals of 2.5 to 15 m (8 to 50 ft). An interval of 5 m (16 ft) is most common. Heavy livestock and crowded pasture demands the smaller spacing. The sole function of a line post is not to take up slack but to keep the barbed wire strands spaced equally and off the ground.
Once these posts and bracing have been erected, the wire is wrapped around one corner post, held with a hitch (a timber hitch works well for this) often using a staple to hold the height and then reeled out along the span of the fence replacing the roll every 400 m. It is then wrapped around the opposite corner post, pulled tightly with wire stretchers, and sometimes nailed with more fence staples, although this may make readjustment of tension or replacement of the wire more difficult. Then it is attached to all of the line posts with fencing staples driven in partially to allow stretching of the wire.
There are several ways to anchor the wire to a corner post:
Hand-knotting. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and knotted by hand. This is the most common method of attaching wire to a corner post. A timber hitch works well as it stays better with wire than with rope.
Crimp sleeves. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and bound to the incoming wire using metal sleeves which are crimped using lock cutters. This method should be avoided because while sleeves can work well on repairs in the middle of the fence where there is not enough wire for hand knotting, they tend to slip when under tension.
Wire vise. The wire is passed through a hole drilled into the corner post and is anchored on the far side.
Wire wrap. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and wrapped onto a special, gritted helical wire which also wraps around the incoming wire, with friction holding it in place.
Barbed wire for agriculture use is typically double-strand 12+1⁄2-gauge, zinc-coated (galvanized) steel and comes in rolls of 400 m (1,320 ft) length. Barbed wire is usually placed on the inner (pasture) side of the posts. Where a fence runs between two pastures livestock could be with the wire on the outside or on both sides of the fence.
Galvanized wire is classified into three categories; Classes I, II, and III. Class I has the thinnest coating and the shortest life expectancy. A wire with Class I coating will start showing general rusting in 8 to 10 years, while the same wire with Class III coating will show rust in 15 to 20 years. Aluminum-coated wire is occasionally used, and yields a longer life.
Corner posts are 15 to 20 centimetres (6 to 8 in) in diameter or larger, and a minimum 2.5 metres (8 ft) in length may consist of treated wood or from durable on-site trees such as osage orange, black locust, red cedar, or red mulberry, also railroad ties, telephone, and power poles are salvaged to be used as corner posts (poles and railroad ties were often treated with chemicals determined to be an environmental hazard and cannot be reused in some jurisdictions). In Canada spruce posts are sold for this purpose. Posts are 10 centimetres (4 in) in diameter driven at least 1.2 metres (4 ft) and may be anchored in a concrete base 51 centimetres (20 in) square and 110 centimetres (42 in) deep. Iron posts, if used, are a minimum 64 millimetres (2.5 in) in diameter. Bracing wire is typically smooth 9-gauge. Line posts are set to a depth of about 76 centimetres (30 in). Conversely, steel posts are not as stiff as wood, and wires are fastened with slips along fixed teeth, which means variations in driving height affect wire spacing.
During the First World War, screw pickets were used for the installation of wire obstacles; these were metal rods with eyelets for holding strands of wire, and a corkscrew-like end that could literally be screwed into the ground rather than hammered, so that wiring parties could work at night near enemy soldiers and not reveal their position by the sound of hammers.
Gates
Wire or "Hampshire" gate
As with any fence, barbed wire fences require gates to allow the passage of persons, vehicles and farm implements. Gates vary in width from 3.5 metres (12 ft) to allow the passage of vehicles and tractors, to 12 metres (40 ft) on farm land to pass combines and swathers.
One style of gate is called the Hampshire gate in the UK, a New Zealand gate in some areas, and often simply a "gate" elsewhere. Made of wire with posts attached at both ends and in the middle, it is permanently wired on one side and attaches to a gate post with wire loops on the other. Most designs can be opened by hand, though some gates that are frequently opened and closed may have a lever attached to assist in bringing the upper wire loop over the gate post.
Gates for cattle tend to have four wires when along a three wire fence, as cattle tend to put more stress on gates, particularly on corner gates. The fence on each side of the gate ends with two corner posts braced or unbraced depending on the size of the post. An unpounded post (often an old broken post) is held to one corner post with wire rings which act as hinges. On the other end a full-length post, the tractor post, is placed with the pointed end upwards with a ring on the bottom stapled to the other corner post, the latch post, and on top a ring is stapled to the tractor post, tied with a Stockgrower's Lash or one of numerous other opening bindings. Wires are then tied around the post at one end then run to the other end where they are stretched by hand or with a stretcher, before posts are stapled on every 1.2 metres (4 ft). Often this type of gate is called a portagee fence or a portagee gate in various ranching communities of coastal Central California.
Most gates can be opened by push post. The chain is then wrapped around the tractor post and pulled onto the nail, stronger people can pull the gate tighter but anyone can jar off the chain to open the gate.
Uses
Agriculture
Modern barbed wire
Barbed wire fences remain the standard fencing technology for enclosing cattle in most regions of the United States, but not all countries. The wire is aligned under tension between heavy, braced, fence posts (strainer posts) and then held at the correct height by being attached to wooden or steel fence posts, and/or with battens in between.
The gaps between posts vary depending on type and terrain. On short fences in hilly country, steel posts may be placed every 3 metres (3 yd), while in flat terrain with long spans and relatively few stock they may be spaced up to 30 to 50 metres (33 to 55 yd) apart. Wooden posts are normally spaced at 10 metres (11 yd) on all terrain, with 4 or 5 battens in between. However, many farmers place posts 2 metres (2 yd) apart as battens can bend, causing wires to close in on one another.
Barbed wire for agricultural fencing is typically available in two varieties: soft or mild-steel wire and high-tensile. Both types are galvanized for longevity. High-tensile wire is made with thinner but higher-strength steel. Its greater strength makes fences longer lasting because it resists stretching and loosening better, coping with expansion and contraction caused by heat and animal pressure by stretching and relaxing within wider elastic limits. It also supports longer spans, but because of its elastic (springy) nature, it is harder to handle and somewhat dangerous for inexperienced fencers. Soft wire is much easier to work but is less durable and only suitable for short spans such as repairs and gates, where it is less likely to tangle.
In high soil-fertility areas where dairy cattle are used in great numbers, 5- or 7-wire fences are common as the main boundary and internal dividing fences. On sheep farms 7-wire fences are common with the second (from bottom) to fifth wire being plain wire. In New Zealand wire fences must provide passage for dogs since they are the main means of controlling and driving animals on farms.
Warfare and law enforcement
A wiring party deploying entanglements during World War I
Barbed wire was used for the first time by Portuguese troops defending from African tribes during the Combat of Magul in 1895. Less well known is its extensive usage in the Russo-Japanese War.
In 1899 barbed wire was also extensively used in the Boer War, where it played a strategic role bringing spaces under control, at military outposts as well as to hold the captured Boer population in concentration camps.
The government of the United States built its first international border fence from 1909 to 1911 along the California-Mexico border. It included barbed wire and was intended to keep cattle from moving between the two countries. In 1924, the United States created its border patrol, which built more barbed wire fences on the Mexican border; this time to prevent people from crossing.
More significantly, barbed wire was used extensively by all participating combatants in World War I to prevent movement, with deadly consequences. Barbed wire entanglements were placed in front of trenches to prevent direct charges on men below, increasingly leading to greater use of more advanced weapons such as high-powered machine guns and grenades. A feature of these entanglements was that the barbs were much closer together, often forming a continuous sequence.
Barbed wire could be exposed to heavy bombardments because it could be easily replaced, and its structure included so much open space that machine guns rarely destroyed enough of it to defeat its purpose. However, barbed wire was defeated by the tank in 1916, as shown by the Allied breakthrough at Amiens through German lines on August 8, 1918.
One British writer described how the Germans used barbed wire as follows: The enemy wire was always deep, thick, and securely staked with iron supports, which were either crossed like the letter X, or upright, with loops to take the wire and shaped at one end like corkscrews so as to screw into the ground. The wire stood on these supports on a thick web, about four feet high and from thirty to forty feet across. The wire used was generally as thick as sailor's marline stuff, or two twisted rope yarns. It contained, as a rule, some sixteen barbs to the foot. The wire used in front of our lines was generally galvanized, and remained grey after months of exposure. The (German) wire, not being galvanized, rusted to a black color, and shows up black at a great distance.
Barbed wire and containment: Japanese prisoner of war 1945
During the Great Depression, migratory work camps in the United States used barbed wire.
In the 1930s and 1940s Europe the Nazis used barbed wire in concentration camp and extermination camp architecture, where it usually surrounded the camp and was electrified to prevent escape. Barbed wire served the purpose of keeping prisoners contained.
Auschwitz fence in PolandInfirmaries in extermination camps like Auschwitz where prisoners were gassed or experimented on were often separated from other areas by electrified wire and were often braided with branches to prevent outsiders from knowing what was concealed behind their walls.
During the United States' World War II Internment of Japanese Americans, barbed wire was used to enclose the concentration camps, such as Manzanar.
During the 1968 Chicago riots, barbed wire was attached to the fronts of police and National Guard vehicles. The vehicles were used to drive into protesters and rioters and were nicknamed "Daly dozers" after then-Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley.
Safety and injuries
Chain link fence with barbed wire on top
Razor wire is a curved variation of barbed wire.Most barbed wire fences, while sufficient to discourage cattle, are passable by humans who can simply climb over or through the fence by stretching the gaps between the wires using non-barbed sections of the wire as handholds. To prevent humans crossing, many prisons, and other high-security installations construct fences with razor wire, a variant which replaces the barbs with near-continuous cutting surfaces sufficient to injure unprotected persons who climb on it. Both razor wire and barbed wire can be bypassed with protection, such as a thick carpet, or with the use of wire cutters.
A commonly seen alternative is the placement of a few strands of barbed wire at the top of a chain link fence. The limited mobility of someone climbing a fence makes passing conventional barbed wire more difficult. On some chain link fences, these strands are attached to a bracket tilted 45 degrees towards the intruder, further increasing the difficulty.
Barbed wire began to be widely used as an implement of war during World War I. Wire was placed either to impede or halt the passage of soldiers, or to channel them into narrow defiles in which small arms, particularly machine guns, and indirect fire could be used with greater effect as they attempted to pass. Artillery bombardments on the Western Front became increasingly aimed at cutting the barbed wire that was a major component of trench warfare, particularly once new "wire-cutting" fuzes were introduced midway through the war.
As the war progressed, the wire was used in shorter lengths that were easier to transport and more difficult to cut with artillery. Other inventions were also a result of the war, such as the screw picket, which enabled construction of wire obstacles to be done at night in No Man's Land without the necessity of hammering stakes into the ground and drawing attention from the enemy.
During the Soviet–Afghan War, the accommodation of Afghan refugees into Pakistan was controlled in Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan, under General Rahimuddin Khan, by making the refugees stay for controlled durations in barbed wire camps (see Controlling Soviet–Afghan war refugees).
The frequent use of barbed wire on prison walls, around concentration camps, and the like, has made it symbolic of oppression and denial of freedom in general. For example, in Germany, the totality of East Germany's border regime is commonly referred to with the short phrase "Mauer und Stacheldraht" (that is, "wall and barbed wire"), and Amnesty International has a barbed wire in their symbol.
Movement against barbed wire can result in moderate to severe injuries to the skin and, depending on body area and barbed wire configuration, possibly to the underlying tissue. Humans can manage not to injure themselves excessively when dealing with barbed wire as long as they are cautious. Restriction of movement, appropriate clothing, and slow movement when close to barbed wire aid in reducing injury.
Infantrymen are often trained and inured to the injuries caused by barbed wire. Several soldiers can lie across the wire to form a bridge for the rest of the formation to pass over; often any injury thus incurred is due to the tread of those passing over and not to the wire itself.
Injuries caused by barbed wire are typically seen in horses, bats, or birds. Horses panic easily, and once caught in barbed wire, large patches of skin may be torn off. At best, such injuries may heal, but they may cause disability or death (particularly due to infection). Birds or bats may not be able to perceive thin strands of barbed wire and suffer injuries.
For this reason, horse fences may have rubber bands nailed parallel to the wires.
More than 60 different species of wildlife have been reported in Australia as victims of entanglement on barbed wire fences, and the wildlife friendly fencing project is beginning to address this problem.
Grazing animals with slow movements that will back off at the first notion of pain (e.g., sheep and cows) will not generally suffer the severe injuries often seen in other animals.
Barbed wire has been reported as a tool for human torture. It is also frequently used as a weapon in hardcore professional wrestling matches, often as a covering for another type of weapon—Mick Foley was infamous for using a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire—and infrequently as a covering of or substitute for the ring ropes.
Because of the risk of injuries, in 2010 Norway prohibited making new fences with barbed wire for limiting migration of animals. Electric fences are used instead. Consequently, automotive brands such as Bentley and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is using Norwegian (and other Northern European region) hides for producing leather interior in their cars, since the hides from Norwegian cattle have fewer scratches than hides from countries where barbed wire is used.
See also
Bangalore torpedo
Barbed Wire Act 1893
Concertina wire
Isaac L. Ellwood
Jacob Haish
Kansas Barbed Wire Museum
Razor wire
Wire obstacle
Notes
^ first patent in the United States for barbed wire
^ "The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990". The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Systems. 2000. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ "Lucien B. Smith". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. July 31, 2006. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ patent for the modern invention
^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. New Jersey: John Wiley & Songs, Inc. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-471-24410-3.
^ Winchell, Lilbourne. History of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley. p. 107.
^ "Galfan wire".
^ Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 9781861891440.
^ Alan Krell, The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire (London: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002), p.19.
^ Netz 2004, p. 10.
^ a b Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 9781861891440.
^ McCallum 1965, p. 27.
^ Alan Krell, The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire (London: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002), p. 23.
^ a b "A Brief History of Barbed Wire". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010., Devil's Rope Museum
^ McCallum 1965, pp. 29–32.
^ McCallum 1965, p. 41.
^ McCallum 1965, p. 87.
^ Joseph M., McFadden, "Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company." The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 2.
^ Joseph M., McFadden, "Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company." The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 5.
^ "Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La". files.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
^ Glen Coleman, great-nephew of William Edenborn, wrote The Man Who Fenced the West about his uncle's accomplishments regarding barbed wire.
^ a b Anderson, Terry Lee & Leal, Donald (2001). Free Market Environmentalism. 0-312-23503-8. pp. 30–31.
^ See "1873: Joseph Glidden applies for a patent on his barbed wire design" History Channel
^ McCallum 1965, p. 131.
^ McCallum 1965, pp. 165–166.
^ "Honoring the Wire That Won the West". Los Angeles Times. September 2, 2000. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
^ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. Vol. 2. ANC-Clio. p. 107. ISBN 9780313395703.
^ "The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago".
^ "29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years". Business Insider.
^ Netz (2004), p. 108.
^ Netz (2004), pp. 124–127.
^ Masefield, John, "The Old Front Line'" The Macmillan Company, New York, Copyright 1917, pages 87-88.
^ "The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon Company of Bridgeville, Delaware".
^ Razac 2003, p. 89.
^ "Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog". May 5, 2017.
^ "Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits".
^ Love, Sarah Switzer (2001). Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention (MA thesis). University of Montana. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020.
^ "1968: Whole world watched". Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2008.
^ "Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 ".
^ "Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle".
^ "1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo".
^ van der Ree, Rodney (2016). "Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife". Victorian Naturalist. 116: 210–217 – via ResearchGate.
^ "Home". wildlifefriendlyfencing.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
^ Ferriman, Annabel (February 9, 2002). "Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 324 (7333). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd: 317. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317. PMC 1122260. PMID 11834551. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.
^ "Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt". Mattilsynet. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ "Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner". Aftenposten. December 21, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
References and further reading
Bennett, Lyn Ellen, and Scott Abbott. The Perfect Fence: Untangling the Meanings of Barbed Wire (Texas A&M University Press, 2017).
Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861891440. OCLC 50494711.
McCallum, Henry D. & Frances T. (1965). The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press., LoC:65-11234
Netz, Reviel (2004). Barbed wire. An ecology of modernity. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6719-2.
Razac, Olivier (2003). Barbed Wire: A Political History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-56584-812-2.
Biography of John W. Gates, barbed wire promoter who monopolized the industry with the American Steel and Wire Company, accessed March 29, 2006
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbed wire.
Look up barbed wire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Barbed Wire".
Website of the Devils Rope Museum Archived February 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine in McLean, Texas
The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum in La Crosse, Kansas is the only museum in the world dedicated solely to barbed wire and the history of fencing."History of the invention of barbed wire". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Krell, Alan: Barbed Wire, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Wire Fence and the Dіffеrent Styles They Come In
Development and Rise of Barbed Wire at University of Virginia accessed March 29, 2006
Barbed Wire Fencing - Its Rise and Influence also at UVA, from Agricultural History, Volume 13, October 1939, accessed September 20, 2006
Glidden's patent for barbed wire accessed March 29, 2006
Antique Barbed Wire Society accessed September 21, 2006
Barbed Wire in Texas
Barbed wire changes life on the American Great Plains
The History of Barbed Wire About.com
The Wildlife Friendly Fencing project
Papers, 1878-1938, of Texas rancher and co-inventor Isaac L. Ellwood in Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University
"Patent history". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2006. accessed September 21, 2006
U.S. patent 66,182 – Lucien Smith, Kent, Ohio, Wire fence – "rotary spools with projecting spurs" (June 1867)
U.S. patent 67,117 – William Hunt, Scott, New York, Improvement in Fences – "sharpened spur wheels" (July 1867)
U.S. patent 74,379 – Michael Kelly, New York City (!), Improvement in Fences – "thorny fence" (1868)
U.S. patent 116,755 – Joshua Rappleye, Seneca County, New York, Improvement in Constructing Wire fence – tensioner for fence with palings (pickets) (1871)
U.S. patent 138,763 – Henry Rose, DeKalb County, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fences – "strips provided with metal points" (1873)
U.S. patent 147,756 – Isaac Ellwood, DeKalb, Illinois Improvement in Barbed Fences – "single piece of metal with four points, attached to a flat rail" (February, 1874)
U.S. patent 157,124 – Joseph Glidden, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fences – twisted fence wires with short spur coiled around one of the strands (November, 1874) This became the most popular patent.
U.S. patent 167,240 – Jacob Haish, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fence Barbs – "single piece of wire bent into the form of the letter S" so that both strands are clasped (1875)
U.S. patent 185,346 – John Nelson, Creston, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fence Barbs – barb installable on existing fence wire, (1876)
vteFortificationsAncient
Abatis
Acropolis
Agger
Broch
Burgus
Castellum
Castra
Castros
Chengqiang
Circular rampart
City gate
Crannog
Ditch
Defensive wall
Dun
Faussebraye
Gatehouse
Gord
Hillfort
Landwehr
Limes
Nuraghe
Oppidum
Palisade
Pincer gate
Promontory fort
Rampart
Ringfort (Rath)
Refuge castle
Schwedenschanze
Stockade
Sudis
Trou de loup
Vallum
Wagon fort (Laager)
Vitrified fort
Post-classical
Advanced work
Albarrana tower
Alcazaba
Alcázar
Amba
Arrowslit
Barbican
Bartizan
Bastion
Battery tower
Battlement
Bawn
Bent entrance
Bergfried
Berm
Boom
Bretèche
Bridge castle
Bridge tower
Burh
Butter-churn tower
Caer
Caltrop
Castle
Chamber gate
Chartaque
Chashi
Chemin de ronde
Chemise
Cheval de frise
Citadel
Coercion castle
Concentric castle
Corner tower
Counter-castle
Curtain
Drawbridge
Enceinte
Embrasure
Flanking tower
Fortified buildings (church, house, Dzong)
Fujian tulou
Ganerbenburg
Gate tower
Gabion
Glacis
Guard tower
Gulyay-gorod
Gusuku
Half tower
Hoarding
Inner bailey
Kasbah
Keep
Kremlin (Detinets)
Ksar
Landesburg
L-plan castle
Machicolation
Merlon
Moat
Motte-and-bailey
Murder hole
Neck ditch
Outer bailey
Outwork
Peel tower
Portcullis
Postern
Powder tower
Qalat
Reduit
Ribat
Ricetto
Ringwork
Roundel
Quadrangular castle
Shell keep
Shield wall
Shiro
Toll castle
Tower castle
Tower house
Turret
Viking ring fortress
Wall tower
Bailey (or ward)
Watchtower
Witch tower
Yagura
Yett
Zwinger
ModernEarly modern
Abwurfdach
Arsenal
Barricade
Bastion
Blockhouse
Breastwork
Canal
Caponier
Casemate
Cavalier
Counterguard
Couvreface
Coupure
Covertway
Crownwork
Device Forts
Entrenchment
Flèche
Gorge
Gunpowder magazine
Hornwork
Kotta mara
Lunette
Magazine
Orillon
Ostrog
Palanka
Place-of-arms
Polygonal fort
Presidio (Spanish America)
Punji sticks
Ravelin
Redan
Redoubt
Retrenchment
Sally port
Sandbag
Scarp and Counterscarp
Sconce
Schanze
Sea fort
Station
Star fort
Tenaille
19th century
Barbed wire
Barbette
Border outpost
Bunker
Coastal artillery
Disappearing gun
Fire control tower
Gun turret
Land mine
Martello tower
Outpost
Polygonal fort
Sangar
Wire obstacles
20th century
Admiralty scaffolding
Air raid shelter
Anti-tank trench
Barbed tape
Belgian gate
Blast shelter
Blast wall
Border security
Bomb shelter
Buoy
Bremer wall
Concertina wire
Defensive fighting position
British "hedgehog" road block
Czech hedgehog
Dragon's teeth
Entry control point (ECP)
Electric fence
Fallout shelter
Fire support base
Flak tower
Hardened aircraft shelter
Hesco bastion
Kabal
Loophole
Main line of resistance
Missile launch facility
Pillbox
Revetment
Sentry gun
Spider hole
Submarine pen
Underground hangar
Weapon storage area
Weapons Storage and Security System
By topography
Cave castle
Hill castle
Hillfort
Hillside castle
Hilltop castle
Island castle
Lowland castle
Marsh castle
Moated castle
Promontory fort
Ridge castle
Rocca
Rock castle
Spur castle
Water castle
Floating water castle
By role
Border barrier
Coastal defence
Coercion castle
Counter-castle
Ganerbenburg
Hunting lodge
Imperial castle
Kaiserpfalz
Landesburg
Lustschloss
Military base
Obstacle
Ordensburg
Refuge castle
Toll castle
Urban castle
By design
Bastion fort
Bridge castle
Circular rampart
Concentric castle
L-plan castle
Motte-and-bailey castle
Quadrangular castle
Ringfort
Ringwork
Tower castle
Z-plan castle
Lists
Bastion forts
Castles
Cities with defensive walls
Defense line
Fortified estate
Fortifications
Forts
Military installations
Walls
Related word
Castle town
Château
Dungeon
Festung
Fortified gateway
Loophole
National redoubt
Palas
Picket
Schloss
Trench
Vedette
Other topics
Civil defense
Continuity of government
Military urbanism
Subterranean warfare
Siege
Siege engine
list
Tunnel warfare
Trench warfare
Urban warfare
Guerrilla
See also: Category
vteAmerican frontier1776 to 1912Native Nations
Apache
Arapaho
Arikara
Assiniboine (Nakota)
Blackfoot
Cahuilla
Cayuse
Cheyenne
Chinook
Chippewa (Ojibwe)
Caddo
Cocopah
Comanche
Crow
Dakota
Five Civilized Tribes
Hidatsa
Hopi
Hualapai
Kickapoo
Kiowa
Kumeyaay
Kutenai
Lakota
Lenape (Delaware)
Mandan
Maricopa
Modoc
Mohave
Muscogee
Navajo
Nez Perce
Northern Paiute
Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
Pawnee
Pend d'Oreilles
Pequots
Pima
Pueblo
Seminoles
Shoshone
Sioux
Southern Paiute
Tohono Oʼodham
Tonkawa
Umpqua
Ute
Washoe
Yakama
Yaqui
Yavapai
Yuma (Quechan)
Notable peopleNative Americans
Black Hawk
Black Kettle
Bloody Knife
Chief Joseph
Cochise
Crazy Bear
Crazy Horse
Crazy Snake
Dasoda-hae
Geronimo
Irataba
Kiliahote
Manuelito
Massai
Plenty Coups
Quanah Parker
Red Cloud
Sacagawea
Seattle
Sitting Bull
Smallwood
Snapping Turtle
Standing Bear
Ten Bears
Touch the Clouds
Tuvi
Victorio
Washakie
Explorersand pioneers
John Bozeman
Jim Bridger
Tomás Vélez Cachupín
William Clark
Davy Crockett
Donner Party
John C. Frémont
Liver-Eating Johnson
Meriwether Lewis
Joe Mayer
William John Murphy
John Wesley Powell
Juan Rivera
Levi Ruggles
Jedediah Smith
Jack Swilling
Trinidad Swilling
Ora Rush Weed
Richens Lacey Wootton
Henry Wickenburg
"Old Bill" Williams
Brigham Young
Lawmen
Elfego Baca
Charlie Bassett
Roy Bean
Morgan Earp
Virgil Earp
Wyatt Earp
Henry Garfias
Pat Garrett
Jack Helm
"Wild Bill" Hickok
Bat Masterson
"Mysterious Dave" Mather
Bass Reeves
George Scarborough
John Selman
John Horton Slaughter
William "Bill" Tilghman
James Timberlake
Harry C. Wheeler
Outlaws
Billy the Kid
Black Bart
"Curly Bill" Brocius
Butch Cassidy
Billy Clanton
Ike Clanton
Dalton Brothers (Grat, Bill, Bob, Emmett)
Bill Doolin
Bill Downing
John Wesley Hardin
Johnny Ringo
Jesse James
Frank James
Tom Ketchum
Frank McLaury
Tom McLaury
Joaquin Murrieta
Belle Starr
Soapy Smith
Sundance Kid
Younger Brothers (Cole, Bob, Jim, John)
Soldiersand scouts
Frederick Russell Burnham
Kit Carson
"Buffalo Bill" Cody
Texas Jack Omohundro
James C. Cooney
George Crook
George Armstrong Custer
Alexis Godey
Samuel P. Heintzelman
Tom Horn
Calamity Jane
Luther Kelly
Ranald S. Mackenzie
Charley Reynolds
Philip Sheridan
Al Sieber
Others
John Jacob Astor
William H. Boring
Jonathan R. Davis
George Flavel
C. S. Fly
John Joel Glanton
George E. Goodfellow
Doc Holliday
Andrew Jackson
Zephaniah Kingsley
Seth Kinman
Octaviano Larrazolo
Nat Love
Sylvester Mowry
Emperor Norton
Annie Oakley
Sedona Schnebly
Thomas William Sweeny
Peter Lebeck
Frontier culture
American bison
Barbed wire
Boot Hill
Cattle drive
Cowboy poetry
Cattle rustling
Cow town
Fast draw
Ghost town
Gunfights
Homesteading
Land rush
Manifest destiny
Moonshine
One-room schoolhouse
Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
Rodeo
Stagecoach
Train robbery
Vigilante justice
Western saloon
Tack piano
Westward expansion
Wild West shows
Transportand trails
Barlow Road
Bozeman Trail
Butterfield Trail
California Trail
Chisholm Trail
Great Platte River Road
Great Western Cattle Trail
Lolo Pass
Meek Cutoff
Mormon Trail
Oregon Trail
Pony Express
Santa Fe Trail
Southern Emigrant Trail
Tanner Trail
First transcontinental railroad
Folklore
Dead man's hand
Dime novel
John Henry
Johnny Kaw
Long Tom's treasure
Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
Lost Ship of the Desert
Montezuma's treasure
Paul Bunyan
Pecos Bill
Seven Cities of Gold
Gold rushes
Black Hills Gold Rush
California Gold Rush
Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
Klondike Gold Rush
Pike's Peak Gold Rush
Gunfights
Battle of Coffeyville
Battle of Lincoln
Frisco shootout
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Long Branch Saloon gunfight
Variety Hall shootout
Military conflicts
Battle of the Alamo
Battle of Glorieta Pass
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Battle of San Jacinto
Battle of Washita River
Bear Flag Revolt
Chimayó Rebellion
First Battle of Adobe Walls
Indian Wars
Mexican War
Sand Creek massacre
Seminole Wars
Texas Revolution
Wounded Knee Massacre
Range warsand feuds
Earp-Clanton feud
Johnson County War
Lincoln County War
Mason County War
Pleasant Valley War
Sheep Wars
Sutton–Taylor feud
Lists
Arizona Rangers
Bibliography of the American frontier
Cowboys and cowgirls
Gangs
Ghost towns
Gunfights
Lawmen
Mountain men
Outlaws
Timeline of the American Old West
Influence
Cuisine of the Western United States
Chuckwagon
Californian
Native American
New Mexican
New Mexico chile
Pacific Northwestern
Rocky Mountain oysters
Tex-Mex
Gothic Western
Weird West
Western genre
Western lifestyle
Western music
New Mexico
Red Dirt
Tejano
Texas country
Western wear
Cowboy boots
Cowboy hat
Jeans
Snap fastener
PlacesAlaska
Anchorage
Iditarod
Nome
Seward
Skagway
Arizona Territory
Canyon Diablo
Fort Grant
Prescott
Phoenix
Tombstone
Tucson
Window Rock
Yuma
California
Bakersfield
Fresno
Jamestown
Los Angeles
Sacramento
San Diego
San Francisco
Colorado
Creede
Denver
Telluride
Trinidad
Dakota Territory
Bismarck
Deadwood
Fargo
Fort Yates
Pine Ridge
Rapid City
Standing Rock
Yankton
Florida Territory
Angola
Negro Fort
Pensacola
Prospect Bluff
St. Augustine
St. Marks
Tallahassee
Idaho Territory
Fort Boise
Fort Hall
Illinois
Fort Dearborn
Kansas
Abilene
Dodge City
Ellsworth
Hays
Leavenworth
Wichita
Missouri
Independence
Kansas City
St. Louis
Montana Territory
Billings
Bozeman
Deer Lodge
Fort Benton
Fort Peck
Helena
Livingston
Missoula
Virginia City
Nebraska
Chadron
Fort Atkinson
Fort Robinson
Nebraska City
Ogallala
Omaha
Valentine
Whiteclay
Nevada
Carson City
Virginia City
Reno
New Mexico Territory
Alamogordo
Albuquerque
Cimarron
Fort Sumner
Gallup
Las Vegas
Lincoln
Mesilla
Mogollon
Roswell
Santa Fe
Tucumcari
Oklahoma Territoryand Indian Territory
Broken Arrow
Fort Gibson
Fort Sill
Oklahoma City
Okmulgee
Pawhuska
Tahlequah
Tishomingo
Tuskahoma
Wewoka
Oregon Territory
Astoria
The Dalles
La Grande
McMinnville
Oregon City
Portland
Salem
Vale
Texas
Austin
Abilene
El Paso
Fort Worth
Gonzales
Lubbock
San Antonio
Utah Territory
Salt Lake City
Washington Territory
Everett
Port Townsend
Seattle
Vancouver
Wyoming Territory
Fort Bridger
Fort Laramie
Category
Authority control databases National
Israel
United States
Other
NARA
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barb wire (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_wire_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rusted_barbed_wire.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbed_Wire_Roll.jpg"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire"},{"link_name":"fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence"},{"link_name":"walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall"},{"link_name":"wire obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_obstacle"},{"link_name":"trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_(fastener)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kent, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Glidden"},{"link_name":"DeKalb, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Osage orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_orange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno"},{"link_name":"free-ranging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_range"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Barb wire\" redirects here. For other uses, see Barb wire (disambiguation).Close-up of a barbed wireRoll of modern agricultural barbed wireBarbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. Its primary use is the construction of inexpensive fences, and it is also used as a security measure atop walls surrounding property. As a wire obstacle, it is a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare.A person or animal trying to pass through or over barbed wire will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed wire fencing requires only fence posts, wire, and fixing devices such as staples. It is simple to construct and quick to erect, even by an unskilled person.The first patent in the United States for barbed wire[1] was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor.[2][3] Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention[4] in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.Wire fences are cheaper and easier to erect than their alternatives (one such alternative is Osage orange, a thorny bush that is time-consuming to transplant and grow).[5] When wire fences became widely available in the United States in the late 19th century, it became more affordable to fence much larger areas than before, and intensive animal husbandry was made practical on a much larger scale.An example of the costs of fencing with lumber immediately prior to the invention of barbed wire can be found with the first farmers in the Fresno, California, area, who spent nearly $4,000 (equivalent to $102,000 in 2023) to have wood for fencing delivered and erected to protect 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of wheat crop from free-ranging livestock in 1872.[6]","title":"Barbed wire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mischmetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischmetal#Zinc-aluminium_galvanising"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"MaterialsZinc-coated steel wire. Galvanized steel wire is the most widely used steel wire during barbed wire production. It has commercial type, Class 1 type and Class 3 type. Or it is also well known as electric galvanized steel wire and hot dipped galvanized steel wire.\nZinc-aluminum alloy coated steel wire. Barbed wire is available with zinc, 5% or 10% aluminum alloy and mischmetal steel wire, which is also known as Galfan wire.[7]\nPolymer-coated steel wire. Zinc steel wire or zinc-aluminum steel wire with PVC, PE or other organic polymer coating.\nStainless steel wire. It is available with SAE 304, 316 and other materials.Strand structureSingle strand. Simple and light duty structure with single line wire (also known as strand wire) and barbs.\nDouble strand. Conventional structure with double strand wire (line wire) and barbs.Barb structureSingle barb. Also known as 2-point barbed wire. It uses single barb wire twisted on the line wire (strand wire).\nDouble barb. Also known as 4-point barbed wire. Two barb wires twisted on the line wire (strand wire).Twist typeConventional twist. The strand wire (line wire) are twisted in single direction, which is also known as traditional twist. Besides, the barb wires are twisted between the two strand wire (line wire).\nReverse twist. The strand wire (line wire) are twisted in opposite direction. Besides, the barb wires are twisted outside of the two line wire.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nominal diameter","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krell-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Before 1865","text":"Fencing consisting of flat and thin wire was first proposed in France, by Leonce Eugene Grassin-Baledans in 1860. His design consisted of bristling points, creating a fence that was painful to cross. In April 1865 Louis François Janin proposed a double wire with diamond-shaped metal barbs; Francois was granted a patent. Michael Kelly from New York had a similar idea, and proposed that the fencing should be used specifically for deterring animals.[8]More patents followed, and in 1867 alone there were six patents issued for barbed wire. Only two of them addressed livestock deterrence, one of which was from American Lucien B. Smith of Ohio.[9] Before 1870, westward movement in the United States was largely across the plains with little or no settlement occurring. After the American Civil War the plains were extensively settled, consolidating America's dominance over them.[10]Ranchers moved out on the plains, and needed to fence their land in against encroaching farmers and other ranchers. The railroads throughout the growing West needed to keep livestock off their tracks, and farmers needed to keep stray cattle from trampling their crops.[11] Traditional fence materials used in the Eastern U.S., like wood and stone, were expensive to use in the large open spaces of the plains, and hedging was not reliable in the rocky, clay-based and rain-starved dusty soils. A cost-effective alternative was needed to make cattle operations profitable.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glidden_wire_the_Winner2.jpg"},{"link_name":"DeKalb, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patent_Drawing_for_Joseph_F._Glidden%27s_Improvement_to_Barbed_Wire_-_NARA_-_302051.tif"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Glidden"},{"link_name":"Joseph Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Glidden"},{"link_name":"Jacob Haish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Haish"},{"link_name":"Isaac L. Ellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_L._Ellwood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barbwiremuseum1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barbwiremuseum1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"1873 meeting and initial development","text":"An early handmade specimen of Glidden's \"The Winner\" on display at the Barbed Wire History Museum in DeKalb, IllinoisPatent drawing for Joseph F. Glidden's Improvement to barbed wire (24 November 1874)The \"Big Four\" in barbed wire were Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish, Charles Francis Washburn, and Isaac L. Ellwood.[13] Glidden, a farmer in 1873 and the first of the \"Big Four,\" is often credited for designing a successful sturdy barbed wire product, but he let others popularize it for him. Glidden's idea came from a display at a fair in DeKalb, Illinois in 1873, by Henry B. Rose. Rose had patented \"The Wooden Strip with Metallic Points\" in May 1873.[14]This was simply a wooden block with wire protrusions designed to keep cows from breaching the fence. That day, Glidden was accompanied by two other men, Isaac L. Ellwood, a hardware dealer and Jacob Haish, a lumber merchant. Like Glidden, they both wanted to create a more durable wire fence with fixed barbs. Glidden experimented with a grindstone to twist two wires together to hold the barbs on the wire in place. The barbs were created from experiments with a coffee mill from his home.[14]Later Glidden was joined by Ellwood who knew his design could not compete with Glidden's for which he applied for a patent in October 1873.[15] Meanwhile, Haish, who had already secured several patents for barbed wire design, applied for a patent on his third type of wire, the S barb, and accused Glidden of interference, deferring Glidden's approval for his patented wire, nicknamed \"The Winner,\" until November 24, 1874.[16]Barbed wire production greatly increased with Glidden and Ellwood's establishment of the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb following the success of \"The Winner\". The company's success attracted the attention of Charles Francis Washburn, Vice President of Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company, an important producer of plain wire in the Eastern U.S. Washburn visited DeKalb and convinced Glidden to sell his stake in the Barb Wire Fence Company, while Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I.L Ellwood & Company of DeKalb.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Warne Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warne_Gates"},{"link_name":"open range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_range"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krell-11"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"U.S. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Promotion and consolidation","text":"In the late 1870s, John Warne Gates of Illinois began to promote barbed wire, now a proven product, in the lucrative markets of Texas. At first, Texans were hesitant, as they feared that cattle might be harmed, or that the North was somehow trying to make profits from the South. There was also conflict between the farmers who wanted fencing and the ranchers who were losing the open range.[11]Demonstrations by Gates in San Antonio in 1876 showed that the wire could keep cattle contained, and sales then increased dramatically. Gates eventually parted company with Ellwood and became a barbed wire baron in his own right. Throughout the height of barbed wire sales in the late 19th century, Washburn, Ellwood, Gates, and Haish competed with one another. Ellwood and Gates eventually joined forces again to create the American Steel and Wire Company, later acquired by The U.S. Steel Corporation.[18]Between 1873 and 1899 there were as many as 150 companies manufacturing barbed wire. Investors knew that the business required minimal capital, and almost anyone with determination could profit by manufacturing a new wire design.[19] There was then a sharp decline in the number of manufacturers, and many were consolidated into larger companies, notably the American Steel and Wire Company, formed by the merging of Gates's and Washburn's and Ellwood's industries.Smaller companies were decimated because of economies of scale and the smaller pool of consumers available to them, compared to the larger corporations. The American Steel and Wire Company established in 1899 employed vertical integration: it controlled all aspects of production, from producing the steel rods to making many different wire and nail products from that steel. It later became part of U.S. Steel, and barbed wire remained a major source of revenue.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_tragus_tumbleweed.jpg"},{"link_name":"rangeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeland"},{"link_name":"tumbleweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweed"},{"link_name":"stockgrowers associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockgrowers_association"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rusty_Barbed_Wire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Glidden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Big Die Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_1886%E2%80%931887"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Fence Cutting Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_Cutting_Wars"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-22"},{"link_name":"cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"In the American West","text":"A rangeland fence which has caught a tumbleweedBarbed wire was important in protecting range rights in the Western U.S. Although some ranchers put notices in newspapers claiming land areas, and joined stockgrowers associations to help enforce their claims, livestock continued to cross range boundaries. Fences of smooth wire did not hold stock well, and hedges were difficult to grow and maintain. Barbed wire's introduction in the West in the 1870s dramatically reduced the cost of enclosing land.[22]Rusted barbed wire in a rollOne fan wrote the inventor Joseph Glidden:it takes no room, exhausts no soil, shades no vegetation, is proof against high winds, makes no snowdrifts, and is both durable and cheap.[23]Barbed wire emerged as a major source of conflict with the so-called \"Big Die Up\" incident in the 1880s. This occurred because of the instinctual migrations of cattle away from the blizzard conditions of the Northern Plains to the warmer and plentiful Southern Plains, but by the early 1880s this area was already divided and claimed by ranchers. The ranchers in place, especially in the Texas Panhandle, knew that their holdings could not support the grazing of additional cattle, so the only alternative was to block the migrations with barb wire fencing.[24]Many of the herds were decimated in the winter of 1885, with some losing as many as three-quarters of all animals when they could not find a way around the fence. Later other smaller scale cattlemen, especially in central Texas, opposed the closing of the open range, and began cutting fences to allow cattle to pass through to find grazing land. In this transition zone between the agricultural regions to the south and the rangeland to the north, conflict erupted, with vigilantes joining the scene causing chaos and even death. The Fence Cutting Wars ended with the passage of a Texas law in 1884 that made fence cutting a felony. Other states followed, although conflicts occurred through the early years of the 20th century.[25] An 1885 federal law forbade placing such fences across the public domain.[22]Barbed wire is cited by historians as the invention that tamed the West. Herding large numbers of cattle on open range required significant manpower to catch strays. Barbed wire provided an inexpensive method to control the movement of cattle. By the beginning of the 20th century, large numbers of cowboys were unnecessary.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historicbarbedwire.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Warne Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warne_Gates"},{"link_name":"Military Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Plaza"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Menger Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger_Hotel"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"United States Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel"},{"link_name":"range wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_wars"},{"link_name":"enclosure laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West"}],"sub_title":"In the Southwest United States","text":"Examples of barbed wire used in the late 1800s in Arizona TerritoryJohn Warne Gates demonstrated barbed wire for Washburn and Moen in Military Plaza, San Antonio, Texas in 1876. The demonstration showing cattle restrained by the new kind of fencing was followed immediately by invitations to the Menger Hotel to place orders. Gates subsequently had a falling out with Washburn and Moen and Isaac Ellwood. He moved to St. Louis and founded the Southern Wire Company, which became the largest manufacturer of unlicensed or \"bootleg\" barbed wire.An 1880 US District Court decision upheld the validity of the Glidden patent, effectively establishing a monopoly. This decision was affirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1892. In 1898 Gates took control of Washburn and Moen, and created the American Steel and Wire monopoly, which became a part of the United States Steel Corporation.This led to disputes known as the range wars between open range ranchers and farmers in the late 19th century. These were similar to the disputes which resulted from enclosure laws in England in the early 18th century. These disputes were decisively settled in favor of the farmers, and heavy penalties were instituted for cutting a barbed wire fence. Within 2 years, nearly all of the open range had been fenced in under private ownership. For this reason, some historians have dated the end of the Old West era of American history to the invention and subsequent proliferation of barbed wire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbedwire3.jpg"},{"link_name":"ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"timber hitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_hitch"},{"link_name":"gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"black locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_locust"},{"link_name":"red cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry"},{"link_name":"screw pickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_picket"},{"link_name":"wiring parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring_party"}],"text":"Barbed wire fence in line braceThe most important and most time-consuming part of a barbed wire fence is constructing the corner post and the bracing assembly. A barbed wire fence is under tremendous tension, often up to half a ton, and so the corner post's sole function is to resist the tension of the fence spans connected to it. The bracing keeps the corner post vertical and prevents slack from developing in the fence.Brace posts are placed in-line about 2.5 metres (8 ft) from the corner post. A horizontal compression brace connects the top of the two posts, and a diagonal wire connects the top of the brace post to the bottom of the corner post. This diagonal wire prevents the brace post from leaning, which in turn allows the horizontal brace to prevent the corner post from leaning into the brace post. A second set of brace posts (forming a double brace) is used whenever the barbed wire span exceeds 60 metres (200 ft).When the barbed wire span exceeds 200 m (650 ft), a braced line assembly is added in-line. This has the function of a corner post and brace assembly but handles tension from opposite sides. It uses diagonal brace wire that connects the tops to the bottoms of all adjacent posts.Line posts are installed along the span of the fence at intervals of 2.5 to 15 m (8 to 50 ft). An interval of 5 m (16 ft) is most common. Heavy livestock and crowded pasture demands the smaller spacing. The sole function of a line post is not to take up slack but to keep the barbed wire strands spaced equally and off the ground.Once these posts and bracing have been erected, the wire is wrapped around one corner post, held with a hitch (a timber hitch works well for this) often using a staple to hold the height and then reeled out along the span of the fence replacing the roll every 400 m. It is then wrapped around the opposite corner post, pulled tightly with wire stretchers, and sometimes nailed with more fence staples, although this may make readjustment of tension or replacement of the wire more difficult. Then it is attached to all of the line posts with fencing staples driven in partially to allow stretching of the wire.There are several ways to anchor the wire to a corner post:Hand-knotting. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and knotted by hand. This is the most common method of attaching wire to a corner post. A timber hitch works well as it stays better with wire than with rope.\nCrimp sleeves. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and bound to the incoming wire using metal sleeves which are crimped using lock cutters. This method should be avoided because while sleeves can work well on repairs in the middle of the fence where there is not enough wire for hand knotting, they tend to slip when under tension.\nWire vise. The wire is passed through a hole drilled into the corner post and is anchored on the far side.\nWire wrap. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and wrapped onto a special, gritted helical wire which also wraps around the incoming wire, with friction holding it in place.Barbed wire for agriculture use is typically double-strand 12+1⁄2-gauge, zinc-coated (galvanized) steel and comes in rolls of 400 m (1,320 ft) length. Barbed wire is usually placed on the inner (pasture) side of the posts. Where a fence runs between two pastures livestock could be with the wire on the outside or on both sides of the fence.Galvanized wire is classified into three categories; Classes I, II, and III. Class I has the thinnest coating and the shortest life expectancy. A wire with Class I coating will start showing general rusting in 8 to 10 years, while the same wire with Class III coating will show rust in 15 to 20 years. Aluminum-coated wire is occasionally used, and yields a longer life.Corner posts are 15 to 20 centimetres (6 to 8 in) in diameter or larger, and a minimum 2.5 metres (8 ft) in length may consist of treated wood or from durable on-site trees such as osage orange, black locust, red cedar, or red mulberry, also railroad ties, telephone, and power poles are salvaged to be used as corner posts (poles and railroad ties were often treated with chemicals determined to be an environmental hazard and cannot be reused in some jurisdictions). In Canada spruce posts are sold for this purpose. Posts are 10 centimetres (4 in) in diameter driven at least 1.2 metres (4 ft) and may be anchored in a concrete base 51 centimetres (20 in) square and 110 centimetres (42 in) deep. Iron posts, if used, are a minimum 64 millimetres (2.5 in) in diameter. Bracing wire is typically smooth 9-gauge. Line posts are set to a depth of about 76 centimetres (30 in). Conversely, steel posts are not as stiff as wood, and wires are fastened with slips along fixed teeth, which means variations in driving height affect wire spacing.During the First World War, screw pickets were used for the installation of wire obstacles; these were metal rods with eyelets for holding strands of wire, and a corkscrew-like end that could literally be screwed into the ground rather than hammered, so that wiring parties could work at night near enemy soldiers and not reveal their position by the sound of hammers.","title":"Installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wire_gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampshire gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_gate"},{"link_name":"Stockgrower's Lash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockgrower%27s_Lash"},{"link_name":"Central California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_California"}],"sub_title":"Gates","text":"Wire or \"Hampshire\" gateAs with any fence, barbed wire fences require gates to allow the passage of persons, vehicles and farm implements. Gates vary in width from 3.5 metres (12 ft) to allow the passage of vehicles and tractors, to 12 metres (40 ft) on farm land to pass combines and swathers.One style of gate is called the Hampshire gate in the UK, a New Zealand gate in some areas, and often simply a \"gate\" elsewhere. Made of wire with posts attached at both ends and in the middle, it is permanently wired on one side and attaches to a gate post with wire loops on the other. Most designs can be opened by hand, though some gates that are frequently opened and closed may have a lever attached to assist in bringing the upper wire loop over the gate post.Gates for cattle tend to have four wires when along a three wire fence, as cattle tend to put more stress on gates, particularly on corner gates. The fence on each side of the gate ends with two corner posts braced or unbraced depending on the size of the post. An unpounded post (often an old broken post) is held to one corner post with wire rings which act as hinges. On the other end a full-length post, the tractor post, is placed with the pointed end upwards with a ring on the bottom stapled to the other corner post, the latch post, and on top a ring is stapled to the tractor post, tied with a Stockgrower's Lash or one of numerous other opening bindings. Wires are then tied around the post at one end then run to the other end where they are stretched by hand or with a stretcher, before posts are stapled on every 1.2 metres (4 ft). Often this type of gate is called a portagee fence or a portagee gate in various ranching communities of coastal Central California.Most gates can be opened by push post. The chain is then wrapped around the tractor post and pulled onto the nail, stronger people can pull the gate tighter but anyone can jar off the chain to open the gate.","title":"Installation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbed_wire.jpg"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"steel fence posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_fence_post"},{"link_name":"battens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten"},{"link_name":"soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"tensile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength"},{"link_name":"galvanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanized"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Modern barbed wireBarbed wire fences remain the standard fencing technology for enclosing cattle in most regions of the United States, but not all countries. The wire is aligned under tension between heavy, braced, fence posts (strainer posts) and then held at the correct height by being attached to wooden or steel fence posts, and/or with battens in between.The gaps between posts vary depending on type and terrain. On short fences in hilly country, steel posts may be placed every 3 metres (3 yd), while in flat terrain with long spans and relatively few stock they may be spaced up to 30 to 50 metres (33 to 55 yd) apart. Wooden posts are normally spaced at 10 metres (11 yd) on all terrain, with 4 or 5 battens in between. However, many farmers place posts 2 metres (2 yd) apart as battens can bend, causing wires to close in on one another.Barbed wire for agricultural fencing is typically available in two varieties: soft or mild-steel wire and high-tensile. Both types are galvanized for longevity. High-tensile wire is made with thinner but higher-strength steel. Its greater strength makes fences longer lasting because it resists stretching and loosening better, coping with expansion and contraction caused by heat and animal pressure by stretching and relaxing within wider elastic limits. It also supports longer spans, but because of its elastic (springy) nature, it is harder to handle and somewhat dangerous for inexperienced fencers. Soft wire is much easier to work but is less durable and only suitable for short spans such as repairs and gates, where it is less likely to tangle.In high soil-fertility areas where dairy cattle are used in great numbers, 5- or 7-wire fences are common as the main boundary and internal dividing fences. On sheep farms 7-wire fences are common with the second (from bottom) to fifth wire being plain wire. In New Zealand wire fences must provide passage for dogs since they are the main means of controlling and driving animals on farms.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daily_Mail_Postcard_-_An_attack_-_A_wiring_party_going_forward.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"border patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetz2004108-30"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetz2004124%E2%80%93127-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese prisoner of war 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"extermination camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auschwitz_II_Birkenau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Internment of Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Manzanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanar"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"1968 Chicago riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Daley"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Warfare and law enforcement","text":"A wiring party deploying entanglements during World War IBarbed wire was used for the first time by Portuguese troops defending from African tribes during the Combat of Magul in 1895.[27] Less well known is its extensive usage in the Russo-Japanese War.In 1899 barbed wire was also extensively used in the Boer War, where it played a strategic role bringing spaces under control, at military outposts as well as to hold the captured Boer population in concentration camps.The government of the United States built its first international border fence from 1909 to 1911 along the California-Mexico border. It included barbed wire and was intended to keep cattle from moving between the two countries.[28] In 1924, the United States created its border patrol, which built more barbed wire fences on the Mexican border; this time to prevent people from crossing.[29]More significantly, barbed wire was used extensively by all participating combatants in World War I to prevent movement, with deadly consequences. Barbed wire entanglements were placed in front of trenches to prevent direct charges on men below, increasingly leading to greater use of more advanced weapons such as high-powered machine guns and grenades. A feature of these entanglements was that the barbs were much closer together, often forming a continuous sequence.[30]\nBarbed wire could be exposed to heavy bombardments because it could be easily replaced, and its structure included so much open space that machine guns rarely destroyed enough of it to defeat its purpose. However, barbed wire was defeated by the tank in 1916, as shown by the Allied breakthrough at Amiens through German lines on August 8, 1918.[31]One British writer described how the Germans used barbed wire as follows: The enemy wire was always deep, thick, and securely staked with iron supports, which were either crossed like the letter X, or upright, with loops to take the wire and shaped at one end like corkscrews so as to screw into the ground. The wire stood on these supports on a thick web, about four feet high and from thirty to forty feet across. The wire used was generally as thick as sailor's marline stuff, or two twisted rope yarns. It contained, as a rule, some sixteen barbs to the foot. The wire used in front of our lines was generally galvanized, and remained grey after months of exposure. The (German) wire, not being galvanized, rusted to a black color, and shows up black at a great distance.[32]Barbed wire and containment: Japanese prisoner of war 1945During the Great Depression, migratory work camps in the United States used barbed wire.[33]In the 1930s and 1940s Europe the Nazis used barbed wire in concentration camp and extermination camp architecture, where it usually surrounded the camp and was electrified to prevent escape. Barbed wire served the purpose of keeping prisoners contained.Auschwitz fence in PolandInfirmaries in extermination camps like Auschwitz where prisoners were gassed or experimented on were often separated from other areas by electrified wire and were often braided with branches to prevent outsiders from knowing what was concealed behind their walls.[34]During the United States' World War II Internment of Japanese Americans, barbed wire was used to enclose the concentration camps, such as Manzanar.[35][36]During the 1968 Chicago riots, barbed wire was attached to the fronts of police and National Guard vehicles. The vehicles were used to drive into protesters and rioters and were nicknamed \"Daly dozers\" after then-Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley.[37][38][39]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-08-01_No_Tresspassing_sign_at_RDU.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chain link fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-link_fencing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Razor_Wire_Bunch.JPG"},{"link_name":"Razor wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_wire"},{"link_name":"prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"razor wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_wire"},{"link_name":"wire cutters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_cutter"},{"link_name":"chain link fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_link_fence"},{"link_name":"defiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defile_(geography)"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"\"wire-cutting\" fuzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_fuze#Artillery_fuzes"},{"link_name":"screw picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_picket"},{"link_name":"No Man's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Afghan refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees"},{"link_name":"Rahimuddin Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan"},{"link_name":"Controlling Soviet–Afghan war refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan#Containment_of_Afghan_refugees"},{"link_name":"symbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"border regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_border"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"Infantrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"hardcore professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Mick Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Motor Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Chain link fence with barbed wire on topRazor wire is a curved variation of barbed wire.Most barbed wire fences, while sufficient to discourage cattle, are passable by humans who can simply climb over or through the fence by stretching the gaps between the wires using non-barbed sections of the wire as handholds. To prevent humans crossing, many prisons, and other high-security installations construct fences with razor wire, a variant which replaces the barbs with near-continuous cutting surfaces sufficient to injure unprotected persons who climb on it. Both razor wire and barbed wire can be bypassed with protection, such as a thick carpet, or with the use of wire cutters.A commonly seen alternative is the placement of a few strands of barbed wire at the top of a chain link fence. The limited mobility of someone climbing a fence makes passing conventional barbed wire more difficult. On some chain link fences, these strands are attached to a bracket tilted 45 degrees towards the intruder, further increasing the difficulty.Barbed wire began to be widely used as an implement of war during World War I. Wire was placed either to impede or halt the passage of soldiers, or to channel them into narrow defiles in which small arms, particularly machine guns, and indirect fire could be used with greater effect as they attempted to pass. Artillery bombardments on the Western Front became increasingly aimed at cutting the barbed wire that was a major component of trench warfare, particularly once new \"wire-cutting\" fuzes were introduced midway through the war.As the war progressed, the wire was used in shorter lengths that were easier to transport and more difficult to cut with artillery. Other inventions were also a result of the war, such as the screw picket, which enabled construction of wire obstacles to be done at night in No Man's Land without the necessity of hammering stakes into the ground and drawing attention from the enemy.During the Soviet–Afghan War, the accommodation of Afghan refugees into Pakistan was controlled in Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan, under General Rahimuddin Khan, by making the refugees stay for controlled durations in barbed wire camps (see Controlling Soviet–Afghan war refugees).The frequent use of barbed wire on prison walls, around concentration camps, and the like, has made it symbolic of oppression and denial of freedom in general. For example, in Germany, the totality of East Germany's border regime is commonly referred to with the short phrase \"Mauer und Stacheldraht\" (that is, \"wall and barbed wire\"), and Amnesty International has a barbed wire in their symbol.Movement against barbed wire can result in moderate to severe injuries to the skin and, depending on body area and barbed wire configuration, possibly to the underlying tissue. Humans can manage not to injure themselves excessively when dealing with barbed wire as long as they are cautious. Restriction of movement, appropriate clothing, and slow movement when close to barbed wire aid in reducing injury.Infantrymen are often trained and inured to the injuries caused by barbed wire. Several soldiers can lie across the wire to form a bridge for the rest of the formation to pass over; often any injury thus incurred is due to the tread of those passing over and not to the wire itself.[40][41]Injuries caused by barbed wire are typically seen in horses, bats, or birds. Horses panic easily, and once caught in barbed wire, large patches of skin may be torn off. At best, such injuries may heal, but they may cause disability or death (particularly due to infection). Birds or bats may not be able to perceive thin strands of barbed wire and suffer injuries.For this reason, horse fences may have rubber bands nailed parallel to the wires.\nMore than 60 different species of wildlife have been reported in Australia as victims of entanglement on barbed wire fences,[42] and the wildlife friendly fencing project is beginning to address this problem.[43]\nGrazing animals with slow movements that will back off at the first notion of pain (e.g., sheep and cows) will not generally suffer the severe injuries often seen in other animals.Barbed wire has been reported as a tool for human torture.[44] It is also frequently used as a weapon in hardcore professional wrestling matches, often as a covering for another type of weapon—Mick Foley was infamous for using a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire—and infrequently as a covering of or substitute for the ring ropes.Because of the risk of injuries, in 2010 Norway prohibited making new fences with barbed wire for limiting migration of animals.[45] Electric fences are used instead. Consequently, automotive brands such as Bentley and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is using Norwegian (and other Northern European region) hides for producing leather interior in their cars, since the hides from Norwegian cattle have fewer scratches than hides from countries where barbed wire is used.[46]","title":"Safety and injuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"first patent in the United States for barbed wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/USRE7136E"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090207005119/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lucien B. Smith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071003100907/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"patent for the modern invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US157124A"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241"},{"link_name":"241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-24410-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24410-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Galfan wire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.galvanized-wire.com/galvanizedwire/galfan_wire.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781861891440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891440"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Netz 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNetz2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krell_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krell_11-1"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781861891440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891440"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA23"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barbwiremuseum1_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barbwiremuseum1_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Brief History of Barbed Wire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100721013911/http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//files.usgwarchives.net/la/winn/bios/edenborn.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"William Edenborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edenborn"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Anderson_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Anderson_22-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"1873: Joseph Glidden applies for a patent on his barbed wire design\" History Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/joseph-glidden-applies-for-a-patent-on-his-barbed-wire-design"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"McCallum 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCallum1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Honoring the Wire That Won the West\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-02-mn-14602-story.html"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"A Military History of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA107"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313395703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313395703"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.businessinsider.com/us-mexico-border-history-photos-2017-4#in-this-1948-photo-two-armed-american-border-guards-deterred-a-group-of-undocumented-immigrants-from-crossing-a-river-into-the-us-5"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetz2004108_30-0"},{"link_name":"Netz (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNetz2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetz2004124%E2%80%93127_31-0"},{"link_name":"Netz (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNetz2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon [Canning] Company of Bridgeville, Delaware\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-f92e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Razac 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRazac2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.loc.gov/loc/2017/05/journalism-behind-barbed-wire/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu/exhibits/show/immigration-impacts-in-the-pac/living-conditions-social-fun-c"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200323174421/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"1968: Whole world watched\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-08-24-0808230182-story.html"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 [PDF] [53qb1co901l0]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vdoc.pub/documents/architectures-of-revolt-the-cinematic-city-circa-1968-53qb1co901l0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alamy.com/stock-photo-tel-aviv-palestine-1948-israeli-haganah-fighter-dashes-across-a-human-32368657.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebay.com/itm/1945-Human-Bridge-to-Cross-Barbed-Wire-Original-News-Service-Photo-/161868968612"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/285642397"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161229080004/http://www.wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080212162858/http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7333.317"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1122260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122260"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11834551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834551"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170629160443/https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/Ew82/Norge-selger-klor_-tunger_-tarmer_-mager_-skinn-og-bein-for-millioner"}],"text":"^ first patent in the United States for barbed wire\n\n^ \"The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990\". The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Systems. 2000. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Lucien B. Smith\". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. July 31, 2006. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009.\n\n^ patent for the modern invention\n\n^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. New Jersey: John Wiley & Songs, Inc. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-471-24410-3.\n\n^ Winchell, Lilbourne. History of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley. p. 107.\n\n^ \"Galfan wire\".\n\n^ Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 9781861891440.\n\n^ Alan Krell, The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire (London: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002), p.19.\n\n^ Netz 2004, p. 10.\n\n^ a b Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 9781861891440.\n\n^ McCallum 1965, p. 27.\n\n^ Alan Krell, The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire (London: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002), p. 23.\n\n^ a b \"A Brief History of Barbed Wire\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010., Devil's Rope Museum\n\n^ McCallum 1965, pp. 29–32.\n\n^ McCallum 1965, p. 41.\n\n^ McCallum 1965, p. 87.\n\n^ Joseph M., McFadden, \"Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company.\" The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 2.\n\n^ Joseph M., McFadden, \"Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company.\" The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 5.\n\n^ \"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La\". files.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved March 26, 2014.\n\n^ Glen Coleman, great-nephew of William Edenborn, wrote The Man Who Fenced the West about his uncle's accomplishments regarding barbed wire.\n\n^ a b Anderson, Terry Lee & Leal, Donald (2001). Free Market Environmentalism. 0-312-23503-8. pp. 30–31.\n\n^ See \"1873: Joseph Glidden applies for a patent on his barbed wire design\" History Channel \n\n^ McCallum 1965, p. 131.\n\n^ McCallum 1965, pp. 165–166.\n\n^ \"Honoring the Wire That Won the West\". Los Angeles Times. September 2, 2000. Retrieved October 26, 2015.\n\n^ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. Vol. 2. ANC-Clio. p. 107. ISBN 9780313395703.\n\n^ \"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago\".\n\n^ \"29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years\". Business Insider.\n\n^ Netz (2004), p. 108.\n\n^ Netz (2004), pp. 124–127.\n\n^ Masefield, John, \"The Old Front Line'\" The Macmillan Company, New York, Copyright 1917, pages 87-88.\n\n^ \"The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon [Canning] Company of Bridgeville, Delaware\".\n\n^ Razac 2003, p. 89.\n\n^ \"Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog\". May 5, 2017.\n\n^ \"Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits\".\n\n^ Love, Sarah Switzer (2001). Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention (MA thesis). University of Montana. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020.\n\n^ \"1968: Whole world watched\". Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2008.\n\n^ \"Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 [PDF] [53qb1co901l0]\".\n\n^ \"Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle\".\n\n^ \"1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo\".\n\n^ van der Ree, Rodney (2016). \"Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife\". Victorian Naturalist. 116: 210–217 – via ResearchGate.\n\n^ \"Home\". wildlifefriendlyfencing.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.\n\n^ Ferriman, Annabel (February 9, 2002). \"Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe\". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 324 (7333). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd: 317. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317. PMC 1122260. PMID 11834551. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.\n\n^ \"Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt\". Mattilsynet. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.\n\n^ \"Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner\". Aftenposten. December 21, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1861891440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891440"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50494711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50494711"},{"link_name":"The Wire that Fenced the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_that_Fenced_the_West_(book)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8195-6719-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6719-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56584-812-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-812-2"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fga41"}],"text":"Bennett, Lyn Ellen, and Scott Abbott. The Perfect Fence: Untangling the Meanings of Barbed Wire (Texas A&M University Press, 2017).\nKrell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861891440. OCLC 50494711.\nMcCallum, Henry D. & Frances T. (1965). The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press., LoC:65-11234\nNetz, Reviel (2004). Barbed wire. An ecology of modernity. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6719-2.\nRazac, Olivier (2003). Barbed Wire: A Political History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-56584-812-2.\nBiography of John W. Gates, barbed wire promoter who monopolized the industry with the American Steel and Wire Company, accessed March 29, 2006","title":"References and further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Close-up of a barbed wire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rusted_barbed_wire.jpg/220px-Rusted_barbed_wire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barbed_Wire_Roll.jpg/220px-Barbed_Wire_Roll.jpg"},{"image_text":"An early handmade specimen of Glidden's \"The Winner\" on display at the Barbed Wire History Museum in DeKalb, Illinois","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Glidden_wire_the_Winner2.jpg/220px-Glidden_wire_the_Winner2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patent drawing for Joseph F. Glidden's Improvement to barbed wire (24 November 1874)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Patent_Drawing_for_Joseph_F._Glidden%27s_Improvement_to_Barbed_Wire_-_NARA_-_302051.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Patent_Drawing_for_Joseph_F._Glidden%27s_Improvement_to_Barbed_Wire_-_NARA_-_302051.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A rangeland fence which has caught a tumbleweed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Salsola_tragus_tumbleweed.jpg/220px-Salsola_tragus_tumbleweed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rusted barbed wire in a roll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rusty_Barbed_Wire.jpg/220px-Rusty_Barbed_Wire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Examples of barbed wire used in the late 1800s in Arizona Territory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Historicbarbedwire.jpg/220px-Historicbarbedwire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbed wire fence in line brace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Barbedwire3.jpg/220px-Barbedwire3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wire or \"Hampshire\" gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wire_gate.jpg/220px-Wire_gate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern barbed wire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barbed_wire.jpg/220px-Barbed_wire.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wiring party deploying entanglements during World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Daily_Mail_Postcard_-_An_attack_-_A_wiring_party_going_forward.jpg/220px-Daily_Mail_Postcard_-_An_attack_-_A_wiring_party_going_forward.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbed wire and containment: Japanese prisoner of war 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/220px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg"},{"image_text":"Auschwitz fence in Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Auschwitz_II_Birkenau.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_II_Birkenau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chain link fence with barbed wire on top","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2008-08-01_No_Tresspassing_sign_at_RDU.jpg/220px-2008-08-01_No_Tresspassing_sign_at_RDU.jpg"},{"image_text":"Razor wire is a curved variation of barbed wire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Razor_Wire_Bunch.JPG/220px-Razor_Wire_Bunch.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Bangalore torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_torpedo"},{"title":"Barbed Wire Act 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_Wire_Act_1893"},{"title":"Concertina wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertina_wire"},{"title":"Isaac L. Ellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_L._Ellwood"},{"title":"Jacob Haish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Haish"},{"title":"Kansas Barbed Wire Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Barbed_Wire_Museum"},{"title":"Razor wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_wire"},{"title":"Wire obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_obstacle"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990\". The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Systems. 2000. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html","url_text":"\"The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207005119/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucien B. Smith\". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. July 31, 2006. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071003100907/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672","url_text":"\"Lucien B. Smith\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. New Jersey: John Wiley & Songs, Inc. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-471-24410-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241","url_text":"Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241","url_text":"241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24410-3","url_text":"978-0-471-24410-3"}]},{"reference":"Winchell, Lilbourne. History of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley. p. 107.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Galfan wire\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galvanized-wire.com/galvanizedwire/galfan_wire.html","url_text":"\"Galfan wire\""}]},{"reference":"Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 9781861891440.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA16","url_text":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891440","url_text":"9781861891440"}]},{"reference":"Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 9781861891440.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA28","url_text":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891440","url_text":"9781861891440"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Barbed Wire\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013911/http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Barbed Wire\""},{"url":"http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La\". files.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/winn/bios/edenborn.txt","url_text":"\"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Terry Lee & Leal, Donald (2001). Free Market Environmentalism. 0-312-23503-8. pp. 30–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Honoring the Wire That Won the West\". Los Angeles Times. September 2, 2000. Retrieved October 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-02-mn-14602-story.html","url_text":"\"Honoring the Wire That Won the West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. Vol. 2. ANC-Clio. p. 107. ISBN 9780313395703.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA107","url_text":"A Military History of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313395703","url_text":"9780313395703"}]},{"reference":"\"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/","url_text":"\"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago\""}]},{"reference":"\"29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-mexico-border-history-photos-2017-4#in-this-1948-photo-two-armed-american-border-guards-deterred-a-group-of-undocumented-immigrants-from-crossing-a-river-into-the-us-5","url_text":"\"29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"\"The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon [Canning] Company of Bridgeville, Delaware\".","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-f92e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99","url_text":"\"The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon [Canning] Company of Bridgeville, Delaware\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog\". May 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2017/05/journalism-behind-barbed-wire/","url_text":"\"Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu/exhibits/show/immigration-impacts-in-the-pac/living-conditions-social-fun-c","url_text":"\"Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits\""}]},{"reference":"Love, Sarah Switzer (2001). Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention (MA thesis). University of Montana. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd","url_text":"Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323174421/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1968: Whole world watched\". Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-08-24-0808230182-story.html","url_text":"\"1968: Whole world watched\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 [PDF] [53qb1co901l0]\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vdoc.pub/documents/architectures-of-revolt-the-cinematic-city-circa-1968-53qb1co901l0","url_text":"\"Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 [PDF] [53qb1co901l0]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-tel-aviv-palestine-1948-israeli-haganah-fighter-dashes-across-a-human-32368657.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle\""}]},{"reference":"\"1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/1945-Human-Bridge-to-Cross-Barbed-Wire-Original-News-Service-Photo-/161868968612","url_text":"\"1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo\""}]},{"reference":"van der Ree, Rodney (2016). \"Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife\". Victorian Naturalist. 116: 210–217 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285642397","url_text":"\"Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". wildlifefriendlyfencing.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161229080004/http://www.wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ferriman, Annabel (February 9, 2002). \"Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe\". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 324 (7333). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd: 317. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317. PMC 1122260. PMID 11834551. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212162858/http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317","url_text":"\"Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7333.317","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122260","url_text":"1122260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834551","url_text":"11834551"},{"url":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt\". Mattilsynet. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629160443/https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923","url_text":"\"Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt\""},{"url":"https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner\". Aftenposten. December 21, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/Ew82/Norge-selger-klor_-tunger_-tarmer_-mager_-skinn-og-bein-for-millioner","url_text":"\"Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner\""}]},{"reference":"Krell, Alan (2002). The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861891440. OCLC 50494711.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891440","url_text":"978-1861891440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50494711","url_text":"50494711"}]},{"reference":"McCallum, Henry D. & Frances T. (1965). The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_that_Fenced_the_West_(book)","url_text":"The Wire that Fenced the West"}]},{"reference":"Netz, Reviel (2004). Barbed wire. An ecology of modernity. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6719-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6719-2","url_text":"978-0-8195-6719-2"}]},{"reference":"Razac, Olivier (2003). Barbed Wire: A Political History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-56584-812-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-812-2","url_text":"978-1-56584-812-2"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the invention of barbed wire\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013911/http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","url_text":"\"History of the invention of barbed wire\""},{"url":"http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patent history\". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234635/http://austin.about.com/cs/history/a/barbed_wire_3.htm","url_text":"\"Patent history\""},{"url":"http://austin.about.com/cs/history/a/barbed_wire_3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbed_wire&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this section"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbed_wire&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/USRE7136E","external_links_name":"first patent in the United States for barbed wire"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html","external_links_name":"\"The American Experience Technology Timeline: 1752 - 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207005119/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071003100907/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672","external_links_name":"\"Lucien B. Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2672","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US157124A","external_links_name":"patent for the modern invention"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241","external_links_name":"Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/241","external_links_name":"241"},{"Link":"http://www.galvanized-wire.com/galvanizedwire/galfan_wire.html","external_links_name":"\"Galfan wire\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA23","external_links_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013911/http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Barbed Wire\""},{"Link":"http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/winn/bios/edenborn.txt","external_links_name":"\"Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/joseph-glidden-applies-for-a-patent-on-his-barbed-wire-design","external_links_name":"\"1873: Joseph Glidden applies for a patent on his barbed wire design\" History Channel"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-02-mn-14602-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Honoring the Wire That Won the West\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA107","external_links_name":"A Military History of Africa"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/","external_links_name":"\"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began with This Incident 100 Years Ago\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/us-mexico-border-history-photos-2017-4#in-this-1948-photo-two-armed-american-border-guards-deterred-a-group-of-undocumented-immigrants-from-crossing-a-river-into-the-us-5","external_links_name":"\"29 photos that show the US-Mexico border's evolution over 100 years\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-f92e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99","external_links_name":"\"The barbed-wire enclosed camp for migratory workers at the Cannon [Canning] Company of Bridgeville, Delaware\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2017/05/journalism-behind-barbed-wire/","external_links_name":"\"Journalism, Behind Barbed Wire | Library of Congress Blog\""},{"Link":"http://digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu/exhibits/show/immigration-impacts-in-the-pac/living-conditions-social-fun-c","external_links_name":"\"Immigrant Life: Home, Community, and Social Aspects · Immigrants and the American West · Digital Exhibits\""},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd","external_links_name":"Blood sweat and gas: Print media and the 1968 Democratic National Convention"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323174421/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6101&context=etd","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-08-24-0808230182-story.html","external_links_name":"\"1968: Whole world watched\""},{"Link":"https://vdoc.pub/documents/architectures-of-revolt-the-cinematic-city-circa-1968-53qb1co901l0","external_links_name":"\"Architectures of Revolt: The Cinematic City Circa 1968 [PDF] [53qb1co901l0]\""},{"Link":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-tel-aviv-palestine-1948-israeli-haganah-fighter-dashes-across-a-human-32368657.html","external_links_name":"\"Stock Photo - TEL AVIV, PALESTINE, 1948: Israeli Haganah fighter dashes across a human bridge formed by two comrades over barbed wire obstacle\""},{"Link":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/1945-Human-Bridge-to-Cross-Barbed-Wire-Original-News-Service-Photo-/161868968612","external_links_name":"\"1945 Human Bridge to Cross Barbed Wire Original News Service Photo\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285642397","external_links_name":"\"Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161229080004/http://www.wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/WFF/Home.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212162858/http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317","external_links_name":"\"Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7333.317","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.324.7333.317"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122260","external_links_name":"1122260"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834551","external_links_name":"11834551"},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7333/317","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629160443/https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923","external_links_name":"\"Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt\""},{"Link":"https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/bruk_av_piggtraad_i_gjerder_for_aa_regulere_dyrs_ferdsel_er_forbudt.13923","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/Ew82/Norge-selger-klor_-tunger_-tarmer_-mager_-skinn-og-bein-for-millioner","external_links_name":"\"Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSYby9zZri0C&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50494711","external_links_name":"50494711"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fga41","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/","external_links_name":"Website of the Devils Rope Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110222213047/http://barbwiremuseum.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rushcounty.org/BarbedWireMuseum/","external_links_name":"The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013911/http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the invention of barbed wire\""},{"Link":"http://www.barbwiremuseum.com/barbedwirehistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/barbed_wire/","external_links_name":"Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/","external_links_name":"1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164544/https://www.good-fences.com/wire-fence-%d0%b0nd-th%d0%b5-d%d1%96ff%d0%b5rent-styles-%d1%82hey-come-in/","external_links_name":"Wire Fence and the Dіffеrent Styles They Come In"},{"Link":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/am485_98/cook/develp.htm","external_links_name":"Development and Rise of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG99/cook/barb1.htm","external_links_name":"Barbed Wire Fencing - Its Rise and Influence"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/barbed-wire/index.html","external_links_name":"Glidden's patent for barbed wire"},{"Link":"http://www.antiquebarbedwiresociety.com/","external_links_name":"Antique Barbed Wire Society"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/aob01","external_links_name":"Barbed Wire in Texas"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/barbed_wire_patent/barbed_wire_patent.html","external_links_name":"Barbed wire changes life on the American Great Plains"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121205231540/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbarbed_wire.htm","external_links_name":"The History of Barbed Wire"},{"Link":"http://www.wildlifefriendlyfencing.com/","external_links_name":"The Wildlife Friendly Fencing project"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00116/tsw-00116.html","external_links_name":"Papers, 1878-1938, of Texas rancher and co-inventor Isaac L. Ellwood in Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207234635/http://austin.about.com/cs/history/a/barbed_wire_3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Patent history\""},{"Link":"http://austin.about.com/cs/history/a/barbed_wire_3.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US66182","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 66,182"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US67117","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 67,117"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US74379","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 74,379"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US116755","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 116,755"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US138763","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 138,763"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US147756","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 147,756"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US157124","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 157,124"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US167240","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 167,240"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US185346","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 185,346"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282994105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011788","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10665788","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopause
|
Mesopause
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
The temperature minimum at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
Not to be confused with menopause.
The mesopause is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173 K). The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact there are two mesopauses - one at about 85 km and a stronger one at about 100 km (62 mi), with a layer of slightly warmer air between them.
Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east–west flow, resulting in a small north–south circulation.
In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO2. Unlike the troposphere, where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up, increased CO2 in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO2. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study. Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.
See also
Jet stream
Maximum parcel level
References
^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "mesosphere". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition
^ Xu, Jiyao; Liu, H.-L.; Yuan, W.; Smith, A.K.; Roble, R. G.; Mertens, C.J.; Russell, J.M.; Mlynczak, M.G. (2007). "Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D9). Bibcode:2007JGRD..112.9102X. doi:10.1029/2006jd007711. S2CID 54715803.
^ The Physics of Atmospheres, John Theodore Houghton, section and references therein of The general circulation of the middle atmosphere
^ Beig, G.; Keckhut, P.; Lowe, R.P.; et al. (2003). "Review of mesospheric temperature trends (2003)". Rev. Geophys. 41 (4): 1015. Bibcode:2003RvGeo..41.1015B. doi:10.1029/2002rg000121.
^ Roble, R.G.; Dickinson, R.E. (1989). "How will changes in carbon-dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?". Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (12): 1441–1444. Bibcode:1989GeoRL..16.1441R. doi:10.1029/gl016i012p01441.
^ Akmaev, R.A.; Fomichev, V.I.; Zhu, X. (2006). "Impact of middle-atmospheric composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere". J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68 (17): 1879–1889. Bibcode:2006JASTP..68.1879A. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008.
^ Ingrid Cnossen, Matthew J. Harris, Neil F. Arnold and Erdal Yiğit, "Modelled effect of changes in the CO2 concentration on the middle and upper atmosphere: sensitivity to gravity wave parameterization", Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (accepted October 2008 - in Press)
vteEarth's atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Tropopause
Stratopause
Mesopause
Thermopause / Exobase
Ozone layer
Turbopause
Ionosphere
Authority control databases National
Germany
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"menopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause"},{"link_name":"mesosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere"},{"link_name":"thermosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere"},{"link_name":"atmospheric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"radiative cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_cooling"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"gravity wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_wave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"troposphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases"},{"link_name":"mesosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with menopause.The mesopause is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173 K).[1] The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact there are two mesopauses - one at about 85 km and a stronger one at about 100 km (62 mi), with a layer of slightly warmer air between them.[2]Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east–west flow, resulting in a small north–south circulation.[3]In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO2. Unlike the troposphere, where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up, increased CO2 in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO2. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study.[4] Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.[5][6][7]","title":"Mesopause"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Jet stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream"},{"title":"Maximum parcel level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level"}]
|
[{"reference":"Xu, Jiyao; Liu, H.-L.; Yuan, W.; Smith, A.K.; Roble, R. G.; Mertens, C.J.; Russell, J.M.; Mlynczak, M.G. (2007). \"Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)\". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D9). Bibcode:2007JGRD..112.9102X. doi:10.1029/2006jd007711. S2CID 54715803.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006jd007711","url_text":"\"Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..112.9102X","url_text":"2007JGRD..112.9102X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006jd007711","url_text":"10.1029/2006jd007711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54715803","url_text":"54715803"}]},{"reference":"Beig, G.; Keckhut, P.; Lowe, R.P.; et al. (2003). \"Review of mesospheric temperature trends (2003)\". Rev. Geophys. 41 (4): 1015. Bibcode:2003RvGeo..41.1015B. doi:10.1029/2002rg000121.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002rg000121","url_text":"\"Review of mesospheric temperature trends (2003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RvGeo..41.1015B","url_text":"2003RvGeo..41.1015B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002rg000121","url_text":"10.1029/2002rg000121"}]},{"reference":"Roble, R.G.; Dickinson, R.E. (1989). \"How will changes in carbon-dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?\". Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (12): 1441–1444. Bibcode:1989GeoRL..16.1441R. doi:10.1029/gl016i012p01441.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231392","url_text":"\"How will changes in carbon-dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989GeoRL..16.1441R","url_text":"1989GeoRL..16.1441R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fgl016i012p01441","url_text":"10.1029/gl016i012p01441"}]},{"reference":"Akmaev, R.A.; Fomichev, V.I.; Zhu, X. (2006). \"Impact of middle-atmospheric composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere\". J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68 (17): 1879–1889. Bibcode:2006JASTP..68.1879A. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JASTP..68.1879A","url_text":"2006JASTP..68.1879A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2006.03.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006jd007711","external_links_name":"\"Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..112.9102X","external_links_name":"2007JGRD..112.9102X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006jd007711","external_links_name":"10.1029/2006jd007711"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54715803","external_links_name":"54715803"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002rg000121","external_links_name":"\"Review of mesospheric temperature trends (2003)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RvGeo..41.1015B","external_links_name":"2003RvGeo..41.1015B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002rg000121","external_links_name":"10.1029/2002rg000121"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231392","external_links_name":"\"How will changes in carbon-dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989GeoRL..16.1441R","external_links_name":"1989GeoRL..16.1441R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fgl016i012p01441","external_links_name":"10.1029/gl016i012p01441"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JASTP..68.1879A","external_links_name":"2006JASTP..68.1879A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2006.03.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4451365-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=66142","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Moody-Adams
|
Michele Moody-Adams
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Author","5 Bibliography","6 References"]
|
American philosopher
Michele Moody-AdamsNationalityAmericanTitleJoseph Straus Professor of Political Philosophy and Legal TheoryAcademic backgroundAlma materWellesley College (B.A.)Somerville College, Oxford (B.A.)Harvard University (Ph.D.)Academic workDisciplinePhilosophySub-disciplineMoral philosophy, political philosophy, philosophy of lawInstitutionsColumbia UniversityCornell UniversityIndiana University
Michele Moody-Adams is an American philosopher and academic administrator. Between July 1, 2009, and September 2011, she served as Dean of Columbia College and Vice President for Undergraduate Education at Columbia University. She was the first woman and first African-American to hold the post. She has since resigned as dean, citing the decreasing autonomy of Columbia College. She remains a faculty member in the department of philosophy. In 2021, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Early life and education
Moody-Adams grew up in Chicago on the Southside. Moody-Adams' father was a schoolteacher. Moody-Adams was close with her father, and they would listen to opera and classical music together on the weekends. She attended Wellesley College and, having studied with Ruth Anna Putnam, she graduated from there in 1978 with a B.A. in philosophy. She attended Somerville College at Oxford University on a Marshall Scholarship, and received a B.A. in philosophy, politics, and economics, in 1980. She earned her Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1986. Moody-Adams wrote her dissertation on "Moral Philosophy Naturalized: Morality and Mitigated Skepticism in Hume" under the supervision of John Rawls.
Career
Before joining the faculty at Cornell University in the fall of 2000, Moody-Adams worked at Indiana University, Bloomington, where she was a professor of philosophy, as well as associate dean for undergraduate education. At Cornell, she was vice provost for undergraduate education and Hutchinson Professor of Ethics and Public Life. In February 2009, Moody-Adams co-sponsored with university funds a controversial student display on the Cornell campus by the Islamic Alliance for Justice consisting of signs and 1300 flags representing dead Palestinians and Israelis. Moody-Adams responded to the September 11 attacks by asserting that "Vengeance is not the answer here," and that the result of an American military response could be the end of everything worth fighting for, "even the end of the species."
When she was appointed to her Columbia post, administrators at Cornell praised her, "Michele is an exceptional scholar and administrator," said Provost Kent Fuchs. "Her breadth of experience working on many issues of vital importance to the university and her deep academic insights have enriched Cornell in multiple ways. We will miss her leadership, insights and intellect." She was the first female and first Black dean at Columbia.
On August 20, 2011, Moody-Adams announced her resignation from the deanship, effective the following June 30, after only two years on the job, citing changes in Columbia University policy toward Columbia College that made it impossible for her to remain in her post. In addition, Moody-Adams stepped down because of concern that changes being made would greatly affect both the finances of the college and the academic quality. She also holds a tenured position at Columbia, Moody-Adams is currently a Joseph Straus Professor of Political Philosophy and Legal Theory in their philosophy department.
Personal life
She is married to James Eli Adams, a specialist in Victorian literature, who is a professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. Their daughter's name is Katherine; she was born in 1996.
Author
Moody-Adams has published more than two dozen reviews and articles, and two books. Her first book, Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy, was written in 1997 and published by Harvard University Press. It challenges morality, culture, and objectivity. She explains that we can agree to moral disagreement while still upholding our beliefs of moral objectivity. Moody-Adams dissects evidence that anthropologists use for moral relativism. She details what "culture" is under moral relativism. Moody-Adams argues that ethics are interpretive. Her belief is that we must rely on ourselves as moral inquirers in our own complex communities. Her second book, Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope, published by Columbia University Press in 2022, raises philosophical questions about social justice movements and how justice can be met. Moody-Adams questions what can be learned from these movements and how we can create space for justice worldwide. She uses examples of movements, agents of change, and philosophical principles to raise questions. Political hope is upheld through social policy and motivation to pursue justice at all levels. Moody-Adams uses the book to close the gap between theory and practice.
Bibliography
Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope (Cambridge: Columbia University Press, 2022).
Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture and Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).
"The Idea of Moral Progress," Metaphilosophy (1999).
"Grrffin's Modest Proposal," Utilitas (1999).
"A Commentary on Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race," Ethics (1999).
"The Virtues of Nussbaum's Essentialism," Metaphilosophy (1998).
"Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance," Ethics (1994).
"Theory, Practice and the Contingency of Rorty's Irony," Journal of Social Philosophy (1994).
"Race, Class and the Social Construction of Self-Respect," Philosophical Forum (1992-3).
"On the Old Saw that Character is Destiny," in Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology, ed. O. Flanagan and A. Rorty (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 1991).
"Gender and the Complexity of Moral Voices," in Feminist Ethics, ed. Claudia Card (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).
"On Surrogacy: Morality, Markets and Motherhood," Public Affairs Quarterly (1991).
"On the Alleged Methodological Infirmity of Ethics," American Philosophical Quarterly (1990).
References
^ a b Joy Resmovits, "Breaking: Moody-Adams Appointed CC Dean", Columbia Daily Spectator.
^ Joy Resmovits, "New Columbia College Dean To Come With Love of Plato, Fresh Philosophy".
^ "Michele Moody-Adams". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
^ a b Foderaro, Lisa (12 March 2009). "At Columbia College, New Dean is a Philosopher". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ "The Contemporary Women Philosophers You Should Know About". IAI TV - Changing how the world thinks. 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ Ben Eisen, "Protest Gone Wrong: Gaza Display Ruined", Cornell Daily Sun, February 10, 2009.
^ Judah Bellin, "To the Point: Awareness vs. Dialogue" Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, February 16, 2009.
^ "Flags of Discord", Editoria Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine l, Cornell Daily Sun, February 11, 2009.
^ David Brand, "Students, faculty hold teach-in to try to understand roots of terrorism".
^ Vice Provost Michele Moody-Adams named to deanship and vice presidency at Columbia, by Susan Lang
^ Sarah Darville, "Dean Moody-Adams steps down", Archived 2011-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Columbia Spectator, August 21, 2011.
^ Hu, Winnie (23 August 2011). "Columbia College Dean Resigns After Two Years". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Moody-Adams, Michele (1997). Fieldwork in familiar places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy. Harvard University Press.
^ Moody-Adams, Michele (June 2022). Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope. Columbia University Press.
Academic offices
Preceded byAustin E. Quigley
Dean of Columbia College 2009–2011
Succeeded byJames J. Valentini
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appointed-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Michele Moody-Adams is an American philosopher and academic administrator. Between July 1, 2009, and September 2011, she served as Dean of Columbia College and Vice President for Undergraduate Education at Columbia University. She was the first woman and first African-American to hold the post.[1][2] She has since resigned as dean, citing the decreasing autonomy of Columbia College. She remains a faculty member in the department of philosophy. In 2021, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[3]","title":"Michele Moody-Adams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Ruth Anna Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Anna_Putnam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Somerville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Marshall Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"John Rawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls"}],"text":"Moody-Adams grew up in Chicago on the Southside. Moody-Adams' father was a schoolteacher. Moody-Adams was close with her father, and they would listen to opera and classical music together on the weekends.[4] She attended Wellesley College and, having studied with Ruth Anna Putnam,[5] she graduated from there in 1978 with a B.A. in philosophy. She attended Somerville College at Oxford University on a Marshall Scholarship, and received a B.A. in philosophy, politics, and economics, in 1980. She earned her Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1986. Moody-Adams wrote her dissertation on \"Moral Philosophy Naturalized: Morality and Mitigated Skepticism in Hume\" under the supervision of John Rawls.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appointed-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Before joining the faculty at Cornell University in the fall of 2000, Moody-Adams worked at Indiana University, Bloomington, where she was a professor of philosophy, as well as associate dean for undergraduate education.[1] At Cornell, she was vice provost for undergraduate education and Hutchinson Professor of Ethics and Public Life. In February 2009, Moody-Adams co-sponsored with university funds a controversial student display on the Cornell campus by the Islamic Alliance for Justice consisting of signs and 1300 flags representing dead Palestinians and Israelis.[6][7][8] Moody-Adams responded to the September 11 attacks by asserting that \"Vengeance is not the answer here,\" and that the result of an American military response could be the end of everything worth fighting for, \"even the end of the species.\"[9]When she was appointed to her Columbia post, administrators at Cornell praised her, \"Michele is an exceptional scholar and administrator,\" said Provost Kent Fuchs. \"Her breadth of experience working on many issues of vital importance to the university and her deep academic insights have enriched Cornell in multiple ways. We will miss her leadership, insights and intellect.\"[10] She was the first female and first Black dean at Columbia.On August 20, 2011, Moody-Adams announced her resignation from the deanship, effective the following June 30, after only two years on the job, citing changes in Columbia University policy toward Columbia College that made it impossible for her to remain in her post.[11] In addition, Moody-Adams stepped down because of concern that changes being made would greatly affect both the finances of the college and the academic quality. She also holds a tenured position at Columbia, Moody-Adams is currently a Joseph Straus Professor of Political Philosophy and Legal Theory in their philosophy department.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-4"}],"text":"She is married to James Eli Adams, a specialist in Victorian literature, who is a professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. Their daughter's name is Katherine; she was born in 1996.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Moody-Adams has published more than two dozen reviews and articles, and two books. Her first book, Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy, was written in 1997 and published by Harvard University Press. It challenges morality, culture, and objectivity. She explains that we can agree to moral disagreement while still upholding our beliefs of moral objectivity. Moody-Adams dissects evidence that anthropologists use for moral relativism. She details what \"culture\" is under moral relativism. Moody-Adams argues that ethics are interpretive. Her belief is that we must rely on ourselves as moral inquirers in our own complex communities.[13] Her second book, Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope, published by Columbia University Press in 2022, raises philosophical questions about social justice movements and how justice can be met. Moody-Adams questions what can be learned from these movements and how we can create space for justice worldwide. She uses examples of movements, agents of change, and philosophical principles to raise questions. Political hope is upheld through social policy and motivation to pursue justice at all levels. Moody-Adams uses the book to close the gap between theory and practice.[14]","title":"Author"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope (Cambridge: Columbia University Press, 2022).\nFieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture and Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).\n\"The Idea of Moral Progress,\" Metaphilosophy (1999).\n\"Grrffin's Modest Proposal,\" Utilitas (1999).\n\"A Commentary on Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race,\" Ethics (1999).\n\"The Virtues of Nussbaum's Essentialism,\" Metaphilosophy (1998).\n\"Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance,\" Ethics (1994).\n\"Theory, Practice and the Contingency of Rorty's Irony,\" Journal of Social Philosophy (1994).\n\"Race, Class and the Social Construction of Self-Respect,\" Philosophical Forum (1992-3).\n\"On the Old Saw that Character is Destiny,\" in Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology, ed. O. Flanagan and A. Rorty (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 1991).\n\"Gender and the Complexity of Moral Voices,\" in Feminist Ethics, ed. Claudia Card (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).\n\"On Surrogacy: Morality, Markets and Motherhood,\" Public Affairs Quarterly (1991).\n\"On the Alleged Methodological Infirmity of Ethics,\" American Philosophical Quarterly (1990).","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Michele Moody-Adams\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/michele-moody-adams","url_text":"\"Michele Moody-Adams\""}]},{"reference":"Foderaro, Lisa (12 March 2009). \"At Columbia College, New Dean is a Philosopher\". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/nyregion/13dean.html","url_text":"\"At Columbia College, New Dean is a Philosopher\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Contemporary Women Philosophers You Should Know About\". IAI TV - Changing how the world thinks. 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://iai.tv/articles/the-contemporary-women-philosophers-you-should-know-auid-1218","url_text":"\"The Contemporary Women Philosophers You Should Know About\""}]},{"reference":"Hu, Winnie (23 August 2011). \"Columbia College Dean Resigns After Two Years\". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/education/23columbia.html","url_text":"\"Columbia College Dean Resigns After Two Years\""}]},{"reference":"Moody-Adams, Michele (1997). Fieldwork in familiar places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy. Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moody-Adams, Michele (June 2022). Making Space for Justice: Social Movements, Collective Imagination, and Political Hope. Columbia University Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/02/26/breaking-moody-adams-appointed-cc-dean","external_links_name":"Joy Resmovits, \"Breaking: Moody-Adams Appointed CC Dean\""},{"Link":"http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/02/27/new-columbia-college-dean-come-love-plato-fresh-philosophy","external_links_name":"Joy Resmovits, \"New Columbia College Dean To Come With Love of Plato, Fresh Philosophy\"."},{"Link":"https://www.amacad.org/person/michele-moody-adams","external_links_name":"\"Michele Moody-Adams\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/nyregion/13dean.html","external_links_name":"\"At Columbia College, New Dean is a Philosopher\""},{"Link":"https://iai.tv/articles/the-contemporary-women-philosophers-you-should-know-auid-1218","external_links_name":"\"The Contemporary Women Philosophers You Should Know About\""},{"Link":"http://cornellsun.com/print/34919","external_links_name":"Ben Eisen, \"Protest Gone Wrong: Gaza Display Ruined\""},{"Link":"http://cornellsun.com/section/opinion/content/2009/02/16/point-awareness-vs-dialogue","external_links_name":"Judah Bellin, \"To the Point: Awareness vs. Dialogue\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201103102/http://cornellsun.com/section/opinion/content/2009/02/16/point-awareness-vs-dialogue","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cornellsun.com/section/opinion/content/2009/02/11/flags-discord","external_links_name":"\"Flags of Discord\", Editoria"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322005721/http://cornellsun.com/section/opinion/content/2009/02/11/flags-discord","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/01/9.20.01/teach-in.html","external_links_name":"David Brand, \"Students, faculty hold teach-in to try to understand roots of terrorism\"."},{"Link":"http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Feb09/Moody-Adams.exit.sl.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2011/08/21/dean-moody-adams-to-step-down","external_links_name":"Sarah Darville, \"Dean Moody-Adams steps down\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111118014433/http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2011/08/21/dean-moody-adams-to-step-down","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/education/23columbia.html","external_links_name":"\"Columbia College Dean Resigns After Two Years\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080158553","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46915424","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrKVb3PpjTK7YgR4BdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134963759","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134963759","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265544105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97028662","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p170079619","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/086049879","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacamite
|
Atacamite
|
["1 Occurrence","1.1 Synthetic Occurrence","1.2 Biomineral","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Halide evaporite mineral
AtacamiteAtacamite from Mt. Gunson mines, South AustraliaGeneralCategoryHalide mineralFormula(repeating unit)Cu2Cl(OH)3IMA symbolAtaStrunz classification3.DA.10aCrystal systemOrthorhombicCrystal classDipyramidal (mmm) H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)Space groupPnmaUnit cella = 6.03, b = 9.12 c = 6.865 ; Z = 4IdentificationColorBright green, dark emerald-green to blackish greenCrystal habitSlender prismatic crystals, fibrous, granular to compact, massiveTwinningContact and penetration with complex twinned groupingsCleavagePerfect on {010}, fair on {101}FractureConchoidalTenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness3–3.5LusterAdamantine to vitreousStreakApple greenDiaphaneityTransparent to translucentSpecific gravity3.745–3.776Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)Refractive indexnα = 1.831 nβ = 1.861 nγ = 1.880Birefringenceδ = 0.049PleochroismX = pale green; Y = yellow-green; Z = grass-green2V angleCalculated: 74°Dispersionr < v, strongReferences
Atacamite is a copper halide mineral: a copper(II) chloride hydroxide with formula Cu2Cl(OH)3. It was first described for deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile in 1802 by Dmitri de Gallitzin. The Atacama Desert is also the namesake of the mineral.
Occurrence
Atacamite is polymorphous with botallackite, clinoatacamite, and paratacamite. Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the oxidation or weathering zone of arid climates. It has also been reported as a volcanic sublimate from fumarole deposits, as sulfide alteration products in black smokers. The mineral has also been found naturally on oxidized copper deposits in Chile, China, Russia, Czech Republic, Arizona, and Australia. It occurs in association with cuprite, brochantite, linarite, caledonite, malachite, chrysocolla and its polymorphs.
Synthetic Occurrence
Atacamite has been discovered in the patina of the Statue of Liberty, and as alteration of ancient bronze and copper artifacts. The mineral has been found as a pigment in sculpture, manuscripts, maps, and frescoes discovered in Eurasia, Russia, and Persia.
Biomineral
Atacamite occurs as a biomineral in the jaws of bloodworms.
Atacamite prisms from Chile
Atacamite from Chile displayed in the Harvard Museum of Natural History
Atacamite from Mt. Gunson, South Australia
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atacamite.
^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ a b c Atacamite on Mindat.org
^ a b c Handbook of Mineralogy
^ Atacamite on Webmineral
^ Mineralienatlas
^ a b "Atacamite – CAMEO". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
^ Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD (October 2002). "High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws". Science. 298 (5592): 389–92. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..389L. doi:10.1126/science.1075433. PMID 12376695. S2CID 14001250.
^ Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, et al. (August 2003). "Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (16): 9144–9. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9144L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1632658100. PMC 170886. PMID 12886017.
External links
Mineral galleries
This article about a specific halide mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"halide mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halide_mineral"},{"link_name":"copper(II) chloride hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicopper_chloride_trihydroxide"},{"link_name":"Atacama Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Dmitri de Gallitzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Alekseyevich_Gallitzin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-2"}],"text":"Atacamite is a copper halide mineral: a copper(II) chloride hydroxide with formula Cu2Cl(OH)3. It was first described for deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile in 1802 by Dmitri de Gallitzin.[2] The Atacama Desert is also the namesake of the mineral.","title":"Atacamite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"botallackite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botallackite"},{"link_name":"clinoatacamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinoatacamite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"paratacamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratacamite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-2"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"volcanic sublimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_sublimate"},{"link_name":"fumarole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole"},{"link_name":"black smokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBM-3"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"cuprite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprite"},{"link_name":"brochantite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochantite"},{"link_name":"linarite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linarite"},{"link_name":"caledonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonite"},{"link_name":"malachite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite"},{"link_name":"chrysocolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysocolla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBM-3"}],"text":"Atacamite is polymorphous with botallackite, clinoatacamite, and paratacamite.[2] Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the oxidation or weathering zone of arid climates. It has also been reported as a volcanic sublimate from fumarole deposits, as sulfide alteration products in black smokers.[3] The mineral has also been found naturally on oxidized copper deposits in Chile, China, Russia, Czech Republic, Arizona, and Australia.[6] It occurs in association with cuprite, brochantite, linarite, caledonite, malachite, chrysocolla and its polymorphs.[3]","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Synthetic Occurrence","text":"Atacamite has been discovered in the patina of the Statue of Liberty, and as alteration of ancient bronze and copper artifacts. The mineral has been found as a pigment in sculpture, manuscripts, maps, and frescoes discovered in Eurasia, Russia, and Persia.[6]","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bloodworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycera_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lichtenegger-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stucky2003-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atacamite-235102.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History._Atacamite._Miraflores_Mine,_Tierra_Amarilla,_Atacama,_Chile_(DerHexer)_2012-07-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harvard Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atacamite-168148.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Biomineral","text":"Atacamite occurs as a biomineral in the jaws of bloodworms.[7][8]Atacamite prisms from Chile\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAtacamite from Chile displayed in the Harvard Museum of Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAtacamite from Mt. Gunson, South Australia","title":"Occurrence"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"\"Atacamite – CAMEO\". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Atacamite","url_text":"\"Atacamite – CAMEO\""}]},{"reference":"Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD (October 2002). \"High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws\". Science. 298 (5592): 389–92. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..389L. doi:10.1126/science.1075433. PMID 12376695. S2CID 14001250.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298..389L","url_text":"2002Sci...298..389L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1075433","url_text":"10.1126/science.1075433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376695","url_text":"12376695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14001250","url_text":"14001250"}]},{"reference":"Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, et al. (August 2003). \"Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (16): 9144–9. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9144L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1632658100. PMC 170886. PMID 12886017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC170886","url_text":"\"Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.9144L","url_text":"2003PNAS..100.9144L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1632658100","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1632658100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC170886","url_text":"170886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12886017","url_text":"12886017"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-406.html","external_links_name":"Atacamite on Mindat.org"},{"Link":"http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/atacamite.pdf","external_links_name":"Handbook of Mineralogy"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Atacamite.shtml","external_links_name":"Atacamite on Webmineral"},{"Link":"https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Atacamite","external_links_name":"Mineralienatlas"},{"Link":"http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Atacamite","external_links_name":"\"Atacamite – CAMEO\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298..389L","external_links_name":"2002Sci...298..389L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1075433","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1075433"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376695","external_links_name":"12376695"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14001250","external_links_name":"14001250"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC170886","external_links_name":"\"Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.9144L","external_links_name":"2003PNAS..100.9144L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1632658100","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1632658100"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC170886","external_links_name":"170886"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12886017","external_links_name":"12886017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050911055400/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/halides/atacamit/atacamit.htm","external_links_name":"Mineral galleries"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atacamite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Army_(Soviet_Union)
|
20th Army (Soviet Union)
|
["1 First formation","1.1 Order of Battle 22 June 1941","1.2 Commanders","2 Second formation","2.1 Commanders","3 References"]
|
20th Army20th Army soldiers fighting south of Dorogobuzh, 1 September 1941Active1941–1944Country Soviet UnionBranchRed ArmyTypeCombined armsSizeField armyEngagementsWorld War II
Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Moscow
Battles of Rzhev
CommandersNotablecommandersPavel KurochkinAndrei VlasovNikolai BerzarinMikhail KhozinMax ReyterAnton LopatinNikolai GusevMilitary unitThe 20th Army was a field army of the Red Army that fought on the Eastern Front during World War II.
First formation
The Army was first formed in the Orel Military District in June 1941. On 22 June 1941 the Army was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and was located west of Moscow.
On 27 June 1941 it was proposed to Joseph Stalin that the Soviet armies (13th Army, 19th Army, 20th, 21st Army, and 22nd Army) would defend the line going through the Daugava-Polotsk-Vitebsk-Orsha-Mogilev-Mazyr as part of the Reserve Front.
Committed as part of Western Front in defensive battles in Belarus, Smolensk, and Vyazma. By 5 August 1941 the army, in David Glantz's words, had been 'reduced to a skeleton.' The strength of the 289th Rifle Division had fallen to 285 men, 17 machine guns, and one anti-tank gun, the 73rd Rifle Division to 100 men and 4 to 5 machine guns per regiment, 144th Rifle Division to 440 men, and 153rd Rifle Division to 750 men. The Army HQ was disbanded having been encircled and destroyed in the Vyazma Pocket.
Order of Battle 22 June 1941
Source: Combat composition of the Soviet Army (BSSA) via tashv.nm.ru and Leo Niehorster
61st Rifle Corps
110th Rifle Division
144th Rifle Division
172nd Rifle Division
69th Rifle Corps
73rd Rifle Division
229th Rifle Division
233rd Rifle Division
18th Rifle Division
301st Howitzer Artillery Regiment (RGK)
537th High Power Howitzer Artillery Regiment (RGK)
438th Corps Artillery Regiment
7th Mechanised Corps
14th Tank Division
18th Tank Division
1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division
9th Motorcycle Regiment
60th Pontoon Bridge Battalion
Commanders
Lieutenant General Fyodor Remezov (Jun–Jul 1941)
Lieutenant General Pavel Kurochkin (Jul–Aug 1941)
Lieutenant General Mikhail Fedorovich Lukin (Aug–Sep 1941)
Lieutenant General Filipp Yershakov (Sep 1941 – Oct 1941) (POW)
Second formation
Reestablished in November 1941 from Operational Group Liziukov. Reformed November 1941 for the Battle of Moscow, including 331st and 350th Rifle Divisions, and the 28th, 35th, and 64th separate rifle brigades. Fought as part of the Western Front. In 1942-43 it operated on the Rzhev-Sychevka bridgehead (including 42nd Guards Rifle Division from November 1942), and took part in the Rzhev-Vyazma offensive operation. In 1944 it became part of the Stavka Reserve and was then reassigned to Kalinin Front and Leningrad Front. It was disbanded in April 1944 by being dispersed within the formations of 3rd Baltic Front.
The army was in strategic reserve from July 1943 to April 1944. In April 1944 the headquarters was disbanded and used to form the 3rd Baltic Front.
Commanders
Lieutenant General Andrey Vlasov (Nov 1941 – Mar 1942)
Lieutenant General Max Reyter (Mar–Sep 1942)
Major General Nikolay Kiryukhin (Oct–Dec 1942)
Lieutenant General Mikhail Khozin (Dec 1942 – Jan 1943)
Lieutenant General Nikolai Berzarin (Jan–Mar 1943)
Major General Arkady Yermakov (Mar–Aug 1943)
Lieutenant General Nikolai Berzarin (Aug–Sep 1943)
Major General Arkady Yermakov (Sep 1943)
Lieutenant General Anton Lopatin (Sep–Oct 1943)
Lieutenant General Nikolai Gusev (Nov 1943 – Apr 1944)
References
^ Fugate Bryan , Dvoriecki Lev Blitzkrieg and Dnieperm Warszawa 2001 page 130
^ Glantz, David M., Companion to Colosus Reborn, 2005
^ Two reports in SBDVOV, issue 37, pages 271-273, dated 4 August 1941 and 5 August 1941 cited in David Glantz, Stumbling Colossus, University Press of Kansas, 2010.
vte Armies of the Soviet Army Armies
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st
42nd
43rd
44th
45th
46th
47th
48th
49th
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
58th
59th
60th
61st
62nd
63rd
64th
65th
66th
67th
68th
69th
70th
Separate Coastal
Special Red Banner Far Eastern
Red Banner Caucasus
Guards
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
14th
18th
20th
22nd
Tank/Mechanized
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Special
Guards Tank/Mechanized
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Shock
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Cavalry
1st
2nd
Sapper
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Reserve Army
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Southern Front
Black Sea Group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitThe 20th Army was a field army of the Red Army that fought on the Eastern Front during World War II.","title":"20th Army (Soviet Union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orel Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Reserve of the Supreme High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"13th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"19th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"21st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"22nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Daugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugava_River"},{"link_name":"Polotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Mazyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazyr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Reserve Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Front"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"David Glantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Glantz"},{"link_name":"289th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/289th_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"73rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"144th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=144th_Rifle_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"153rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd_Rifle_Division_(1940%E2%80%931941)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Vyazma Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow#Vyazma_and_Bryansk_pockets"}],"text":"The Army was first formed in the Orel Military District in June 1941. On 22 June 1941 the Army was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and was located west of Moscow.On 27 June 1941 it was proposed to Joseph Stalin that the Soviet armies (13th Army, 19th Army, 20th, 21st Army, and 22nd Army) would defend the line going through the Daugava-Polotsk-Vitebsk-Orsha-Mogilev-Mazyr[1] as part of the Reserve Front.[2]Committed as part of Western Front in defensive battles in Belarus, Smolensk, and Vyazma. By 5 August 1941 the army, in David Glantz's words, had been 'reduced to a skeleton.' The strength of the 289th Rifle Division had fallen to 285 men, 17 machine guns, and one anti-tank gun, the 73rd Rifle Division to 100 men and 4 to 5 machine guns per regiment, 144th Rifle Division to 440 men, and 153rd Rifle Division to 750 men.[3][failed verification] The Army HQ was disbanded having been encircled and destroyed in the Vyazma Pocket.","title":"First formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat composition of the Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_composition_of_the_Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"61st Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"110th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"144th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=144th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"172nd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/172nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"69th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"73rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"229th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=229th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"233rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=233rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"18th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"7th Mechanised Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"14th Tank Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_Tank_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"18th Tank Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_Tank_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle 22 June 1941","text":"Source: Combat composition of the Soviet Army (BSSA) via tashv.nm.ru and Leo Niehorster61st Rifle Corps\n110th Rifle Division\n144th Rifle Division\n172nd Rifle Division\n69th Rifle Corps\n73rd Rifle Division\n229th Rifle Division\n233rd Rifle Division\n18th Rifle Division\n301st Howitzer Artillery Regiment (RGK)\n537th High Power Howitzer Artillery Regiment (RGK)\n438th Corps Artillery Regiment\n7th Mechanised Corps\n14th Tank Division\n18th Tank Division\n1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division\n9th Motorcycle Regiment\n60th Pontoon Bridge Battalion","title":"First formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fyodor Remezov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Remezov"},{"link_name":"Pavel Kurochkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kurochkin"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Fedorovich Lukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Fedorovich_Lukin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filipp Yershakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipp_Yershakov"}],"sub_title":"Commanders","text":"Lieutenant General Fyodor Remezov (Jun–Jul 1941)\nLieutenant General Pavel Kurochkin (Jul–Aug 1941)\nLieutenant General Mikhail Fedorovich Lukin (Aug–Sep 1941)\nLieutenant General Filipp Yershakov (Sep 1941 – Oct 1941) (POW)","title":"First formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"331st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/331st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"42nd Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"Kalinin Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinin_Front"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front"}],"text":"Reestablished in November 1941 from Operational Group Liziukov. Reformed November 1941 for the Battle of Moscow, including 331st and 350th Rifle Divisions, and the 28th, 35th, and 64th separate rifle brigades. Fought as part of the Western Front. In 1942-43 it operated on the Rzhev-Sychevka bridgehead (including 42nd Guards Rifle Division from November 1942), and took part in the Rzhev-Vyazma offensive operation. In 1944 it became part of the Stavka Reserve and was then reassigned to Kalinin Front and Leningrad Front. It was disbanded in April 1944 by being dispersed within the formations of 3rd Baltic Front.The army was in strategic reserve from July 1943 to April 1944. In April 1944 the headquarters was disbanded and used to form the 3rd Baltic Front.","title":"Second formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrey Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Max Reyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reyter"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Kiryukhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kiryukhin"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Khozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Khozin"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Berzarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berzarin"},{"link_name":"Arkady Yermakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Yermakov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Berzarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berzarin"},{"link_name":"Arkady Yermakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Yermakov"},{"link_name":"Anton Lopatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Lopatin"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Gusev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gusev"}],"sub_title":"Commanders","text":"Lieutenant General Andrey Vlasov (Nov 1941 – Mar 1942)\nLieutenant General Max Reyter (Mar–Sep 1942)\nMajor General Nikolay Kiryukhin (Oct–Dec 1942)\nLieutenant General Mikhail Khozin (Dec 1942 – Jan 1943)\nLieutenant General Nikolai Berzarin (Jan–Mar 1943)\nMajor General Arkady Yermakov (Mar–Aug 1943)\nLieutenant General Nikolai Berzarin (Aug–Sep 1943)\nMajor General Arkady Yermakov (Sep 1943)\nLieutenant General Anton Lopatin (Sep–Oct 1943)\nLieutenant General Nikolai Gusev (Nov 1943 – Apr 1944)","title":"Second formation"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcina
|
Methanosarcina
|
["1 Overview","2 Phylogeny","3 Role in early development of life on Earth","4 Role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event","5 Use by humans","6 Notes","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Genus of archaea
Methanosarcina
Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Kingdom:
Euryarchaeota
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Methanomicrobia
Order:
Methanosarcinales
Family:
Methanosarcinaceae
Genus:
MethanosarcinaKluyver and van Niel 1936
Type species
Methanosarcina barkeriSchnellen 1947
Species
M. acetivorans
M. baltica
M. barkeri
"M calensis"
M. flavescens
M. frisia
M. horonobensis
M. lacustris
M. mazei
M. methanica
M. semesiae
M. siciliae
M. soligelidi
M. spelaei
M. subterranea
M. thermophila
M. vacuolata
Synonyms
Sarcina ("Methanosarcina") (Kluyver & van Niel 1936) Breed 1948
Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane. These single-celled organisms are known as anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. They live in diverse environments where they can remain safe from the effects of oxygen, whether on the earth's surface, in groundwater, in deep sea vents, and in animal digestive tracts. Methanosarcina grow in colonies.
The amino acid pyrrolysine was first discovered in a Methanosarcina species, M. barkeri. Primitive versions of hemoglobin have been found in M. acetivorans, suggesting the microbe or an ancestor of it may have played a crucial role in the evolution of life on Earth. Species of Methanosarcina are also noted for unusually large genomes. M. acetivorans has the largest known genome of any archaeon.
According to a theory published in 2014, Methanosarcina may have been largely responsible for the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The theory suggests that acquisition of a new metabolic pathway via gene transfer followed by exponential reproduction allowed the microbe to rapidly consume vast deposits of organic carbon in marine sediments, leading to a sharp buildup of methane and carbon dioxide in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere that killed around 90% of the world's species. This theory could better explain the observed carbon isotope level in period deposits than other theories such as volcanic activity.
Methanosarcina has been used in waste water treatment since the mid-1980s. Researchers have sought ways to use it as an alternative power source. Methanosarcina strains were grown in single-cell morphology (Sowers et al. 1993) at 35 °C in HS broth medium containing 125 mM methanol plus 40 mM sodium acetate (HS-MA medium).
Overview
Methanosarcina may be the only known anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three known metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. Methanogenesis is critical to the waste-treatment industry and biologically produced methane also represents an important alternative fuel source. Most methanogens make methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Others utilize acetate in the acetoclastic pathway. In addition to these two pathways, species of Methanosarcina can also metabolize methylated one-carbon compounds through methylotrophic methanogenesis. Such one-carbon compounds include methylamines, methanol, and methyl thiols. Only Methanosarcina species possess all three known pathways for methanogenesis, and are capable of utilizing no less than nine methanogenic substrates, including acetate.
Methanosarcina are the world's most diverse methanogens in terms of ecology. They are found in environments such as landfills, sewage heaps, deep sea vents, deep subsurface groundwater, and even in the gut of many different ungulates, including cows, sheep, goats, and deer. Methanosarcina have also been found in the human digestive tract. M. barkeri can withstand extreme temperature fluctuations and go without water for extended periods. It can consume a variety of compounds or survive solely on hydrogen and carbon dioxide. It can also survive in low pH environments that are typically hazardous for life. Noting its extreme versatility, biologist Kevin Sowers postulated that M. barkeri could even survive on Mars. Methanosarcina grow in colonies and show primitive cellular differentiation.
In 2002, the amino acid pyrrolysine was discovered in M. barkeri by Ohio State University researchers. Earlier research by the team had shown that a gene in M. barkeri had an in-frame amber (UAG) codon that did not signal the end of a protein, as would normally be expected. This behavior suggested the possibility of an unknown amino acid which was confirmed over several years by slicing the protein into peptides and sequencing them. Pyrrolysine was the first genetically-encoded amino acid discovered since 1986, and 22nd overall. It has subsequently been found throughout the family Methanosarcinaceae as well as in a single bacterium, Desulfitobacterium hafniense.
Both M. acetivorans and M. mazei have exceptionally large genomes. As of August 2008, M. acetivorans possessed the largest sequenced archaeal genome with 5,751,492 base pairs. The genome of M. mazei has 4,096,345 base pairs.
Methanosarcina cell membranes are made of relatively short lipids, primarily of C25 hydrocarbons and C20 ethers. The majority of other methanogens have C30 hydrocarbons and a mixture of C20 and C40 ethers.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022
53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214
Methanosarcina
M. baltica von Klein et al. 2002
M. semesiae Lyimo et al. 2000
M. lacustris Simankova et al. 2002
M. subterranea Shimizu et al. 2015
M. siciliae (Stetter & K nig 1989) Ni et al. 1994
M. acetivorans Sowers, Baron & Ferry 1986
M. horonobensis Shimizu et al. 2011
M. mazei corrig. (Barker 1936) Mah & Kuhn 1986
M. soligelidi Wagner et al. 2013
M. barkeri Schnellen 1947
M. vacuolata Zhilina & Zavarzin 1987
M. spelaei Ganzert et al. 2014
M. flavescens Kern et al. 2016
M. thermophila Zinder et al. 1985
Methanosarcina
M. lacustris
M. horonobensis
M. mazei
M. acetivorans
M. siciliae
M. flavescens
M. thermophila
M. spelaei
M. barkeri
M. vacuolata
Role in early development of life on Earth
In 2004, two primitive versions of hemoglobin were discovered in M. acetivorans and another archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix. Known as protoglobins, these globins bind with oxygen much as hemoglobin does. In M. acetivorans, this allows for the removal of unwanted oxygen which would otherwise be toxic to this anaerobic organism. Protoglobins thus may have created a path for the evolution of later lifeforms which are dependent on oxygen. Following the Great Oxygenation Event, once there was free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, the ability to process oxygen led to widespread radiation of life, and is one of the most fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth's lifeforms.
Inspired by M. acetivorans, a team of Penn State researchers led by James G. Ferry and Christopher House proposed a new "thermodynamical theory of evolution" in 2006. It was observed that M. acetivorans converts carbon monoxide into acetate, the scientists hypothesized that early "proto-cells" attached to mineral could have similarly used primitive enzymes to generate energy while excreting acetate. The theory thus sought to unify the "heterotrophic" theory of early evolution, where the primordial soup of simple molecules arose from non-biological processes, and the "chemoautotrophic" theory, where the earliest lifeforms created most simple molecules. The authors observed that though the "debate between the heterotrophic and chemotrophic theories revolved around carbon fixation", in actuality "these pathways evolved first to make energy. Afterwards, they evolved to fix carbon." The scientists further proposed mechanisms which would have allowed the mineral-bound proto-cell to become free-living and for the evolution of acetate metabolism into methane, using the same energy-based pathways. They speculated that M. acetivorans was one of the first lifeforms on Earth, a direct descendant of the early proto-cells. The research was published in Molecular Biology and Evolution in June 2006.
Recently researchers have proposed an evolution hypothesis for acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase with genomic evidence from Methanosarcina. Scientists hypothesize acetate kinase could be the urokinase in a major protein superfamily that includes actin. Evidence suggests acetate kinase evolved in an ancient halophilic Methanosarcina genome through duplication and divergence of the acetyl coA synthetase gene.
Role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event
It was hypothesized that Methanosarcina's methane production may have been one of the causes of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. It is estimated that 70% of shell creatures died from ocean acidification, due to over-populated Methanosarcina. A study conducted by Chinese and American researchers supports that hypothesis. Using genetic analysis of about 50 Methanosarcina genomes, the team concluded that the microbe likely acquired the ability to efficiently consume acetate using acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase roughly 240 ± 41 million years ago, about the time of the extinction event 252 million years ago. The genes for these enzymes may have been acquired from a cellulose-degrading bacterium via gene transfer. Gene transfer plays an important role in the adaption of Methanosarcina species to their respective environment, with genomes of some species containing up to 31 % of genes acquired via gene transfer such as Methanosarcina mazei.
The scientists concluded that these new genes, combined with widely available organic carbon deposits in the ocean and a plentiful supply of nickel, allowed Methanosarcina populations to increase dramatically. Under their theory, this led to the release of abundant methane as waste. Then, some of the methane would have been broken down into carbon dioxide by other organisms. The buildup of these two gases would have caused oxygen levels in the ocean to decrease dramatically, while also increasing acidity. Terrestrial climates would simultaneously have experienced rising temperatures and significant climate change from the release of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is possible the buildup of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere eventually caused the release of hydrogen sulfide gas, further stressing terrestrial life. The team's findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in March 2014.
The microbe theory's proponents argue that it would better explain the rapid, but continual, rise of carbon isotope level in period sediment deposits than volcanic eruption, which causes a spike in carbon levels followed by a slow decline. The microbe theory suggests that volcanic activity played a different role - supplying the nickel which Methanosarcina required as a cofactor. Thus, the microbe theory holds that Siberian volcanic activity was a catalyst for, but not the primary cause of the mass extinction.
Use by humans
In 1985, Shimizu Construction developed a bioreactor that uses Methanosarcina to treat waste water from food processing plants and paper mills. The water is fed into the reactor where the microbes break down the waste particulate. The methane produced by the archaea is then used to power the reactor, making it cheap to run. In tests, Methanosarcina reduced the waste concentration from 5,000–10,000 parts per million (ppm) to 80–100 ppm. Further treatment was necessary to finish the cleansing process. According to a 1994 report in Chemistry and Industry, bioreactors utilizing anaerobic digestion by Methanothrix soehngenii or Methanosarcina produced less sludge byproduct than aerobic counterparts. Methanosarcina reactors operate at temperatures ranging from 35 to 55 °C and pH ranges of 6.5-7.5.
Researchers have sought ways to utilize Methanosarcina's methane-producing abilities more broadly as an alternative power source. In December 2010, University of Arkansas researchers successfully spliced a gene into M. acetivorans that allowed it to break down esters. They argued that this would allow it to more efficiently convert biomass into methane gas for power production. In 2011, it was shown that most methane produced during decomposition at landfills comes from M. barkeri. The researchers found that the microbe can survive in low pH environments and that it consumes acid, thereby raising the pH and allowing a wider range of life to flourish. They argued that their findings could help accelerate research into using archaea-generated methane as an alternate power source.
Notes
^ This value is the estimated date of the last common ancestor of those Methanosarcina strains able to grow readily on acetate.
^ A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, cofactor F430, is present in methyl coenzyme M reductase, which catalyzes the final step in the release of methane by methanogens.
See also
List of Archaea genera
References
^ a b c d Galagan, J. E.; Nusbaum, C.; Roy, A.; Endrizzi, M. G.; MacDonald, P.; Fitzhugh, W.; Calvo, S.; Engels, R.; Smirnov, S.; Atnoor, D.; Brown, A.; Allen, N.; Naylor, J.; Stange-Thomann, N.; Dearellano, K.; Johnson, R.; Linton, L.; McEwan, P.; McKernan, K.; Talamas, J.; Tirrell, A.; Ye, W.; Zimmer, A.; Barber, R. D.; Cann, I.; Graham, D. E.; Grahame, D. A.; Guss, A. M.; Hedderich, R.; Ingram-Smith, C. (2002). "The Genome of M. Acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity". Genome Research. 12 (4): 532–542. doi:10.1101/gr.223902. PMC 187521. PMID 11932238.
^ a b c "Methane-Belching Bugs Inspire A New Theory Of The Origin Of Life On Earth". Space Daily. May 15, 2006.
^ a b Michael Schirber (July 14, 2009). "Wanted: Easy-Going Martian Roommates". Space Daily.
^ a b "Researchers ID Microbe Responsible for Methane from Landfills" (Press release). North Carolina State University - Raleigh. April 6, 2011.
^ "Science Notebook". The Washington Post. May 27, 2002. p. A09.
^ "New Amino Acid Discovered". Applied Genetics. 22 (11). June 2002.
^ Ian Kerman. "Methanosarcina barkeri". Retrieved Apr 9, 2014.
^ G. D. Sprott; C. J. Dicaire; G. B. Patel (1994). "The ether lipids of Methanosarcina mazei and other Methanosarcina species, compared by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (10): 837–843. doi:10.1139/m94-133.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Methanosarcina". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-11-17.
^ Sayers; et al. "Methanosarcina". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ a b "Oldest Hemoglobin ancestors Offer Clues to Earliest Oxygen-based Life" (Press release). The National Science Foundation. April 20, 2004.
^ "Scientists find primitive hemoglobins". UPI. April 20, 2004.
^ a b Barnhart, Elliott P.; McClure, Marcella A.; Johnson, Kiki; Cleveland, Sean; Hunt, Kristopher A.; Fields, Matthew W. (3 August 2015). "Potential Role of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase (acs) and Malate Dehydrogenase (mae) in the Evolution of the Acetate Switch in Bacteria and Archaea : Scientific Reports". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 12498. doi:10.1038/srep12498. PMC 4522649. PMID 26235787.
^ Buss, K. A.; Cooper, D. R.; Ingram-Smith, C.; Ferry, J. G.; Sanders, D. A.; Hasson, M. S. (2001-01-01). "Urkinase: structure of acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA superfamily of phosphotransferases". Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (2): 680–686. doi:10.1128/JB.183.2.680-686.2001. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 94925. PMID 11133963.
^ a b c Rothman, D. H.; Fournier, G. P.; French, K. L.; Alm, E. J.; Boyle, E. A.; Cao, C.; Summons, R. E. (2014-03-31). "Methanogenic burst in the end-Permian carbon cycle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (15): 5462–7. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.5462R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318106111. PMC 3992638. PMID 24706773.
^ a b c Steve Connor (March 31, 2014). "Volcanoes? Meteors? No, the worst mass extinction in history - The Great Dying - could have been caused by microbes having sex". the Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
^ Deppenmeier, Uwe; Johann, Andre; Hartsch, Thomas; Merkl, Rainer; Schmitz, Ruth A.; Martinez-Arias, Rosa; Henne, Anke; Wiezer, Arnim; Bäumer, Sebastian; Jacobi, Carsten; Brüggemann, Holger; Lienard, Tanja; Christmann, Andreas; Bömeke, Mechthild; Steckel, Silke (July 2002). "The genome of Methanosarcina mazei: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 4 (4): 453–461. ISSN 1464-1801. PMID 12125824.
^ Laura Dattaro (March 31, 2014). "Biggest Extinction in Earth's History Caused By Microbes, Study Shows". The Weather Channel. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
^ Will Dunham (March 31, 2014). "Methane-spewing microbe blamed in Earth's worst mass extinction". Reuters. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
^ "Shimizu develops cheap, easy waste water treatment technique". The Japan Economic Journal. June 18, 1985. Chemicals & Textiles section, page 17.
^ "Anaerobic Bioreactors Becoming Economical". Water Technology. 2 (4). July 1994.
^ "Researchers Engineer New Methane-production Pathway in Microoganism" (Press release). University of Arkansas. December 8, 2010.
External links
Putting Life's Puzzle Together from Astrobiology Magazine (May 17, 2006)
Methanosarcina from The Microbial Biorealm at Kenyon College
Comparative Analysis of Methanosarcina Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)
Methanosarcina Genome Projects (from Genomes OnLine Database)
Methanosarcina at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
vteProkaryotes: Archaea classification
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi)
EuryarchaeotaHadarchaeota
"Hadarchaeia"
"Hadarchaeales"
"Persephonarchaeia"
"Hydrothermarchaeota"
"Hydrothermarchaeia"
"Hydrothermarchaeles"
"Methanobacteriota"
Methanobacteria
Methanobacteriales
Methanococci
Methanococcales
Methanopyri
Methanopyrales
"Theionarchaeia"
Thermococci
"Methanofastidiosales"
Thermococcales
"Halobacteriota"
Archaeoglobia
Archaeoglobales
"Mnemosynellales"
Halobacteria
Halobacteriales
"Hikarchaeia"
"Hikarchaeales"
"Methanocellia"
Methanocellales
"Methanoliparia"
"Methanoliparales"
Methanomicrobia
Methanomicrobiales
Methanonatronarchaeia
Methanonatronarchaeales
Methanosarcinia
Methanosarcinales
Methanotrichales
"Syntropharchaeia"
"Methanophagales"
"Syntropharchaeales"
"Thermoplasmatota"
"Izemarchaea"
"Thermoprofundales"
"Poseidoniia"
"Poseidoniales"
Thermoplasmata
"Aciduliprofundales"
"Gimiplasmatales"
"Lunaplasmatales"
Methanomassiliicoccales
"Natronoplasmatales"
"Sysuiplasmatales"
Thermoplasmatales
DPANN
"Aenigmatarchaeota"
"Aenigmatarchaeia"
"Altarchaeota"
"Altarchaeia"
"Iainarchaeota"
"Iainarchaeia"
"Huberarchaeota"
"Huberarchaeia"
"Micrarchaeota"
"Micrarchaeia"
"Nanohalarchaeota"
"Nanohalarchaeia"
"Nanoarchaeota"
"Nanoarchaeia"
"Nanohalobiia"
"Undinarchaeota"
"Undinarchaeia"
ProteoarchaeotaTACKThermoproteota
Korarchaeia
"Korarchaeales"
Bathyarchaeia
"Hecatellales"
Nitrososphaeria
"Caldarchaeales"
Conexivisphaerales
"Geothermarchaeales"
Nitrososphaerales
"Culexarchaeia"
"Culexarchaeles"
"Methanomethylicia"
"Methanomethylicales"
"Nezhaarchaeales"
Thermoproteia
"Gearchaeales"
"Marsarchaeales"
Sulfolobales
Thermoproteales
AsgardLokiarchaeota
"Baldrarchaeia"
"Freyrarchaeia"
"Hermodarchaeia"
"Jordarchaeia"
"Lokiarchaeia"
"Helarchaeales"
"Lokiarchaeales"
"Sigynarchaeales"
Odinarchaeia
Thorarchaeia
Heimdallarchaeota
Heimdallarchaeia
"Gerdarchaeales"
"Heimdallarchaeales"
"Hodarchaeales"
"Kariarchaeales"
"Njordarchaeia"
"Sifarchaeia"
"Borrarchaeales"
"Sifarchaeales"
"Wukongarchaeia"
Source:
Alternative views: Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersMethanosarcina
Wikidata: Q1942715
Wikispecies: Methanosarcina
CoL: 5QTB
EoL: 97698
EPPO: 1MTHSG
GBIF: 1000333
iNaturalist: 356812
IRMNG: 1065994
ITIS: 951554
LPSN: methanosarcina.html
NCBI: 2207
Open Tree of Life: 993176
WoRMS: 559504
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"euryarchaeote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota"},{"link_name":"archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"methanogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogens"},{"link_name":"methanogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogenesis"},{"link_name":"pyrrolysine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolysine"},{"link_name":"M. barkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcina_barkeri"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"exponential reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth#Examples"},{"link_name":"Sowers et al. 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521/#B48"}],"text":"Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane. These single-celled organisms are known as anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. They live in diverse environments where they can remain safe from the effects of oxygen, whether on the earth's surface, in groundwater, in deep sea vents, and in animal digestive tracts. Methanosarcina grow in colonies.The amino acid pyrrolysine was first discovered in a Methanosarcina species, M. barkeri. Primitive versions of hemoglobin have been found in M. acetivorans, suggesting the microbe or an ancestor of it may have played a crucial role in the evolution of life on Earth. Species of Methanosarcina are also noted for unusually large genomes. M. acetivorans has the largest known genome of any archaeon.According to a theory published in 2014, Methanosarcina may have been largely responsible for the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The theory suggests that acquisition of a new metabolic pathway via gene transfer followed by exponential reproduction allowed the microbe to rapidly consume vast deposits of organic carbon in marine sediments, leading to a sharp buildup of methane and carbon dioxide in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere that killed around 90% of the world's species. This theory could better explain the observed carbon isotope level in period deposits than other theories such as volcanic activity.Methanosarcina has been used in waste water treatment since the mid-1980s. Researchers have sought ways to use it as an alternative power source. Methanosarcina strains were grown in single-cell morphology (Sowers et al. 1993) at 35 °C in HS broth medium containing 125 mM methanol plus 40 mM sodium acetate (HS-MA medium).","title":"Methanosarcina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"methanogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogens"},{"link_name":"methanogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogenesis"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"acetoclastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetoclastic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"methylotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylotroph"},{"link_name":"methylamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamines"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"methyl thiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methyl_thiols&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genome-1"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genome-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belching-2"},{"link_name":"M. barkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcina_barkeri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanted-3"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanted-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genome-1"},{"link_name":"pyrrolysine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolysine"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon"},{"link_name":"peptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptides"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Methanosarcinaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcinaceae"},{"link_name":"Desulfitobacterium hafniense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfitobacterium_hafniense"},{"link_name":"M. acetivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcina_acetivorans"},{"link_name":"M. mazei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanosarcina_mazei"},{"link_name":"genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"base pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genome-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microbewiki-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprottetal-8"}],"text":"Methanosarcina may be the only known anaerobic methanogens that produce methane using all three known metabolic pathways for methanogenesis. Methanogenesis is critical to the waste-treatment industry and biologically produced methane also represents an important alternative fuel source. Most methanogens make methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Others utilize acetate in the acetoclastic pathway. In addition to these two pathways, species of Methanosarcina can also metabolize methylated one-carbon compounds through methylotrophic methanogenesis. Such one-carbon compounds include methylamines, methanol, and methyl thiols.[1] Only Methanosarcina species possess all three known pathways for methanogenesis, and are capable of utilizing no less than nine methanogenic substrates, including acetate.Methanosarcina are the world's most diverse methanogens in terms of ecology. They are found in environments such as landfills, sewage heaps, deep sea vents, deep subsurface groundwater, and even in the gut of many different ungulates, including cows, sheep, goats, and deer.[1] Methanosarcina have also been found in the human digestive tract.[2] M. barkeri can withstand extreme temperature fluctuations and go without water for extended periods. It can consume a variety of compounds or survive solely on hydrogen and carbon dioxide.[3] It can also survive in low pH environments that are typically hazardous for life.[4] Noting its extreme versatility, biologist Kevin Sowers postulated that M. barkeri could even survive on Mars.[3] Methanosarcina grow in colonies and show primitive cellular differentiation.[1]In 2002, the amino acid pyrrolysine was discovered in M. barkeri by Ohio State University researchers.[5] Earlier research by the team had shown that a gene in M. barkeri had an in-frame amber (UAG) codon that did not signal the end of a protein, as would normally be expected. This behavior suggested the possibility of an unknown amino acid which was confirmed over several years by slicing the protein into peptides and sequencing them. Pyrrolysine was the first genetically-encoded amino acid discovered since 1986, and 22nd overall.[6] It has subsequently been found throughout the family Methanosarcinaceae as well as in a single bacterium, Desulfitobacterium hafniense.Both M. acetivorans and M. mazei have exceptionally large genomes. As of August 2008, M. acetivorans possessed the largest sequenced archaeal genome with 5,751,492 base pairs. The genome of M. mazei has 4,096,345 base pairs.[1]Methanosarcina cell membranes are made of relatively short lipids, primarily of C25 hydrocarbons and C20 ethers. The majority of other methanogens have C30 hydrocarbons and a mixture of C20 and C40 ethers.[7][8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCBI-10"}],"text":"The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[10]","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"Aeropyrum pernix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropyrum_pernix"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF-17"},{"link_name":"protoglobins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protoglobin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Great Oxygenation Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF-17"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State"},{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"primordial soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_soup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belching-2"},{"link_name":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belching-2"},{"link_name":"acetate kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate_kinase"},{"link_name":"phosphoacetyl transferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoacetyl_transferase"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"acetate kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate_kinase"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"halophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloarchaea"},{"link_name":"acetyl coA synthetase gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_Synthetase"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"text":"In 2004, two primitive versions of hemoglobin were discovered in M. acetivorans and another archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix.[17] Known as protoglobins, these globins bind with oxygen much as hemoglobin does. In M. acetivorans, this allows for the removal of unwanted oxygen which would otherwise be toxic to this anaerobic organism. Protoglobins thus may have created a path for the evolution of later lifeforms which are dependent on oxygen.[18] Following the Great Oxygenation Event, once there was free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, the ability to process oxygen led to widespread radiation of life, and is one of the most fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth's lifeforms.[17]Inspired by M. acetivorans, a team of Penn State researchers led by James G. Ferry and Christopher House proposed a new \"thermodynamical theory of evolution\" in 2006. It was observed that M. acetivorans converts carbon monoxide into acetate, the scientists hypothesized that early \"proto-cells\" attached to mineral could have similarly used primitive enzymes to generate energy while excreting acetate. The theory thus sought to unify the \"heterotrophic\" theory of early evolution, where the primordial soup of simple molecules arose from non-biological processes, and the \"chemoautotrophic\" theory, where the earliest lifeforms created most simple molecules. The authors observed that though the \"debate between the heterotrophic and chemotrophic theories revolved around carbon fixation\", in actuality \"these pathways evolved first to make energy. Afterwards, they evolved to fix carbon.\"[2] The scientists further proposed mechanisms which would have allowed the mineral-bound proto-cell to become free-living and for the evolution of acetate metabolism into methane, using the same energy-based pathways. They speculated that M. acetivorans was one of the first lifeforms on Earth, a direct descendant of the early proto-cells. The research was published in Molecular Biology and Evolution in June 2006.[2]Recently researchers have proposed an evolution hypothesis for acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase with genomic evidence from Methanosarcina.[19] Scientists hypothesize acetate kinase could be the urokinase in a major protein superfamily that includes actin.[20] Evidence suggests acetate kinase evolved in an ancient halophilic Methanosarcina genome through duplication and divergence of the acetyl coA synthetase gene.[19]","title":"Role in early development of life on Earth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman2014-21"},{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"acetate kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate_kinase"},{"link_name":"phosphoacetyl transferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoacetyl_transferase"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman2014-21"},{"link_name":"gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indep-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"organic carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_carbon"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indep-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"acidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity"},{"link_name":"hydrogen sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman2014-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indep-23"},{"link_name":"cofactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-27"}],"text":"It was hypothesized that Methanosarcina's methane production may have been one of the causes of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. It is estimated that 70% of shell creatures died from ocean acidification, due to over-populated Methanosarcina.[21] A study conducted by Chinese and American researchers supports that hypothesis. Using genetic analysis of about 50 Methanosarcina genomes, the team concluded that the microbe likely acquired the ability to efficiently consume acetate using acetate kinase and phosphoacetyl transferase roughly 240 ± 41 million years ago,[a] about the time of the extinction event 252 million years ago.[21] The genes for these enzymes may have been acquired from a cellulose-degrading bacterium via gene transfer.[22] Gene transfer plays an important role in the adaption of Methanosarcina species to their respective environment, with genomes of some species containing up to 31 % of genes acquired via gene transfer such as Methanosarcina mazei. [23]The scientists concluded that these new genes, combined with widely available organic carbon deposits in the ocean and a plentiful supply of nickel,[b] allowed Methanosarcina populations to increase dramatically. Under their theory, this led to the release of abundant methane as waste.[22] Then, some of the methane would have been broken down into carbon dioxide by other organisms.[24] The buildup of these two gases would have caused oxygen levels in the ocean to decrease dramatically, while also increasing acidity. Terrestrial climates would simultaneously have experienced rising temperatures and significant climate change from the release of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is possible the buildup of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere eventually caused the release of hydrogen sulfide gas, further stressing terrestrial life. The team's findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in March 2014.[21]The microbe theory's proponents argue that it would better explain the rapid, but continual, rise of carbon isotope level in period sediment deposits than volcanic eruption, which causes a spike in carbon levels followed by a slow decline.[22] The microbe theory suggests that volcanic activity played a different role - supplying the nickel which Methanosarcina required as a cofactor. Thus, the microbe theory holds that Siberian volcanic activity was a catalyst for, but not the primary cause of the mass extinction.[25]","title":"Role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shimizu Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu_Construction"},{"link_name":"bioreactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Methanothrix soehngenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanothrix_soehngenii"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"spliced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-4"}],"text":"In 1985, Shimizu Construction developed a bioreactor that uses Methanosarcina to treat waste water from food processing plants and paper mills. The water is fed into the reactor where the microbes break down the waste particulate. The methane produced by the archaea is then used to power the reactor, making it cheap to run. In tests, Methanosarcina reduced the waste concentration from 5,000–10,000 parts per million (ppm) to 80–100 ppm. Further treatment was necessary to finish the cleansing process.[26] According to a 1994 report in Chemistry and Industry, bioreactors utilizing anaerobic digestion by Methanothrix soehngenii or Methanosarcina produced less sludge byproduct than aerobic counterparts. Methanosarcina reactors operate at temperatures ranging from 35 to 55 °C and pH ranges of 6.5-7.5.[27]Researchers have sought ways to utilize Methanosarcina's methane-producing abilities more broadly as an alternative power source. In December 2010, University of Arkansas researchers successfully spliced a gene into M. acetivorans that allowed it to break down esters. They argued that this would allow it to more efficiently convert biomass into methane gas for power production.[28] In 2011, it was shown that most methane produced during decomposition at landfills comes from M. barkeri. The researchers found that the microbe can survive in low pH environments and that it consumes acid, thereby raising the pH and allowing a wider range of life to flourish. They argued that their findings could help accelerate research into using archaea-generated methane as an alternate power source.[4]","title":"Use by humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"cofactor F430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_F430"},{"link_name":"coenzyme M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_M"}],"text":"^ This value is the estimated date of the last common ancestor of those Methanosarcina strains able to grow readily on acetate.\n\n^ A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, cofactor F430, is present in methyl coenzyme M reductase, which catalyzes the final step in the release of methane by methanogens.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Archaea genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archaea_genera"}]
|
[{"reference":"Galagan, J. E.; Nusbaum, C.; Roy, A.; Endrizzi, M. G.; MacDonald, P.; Fitzhugh, W.; Calvo, S.; Engels, R.; Smirnov, S.; Atnoor, D.; Brown, A.; Allen, N.; Naylor, J.; Stange-Thomann, N.; Dearellano, K.; Johnson, R.; Linton, L.; McEwan, P.; McKernan, K.; Talamas, J.; Tirrell, A.; Ye, W.; Zimmer, A.; Barber, R. D.; Cann, I.; Graham, D. E.; Grahame, D. A.; Guss, A. M.; Hedderich, R.; Ingram-Smith, C. (2002). \"The Genome of M. Acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity\". Genome Research. 12 (4): 532–542. doi:10.1101/gr.223902. PMC 187521. PMID 11932238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521","url_text":"\"The Genome of M. Acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.223902","url_text":"10.1101/gr.223902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521","url_text":"187521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932238","url_text":"11932238"}]},{"reference":"\"Methane-Belching Bugs Inspire A New Theory Of The Origin Of Life On Earth\". Space Daily. May 15, 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael Schirber (July 14, 2009). \"Wanted: Easy-Going Martian Roommates\". Space Daily.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Researchers ID Microbe Responsible for Methane from Landfills\" (Press release). North Carolina State University - Raleigh. April 6, 2011.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Science Notebook\". The Washington Post. May 27, 2002. p. A09.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Amino Acid Discovered\". Applied Genetics. 22 (11). June 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ian Kerman. \"Methanosarcina barkeri\". Retrieved Apr 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanosarcina_barkeri","url_text":"\"Methanosarcina barkeri\""}]},{"reference":"G. D. Sprott; C. J. Dicaire; G. B. Patel (1994). \"The ether lipids of Methanosarcina mazei and other Methanosarcina species, compared by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry\". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (10): 837–843. doi:10.1139/m94-133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fm94-133","url_text":"10.1139/m94-133"}]},{"reference":"J.P. Euzéby. \"Methanosarcina\". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/methanosarcina","url_text":"\"Methanosarcina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature","url_text":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature"}]},{"reference":"Sayers; et al. \"Methanosarcina\". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2207&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock","url_text":"\"Methanosarcina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information","url_text":"National Center for Biotechnology Information"}]},{"reference":"\"The LTP\". Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP","url_text":"\"The LTP\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTP_all tree in newick format\". Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree","url_text":"\"LTP_all tree in newick format\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTP_06_2022 Release Notes\" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf","url_text":"\"LTP_06_2022 Release Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"GTDB release 08-RS214\". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C","url_text":"\"GTDB release 08-RS214\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Taxonomy_Database","url_text":"Genome Taxonomy Database"}]},{"reference":"\"ar53_r214.sp_label\". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r214.sp_labels.tree","url_text":"\"ar53_r214.sp_label\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Taxonomy_Database","url_text":"Genome Taxonomy Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxon History\". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/","url_text":"\"Taxon History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Taxonomy_Database","url_text":"Genome Taxonomy Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Oldest Hemoglobin ancestors Offer Clues to Earliest Oxygen-based Life\" (Press release). The National Science Foundation. April 20, 2004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Scientists find primitive hemoglobins\". UPI. April 20, 2004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barnhart, Elliott P.; McClure, Marcella A.; Johnson, Kiki; Cleveland, Sean; Hunt, Kristopher A.; Fields, Matthew W. (3 August 2015). \"Potential Role of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase (acs) and Malate Dehydrogenase (mae) in the Evolution of the Acetate Switch in Bacteria and Archaea : Scientific Reports\". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 12498. doi:10.1038/srep12498. PMC 4522649. PMID 26235787.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522649","url_text":"\"Potential Role of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase (acs) and Malate Dehydrogenase (mae) in the Evolution of the Acetate Switch in Bacteria and Archaea : Scientific Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep12498","url_text":"10.1038/srep12498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522649","url_text":"4522649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26235787","url_text":"26235787"}]},{"reference":"Buss, K. A.; Cooper, D. R.; Ingram-Smith, C.; Ferry, J. G.; Sanders, D. A.; Hasson, M. S. (2001-01-01). \"Urkinase: structure of acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA superfamily of phosphotransferases\". Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (2): 680–686. doi:10.1128/JB.183.2.680-686.2001. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 94925. PMID 11133963.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94925","url_text":"\"Urkinase: structure of acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA superfamily of phosphotransferases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.2.680-686.2001","url_text":"10.1128/JB.183.2.680-686.2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9193","url_text":"0021-9193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94925","url_text":"94925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11133963","url_text":"11133963"}]},{"reference":"Rothman, D. H.; Fournier, G. P.; French, K. L.; Alm, E. J.; Boyle, E. A.; Cao, C.; Summons, R. E. (2014-03-31). \"Methanogenic burst in the end-Permian carbon cycle\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (15): 5462–7. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.5462R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318106111. PMC 3992638. PMID 24706773.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992638","url_text":"\"Methanogenic burst in the end-Permian carbon cycle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.5462R","url_text":"2014PNAS..111.5462R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1318106111","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1318106111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992638","url_text":"3992638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706773","url_text":"24706773"}]},{"reference":"Steve Connor (March 31, 2014). \"Volcanoes? Meteors? No, the worst mass extinction in history - The Great Dying - could have been caused by microbes having sex\". the Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-great-dying-an-act-of-microbial-sex-led-to-worlds-biggest-mass-extinction-9226813.html","url_text":"\"Volcanoes? Meteors? No, the worst mass extinction in history - The Great Dying - could have been caused by microbes having sex\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-great-dying-an-act-of-microbial-sex-led-to-worlds-biggest-mass-extinction-9226813.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deppenmeier, Uwe; Johann, Andre; Hartsch, Thomas; Merkl, Rainer; Schmitz, Ruth A.; Martinez-Arias, Rosa; Henne, Anke; Wiezer, Arnim; Bäumer, Sebastian; Jacobi, Carsten; Brüggemann, Holger; Lienard, Tanja; Christmann, Andreas; Bömeke, Mechthild; Steckel, Silke (July 2002). \"The genome of Methanosarcina mazei: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea\". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 4 (4): 453–461. ISSN 1464-1801. PMID 12125824.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12125824","url_text":"\"The genome of Methanosarcina mazei: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-1801","url_text":"1464-1801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12125824","url_text":"12125824"}]},{"reference":"Laura Dattaro (March 31, 2014). \"Biggest Extinction in Earth's History Caused By Microbes, Study Shows\". The Weather Channel. Retrieved March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/news/science/biggest-extinction-earths-history-caused-microbes-study-shows-20140331","url_text":"\"Biggest Extinction in Earth's History Caused By Microbes, Study Shows\""}]},{"reference":"Will Dunham (March 31, 2014). \"Methane-spewing microbe blamed in Earth's worst mass extinction\". Reuters. Retrieved March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-extinction-idUSBREA2U1KO20140331","url_text":"\"Methane-spewing microbe blamed in Earth's worst mass extinction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shimizu develops cheap, easy waste water treatment technique\". The Japan Economic Journal. June 18, 1985. Chemicals & Textiles section, page 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Anaerobic Bioreactors Becoming Economical\". Water Technology. 2 (4). July 1994.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Researchers Engineer New Methane-production Pathway in Microoganism\" (Press release). University of Arkansas. December 8, 2010.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521/#B48","external_links_name":"Sowers et al. 1993"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521","external_links_name":"\"The Genome of M. Acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.223902","external_links_name":"10.1101/gr.223902"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521","external_links_name":"187521"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11932238","external_links_name":"11932238"},{"Link":"https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanosarcina_barkeri","external_links_name":"\"Methanosarcina barkeri\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fm94-133","external_links_name":"10.1139/m94-133"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/methanosarcina","external_links_name":"\"Methanosarcina\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2207&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock","external_links_name":"\"Methanosarcina\""},{"Link":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP","external_links_name":"\"The LTP\""},{"Link":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree","external_links_name":"\"LTP_all tree in newick format\""},{"Link":"https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LTP_06_2022 Release Notes\""},{"Link":"https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C","external_links_name":"\"GTDB release 08-RS214\""},{"Link":"https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r214.sp_labels.tree","external_links_name":"\"ar53_r214.sp_label\""},{"Link":"https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/","external_links_name":"\"Taxon History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522649","external_links_name":"\"Potential Role of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase (acs) and Malate Dehydrogenase (mae) in the Evolution of the Acetate Switch in Bacteria and Archaea : Scientific Reports\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep12498","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep12498"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522649","external_links_name":"4522649"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26235787","external_links_name":"26235787"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94925","external_links_name":"\"Urkinase: structure of acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA superfamily of phosphotransferases\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.2.680-686.2001","external_links_name":"10.1128/JB.183.2.680-686.2001"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9193","external_links_name":"0021-9193"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94925","external_links_name":"94925"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11133963","external_links_name":"11133963"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992638","external_links_name":"\"Methanogenic burst in the end-Permian carbon cycle\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.5462R","external_links_name":"2014PNAS..111.5462R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1318106111","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1318106111"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992638","external_links_name":"3992638"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706773","external_links_name":"24706773"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-great-dying-an-act-of-microbial-sex-led-to-worlds-biggest-mass-extinction-9226813.html","external_links_name":"\"Volcanoes? Meteors? No, the worst mass extinction in history - The Great Dying - could have been caused by microbes having sex\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-great-dying-an-act-of-microbial-sex-led-to-worlds-biggest-mass-extinction-9226813.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12125824","external_links_name":"\"The genome of Methanosarcina mazei: evidence for lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-1801","external_links_name":"1464-1801"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12125824","external_links_name":"12125824"},{"Link":"http://www.weather.com/news/science/biggest-extinction-earths-history-caused-microbes-study-shows-20140331","external_links_name":"\"Biggest Extinction in Earth's History Caused By Microbes, Study Shows\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-extinction-idUSBREA2U1KO20140331","external_links_name":"\"Methane-spewing microbe blamed in Earth's worst mass extinction\""},{"Link":"http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1961&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0","external_links_name":"Putting Life's Puzzle Together from Astrobiology Magazine (May 17, 2006)"},{"Link":"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanosarcina","external_links_name":"Methanosarcina from The Microbial Biorealm at Kenyon College"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080203020230/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Methanosarcina","external_links_name":"Comparative Analysis of Methanosarcina Genomes"},{"Link":"http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Methanosarcina&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search","external_links_name":"Methanosarcina Genome Projects"},{"Link":"http://www.genomesonline.org/","external_links_name":"Genomes OnLine Database"},{"Link":"http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Methanosarcina&submit=Search","external_links_name":"Methanosarcina at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5QTB","external_links_name":"5QTB"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/97698","external_links_name":"97698"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MTHSG","external_links_name":"1MTHSG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1000333","external_links_name":"1000333"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/356812","external_links_name":"356812"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1065994","external_links_name":"1065994"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=951554","external_links_name":"951554"},{"Link":"http://www.bacterio.net/methanosarcina.html","external_links_name":"methanosarcina.html"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2207","external_links_name":"2207"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=993176","external_links_name":"993176"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=559504","external_links_name":"559504"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadriorg_Palace
|
Kadriorg Palace
|
["1 Construction","2 Restoration","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 59°26′19″N 24°47′27″E / 59.43851°N 24.79084°E / 59.43851; 24.79084Palace in Tallinn
Kadriorg PalaceKadrioru lossKadriorg Palace in TallinnGeneral informationArchitectural stylePetrine BaroqueTown or cityTallinnCountryEstoniaConstruction started1718Completed1725ClientPeter the GreatDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Nicola Michetti Gaetano Chiaveri Mikhail Zemtsov
Kadriorg Palace (Estonian: Kadrioru loss, German: Schloss Katharinental) is an 18th-century Petrine Baroque palace in Kadriorg, Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. Both the Estonian and the German name for the palace means "Catherine's valley". It was built in 1718–1725 to Nicola Michetti's designs by Gaetano Chiaveri and Mikhail Zemtsov. The palace currently houses the Kadriorg Art Museum, a branch of the Art Museum of Estonia, displaying foreign art from the 16th to 20th centuries. The building of the Kumu branch of the museum, showing Estonian art from the 18th century onwards is located nearby in the Kadriorg Park.
Construction
Stucco decoration with Catherine's initials in the great hall of the palace
After the successful 1710 siege of Reval (Tallinn) during the Great Northern War, Czar Peter the Great of Russia bought a small manor house at Laksberg (Lasnamäe) for his wife Catherine. Plans for a larger palace in the area were developed soon afterwards and construction of a new palace, in what is now Kadriorg, was started on 25 July 1718. The construction of the main building of the palace was completed by 1725. Peter the Great and Catherine visited the unfinished residence on several occasions, but after his death in 1725 Catherine showed no interest in the seaside property. The great hall with Catherine's initials and profuse stucco decor (attributed to Heinrich von Bergen) survives, while many other interiors have been altered.
The gardener Ilya Surmin was responsible for the flower garden with two fountains and the so-called mirage garden on several levels. The layout of the park shares similarities with that of the palace of Peter the Great in Strelna.
Restoration
Ceiling fresco in the great hall
After the death of Peter the Great, the palace received little attention from the Russian royal family. It was sporadically visited, by the Empress Elisabeth and Catherine the Great. In 1828-1830 extensive restoration works of the palace and grounds took place. Between 1741 and 1917, the palace also housed the civilian governor of the Governorate of Estonia.
After Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the palace became state property. For a time, one of the wings housed the studio of sculptor August Weizenberg while the palace was used for art exhibitions. Between 1921 and 1928 the palace housed what would eventually develop into the Art Museum of Estonia. In 1929, in connection with a state visit by King Gustaf V of Sweden, the palace was turned into a summer residence for the head of state of Estonia. In 1934, the palace became the official residence of the then head of state, Konstantin Päts who embarked on extensive and controversial restoration works with the aim of transforming the park and the palace into his private domain. From this era, the library in elaborate "Danzig-baroque" style, completed by architect Olev Siinmaa in 1939 is worth mentioning. A purpose-built presidential palace on the grounds (1938) was designed by Alar Kotli.
In 1921, the palace became the main site for the Art Museum of Estonia. The museum was rehoused in temporary locations from 1929 while the palace was being converted into the Estonian head of state's official residence. During the German occupation of Estonia during World War II, the palace was the residence of the civilian governor of occupied Estonia, Karl-Siegmund Litzmann. After 1944, during the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the palace once again became the main venue for the Art Museum of Estonia, although the buildings were neglected and by the time of the restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991, completely run down. Restoration works, supported by the government of Sweden, began in 1991, and the palace was reopened to the public in 2000. It was also decided that a new building would be established nearby for the section of the museum devoted to Estonian art.
The restored palace was reopened in the summer of 2000, but it no longer serves as the main building of the museum, but as a branch displaying the museum's collection of foreign art. This art museum has paintings by Bartholomeus van der Helst, Gillis van Valckenborch ("Burning of Troy"), Jacob Jordaens ("Holy Family"), Lambert de Hondt the Elder, Adriaen Cornelisz Beeldemaker ("Hunter on Horseback"), Maria Dorothea Wagner, Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz, Bernardo Strozzi, Pietro Liberi, Anton Graff, Angelica Kauffman, Francesco Fontebasso, Cornelis Schut, Mikhail Clodt, and Ilya Repin ("Soldier's Tale").
Gallery
The front façade during sunset
The rear façade
From the interior
The palace in winter
The palace grounds
Poseidon fountains in the garden
See also
List of Baroque residences
Culture of Estonia
List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia
References
^ "Art Museum of Estonia". Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Kadriorg". Tallinn in your pocket.
^ Peter Hayden. Russian Parks and Gardens. ISBN 978-0-7112-2430-8. Page 74.
^ a b c "Palace and Its Story". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ Taylor, Neil (2010). Estonia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 116. ISBN 9781841623207.
^ "About the museum". Art Museum of Estonia. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kadriorg Palace.
Kadriorg virtual tour
vte Tallinn landmarksBuildings and structures
Toompea Castle
Town Hall
Old Thomas
Kiek in de Kök
St Mary's Cathedral
St. Olaf's church
St. Nicholas Church
Church of the Holy Ghost
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
Saint Catherine's Monastery
Town Hall Pharmacy
Great Guild
Pikk Hermann tower
Knighthood House
Stenbock House
Kadriorg Palace
Presidential Palace
Pirita Monastery
Glehn Castle (Tallinn Observatory)
Maarjamäe Manor
Maarjamäe Memorial
TV Tower
Linnahall
Patarei Sea Fortress-Prison
Independence War Victory Column
Bronze Soldier
Charles Leroux Monument
Russalka Memorial
Raekoja plats
Freedom Square
Walls of Tallinn
House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads
Tallinn Synagogue
Precincts
Historic Centre (Toompea Hill)
Kadriorg
Kalamaja
Nature and parks
Tallinn Zoo
Tallinn Botanic Garden
Lake Ülemiste
Lake Harku
Pirita River
Aegna island
Kadriorg Park
Danish King's Garden
Kanuti Garden
Kuberneri Garden
Komandandi Garden
Toompark
Hirvepark
Harjumägi
Lindamägi
Tammsaare Park
Police Garden
Löwenruh Park
Glehn Park
Jüriöö Park
Pae Park
Lillepi Park
Kakumäe Coastal Park
Kopli cemetery
Kalamaja cemetery
Metsakalmistu
Beaches
Pirita Beach
Stroomi Beach
Kakumäe Beach
Harku Beach
Pikakari Beach
CultureMuseums and galleries
Kumu (Art Museum of Estonia main branch)
Mikkel Museum
Estonian Open Air Museum (Kolu kõrts)
Estonian Maritime Museum (Seaplane Harbour)
Estonian Firefighting Museum
Estonian History Museum
Estonian Museum of Natural History
Estonian Health Museum
Estonian Theatre and Music Museum
Museum of Estonian Architecture
Museum of Occupations
Theatres
Estonia Theatre
Estonian Drama Theatre
Theatre NO99
Russian Theatre
Estonian Puppet Theatre
Tallinn City Theatre
Von Krahl Theatre
Other
National Library of Estonia
Song Festival Grounds
Culture Factory Polymer
Science and education
Tallinn University
Tallinn University of Technology
Estonian Academy of Arts
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
Estonian Academy of Security Sciences
Estonian Maritime Academy
Tallinn University of Applied Sciences
Estonian Business School
Estonian Academy of Sciences
Sports
Pirita Yachting Centre
A. Le Coq Arena
Kadriorg Stadium
Kalevi Keskstaadion
Unibet Arena
Kalev Sports Hall
Tondiraba Ice Hall
Pirita Velodrome
Mustamäe Ski Jumping Hill
Tallinn Hippodrome
Pirita-Kose-Kloostrimetsa Circuit
Transportation
Port of Tallinn
Old City Harbour
Paljassaare Harbour
Bekker Port
Tallinn Airport
Tallinn Baltic Station
Tallinn bus station
Tallinna Linnatranspordi AS
Events
Estonian Song Festival
Estonian Dance Festival
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival
Tallinn Old Town Days
Tallinn Marathon
Tallinn Music Week
Tallinn Christmas Market
Õllesummer
Tallinn Legends
vteRussian imperial palaces and residencesImperial residences
Alexander Palace
Anichkov Palace
Catherine Palace
Gatchina Palace
Grand Kremlin Palace
Kamenny Island Palace
Oranienbaum
Pavlovsk Palace
Peterhof Palace
Petrovsky Palace
Saint Michael's Castle
Winter Palace
Yelagin Palace
Grand ducal residences
Alexis Palace
Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace
Constantine Palace
Marble Palace
Mariinsky Palace
Mikhailovsky Palace
New Michael Palace
Nicholas Palace
Tauride Palace
Vladimir Palace
Outside the Russian Federation
Belweder
Białowież
Helsingfors
Kachanivka
Kadriorg
Langinkoski
Mariinskyi Palace
Likani Villa
Skierniewice Palace
In Crimea
Dulber Palace
Livadia Palace
Massandra Palace
Vorontsov Palace
Historical
Annenhof
Catherine Palace
Babolovo Palace
Catherinehof
English Palace in Peterhof
Kolomenskoye Palace
Pella Palace
Ropsha
Summer Palace of Empress Elisabeth
Summer Palace of Peter the Great
Tsaritsyno Palace
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz place
59°26′19″N 24°47′27″E / 59.43851°N 24.79084°E / 59.43851; 24.79084
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Petrine Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrine_Baroque"},{"link_name":"Kadriorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadriorg"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Nicola Michetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Michetti"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Chiaveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Chiaveri"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Zemtsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Zemtsov"},{"link_name":"Art Museum of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EKM-1"},{"link_name":"Kumu branch of the museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUMU_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Kadriorg Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadriorg_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pocket-2"}],"text":"Palace in TallinnKadriorg Palace (Estonian: Kadrioru loss, German: Schloss Katharinental) is an 18th-century Petrine Baroque palace in Kadriorg, Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. Both the Estonian and the German name for the palace means \"Catherine's valley\". It was built in 1718–1725 to Nicola Michetti's designs by Gaetano Chiaveri and Mikhail Zemtsov. The palace currently houses the Kadriorg Art Museum, a branch of the Art Museum of Estonia, displaying foreign art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[1] The building of the Kumu branch of the museum, showing Estonian art from the 18th century onwards is located nearby in the Kadriorg Park.[2]","title":"Kadriorg Palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img57_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"1710 siege of Reval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Reval_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Laksberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasnam%C3%A4e"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"Strelna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Stucco decoration with Catherine's initials in the great hall of the palaceAfter the successful 1710 siege of Reval (Tallinn) during the Great Northern War, Czar Peter the Great of Russia bought a small manor house at Laksberg (Lasnamäe) for his wife Catherine. Plans for a larger palace in the area were developed soon afterwards and construction of a new palace, in what is now Kadriorg, was started on 25 July 1718. The construction of the main building of the palace was completed by 1725. Peter the Great and Catherine visited the unfinished residence on several occasions, but after his death in 1725 Catherine showed no interest in the seaside property. The great hall with Catherine's initials and profuse stucco decor (attributed to Heinrich von Bergen) survives, while many other interiors have been altered.The gardener Ilya Surmin was responsible for the flower garden with two fountains and the so-called mirage garden on several levels. The layout of the park shares similarities with that of the palace of Peter the Great in Strelna.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img56_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Governorate of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EKM2-4"},{"link_name":"August Weizenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Weizenberg"},{"link_name":"Art Museum of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Gustaf V of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EKM2-4"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Päts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Olev Siinmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olev_Siinmaa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alar Kotli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar_Kotli"},{"link_name":"Art Museum of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Estonia during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Karl-Siegmund Litzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Siegmund_Litzmann"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EKM2-4"},{"link_name":"section of the museum devoted to Estonian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUMU_(museum)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekm-6"},{"link_name":"Bartholomeus van der Helst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst"},{"link_name":"Gillis van Valckenborch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_van_Valckenborch"},{"link_name":"Jacob Jordaens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens"},{"link_name":"Lambert de Hondt the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_de_Hondt_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Adriaen Cornelisz Beeldemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaen_Cornelisz_Beeldemaker"},{"link_name":"Maria Dorothea Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dorothea_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Wilhelmine_Hagen-Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Strozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi"},{"link_name":"Pietro Liberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Liberi"},{"link_name":"Anton Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Graff"},{"link_name":"Angelica Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"Francesco Fontebasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Fontebasso"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Schut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Schut"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Clodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Clodt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"}],"text":"Ceiling fresco in the great hallAfter the death of Peter the Great, the palace received little attention from the Russian royal family. It was sporadically visited, by the Empress Elisabeth and Catherine the Great. In 1828-1830 extensive restoration works of the palace and grounds took place. Between 1741 and 1917, the palace also housed the civilian governor of the Governorate of Estonia.[4]After Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the palace became state property. For a time, one of the wings housed the studio of sculptor August Weizenberg while the palace was used for art exhibitions. Between 1921 and 1928 the palace housed what would eventually develop into the Art Museum of Estonia. In 1929, in connection with a state visit by King Gustaf V of Sweden, the palace was turned into a summer residence for the head of state of Estonia.[4] In 1934, the palace became the official residence of the then head of state, Konstantin Päts who embarked on extensive and controversial restoration works with the aim of transforming the park and the palace into his private domain. From this era, the library in elaborate \"Danzig-baroque\" style, completed by architect Olev Siinmaa in 1939 is worth mentioning.[5] A purpose-built presidential palace on the grounds (1938) was designed by Alar Kotli.In 1921, the palace became the main site for the Art Museum of Estonia. The museum was rehoused in temporary locations from 1929 while the palace was being converted into the Estonian head of state's official residence. During the German occupation of Estonia during World War II, the palace was the residence of the civilian governor of occupied Estonia, Karl-Siegmund Litzmann. After 1944, during the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the palace once again became the main venue for the Art Museum of Estonia, although the buildings were neglected and by the time of the restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991, completely run down. Restoration works, supported by the government of Sweden, began in 1991, and the palace was reopened to the public in 2000.[4] It was also decided that a new building would be established nearby for the section of the museum devoted to Estonian art.The restored palace was reopened in the summer of 2000, but it no longer serves as the main building of the museum, but as a branch displaying the museum's collection of foreign art.[6] This art museum has paintings by Bartholomeus van der Helst, Gillis van Valckenborch (\"Burning of Troy\"), Jacob Jordaens (\"Holy Family\"), Lambert de Hondt the Elder, Adriaen Cornelisz Beeldemaker (\"Hunter on Horseback\"), Maria Dorothea Wagner, Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz, Bernardo Strozzi, Pietro Liberi, Anton Graff, Angelica Kauffman, Francesco Fontebasso, Cornelis Schut, Mikhail Clodt,[citation needed] and Ilya Repin (\"Soldier's Tale\").","title":"Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadrioru_loss_p%C3%A4ikeselisel_%C3%B5htul.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img18_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img61_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadrioru_loss_talvel_2013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadrioruloss1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Kadriorg,_Tallinn,_Estonia,_2012-08-12,_DD_38.JPG"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"}],"text":"The front façade during sunset\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe rear façade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrom the interior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe palace in winter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe palace grounds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPoseidon fountains in the garden","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Stucco decoration with Catherine's initials in the great hall of the palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img57_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg/200px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img57_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ceiling fresco in the great hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img56_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg/200px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img56_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Baroque residences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baroque_residences"},{"title":"Culture of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia"},{"title":"List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_palaces_and_manor_houses_in_Estonia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Art Museum of Estonia\". Retrieved 16 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekm.ee/en/about-the-museum","url_text":"\"Art Museum of Estonia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kadriorg\". Tallinn in your pocket.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inyourpocket.com/estonia/tallinn/kadriorg_55134f?more=1","url_text":"\"Kadriorg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palace and Its Story\". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221065545/http://www.kadriorumuuseum.ee/en/museum/palace-and-its-story","url_text":"\"Palace and Its Story\""},{"url":"http://www.kadriorumuuseum.ee/en/museum/palace-and-its-story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Neil (2010). Estonia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 116. ISBN 9781841623207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623207","url_text":"9781841623207"}]},{"reference":"\"About the museum\". Art Museum of Estonia. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2010-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190909/http://www.ekm.ee/eng/ekm.php?id=1","url_text":"\"About the museum\""},{"url":"http://www.ekm.ee/eng/ekm.php?id=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kadriorg_Palace¶ms=59.43851_N_24.79084_E_type:landmark_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°26′19″N 24°47′27″E / 59.43851°N 24.79084°E / 59.43851; 24.79084"},{"Link":"http://www.ekm.ee/en/about-the-museum","external_links_name":"\"Art Museum of Estonia\""},{"Link":"http://www.inyourpocket.com/estonia/tallinn/kadriorg_55134f?more=1","external_links_name":"\"Kadriorg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221065545/http://www.kadriorumuuseum.ee/en/museum/palace-and-its-story","external_links_name":"\"Palace and Its Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadriorumuuseum.ee/en/museum/palace-and-its-story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190909/http://www.ekm.ee/eng/ekm.php?id=1","external_links_name":"\"About the museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.ekm.ee/eng/ekm.php?id=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kadriorg.info/","external_links_name":"Kadriorg virtual tour"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/246942218","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4407551-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/08ef13f8-f690-4cd1-a5b4-974e128866de","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kadriorg_Palace¶ms=59.43851_N_24.79084_E_type:landmark_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°26′19″N 24°47′27″E / 59.43851°N 24.79084°E / 59.43851; 24.79084"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt
|
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
|
["1 Rulers","2 Summary","2.1 Sneferu","2.2 Khufu","2.3 Djedefre","2.4 Khafre","2.5 Menkaure","2.6 Shepseskaf","3 Other notable individuals","3.1 Baka","3.2 Khentkaus I","4 Age of the Pyramids","4.1 Religious changes","4.2 Changing customs drove architectural changes","5 Timeline","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Old Kingdom dynasty (c. 2613–2494 BC)
Fourth Dynasty of Egyptca. 2613 BC–ca. 2494 BCSneferu's bent pyramid at Dahshur, an early experiment in true pyramid buildingCapitalMemphisCommon languagesEgyptian languageReligion Ancient Egyptian religionGovernmentAbsolute monarchyHistorical eraBronze Age• Established ca. 2613 BC• Disestablished ca. 2494 BC
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Third Dynasty of Egypt
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early Pre-dynastic period First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Second Intermediate Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 Twenty-seventh Dynasty(1st Persian Period) XXVII 525–404 Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 Thirty-first Dynasty(2nd Persian Period) XXXI 343–332
Hellenistic Egypt Thirty-second Dynasty XXXII 332–305 Thirty-third Dynasty XXXIII 305–30
Roman Egypt Thirty-fourth Dynasty(Roman Pharaohs) XXXIV 30 BC – 313 AD
See also: List of pharaohs by period and dynastyPeriodization of ancient Egyptvte
The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a "golden age" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Dynasty IV lasted from c. 2613 to 2494 BC. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented.
The Fourth Dynasty heralded the height of the pyramid-building age. The relative peace of the Third Dynasty allowed the Dynasty IV rulers the leisure to explore more artistic and cultural pursuits. King Sneferu's building experiments led to the evolution from the mastaba-styled step pyramids to the smooth sided “true” pyramids, such as those on the Giza Plateau. No other period in Egypt's history equaled Dynasty IV's architectural accomplishments. Each of the rulers of this dynasty (except for Shepseskaf, the last) commissioned at least one pyramid to serve as a tomb or cenotaph.
The Fourth Dynasty was the second of four dynasties that made up the "Old Kingdom". King Sneferu, the first king of the Fourth Dynasty, held territory from ancient Libya in the west to the Sinai Peninsula in the east, to Nubia in the south. It was a successful period and this era is known for its advancement and concentrated government, as seen in the organized building of pyramids and other monuments.
Knowledge of the Old Kingdom comes mainly from these structures and objects discovered in the desert cemeteries of Giza.
Rulers
Initial Fourth Dynasty Royalty
Personal Name
Horus-name
Dates
Pyramid
Names of Wives
Sneferu
Nebma'at
2613–2589 BC
Red Pyramid Bent Pyramid Pyramid at Meidum
Hetepheres I
Khufu"Cheops"
Medjedu
2589–2566 BC
Great Pyramid of Giza
Meritites I Henutsen
Djedefre"Ratoises"
Kheper
2566–2558 BC ?
Pyramid of Djedefre
Hetepheres II Khentetka
Khafre"Chephren"
Userib
2558–2532 BC
Pyramid of Khafre
Meresankh III Khamerernebty I Hekenuhedjet Persenet
Bikheris(Possibly Bakare or Baufre)
c. 2532 BC?
Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan?
Menkaure"Mycerinus"
Kakhet
2532–2503 BC ?
Pyramid of Menkaure
Khamerernebty II
Shepseskaf
Shepsesket
2503–2496 BC ?
Mastabat al-Fir'aun
Bunefer Khentkaus I?
Djedefptah(Existence disputed)
2496-2494 BC?
Khentkaus I?
Summary
The Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Dahshur. It is Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a "true" smooth-sided pyramid.
Sneferu
Sneferu, lauded as "Bringer of Beauty", "Master of All Justice", and "Ruler of Lower and Upper Nile", was the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty. He descended from a family in Middle Egypt that lived near Hermopolis, and most likely ascended to the throne by marrying a royal heiress. There is still debate as to who his father was, with the credit often being given to Huni, but this cannot be confirmed due to the break in dynasties. His mother, Meresankh I was either a lesser wife or concubine of Huni.
Egypt in the Third Millennium BC was, by all accounts, a land of peace and plenty. Elites commonly ate fattened ducks and geese, and they wore fine white linens.
Until his reign, Egyptian kings were thought to be worldly incarnations of Horus, obtaining total deification exclusively in death. Sneferu was the first king to proclaim that he was the embodiment of Ra, another sun deity. Khufu would pursue his father's path, taking the name Son of the Sun God.
On the whole, Egypt was ruled by two centers of power—legal authority and traditional authority. Legal authority constituted governing by the king, not over the people directly, but via viziers and nomarchs. Traditional authority was derived from the concept that the deities gave a king the divine right to rule as he pleased. At its heart, the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian government became organized so that only the king could direct traditional authority.
The Bent Pyramid was Sneferu's first attempt at building a perfect structure, but it slopes and eventually bends to a lower angle, giving the structure a squished look. His Red Pyramid is widely considered the first true pyramid and earned its name from the reddish tint in the limestone used. The Red Pyramid was considered the first pyramid, approximately 150 years after the structures built by King Djoser. The Red Pyramid was the first to be given a solid foundation so that it was stable enough for a taller building. He is also said to be responsible for a series of pyramids built in Seila. He commissioned a total of three pyramids, but there are records that point to a fourth. Although he did not construct any of the pyramids at Giza, he is known as the king who moved the most stone and brick. A lot of Sneferu's political expeditions were to other countries to secure two things: a substantial labor force and access to a large store of materials. He traveled to Nubia and Libya for these things. His incursions in these areas allowed Sneferu to secure a large labor force, so large, in fact, that it caused huge devastation to the raided countries. He also needed cattle and other food sources to provide to the people building his pyramids. By the end of his military efforts, he managed to capture 11,000 prisoners and 13,100 head of cattle.
Khufu
King Khufu built The Great Pyramid of Giza
Khufu, known to the Greek as Cheops, and Sneferu's successor—though it is unclear whether he was the biological son of Sneferu—was a widely known king. He is still known very well in present-day media, being featured in movies, novels, and television shows. His fame stems from his pyramid on the northeastern plateau at Giza, where he was buried. His mortuary temple was built on the northern end of the pyramid, which is no longer accessible due to ravages by grave robbers. Only three-dimensional reliefs have been recovered and have lasted into modern day, including many limestone busts and clay figurines. Khufu's activities in and out of Egypt are not well documented (except his architecture work) and was highly romanticized by the Ancient Greeks. These Greeks felt that Khufu was a wicked man who offended the deities and forced his subjects into slavery. Khufu, as the son of Sneferu, was believed to be illegitimate and therefore unworthy of the throne. Even if he was Sneferu's true son, he did very little to expand the country of Egypt and failed to follow his father's footsteps. There are only a few records that stated he was involved in any political activities. The best guess historians can make is that there is evidence of construction of a harbor on the coast of the Red Sea that was excavated by John Gardner Wilkinson and James Burton in 1823.
Giza pyramid complex pyramids. From left to right: the Pyramid of Menkaure, Pyramid of Khafre, the Great Sphinx of Giza and Khufu's Great Pyramid of Giza
Djedefre
Painted limestone Sphinx of Hetepheres II, possibly the first depiction of a sphinx, she was one of the longest lived members of the fourth dynasty royal family, a daughter of Khufu, she was the wife of Djedefre, and lived into the reign of Shepseskaf
Djedefre is credited by historians with a reign of eight years. Not much is known of Djedefre, including his inconclusive lineage. It is possible that he is Khufu's son or that he was Khufu's brother. It is widely suggested that he is the son of a lesser queen who murdered the rightful heir to the throne and Djedefre's half brother, the crown prince Kawab. Djedefre chose to build his pyramid several kilometers north of Giza, creating speculation that there was a family feud that caused Djedefre to want to be far away from Khufu's tomb. A more favorable conclusion was that Djedefre chose to be buried closer to Iunu, the center of the cult of Ra. His pyramid also features a statue of his wife, Hetepheres II, in the form of a sphinx. She was a daughter of Khufu and had been the wife of Kawab. It is sometimes suggested that this was the first true sphinx, although there is debate about the sphinx at Giza that was credited to Khafre. She became the longest living royal member of the dynasty, living into the reign of Shepseskaf.
Khafre
Khafre, son of Khufu, succeeded his supposed brother, Djedefre, after his short reign. He chose to build his pyramid close to his father, matching it in style and being almost as large. At the front of the pyramid causeway lies the Great Sphinx that is said to bear his features. There is still debate on whether his Sphinx was erected before Djedefre's. Khafre's sphinx was well-known and closer to his subjects, making it harder to determine which was built first due to biased record keeping.
Menkaure and Khamerernebty II, his sister-wife
Menkaure
Like many kings in this dynasty, the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain, being projected for more than 63 years but it can certainly be an exaggeration. Menkaure succeeded his father, King Khafre. His pyramid is the third and smallest of those at Giza pyramid complex and is known as Netjer-er-Menkaure, which translates into "Menkaure is Divine". There was a sarcophagus found within the pyramid, that is approximately eight feet in length and three feet in height, made of basalt. Like many of the previous pyramids, Menkaure's was not inscribed, the interior having no record keeping of any kind.
Shepseskaf
Shepseskaf is generally accepted as the last king of the Fourth Dynasty, succeeding Menkaure. There is no conclusive evidence of who his mother is, though it is believed that he was the son of a minor queen. Who his wife was also is unknown. Shepseskaf broke the chain of pyramid building by the previous five kings. Instead of a triangular pyramid, he chose to construct a rectangular block, commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun ("Pharaoh's Bench"). In like fashion, however, little script was found inside his tomb and he was buried in very simple terms.
Other notable individuals
Baka
The identification of Baka is unresolved. Several ancient lists of kings have survived. They do not agree, however, and none of them may be considered complete. The Turin King List has a lacuna between Khafre and Menkaure, where the author had listed a king who reigned between these two pharaohs. The name of the king and length of the reign are completely lost in the lacuna.
The Saqqara Tablet also notes a king between Khafre and Menkaure, but here too, the name is lost.
Some authorities have equated this king with Bikheris, on Manetho's list, who could correspond to the Egyptian name Baka or Bakare.
Khentkaus I
Perhaps the most intriguing evidence of the fourth dynasty is the status of Khentkaus I, also known as Khentykawes. She was a daughter of Menkaure and her tomb was built along the Menkaure causeway. She may have ruled as king.
Her tomb is a large mastaba tomb, with another off-center mastaba placed above it. The second mastaba could not be centered over her primary mastaba because of the free, unsupported, space in the rooms below.
On a granite doorway leading into her tomb, Khentkaus I is given titles that may be read either as mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt, as mother of the king of upper and lower Egypt and king of upper and lower Egypt, or, as one scholar reads it, king of upper and lower Egypt and mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt.
Furthermore, her depiction on this doorway also gives her the full trappings of kingship, including the false beard of the king. This depiction and the title given have led some Egyptologists to suggest that she reigned as king near the end of the fourth dynasty.
Her tomb was finished in a characteristic niche style of architecture, however, the niches were later filled in with a smooth casing of limestone.
Age of the Pyramids
A replication of an Old Kingdom mummy, as reconstructed by Emory University
The Age of the Pyramids refers to the fact that the Fourth Dynasty was the time when most of the well-known pyramids were built, which include those at Giza. King Sneferu was the first king to express an interest in funerary rites and tombs, which led him to the planning of the largest pyramid at Egypt. His first pyramids were called the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid. The "Age of the Pyramids" was not just about the building of large and easily recognizable structures, but also a change in funerary practices and rituals. This includes the burying of elites in large structures and the use of extensive mummification.
Religious changes
The Fourth Dynasty is where we truly see a shift in religious practices where worship of the Sun was commonplace. The Cult of Ra grew in size, going back to the fact that Djedefre's tomb was built closer to the center of worship in what the Ancient Greeks called Heliopolis. It was a delta city near contemporary Cairo that had been occupied since the predynastic times, whose ancient Egyptian name was I͗wnw or Iunu and meant the pillars.
During the era when centralization of the nation's material, organic, and human resources began to develop, a relationship of the king to the deities became unchallenged and kings began carving their names into statues and monuments that previously had been reserved for deities. This speaks to a type of god complex on part of the kings. Khafre's famous statue, where a falcon was incorporated into his headgear, equated the king to the god Horus.
This fact, however, caused controversy. It was pitting Khafre's allegiance to Horus against the growing Cult of Ra, not far away in Helipolis. Kings no longer associated pyramids with the afterlife. The afterlife was once believed to be a divine kingdom that was represented as a type of idealistic heaven where only kings and pure hearts could go. Instead, the Fourth Dynasty represented a change in this idea, formulated the notion that the afterlife was a familiar place, taking the semblance of Earth. Religious rituals were notoriously conservative, from what historians know, and there is much to be desired from current known records.
Changing customs drove architectural changes
Relief of Nofer and his Wife, detail. From Giza, tomb G2110, Dynasty 4, 2575–2465 BC.
The Old Kingdom saw a rise in the preservation of the deceased, making the preparation of bodies much more complex. The position of embalmer was created, and their jobs were solely to prepare a corpse in private. There were three ways to mummify a body: 1) Stucco: the body would be wrapped in fine linen and then covered in stucco plaster, the features of the body (including the face) were remodeled in the plaster; 2) Linen: the body would be wrapped in linen, which was sometimes treated with natron (a mixture of multiple sodium carbonates) and the linens would be treated with resin so that the features of the body could be modeled; and 3) Defleshing: removing all flesh and wrapping the bones in linens. Generally, organs were removed which were then put into jars that would accompany the body in the tomb, and the inside of the body flushed out.
Tombs in the Fourth Dynasty changed drastically. "Unimpressive" graves did not satisfy the elites, meaning they would settle for smaller structures if the interior was decorated. Hieroglyphic writings were important to elites because, one, it was a lavish display of wealth and, two, it guided their souls to the afterlife. The Fourth Dynasty, however, did not have these writings. Instead, the tomb was deeper and super-structures were larger. After the Giza pyramid complex, later generations of tombs were more reasonably sized. After the Middle Kingdom, royals abandoned pyramids; they preferred graves that were carved into living rock of the Upper Egyptian mountains.
Timeline
Fourth Dynasty timeline
See also
Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Family Tree
References
^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. OL 3968521M.
^ Egypt: Land and Lives of the Pharaohs Revealed, (2005), pp. 80–90, Global Book Publishing: Australia
^ Levy, Janey (30 December 2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Classroom. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4042-6059-7.
^ Tyldesley, Joyce. "Who was Khufu?". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Spencer, A. J. (1990). "The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50". The Antiquaries Journal. 70 (2): 479. doi:10.1017/S0003581500070906. S2CID 162040068. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ Spencer, A. J. (1990). "The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50". The Antiquaries Journal. 70 (2): 479. doi:10.1017/S0003581500070906. S2CID 162040068. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ Peter Jánosi: Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches. vol. I: Die Mastabas der Kernfriedhöfe und die Felsgräber, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-7001-3244-1, page 64–65.
^ Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten, (= Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens, Bd. 18), Leipzig/ Berlin 1956, page 52
^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004, ISBN 977-424-878-3, page 61
^ Bolshakov, Andrey O (1991). "The Old Kingdom Representations of Funeral Procession". Göttinger Miszellen. 121: 31–54. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ Baines, John; Lesko, Leonard H.; Silverman, David P. (1991). Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Cornell University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8014-9786-5.
^ Roth, Ann Macy (1993). "Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 33–55. doi:10.2307/40000226. JSTOR 40000226.
^ "Fragments of stucco from a mummy". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 12 March 2018.
^ Gill, N.S. (20 August 2018). "Natron, Ancient Egyptian Chemical Salt and Preservative". ThoughtCo.
^ "BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Mummies Around the World". www.bbc.co.uk.
Preceded byThird Dynasty
Dynasty of Egypt c. 2613–2498 BC
Succeeded byFifth Dynasty
vteRulers of the Ancient Near East
Territories/dates
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish/Assur
Akshak/Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada INaqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period(4000–3100 BCE)(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)(Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period(Naqada III)Early or legendary kings:
Upper EgyptFinger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
Lower EgyptHedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic PeriodFirst Dynasty of EgyptNarmer PaletteNarmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period(3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamiteperiod(Susa III)(3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of EgyptHotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First EblaiteKingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynastyJushur, Kullassina-belNangishlishma,En-tarah-anaBabum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip AtabMashda Arwium EtanaBalih En-me-nunaMelem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug, Tizqar, IlkuIltasadum
LugalbandaDumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period(2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of EgyptDjoser(First Egyptian pyramids)Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
SagisuAbur-limAgur-limIbbi-DamuBaba-Damu
Kish II dynasty(5 kings)UhubMesilim
Ur-NungalUdulkalamaLabashum
LagashEn-hegalLugal-shaengur
UrA-ImdugudUr-PabilsagMeskalamdug(Queen Puabi)Akalamdug
Enun-dara-annaMes-heMelamannaLugal-kitun
AdabNin-kisalsiMe-durbaLugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of EgyptFourth Dynasty of EgyptSnefru KhufuDjedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynastyMesannepada"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of MariIkun-ShamashIku-ShamaganAnsudSa'umuIshtup-IsharIkun-MariIblul-IlNizi
Kish III dynastyKu-Baba♀
Akshak dynastyUnziUndalulu
Uruk II dynastyEnsha-kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynastyUr-NansheAkurgal
A'annepadaMeskiagnunEluluBalulu
Awan dynastyPeliTataUkkutaheshHishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of EgyptUserkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-DamuIshar-Malik
UshEnakalle
Elamite invasions(3 kings)
Shushun-taranaNapilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-DamuIgrish-HalamIrkab-Damu
Kish IV dynastyPuzur-SuenUr-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'eMeskigal
Ur-LummaIlGishakidu(Queen Bara-irnun)
EnannatumEntemenaEnannatum IIEnentarzi
Ur II dynastyNanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of EgyptTeti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynastyLugalannemundu"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-DaganIkun-IsharIshqi-Mari
Invasion by MariAnbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
Ukush
LugalandaUrukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-NirahIshu-IlShu-Sin
Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian EmpireSargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors:EshpumIlshu-rabiEpirmupiIli-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate PeriodSeventh Dynasty of EgyptEighth Dynasty of EgyptMenkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
Second EblaiteKingdom
Third kingdom of Mari(Shakkanakkudynasty)IdidishShu-DaganIshma-Dagan(Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)DuduShu-turul
Uruk IV dynastyUr-niginUr-gigir
Lagash II dynastyPuzer-MamaUr-Ningirsu IPirig-meLu-BabaLu-gulaKa-ku
Hishep-RatepHeluKhitaPuzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of EgyptMeryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-MêrIshtup-IlumIshgum-AdduApil-kin
Gutian dynasty(21 kings)La-erabumSi'um
Kuda (Uruk)Puzur-iliUr-Utu
Umma II dynastyLugalannatum(vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-BabaGudeaUr-NingirsuUr-garNam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of EgyptMeryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilumIli-IsharTura-DaganPuzur-Ishtar(Vassals of Ur III)
Ur III dynasty"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of EgyptEleventh Dynasty of EgyptMentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third EblaiteKingdom (Amorites)Ibbit-LimImmeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus)Hitial-ErraHanun-Dagan(...)Lim Dynastyof Mari(Amorites)Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)
Old AssyriaPuzur-Ashur IShalim-ahumIlu-shumaErishum IIkunumSargon IPuzur-Ashur IINaram-SinErishum II
Isin-Larsa period(Amorites)Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishuDynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin IIUruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynastySiwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptAmenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of EgyptFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham(Biblical)Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon
Yamhad(Yamhad dynasty)(Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty1808–1736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty("Old Babylonian Period")(Amorites)Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-DitanaEarly Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty("Sealand Dynasty")Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishuIshkibal Shushushi GulkisharmDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh AyadaragalamaAkurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty
AbydosDynasty
SeventeenthDynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt("Hyksos")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a HyksosSemqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni(1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
TutankhamunNew Kingdom of EgyptEighteenth Dynasty of EgyptAhmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite EmpireUgarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of EgyptRamesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀
Elamite EmpireShutrukid dynastyShutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of EgyptSetnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XIThird Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
PhoeniciaKings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of SidonKingdom of IsraelSaulIsh-boshethDavidSolomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle AssyriaEriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of EgyptShoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of SamariaKingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian EmpireAdad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Ninth Babylonian DynastyNinurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynastyUrtakTeummanUmmanigashTammaritu IIndabibiHumban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of EgyptTaharqa("Black Pharaohs")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late PeriodTwenty-sixth Dynasty of EgyptNecho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian EmpireNabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median EmpireDeioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon
Achaemenid EmpireCyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of EgyptTwenty-ninth Dynasty of EgyptThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic EgyptPtolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀
Hellenistic PeriodSeleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus ISeleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of JudeaSimon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian EmpireMithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanCoin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene EmpireVaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt)Province of EgyptShahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanKhosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
^ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
^ a b c Per Sumerian King List
^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Sneferu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu"},{"link_name":"mastaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba"},{"link_name":"Giza Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PharaohsRevealed-2"},{"link_name":"Shepseskaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepseskaf"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ancient Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"}],"text":"The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a \"golden age\" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Dynasty IV lasted from c. 2613 to 2494 BC.[1] It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented.The Fourth Dynasty heralded the height of the pyramid-building age. The relative peace of the Third Dynasty allowed the Dynasty IV rulers the leisure to explore more artistic and cultural pursuits. King Sneferu's building experiments led to the evolution from the mastaba-styled step pyramids to the smooth sided “true” pyramids, such as those on the Giza Plateau. No other period in Egypt's history equaled Dynasty IV's architectural accomplishments.[2] Each of the rulers of this dynasty (except for Shepseskaf, the last) commissioned at least one pyramid to serve as a tomb or cenotaph[citation needed].The Fourth Dynasty was the second of four dynasties that made up the \"Old Kingdom\". King Sneferu, the first king of the Fourth Dynasty, held territory from ancient Libya in the west to the Sinai Peninsula in the east, to Nubia in the south. It was a successful period and this era is known for its advancement and concentrated government, as seen in the organized building of pyramids and other monuments.Knowledge of the Old Kingdom comes mainly from these structures and objects discovered in the desert cemeteries of Giza.","title":"Fourth Dynasty of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snofrus_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Dahshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahshur"}],"text":"The Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Dahshur. It is Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a \"true\" smooth-sided pyramid.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sneferu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu"},{"link_name":"Hermopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermopolis"},{"link_name":"Huni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huni"},{"link_name":"Meresankh I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_I"},{"link_name":"Bent Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Red Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sneferu","text":"Sneferu, lauded as \"Bringer of Beauty\", \"Master of All Justice\", and \"Ruler of Lower and Upper Nile\", was the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty. He descended from a family in Middle Egypt that lived near Hermopolis, and most likely ascended to the throne by marrying a royal heiress. There is still debate as to who his father was, with the credit often being given to Huni, but this cannot be confirmed due to the break in dynasties. His mother, Meresankh I was either a lesser wife or concubine of Huni.Egypt in the Third Millennium BC was, by all accounts, a land of peace and plenty. Elites commonly ate fattened ducks and geese, and they wore fine white linens.Until his reign, Egyptian kings were thought to be worldly incarnations of Horus, obtaining total deification exclusively in death. Sneferu was the first king to proclaim that he was the embodiment of Ra, another sun deity. Khufu would pursue his father's path, taking the name Son of the Sun God.On the whole, Egypt was ruled by two centers of power—legal authority and traditional authority. Legal authority constituted governing by the king, not over the people directly, but via viziers and nomarchs. Traditional authority was derived from the concept that the deities gave a king the divine right to rule as he pleased. At its heart, the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian government became organized so that only the king could direct traditional authority.The Bent Pyramid was Sneferu's first attempt at building a perfect structure, but it slopes and eventually bends to a lower angle, giving the structure a squished look. His Red Pyramid is widely considered the first true pyramid and earned its name from the reddish tint in the limestone used. The Red Pyramid was considered the first pyramid, approximately 150 years after the structures built by King Djoser.[3] The Red Pyramid was the first to be given a solid foundation so that it was stable enough for a taller building. He is also said to be responsible for a series of pyramids built in Seila. He commissioned a total of three pyramids, but there are records that point to a fourth. Although he did not construct any of the pyramids at Giza, he is known as the king who moved the most stone and brick. A lot of Sneferu's political expeditions were to other countries to secure two things: a substantial labor force and access to a large store of materials. He traveled to Nubia and Libya for these things. His incursions in these areas allowed Sneferu to secure a large labor force, so large, in fact, that it caused huge devastation to the raided countries. He also needed cattle and other food sources to provide to the people building his pyramids. By the end of his military efforts, he managed to capture 11,000 prisoners and 13,100 head of cattle.[citation needed]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Great Pyramid of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Khufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu"},{"link_name":"Sneferu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"John Gardner Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton_(Egyptologist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giza pyramid complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Khafre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre"},{"link_name":"Great Sphinx of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Great Pyramid of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"}],"sub_title":"Khufu","text":"King Khufu built The Great Pyramid of GizaKhufu, known to the Greek as Cheops, and Sneferu's successor—though it is unclear whether he was the biological son of Sneferu—was a widely known king. He is still known very well in present-day media, being featured in movies, novels, and television shows. His fame stems from his pyramid on the northeastern plateau at Giza, where he was buried. His mortuary temple was built on the northern end of the pyramid, which is no longer accessible due to ravages by grave robbers. Only three-dimensional reliefs have been recovered and have lasted into modern day, including many limestone busts and clay figurines. Khufu's activities in and out of Egypt are not well documented (except his architecture work) and was highly romanticized by the Ancient Greeks. These Greeks felt that Khufu was a wicked man who offended the deities and forced his subjects into slavery.[4] Khufu, as the son of Sneferu, was believed to be illegitimate and therefore unworthy of the throne. Even if he was Sneferu's true son, he did very little to expand the country of Egypt and failed to follow his father's footsteps. There are only a few records that stated he was involved in any political activities. The best guess historians can make is that there is evidence of construction of a harbor on the coast of the Red Sea that was excavated by John Gardner Wilkinson and James Burton in 1823.Giza pyramid complex pyramids. From left to right: the Pyramid of Menkaure, Pyramid of Khafre, the Great Sphinx of Giza and Khufu's Great Pyramid of Giza","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_of_Hetepheres_II_-_fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hetepheres II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetepheres_II"},{"link_name":"sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"Khufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu"},{"link_name":"Djedefre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre"},{"link_name":"Shepseskaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepseskaf"},{"link_name":"Djedefre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre"},{"link_name":"Khufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu"},{"link_name":"Khufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu"},{"link_name":"Iunu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Hetepheres II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetepheres_II"}],"sub_title":"Djedefre","text":"Painted limestone Sphinx of Hetepheres II, possibly the first depiction of a sphinx, she was one of the longest lived members of the fourth dynasty royal family, a daughter of Khufu, she was the wife of Djedefre, and lived into the reign of ShepseskafDjedefre is credited by historians with a reign of eight years. Not much is known of Djedefre, including his inconclusive lineage. It is possible that he is Khufu's son or that he was Khufu's brother. It is widely suggested that he is the son of a lesser queen who murdered the rightful heir to the throne and Djedefre's half brother, the crown prince Kawab. Djedefre chose to build his pyramid several kilometers north of Giza, creating speculation that there was a family feud that caused Djedefre to want to be far away from Khufu's tomb. A more favorable conclusion was that Djedefre chose to be buried closer to Iunu, the center of the cult of Ra. His pyramid also features a statue of his wife, Hetepheres II, in the form of a sphinx. She was a daughter of Khufu and had been the wife of Kawab. It is sometimes suggested that this was the first true sphinx, although there is debate about the sphinx at Giza that was credited to Khafre. She became the longest living royal member of the dynasty, living into the reign of Shepseskaf.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khafre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre"},{"link_name":"Djedefre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre"},{"link_name":"Great Sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenkauraAndQueen_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png"},{"link_name":"Khamerernebty II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamerernebty_II"}],"sub_title":"Khafre","text":"Khafre, son of Khufu, succeeded his supposed brother, Djedefre, after his short reign. He chose to build his pyramid close to his father, matching it in style and being almost as large. At the front of the pyramid causeway lies the Great Sphinx that is said to bear his features. There is still debate on whether his Sphinx was erected before Djedefre's.[5] Khafre's sphinx was well-known and closer to his subjects, making it harder to determine which was built first due to biased record keeping.Menkaure and Khamerernebty II, his sister-wife","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"},{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"},{"link_name":"Giza pyramid complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex"}],"sub_title":"Menkaure","text":"Like many kings in this dynasty, the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain, being projected for more than 63 years but it can certainly be an exaggeration. Menkaure succeeded his father, King Khafre. His pyramid is the third and smallest of those at Giza pyramid complex and is known as Netjer-er-Menkaure, which translates into \"Menkaure is Divine\". There was a sarcophagus found within the pyramid, that is approximately eight feet in length and three feet in height, made of basalt. Like many of the previous pyramids, Menkaure's was not inscribed, the interior having no record keeping of any kind.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shepseskaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepseskaf"},{"link_name":"Mastabat al-Fir’aun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%E2%80%99aun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Shepseskaf","text":"Shepseskaf is generally accepted as the last king of the Fourth Dynasty, succeeding Menkaure. There is no conclusive evidence of who his mother is, though it is believed that he was the son of a minor queen. Who his wife was also is unknown. Shepseskaf broke the chain of pyramid building by the previous five kings. Instead of a triangular pyramid, he chose to construct a rectangular block, commonly known as the Mastabat al-Fir’aun (\"Pharaoh's Bench\").[6] In like fashion, however, little script was found inside his tomb and he was buried in very simple terms.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other notable individuals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Turin King List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_King_List"},{"link_name":"lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"},{"link_name":"Khafre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre"},{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Saqqara Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bikheris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikheris"},{"link_name":"Manetho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho"}],"sub_title":"Baka","text":"The identification of Baka is unresolved.[7] Several ancient lists of kings have survived. They do not agree, however, and none of them may be considered complete. The Turin King List has a lacuna between Khafre and Menkaure, where the author had listed a king who reigned between these two pharaohs. The name of the king and length of the reign are completely lost in the lacuna.[8]\nThe Saqqara Tablet also notes a king between Khafre and Menkaure, but here too, the name is lost.[9]\nSome authorities have equated this king with Bikheris, on Manetho's list, who could correspond to the Egyptian name Baka or Bakare.","title":"Other notable individuals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khentkaus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentkaus_I"},{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"},{"link_name":"mastaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"}],"sub_title":"Khentkaus I","text":"Perhaps the most intriguing evidence of the fourth dynasty is the status of Khentkaus I, also known as Khentykawes. She was a daughter of Menkaure and her tomb was built along the Menkaure causeway. She may have ruled as king.Her tomb is a large mastaba tomb, with another off-center mastaba placed above it. The second mastaba could not be centered over her primary mastaba because of the free, unsupported, space in the rooms below.On a granite doorway leading into her tomb, Khentkaus I is given titles that may be read either as mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt, as mother of the king of upper and lower Egypt and king of upper and lower Egypt, or, as one scholar reads it, king of upper and lower Egypt and mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt.Furthermore, her depiction on this doorway also gives her the full trappings of kingship, including the false beard of the king. This depiction and the title given have led some Egyptologists to suggest that she reigned as king near the end of the fourth dynasty.Her tomb was finished in a characteristic niche style of architecture, however, the niches were later filled in with a smooth casing of limestone.","title":"Other notable individuals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4,000_Year_Old_Mummy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"funerary rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_rites"},{"link_name":"Bent Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Red Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"mummification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification"}],"text":"A replication of an Old Kingdom mummy, as reconstructed by Emory UniversityThe Age of the Pyramids refers to the fact that the Fourth Dynasty was the time when most of the well-known pyramids were built, which include those at Giza. King Sneferu was the first king to express an interest in funerary rites and tombs, which led him to the planning of the largest pyramid at Egypt. His first pyramids were called the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid. The \"Age of the Pyramids\" was not just about the building of large and easily recognizable structures, but also a change in funerary practices and rituals. This includes the burying of elites in large structures and the use of extensive mummification.","title":"Age of the Pyramids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cult of Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_Ra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"god complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_complex"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Religious changes","text":"The Fourth Dynasty is where we truly see a shift in religious practices where worship of the Sun was commonplace. The Cult of Ra grew in size, going back to the fact that Djedefre's tomb was built closer to the center of worship in what the Ancient Greeks called Heliopolis.[10] It was a delta city near contemporary Cairo that had been occupied since the predynastic times, whose ancient Egyptian name was I͗wnw or Iunu and meant the pillars.During the era when centralization of the nation's material, organic, and human resources began to develop, a relationship of the king to the deities became unchallenged and kings began carving their names into statues and monuments that previously had been reserved for deities. This speaks to a type of god complex on part of the kings. Khafre's famous statue, where a falcon was incorporated into his headgear, equated the king to the god Horus.This fact, however, caused controversy. It was pitting Khafre's allegiance to Horus against the growing Cult of Ra, not far away in Helipolis.[11] Kings no longer associated pyramids with the afterlife. The afterlife was once believed to be a divine kingdom that was represented as a type of idealistic heaven where only kings and pure hearts could go. Instead, the Fourth Dynasty represented a change in this idea, formulated the notion that the afterlife was a familiar place, taking the semblance of Earth.[12] Religious rituals were notoriously conservative, from what historians know, and there is much to be desired from current known records.","title":"Age of the Pyramids"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2551-2494_031_PHARAOHS_OF_EGYPT-_Relief_of_Nofer_and_his_Wife,_detail._From_Giza,_tomb_G2110,_Dynasty_4,_2575-2465_BC._Dyn._4,_Reigns_of_KHUFU_to_KHAFRA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"Giza pyramid complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex"}],"sub_title":"Changing customs drove architectural changes","text":"Relief of Nofer and his Wife, detail. From Giza, tomb G2110, Dynasty 4, 2575–2465 BC.The Old Kingdom saw a rise in the preservation of the deceased, making the preparation of bodies much more complex. The position of embalmer was created, and their jobs were solely to prepare a corpse in private. There were three ways to mummify a body: 1) Stucco: the body would be wrapped in fine linen and then covered in stucco plaster, the features of the body (including the face) were remodeled in the plaster;[13] 2) Linen: the body would be wrapped in linen, which was sometimes treated with natron (a mixture of multiple sodium carbonates[14]) and the linens would be treated with resin so that the features of the body could be modeled; and 3) Defleshing: removing all flesh and wrapping the bones in linens.[15] Generally, organs were removed which were then put into jars that would accompany the body in the tomb, and the inside of the body flushed out.Tombs in the Fourth Dynasty changed drastically. \"Unimpressive\" graves did not satisfy the elites, meaning they would settle for smaller structures if the interior was decorated. Hieroglyphic writings were important to elites because, one, it was a lavish display of wealth and, two, it guided their souls to the afterlife. The Fourth Dynasty, however, did not have these writings. Instead, the tomb was deeper and super-structures were larger. After the Giza pyramid complex, later generations of tombs were more reasonably sized. After the Middle Kingdom, royals abandoned pyramids; they preferred graves that were carved into living rock of the Upper Egyptian mountains.","title":"Age of the Pyramids"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fourth Dynasty timeline","title":"Timeline"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Dahshur. It is Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a \"true\" smooth-sided pyramid.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Snofrus_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur_%282%29.jpg/220px-Snofrus_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Khufu built The Great Pyramid of Giza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/220px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painted limestone Sphinx of Hetepheres II, possibly the first depiction of a sphinx, she was one of the longest lived members of the fourth dynasty royal family, a daughter of Khufu, she was the wife of Djedefre, and lived into the reign of Shepseskaf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sphinx_of_Hetepheres_II_-_fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sphinx_of_Hetepheres_II_-_fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Menkaure and Khamerernebty II, his sister-wife","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenkauraAndQueen_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/220px-MenkauraAndQueen_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png"},{"image_text":"A replication of an Old Kingdom mummy, as reconstructed by Emory University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/4%2C000_Year_Old_Mummy.jpg/220px-4%2C000_Year_Old_Mummy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief of Nofer and his Wife, detail. From Giza, tomb G2110, Dynasty 4, 2575–2465 BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2551-2494_031_PHARAOHS_OF_EGYPT-_Relief_of_Nofer_and_his_Wife%2C_detail._From_Giza%2C_tomb_G2110%2C_Dynasty_4%2C_2575-2465_BC._Dyn._4%2C_Reigns_of_KHUFU_to_KHAFRA.jpg/220px-2551-2494_031_PHARAOHS_OF_EGYPT-_Relief_of_Nofer_and_his_Wife%2C_detail._From_Giza%2C_tomb_G2110%2C_Dynasty_4%2C_2575-2465_BC._Dyn._4%2C_Reigns_of_KHUFU_to_KHAFRA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Narmer Palette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tutankhamun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taharqa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Family Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Fourth_Dynasty_Family_Tree"}]
|
[{"reference":"Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. OL 3968521M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)","url_text":"Shaw, Ian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/480","url_text":"480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815034-3","url_text":"978-0-19-815034-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3968521M","url_text":"3968521M"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Janey (30 December 2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Classroom. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4042-6059-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dwmd5L0EEKAC&pg=PA4","url_text":"The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-6059-7","url_text":"978-1-4042-6059-7"}]},{"reference":"Tyldesley, Joyce. \"Who was Khufu?\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spencer, A. J. (1990). \"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\". The Antiquaries Journal. 70 (2): 479. doi:10.1017/S0003581500070906. S2CID 162040068. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/egyptian-pyramids-a-comprehensive-illustrated-reference-by-lepre-jp-233-156mm-pp-xviii-341-many-ills-jefferson-north-carolina-mcfarland-and-company-inc1990-isbn-0899504612-3750/647F11F2EBA11A12F2433FCCEF17787D","url_text":"\"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500070906","url_text":"10.1017/S0003581500070906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162040068","url_text":"162040068"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, A. J. (1990). \"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\". The Antiquaries Journal. 70 (2): 479. doi:10.1017/S0003581500070906. S2CID 162040068. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/egyptian-pyramids-a-comprehensive-illustrated-reference-by-lepre-jp-233-156mm-pp-xviii-341-many-ills-jefferson-north-carolina-mcfarland-and-company-inc1990-isbn-0899504612-3750/647F11F2EBA11A12F2433FCCEF17787D","url_text":"\"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500070906","url_text":"10.1017/S0003581500070906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162040068","url_text":"162040068"}]},{"reference":"Bolshakov, Andrey O (1991). \"The Old Kingdom Representations of Funeral Procession\". Göttinger Miszellen. 121: 31–54. Retrieved 14 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14970794","url_text":"\"The Old Kingdom Representations of Funeral Procession\""}]},{"reference":"Baines, John; Lesko, Leonard H.; Silverman, David P. (1991). Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Cornell University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8014-9786-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kK1iuqphAKoC&pg=PA97","url_text":"Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9786-5","url_text":"978-0-8014-9786-5"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Ann Macy (1993). \"Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 33–55. doi:10.2307/40000226. JSTOR 40000226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000226","url_text":"10.2307/40000226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000226","url_text":"40000226"}]},{"reference":"\"Fragments of stucco from a mummy\". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 12 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/fragments-of-stucco-from-a-mummy-335602","url_text":"\"Fragments of stucco from a mummy\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, N.S. (20 August 2018). \"Natron, Ancient Egyptian Chemical Salt and Preservative\". ThoughtCo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-natron-119865","url_text":"\"Natron, Ancient Egyptian Chemical Salt and Preservative\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Mummies Around the World\". www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/mummies_01.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Mummies Around the World\""}]},{"reference":"Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Hallo","url_text":"Hallo, W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson","url_text":"Simpson, W."}]},{"reference":"\"Rulers of Mesopotamia\". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia","url_text":"\"Rulers of Mesopotamia\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Potts","url_text":"Potts, Timothy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14","url_text":"Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2","url_text":"978-1-60606-649-2"}]},{"reference":"Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Roux","url_text":"Roux, Georges"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534","url_text":"Ancient Iraq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7","url_text":"978-0-14-193825-7"}]},{"reference":"Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Unger","url_text":"Unger, Merrill F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4","url_text":"978-1-62564-606-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/480","external_links_name":"480"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3968521M","external_links_name":"3968521M"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dwmd5L0EEKAC&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/egyptian-pyramids-a-comprehensive-illustrated-reference-by-lepre-jp-233-156mm-pp-xviii-341-many-ills-jefferson-north-carolina-mcfarland-and-company-inc1990-isbn-0899504612-3750/647F11F2EBA11A12F2433FCCEF17787D","external_links_name":"\"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500070906","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003581500070906"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162040068","external_links_name":"162040068"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/egyptian-pyramids-a-comprehensive-illustrated-reference-by-lepre-jp-233-156mm-pp-xviii-341-many-ills-jefferson-north-carolina-mcfarland-and-company-inc1990-isbn-0899504612-3750/647F11F2EBA11A12F2433FCCEF17787D","external_links_name":"\"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500070906","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003581500070906"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162040068","external_links_name":"162040068"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/14970794","external_links_name":"\"The Old Kingdom Representations of Funeral Procession\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kK1iuqphAKoC&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000226","external_links_name":"10.2307/40000226"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000226","external_links_name":"40000226"},{"Link":"https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/fragments-of-stucco-from-a-mummy-335602","external_links_name":"\"Fragments of stucco from a mummy\""},{"Link":"https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-natron-119865","external_links_name":"\"Natron, Ancient Egyptian Chemical Salt and Preservative\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/mummies_01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Mummies Around the World\""},{"Link":"http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia","external_links_name":"\"Rulers of Mesopotamia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14","external_links_name":"Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534","external_links_name":"Ancient Iraq"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012417749705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2017005156","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_(musician)
|
BT (musician)
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1989–1994: Early career","2.2 1995–1996: Ima","2.3 1997–1998: ESCM","2.4 1999–2002: Movement in Still Life","2.5 2003–2005: Emotional Technology","2.6 2006–2009: This Binary Universe","2.7 2010–2011: These Hopeful Machines","2.8 2012: If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I and Morceau Subrosa","2.9 2013–2014: A Song Across Wires and radio shows","2.10 2015–2019: Electronic Opus, All Hail the Silence, _ and ‡","2.11 2020–present: The Lost Art of Longing, Genesis.json, Metaversal and The Secret Language of Trees","3 Film, TV and video game scores","4 Software","4.1 Sonik Architects","4.2 Other software","5 Personal life","6 Awards and nominations","6.1 Grammy Awards","6.2 International Dance Music Awards","6.3 Beatport Music Awards","6.4 Computer Music Awards","6.5 BMI Film & TV Awards","7 Discography","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
|
American musician (born 1971)
This article contains paid contributions. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page.
BTBT in 2019Background informationBirth nameBrian Wayne TranseauAlso known asPranaElastic ChakraElastic RealityLibraDharmaKaistarGTBBorn (1971-10-04) October 4, 1971 (age 52)Rockville, Maryland, U.S.GenresElectronictrancetrip hopIDMhouseambientbreakbeatbig beatglitchorchestralOccupation(s)DJ, singer-songwriter, musician, composer, record producer and audio engineerYears active1989–presentLabelsWarner Bros.PerfectoRepriseVanditHeadspaceNettwerkDTS405Black HoleNew StateArmadaEnhancedAnjunabeatsFlashoverColdharbourBinary AcousticsMonstercatMusical artist
Brian Wayne Transeau (born October 4, 1971), known by his initials as BT, is an American musician, DJ, singer, songwriter, record producer, composer, and audio engineer. An artist in the electronic music genre, he is credited as a pioneer of the trance and intelligent dance music styles that paved the way for EDM, and for "stretching electronic music to its technical breaking point." In 2010, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album for These Hopeful Machines. He creates music within myriad styles, such as classical, film composition, and bass music.
BT holds multiple patents for pioneering the technique he calls stutter editing. This production technique consists of taking a small fragment of sound and repeating it rhythmically, often at audio rate values while processing the resultant stream using advanced digital processing techniques. BT was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records for his song "Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)", recognized as using the largest number of vocal edits in a song (6,178 edits). BT's work with stutter edit techniques led to the formation of software development company Sonik Architects, developer of the sound-processing software plug-ins Stutter Edit and BreakTweaker, and Phobos with Spitfire Audio.
BT has produced, collaborated, and written with a variety of artists, including Death Cab for Cutie, Howard Jones, Peter Gabriel, David Bowie, Madonna, Markus Schulz, Armin van Buuren, Sting, Depeche Mode, Tori Amos, NSYNC, Blake Lewis, The Roots, Guru, Britney Spears, Paul van Dyk, and Tiësto. He has composed original scores for films such as Go, The Fast and the Furious, and Monster, and his scores and compositions have appeared on television series such as Smallville, Six Feet Under, and Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams. He was commissioned to compose a four-hour, 256 channel installation composition for the Tomorrowland-themed area at Shanghai Disneyland, which opened in 2016.
Early life and education
BT was born in Rockville, Maryland on October 4, 1971. His father was an FBI and DEA agent, and his mother a psychiatrist. BT started listening to classical music at the age of 4 and started playing classical piano at an early age, utilizing the Suzuki method. By the age of eight he was studying composition and theory at the Washington Conservatory of Music. He was introduced to electronic music through the breakdancing culture and the Vangelis score for the film Blade Runner, which led him to discover influential electronic music artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, Kraftwerk, New Order and Depeche Mode. In high school, he played drums in one band, bass in a ska band and guitar in a punk group. At 15, he was accepted to the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he studied jazz and enjoyed experimenting, such as running keyboards through old guitar pedals.
Career
BT is a multi-instrumentalist, playing piano, guitar, bass, keyboards, synths, sequencers, the glockenspiel, drum machines and instruments he has modified himself. His process for creating songs typically starts with composition on basic instruments, like the piano or an acoustic guitar.
1989–1994: Early career
In 1989, after dropping out of Berklee, BT moved to Los Angeles, where he tried, unsuccessfully, to get signed as a singer-songwriter. Realizing he should focus on the electronic music he was more passionate about, he moved back to Maryland in 1990 and began collaborating with friends Ali "Dubfire" Shirazinia and Sharam Tayebi of Deep Dish. Together they started Deep Dish Records. Early in his career, BT worked under a variety of musical aliases, including Prana, Elastic Chakra, Elastic Reality, Libra, Dharma, Kaistar and GTB.
1995–1996: Ima
In the early years of BT's career, he became a pioneering artist in the trance genre, this despite the fact that he does not consider himself a DJ, since he infrequently spins records and comes from an eclectic music background. When he started out, such common elements as a build, breakdown and drop were unclassified. BT's was a unique interpretation of what electronic music could be. His first recordings, "A Moment of Truth" and "Relativity", became hits in dance clubs in the UK. His productions were not yet popular in the US, and he was initially unaware that he had become popular across the Atlantic, where UK DJs like Sasha were regularly spinning his music for crowds. Sasha bought BT a ticket to London, where BT witnessed his own success in the clubs, with several thousand clubbers responding dramatically when Sasha played BT's song. He also met Paul Oakenfold, playing him tracks that would make up his first album. He was quickly signed to Oakenfold's record label, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers.
BT's 1995 debut album Ima, released on Oakenfold's label, was a progressive house effort. The opening track, "Nocturnal Transmission", was featured in The Fast and the Furious. The album also featured a song called 'Loving You More' with Vincent Covello. Blending house beats with sweeping New Age sounds, Ima helped to create the trance sound. "Ima (今)" is the Japanese word for "now". BT has stated that it also means many other things and that the intention of the album is to have a different effect for everyone.
Following the release of Ima, BT began traveling to England regularly. It was during this time that he met Tori Amos. They would collaborate on his song "Blue Skies", which reached the number one spot on Billboard magazine's Dance Club Songs chart in January 1997. This track helped expand BT's notability beyond Europe, into North America. He soon began to remix songs for well-known artists such as Sting, Madonna, Seal, Sarah McLachlan, NSYNC, Britney Spears, Diana Ross and Mike Oldfield.
1997–1998: ESCM
BT's second album, ESCM (acronym for Electric Sky Church Music), released in 1997, features more complex melodies and traditional harmonies along with a heavier use of vocals. The tone of the album is darker and less whimsical than Ima. The album, as a whole, is much more diverse than BT's debut, expanding into drum and bass, breakbeat, hip-hop, rock and vocally-based tracks.
The biggest hit from ESCM was "Flaming June," a modern trance collaboration with German DJ Paul van Dyk. Van Dyk and BT would go on to collaborate on a number of works, including "Namistai" (found on the later album Movement in Still Life), as well as van Dyk's remix of BT's "Blue Skies" and "Remember". "Remember" featured Jan Johnston on vocals, and reached #1 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. BT and Van Dyk also remixed the van Dyk classic "Forbidden Fruit" as well as Dina Carroll's "Run to You", and BT collaborated with Simon Hale on "Firewater" and "Remember."
1999–2002: Movement in Still Life
BT playing an acoustic version of "Satellite" from his 1999 album, Movement in Still Life, in 2006
In 1999, BT released his third album, Movement in Still Life, and continued his previous experimentation outside of the trance genre. The album features a strong element of nu skool breaks, a genre he helped define with "Hip-Hop Phenomenon" in collaboration with Tsunami One aka Adam Freeland and Kevin Beber. Along with trance collaborations with Paul van Dyk and DJ Rap, Movement includes pop ("Never Gonna Come Back Down" with M. Doughty on vocals), progressive house ("Dreaming" with Kirsty Hawkshaw on vocals) and hip hop-influenced tracks ("Madskill – Mic Chekka", which samples Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's "The Message", and "Smartbomb", a mix of funky, heavy riffs from both synthesizers and guitars woven over a hip-hop break). "Shame" and "Satellite" lean toward an alt-rock sound, while "Godspeed" and "Dreaming" fall into classic trance ranks. "Running Down the Way Up", a collaboration with fellow electronic act Hybrid, features sultry vocals and acoustic guitars heavily edited into a progressive breakbeat track.
"Dreaming" and "Godspeed" reached number 5 and number 10 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, respectively, "Never Gonna Come Back Down" reached #9 the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and number 16 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, and the album reached number 166 on the Billboard 200 album charts.
Long interested in branching out into film scoring, BT got the opportunity when director Doug Liman asked him to score Go, a 1999 film about dance music culture. Shortly after creating the score, BT moved to Los Angeles in order to further pursue film scoring. He also began writing music for string quartets to prove his capabilities beyond electronic music. He was then hired to score the film Under Suspicion with a 60-piece string section. For The Fast and the Furious, BT's score featured a 70-piece ensemble, along with polyrhythmic tribal sounds produced by orchestral percussionists banging on car chassis.
In 1999, BT collaborated with Peter Gabriel on the album OVO, the soundtrack to the Millennium Dome Show in London. In 2001, he produced NSYNC's hit single "Pop", which won a 2001 Teen Choice Award for Choice Single, won four MTV Video Music Awards, and reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on the UK Singles chart. In 2002, BT released the compilation album 10 Years in the Life, a two-disc collection of rarities and remixes, including "The Moment of Truth", the first track he ever recorded.
2003–2005: Emotional Technology
BT's fourth studio album, released on August 5, 2003, featured more vocal tracks than his previous fare, including six with vocals by BT himself. Emotional Technology was his most experimental album to date, exploring a range of genres; many consider it the "poppiest" of all his work. Emotional Technology spent 25 weeks on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart, reaching the top spot, and it reached number 138 on the Billboard 200 charts. The biggest single from the album, "Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)", draws heavily from the breakbeats and new wave dance of New Order and Depeche Mode, whom BT has cited as major influences. "Somnambulist" holds the Guinness World Record for the largest number of vocal edits in a single track, with 6,178. It reached number 5 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100.
BT ventured into television production for Tommy Lee Goes to College for NBC in 2005. It starred Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. He executive-produced the reality television series, the idea for which he developed and sold to NBC.
BT worked with Sting on his album Sacred Love, co-producing the track "Never Coming Home".
2006–2009: This Binary Universe
BT performing "Flaming June" at Ultra Music Festival in 2008
BT's fifth studio album, This Binary Universe, released on August 29, 2006, is his second album released in 5.1 surround sound, the first being the soundtrack to the 2003 film Monster.
The double album highlights a mix of genres, including jazz, breakbeats and classical. Three songs feature a full 110-piece orchestra. Unlike his previous two albums, which featured vocals on almost every track, this album is entirely instrumental. The tracks change genres constantly. For example, "The Antikythera Mechanism" starts off almost lullaby-like, complete with a piano, acoustic guitars and reversed beats; halfway through the track, it explodes with a 110-piece orchestra, followed by a section of breakbeats and ending with the de-construction of the orchestra. Animated videos created by visual effects artist Scott Pagano to accompany each song were included in a DVD packaged along with the CD. This Binary Universe reached number 4 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. BT's company, Sonik Architects, built the drum machine (the first in surround sound) used on the album.
Keyboard magazine said of the album, "In a hundred years, it could well be studied as the first major electronic work of the new millennium." Wired called it an "innovative masterpiece."
In November and December 2006, BT toured the album with Thomas Dolby opening. The concert featured a live slideshow of images from DeviantArt as a backdrop. All the shows were done in 5.1 surround sound, with BT playing piano, bass and other instruments live, and also singing on a cover of "Mad World" by Tears for Fears. Earlier in 2006, BT performed with an orchestra and conductor and visuals for an audience of 11,000 at the Video Games Live concert at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.
2010–2011: These Hopeful Machines
BT performing at GearFest in 2011
BT's sixth studio album, These Hopeful Machines, was released on February 2, 2010. The double album features dance-pop, trance, house, breaks, soundscapes, orchestral interludes, acoustic guitar and stutter edits. With BT spending several years perfecting the album, mathematically placing edits and loops to create "an album of ultimate depth and movement," each of the songs went through a lengthy recording process. BT has estimated that each song on the album took over 100 sessions to record, adding that "Every Other Way" took 2 months to write and record, working 14 to 20 hours a day, 7 days a week. These Hopeful Machines was nominated for a 2011 Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album.
The album features guest appearances from and collaborations with Stewart Copeland of The Police, Kirsty Hawkshaw ("A Million Stars"), JES ("Every Other Way" and "The Light in Things"), Rob Dickinson ("Always" and "The Unbreakable"), Christian Burns ("Suddenly", "Emergency" and "Forget Me") and Andrew Bayer ("The Emergency"). It contains the most singles released from any BT album, with 8 of the 12 tracks released as singles. Official remixes were made by Armin van Buuren and Chicane. It reached number 6 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart and number 154 on the Billboard 200 album charts. The singles "Emergency" and "Rose of Jericho" reached numbers 3 and 5 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, respectively.
A remix album, titled These Re-Imagined Machines was released in 2011. These Humble Machines, an un-mixed album featuring shorter "radio edit" versions of the tracks (similar to the US version of Movement in Still Life) was also released in 2011.
2012: If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I and Morceau Subrosa
On June 19, 2012, BT released If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I, along with Morceau Subrosa, his seventh and eighth studio albums. If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I was an about-face from BT's previous album These Hopeful Machines, utilizing minimal beats, ambient soundscapes, and glitch music, as opposed to the electronic music style of These Hopeful Machines. Morceau Subrosa is very different in style compared to most of BT's previous works, favoring ambient soundscapes and minimal beats.
2013–2014: A Song Across Wires and radio shows
BT's ninth studio album, A Song Across Wires, was released worldwide on August 16, 2013. Blending elements of trance, progressive house and electro, the club music-oriented album reached number 5 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart, and features four Beatport No. 1 trance singles: "Tomahawk" (with Adam K), "Must Be the Love" (with Arty and Nadia Ali), "Skylarking" and "Surrounded" (with Au5 and Aqualung). On the album, BT also collaborates with Senadee, Andrew Bayer, Tania Zygar, Emma Hewitt, JES, Fractal, tyDi and K-pop singer Bada.
In 2012, he released the mix collection Laptop Symphony, based on his laptop performances on his Sirius XM radio show, which range from dubstep to drumstep to progressive to trance. In 2013, he started a new Sirius XM radio program, Skylarking, on the Electric Area channel.
2015–2019: Electronic Opus, All Hail the Silence, _ and ‡
BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019
On November 10, 2014, BT announced a Kickstarter project with Tommy Tallarico to produce Electronic Opus, an electronic symphonic album with re-imagined, orchestral versions of BT's songs. The project reached its crowd-funding goal of $200,000. A live orchestra played during Video Games Live on March 29, 2015, while the album was released on October 12, 2015.
On March 7, 2012, it was announced that BT and Christian Burns had formed a band called All Hail the Silence, with encouragement from Vince Clarke. They released their first unofficial single, "Looking Glass", online in 2012. On July 21, 2014, Transeau and Burns announced that their band would be touring with Erasure in the fall of 2014 for the album The Violet Flame. On August 24, 2016, the band announced that they would release a limited edition colored 12" vinyl collectible extended play entitled AHTS-001 with Shopify on September 19, 2016. On September 28, 2018, the band released their first official single, "Diamonds in the Snow", along with its accompanying music video. They released the music video for "Temptation" in December 2018. The band's first album, Daggers (stylized as ‡), was released on January 18, 2019.
BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019
On December 14, 2015, BT disclosed news to DJ Mag about a new album to come by early 2016. Similar to This Binary Universe, BT explained that "the entire record is recorded in a way never recorded anything before," and that it has a "modular, ambient aesthetic". The album, _, was released digitally on October 14, 2016, and physically on December 2, 2016, via Black Hole Recordings, along with an accompanying film. Due to the restrictions of most music sites, which forbid blank album titles, BT chose to name the album the underscore character "_". BT has admitted that this title has resulted in complaints from fans about difficulties in finding the album on popular services due to the inability of most search engines to handle the "_" character. On January 17, 2017, BT released _+, an extended version of _.
On October 10, 2019, BT announced on Instagram that two new albums were slated for release in the Fall of 2019: Between Here and You, an ambient album consisting of ten tracks, and Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear, a 17-track album with sounds akin to those from This Binary Universe and _. Between Here and You was released on October 18, 2019 and reached the number 1 spot on the Electronic Albums Chart on iTunes. Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear was released on December 13, 2019.
2020–present: The Lost Art of Longing, Genesis.json, Metaversal and The Secret Language of Trees
On June 19, 2020, BT released the single "1AM in Paris / The War", which featured singer Iraina Mancini and DJ Matt Fax. On July 17, 2020, another single, "No Warning Lights" was released, featuring Emma Hewitt on vocals. It was later announced that The Lost Art of Longing would be his thirteenth album, released on August 14, 2020.
In May 2021, Transeau entered into the world of NFTs by composing music for a digital artwork piece entitled "DUNESCAPE XXI", and soon afterwards auctioning off a digital artwork piece entitled "Genesis.json", which includes 24 hours worth of original music that contains an Indian raga and 15,000 hand-sequenced audio and visual moments. The artwork is programmed to give a special message on the owner's birthday and is the "only work of art that puts itself to sleep" on a certain time. In September 2021, BT announced his 14th album Metaversal, which was created and programmed entirely on a blockchain for release on September 29. The album was released publicly on November 19.
In March 2023, Transeau and frequent collaborator Christian Burns formed a sub-label for Black Hole Recordings, KSS3TE Recordings.
On June 6, 2023, Transeau released a single, "k-means clustering", and announced his 15th album, The Secret Language of Trees, which was released on July 11 on Monstercat.
Film, TV and video game scores
BT began scoring films in 1999 with Go. Since then he has scored over a dozen films, including The Fast and the Furious, Monster, Gone in 60 Seconds, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and Catch and Release. His soundtrack for Stealth featured the song "She Can Do That", with lead vocals from David Bowie. BT produced the score for the 2001 film Zoolander, but had his name removed from the project. His tracks for the film were finished by composer David Arnold. BT also composed music for the Pixar animated short film Partysaurus Rex, released in 2012 alongside the 3D release of Finding Nemo.
He has scored the video games Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas (2000), Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions (2002), FIFA Football 2002 (2002), Need for Speed: Underground (2003), Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 (2004), Burnout Revenge (2005), Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005), EA Sports Active 2 (2010) and TopSpin 2K25 (2024). He made the official second-long alert tone for the Circa News app. In 2013, he scored Betrayal, a 13-episode drama on ABC.
In 2014, BT was selected by Walt Disney Company executives to score the music for the Tomorrowland-themed area at Shanghai Disneyland, which opened in 2016. He spent more than two years on the project, writing more than four hours of music that are played out of more than 200 speakers spread throughout Tomorrowland. BT called the undertaking "one of the most thrilling experiences of my life."
Software
Sonik Architects
During the production of This Binary Universe, Transeau wanted to program drums in surround sound, and found that software tools to accomplish this weren't readily available. He decided to develop his own, forming his own software company, Sonik Architects, to create a line of sound design tools for the studio and another line of tools and plug-ins designed for live performance. The company's first release was the drum machine surround sound sequencer BreakTweaker, a PC plug-in. In 2009, Sonik Architects released Sonifi, a product for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch that enables musicians to replicate BT's stutter edit effect live. BT himself has used it during live shows.
In December 2010, Sonik Architects was acquired by software and music production company iZotope, and at the Winter NAMM Show in January 2011, the Stutter Edit plug-in, based on BT's patented technique of real-time manipulation of digital audio, was released by iZotope and BT.
In 2020, Transeau released an upgraded version of his Stutter Edit plug-in with iZotope, called Stutter Edit 2. This version includes more sound effects, more presets, and new features such as Auto Mode and the Curve editor.
Other software
Transeau is a user of digital audio workstation FL Studio and he was included in the Power Users section on Image-Line's site in 2013. In 2014, BT collaborated with Boulanger Labs in creating the Leap Motion app Muse, a device that allows users to compose their own ambient sounds using gestural control. He also developed a standalone plugin synthesizer called BT Phobos for the music software company Spitfire Audio, which was released on April 6, 2017. BT created presets for the synth plugin Parallels, released by Softube in 2019. He also created analog synth tone patches for the synthesized Omnisphere 2, created by ILIO.
In 2022, BT released the reverb Tails with Unfiltered Audio and the synth plugin Polaris with Spitfire.
Personal life
BT in 2009
BT lives with his daughter in Maryland. In 2008, he was involved in a dispute about his daughter's custody with the child's mother, Ashley Duffy. He is an avid scuba diver, and supports the preservation of sharks. In February 2014, BT partnered with EDM lifestyle brand Electric Family to produce a collaboration bracelet for which 100% of the proceeds are donated to the Shark Trust. On October 19, 2014, BT was married to Lacy Transeau (née Bean).
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2011
These Hopeful Machines
Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album
Nominated
International Dance Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2012
"Must Be the Love"
IDMA Award for Best Trance Track
Nominated
2013
"Skylarking"
IDMA Award for Best Trance Track
Nominated
BT
IDMA Award for Best North American DJ
Nominated
Beatport Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2014
A Song Across Wires
Beatport Award for Album of the Year
Nominated
Computer Music Awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
2014
BT
Computer Music magazine Innovative Award
Won
Computer Music magazine Performance Award
Won
BMI Film & TV Awards
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2002
The Fast and the Furious
BMI Film Music Award
Won
Discography
Main article: BT discography
Studio albums
Ima (1995)
ESCM (1997)
Movement in Still Life (1999)
Emotional Technology (2003)
This Binary Universe (2006)
These Hopeful Machines (2010)
If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I (2012)
Morceau Subrosa (2012)
A Song Across Wires (2013)
_ (2016)
Between Here and You (2019)
Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear (2019)
The Lost Art of Longing (2020)
Metaversal (2021)
The Secret Language of Trees (2023)
With All Hail the Silence
Daggers (2019)
See also
List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart
Granular synthesis
Stutter edit
References
^ a b c d e Tyler Gray, "Would You Want to Hear This New Circa News Sound Whenever News Breaks?" Fast Company, October 3, 2013.
^ Curtis Silver, "BT Talks These Hopeful Machines, Math and Inspiration," Wired, February 2, 2010.
^ a b c d e BT, "First-Time Nominee: BT (Part One)," Grammy.com, January 18, 2011.
^ a b c d e Clayton Perry, "Interview: Brian Transeau – Singer, Songwriter and Producer," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 26, 2011.
^ Method and Apparatus for Digital Audio Generation and Manipulation, Patent #793587911551696; Time Varying Processing of Repeated Digital Audio Samples in Accordance with a User Defined Effect, Patent #814549611807214.
^ a b c Cosmin Lukacs, "Interview With BT aka Brian Transeau," Archived February 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Trance Sound, September 10, 2010.
^ a b DJ Ron Slomowicz, "21 Records That Made Me Happy to Be a DJ," Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine About.com. Accessed August 3, 2014.
^ David Battino, Kelli Richards, The Art Of Digital Music, Backbeat Books, 2005, p. 10
^ a b c Damon Fonooni, "Embracing BT," Archived June 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Lunar, 2002.
^ a b c Steph Evans, "Earmilk Interview: BT," Earmilk, August 20, 2013.
^ "New Episodes of 'Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams' to Feature Music by Mark Isham, BT & Bear McCreary". Film Music Reporter. January 9, 2018.
^ a b Newman, Melinda (June 16, 2016). "Meet the Composer Who Wrote the Music for Shanghai Disneyland's Tomorrowland". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ a b Tim Bomba, "Home is where the art is," The Hollywood Reporter, November 14, 2006.
^ a b c d e f g h Richard Buskin, "Brian Transeau: Emotional Experience," Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Sound on Sound, December 2001.
^ a b c "BT Wears His Lab Coat for These Hopeful Machines," Keyboard, February 26, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mark Small, "Berklee Today," Berklee.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Brittany Gaston, "Hot on the heels of controversy, dance music legend BT releases his ninth studio LP," Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Beatport, August 14, 2013.
^ "Hyperreal.org".
^ a b Muther, Christopher (October 2, 2004). "The world at his fingertips". The Boston Globe.
^ a b c Rafael De La Torre, "EDM Interview: Magnetic Catches Up With BT To Discuss New Album," Magnetic, June 14, 2013.
^ Kara Nesbitt, "Elite Daily Talks 'A Song Across Wires' & More With B.T.," Archived August 6, 2014, at archive.today Elite Daily, August 21, 2013.
^ a b c d e f Geoff Boucher, "He's Breaking the Spell of Trance Music," Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2000.
^ a b c d Ravi Baskaran, "Beatific," Broward/Palm Beach New Times, July 13, 2000.
^ "Remember," Billboard Dance Club Songs, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Sean Bidder, "Trance Defector," URB, July/August 2000.
^ "BT – Movement In Still Life (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs. 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
^ "Godspeed," Billboard Dance Club Songs, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Never Gonna Come Back Down," Billboard Dance Club Songs, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Never Gonna Come Back Down," Alternative Songs, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Movement In Still Life," Billboard 200, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Emotional Technology," Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Emotional Technology," Billboard 200, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Greg Rule, "Drumming, Mixing & Editing Tips From BT," Drum! July 2010.
^ "Simply Being Loved (Somnambulist)," Billboard Dance Club Songs. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Simply Being Loved (Somnambulist)," Billboard Hot 100. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Sting - Sacred Love".
^ a b "BTs' Last FM site".
^ David Murphy and Dave Powers, "Digital Music Innovators," PC Magazine, August 2, 2006.
^ "This Binary Universe," Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ a b Stephen Fortner, "The Mind Of BT," Keyboard, December 2005.
^ a b c Curtis Silver, "BT Talks These Hopeful Machines, Math and Inspiration," Wired, February 2, 2010.
^ "DeviantArt Presents BT and Thomas Dolby". Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
^ a b c Dan Olbrych (January 7, 2014). "BT on New Production Tech: 'Holy S**t!'". DJ Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014.
^ "These Hopeful Machines," Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "These Hopeful Machines," Billboard 200, Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Emergency," Billboard Dance Club Songs. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
^ Danny Turner, "Interview: BT," Future Music, September 2010.
^ "Electronica Visionary BT Redefines Musical Composition," Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Gunnar, June 20, 2012.
^ "A Song Across Wires," Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ "Good summer for music fans". Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
^ a b Gary Graff, "BT's Busy 2012: Mix Set, 'Quiet' EP & a Follow-Up to 'Machines'," Billboard, March 1, 2012.
^ "PREMIERE OF SKYLARKING RADIO". Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
^ Takahashi, Dean (November 10, 2014). "'Video Games Live' producer Tommy Tallarico's new project is 'Electronic Opus' — classical meets electronic dance music". Venture Beat.
^ "Electronic Opus by BT". Retrieved November 10, 2014.
^ "Video Games Live creator teams with trance musician BT for new symphonic concert". Polygon. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
^ "BT & Christian Burns announced their new band All Hail The Silence," House Planet, March 7, 2012.
^ "All Hail the Silence Debut Tour with Erasure This Fall". Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "PRE PURCHASE Limited Edition Coloured 12" Vinyl Collectable AHTS 001 EP". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^ Roumeliotis (September 28, 2018). "Diamonds in the Snow // All Hail the Silence". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ Pareles, Jon (December 14, 2018). "The Playlist: David Byrne's Paranoid Party, and 10 More New Songs". The New York Times.
^ "All Hail The Silence (BT + Christian Burns) Share "Diamonds In The Snow" Video/Announce New Album '‡ (Daggers)' Out January 18th". Dubiks. October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Graff, Gary (September 28, 2018). "All Hail the Silence Tap Old-School Analog Synths for 'Diamonds In the Snow': Video Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ Sharoni, Erin (December 14, 2015). "BT's Opus of Discovery". DJ Mag. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
^ Eskow, Gary (August 1, 2016). "BT's Dropping a New Album –You Name It". Mix. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
^ Smith, Emily (October 20, 2016). "BT Releases Innovative '_' Album With Accompanying Film". The Nocturnal Times.
^ "I am composer and technologist BT. My new album is _ AMA". Reddit. October 24, 2016.
^ Mancino, Mark (October 26, 2016). "The Nocturnal Times Exclusive Interview: BT". The Nocturnal Times. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
^ "BT - _+". Black Hole Recordings. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ "Between Here and You - BT". Beatport. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
^ Jon Regen (November 25, 2019). "BT: 11 tracks that blew my mind - "I heard this and literally pulled the car over and wept"". MusicRadar. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
^ "Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear - BT". Beatport. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ Staff. "Bt · Everything You're Searching for is on the Other Side of Fear (CD) (2019) - imusic.dk". www.imusic.dk (in Danish). Audio Visionary Music. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
^ "BT announces new album "The Lost Art Of Longing"". Frontview Magazine. July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ "The Lost Art of Longing". Facebook.
^ Krugman, Dave (May 24, 2021). "Interview: BT". Allships. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
^ a b "BT Creates The Future With Groundbreaking Blockchain Software Album, 'Metaversal'". Fresh Music Freaks. September 27, 2021.
^ a b "Exclusive: BT's New Album 'Metaversal' is a Blockchain-Based Musical Puzzle Containing Unlockable NFTs". Yahoo! Finance. September 27, 2021.
^ "TVLI – KEEP YOU". March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^ Sunkel, Cameron (June 6, 2023). "BT'S 15th Album is Inspired By Machine Learning". EDM. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ "Progressive Sounds".
^ "BT's Sonifi For The iPhone," Synthopia, June 18, 2009.
^ a b Mark Milian, "Sonifi iPhone app lets your fingers remix music," Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2009.
^ "iZotope, Inc – Audio Processing Technology and Plug-Ins for Pro Tools, VST, MAS, Audio Unit, and DirectX". Izotope.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ "NAMM 2011: iZotope Stutter Edit". Mixonline.com. January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ "Stutter Edit 2 - From the mind of BT".
^ Douglas, Adam (June 25, 2020). "iZotope Stutter Edit 2 Redesigned with More Effects, New UI". Attack Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ "BT (Brian Transeau)". image-line.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
^ "NAMM 2016: Spitfire Audio Phobos (Video)". January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
^ "Spitfire + BT Intro Phobos Polyconvolution Synthesizer". Synthtopia. March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ "Spitfire Audio Announce BT Phobos". Sonicstate. March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ "BT PHOBOS – POLYCONVOLUTION SYNTHESIZER". Spitfire.
^ Arblaster, Simon (March 12, 2019). "Parallels from Softube could well be your dream synth plugin". Music Radar.
^ "BT-Modern Wave — Retro-Modern Analog Synth Tones for Omnisphere 2™". ILIO.
^ Eilers, Lasse (March 31, 2022). "Unfiltered Audio TAILS: Endless reverbs without disturbing transients". Gearnews. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
^ Kraftman, Tamzin (April 8, 2022). "Spitfire Audio and BT collaborate on Polaris, bringing coveted vintage synth sounds to your DAW". MusicTech. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
^ Schoetz, David (January 11, 2008). "His Daughter Gone, Artist Asks for Help". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018.
^ Schoetz, David (January 18, 2008). "With Child Safe, Custody Battle Begins Anew". ABC News. Retrieved August 22, 2021. Anja Reinke, Duffy's attorney in California, told ABC News that she would not comment on the case until Duffy was released.
^ "BT TEAMS WITH ELECTRIC FAMILY TO SUPPORT THE SHARK TRUST". Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ "Electric Family & BT Team Up to Benefit Shark Trust," Archived August 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine edm.com, February 2014.
^ "BT wedding announcement". Retrieved October 20, 2014.
^ 28th Annual International Dance Music Award Winners Archived February 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Winter Music Conference. Accessed August 3, 2014.
^ a b 29th Annual International Dance Music Award Winners, Winter Music Conference. Accessed August 3, 2014.
^ "BT - TLAOL". Retrieved June 29, 2020.
External links
Official website
BT at IMDb
BT discography at Discogs
vteBTDiscographyStudio albums
Ima
ESCM
Movement in Still Life
Emotional Technology
This Binary Universe
These Hopeful Machines
If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I
Morceau Subrosa
A Song Across Wires
_
Between Here and You
Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear
The Lost Art of Longing
Compilation albums
R&R
Still Life in Motion
10 Years in the Life
These Humble Machines
These Re-Imagined Machines
Electronic Opus
Extended plays
Turn Me On
Extended Movement
Movement
The Technology
Human Technology
Singles
"Loving You More"
"Blue Skies"
"Flaming June"
"Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)"
"The Rose of Jericho"
"Suddenly"
"Every Other Way"
Featured singles
"Love Comes Again"
"Break My Fall"
Related articles
All Hail the Silence
Soundtracks
Stutter edit
vteAll Hail the Silence
BT
Christian Burns
Studio albums
Daggers
Extended plays
AHTS-001
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Poland
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
2
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"intelligent dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgray-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Electronic/Dance_Album"},{"link_name":"These Hopeful Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Hopeful_Machines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btgrammy1-3"},{"link_name":"stutter editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutter_edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cperry-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clukacs-6"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnambulist_(Simply_Being_Loved)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgray-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cperry-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rslomowicz-7"},{"link_name":"Spitfire Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire_Audio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clukacs-6"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"},{"link_name":"Howard Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Jones_(English_musician)"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Markus Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Armin van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Tori Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Amos"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Blake Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Paul van Dyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fast and the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dreams_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgray-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfonooni-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sevans-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(Disney_Parks)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr2016-12"}],"text":"Musical artistBrian Wayne Transeau (born October 4, 1971), known by his initials as BT, is an American musician, DJ, singer, songwriter, record producer, composer, and audio engineer. An artist in the electronic music genre, he is credited as a pioneer of the trance and intelligent dance music styles that paved the way for EDM,[1] and for \"stretching electronic music to its technical breaking point.\"[2] In 2010, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album for These Hopeful Machines.[3] He creates music within myriad styles, such as classical, film composition, and bass music.BT holds multiple patents for pioneering the technique he calls stutter editing.[4][5] This production technique consists of taking a small fragment of sound and repeating it rhythmically, often at audio rate values while processing the resultant stream using advanced digital processing techniques.[6] BT was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records for his song \"Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)\", recognized as using the largest number of vocal edits in a song (6,178 edits).[1][4][7] BT's work with stutter edit techniques led to the formation of software development company Sonik Architects, developer of the sound-processing software plug-ins Stutter Edit and BreakTweaker, and Phobos with Spitfire Audio.[6]BT has produced, collaborated, and written with a variety of artists, including Death Cab for Cutie, Howard Jones, Peter Gabriel, David Bowie, Madonna, Markus Schulz, Armin van Buuren, Sting, Depeche Mode, Tori Amos, NSYNC, Blake Lewis, The Roots, Guru, Britney Spears, Paul van Dyk, and Tiësto. He has composed original scores for films such as Go, The Fast and the Furious, and Monster, and his scores and compositions have appeared on television series such as Smallville, Six Feet Under, and Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams.[1][8][9][10][11] He was commissioned to compose a four-hour, 256 channel installation composition for the Tomorrowland-themed area at Shanghai Disneyland, which opened in 2016.[12]","title":"BT (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sevans-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbomba-13"},{"link_name":"Suzuki method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_method"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cperry-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btgrammy1-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keyboard022610-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"breakdancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing"},{"link_name":"Vangelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"Afrika Bambaataa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa"},{"link_name":"Kraftwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbomba-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keyboard022610-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"}],"text":"BT was born in Rockville, Maryland on October 4, 1971. His father was an FBI and DEA agent, and his mother a psychiatrist.[10] BT started listening to classical music at the age of 4[13] and started playing classical piano at an early age, utilizing the Suzuki method.[4][14] By the age of eight he was studying composition and theory at the Washington Conservatory of Music.[3][15][16] He was introduced to electronic music through the breakdancing culture and the Vangelis score for the film Blade Runner, which led him to discover influential electronic music artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, Kraftwerk, New Order and Depeche Mode.[13][14][16] In high school, he played drums in one band, bass in a ska band and guitar in a punk group.[14] At 15, he was accepted to the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he studied jazz and enjoyed experimenting, such as running keyboards through old guitar pedals.[14][15][16]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"sequencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer"},{"link_name":"glockenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel"},{"link_name":"drum machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"BT is a multi-instrumentalist, playing piano, guitar, bass, keyboards, synths, sequencers, the glockenspiel, drum machines and instruments he has modified himself.[14][16] His process for creating songs typically starts with composition on basic instruments, like the piano or an acoustic guitar.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berklee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee"},{"link_name":"Dubfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubfire"},{"link_name":"Sharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharam"},{"link_name":"Deep Dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Dish_(band)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT_interview-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfonooni-9"}],"sub_title":"1989–1994: Early career","text":"In 1989, after dropping out of Berklee, BT moved to Los Angeles, where he tried, unsuccessfully, to get signed as a singer-songwriter. Realizing he should focus on the electronic music he was more passionate about, he moved back to Maryland in 1990 and began collaborating with friends Ali \"Dubfire\" Shirazinia and Sharam Tayebi of Deep Dish. Together they started Deep Dish Records.[14][16][18] Early in his career, BT worked under a variety of musical aliases, including Prana, Elastic Chakra, Elastic Reality, Libra, Dharma, Kaistar and GTB.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston.com_Page_2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rdelatorre-20"},{"link_name":"Sasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"Oakenfold's record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecto_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btgrammy1-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima_(BT_album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"The Fast and the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Loving You More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_You_More"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Tori Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Amos"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sarah McLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Mike Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbaskaran-23"}],"sub_title":"1995–1996: Ima","text":"In the early years of BT's career, he became a pioneering artist in the trance genre, this despite the fact that he does not consider himself a DJ, since he infrequently spins records and comes from an eclectic music background.[16][19] When he started out, such common elements as a build, breakdown and drop were unclassified. BT's was a unique interpretation of what electronic music could be.[20] His first recordings, \"A Moment of Truth\" and \"Relativity\", became hits in dance clubs in the UK. His productions were not yet popular in the US, and he was initially unaware that he had become popular across the Atlantic, where UK DJs like Sasha were regularly spinning his music for crowds. Sasha bought BT a ticket to London, where BT witnessed his own success in the clubs, with several thousand clubbers responding dramatically when Sasha played BT's song. He also met Paul Oakenfold, playing him tracks that would make up his first album. He was quickly signed to Oakenfold's record label, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers.[3][16][21]BT's 1995 debut album Ima, released on Oakenfold's label, was a progressive house effort.[16] The opening track, \"Nocturnal Transmission\", was featured in The Fast and the Furious. The album also featured a song called 'Loving You More' with Vincent Covello. Blending house beats with sweeping New Age sounds, Ima helped to create the trance sound.[22] \"Ima (今)\" is the Japanese word for \"now\". BT has stated that it also means many other things and that the intention of the album is to have a different effect for everyone.Following the release of Ima, BT began traveling to England regularly. It was during this time that he met Tori Amos. They would collaborate on his song \"Blue Skies\", which reached the number one spot on Billboard magazine's Dance Club Songs chart in January 1997. This track helped expand BT's notability beyond Europe, into North America. He soon began to remix songs for well-known artists such as Sting, Madonna, Seal, Sarah McLachlan, NSYNC, Britney Spears, Diana Ross and Mike Oldfield.[16][23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCM_(album)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbaskaran-23"},{"link_name":"Paul van Dyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbaskaran-23"},{"link_name":"Movement in Still Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_in_Still_Life"},{"link_name":"Jan Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dina Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Simon Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Hale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cperry-4"}],"sub_title":"1997–1998: ESCM","text":"BT's second album, ESCM (acronym for Electric Sky Church Music), released in 1997, features more complex melodies and traditional harmonies along with a heavier use of vocals. The tone of the album is darker and less whimsical than Ima. The album, as a whole, is much more diverse than BT's debut, expanding into drum and bass, breakbeat, hip-hop, rock and vocally-based tracks.[23]The biggest hit from ESCM was \"Flaming June,\" a modern trance collaboration with German DJ Paul van Dyk.[23] Van Dyk and BT would go on to collaborate on a number of works, including \"Namistai\" (found on the later album Movement in Still Life), as well as van Dyk's remix of BT's \"Blue Skies\" and \"Remember\". \"Remember\" featured Jan Johnston on vocals, and reached #1 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart.[24] BT and Van Dyk also remixed the van Dyk classic \"Forbidden Fruit\" as well as Dina Carroll's \"Run to You\", and BT collaborated with Simon Hale on \"Firewater\" and \"Remember.\"[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brian_Transeau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Movement in Still Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_in_Still_Life"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"nu skool breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfonooni-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contributors-26"},{"link_name":"DJ Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rap"},{"link_name":"M. Doughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Doughty"},{"link_name":"Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ll_Go_Dreaming"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five"},{"link_name":"The Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Message_(Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five_song)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbaskaran-23"},{"link_name":"Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(Welsh_band)"},{"link_name":"Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ll_Go_Dreaming"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Doug Liman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Liman"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Under Suspicion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Suspicion_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"OVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_(album)"},{"link_name":"Millennium Dome Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Dome_Show"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_(NSYNC_song)"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cperry-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sevans-10"}],"sub_title":"1999–2002: Movement in Still Life","text":"BT playing an acoustic version of \"Satellite\" from his 1999 album, Movement in Still Life, in 2006In 1999, BT released his third album, Movement in Still Life, and continued his previous experimentation outside of the trance genre.[22][25] The album features a strong element of nu skool breaks, a genre he helped define with \"Hip-Hop Phenomenon\"[9] in collaboration with Tsunami One aka Adam Freeland and Kevin Beber.[26] Along with trance collaborations with Paul van Dyk and DJ Rap, Movement includes pop (\"Never Gonna Come Back Down\" with M. Doughty on vocals), progressive house (\"Dreaming\" with Kirsty Hawkshaw on vocals) and hip hop-influenced tracks (\"Madskill – Mic Chekka\", which samples Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's \"The Message\", and \"Smartbomb\", a mix of funky, heavy riffs from both synthesizers and guitars woven over a hip-hop break).[23] \"Shame\" and \"Satellite\" lean toward an alt-rock sound, while \"Godspeed\" and \"Dreaming\" fall into classic trance ranks. \"Running Down the Way Up\", a collaboration with fellow electronic act Hybrid, features sultry vocals and acoustic guitars heavily edited into a progressive breakbeat track.\"Dreaming\" and \"Godspeed\" reached number 5 and number 10 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, respectively,[27] \"Never Gonna Come Back Down\" reached #9 the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart[28] and number 16 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart,[29] and the album reached number 166 on the Billboard 200 album charts.[30]Long interested in branching out into film scoring, BT got the opportunity when director Doug Liman asked him to score Go, a 1999 film about dance music culture. Shortly after creating the score, BT moved to Los Angeles in order to further pursue film scoring. He also began writing music for string quartets to prove his capabilities beyond electronic music. He was then hired to score the film Under Suspicion with a 60-piece string section.[16][22] For The Fast and the Furious, BT's score featured a 70-piece ensemble, along with polyrhythmic tribal sounds produced by orchestral percussionists banging on car chassis.[14]In 1999, BT collaborated with Peter Gabriel on the album OVO, the soundtrack to the Millennium Dome Show in London.[22] In 2001, he produced NSYNC's hit single \"Pop\", which won a 2001 Teen Choice Award for Choice Single, won four MTV Video Music Awards, and reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on the UK Singles chart.[4] In 2002, BT released the compilation album 10 Years in the Life, a two-disc collection of rarities and remixes, including \"The Moment of Truth\", the first track he ever recorded.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emotional Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_Technology"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnambulist_(Simply_Being_Loved)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgray-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rslomowicz-7"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee Goes to College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Goes_to_College"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Mötley Crüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston.com_Page_2-19"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Love"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"2003–2005: Emotional Technology","text":"BT's fourth studio album, released on August 5, 2003, featured more vocal tracks than his previous fare, including six with vocals by BT himself. Emotional Technology was his most experimental album to date, exploring a range of genres; many consider it the \"poppiest\" of all his work. Emotional Technology spent 25 weeks on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart, reaching the top spot,[31] and it reached number 138 on the Billboard 200 charts.[32] The biggest single from the album, \"Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)\", draws heavily from the breakbeats and new wave dance of New Order and Depeche Mode, whom BT has cited as major influences.[22] \"Somnambulist\" holds the Guinness World Record for the largest number of vocal edits in a single track, with 6,178.[1][7][33] It reached number 5 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart[34] and number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100.[35]BT ventured into television production for Tommy Lee Goes to College for NBC in 2005. It starred Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. He executive-produced the reality television series, the idea for which he developed and sold to NBC.[19]BT worked with Sting on his album Sacred Love, co-producing the track \"Never Coming Home\".[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrianTranseau_Ultra.JPG"},{"link_name":"Flaming June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_June_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ultra Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"This Binary Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Binary_Universe"},{"link_name":"5.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastfm-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Scott Pagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pagano"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastfm-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"Keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfortner-40"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csilver-41"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dolby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dolby"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"DeviantArt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeviantArt"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dA-42"},{"link_name":"Mad World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_World"},{"link_name":"Tears for Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_for_Fears"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dolbrych-43"},{"link_name":"Video Games Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games_Live"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"}],"sub_title":"2006–2009: This Binary Universe","text":"BT performing \"Flaming June\" at Ultra Music Festival in 2008BT's fifth studio album, This Binary Universe, released on August 29, 2006, is his second album released in 5.1 surround sound,[37][38] the first being the soundtrack to the 2003 film Monster.The double album highlights a mix of genres, including jazz, breakbeats and classical. Three songs feature a full 110-piece orchestra. Unlike his previous two albums, which featured vocals on almost every track, this album is entirely instrumental. The tracks change genres constantly. For example, \"The Antikythera Mechanism\" starts off almost lullaby-like, complete with a piano, acoustic guitars and reversed beats; halfway through the track, it explodes with a 110-piece orchestra, followed by a section of breakbeats and ending with the de-construction of the orchestra. Animated videos created by visual effects artist Scott Pagano to accompany each song were included in a DVD packaged along with the CD.[16][37] This Binary Universe reached number 4 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart.[39] BT's company, Sonik Architects, built the drum machine (the first in surround sound) used on the album.[16]Keyboard magazine said of the album, \"In a hundred years, it could well be studied as the first major electronic work of the new millennium.\"[40] Wired called it an \"innovative masterpiece.\"[41]In November and December 2006, BT toured the album with Thomas Dolby opening.[16] The concert featured a live slideshow of images from DeviantArt as a backdrop.[42] All the shows were done in 5.1 surround sound, with BT playing piano, bass and other instruments live, and also singing on a cover of \"Mad World\" by Tears for Fears.[43] Earlier in 2006, BT performed with an orchestra and conductor and visuals for an audience of 11,000 at the Video Games Live concert at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BT_(musician)_performing_at_GearFest_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"These Hopeful Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Hopeful_Machines"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csilver-41"},{"link_name":"Every Other Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Other_Way"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keyboard022610-15"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Electronic/Dance_Album"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btgrammy1-3"},{"link_name":"Stewart Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Copeland"},{"link_name":"The Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"Kirsty Hawkshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsty_Hawkshaw"},{"link_name":"JES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Brieden"},{"link_name":"Rob Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Christian Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Burns"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bayer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clukacs-6"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csilver-41"},{"link_name":"Armin van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Chicane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicane_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"These Re-Imagined Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Re-Imagined_Machines"},{"link_name":"These Humble Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Humble_Machines"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dturner-47"}],"sub_title":"2010–2011: These Hopeful Machines","text":"BT performing at GearFest in 2011BT's sixth studio album, These Hopeful Machines, was released on February 2, 2010. The double album features dance-pop, trance, house, breaks, soundscapes, orchestral interludes, acoustic guitar and stutter edits. With BT spending several years perfecting the album, mathematically placing edits and loops to create \"an album of ultimate depth and movement,\"[41] each of the songs went through a lengthy recording process. BT has estimated that each song on the album took over 100 sessions to record, adding that \"Every Other Way\" took 2 months to write and record, working 14 to 20 hours a day, 7 days a week.[15] These Hopeful Machines was nominated for a 2011 Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album.[3]The album features guest appearances from and collaborations with Stewart Copeland of The Police, Kirsty Hawkshaw (\"A Million Stars\"), JES (\"Every Other Way\" and \"The Light in Things\"), Rob Dickinson (\"Always\" and \"The Unbreakable\"), Christian Burns (\"Suddenly\", \"Emergency\" and \"Forget Me\") and Andrew Bayer (\"The Emergency\").[6][41] It contains the most singles released from any BT album, with 8 of the 12 tracks released as singles. Official remixes were made by Armin van Buuren and Chicane. It reached number 6 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart[44] and number 154 on the Billboard 200 album charts.[45] The singles \"Emergency\" and \"Rose of Jericho\" reached numbers 3 and 5 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, respectively.[46]A remix album, titled These Re-Imagined Machines was released in 2011. These Humble Machines, an un-mixed album featuring shorter \"radio edit\" versions of the tracks (similar to the US version of Movement in Still Life) was also released in 2011.[47]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_the_Stars_Are_Eternal_So_Are_You_and_I"},{"link_name":"Morceau Subrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morceau_Subrosa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2012: If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I and Morceau Subrosa","text":"On June 19, 2012, BT released If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I, along with Morceau Subrosa, his seventh and eighth studio albums. If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I was an about-face from BT's previous album These Hopeful Machines, utilizing minimal beats, ambient soundscapes, and glitch music, as opposed to the electronic music style of These Hopeful Machines. Morceau Subrosa is very different in style compared to most of BT's previous works, favoring ambient soundscapes and minimal beats.[48]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Song Across Wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_Across_Wires"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rdelatorre-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rdelatorre-20"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Beatport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatport"},{"link_name":"Arty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arty_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nadia Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Ali_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Au5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au5"},{"link_name":"Aqualung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqualung_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dolbrych-43"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bayer"},{"link_name":"Emma Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"JES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"tyDi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TyDi"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"Bada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggraff-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"2013–2014: A Song Across Wires and radio shows","text":"BT's ninth studio album, A Song Across Wires, was released worldwide on August 16, 2013.[20] Blending elements of trance, progressive house and electro,[20] the club music-oriented album reached number 5 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart,[49] and features four Beatport No. 1 trance singles: \"Tomahawk\" (with Adam K), \"Must Be the Love\" (with Arty and Nadia Ali), \"Skylarking\" and \"Surrounded\" (with Au5 and Aqualung).[43] On the album, BT also collaborates with Senadee, Andrew Bayer, Tania Zygar, Emma Hewitt, JES, Fractal, tyDi and K-pop singer Bada.[50]In 2012, he released the mix collection Laptop Symphony, based on his laptop performances on his Sirius XM radio show, which range from dubstep to drumstep to progressive to trance.[51] In 2013, he started a new Sirius XM radio program, Skylarking, on the Electric Area channel.[52]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huntington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"Tommy Tallarico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Tallarico"},{"link_name":"Electronic Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Opus"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Christian Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Burns"},{"link_name":"All Hail the Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Hail_the_Silence"},{"link_name":"Vince Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Erasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasure_(duo)"},{"link_name":"The Violet Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violet_Flame"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"AHTS-001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHTS-001"},{"link_name":"Shopify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopify"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamonds-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggers_(All_Hail_the_Silence_album)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huntington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"DJ Mag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"_","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(album)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_You%27re_Searching_for_Is_on_the_Other_Side_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHYBeatport-69"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regen2019-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMusic2019-72"}],"sub_title":"2015–2019: Electronic Opus, All Hail the Silence, _ and ‡","text":"BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019On November 10, 2014, BT announced a Kickstarter project with Tommy Tallarico to produce Electronic Opus, an electronic symphonic album with re-imagined, orchestral versions of BT's songs. The project reached its crowd-funding goal of $200,000.[53] A live orchestra played during Video Games Live on March 29, 2015, while the album was released on October 12, 2015.[54][55]On March 7, 2012, it was announced that BT and Christian Burns had formed a band called All Hail the Silence, with encouragement from Vince Clarke. They released their first unofficial single, \"Looking Glass\", online in 2012.[56] On July 21, 2014, Transeau and Burns announced that their band would be touring with Erasure in the fall of 2014 for the album The Violet Flame.[57] On August 24, 2016, the band announced that they would release a limited edition colored 12\" vinyl collectible extended play entitled AHTS-001 with Shopify on September 19, 2016.[58] On September 28, 2018, the band released their first official single, \"Diamonds in the Snow\", along with its accompanying music video.[59] They released the music video for \"Temptation\" in December 2018.[60] The band's first album, Daggers (stylized as ‡), was released on January 18, 2019.[61][62]BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019On December 14, 2015, BT disclosed news to DJ Mag about a new album to come by early 2016. Similar to This Binary Universe, BT explained that \"the entire record is recorded in a way [I've] never recorded anything before,\" and that it has a \"modular, ambient aesthetic\".[63][64] The album, _, was released digitally on October 14, 2016, and physically on December 2, 2016, via Black Hole Recordings, along with an accompanying film.[65] Due to the restrictions of most music sites, which forbid blank album titles, BT chose to name the album the underscore character \"_\". BT has admitted that this title has resulted in complaints from fans about difficulties in finding the album on popular services due to the inability of most search engines to handle the \"_\" character.[66][67] On January 17, 2017, BT released _+, an extended version of _.[68]On October 10, 2019, BT announced on Instagram that two new albums were slated for release in the Fall of 2019: Between Here and You, an ambient album consisting of ten tracks, and Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear, a 17-track album with sounds akin to those from This Binary Universe and _. Between Here and You was released on October 18, 2019[69] and reached the number 1 spot on the Electronic Albums Chart on iTunes.[70] Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear was released on December 13, 2019.[71][72]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraina Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraina_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Matt Fax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Fax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emma Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"The Lost Art of Longing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Art_of_Longing"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"NFTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT"},{"link_name":"raga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metaversal1-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metaversal12-77"},{"link_name":"Christian Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Burns"},{"link_name":"Black Hole Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Monstercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstercat"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: The Lost Art of Longing, Genesis.json, Metaversal and The Secret Language of Trees","text":"On June 19, 2020, BT released the single \"1AM in Paris / The War\", which featured singer Iraina Mancini and DJ Matt Fax.[citation needed] On July 17, 2020, another single, \"No Warning Lights\" was released, featuring Emma Hewitt on vocals.[73] It was later announced that The Lost Art of Longing would be his thirteenth album, released on August 14, 2020.[74]In May 2021, Transeau entered into the world of NFTs by composing music for a digital artwork piece entitled \"DUNESCAPE XXI\", and soon afterwards auctioning off a digital artwork piece entitled \"Genesis.json\", which includes 24 hours worth of original music that contains an Indian raga and 15,000 hand-sequenced audio and visual moments. The artwork is programmed to give a special message on the owner's birthday and is the \"only work of art that puts itself to sleep\" on a certain time.[75] In September 2021, BT announced his 14th album Metaversal, which was created and programmed entirely on a blockchain for release on September 29. The album was released publicly on November 19.[76][77]In March 2023, Transeau and frequent collaborator Christian Burns formed a sub-label for Black Hole Recordings, KSS3TE Recordings.[78]On June 6, 2023, Transeau released a single, \"k-means clustering\", and announced his 15th album, The Secret Language of Trees, which was released on July 11 on Monstercat.[79]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scoring films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(1999)"},{"link_name":"The Fast and the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Gone in 60 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_in_60_Seconds_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"Catch and Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_Release_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbuskin-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gboucher-22"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfortner-40"},{"link_name":"Stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"Zoolander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolander"},{"link_name":"David Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Partysaurus Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partysaurus_Rex"},{"link_name":"Finding Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggraff-51"},{"link_name":"Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_Trilogy_2:_Viva_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreckless:_The_Yakuza_Missions"},{"link_name":"FIFA Football 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Football_2002"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed: Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods_PGA_Tour_2005"},{"link_name":"Burnout Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed: Most Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_Most_Wanted_(2005_video_game)"},{"link_name":"EA Sports Active 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports_Active_2"},{"link_name":"TopSpin 2K25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopSpin_2K25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgray-1"},{"link_name":"Betrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayal_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(Disney_Parks)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Disneyland_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr2016-12"}],"text":"BT began scoring films in 1999 with Go. Since then he has scored over a dozen films, including The Fast and the Furious, Monster, Gone in 60 Seconds, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and Catch and Release.[14][16][22][40] His soundtrack for Stealth featured the song \"She Can Do That\", with lead vocals from David Bowie.[16] BT produced the score for the 2001 film Zoolander, but had his name removed from the project. His tracks for the film were finished by composer David Arnold. BT also composed music for the Pixar animated short film Partysaurus Rex, released in 2012 alongside the 3D release of Finding Nemo.[51]He has scored the video games Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas (2000), Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions (2002), FIFA Football 2002 (2002), Need for Speed: Underground (2003), Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 (2004), Burnout Revenge (2005), Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005), EA Sports Active 2 (2010) and TopSpin 2K25 (2024). He made the official second-long alert tone for the Circa News app.[1] In 2013, he scored Betrayal, a 13-episode drama on ABC.In 2014, BT was selected by Walt Disney Company executives to score the music for the Tomorrowland-themed area at Shanghai Disneyland, which opened in 2016. He spent more than two years on the project, writing more than four hours of music that are played out of more than 200 speakers spread throughout Tomorrowland. BT called the undertaking \"one of the most thrilling experiences of my life.\"[12]","title":"Film, TV and video game scores"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msmall-16"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-progsnd-80"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"stutter edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutter_edit"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmilian-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmilian-82"},{"link_name":"iZotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZotope"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"NAMM Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMM_Show"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Sonik Architects","text":"During the production of This Binary Universe, Transeau wanted to program drums in surround sound, and found that software tools to accomplish this weren't readily available. He decided to develop his own, forming his own software company, Sonik Architects, to create a line of sound design tools for the studio and another line of tools and plug-ins designed for live performance. The company's first release was the drum machine surround sound sequencer BreakTweaker, a PC plug-in.[16][80] In 2009, Sonik Architects released Sonifi, a product for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch that enables musicians to replicate BT's stutter edit effect live.[81][82] BT himself has used it during live shows.[82]In December 2010, Sonik Architects was acquired by software and music production company iZotope,[83] and at the Winter NAMM Show in January 2011, the Stutter Edit plug-in, based on BT's patented technique of real-time manipulation of digital audio, was released by iZotope and BT.[84]In 2020, Transeau released an upgraded version of his Stutter Edit plug-in with iZotope, called Stutter Edit 2. This version includes more sound effects, more presets, and new features such as Auto Mode and the Curve editor.[85][86]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FL Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL_Studio"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Leap Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_Motion"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dolbrych-43"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb_effect"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Other software","text":"Transeau is a user of digital audio workstation FL Studio and he was included in the Power Users section on Image-Line's site in 2013.[87] In 2014, BT collaborated with Boulanger Labs in creating the Leap Motion app Muse, a device that allows users to compose their own ambient sounds using gestural control.[43] He also developed a standalone plugin synthesizer called BT Phobos for the music software company Spitfire Audio, which was released on April 6, 2017.[88][89][90][91] BT created presets for the synth plugin Parallels, released by Softube in 2019.[92] He also created analog synth tone patches for the synthesized Omnisphere 2, created by ILIO.[93]In 2022, BT released the reverb Tails[94] with Unfiltered Audio and the synth plugin Polaris with Spitfire.[95]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BT_Musician_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC2008-01-11-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC2008-01-18-97"},{"link_name":"scuba diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diver"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Shark Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Trust"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"text":"BT in 2009BT lives with his daughter in Maryland. In 2008, he was involved in a dispute about his daughter's custody with the child's mother, Ashley Duffy.[96][97] He is an avid scuba diver, and supports the preservation of sharks.[98] In February 2014, BT partnered with EDM lifestyle brand Electric Family to produce a collaboration bracelet for which 100% of the proceeds are donated to the Shark Trust.[99] On October 19, 2014, BT was married to Lacy Transeau (née Bean).[100]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Dance Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beatport Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Computer Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BMI Film & TV Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima_(BT_album)"},{"link_name":"ESCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCM_(album)"},{"link_name":"Movement in Still Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_in_Still_Life"},{"link_name":"Emotional Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_Technology"},{"link_name":"This Binary Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Binary_Universe"},{"link_name":"These Hopeful Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Hopeful_Machines"},{"link_name":"If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_the_Stars_Are_Eternal_So_Are_You_and_I"},{"link_name":"Morceau Subrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morceau_Subrosa"},{"link_name":"A Song Across Wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_Across_Wires"},{"link_name":"_","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(album)"},{"link_name":"Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_You%27re_Searching_for_Is_on_the_Other_Side_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"The Lost Art of Longing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Art_of_Longing"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metaversal1-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metaversal12-77"},{"link_name":"All Hail the Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Hail_the_Silence"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggers_(All_Hail_the_Silence_album)"}],"text":"Studio albumsIma (1995)\nESCM (1997)\nMovement in Still Life (1999)\nEmotional Technology (2003)\nThis Binary Universe (2006)\nThese Hopeful Machines (2010)\nIf the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I (2012)\nMorceau Subrosa (2012)\nA Song Across Wires (2013)\n_ (2016)\nBetween Here and You (2019)\nEverything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear (2019)\nThe Lost Art of Longing (2020)[103]\nMetaversal (2021)[76][77]\nThe Secret Language of Trees (2023)With All Hail the SilenceDaggers (2019)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"BT playing an acoustic version of \"Satellite\" from his 1999 album, Movement in Still Life, in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brian_Transeau.jpg/200px-Brian_Transeau.jpg"},{"image_text":"BT performing \"Flaming June\" at Ultra Music Festival in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BrianTranseau_Ultra.JPG/200px-BrianTranseau_Ultra.JPG"},{"image_text":"BT performing at GearFest in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/BT_%28musician%29_performing_at_GearFest_2011.jpg/250px-BT_%28musician%29_performing_at_GearFest_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_01.jpg/150px-BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"BT performing live at The Paramount in Huntington, New York, in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_02.jpg/150px-BT_of_All_Hail_The_Silence_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"BT in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BT_Musician_2009.jpg/200px-BT_Musician_2009.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Number_1_Dance_Hits_(United_States)"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Dance_chart"},{"title":"Granular synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_synthesis"},{"title":"Stutter edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutter_edit"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"New Episodes of 'Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams' to Feature Music by Mark Isham, BT & Bear McCreary\". Film Music Reporter. January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/01/09/new-episodes-of-philip-k-dicks-electric-dreams-to-feature-music-by-mark-isham-bt-bear-mccreary/","url_text":"\"New Episodes of 'Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams' to Feature Music by Mark Isham, BT & Bear McCreary\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Melinda (June 16, 2016). \"Meet the Composer Who Wrote the Music for Shanghai Disneyland's Tomorrowland\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/meet-composer-who-wrote-music-903608","url_text":"\"Meet the Composer Who Wrote the Music for Shanghai Disneyland's Tomorrowland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyperreal.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://music.hyperreal.org/library/publicity/bt/","url_text":"\"Hyperreal.org\""}]},{"reference":"Muther, Christopher (October 2, 2004). \"The world at his fingertips\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/10/02/the_world_at_his_fingertips/?page=2","url_text":"\"The world at his fingertips\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT – Movement In Still Life (CD, Album) at Discogs\". Discogs. 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/BT-Movement-In-Still-Life/release/14798","url_text":"\"BT – Movement In Still Life (CD, Album) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sting - Sacred Love\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yes24.com/Product/Goods/396517","url_text":"\"Sting - Sacred Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"BTs' Last FM site\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.last.fm/music/BT/+wiki","url_text":"\"BTs' Last FM site\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeviantArt Presents BT and Thomas Dolby\". Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081516/http://news.deviantart.com/article/23585/","url_text":"\"DeviantArt Presents BT and Thomas Dolby\""},{"url":"http://news.deviantart.com/article/23585/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dan Olbrych (January 7, 2014). \"BT on New Production Tech: 'Holy S**t!'\". DJ Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140212170632/http://djtimes.com/emotional-technology/","url_text":"\"BT on New Production Tech: 'Holy S**t!'\""},{"url":"http://djtimes.com/emotional-technology/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Good summer for music fans\". Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130615204356/http://www.hilltopviewsonline.com/life_and_arts/article_c0ebb354-aea4-11e2-a30b-0019bb30f31a.html","url_text":"\"Good summer for music fans\""},{"url":"http://www.hilltopviewsonline.com/life_and_arts/article_c0ebb354-aea4-11e2-a30b-0019bb30f31a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIERE OF SKYLARKING RADIO\". Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925064452/http://www.btmusic.com/2013/09/premiere-of-skylarking-radio/","url_text":"\"PREMIERE OF SKYLARKING RADIO\""},{"url":"http://www.btmusic.com/2013/09/premiere-of-skylarking-radio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (November 10, 2014). \"'Video Games Live' producer Tommy Tallarico's new project is 'Electronic Opus' — classical meets electronic dance music\". Venture Beat.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/11/10/video-games-live-producer-tommy-tallarico-and-brian-transeau-team-up-on-electronic-opus/","url_text":"\"'Video Games Live' producer Tommy Tallarico's new project is 'Electronic Opus' — classical meets electronic dance music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electronic Opus by BT\". Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/445474695/electronic-opus","url_text":"\"Electronic Opus by BT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video Games Live creator teams with trance musician BT for new symphonic concert\". Polygon. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2014/11/10/7186465/video-games-live-creator-teams-with-trance-musician-bt-for-new","url_text":"\"Video Games Live creator teams with trance musician BT for new symphonic concert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"\"All Hail the Silence Debut Tour with Erasure This Fall\". Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104137/http://www.btmusic.com/2014/07/all-hail-the-silence-debut-tour-with-erasure-this-fall/","url_text":"\"All Hail the Silence Debut Tour with Erasure This Fall\""},{"url":"http://www.btmusic.com/2014/07/all-hail-the-silence-debut-tour-with-erasure-this-fall/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PRE PURCHASE Limited Edition Coloured 12\" Vinyl Collectable AHTS 001 EP\". Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827103023/https://all-hail-the-silence.myshopify.com/products/all-hail-the-silence-ep001-limited-edition-coloured-12-inch-vinyl","url_text":"\"PRE PURCHASE Limited Edition Coloured 12\" Vinyl Collectable AHTS 001 EP\""},{"url":"https://all-hail-the-silence.myshopify.com/products/all-hail-the-silence-ep001-limited-edition-coloured-12-inch-vinyl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roumeliotis (September 28, 2018). \"Diamonds in the Snow // All Hail the Silence\". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2jhxR1HJ18","url_text":"\"Diamonds in the Snow // All Hail the Silence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/i2jhxR1HJ18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (December 14, 2018). \"The Playlist: David Byrne's Paranoid Party, and 10 More New Songs\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/arts/music/playlist-david-byrne-avril-lavigne-robin-thicke.html","url_text":"\"The Playlist: David Byrne's Paranoid Party, and 10 More New Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Hail The Silence (BT + Christian Burns) Share \"Diamonds In The Snow\" Video/Announce New Album '‡ (Daggers)' Out January 18th\". Dubiks. October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dubiks.com/2018/10/04/all-hail-the-silence-bt-christian-burns-share-diamonds-in-the-snow-video-announce-new-album-%E2%80%A1-daggers-out-january-18th/","url_text":"\"All Hail The Silence (BT + Christian Burns) Share \"Diamonds In The Snow\" Video/Announce New Album '‡ (Daggers)' Out January 18th\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (September 28, 2018). \"All Hail the Silence Tap Old-School Analog Synths for 'Diamonds In the Snow': Video Premiere\". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8477377/all-hail-the-silence-diamonds-in-the-snow","url_text":"\"All Hail the Silence Tap Old-School Analog Synths for 'Diamonds In the Snow': Video Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Sharoni, Erin (December 14, 2015). \"BT's Opus of Discovery\". DJ Mag. Retrieved December 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djmag.com/news/bts-opus-discovery","url_text":"\"BT's Opus of Discovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine","url_text":"DJ Mag"}]},{"reference":"Eskow, Gary (August 1, 2016). \"BT's Dropping a New Album –You Name It\". Mix. Retrieved September 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mixonline.com/news/profiles/bt-s-dropping-new-album-you-name-it/428038","url_text":"\"BT's Dropping a New Album –You Name It\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)","url_text":"Mix"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Emily (October 20, 2016). \"BT Releases Innovative '_' Album With Accompanying Film\". The Nocturnal Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenocturnaltimes.com/bt-releases-innovative-_-album-accompanying-film/","url_text":"\"BT Releases Innovative '_' Album With Accompanying Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"I am composer and technologist BT. My new album is _ AMA\". Reddit. October 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/596hc0/i_am_composer_and_technologist_bt_my_new_album_is/","url_text":"\"I am composer and technologist BT. My new album is _ AMA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"Reddit"}]},{"reference":"Mancino, Mark (October 26, 2016). \"The Nocturnal Times Exclusive Interview: BT\". The Nocturnal Times. Retrieved October 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenocturnaltimes.com/nocturnal-times-exclusive-interview-bt/","url_text":"\"The Nocturnal Times Exclusive Interview: BT\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT - _+\". Black Hole Recordings. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackholerecordings.com/music/albums/btunderscoreplus/","url_text":"\"BT - _+\""}]},{"reference":"\"Between Here and You - BT\". Beatport. Retrieved October 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.beatport.com/release/between-here-and-you/2723440","url_text":"\"Between Here and You - BT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatport","url_text":"Beatport"}]},{"reference":"Jon Regen (November 25, 2019). \"BT: 11 tracks that blew my mind - \"I heard this and literally pulled the car over and wept\"\". MusicRadar. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/bt-11-tracks-that-blew-my-mind-i-heard-this-and-literally-pulled-the-car-over-and-wept","url_text":"\"BT: 11 tracks that blew my mind - \"I heard this and literally pulled the car over and wept\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear - BT\". Beatport. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beatport.com/release/everything-youre-searching-for-is-on-the-other-side-of-fear/2775637","url_text":"\"Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear - BT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatport","url_text":"Beatport"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Bt · Everything You're Searching for is on the Other Side of Fear (CD) (2019) - imusic.dk\". www.imusic.dk (in Danish). Audio Visionary Music. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imusic.dk/music/8715197019736/bt-2019-everything-you-re-searching-for-is-on-the-other-side-of-fear-cd","url_text":"\"Bt · Everything You're Searching for is on the Other Side of Fear (CD) (2019) - imusic.dk\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT announces new album \"The Lost Art Of Longing\"\". Frontview Magazine. July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontview-magazine.be/en/news/bt-announces-new-album-the-lost-art-of-longing","url_text":"\"BT announces new album \"The Lost Art Of Longing\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lost Art of Longing\". Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/bt/videos/1226411964369009/?v=1226411964369009","url_text":"\"The Lost Art of Longing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Krugman, Dave (May 24, 2021). \"Interview: BT\". Allships. Retrieved August 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://allships.co/article/interview-bt","url_text":"\"Interview: BT\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT Creates The Future With Groundbreaking Blockchain Software Album, 'Metaversal'\". Fresh Music Freaks. September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://freshmusicfreaks.com/bt-creates-the-future-with-groundbreaking-blockchain-software-album-metaversal/","url_text":"\"BT Creates The Future With Groundbreaking Blockchain Software Album, 'Metaversal'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: BT's New Album 'Metaversal' is a Blockchain-Based Musical Puzzle Containing Unlockable NFTs\". Yahoo! Finance. September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-bts-album-metaversal-blockchain-205536362.html","url_text":"\"Exclusive: BT's New Album 'Metaversal' is a Blockchain-Based Musical Puzzle Containing Unlockable NFTs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance","url_text":"Yahoo! Finance"}]},{"reference":"\"TVLI – KEEP YOU\". March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebackstageaccess.com/index.php/2024/03/01/tvli-keep-you/","url_text":"\"TVLI – KEEP YOU\""}]},{"reference":"Sunkel, Cameron (June 6, 2023). \"BT'S 15th Album is Inspired By Machine Learning\". EDM. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edm.com/music-releases/bt-announces-15th-album-machine-learning-ai","url_text":"\"BT'S 15th Album is Inspired By Machine Learning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progressive Sounds\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressive-sounds.com/artists/BT/BT-interview-8-2006.asp","url_text":"\"Progressive Sounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"iZotope, Inc – Audio Processing Technology and Plug-Ins for Pro Tools, VST, MAS, Audio Unit, and DirectX\". Izotope.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034940/http://izotope.com/press/12.2.2010_iZotope_Announces_Acquisition_of_Sonik_Architects_and_Partnership_with_BT.html","url_text":"\"iZotope, Inc – Audio Processing Technology and Plug-Ins for Pro Tools, VST, MAS, Audio Unit, and DirectX\""},{"url":"http://www.izotope.com/press/12.2.2010_iZotope_Announces_Acquisition_of_Sonik_Architects_and_Partnership_with_BT.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NAMM 2011: iZotope Stutter Edit\". Mixonline.com. January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916082330/http://mixonline.com/namm_2011/izotope_stutter_edit","url_text":"\"NAMM 2011: iZotope Stutter Edit\""},{"url":"http://mixonline.com/namm_2011/izotope_stutter_edit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stutter Edit 2 - From the mind of BT\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.izotope.com/en/products/stutter-edit.html","url_text":"\"Stutter Edit 2 - From the mind of BT\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Adam (June 25, 2020). \"iZotope Stutter Edit 2 Redesigned with More Effects, New UI\". Attack Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.attackmagazine.com/news/izotope-stutter-edit-2-redesigned-with-more-effects-new-ui/","url_text":"\"iZotope Stutter Edit 2 Redesigned with More Effects, New UI\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT (Brian Transeau)\". image-line.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://vintage.image-line.com/documents/powerusers.php?entry_id=1368409382&title=bt-%28brian-transeau%29","url_text":"\"BT (Brian Transeau)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAMM 2016: Spitfire Audio Phobos (Video)\". January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/news?NewsID=19167","url_text":"\"NAMM 2016: Spitfire Audio Phobos (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spitfire + BT Intro Phobos Polyconvolution Synthesizer\". Synthtopia. March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2017/03/31/spitfire-bt-intro-phobos-polyconvolution-synthesizer/","url_text":"\"Spitfire + BT Intro Phobos Polyconvolution Synthesizer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spitfire Audio Announce BT Phobos\". Sonicstate. March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonicstate.com/news/2017/03/31/spitfire-announce-bt-phobos/","url_text":"\"Spitfire Audio Announce BT Phobos\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT PHOBOS – POLYCONVOLUTION SYNTHESIZER\". Spitfire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spitfireaudio.com/shop/a-z/bt-phobos/","url_text":"\"BT PHOBOS – POLYCONVOLUTION SYNTHESIZER\""}]},{"reference":"Arblaster, Simon (March 12, 2019). \"Parallels from Softube could well be your dream synth plugin\". Music Radar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/parallels-from-softube-could-well-be-your-dream-synth-plugin","url_text":"\"Parallels from Softube could well be your dream synth plugin\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT-Modern Wave — Retro-Modern Analog Synth Tones for Omnisphere 2™\". ILIO.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilio.com/bt-modern-wave","url_text":"\"BT-Modern Wave — Retro-Modern Analog Synth Tones for Omnisphere 2™\""}]},{"reference":"Eilers, Lasse (March 31, 2022). \"Unfiltered Audio TAILS: Endless reverbs without disturbing transients\". Gearnews. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gearnews.com/unfiltered-audio-tails-shimmer-reverb-plugin/","url_text":"\"Unfiltered Audio TAILS: Endless reverbs without disturbing transients\""}]},{"reference":"Kraftman, Tamzin (April 8, 2022). \"Spitfire Audio and BT collaborate on Polaris, bringing coveted vintage synth sounds to your DAW\". MusicTech. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musictech.com/news/gear/spitfire-audio-bt-polaris-vintage-synth-sound-library/","url_text":"\"Spitfire Audio and BT collaborate on Polaris, bringing coveted vintage synth sounds to your DAW\""}]},{"reference":"Schoetz, David (January 11, 2008). \"His Daughter Gone, Artist Asks for Help\". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4116855&page=1","url_text":"\"His Daughter Gone, Artist Asks for Help\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906020348/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4116855&page=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schoetz, David (January 18, 2008). \"With Child Safe, Custody Battle Begins Anew\". ABC News. Retrieved August 22, 2021. Anja Reinke, Duffy's attorney in California, told ABC News that she would not comment on the case until Duffy was released.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4155391&page=1","url_text":"\"With Child Safe, Custody Battle Begins Anew\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT TEAMS WITH ELECTRIC FAMILY TO SUPPORT THE SHARK TRUST\". Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228052210/http://www.btmusic.com/2014/02/bt-teams-with-electric-family-to-support-the-shark-trust/","url_text":"\"BT TEAMS WITH ELECTRIC FAMILY TO SUPPORT THE SHARK TRUST\""},{"url":"http://www.btmusic.com/2014/02/bt-teams-with-electric-family-to-support-the-shark-trust/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BT wedding announcement\". Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BT/status/523220314680213504","url_text":"\"BT wedding announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"BT - TLAOL\". Retrieved June 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tlaol.com/","url_text":"\"BT - TLAOL\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fastcompany.com/3019084/reverse-engineered/would-you-want-to-hear-this-new-circa-news-sound-whenever-news-breaks","external_links_name":"\"Would You Want to Hear This New Circa News Sound Whenever News Breaks?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2010/02/bt-these-hopeful-machines/","external_links_name":"\"BT Talks These Hopeful Machines, Math and Inspiration,\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140806163402/http://www.grammy.com/blogs/first-time-nominee-bt-part-one","external_links_name":"\"First-Time Nominee: BT (Part One),\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/Interview-Brian-Transeau-Singer-Songwriter-886997.php","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Brian Transeau – Singer, Songwriter and Producer,\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7935879","external_links_name":"Method and Apparatus for Digital Audio Generation and Manipulation"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090281793","external_links_name":"Time Varying Processing of Repeated Digital Audio Samples in Accordance with a User Defined Effect"},{"Link":"http://www.trancesound.net/2010/09/10/interview-with-bt-aka-brian-transeau/","external_links_name":"\"Interview With BT aka Brian Transeau,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110216115147/http://www.trancesound.net/2010/09/10/interview-with-bt-aka-brian-transeau/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dancemusic.about.com/cs/features/a/Ron2k3Pick.htm","external_links_name":"\"21 Records That Made Me Happy to Be a DJ,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016085810/http://dancemusic.about.com/cs/features/a/Ron2k3Pick.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lunarmagazine.com/features/bt.php","external_links_name":"\"Embracing BT,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624171526/http://www.lunarmagazine.com/features/bt.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.earmilk.com/2013/08/20/earmilk-interview-bt/","external_links_name":"\"Earmilk Interview: BT,\""},{"Link":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/01/09/new-episodes-of-philip-k-dicks-electric-dreams-to-feature-music-by-mark-isham-bt-bear-mccreary/","external_links_name":"\"New Episodes of 'Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams' to Feature Music by Mark Isham, BT & Bear McCreary\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/meet-composer-who-wrote-music-903608","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Composer Who Wrote the Music for Shanghai Disneyland's Tomorrowland\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/home-is-art-is-143087","external_links_name":"\"Home is where the art is,\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/briantranseau.asp","external_links_name":"\"Brian Transeau: Emotional Experience,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040940/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/briantranseau.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.keyboardmag.com/miscellaneous/1265/bt-wears-his-lab-coat-for-these-hopeful-machines/30250","external_links_name":"\"BT Wears His Lab Coat for These Hopeful Machines,\""},{"Link":"http://www.berklee.edu/berklee-today-28%20","external_links_name":"\"Berklee Today,\""},{"Link":"http://news.beatport.com/blog/2013/08/14/hot-on-the-heels-of-controversy-dance-music-legend-bt-releases-his-ninth-studio-lp/","external_links_name":"\"Hot on the heels of controversy, dance music legend BT releases his ninth studio LP,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045028/http://news.beatport.com/blog/2013/08/14/hot-on-the-heels-of-controversy-dance-music-legend-bt-releases-his-ninth-studio-lp/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://music.hyperreal.org/library/publicity/bt/","external_links_name":"\"Hyperreal.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/10/02/the_world_at_his_fingertips/?page=2","external_links_name":"\"The world at his fingertips\""},{"Link":"http://www.magneticmag.com/2013/06/edm-interview-magnetic-catches-up-with-bt-to-discuss-new-album/","external_links_name":"\"EDM Interview: Magnetic Catches Up With BT To Discuss New Album,\""},{"Link":"http://elitedaily.com/music/music-interviews/a-song-across-wires-interview-with-bt/","external_links_name":"\"Elite Daily Talks 'A Song Across Wires' & More With B.T.,\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140806163421/http://elitedaily.com/music/music-interviews/a-song-across-wires-interview-with-bt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/aug/20/entertainment/ca-7298","external_links_name":"\"He's Breaking the Spell of Trance Music,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=359","external_links_name":"\"Remember,\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/BT-Movement-In-Still-Life/release/14798","external_links_name":"\"BT – Movement In Still Life (CD, Album) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=359","external_links_name":"\"Godspeed,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=359","external_links_name":"\"Never Gonna Come Back Down,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=377","external_links_name":"\"Never Gonna Come Back Down,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=305","external_links_name":"\"Movement In Still Life,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=322","external_links_name":"\"Emotional Technology,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=305","external_links_name":"\"Emotional Technology,\""},{"Link":"http://www.drummagazine.com/plugged-in/post/drumming-mixing-and-editing-tips-from-bt/","external_links_name":"\"Drumming, Mixing & Editing Tips From BT,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=359","external_links_name":"\"Simply Being Loved (Somnambulist),\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart","external_links_name":"\"Simply Being Loved (Somnambulist),\""},{"Link":"http://www.yes24.com/Product/Goods/396517","external_links_name":"\"Sting - Sacred Love\""},{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/music/BT/+wiki","external_links_name":"\"BTs' Last FM site\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1995339,00.asp","external_links_name":"\"Digital Music Innovators,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=322","external_links_name":"\"This Binary Universe,\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2010/02/bt-these-hopeful-machines/","external_links_name":"\"BT Talks These Hopeful Machines, Math and Inspiration,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081516/http://news.deviantart.com/article/23585/","external_links_name":"\"DeviantArt Presents BT and Thomas Dolby\""},{"Link":"http://news.deviantart.com/article/23585/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140212170632/http://djtimes.com/emotional-technology/","external_links_name":"\"BT on New Production Tech: 'Holy S**t!'\""},{"Link":"http://djtimes.com/emotional-technology/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=322","external_links_name":"\"These Hopeful Machines,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=305","external_links_name":"\"These Hopeful Machines,\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=359","external_links_name":"\"Emergency,\""},{"Link":"http://www.gunnars.com/visionary-bt/","external_links_name":"\"Electronica Visionary BT Redefines Musical Composition,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044414/http://www.gunnars.com/visionary-bt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275530/bt/chart?f=322","external_links_name":"\"A Song Across Wires,\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130615204356/http://www.hilltopviewsonline.com/life_and_arts/article_c0ebb354-aea4-11e2-a30b-0019bb30f31a.html","external_links_name":"\"Good summer for music fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.hilltopviewsonline.com/life_and_arts/article_c0ebb354-aea4-11e2-a30b-0019bb30f31a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502964/bts-busy-2012-mix-set-quiet-ep-a-follow-up-to-machines","external_links_name":"\"BT's Busy 2012: Mix Set, 'Quiet' EP & a Follow-Up to 'Machines',\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925064452/http://www.btmusic.com/2013/09/premiere-of-skylarking-radio/","external_links_name":"\"PREMIERE OF SKYLARKING RADIO\""},{"Link":"http://www.btmusic.com/2013/09/premiere-of-skylarking-radio/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/11/10/video-games-live-producer-tommy-tallarico-and-brian-transeau-team-up-on-electronic-opus/","external_links_name":"\"'Video Games Live' producer Tommy Tallarico's new project is 'Electronic Opus' — classical meets electronic dance music\""},{"Link":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/445474695/electronic-opus","external_links_name":"\"Electronic Opus by BT\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2014/11/10/7186465/video-games-live-creator-teams-with-trance-musician-bt-for-new","external_links_name":"\"Video Games Live creator teams with trance musician BT for new symphonic concert\""},{"Link":"http://houseplanet.dj/2012/03/07/bt-christian-burns-announced-their-new-band-all-hail-the-silence/","external_links_name":"\"BT & Christian Burns announced their new band All Hail The Silence,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104137/http://www.btmusic.com/2014/07/all-hail-the-silence-debut-tour-with-erasure-this-fall/","external_links_name":"\"All Hail the Silence Debut Tour with Erasure This Fall\""},{"Link":"http://www.btmusic.com/2014/07/all-hail-the-silence-debut-tour-with-erasure-this-fall/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827103023/https://all-hail-the-silence.myshopify.com/products/all-hail-the-silence-ep001-limited-edition-coloured-12-inch-vinyl","external_links_name":"\"PRE PURCHASE Limited Edition Coloured 12\" Vinyl Collectable AHTS 001 EP\""},{"Link":"https://all-hail-the-silence.myshopify.com/products/all-hail-the-silence-ep001-limited-edition-coloured-12-inch-vinyl","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2jhxR1HJ18","external_links_name":"\"Diamonds in the Snow // All Hail the Silence\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/i2jhxR1HJ18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/arts/music/playlist-david-byrne-avril-lavigne-robin-thicke.html","external_links_name":"\"The Playlist: David Byrne's Paranoid Party, and 10 More New Songs\""},{"Link":"https://dubiks.com/2018/10/04/all-hail-the-silence-bt-christian-burns-share-diamonds-in-the-snow-video-announce-new-album-%E2%80%A1-daggers-out-january-18th/","external_links_name":"\"All Hail The Silence (BT + Christian Burns) Share \"Diamonds In The Snow\" Video/Announce New Album '‡ (Daggers)' Out January 18th\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8477377/all-hail-the-silence-diamonds-in-the-snow","external_links_name":"\"All Hail the Silence Tap Old-School Analog Synths for 'Diamonds In the Snow': Video Premiere\""},{"Link":"http://www.djmag.com/news/bts-opus-discovery","external_links_name":"\"BT's Opus of Discovery\""},{"Link":"http://www.mixonline.com/news/profiles/bt-s-dropping-new-album-you-name-it/428038","external_links_name":"\"BT's Dropping a New Album –You Name It\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenocturnaltimes.com/bt-releases-innovative-_-album-accompanying-film/","external_links_name":"\"BT Releases Innovative '_' Album With Accompanying Film\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/596hc0/i_am_composer_and_technologist_bt_my_new_album_is/","external_links_name":"\"I am composer and technologist BT. My new album is _ AMA\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenocturnaltimes.com/nocturnal-times-exclusive-interview-bt/","external_links_name":"\"The Nocturnal Times Exclusive Interview: BT\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackholerecordings.com/music/albums/btunderscoreplus/","external_links_name":"\"BT - _+\""},{"Link":"http://classic.beatport.com/release/between-here-and-you/2723440","external_links_name":"\"Between Here and You - BT\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/bt-11-tracks-that-blew-my-mind-i-heard-this-and-literally-pulled-the-car-over-and-wept","external_links_name":"\"BT: 11 tracks that blew my mind - \"I heard this and literally pulled the car over and wept\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.beatport.com/release/everything-youre-searching-for-is-on-the-other-side-of-fear/2775637","external_links_name":"\"Everything You're Searching for Is on the Other Side of Fear - BT\""},{"Link":"https://www.imusic.dk/music/8715197019736/bt-2019-everything-you-re-searching-for-is-on-the-other-side-of-fear-cd","external_links_name":"\"Bt · Everything You're Searching for is on the Other Side of Fear (CD) (2019) - imusic.dk\""},{"Link":"https://www.frontview-magazine.be/en/news/bt-announces-new-album-the-lost-art-of-longing","external_links_name":"\"BT announces new album \"The Lost Art Of Longing\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/bt/videos/1226411964369009/?v=1226411964369009","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Art of Longing\""},{"Link":"https://allships.co/article/interview-bt","external_links_name":"\"Interview: BT\""},{"Link":"https://freshmusicfreaks.com/bt-creates-the-future-with-groundbreaking-blockchain-software-album-metaversal/","external_links_name":"\"BT Creates The Future With Groundbreaking Blockchain Software Album, 'Metaversal'\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-bts-album-metaversal-blockchain-205536362.html","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: BT's New Album 'Metaversal' is a Blockchain-Based Musical Puzzle Containing Unlockable NFTs\""},{"Link":"https://thebackstageaccess.com/index.php/2024/03/01/tvli-keep-you/","external_links_name":"\"TVLI – KEEP YOU\""},{"Link":"https://edm.com/music-releases/bt-announces-15th-album-machine-learning-ai","external_links_name":"\"BT'S 15th Album is Inspired By Machine Learning\""},{"Link":"http://www.progressive-sounds.com/artists/BT/BT-interview-8-2006.asp","external_links_name":"\"Progressive Sounds\""},{"Link":"http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2009/06/18/bt-sonifi-iphone/","external_links_name":"\"BT's Sonifi For The iPhone,\""},{"Link":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/11/bt-sonifi-iphone-app.html","external_links_name":"\"Sonifi iPhone app lets your fingers remix music,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034940/http://izotope.com/press/12.2.2010_iZotope_Announces_Acquisition_of_Sonik_Architects_and_Partnership_with_BT.html","external_links_name":"\"iZotope, Inc – Audio Processing Technology and Plug-Ins for Pro Tools, VST, MAS, Audio Unit, and DirectX\""},{"Link":"http://www.izotope.com/press/12.2.2010_iZotope_Announces_Acquisition_of_Sonik_Architects_and_Partnership_with_BT.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916082330/http://mixonline.com/namm_2011/izotope_stutter_edit","external_links_name":"\"NAMM 2011: iZotope Stutter Edit\""},{"Link":"http://mixonline.com/namm_2011/izotope_stutter_edit","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.izotope.com/en/products/stutter-edit.html","external_links_name":"\"Stutter Edit 2 - From the mind of BT\""},{"Link":"https://www.attackmagazine.com/news/izotope-stutter-edit-2-redesigned-with-more-effects-new-ui/","external_links_name":"\"iZotope Stutter Edit 2 Redesigned with More Effects, New UI\""},{"Link":"https://vintage.image-line.com/documents/powerusers.php?entry_id=1368409382&title=bt-%28brian-transeau%29","external_links_name":"\"BT (Brian Transeau)\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundonsound.com/news?NewsID=19167","external_links_name":"\"NAMM 2016: Spitfire Audio Phobos (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2017/03/31/spitfire-bt-intro-phobos-polyconvolution-synthesizer/","external_links_name":"\"Spitfire + BT Intro Phobos Polyconvolution Synthesizer\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonicstate.com/news/2017/03/31/spitfire-announce-bt-phobos/","external_links_name":"\"Spitfire Audio Announce BT Phobos\""},{"Link":"https://www.spitfireaudio.com/shop/a-z/bt-phobos/","external_links_name":"\"BT PHOBOS – POLYCONVOLUTION SYNTHESIZER\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicradar.com/news/parallels-from-softube-could-well-be-your-dream-synth-plugin","external_links_name":"\"Parallels from Softube could well be your dream synth plugin\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilio.com/bt-modern-wave","external_links_name":"\"BT-Modern Wave — Retro-Modern Analog Synth Tones for Omnisphere 2™\""},{"Link":"https://www.gearnews.com/unfiltered-audio-tails-shimmer-reverb-plugin/","external_links_name":"\"Unfiltered Audio TAILS: Endless reverbs without disturbing transients\""},{"Link":"https://musictech.com/news/gear/spitfire-audio-bt-polaris-vintage-synth-sound-library/","external_links_name":"\"Spitfire Audio and BT collaborate on Polaris, bringing coveted vintage synth sounds to your DAW\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4116855&page=1","external_links_name":"\"His Daughter Gone, Artist Asks for Help\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906020348/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4116855&page=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=4155391&page=1","external_links_name":"\"With Child Safe, Custody Battle Begins Anew\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228052210/http://www.btmusic.com/2014/02/bt-teams-with-electric-family-to-support-the-shark-trust/","external_links_name":"\"BT TEAMS WITH ELECTRIC FAMILY TO SUPPORT THE SHARK TRUST\""},{"Link":"http://www.btmusic.com/2014/02/bt-teams-with-electric-family-to-support-the-shark-trust/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edm.com/blog/electric-family-bt","external_links_name":"\"Electric Family & BT Team Up to Benefit Shark Trust,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810144302/http://edm.com/blog/electric-family-bt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/BT/status/523220314680213504","external_links_name":"\"BT wedding announcement\""},{"Link":"http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/","external_links_name":"28th Annual International Dance Music Award Winners"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212081331/http://wintermusicconference.com/idmaballot/nominees/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/","external_links_name":"29th Annual International Dance Music Award Winners"},{"Link":"https://www.tlaol.com/","external_links_name":"\"BT - TLAOL\""},{"Link":"http://www.btmusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0117741/","external_links_name":"BT"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/BT","external_links_name":"BT"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011848315X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/169614975","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwrC97rTRYfWq3FJHqD9C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1606563","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139811903","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139811903","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135173965","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99024309","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560172805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/bt/4844","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/88e2147d-0332-46f6-85b2-b5f463ba957b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d128956b-2eaa-4ace-b6f1-b11b47e0e017","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/118782037","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)
|
Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)
|
["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 Order of battle","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]
|
Coordinates: 36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.563611780 naval battle between Great Britain and Spain
For other battles in the same place, see Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
Battle of Cape St. VincentPart of the American Revolutionary WarThe moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780, Francis HolmanDate16 January 1780LocationOff Cape St. Vincent, Atlantic Ocean36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.56361Result
British victoryBelligerents
Great Britain
SpainCommanders and leaders
George Rodney
Juan Lángara (POW)Strength
18 ships of the line 6 frigates
9 ships of the line 2 frigatesCasualties and losses
134 killed and wounded
2,500 killed, wounded or captured 4 ships of the line captured 1 ship of the line destroyed fate of 2 ships of the line disputed (see Aftermath)vteBattles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War1779–1783
Europe and Atlantic
English Channel
Plymouth
Gibraltar
Azores
Lisbon
20 November
Cape Finisterre
St. Vincent
Cape St. Maria
25 February
Málaga
1 May
Minorca
Strait of Gibraltar
Cape Spartel
Gulf Coast
Fort Bute
Lake Pontchartrain
Baton Rouge
1st Mobile
The Village
Pensacola
Louisiana and Northwest Territory
St. Louis
Fort St. Joseph
Arkansas Post
Central America
Río Hondo
Cayo Cocina
San Fernando
12 December
Fort San Juan
Roatán
Black River
West Indies
15 January
1st Nassau
17 February
2nd Nassau
The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (Spanish: Batalla del Cabo de San Vicente) was a naval battle that took place off the southern coast of Portugal on 16 January 1780 during the American Revolutionary War. A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a Spanish squadron under Don Juan de Lángara. The battle is sometimes referred to as the Moonlight Battle (batalla a la luz de la luna) because it was unusual for naval battles in the Age of Sail to take place at night. It was also the first major naval victory for the British over their European enemies in the war and proved the value of copper-sheathing the hulls of warships.
Admiral Rodney was escorting a fleet of supply ships to relieve the Spanish siege of Gibraltar with a fleet of about twenty ships of the line when he encountered Lángara's squadron south of Cape St. Vincent. When Lángara saw the size of the British fleet, he attempted to make for the safety of Cádiz, but the copper-sheathed British ships chased his fleet down. In a running battle that lasted from mid-afternoon until after midnight, the British captured four Spanish ships, including Lángara's flagship Real Fénix (often just called "Fenix"). Two other ships were also captured, but they were retaken by their Spanish crews, although Rodney's report claimed the ships were grounded and destroyed; in fact one went aground and was destroyed, while the other safely returned to Cadiz and resumed service with the Spanish Navy.
After the battle Rodney successfully resupplied Gibraltar and Minorca before continuing on to the West Indies station. Lángara was released on parole, and was promoted to lieutenant general by King Carlos III.
Background
Main article: Great Siege of Gibraltar
One of Spain's principal goals upon its entry into the American War of Independence in 1779 was the recovery of Gibraltar, which had been lost to Great Britain in 1704. The Spanish planned to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison, which included troops from Britain and the Electorate of Hanover. The siege formally began in June 1779, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the Rock of Gibraltar. The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, however, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not. By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General George Eliott, appealed to London for relief. A supply convoy was organized, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from England under the command of Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the West Indies fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and Minorca. On 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of 19 ships of the line, which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.
BattleCadizGibraltarMinorcaclass=notpageimage| Map of the Iberian Peninsula
On 8 January 1780 ships from Rodney's fleet spotted a group of sails. Giving chase with their faster copper-clad ships, the British determined these to be a Spanish supply convoy that was protected by a single ship of the line and several frigates. The entire convoy was captured, with the lone ship of the line, Guipuzcoana, striking her colours after a perfunctory exchange of fire. Guipuzcoana was staffed with a small prize crew and renamed HMS Prince William, in honour of Prince William, the third son of the King, who was serving as midshipman in the fleet. Rodney then detached HMS America and the frigate HMS Pearl to escort most of the captured ships back to England; Prince William was added to his fleet, as were some of the supply ships that carried items likely to be of use to the Gibraltar garrison.
On 12 January HMS Dublin, which had lost part of her topmast on 3 January, suffered additional damage and raised a distress flag. Assisted by HMS Shrewsbury, she limped into Lisbon on 16 January. The Spanish had learnt of the British relief effort. From the blockading squadron a fleet comprising 11 ships of the line under Admiral Juan de Lángara was dispatched to intercept Rodney's convoy, and the Atlantic fleet of Admiral Luis de Córdova at Cadiz was also alerted to try to catch him. Córdova learnt of the strength of Rodney's fleet, and returned to Cadiz rather than giving chase. On 16 January the fleets of Lángara and Rodney spotted each other around 1:00 pm south of Cape St. Vincent, the southwestern point of Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. The weather was hazy, with heavy swells and occasional squalls.
Battle
Naval Commanders
Don Juan de Lángara, portrait by an unknown artist.
Admiral Sir George Rodney, portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Rodney was ill, and spent the entire action in his bunk. His flag captain, Walter Young, urged Rodney to give orders to engage when the Spanish fleet was first spotted, but Rodney only gave orders to form a line abreast. Lángara started to establish a line of battle, but when he realised the size of Rodney's fleet, he gave orders to make all sail for Cadiz. Around 2:00 pm, when Rodney felt certain that the ships seen were not the vanguard of a larger fleet, he issued commands for a general chase. Rodney's instructions to his fleet were to chase at their best speed, and engage the Spanish ships from the rear as they came upon them. They were also instructed to sail to the lee side to interfere with Spanish attempts to gain the safety of a harbour, a tactic that also prevented the Spanish ships from opening their lowest gun ports. Because of their copper-sheathed hulls (which reduced marine growths and drag), the ships of the Royal Navy were faster and soon gained on the Spanish.
The chase lasted for about two hours, and the battle finally began around 4:00 pm. Santo Domingo, trailing in the Spanish fleet, received broadsides from HMS Edgar, HMS Marlborough, and HMS Ajax before blowing up around 4:40, with the loss of all but one of her crew. Marlborough and Ajax then passed Princessa to engage other Spanish ships. Princessa was eventually engaged in an hour-long battle with HMS Bedford before striking her colours at about 5:30. By 6:00 pm it was getting dark, and there was a discussion aboard HMS Sandwich, Rodney's flagship, about whether to continue the pursuit. Although Captain Young is credited in some accounts with pushing Rodney to do so, Gilbert Blane, the fleet physician, reported it as a decision of the council.
The chase continued into the dark, squally night, leading to it later being known as the "Moonlight Battle", since it was uncommon at the time for naval battles to continue after sunset. At 7:30 pm, HMS Defence came upon Lángara's flagship Fenix, engaging her in a battle lasting over an hour. She was broadsided in passing by HMS Montagu and HMS Prince George, and Lángara was wounded in the battle. The Real Fénix finally surrendered to HMS Bienfaisant, which arrived late in the battle and shot away her mainmast. Real Fénix's takeover was complicated by an outbreak of smallpox aboard Bienfaisant. Captain John MacBride, rather than sending over a possibly infected prize crew, apprised Lángara of the situation and put him and his crew on parole. At 9:15 Montagu engaged Diligente, which struck after her maintopmast was shot away. Around 11:00 pm San Eugenio surrendered after having all of her masts shot away by HMS Cumberland, but the difficult seas made it impossible to board a prize crew until morning.
That duel was passed by HMS Culloden and Prince George, which engaged San Julián and compelled her to surrender around 1:00 am. The last ship to surrender was Monarca. She nearly escaped, shooting away HMS Alcide's topmast, but was engaged in a running battle with the frigate HMS Apollo. Apollo managed to keep up the unequal engagement until about the time that Rodney's flagship Sandwich came upon the scene around 2:00 am. Sandwich fired a broadside, unaware that Monarca had already hauled down her flag. The British took six ships. Four Spanish ships of the line and the fleet's two frigates escaped, although sources are unclear if two of the Spanish ships were even present with the fleet at the time of the battle. Lángara's report states that San Justo and San Genaro were not in his line of battle (although they are listed in Spanish records as part of his fleet). According to one account two of Lángara's ships (the two aforementioned) were despatched to investigate other unidentified sails sometime before the action. Rodney's report states that San Justo escaped but was damaged in battle, and that San Genaro escaped without damage.
La Battalla de Cabo de San Vincente, painted by an unknown Spanish artist.
The Moonlight Battle off Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780, by Richard Paton.
Aftermath
Rodney's Fleet Taking in Prizes After the Moonlight Battle, 16 January 1780, by Dominic Serres.
With the arrival of daylight, it was clear that the British fleet and their prize ships were dangerously close to a lee shore with an onshore breeze. One of the prizes, San Julián, was recorded by Rodney as too badly damaged to save, and was driven ashore. Another prize, San Eugenio, was retaken by her crew and managed to reach Cadiz; she was later restored to service within two months, and remained so until taken to pieces at Cadiz in 1804. A Spanish history claims that the prize crews of both ships appealed to their Spanish captives for help escaping the lee shore. The Spanish captains retook control of their ships, imprisoned the British crews, and sailed to Cadiz. The British reported their casualties in the battle as 32 killed and 102 wounded. The supply convoy sailed into Gibraltar on 19 January, driving the smaller blockading fleet to retreat to the safety of Algeciras. Rodney arrived several days later, after first stopping in Tangier. The wounded Spanish prisoners, who included Admiral Lángara, were offloaded there, and the British garrison was heartened by the arrival of the supplies and the presence of Prince William Henry.
After also resupplying Minorca, Rodney sailed for the West Indies in February, detaching part of the fleet for service in the Channel. This homebound fleet intercepted a French fleet destined for the East Indies, capturing one warship and three supply ships. Gibraltar was resupplied twice more before the siege was lifted at the end of the war in 1783. Admiral Lángara and other Spanish officers were eventually released on parole, the admiral receiving a promotion to lieutenant general. He continued his distinguished career, becoming Spanish Navy Minister in the French Revolutionary Wars. Admiral Rodney was lauded for his victory, the first major victory of the war by the Royal Navy over its European opponents. He distinguished himself for the remainder of the war, notably winning the 1782 Battle of the Saintes in which he captured the French admiral, Comte de Grasse. He was, however, criticised by Captain Young, who portrayed him as weak and indecisive in the battle with Lángara. (He was also rebuked by the admiralty for leaving a ship of the line at Gibraltar, against his express orders.) Rodney's observations on the benefits of copper sheathing in the victory were influential in British Admiralty decisions to deploy the technology more widely.
Order of battle
None of the listed sources give an accurate accounting of the ships in Rodney's fleet at the time of the action. Robert Beatson lists the composition of the fleet at its departure from England, and notes which ships separated to go to the West Indies, as well as those detached to return the prizes captured on 8 January to England. He does not list two ships (Dublin and Shrewsbury, identified in despatches reprinted by Syrett) that were separated from the fleet on 13 January. Furthermore, HMS Prince William is sometimes misunderstood to have been part of the prize escort back to England, but she was present at Gibraltar after the action. Beatson also fails to list a number of frigates, including Apollo, which played a key role in the capture of Monarca.
British fleet
Ship
Rate
Guns
Commander
Casualties
Killed
Wounded
Total
Sandwich
Second rate
90
Admiral Sir George Rodney (fleet commander)Captain Walter Young
0
0
0
Royal George
First rate
100
Rear Admiral Robert DigbyCaptain John Bourmaster
0
0
0
Prince George
Second rate
90
Rear Admiral Sir John Lockhart-RossCaptain Philip Patton
1
3
4
Ajax
Third rate
74
Captain Samuel Uvedale
0
6
6
Alcide
Third rate
74
Captain John Brisbane
0
0
0
Bedford
Third rate
74
Captain Edmund Affleck
3
9
12
Culloden
Third rate
74
Captain George Balfour
0
0
0
Cumberland
Third rate
74
Captain Joseph Peyton
0
1
1
Defence
Third rate
74
Captain James Cranston
10
12
22
Edgar
Third rate
74
Captain John Elliot
6
20
26
Invincible
Third rate
74
Captain Samuel Cornish
3
4
7
Marlborough
Third rate
74
Captain Taylor Penny
0
0
0
Monarch
Third rate
74
Captain Adam Duncan
3
26
29
Montagu
Third rate
74
Captain John Houlton
0
0
0
Resolution
Third rate
74
Captain Sir Chaloner Ogle
0
0
0
Terrible
Third rate
74
Captain John Leigh Douglas
6
12
18
Bienfaisant
Third rate
64
Captain John MacBride
0
0
0
Prince William
Third rate
64
Captain Erasmus Gower
0
0
0
Apollo
Frigate
32
Captain Philemon Pownoll
Convert
Frigate
32
Captain Henry Harvey
Triton
Frigate
28
Captain Skeffington Lutwidge
Pegasus
Frigate
24
Captain John Bazely
Porcupine
Post ship
24
Captain Lord Hugh Seymour-Conway
Hyaena
Post ship
24
Captain Edward Thompson
Unless otherwise cited, table information is from Beatson, pp. 232, 234, and Syrett, p. 274. Full captain names are from Syrett, p. 259.Blank casualty report fields mean there was no report listed for that ship.
There are some discrepancies between the English and Spanish sources listing the Spanish fleet, principally in the number of guns most of the vessels are claimed to mount. The table below lists the Spanish records describing Lángara's fleet. However, Beatson lists all of the Spanish ships of the line at 70 guns, except Real Fénix, which he correctly lists at 80 guns), and the San Julián, which he incorrectly gives as 64 guns. Spanish archives confirm this except for San Julián.
One frigate, Santa Rosalia, is listed by Beatson at 28 guns, although she was actually 26 guns. The identify of the second Spanish frigate is different in the two listings. Beatson records her as Santa Gertrudis, 26 guns, with captain Don Annibal Cassoni, while Duro's listing describes her as Santa Cecilia, 34, captain Don Domingo Pérez de Grandallana; Spanish archives confirm the latter. Both frigates did not participate in the battle, and returned to Cadiz.
Spanish fleet
Ship
Type
Guns
Commander
Notes
Real Fénix
Navío
80
Don Juan de Lángara (fleet commander)Don Francisco Javier de Melgarejo y Rojas
Captured, 700 men
Princesa
Navío
70
Don Manuel León
Captured, 600 men
Diligente
Navío
70
Don Antonio Albornoz
Captured, 600 men
Monarca
Navío
70
Don Antonio Oyarvide
Captured, 600 men
Santo Domingo
Navío
70
Don Ignacio Mendizábal
Blown up with loss of all 550 men
San Agustín
Navío
70
Don Vicente Doz y Funes
Escaped
San Lorenzo
Navío
70
Don Juan de Araoz
Escaped with damage
San Julián
Navío
70
Don Juan Rodríguez de Valcárcel, Marqués de Medina
Captured (600 men), then retaken by her crew but went ashore in storm and wrecked
San Eugenio
Navío
70
Don Antonio Domonte y Ortiz de Zuniga
Captured (600 men), then retaken by her crew and escaped into Cadiz
San Genaro
Navío
70
Don Félix Ignacio de Tejada
Not listed in Lángara's line of battle. Listed by Beatson as escaping
San Justo
Navío
70
Don Francisco Urreiztieta
Not listed in Lángara's line of battle. Listed by Beatson as escaping with damage.
Santa Cecilia
Frigate
34
Don Domingo Pérez de Grandallana
Wrongly identified as Santa Gertrudis in Beatson. Escaped.
Santa Rosalia
Frigate
34
Don Antonio Ramon de Ortega
Escaped
Unless otherwise cited, table information is from Duro, pp. 259, 263, and Beatson, p. 233.
References
^ Michael Duffy (1992). Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850. University of Exeter Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-85989-385-5. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
^ Beatson, p. 232, as modified by Syrett, pp. 241, 306, 311
^ a b c Ulloa and Pérez-Mallaína Bueno, p. 33
^ a b c Beatson, p. 234
^ a b c d e Beatson, p. 233
^ Chartrand, pp. 12, 30
^ Chartrand, pp. 23, 30–31, 37
^ Chartrand, p. 30
^ Chartrand, p. 37
^ Syrett, pp. 234, 237
^ Syrett, pp. 238, 306
^ a b Syrett, p. 311
^ Chartrand, p. 38
^ a b c Syrett, p. 239
^ Syrett, pp. 238–239
^ a b c Mahan, p. 449
^ Willis, p. 34
^ Syrett, pp. 240, 313
^ a b c Syrett, p. 240
^ Mahan, p. 450
^ Stewart, p. 131
^ "MacBride, John (d. 1800)". Dictionary of National Biography. 1893. p. 428.
^ a b c Syrett, p. 241
^ Duro, pp. 259, 263
^ Lafuente, p. 440
^ a b Mahan, p. 451
^ Chartrand, p. 31
^ Syrett, p. 366
^ Harbron, p. 85
^ Mahan, p. 535
^ Mahan, p. 452
^ Syrett, p. 244
^ Beatson, pp. 232–233
^ See Rodney's despatch (Syrett, p. 305) describing her commissioning, and later references to her in orders at Gibraltar (e.g. Syrett, p. 341).
^ Syrett, pp. 241, 274
^ Syrett, p. 314
^ The San Julián was certainly built as a 70-gun ship of the San Isidro type (as built at Ferrol in 1768) and was so listed in Spanish archives.
^ Duro, p. 263
^ The Spanish Navy did not have a formal rating system as was the case with the British or French Navies, and it is thus a mistake to 'classify' its vessels according to the British rating system; the term Navío was the equivalent of the British term "ship of the line".
^ from Spanish archives
^ from Spanish archives
Sources
Beatson, Robert (1804). Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. OCLC 4643956.
Chartrand, René (2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Courcelle, Patrice (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. OCLC 255272192. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1901). Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico. OCLC 4413652. Reprints Lángara's report.
Harbron, John (1988). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-477-0. OCLC 19096677.
Lafuente, Modesto (1858). Historia General de España, Volume 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. OCLC 611596.
Mahan, Arthur T (1898). Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 449. OCLC 46778589. langara.
Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: a Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3809-9. OCLC 426390753.
Syrett, David (2007). The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6007-1. OCLC 506119281. Reprints numerous British documents concerning Rodney's entire expedition.
de Ulloa, Antonio; Pérez Mallaína-Bueno; Pablo Emilio (1995). La campaña de las terceras (in Spanish). Salamanca: Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-472-0241-6.
Willis, Sam (2008). Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century: the Art of Sailing Warfare. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-367-3. OCLC 176925283.
Further reading
de Castro, Adolfo (1858). Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica. p. 516. OCLC 162549293.
Sapherson, C. A. and Lenton, J. R. (1986) Navy Lists from the Age of Sail; Vol. 2: 1776–1783. Leeds: Raider Games
Spinney, David (1969) Rodney. London: Allen & Unwin ISBN 0-04-920022-4
Trew, Peter. Rodney and The Breaking of the Line Leo Cooper Ltd (2005) ISBN 978-1-84415-143-1
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holman,_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Holman"},{"link_name":"Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.56361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)¶ms=36_49_5_N_8_33_49_W_type:event_region:PT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffy1992-1"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)"},{"link_name":"George Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Juan Lángara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B234-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B234-4"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aftermath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B233-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_of_1779"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_14_September_1779"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_11_November_1779"},{"link_name":"20 November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_20_November_1779"},{"link_name":"Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cape St. Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780"},{"link_name":"25 February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_25_February_1781"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_St._Fermin"},{"link_name":"1 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_May_1781"},{"link_name":"Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_16_March_1782"},{"link_name":"Cape Spartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign"},{"link_name":"Fort Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Bute"},{"link_name":"Lake Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Pontchartrain"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1779)"},{"link_name":"1st Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"The Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_(1781)"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Fort St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._Joseph_(Niles,_Michigan)#Spanish_Expedition_of_1781"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1783)"},{"link_name":"Río Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_R%C3%ADo_Hondo"},{"link_name":"Cayo Cocina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Cayo_Cocina"},{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando_de_Omoa"},{"link_name":"12 December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1779"},{"link_name":"Fort San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Roatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Black_River"},{"link_name":"15 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_15_January_1782"},{"link_name":"1st Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1782)"},{"link_name":"17 February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_17_February_1783"},{"link_name":"2nd Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Admiral Sir George Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)"},{"link_name":"Juan de Lángara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"copper-sheathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sheathing"},{"link_name":"relieve the Spanish siege of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"ships of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole#Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"King Carlos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_III_of_Spain"}],"text":"1780 naval battle between Great Britain and SpainFor other battles in the same place, see Battle of Cape St. Vincent.Battle of Cape St. VincentPart of the American Revolutionary WarThe moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780, Francis HolmanDate16 January 1780LocationOff Cape St. Vincent, Atlantic Ocean36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.56361Result\nBritish victory[1]Belligerents\n Great Britain\n SpainCommanders and leaders\n George Rodney\n Juan Lángara (POW)Strength\n18 ships of the line 6 frigates[2]\n9 ships of the line 2 frigates[3]Casualties and losses\n134 killed and wounded[4]\n2,500 killed, wounded or captured 4 ships of the line captured 1 ship of the line destroyed[3][4] fate of 2 ships of the line disputed (see Aftermath)[5]vteBattles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War1779–1783\nEurope and Atlantic\nEnglish Channel\nPlymouth\nGibraltar\nAzores\nLisbon\n20 November\nCape Finisterre\nSt. Vincent\nCape St. Maria\n25 February\nMálaga\n1 May\nMinorca\nStrait of Gibraltar\nCape Spartel\nGulf Coast\nFort Bute\nLake Pontchartrain\nBaton Rouge\n1st Mobile\nThe Village\nPensacola\nLouisiana and Northwest Territory\nSt. Louis\nFort St. Joseph\nArkansas Post\nCentral America\nRío Hondo\nCayo Cocina\nSan Fernando\n12 December\nFort San Juan\nRoatán\nBlack River\nWest Indies\n15 January\n1st Nassau\n17 February\n2nd NassauThe Battle of Cape St. Vincent (Spanish: Batalla del Cabo de San Vicente) was a naval battle that took place off the southern coast of Portugal on 16 January 1780 during the American Revolutionary War. A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a Spanish squadron under Don Juan de Lángara. The battle is sometimes referred to as the Moonlight Battle (batalla a la luz de la luna) because it was unusual for naval battles in the Age of Sail to take place at night. It was also the first major naval victory for the British over their European enemies in the war and proved the value of copper-sheathing the hulls of warships.Admiral Rodney was escorting a fleet of supply ships to relieve the Spanish siege of Gibraltar with a fleet of about twenty ships of the line when he encountered Lángara's squadron south of Cape St. Vincent. When Lángara saw the size of the British fleet, he attempted to make for the safety of Cádiz, but the copper-sheathed British ships chased his fleet down. In a running battle that lasted from mid-afternoon until after midnight, the British captured four Spanish ships, including Lángara's flagship Real Fénix (often just called \"Fenix\"). Two other ships were also captured, but they were retaken by their Spanish crews, although Rodney's report claimed the ships were grounded and destroyed; in fact one went aground and was destroyed, while the other safely returned to Cadiz and resumed service with the Spanish Navy.After the battle Rodney successfully resupplied Gibraltar and Minorca before continuing on to the West Indies station. Lángara was released on parole, and was promoted to lieutenant general by King Carlos III.","title":"Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"its entry into the American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"lost to Great Britain in 1704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rock of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"George Eliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir George Brydges Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorca"},{"link_name":"ships of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"copper-clad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sheathing"},{"link_name":"The entire convoy was captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780"},{"link_name":"striking her colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_the_colours"},{"link_name":"HMS Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Prince_William_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"HMS America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_America_(1777)"},{"link_name":"HMS Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1762)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"HMS Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dublin_(1757)"},{"link_name":"HMS Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Shrewsbury_(1758)"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett311-12"},{"link_name":"Juan de Lángara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara"},{"link_name":"Luis de Córdova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_C%C3%B3rdova_y_C%C3%B3rdova"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett239-14"}],"text":"One of Spain's principal goals upon its entry into the American War of Independence in 1779 was the recovery of Gibraltar, which had been lost to Great Britain in 1704.[6] The Spanish planned to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison, which included troops from Britain and the Electorate of Hanover.[7] The siege formally began in June 1779, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the Rock of Gibraltar.[8] The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, however, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not. By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General George Eliott, appealed to London for relief.[9] A supply convoy was organized, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from England under the command of Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the West Indies fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and Minorca. On 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of 19 ships of the line, which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.[10]BattleCadizGibraltarMinorcaclass=notpageimage| Map of the Iberian PeninsulaOn 8 January 1780 ships from Rodney's fleet spotted a group of sails. Giving chase with their faster copper-clad ships, the British determined these to be a Spanish supply convoy that was protected by a single ship of the line and several frigates. The entire convoy was captured, with the lone ship of the line, Guipuzcoana, striking her colours after a perfunctory exchange of fire. Guipuzcoana was staffed with a small prize crew and renamed HMS Prince William, in honour of Prince William, the third son of the King, who was serving as midshipman in the fleet. Rodney then detached HMS America and the frigate HMS Pearl to escort most of the captured ships back to England; Prince William was added to his fleet, as were some of the supply ships that carried items likely to be of use to the Gibraltar garrison.[11]On 12 January HMS Dublin, which had lost part of her topmast on 3 January, suffered additional damage and raised a distress flag. Assisted by HMS Shrewsbury, she limped into Lisbon on 16 January.[12] The Spanish had learnt of the British relief effort. From the blockading squadron a fleet comprising 11 ships of the line under Admiral Juan de Lángara was dispatched to intercept Rodney's convoy, and the Atlantic fleet of Admiral Luis de Córdova at Cadiz was also alerted to try to catch him. Córdova learnt of the strength of Rodney's fleet, and returned to Cadiz rather than giving chase. On 16 January the fleets of Lángara and Rodney spotted each other around 1:00 pm south of Cape St. Vincent, the southwestern point of Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula.[13] The weather was hazy, with heavy swells and occasional squalls.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_captain"},{"link_name":"line of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_battle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lee side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_shore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahan449-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett239-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"HMS Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Edgar_(1779)"},{"link_name":"HMS Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1767)"},{"link_name":"HMS Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(1767)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahan449-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Princessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Princessa_(1750)"},{"link_name":"HMS Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bedford_(1775)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett240-19"},{"link_name":"HMS Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Blane,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"HMS Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1763)"},{"link_name":"Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Fenix_(1749)"},{"link_name":"HMS Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)"},{"link_name":"HMS Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_(1772)"},{"link_name":"HMS Bienfaisant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bienfaisant_(1758)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett240-19"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"John MacBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacBride_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB428-22"},{"link_name":"Diligente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Diligente_(1756)"},{"link_name":"HMS Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1774)"},{"link_name":"HMS Culloden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett240-19"},{"link_name":"Monarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ship_Monarca_(1756)"},{"link_name":"HMS Alcide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alcide_(1779)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett241-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B233-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent,_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff"},{"link_name":"Richard Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Paton"}],"text":"Rodney was ill, and spent the entire action in his bunk. His flag captain, Walter Young, urged Rodney to give orders to engage when the Spanish fleet was first spotted, but Rodney only gave orders to form a line abreast. Lángara started to establish a line of battle, but when he realised the size of Rodney's fleet, he gave orders to make all sail for Cadiz. Around 2:00 pm, when Rodney felt certain that the ships seen were not the vanguard of a larger fleet, he issued commands for a general chase.[15] Rodney's instructions to his fleet were to chase at their best speed, and engage the Spanish ships from the rear as they came upon them. They were also instructed to sail to the lee side to interfere with Spanish attempts to gain the safety of a harbour,[16] a tactic that also prevented the Spanish ships from opening their lowest gun ports.[14] Because of their copper-sheathed hulls (which reduced marine growths and drag), the ships of the Royal Navy were faster and soon gained on the Spanish.[17]The chase lasted for about two hours, and the battle finally began around 4:00 pm. Santo Domingo, trailing in the Spanish fleet, received broadsides from HMS Edgar, HMS Marlborough, and HMS Ajax before blowing up around 4:40, with the loss of all but one of her crew.[16][18] Marlborough and Ajax then passed Princessa to engage other Spanish ships. Princessa was eventually engaged in an hour-long battle with HMS Bedford before striking her colours at about 5:30.[19] By 6:00 pm it was getting dark, and there was a discussion aboard HMS Sandwich, Rodney's flagship, about whether to continue the pursuit. Although Captain Young is credited in some accounts with pushing Rodney to do so, Gilbert Blane, the fleet physician, reported it as a decision of the council.[20]The chase continued into the dark, squally night, leading to it later being known as the \"Moonlight Battle\", since it was uncommon at the time for naval battles to continue after sunset.[21] At 7:30 pm, HMS Defence came upon Lángara's flagship Fenix, engaging her in a battle lasting over an hour. She was broadsided in passing by HMS Montagu and HMS Prince George, and Lángara was wounded in the battle. The Real Fénix finally surrendered to HMS Bienfaisant, which arrived late in the battle and shot away her mainmast.[19] Real Fénix's takeover was complicated by an outbreak of smallpox aboard Bienfaisant. Captain John MacBride, rather than sending over a possibly infected prize crew, apprised Lángara of the situation and put him and his crew on parole.[22] At 9:15 Montagu engaged Diligente, which struck after her maintopmast was shot away. Around 11:00 pm San Eugenio surrendered after having all of her masts shot away by HMS Cumberland, but the difficult seas made it impossible to board a prize crew until morning.That duel was passed by HMS Culloden and Prince George, which engaged San Julián and compelled her to surrender around 1:00 am.[19] The last ship to surrender was Monarca. She nearly escaped, shooting away HMS Alcide's topmast, but was engaged in a running battle with the frigate HMS Apollo. Apollo managed to keep up the unequal engagement until about the time that Rodney's flagship Sandwich came upon the scene around 2:00 am. Sandwich fired a broadside, unaware that Monarca had already hauled down her flag.[23] The British took six ships. Four Spanish ships of the line and the fleet's two frigates escaped, although sources are unclear if two of the Spanish ships were even present with the fleet at the time of the battle. Lángara's report states that San Justo and San Genaro were not in his line of battle (although they are listed in Spanish records as part of his fleet).[24] According to one account two of Lángara's ships (the two aforementioned) were despatched to investigate other unidentified sails sometime before the action.[3] Rodney's report states that San Justo escaped but was damaged in battle, and that San Genaro escaped without damage.[5]La Battalla de Cabo de San Vincente, painted by an unknown Spanish artist.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Moonlight Battle off Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780, by Richard Paton.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dominic Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Serres"},{"link_name":"lee shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_shore"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett241-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B233-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahan449-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B234-4"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett241-23"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies"},{"link_name":"capturing one warship and three supply ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_24_February_1780"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahan451-26"},{"link_name":"end of the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"Comte de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett239-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahan451-26"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett244-32"}],"text":"Rodney's Fleet Taking in Prizes After the Moonlight Battle, 16 January 1780, by Dominic Serres.With the arrival of daylight, it was clear that the British fleet and their prize ships were dangerously close to a lee shore with an onshore breeze.[23] One of the prizes, San Julián, was recorded by Rodney as too badly damaged to save, and was driven ashore. Another prize, San Eugenio, was retaken by her crew and managed to reach Cadiz;[5][16] she was later restored to service within two months, and remained so until taken to pieces at Cadiz in 1804. A Spanish history claims that the prize crews of both ships appealed to their Spanish captives for help escaping the lee shore. The Spanish captains retook control of their ships, imprisoned the British crews, and sailed to Cadiz.[25] The British reported their casualties in the battle as 32 killed and 102 wounded.[4] The supply convoy sailed into Gibraltar on 19 January, driving the smaller blockading fleet to retreat to the safety of Algeciras. Rodney arrived several days later, after first stopping in Tangier. The wounded Spanish prisoners, who included Admiral Lángara, were offloaded there, and the British garrison was heartened by the arrival of the supplies and the presence of Prince William Henry.[23]After also resupplying Minorca, Rodney sailed for the West Indies in February, detaching part of the fleet for service in the Channel. This homebound fleet intercepted a French fleet destined for the East Indies, capturing one warship and three supply ships.[26] Gibraltar was resupplied twice more before the siege was lifted at the end of the war in 1783.[27] Admiral Lángara and other Spanish officers were eventually released on parole, the admiral receiving a promotion to lieutenant general.[28] He continued his distinguished career, becoming Spanish Navy Minister in the French Revolutionary Wars.[29] Admiral Rodney was lauded for his victory, the first major victory of the war by the Royal Navy over its European opponents. He distinguished himself for the remainder of the war, notably winning the 1782 Battle of the Saintes in which he captured the French admiral, Comte de Grasse. He was, however, criticised by Captain Young, who portrayed him as weak and indecisive in the battle with Lángara.[14][30] (He was also rebuked by the admiralty for leaving a ship of the line at Gibraltar, against his express orders.)[31] Rodney's observations on the benefits of copper sheathing in the victory were influential in British Admiralty decisions to deploy the technology more widely.[26][32]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Beatson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beatson"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrett311-12"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B233-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B233-5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duro263-38"}],"text":"None of the listed sources give an accurate accounting of the ships in Rodney's fleet at the time of the action. Robert Beatson lists the composition of the fleet at its departure from England, and notes which ships separated to go to the West Indies, as well as those detached to return the prizes captured on 8 January to England.[33] He does not list two ships (Dublin and Shrewsbury, identified in despatches reprinted by Syrett) that were separated from the fleet on 13 January.[12] Furthermore, HMS Prince William is sometimes misunderstood to have been part of the prize escort back to England, but she was present at Gibraltar after the action.[34] Beatson also fails to list a number of frigates, including Apollo, which played a key role in the capture of Monarca.[35]There are some discrepancies between the English and Spanish sources listing the Spanish fleet, principally in the number of guns most of the vessels are claimed to mount. The table below lists the Spanish records describing Lángara's fleet. However, Beatson lists all of the Spanish ships of the line at 70 guns, except Real Fénix, which he correctly lists at 80 guns), and the San Julián, which he incorrectly gives as 64 guns. Spanish archives confirm this except for San Julián.[37]One frigate, Santa Rosalia, is listed by Beatson at 28 guns,[5] although she was actually 26 guns. The identify of the second Spanish frigate is different in the two listings. Beatson records her as Santa Gertrudis, 26 guns, with captain Don Annibal Cassoni, while Duro's listing describes her as Santa Cecilia, 34, captain Don Domingo Pérez de Grandallana; Spanish archives confirm the latter. Both frigates did not participate in the battle, and returned to Cadiz.[5][38]","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=btEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA233"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4643956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4643956"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84176-977-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-977-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"255272192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/255272192"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770"},{"link_name":"Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=G1y3VAtRHTIC&pg=PA259"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4413652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4413652"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85177-477-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-477-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19096677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19096677"},{"link_name":"Historia General de España, Volume 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kBUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA440"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"611596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/611596"},{"link_name":"Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha"},{"link_name":"449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha/page/449"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46778589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-3809-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3809-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"426390753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/426390753"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-6007-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"506119281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/506119281"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-472-0241-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-472-0241-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84383-367-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-367-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"176925283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/176925283"}],"text":"Beatson, Robert (1804). Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. OCLC 4643956.\nChartrand, René (2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Courcelle, Patrice (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. OCLC 255272192. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2011.\nDuro, Cesáreo Fernández (1901). Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico. OCLC 4413652. Reprints Lángara's report.\nHarbron, John (1988). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-477-0. OCLC 19096677.\nLafuente, Modesto (1858). Historia General de España, Volume 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. OCLC 611596.\nMahan, Arthur T (1898). Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 449. OCLC 46778589. langara.\nStewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: a Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3809-9. OCLC 426390753.\nSyrett, David (2007). The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6007-1. OCLC 506119281. Reprints numerous British documents concerning Rodney's entire expedition.\nde Ulloa, Antonio; Pérez Mallaína-Bueno; Pablo Emilio (1995). La campaña de las terceras (in Spanish). Salamanca: Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-472-0241-6.\nWillis, Sam (2008). Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century: the Art of Sailing Warfare. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-367-3. OCLC 176925283.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast"},{"link_name":"516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast/page/516"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162549293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/162549293"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-04-920022-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-920022-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84415-143-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-143-1"}],"text":"de Castro, Adolfo (1858). Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica. p. 516. OCLC 162549293.\nSapherson, C. A. and Lenton, J. R. (1986) Navy Lists from the Age of Sail; Vol. 2: 1776–1783. Leeds: Raider Games\nSpinney, David (1969) Rodney. London: Allen & Unwin ISBN 0-04-920022-4\nTrew, Peter. Rodney and The Breaking of the Line Leo Cooper Ltd (2005) ISBN 978-1-84415-143-1","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rodney's Fleet Taking in Prizes After the Moonlight Battle, 16 January 1780, by Dominic Serres.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg/220px-Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Michael Duffy (1992). Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850. University of Exeter Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-85989-385-5. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ysC9rOCxGhgC&pg=PA105","url_text":"Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-385-5","url_text":"978-0-85989-385-5"}]},{"reference":"\"MacBride, John (d. 1800)\". Dictionary of National Biography. 1893. p. 428.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beatson, Robert (1804). Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. OCLC 4643956.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=btEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA233","url_text":"Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4643956","url_text":"4643956"}]},{"reference":"Chartrand, René (2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Courcelle, Patrice (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. OCLC 255272192. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770","url_text":"Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-977-6","url_text":"978-1-84176-977-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255272192","url_text":"255272192"},{"url":"http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1901). Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico. OCLC 4413652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1y3VAtRHTIC&pg=PA259","url_text":"Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4413652","url_text":"4413652"}]},{"reference":"Harbron, John (1988). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-477-0. OCLC 19096677.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-477-0","url_text":"978-0-85177-477-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19096677","url_text":"19096677"}]},{"reference":"Lafuente, Modesto (1858). Historia General de España, Volume 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. OCLC 611596.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kBUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA440","url_text":"Historia General de España, Volume 20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611596","url_text":"611596"}]},{"reference":"Mahan, Arthur T (1898). Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 449. OCLC 46778589. langara.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha","url_text":"Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha/page/449","url_text":"449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589","url_text":"46778589"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: a Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3809-9. OCLC 426390753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3809-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-3809-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426390753","url_text":"426390753"}]},{"reference":"Syrett, David (2007). The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6007-1. OCLC 506119281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1","url_text":"978-0-7546-6007-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/506119281","url_text":"506119281"}]},{"reference":"de Ulloa, Antonio; Pérez Mallaína-Bueno; Pablo Emilio (1995). La campaña de las terceras (in Spanish). Salamanca: Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-472-0241-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-472-0241-6","url_text":"978-84-472-0241-6"}]},{"reference":"Willis, Sam (2008). Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century: the Art of Sailing Warfare. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-367-3. OCLC 176925283.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-367-3","url_text":"978-1-84383-367-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/176925283","url_text":"176925283"}]},{"reference":"de Castro, Adolfo (1858). Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica. p. 516. OCLC 162549293.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast","url_text":"Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast/page/516","url_text":"516"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162549293","url_text":"162549293"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)¶ms=36_49_5_N_8_33_49_W_type:event_region:PT","external_links_name":"36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.56361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)¶ms=36_49_5_N_8_33_49_W_type:event_region:PT","external_links_name":"36°49′5″N 8°33′49″W / 36.81806°N 8.56361°W / 36.81806; -8.56361"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ysC9rOCxGhgC&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=btEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA233","external_links_name":"Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4643956","external_links_name":"4643956"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770","external_links_name":"Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255272192","external_links_name":"255272192"},{"Link":"http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1y3VAtRHTIC&pg=PA259","external_links_name":"Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4413652","external_links_name":"4413652"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19096677","external_links_name":"19096677"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kBUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA440","external_links_name":"Historia General de España, Volume 20"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611596","external_links_name":"611596"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha","external_links_name":"Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha/page/449","external_links_name":"449"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589","external_links_name":"46778589"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426390753","external_links_name":"426390753"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/506119281","external_links_name":"506119281"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/176925283","external_links_name":"176925283"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast","external_links_name":"Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast/page/516","external_links_name":"516"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162549293","external_links_name":"162549293"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)
|
Downshifting (lifestyle)
|
["1 Values and motives","2 Methods","2.1 Work and income","2.2 Spending habits","2.3 Policies that enable downshifting","2.4 Environmental consequences","2.5 Down-shifting geographically","3 Sociopolitical implications","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
Adoption of simpler lifestyle
For the shifting of actual gears, see Manual transmission.
Part of a series onAnti-consumerism
Theories and ideas
Asceticism
Affluenza
Alternative culture
Anti-capitalism
Autonomous building
Billboard hacking
Buyer's remorse
Bioeconomics
Buddhist economics
Buy Nothing Day
Collaborative consumption
Collapsology
Commodification
Commodity fetishism
Commune
Compulsive buying disorder
Conspicuous consumption
Consumer capitalism
Consumerism
Conviviality
Criticism of advertising
Culture jamming
Do it yourself
Downshifting
Durable good
Earth Overshoot Day
Ecological economics
Ecovillage
Ethical consumerism
Feminist political ecology
Food loss and waste
Freeganism
Gift economy
Green consumption
Hyperconsumerism
Laconophilia
Local food
Microgeneration
Non-possession
Overconsumption
Planned obsolescence
Right to repair
Political ecology
Post-consumerism
Simple living
Slow Food
Steady-state economy
Subvertising
Sustainable consumer behaviour
Sustainable consumption
Notable works
Walden
The Theory of the Leisure Class
Brave New World
The Affluent Society
One-Dimensional Man
The Society of the Spectacle (book, film)
The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
Steal This Book
Small Is Beautiful
To Have or to Be?
Future Primitive and Other Essays
Fight Club (novel, film)
Escape from Affluenza
No Logo
Profit over People: Neoliberalismand Global Order
The Cultural Creatives
Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
Evasion
The Corporation
Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
So, What's Your Price?
What Would Jesus Buy?
Organizations and groups
Adbusters
Crass
CrimethInc.
Deep Green Resistance
Democracy Now!
Earth Liberation Front
Fifth Estate
Freecycle
Green Anarchy
Institute for Social Ecology
Monthly Review
Rage Against the Machine
Reverend Billy
The Venus Project
The Yes Men
350.org
People
Mauro Bonaiuti
Noam Chomsky
Erich Fromm
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
Edward Goldsmith
Paul Goodman
André Gorz
Ivan Illich
Serge Latouche
Donella Meadows
Pierre Rabhi
John Ruskin
E. F. Schumacher
Bernard Stiegler
Henry David Thoreau
Related social movements
Alter-globalization
Amateurism
Anarcho-communism
Anarcho-primitivism
Anarcho-punk
Anti-capitalism
Anti-corporate activism
Anti-globalization movement
Communism
Diggers (theater)
Ecofeminism
Eco-socialism
Environmentalism
Food Not Bombs
Fossil fuel phase-out
Green anarchism
Green left
Green politics
Hippie
Libertarian socialism
Neo-Luddism
New Left
Occupy Wall Street
Postmodernism
Punk
Situationists
Slow movement
Social anarchism
Social ecology
See also
Advanced capitalism
Advertising
Barter
Consumer behaviour
Consumption (economics)
Consumption (sociology)
Cooperative
Counterculture
Disneyfication
Ecological economics
Economic materialism
Economic problems
Frugality
Green economy
Gross National Happiness
Heterodox economics
HospEx
Illth
Influence of mass media
Informal sector
Intentional community
Left-wing politics
McDonaldization
Mutual aid
Natural resource economics
Non-monetary economy
Permaculture
Post-materialism
Productivism
Shopping
Subsistence economy
Sustainability
Sweatshops
Veblen good
Workaholic
vte
In social behavior, downshifting is a trend where individuals adopt simpler lives from what critics call the "rat race".
The long-term effect of downshifting can include an escape from what has been described as economic materialism, as well as reduce the "stress and psychological expense that may accompany economic materialism". This new social trend emphasizes finding an improved balance between leisure and work, while also focusing life goals on personal fulfillment, as well as building personal relationships instead of the all-consuming pursuit of economic success.
Downshifting, as a concept, shares characteristics with simple living. However, it is distinguished as an alternative form by its focus on moderate change and concentration on an individual comfort level and a gradual approach to living. In the 1990s, this new form of simple living began appearing in the mainstream media, and has continually grown in popularity among populations living in industrial societies, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, as well as Russia.
Values and motives
"Down-shifters" refers to people who adopt long-term voluntary simplicity in their lives. A few of the main practices of down-shifters include accepting less money for fewer hours worked, while placing an emphasis on consuming less in order to reduce their ecological footprint. One of the main results of these practices is being able to enjoy more leisure time in the company of others, especially loved ones.
The primary motivations for downshifting are gaining leisure time, escaping from work-and-spend cycle, and removing the clutter of unnecessary possessions. The personal goals of downshifting are simple: To reach a holistic self-understanding and satisfying meaning in life.
Because of its personalized nature and emphasis on many minor changes, rather than complete lifestyle overhaul, downshifting attracts participants from across the socioeconomic spectrum. An intrinsic consequence of downshifting is increased time for non-work-related activities, which, combined with the diverse demographics of downshifters, cultivates higher levels of civic engagement and social interaction.
The scope of participation is limitless, because all members of society—adults, children, businesses, institutions, organizations, and governments—are able to downshift even if many demographic strata do not start "high" enough to "down"-shift.
In practice, down-shifting involves a variety of behavioral and lifestyle changes. The majority of these down-shifts are voluntary choices. Natural life course events, such as the loss of a job, or birth of a child can prompt involuntary down-shifting. There is also a temporal dimension, because a down-shift could be either temporary or permanent.
Methods
Work and income
The most common form of down-shifting is work (or income) down-shifting. Down-shifting is fundamentally based on dissatisfaction with the conditions and consequences of the workplace environment. The philosophy of work-to-live replaces the social ideology of live-to-work. Reorienting economic priorities shifts the work–life balance away from the workplace.
Economically, work downshifts are defined in terms of reductions in either actual or potential income, work hours, and spending levels. Following a path of earnings that is lower than the established market path is a downshift in potential earnings in favor of gaining other non-material benefits.
On an individual level, work downshifting is a voluntary reduction in annual income. Downshifters desire meaning in life outside of work and, therefore, will opt to decrease the amount of time spent at work or work hours. Reducing the number of hours of work, consequently, lowers the amount earned. Simply not working overtime or taking a half-day a week for leisure time, are work downshifts.
Career downshifts are another way of downshifting economically and entail lowering previous aspirations of wealth, a promotion or higher social status. Quitting a job to work locally in the community, from home or to start a business are examples of career downshifts. Although more radical, these changes do not mean stopping work altogether.
Many reasons are cited by workers for this choice and usually center on a personal cost–benefit analysis of current working situations and desired extracurricular activities. High stress, pressure from employers to increase productivity, and long commutes can be factors that contribute to the costs of being employed. If the down-shifter wants more non-material benefits like leisure time, a healthy family life, or personal freedom then switching jobs could be a desirable option.
Work down-shifting may also be a key to considerable health benefits as well as a healthy retirement. People are retiring later in life than previous generations. As can be seen by looking at The Health and Retirement Study, done by the Health and Retirement Study Survey Research Center, women can show the long term health benefits of down-shifting their work lives by working part time hours over a long period of years. Men however prove to be more unhealthy if they work part time from middle age till retirement. Men who down-shift their work life to part time hours at the age of 60 to 65 however benefit from continuing to work a part-time job through a semi retirement even over the age of 70. This is an example of how flexible working policies can be a key to being healthy while in retirement.
Spending habits
Another aspect of down-shifting is being a conscious consumer or actively practicing alternative forms of consumption. Proponents of down-shifting point to consumerism as a primary source of stress and dissatisfaction because it creates a society of individualistic consumers who measure both social status and general happiness by an unattainable quantity of material possessions. Instead of buying goods for personal satisfaction, consumption down-shifting, purchasing only the necessities, is a way to focus on quality of life rather than quantity.
This realignment of spending priorities promotes the functional utility of goods over their ability to convey status which is evident in downshifters being generally less brand-conscious. These consumption habits also facilitate the option of working and earning less because annual spending is proportionally lower. Reducing spending is less demanding than more extreme downshifts in other areas, like employment, as it requires only minor lifestyle changes.
Policies that enable downshifting
Unions, business, and governments could implement more flexible working hours, part-time work, and other non-traditional work arrangements that enable people to work less, while still maintaining employment. Small business legislation, reduced filing requirements and reduced tax rates encourage small-scale individual entrepreneurship and therefore help individuals quit their jobs altogether and work for themselves on their own terms.
Environmental consequences
The catch-phrase of International Downshifting Week is "Slow Down and Green Up". Whether intentional or unintentional, generally, the choices and practices of down-shifters nurture environmental health because they reject the fast-paced lifestyle fueled by fossil fuels and adopt more sustainable lifestyles. The latent function of consumption down-shifting is to reduce, to some degree, the carbon footprint of the individual down-shifter. An example is to shift from a corporate suburban rat race lifestyle to a small eco friendly farming lifestyle.
Down-shifting geographically
Downshifting geographically is a relocation to a smaller, rural, or more slow-paced community. This is often a response to the hectic pace of life and stresses in urban areas. It is a significant change but does not bring total removal from mainstream culture.
Sociopolitical implications
Although downshifting is primarily motivated by personal desire and not by a conscious political stance, it does define societal overconsumption as the source of much personal discontent. By redefining life satisfaction in non-material terms, downshifters assume an alternative lifestyle but continue to coexist in a society and political system preoccupied with the economy. In general, downshifters are politically apathetic because mainstream politicians mobilize voters by proposing governmental solutions to periods of financial hardship and economic recessions. This economic rhetoric is meaningless to downshifters who have forgone worrying about money.
In the United States, the UK, and Australia, a significant minority, approximately 20 to 25 percent, of these countries' citizens identify themselves in some respect as downshifters. Downshifting is not an isolated or unusual choice. Politics still centers around consumerism and unrestricted growth, but downshifting values, such as family priorities and workplace regulation, appear in political debates and campaigns.
Like downshifters, the Cultural Creatives is another social movement whose ideology and practices diverge from mainstream consumerism and according to Paul Ray, are followed by at least a quarter of U.S. citizens.
In his book In Praise of Slowness, Carl Honoré relates followers of downshifting and simple living to the global slow movement.
The significant number and diversity of downshifters are a challenge to economic approaches to improving society. The rise in popularity of downshifting and similar, post-materialist ideologies represents unorganized social movements without political aspirations or motivating grievances. This is a result of their grassroots nature and relatively inconspicuous, non-confrontational subcultures.
See also
Anti-consumerism
Conspicuous consumption
Degrowth
Demotion
Downsizing
Eco-communalism
Ecological economics
Ecovillage
Ethical consumerism
FIRE movement
Frugality
Homesteading
Intentional community
Intentional living
Minimalism / Simple living
Permaculture
Slow living
Sustainable living
Transition towns
Workaholic
References
^ a b c Tracey Smith, 2008
^ Schor 1998, p. 67
^ Levy 2005, p.176
^ Both of Hamilton's case studies in 2003
^ a b Nelson 2007, p. 142
^ a b c d Schor 1998, p. 68
^ Schor 1998, p. 66
^ Schor 1998, pps. 66–69
^ Juniu 2000, pp. 3–4
^ "Welcome to the Health and Retirement Study". hrsonline.isr.umich.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
^ Gustman, Alan; Mitchell, Olivia; Steinmeier, Thomas (August 1994). "Retirement Research Using the Health and Retirement Survey". NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w4813.
^ Lewis, Suzan; Roper, Ian (2009-09-02). Cartwright, Susan; Cooper, Cary L (eds.). "Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies" (PDF). Oxford Handbooks Online. 1: 413–437. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0018. ISBN 978-0199234738.
^ McDonough, Peggy; Worts, Diana; Corna, Laurie M.; McMunn, Anne; Sacker, Amanda (December 2017). "Later-life employment trajectories and health". Advances in Life Course Research. 34: 22–33. doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2017.09.002. ISSN 1040-2608.
^ Nelson 2007, p. 145
^ Zehner, Ozzie (2012). Green Illusions. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
^ Taylor, Matthew (2019-05-22). "Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-05-22. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
^ The Ultimate Growth Business; Many corporate refugees think green acres are the place to be. How do they make the transition? October 12, 2012 The Wall Street Journal
^ Hamilton Jan. 2003, pp. 11–12
^ Hamilton, Both 2003 Studies
^ Hamilton Nov. 2003, 14
^ Hamilton Nov. 2003, pp. 35–37
^ Hamilton Nov. 2003, p. 25
Further reading
Blanchard, Elisa A. (1994). Beyond Consumer Culture: A Study of Revaluation and Voluntary Action. Unpublished thesis, Tufts University.
Bull, Andy. (1998). Downshifting: The Ultimate Handbook. London: Thorsons
Etziomi, Amitai. (1998). Voluntary simplicity: Characterization, select psychological implications, and societal consequences. Journal of Economic Psychology 19:619–43.
Hamilton, Clive (November 2003). Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 58. 42p. ISSN 1322-5421
Hamilton, C., Mail, E. (January 2003). Downshifting in Australia: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 50. 12p. ISSN 1322-5421
Juniu, Susana (2000). Downshifting: Regaining the Essence of Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research, 1st Quarter, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p69, 5p.
Levy, Neil (2005). Downshifting and Meaning in Life, Ratio, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 176–89.
J. B. MacKinnon (2021). The Day the World Stops Shopping: How ending consumerism gives us a better life and a greener world, Penguin Random House.
Mazza, P. (1997). Keeping it simple. Reflections 36 (March): 10–12.
Nelson, Michelle R., Paek, Hye-Jin, Rademacher, Mark A. (2007). Downshifting Consumer = Upshifting Citizen?: An Examination of a Local Freecycle Community. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 141–56.
Saltzman, Amy. (1991). Downshifting: Reinventing Success on a Slower Track. New York: Harper Collins.
Schor, Juliet B (1998). Voluntary Downshifting in the 1990s. In E. Houston, J. Stanford, & L. Taylor (Eds.), Power, Employment, and Accumulation: Social Structures in Economic Theory and Practice (pp. 66–79). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. Text from University of Chapel Hill Library Collections.
External links
Look up downshifting or downshift in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Homemade Life, a web forum aimed at promoting simple living
Official website for the Slow Movement
How To Be Rich Today – downloadable guide to Downshifting (UK)
vteSimple livingPractices
Barter
Cord-cutting
DIY ethic
Downshifting
Dry toilet
Fasting
Forest gardening
Freeganism
Frugality
Gift economy
Intentional community
Local currency
Low-impact development
No frills
Off-the-grid
Permaculture
Regift
Sattvic diet
Self-sufficiency
Subsistence agriculture
Sustainable living
Sustainable sanitation
Veganism
Vegetarianism
War tax resistance
WWOOF
Religious and spiritual
Amish
Aparigraha
Asceticism
Detachment
Distributism
Jesus movement
Mendicant
Mindfulness
Monasticism
New Monasticism
Plain dress
Plain people
Quakers
Rastafari
Temperance
Testimony of simplicity
Tolstoyan movement
Twelve Tribes communities
Secular movements
Back-to-the-land
Car-free
Environmental
Hippie
Open Source Ecology
Slow
Small house
Tiny house
Transition town
Notable writers
Wendell Berry
Ernest Callenbach
G. K. Chesterton
Duane Elgin
Mahatma Gandhi
Richard Gregg
Tom Hodgkinson
Harlan Hubbard
Satish Kumar
Helen Nearing
Scott Nearing
Peace Pilgrim
Nick Rosen
Dugald Semple
E. F. Schumacher
George Skene Keith
Henry David Thoreau
Leo Tolstoy
Valluvar
Modern-day adherents
Mark Boyle
Robin Greenfield
Ted Kaczynski
Pentti Linkola
Jim Merkel
Peace Pilgrim
Suelo
Thomas
Media
"Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral"
Escape from Affluenza
The Good Life
The Moon and the Sledgehammer
Mother Earth News
The Power of Half
Small Is Beautiful
Walden
Related
Affluenza
Agrarianism
Amateurism
Anarcho-primitivism
Anti-consumerism
Appropriate technology
Bohemianism
Consumerism
Critique of work
Deep ecology
Degrowth
Ecological footprint
Food miles
Front Porch Republic
Green anarchism
The good life
Global warming
Hedonophobia
Intentional living
commune
Rainbow Gathering
Itinerant
Low-technology
Nonviolence
Peak oil
Sustainability
Work–life interface
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"social behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behavior"},{"link_name":"trend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Trends"},{"link_name":"rat race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_race"},{"link_name":"economic materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_materialism"},{"link_name":"simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracey_Smith,_2008-1"},{"link_name":"mainstream media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media"},{"link_name":"industrial societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the shifting of actual gears, see Manual transmission.In social behavior, downshifting is a trend where individuals adopt simpler lives from what critics call the \"rat race\".The long-term effect of downshifting can include an escape from what has been described as economic materialism, as well as reduce the \"stress and psychological expense that may accompany economic materialism\". This new social trend emphasizes finding an improved balance between leisure and work, while also focusing life goals on personal fulfillment, as well as building personal relationships instead of the all-consuming pursuit of economic success.Downshifting, as a concept, shares characteristics with simple living. However, it is distinguished as an alternative form by its focus on moderate change and concentration on an individual comfort level and a gradual approach to living.[1] In the 1990s, this new form of simple living began appearing in the mainstream media, and has continually grown in popularity among populations living in industrial societies, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, as well as Russia.[2]","title":"Downshifting (lifestyle)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary simplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_simplicity"},{"link_name":"leisure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure"},{"link_name":"work-and-spend cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"civic engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement"},{"link_name":"social interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_2007,_p._142-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracey_Smith,_2008-1"},{"link_name":"behavioral and lifestyle changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)"},{"link_name":"temporal dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schor_1998,_p._68-6"}],"text":"\"Down-shifters\" refers to people who adopt long-term voluntary simplicity in their lives. A few of the main practices of down-shifters include accepting less money for fewer hours worked, while placing an emphasis on consuming less in order to reduce their ecological footprint. One of the main results of these practices is being able to enjoy more leisure time in the company of others, especially loved ones.The primary motivations for downshifting are gaining leisure time, escaping from work-and-spend cycle, and removing the clutter of unnecessary possessions. The personal goals of downshifting are simple: To reach a holistic self-understanding and satisfying meaning in life.[3]Because of its personalized nature and emphasis on many minor changes, rather than complete lifestyle overhaul, downshifting attracts participants from across the socioeconomic spectrum.[4] An intrinsic consequence of downshifting is increased time for non-work-related activities, which, combined with the diverse demographics of downshifters, cultivates higher levels of civic engagement and social interaction.[5]The scope of participation is limitless, because all members of society—adults, children, businesses, institutions, organizations, and governments—are able to downshift[1] even if many demographic strata do not start \"high\" enough to \"down\"-shift.In practice, down-shifting involves a variety of behavioral and lifestyle changes. The majority of these down-shifts are voluntary choices. Natural life course events, such as the loss of a job, or birth of a child can prompt involuntary down-shifting. There is also a temporal dimension, because a down-shift could be either temporary or permanent.[6]","title":"Values and motives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"work–life balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance"},{"link_name":"income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schor_1998,_p._68-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime"},{"link_name":"wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth"},{"link_name":"social status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"cost–benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"commutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schor_1998,_p._68-6"},{"link_name":"non-material benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_time"},{"link_name":"health benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health#Maintaining"},{"link_name":"retirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"health benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health#Maintaining"},{"link_name":"middle age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_age"},{"link_name":"retirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_age"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Work and income","text":"The most common form of down-shifting is work (or income) down-shifting. Down-shifting is fundamentally based on dissatisfaction with the conditions and consequences of the workplace environment.[7] The philosophy of work-to-live replaces the social ideology of live-to-work. Reorienting economic priorities shifts the work–life balance away from the workplace.Economically, work downshifts are defined in terms of reductions in either actual or potential income, work hours, and spending levels.[6] Following a path of earnings that is lower than the established market path is a downshift in potential earnings in favor of gaining other non-material benefits.On an individual level, work downshifting is a voluntary reduction in annual income. Downshifters desire meaning in life outside of work and, therefore, will opt to decrease the amount of time spent at work or work hours. Reducing the number of hours of work, consequently, lowers the amount earned.[8] Simply not working overtime or taking a half-day a week for leisure time, are work downshifts.Career downshifts are another way of downshifting economically and entail lowering previous aspirations of wealth, a promotion or higher social status.[9] Quitting a job to work locally in the community, from home or to start a business are examples of career downshifts. Although more radical, these changes do not mean stopping work altogether.Many reasons are cited by workers for this choice and usually center on a personal cost–benefit analysis of current working situations and desired extracurricular activities. High stress, pressure from employers to increase productivity, and long commutes can be factors that contribute to the costs of being employed.[6] If the down-shifter wants more non-material benefits like leisure time, a healthy family life, or personal freedom then switching jobs could be a desirable option.Work down-shifting may also be a key to considerable health benefits as well as a healthy retirement. People are retiring later in life than previous generations. As can be seen by looking at The Health and Retirement Study,[10] done by the Health and Retirement Study Survey Research Center,[11] women can show the long term health benefits of down-shifting their work lives by working part time hours over a long period of years. Men however prove to be more unhealthy if they work part time from middle age till retirement. Men who down-shift their work life to part time hours at the age of 60 to 65 however benefit from continuing to work a part-time job through a semi retirement even over the age of 70. This is an example of how flexible working policies[12] can be a key to being healthy while in retirement.[13]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conscious consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"unattainable quantity of material possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluenza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_2007,_p._142-5"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Spending habits","text":"Another aspect of down-shifting is being a conscious consumer or actively practicing alternative forms of consumption. Proponents of down-shifting point to consumerism as a primary source of stress and dissatisfaction because it creates a society of individualistic consumers who measure both social status and general happiness by an unattainable quantity of material possessions. Instead of buying goods for personal satisfaction, consumption down-shifting, purchasing only the necessities, is a way to focus on quality of life rather than quantity.[5]This realignment of spending priorities promotes the functional utility of goods over their ability to convey status which is evident in downshifters being generally less brand-conscious.[14] These consumption habits also facilitate the option of working and earning less because annual spending is proportionally lower. Reducing spending is less demanding than more extreme downshifts in other areas, like employment, as it requires only minor lifestyle changes.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flexible working hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime"},{"link_name":"part-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-time_contract"},{"link_name":"entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreenIllusions-15"}],"sub_title":"Policies that enable downshifting","text":"Unions, business, and governments could implement more flexible working hours, part-time work, and other non-traditional work arrangements that enable people to work less, while still maintaining employment. Small business legislation, reduced filing requirements and reduced tax rates encourage small-scale individual entrepreneurship and therefore help individuals quit their jobs altogether and work for themselves on their own terms.[15]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracey_Smith,_2008-1"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"latent function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_and_latent_functions_and_dysfunctions"},{"link_name":"carbon footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Environmental consequences","text":"The catch-phrase of International Downshifting Week is \"Slow Down and Green Up\".[1] Whether intentional or unintentional, generally, the choices and practices of down-shifters nurture environmental health because they reject the fast-paced lifestyle fueled by fossil fuels and adopt more sustainable lifestyles.[16] The latent function of consumption down-shifting is to reduce, to some degree, the carbon footprint of the individual down-shifter. An example is to shift from a corporate suburban rat race lifestyle to a small eco friendly farming lifestyle.[17]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schor_1998,_p._68-6"}],"sub_title":"Down-shifting geographically","text":"Downshifting geographically is a relocation to a smaller, rural, or more slow-paced community. This is often a response to the hectic pace of life and stresses in urban areas.[6] It is a significant change but does not bring total removal from mainstream culture.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overconsumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overconsumption"},{"link_name":"economic recessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cultural Creatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"In Praise of Slowness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Praise_of_Slow"},{"link_name":"Carl Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"link_name":"slow movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"post-materialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-materialism"},{"link_name":"social movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_movements"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Although downshifting is primarily motivated by personal desire and not by a conscious political stance, it does define societal overconsumption as the source of much personal discontent. By redefining life satisfaction in non-material terms, downshifters assume an alternative lifestyle but continue to coexist in a society and political system preoccupied with the economy. In general, downshifters are politically apathetic because mainstream politicians mobilize voters by proposing governmental solutions to periods of financial hardship and economic recessions. This economic rhetoric is meaningless to downshifters who have forgone worrying about money.[18]In the United States, the UK, and Australia, a significant minority, approximately 20 to 25 percent,[19] of these countries' citizens identify themselves in some respect as downshifters. Downshifting is not an isolated or unusual choice. Politics still centers around consumerism and unrestricted growth, but downshifting values, such as family priorities and workplace regulation, appear in political debates and campaigns.Like downshifters, the Cultural Creatives is another social movement whose ideology and practices diverge from mainstream consumerism and according to Paul Ray, are followed by at least a quarter of U.S. citizens.[20]In his book In Praise of Slowness, Carl Honoré relates followers of downshifting and simple living to the global slow movement.The significant number and diversity of downshifters are a challenge to economic approaches to improving society.[21] The rise in popularity of downshifting and similar, post-materialist ideologies represents unorganized social movements without political aspirations or motivating grievances. This is a result of their grassroots nature and relatively inconspicuous, non-confrontational subcultures.[22]","title":"Sociopolitical implications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton, Clive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070829053211/http://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP58.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1322-5421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1322-5421"},{"link_name":"ISSN 1322-5421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070829054721/http://www.tai.org.au/documents/downloads/DP50.pdf"},{"link_name":"J. B. MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._MacKinnon"}],"text":"Blanchard, Elisa A. (1994). Beyond Consumer Culture: A Study of Revaluation and Voluntary Action. Unpublished thesis, Tufts University.\nBull, Andy. (1998). Downshifting: The Ultimate Handbook. London: Thorsons\nEtziomi, Amitai. (1998). Voluntary simplicity: Characterization, select psychological implications, and societal consequences. Journal of Economic Psychology 19:619–43.\nHamilton, Clive (November 2003). Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 58. 42p. ISSN 1322-5421\nHamilton, C., Mail, E. (January 2003). Downshifting in Australia: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness. The Australia Institute Discussion Paper No. 50. 12p. ISSN 1322-5421\nJuniu, Susana (2000). Downshifting: Regaining the Essence of Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research, 1st Quarter, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p69, 5p.\nLevy, Neil (2005). Downshifting and Meaning in Life, Ratio, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 176–89.\nJ. B. MacKinnon (2021). The Day the World Stops Shopping: How ending consumerism gives us a better life and a greener world, Penguin Random House.\nMazza, P. (1997). Keeping it simple. Reflections 36 (March): 10–12.\nNelson, Michelle R., Paek, Hye-Jin, Rademacher, Mark A. (2007). Downshifting Consumer = Upshifting Citizen?: An Examination of a Local Freecycle Community. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 141–56.\nSaltzman, Amy. (1991). Downshifting: Reinventing Success on a Slower Track. New York: Harper Collins.\nSchor, Juliet B (1998). Voluntary Downshifting in the 1990s. In E. Houston, J. Stanford, & L. Taylor (Eds.), Power, Employment, and Accumulation: Social Structures in Economic Theory and Practice (pp. 66–79). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. Text from University of Chapel Hill Library Collections.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Anti-consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism"},{"title":"Conspicuous consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption"},{"title":"Degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"title":"Demotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demotion"},{"title":"Downsizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsizing_(property)"},{"title":"Eco-communalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-communalism"},{"title":"Ecological economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics"},{"title":"Ecovillage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovillage"},{"title":"Ethical consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism"},{"title":"FIRE movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRE_movement"},{"title":"Frugality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugality"},{"title":"Homesteading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesteading"},{"title":"Intentional community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"},{"title":"Intentional living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_living"},{"title":"Minimalism / Simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"title":"Permaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"},{"title":"Slow living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_living"},{"title":"Sustainable living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_living"},{"title":"Transition towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_town"},{"title":"Workaholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaholic"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Health and Retirement Study\". hrsonline.isr.umich.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Health and Retirement Study\""}]},{"reference":"Gustman, Alan; Mitchell, Olivia; Steinmeier, Thomas (August 1994). \"Retirement Research Using the Health and Retirement Survey\". NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w4813.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw4813","url_text":"\"Retirement Research Using the Health and Retirement Survey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw4813","url_text":"10.3386/w4813"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Suzan; Roper, Ian (2009-09-02). Cartwright, Susan; Cooper, Cary L (eds.). \"Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies\" (PDF). Oxford Handbooks Online. 1: 413–437. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0018. ISBN 978-0199234738.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/1319/1/S_Lewis_17-Cartwright_and_Cooper-chap17.pdf","url_text":"\"Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199234738.003.0018","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199234738","url_text":"978-0199234738"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Peggy; Worts, Diana; Corna, Laurie M.; McMunn, Anne; Sacker, Amanda (December 2017). \"Later-life employment trajectories and health\". Advances in Life Course Research. 34: 22–33. doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2017.09.002. ISSN 1040-2608.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcr.2017.09.002","url_text":"\"Later-life employment trajectories and health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcr.2017.09.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.alcr.2017.09.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2608","url_text":"1040-2608"}]},{"reference":"Zehner, Ozzie (2012). Green Illusions. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenillusions.org/","url_text":"Green Illusions"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Matthew (2019-05-22). \"Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-05-22. Retrieved 2021-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/22/working-fewer-hours-could-help-tackle-climate-crisis-study","url_text":"\"Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190522115107/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/22/working-fewer-hours-could-help-tackle-climate-crisis-study","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Health and Retirement Study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw4813","external_links_name":"\"Retirement Research Using the Health and Retirement Survey\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw4813","external_links_name":"10.3386/w4813"},{"Link":"http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/1319/1/S_Lewis_17-Cartwright_and_Cooper-chap17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Flexible Working Arrangements: From Work–Life to Gender Equity Policies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199234738.003.0018","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0018"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcr.2017.09.002","external_links_name":"\"Later-life employment trajectories and health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcr.2017.09.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.alcr.2017.09.002"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2608","external_links_name":"1040-2608"},{"Link":"http://www.greenillusions.org/","external_links_name":"Green Illusions"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/22/working-fewer-hours-could-help-tackle-climate-crisis-study","external_links_name":"\"Much shorter working weeks needed to tackle climate crisis – study\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190522115107/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/22/working-fewer-hours-could-help-tackle-climate-crisis-study","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444327204577615972288993492","external_links_name":"The Ultimate Growth Business; Many corporate refugees think green acres are the place to be. How do they make the transition?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829053211/http://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP58.pdf","external_links_name":"Downshifting in Britain: A sea-change in the pursuit of happiness"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1322-5421","external_links_name":"1322-5421"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829054721/http://www.tai.org.au/documents/downloads/DP50.pdf","external_links_name":"ISSN 1322-5421"},{"Link":"https://handmadelife.forumotion.net/","external_links_name":"The Homemade Life, a web forum aimed at promoting simple living"},{"Link":"http://www.slowmovement.com/downshifting.php","external_links_name":"Official website for the Slow Movement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140612014045/http://howtoberichtoday.co.uk/","external_links_name":"How To Be Rich Today – downloadable guide to Downshifting (UK)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_target_indication
|
Moving target indication
|
["1 Operation","2 Characteristics","2.1 Probability of detection (Pd)","2.2 Target location accuracy","2.3 Target range resolution (high range resolution; HRR)","2.4 Minimum detectable velocity (MDV)","2.5 Area search rate","2.6 Stand-off distance","2.7 Coverage area size (breadth and depth)","2.8 Coverage area revisit rate","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Radar signal processing technique
Moving target indication (MTI) is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against the clutter. It describes a variety of techniques used for finding moving objects, like an aircraft, and filter out unmoving ones, like hills or trees. It contrasts with the modern stationary target indication (STI) technique, which uses details of the signal to directly determine the mechanical properties of the reflecting objects and thereby find targets whether they are moving or not.
Early MTI systems generally used an acoustic delay line to store a single pulse of the received signal for exactly the time between broadcasts (the pulse repetition frequency). This stored pulse will be sent to the display along with the next received pulse. The result was that the signal from any objects that did not move mixed with the stored signal and became muted out. Only signals that changed, because they moved, remained on the display. These were subject to a wide variety of noise effects that made them useful only for strong signals, generally for aircraft or ship detection.
The introduction of phase-coherent klystron transmitters, as opposed to the incoherent cavity magnetron used on earlier radars, led to the introduction of a new MTI technique. In these systems, the signal was not fed directly to the display, but first fed into a phase detector. Stationary objects did not change the phase from pulse to pulse, but moving objects did. By storing the phase signal, instead of the original analog signal, or video, and comparing the stored and current signal for changes in phase, the moving targets are revealed. This technique is far more resistant to noise, and can easily be tuned to select different velocity thresholds to filter out different types of motion.
Phase coherent signals also allowed for the direct measurement of velocity via the Doppler shift of a single received signal. This can be fed into a bandpass filter to filter out any part of the return signal that does not show a frequency shift, thereby directly extracting the moving targets. This became common in the 1970s and especially the 1980s. Modern radars generally perform all of these MTI techniques as part of a wider suite of signal processing being carried out by digital signal processors. MTI may be specialized in terms of the type of clutter and environment: airborne MTI (AMTI), ground MTI (GMTI), etc., or may be combined mode: stationary and moving target indication (SMTI).
Operation
Moving target indicator signal sampling process.
The MTI radar uses low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to avoid range ambiguities.
Moving target indicator (MTI) begins with sampling two successive pulses. Sampling begins immediately after the radar transmit pulse ends. The sampling continues until the next transmit pulse begins.
Sampling is repeated in the same location for the next transmit pulse, and the sample taken (at the same distance) with the first pulse is rotated 180 degrees and added to the second sample. This is called destructive interference.
If an object is moving in the location corresponding to both samples, then the signal reflected from the object will survive this process because of constructive interference. If all objects are stationary, the two samples will cancel out and very little signal will remain.
High-power microwave devices, like crossed-field amplifier, are not phase-stable. The phase of each transmit pulse is different from the previous and future transmit pulses. This phenomenon is called phase jitter.
In order for MTI to work, the initial phase of both transmit pulses must be sampled and the 180 degree phase rotation must be adjusted to achieve signal cancellation on stationary objects.
A secondary influence is that phase rotation is induced by Doppler, and that creates blind velocities. For example, an object moving at 75 m/s (170 mile/hour) will produce 180 degree phase shift each 1 millisecond at L band.
Doppler
=
180
,
000
∘
/
s
=
720
(
75
×
10
9
3
×
10
8
)
=
720
(
Velocity
×
Transmit Frequency
C
)
{\displaystyle {\text{Doppler}}=180,000^{\circ }/{\text{s}}=720\left({\frac {75\times 10^{9}}{3\times 10^{8}}}\right)=720\left({\frac {{\text{Velocity}}\times {\text{Transmit Frequency}}}{C}}\right)}
If the pulse repetition interval is 0.002 s between transmit pulses, then the MTI process will produce
360
∘
{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}
phase rotation. That is the same as a stationary object, which renders the system blind to objects traveling at this radial velocity.
MTI requires 3 or 4 pulses to reduce the effect of blind velocities. Multi-pulse strategies use staggered pulses with irregular pulse repetition intervals to prevent signal cancellation on moving objects. The summation process is slightly different so as to accommodate the additional samples.
Phase jitter, Doppler effects, and environmental influences limit MTI sub-clutter visibility Measure of Performance to about 25 dB improvement. This allows moving objects about 300 times smaller to be detected in close proximity to larger stationary objects.
Pulse-Doppler signal processing is required to achieve greater sub-clutter visibility.
Characteristics
A target is traveling at velocity
v
p
{\displaystyle v_{p}}
at a maximum range
R
max
{\displaystyle R_{\text{max}}}
with elevation angle
E
L
{\displaystyle EL}
and azimuth
A
Z
{\displaystyle AZ}
in respect to a bistatic MTI radar.
Probability of detection (Pd)
The probability of detecting a given target at a given range any time the radar beam scans across it, Pd is determined by factors that include the size of the antenna and the amount of power it radiates. A large antenna radiating at high power provides the best performance. For high quality information on moving targets the Pd must be very high.
Target location accuracy
Location accuracy is a dependent on the certainty of the position of the radar, the radar-pointing accuracy, azimuth resolution, and range resolution. A long antenna or very short wavelength can provide fine azimuth resolution. Short antennas tend to have a larger azimuth error, an error that increases with range to the target because signal-to-noise ratio varies inversely with range. Location accuracy is vital to tracking performance because it prevents track corruption when there are multiple targets and
makes it possible to determine which road a vehicle is on if it is moving in an area with many roads.
The target location accuracy is proportional to the slant range, frequency and aperture length.
Target range resolution (high range resolution; HRR)
Target range resolution determines whether two or more targets moving in close proximity will be detected as individual targets. With higher performance radars, target range resolution—known as high range resolution (HRR)—can be so precise that it may be possible to recognize a specific target (i.e., one that has been seen before) and to place it in a specific class (e.g., a T-80 tank). This would allow more reliable tracking of specific vehicles or groups of vehicles, even when they are moving in dense traffic or disappear for a period due to screening.
Minimum detectable velocity (MDV)
The MDV comes from the frequency spread of the mainlobe clutter. MDV determines whether traffic will be detected. A GMTI radar must distinguish a moving target from ground clutter by using the target's Doppler signature to detect the radial component of the target's velocity vector (i.e., by measuring the component of the target's movement directly along the radar-target line). To capture most of this traffic, even when it is moving almost tangentially through the radar (i.e., perpendicular to the radar-target line), a system must have the ability to detect very slow radial velocities. As the radial component of a target's velocity approaches zero, the target will fall into the clutter or blind zone. This is calculated as:
MDV
=
λ
2
4
v
p
B
sin
2
(
A
Z
)
sin
2
(
E
L
)
2
+
cos
2
(
A
Z
)
cos
2
(
E
L
)
{\displaystyle {\text{MDV}}={\frac {\lambda }{2}}{\frac {4v_{p}}{B}}{\sqrt {\sin ^{2}(AZ)\sin ^{2}(EL)^{2}+\cos ^{2}(AZ)\cos ^{2}(EL)}}}
Any target with a velocity less than this minimum (MDV) cannot be detected because there is not sufficient Doppler shift in its echo to separate it from the mainlobe clutter return.
Area search rate
The area coverage rate (measured in area per unit time) is proportional to system power and aperture size. Other factors which may be relevant include grid spacing, size of the power amplifier, module quantization, the number of beams processed and system losses.
Stand-off distance
Stand-off distance is the distance separating a radar system from the area it is covering.
Coverage area size (breadth and depth)
Coverage area size is the area that the system can keep under continuous surveillance from a specific orbit. Well known design principles cause a radar's maximum detection range to depend on the size of its antenna (radar aperture), the amount of power radiated from the antenna, and the effectiveness of its clutter cancellation mechanism. The earth's curvature and screening from terrain, foliage, and buildings cause system altitude to be another key factor determining depth of coverage. The ability to cover an area the size of an army corps commander's area of interest from a safe stand-off distance is the hallmark of an effective, advanced GMTI system.
Coverage area revisit rate
This equates to the frequency with which the radar beam passes over a given area. Frequent revisits are very important to the radar's ability to achieve track continuity and contribute to an increased probability of target detection by lessening the chance of obscuration from screening by trees, buildings, or other objects. A fast revisit rate becomes critical to providing an uncorrupted track when a target moves in dense traffic or is temporarily obscured, if only by trees along a road.
See also
Doppler radar
Pulse-Doppler radar
References
^ a b Jerry C. Whitaker (2005) The Electronics Handbook, ISBN 0-8493-1889-0, p. 1824.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"clutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutter_(radar)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-1"},{"link_name":"stationary target indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_target_indication"},{"link_name":"acoustic delay line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-line_memory"},{"link_name":"pulse repetition frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_repetition_frequency"},{"link_name":"klystron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron"},{"link_name":"cavity magnetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_magnetron"},{"link_name":"phase detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_detector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-1"},{"link_name":"Doppler shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift"},{"link_name":"bandpass filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandpass_filter"},{"link_name":"digital signal processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"}],"text":"Moving target indication (MTI) is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against the clutter.[1] It describes a variety of techniques used for finding moving objects, like an aircraft, and filter out unmoving ones, like hills or trees. It contrasts with the modern stationary target indication (STI) technique, which uses details of the signal to directly determine the mechanical properties of the reflecting objects and thereby find targets whether they are moving or not.Early MTI systems generally used an acoustic delay line to store a single pulse of the received signal for exactly the time between broadcasts (the pulse repetition frequency). This stored pulse will be sent to the display along with the next received pulse. The result was that the signal from any objects that did not move mixed with the stored signal and became muted out. Only signals that changed, because they moved, remained on the display. These were subject to a wide variety of noise effects that made them useful only for strong signals, generally for aircraft or ship detection.The introduction of phase-coherent klystron transmitters, as opposed to the incoherent cavity magnetron used on earlier radars, led to the introduction of a new MTI technique. In these systems, the signal was not fed directly to the display, but first fed into a phase detector. Stationary objects did not change the phase from pulse to pulse, but moving objects did. By storing the phase signal, instead of the original analog signal, or video, and comparing the stored and current signal for changes in phase, the moving targets are revealed. This technique is far more resistant to noise, and can easily be tuned to select different velocity thresholds to filter out different types of motion.[1]Phase coherent signals also allowed for the direct measurement of velocity via the Doppler shift of a single received signal. This can be fed into a bandpass filter to filter out any part of the return signal that does not show a frequency shift, thereby directly extracting the moving targets. This became common in the 1970s and especially the 1980s. Modern radars generally perform all of these MTI techniques as part of a wider suite of signal processing being carried out by digital signal processors. MTI may be specialized in terms of the type of clutter and environment: airborne MTI (AMTI), ground MTI (GMTI), etc., or may be combined mode: stationary and moving target indication (SMTI).","title":"Moving target indication"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iq_samples.png"},{"link_name":"pulse repetition frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_repetition_frequency"},{"link_name":"destructive interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)#Constructive_and_destructive_interference"},{"link_name":"crossed-field amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier"},{"link_name":"phase jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"L band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band"},{"link_name":"Measure of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"Pulse-Doppler signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_signal_processing"}],"text":"Moving target indicator signal sampling process.The MTI radar uses low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to avoid range ambiguities.Moving target indicator (MTI) begins with sampling two successive pulses. Sampling begins immediately after the radar transmit pulse ends. The sampling continues until the next transmit pulse begins.Sampling is repeated in the same location for the next transmit pulse, and the sample taken (at the same distance) with the first pulse is rotated 180 degrees and added to the second sample. This is called destructive interference.If an object is moving in the location corresponding to both samples, then the signal reflected from the object will survive this process because of constructive interference. If all objects are stationary, the two samples will cancel out and very little signal will remain.High-power microwave devices, like crossed-field amplifier, are not phase-stable. The phase of each transmit pulse is different from the previous and future transmit pulses. This phenomenon is called phase jitter.In order for MTI to work, the initial phase of both transmit pulses must be sampled and the 180 degree phase rotation must be adjusted to achieve signal cancellation on stationary objects.A secondary influence is that phase rotation is induced by Doppler, and that creates blind velocities. For example, an object moving at 75 m/s (170 mile/hour) will produce 180 degree phase shift each 1 millisecond at L band.Doppler\n \n =\n 180\n ,\n \n 000\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n s\n \n =\n 720\n \n (\n \n \n \n 75\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n 3\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n 720\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Velocity\n \n ×\n \n Transmit Frequency\n \n \n C\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Doppler}}=180,000^{\\circ }/{\\text{s}}=720\\left({\\frac {75\\times 10^{9}}{3\\times 10^{8}}}\\right)=720\\left({\\frac {{\\text{Velocity}}\\times {\\text{Transmit Frequency}}}{C}}\\right)}If the pulse repetition interval is 0.002 s between transmit pulses, then the MTI process will produce \n \n \n \n \n 360\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 360^{\\circ }}\n \n phase rotation. That is the same as a stationary object, which renders the system blind to objects traveling at this radial velocity.MTI requires 3 or 4 pulses to reduce the effect of blind velocities. Multi-pulse strategies use staggered pulses with irregular pulse repetition intervals to prevent signal cancellation on moving objects. The summation process is slightly different so as to accommodate the additional samples.Phase jitter, Doppler effects, and environmental influences limit MTI sub-clutter visibility Measure of Performance to about 25 dB improvement. This allows moving objects about 300 times smaller to be detected in close proximity to larger stationary objects.Pulse-Doppler signal processing is required to achieve greater sub-clutter visibility.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A target is traveling at velocity \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{p}}\n \n at a maximum range \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n max\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{\\text{max}}}\n \n with elevation angle \n \n \n \n E\n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EL}\n \n and azimuth \n \n \n \n A\n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AZ}\n \n in respect to a bistatic MTI radar.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Probability of detection (Pd)","text":"The probability of detecting a given target at a given range any time the radar beam scans across it, Pd is determined by factors that include the size of the antenna and the amount of power it radiates. A large antenna radiating at high power provides the best performance. For high quality information on moving targets the Pd must be very high.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Target location accuracy","text":"Location accuracy is a dependent on the certainty of the position of the radar, the radar-pointing accuracy, azimuth resolution, and range resolution. A long antenna or very short wavelength can provide fine azimuth resolution. Short antennas tend to have a larger azimuth error, an error that increases with range to the target because signal-to-noise ratio varies inversely with range. Location accuracy is vital to tracking performance because it prevents track corruption when there are multiple targets and\nmakes it possible to determine which road a vehicle is on if it is moving in an area with many roads.The target location accuracy is proportional to the slant range, frequency and aperture length.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Target range resolution (high range resolution; HRR)","text":"Target range resolution determines whether two or more targets moving in close proximity will be detected as individual targets. With higher performance radars, target range resolution—known as high range resolution (HRR)—can be so precise that it may be possible to recognize a specific target (i.e., one that has been seen before) and to place it in a specific class (e.g., a T-80 tank). This would allow more reliable tracking of specific vehicles or groups of vehicles, even when they are moving in dense traffic or disappear for a period due to screening.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Minimum detectable velocity (MDV)","text":"The MDV comes from the frequency spread of the mainlobe clutter. MDV determines whether traffic will be detected. A GMTI radar must distinguish a moving target from ground clutter by using the target's Doppler signature to detect the radial component of the target's velocity vector (i.e., by measuring the component of the target's movement directly along the radar-target line). To capture most of this traffic, even when it is moving almost tangentially through the radar (i.e., perpendicular to the radar-target line), a system must have the ability to detect very slow radial velocities. As the radial component of a target's velocity approaches zero, the target will fall into the clutter or blind zone. This is calculated as:[citation needed]MDV\n \n =\n \n \n λ\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n v\n \n p\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n A\n Z\n )\n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n E\n L\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n A\n Z\n )\n \n cos\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n E\n L\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{MDV}}={\\frac {\\lambda }{2}}{\\frac {4v_{p}}{B}}{\\sqrt {\\sin ^{2}(AZ)\\sin ^{2}(EL)^{2}+\\cos ^{2}(AZ)\\cos ^{2}(EL)}}}Any target with a velocity less than this minimum (MDV) cannot be detected because there is not sufficient Doppler shift in its echo to separate it from the mainlobe clutter return.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Area search rate","text":"The area coverage rate (measured in area per unit time) is proportional to system power and aperture size. Other factors which may be relevant include grid spacing, size of the power amplifier, module quantization, the number of beams processed and system losses.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stand-off distance","text":"Stand-off distance is the distance separating a radar system from the area it is covering.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coverage area size (breadth and depth)","text":"Coverage area size is the area that the system can keep under continuous surveillance from a specific orbit. Well known design principles cause a radar's maximum detection range to depend on the size of its antenna (radar aperture), the amount of power radiated from the antenna, and the effectiveness of its clutter cancellation mechanism. The earth's curvature and screening from terrain, foliage, and buildings cause system altitude to be another key factor determining depth of coverage. The ability to cover an area the size of an army corps commander's area of interest from a safe stand-off distance is the hallmark of an effective, advanced GMTI system.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coverage area revisit rate","text":"This equates to the frequency with which the radar beam passes over a given area. Frequent revisits are very important to the radar's ability to achieve track continuity and contribute to an increased probability of target detection by lessening the chance of obscuration from screening by trees, buildings, or other objects. A fast revisit rate becomes critical to providing an uncorrupted track when a target moves in dense traffic or is temporarily obscured, if only by trees along a road.","title":"Characteristics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Moving target indicator signal sampling process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iq_samples.png/220px-Iq_samples.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Doppler radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_radar"},{"title":"Pulse-Doppler radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_radar"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdSQSAC3_EwC&pg=PA1824&dq=%22Moving-target+indication%22&sig=ZdJ7WQUan2g5FKdlL_rfr393JK8","external_links_name":"p. 1824"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_object_damage
|
Foreign object damage
|
["1 To jet engines","2 Engine and airframe designs which avoid FOD","3 Examples","3.1 Vehicle tire track-in","3.2 Runway debris","3.3 Volcanic ash","3.4 Item jettisoned from aircraft","3.5 Bird strikes","4 Wildlife and wetlands near airports","4.1 Conferences","5 Detection technologies & FOD prevention","6 Damage tolerance improvements","7 Technologies, information and training materials helpful in preventing FOD","8 Economic impact","9 Studies","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Damage to aircraft by objects
Foreign object damage to the compressor blades of a Honeywell LTS101 turboshaft engine on a Bell 222, caused by a small bolt that passed through the protective inlet screen
FOD deflection system on a PT6T installed on a Bell 412. Air enters from upper right, and pure air follows the curved ramp down to the compressor inlet (also covered by a screen). Any debris being sucked in will have enough momentum that it will not make such a sharp bend, and will hit the screen on the upper left, and will be carried out to the left, getting blown overboard.
Potential foreign object debris (in this case, a Scops owl) found in the wheel well of an F/A-18 Hornet on a US aircraft carrier
In aviation and aerospace, the term foreign object damage (FOD) refers to any damage to an aircraft attributed to foreign object debris (also referred to as "FOD"), which is any particle or substance, alien to an aircraft or system which could potentially cause damage to it.
External FOD hazards include bird strikes, hail, ice, sandstorms, ash-clouds or objects left on a runway or flight deck. Internal FOD hazards include items left in the cockpit that interfere with flight safety by getting tangled in control cables, jam moving parts or short-out electrical connections.
To jet engines
Jet engines can suffer major damage from even small objects being sucked into the engine. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that all engine types pass a test which includes firing a fresh chicken (dead, but not frozen) into a running jet engine from a small cannon. The engine does not have to remain functional after the test, but it must not cause significant damage to the rest of the aircraft. Thus, if the bird strike causes it to "throw a blade" (break apart in a way where parts fly off at high speed), doing so must not cause loss of the aircraft.
Engine and airframe designs which avoid FOD
Some military aircraft had a unique design to prevent FOD from damaging the engine. The design included an S-shaped bend in the airflow, so that air entered the inlet, was bent back towards the front of the plane, and bent back again towards the back before entering the engine. At the back of the first bend a strong spring held a door shut. Any foreign object flying in the intake flew in, hit the door, opened it, flew through, and then exited the aircraft. Thus, only small objects swept up by the air could enter the engine. This design did indeed prevent FOD problems, but the constriction and drag induced by the bending of the airflow reduced the engine's effective power, and thus the design was not repeated.
A similar approach is used on many turboshaft-powered helicopters, such as the Mi-24, which use a "vortex-type" or "centrifugal" intake, in which the air is forced to flow through a spiral path before entering the engine; the heavier dust and other debris are forced outwards, where it is separated from the airflow before it enters the engine inlet.
The Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 fighters have a special intake design to prevent ingestion of FOD during take-off from rough airfields. The main air intakes could be closed with mesh doors and special inlets on the top of the intakes temporarily opened. This would allow enough airflow to the engine for take-off but reduced the chances of the engine sucking up objects from the ground.
Another interesting design to minimize the risk of FOD is that of the Antonov An-74, which has a very high placement of the engines.
Boeing offered a gravel runway kit for early 737s that allows the plane to be used from unimproved and gravel runways, in spite of having very low-slung engines. This kit included gravel deflectors on the landing gear; foldaway lights on the bottom of the plane; and screens that prevented gravel, which would enter the open wheelwells when the gear was extended, from hitting critical components. The kit also included vortex dissipators, devices which would reduce the airflow into the engine from the bottom so as to reduce the likelihood of ingesting gravel.
Airbus engineers are investigating a novel approach to reducing FOD. By developing, in conjunction with Israel Aerospace Industries, the Taxibot, a tractor controlled by the pilot, aircraft will not need to use jet engines while taxiing, and therefore they will not be vulnerable to FOD on aprons or taxiways.
Examples
Vehicle tire track-in
Debris is often trapped in the treads of tires from vehicles coming onto an airfield. Types of debris trapped in a vehicle tire can include rocks, mud, stones, loose hardware (screws, washers, bolts, etc.) and many other forms of small materials. These can be crew and fuel trucks, maintenance vehicles and many others that inadvertently bring debris to a flight line and deposit it there. These types of FOD are very difficult to track and manage once they are introduced onto the airfield. A jet engine intake, engine blast, and propeller or helicopter rotor draft then can pick up the debris easily. This material, once loose around operational aircraft, can lead to serious safety concerns, including personnel injury and equipment and property damage.
Runway debris
The crash of a Concorde, Air France Flight 4590, at Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris on 25 July 2000 was caused by FOD; in this case a piece of titanium debris on the runway which had been part of a thrust reverser that had fallen from a Continental Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 during takeoff about four minutes earlier. The debris strike caused a tire to explode. Rubber debris from the tire struck the wing, rupturing a fuel tank and starting a severe fire leading to loss of control. All 100 passengers and nine crew on board the flight, as well as four people on the ground, were killed.
A Gates Learjet 36A, registration number N527PA, was taking off from Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport in Virginia on March 26, 2007, when the crew heard a loud "pop". Aborting the takeoff, the crew tried to control the "fishtailing" and activate the drogue parachute. The parachute did not work and the Learjet ran off the runway, its tires blown. Airport personnel reported seeing rocks and pieces of metal on the runway after the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board said that the accident was caused by FOD on the runway. Failure of the drogue parachute contributed to the accident.
Volcanic ash
On 24 June 1982, British Airways Flight 9 en route to Perth, Australia, flew into a volcanic ash cloud over the Indian Ocean. The Boeing 747-200B suffered engine surges in all four engines until they all failed. The passengers and crew could see a phenomenon known as St. Elmo's fire around the plane. Flight 9 dived down until it exited the cloud allowing the airborne ash to clear the engines, which were then restarted. The cockpit windshield was badly pitted by the ash particles but the aircraft landed safely.
On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867, en route to Narita International Airport, Tokyo flew through a thick cloud of volcanic ash from Mount Redoubt, which had erupted the day before. The Boeing 747-400's four engines flamed out. After descending more than 14,000 feet, the crew restarted the engines and landed safely at Anchorage International Airport.
Item jettisoned from aircraft
An unusual case of FOD occurred on 28 September 1981 over Chesapeake Bay. During flight testing of an F/A-18 Hornet, the Naval Air Test Center of the United States Navy was using a Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk as a chase plane to film a jettison test of a bomb rack from the Hornet. The bomb rack struck the right wing of the Skyhawk, shearing off almost half the wing. The Skyhawk caught fire within seconds of being struck; the two persons on board ejected.
Bird strikes
Main article: Bird strike
On 20 November 1975 a Hawker Siddeley HS.125 taking off at Dunsfold Aerodrome flew through a flock of northern lapwings immediately after lifting off the runway and lost power in both engines. The crew landed the aircraft back on the runway but it overran the end and crossed a road. The aircraft struck a car on the road, killing its six occupants. Although the aircraft was destroyed in the ensuing fire, the nine occupants of the aircraft survived the crash.
On 17 November 1980 a Hawker Siddeley Nimrod of the Royal Air Force crashed shortly after taking off from RAF Kinloss. It flew through a flock of Canada geese, causing three of its four engines to fail. The pilot and copilot were killed; the pilot was subsequently posthumously awarded an Air Force Cross for his actions in maintaining control of the aircraft and saving the lives of the 18 crew. The remains of 77 birds were found on or near the runway.
On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 flew into a flock of Canada geese shortly after take off and suffered a double engine failure. The pilot ditched the aircraft in the Hudson River, saving the lives of all on board.
Wildlife and wetlands near airports
Significant problems occur with airports where the grounds were or have become nesting areas for birds. While fences can prevent a moose or deer from wandering onto a runway, birds are more difficult to control. Often airports employ a type of bird scarer that operates on propane to cause a noise loud enough to scare away any birds that might be in the vicinity. Airport managers use any means available (including trained falcons as well as robird flapping-wing falcon-like drones) to reduce bird populations. Another solution under investigation is the use of artificial turf near runways, since it does not offer food, shelter, or water to wildlife.
Conferences
In the United States, the most prominent gathering of FOD experts has been the annual National Aerospace FOD Prevention Conference. It is hosted in a different city each year by National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc. (NAFPI), a nonprofit association that focuses on FOD education, awareness and prevention. Conference information, including presentations from past conferences, is available at the NAFPI Web site. However, NAFPI has come under some critique as being focused on tool control and manufacturing processes, and other members of the industry have stepped forward to fill the gaps. BAA hosted the world's first airport-led conference on the subject in November 2010.
Detection technologies & FOD prevention
Do not leave FOD notice for passengers
There is some debate regarding FOD detection systems as the costs can be high and the domain of responsibility is not clear. However, one airport claims that their FOD detection system may have paid for itself in a single incident where personnel were alerted to a steel cable on the runway, before a single aircraft was put at risk. The FAA has investigated FOD detection technologies, and has set standards for the following categories:
Radar
Electro-optical (visible band imagery (standard CCTV) and low light cameras)
Hybrid
RFID on metal
Manufactured FODS Mats - Track-Out Prevention & Track-In Control
Damage tolerance improvements
The negative effects from FOD can be reduced or entirely eliminated by introducing compressive residual stresses in critical fatigue areas into the part during the manufacturing process. These beneficial stresses are induced into the part through cold working the part with peening processes: shot peening, or laser peening. The deeper the compressive residual stress the more significant the fatigue life and damage tolerance improvement. Shot peening typically induces compressive stresses a few thousandths of an inch deep, laser peening typically imparts compressive residual stresses 0.040 to 0.100 inches deep. Laser peen induced compressive stresses are also more resistant to heat exposure.
Technologies, information and training materials helpful in preventing FOD
Aerospace tool control systems
FOD prevention program manuals
Magnetic bars
Promotional and awareness materials
Tool and parts control/retrieval
Tow-behind friction sweeper
Tow-behind sweepers
Training materials
Vacuum truck sweepers
Walk-behind sweepers
FOD prevention mats
Economic impact
Internationally, FOD costs the aviation industry US$13 billion per year in direct plus indirect costs. The indirect costs are as much as ten times the direct cost value, representing delays, aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs, unscheduled maintenance, and the like. and causes expensive, significant damage to aircraft and parts and death and injury to workers, pilots and passengers.
It is estimated that FOD costs major airlines in the United States $26 per flight in aircraft repairs, plus $312 in such additional indirect costs as flight delays, plane changes and fuel inefficiencies.
"There are other costs that are not as easy to calculate but are equally disturbing," according to UK Royal Air Force Wing Commander and FOD researcher Richard Friend. "From accidents such as the Air France Concorde, Flight AF 4590, there is the loss of life, suffering and effect on the families of those who died, the suspicion of malpractice, guilt, and blame that could last for lifetimes. This harrowing torment is incalculable but should not be forgotten, ever. If everyone kept this in mind, we would remain vigilant and forever prevent foreign object debris from causing a problem. In fact, many factors combine to cause a chain of events that can lead to a failure."
Studies
There have only been two detailed studies of the economic cost of FOD for civil airline operations. The first was by Brad Bachtel of Boeing, who published a value of $4 billion USD per year. This top-down value was for several years the standard industry figure for the cost of FOD. The second work (2007) was by Iain McCreary from the consultancy Insight SRI Ltd. This more detailed report offered a first-cut of the cost of FOD, based on a bottom-up analysis of airline maintenance log records. Here, data was broken into per flight direct costs and per flight indirect costs for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the supporting data. The Insight SRI research was a standard reference for 2007-2009 as it was the only source presenting costs and thus was quoted by regulators, airports, and technology providers alike.
However, while that 2007 Insight SRI paper remains the best free public source of data, the new analysis (2010) from Insight SRI offers new numbers. The author of the new report (not free) says "Readers are cautioned not to rely on or in the future refer to numbers from the 2007-08 Insight SRI paper The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines. This earlier effort was 'The' first document detailing the direct and indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the entire document was a single page of data, followed by 8 pages of footnotes)."
Per-flight direct costs of $26 are calculated by considering engine maintenance spending, tire replacements, and aircraft body damage.
Per-flight indirect costs include a total of 33 individual categories:
Airport efficiency losses
Carbon / environmental issues
Change of aircraft
Close airport
Close runway
Corporate manslaughter/criminal liability
Cost of corrective action
Cost of hiring and training replacement
Cost of rental or lease of replacement equipment
Cost of restoration of order
Cost of the investigation
Delay for planes in air
Delays at gate
Fines and citations
Fuel efficiency losses
Hotels
In-air go-around
Increased insurance premiums
Increased operating costs on remaining equipment
Insurance deductibles
Legal fees resulting
Liability claims in excess of insurance
Loss of aircraft
Loss of business and damage to reputation
Loss of productivity of injured personnel
Loss of spares or specialized equipment
Lost time and overtime
Missed connections
Morale
Reaction by crews leading to disruption of schedule
Replacement flights on other carriers
Scheduled maintenance
Unscheduled maintenance
The study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10 times.
Eurocontrol and the FAA are both studying FOD. Eurocontrol released a preliminary assessment of FOD detection technologies in 2006, while the FAA is conducting trials of the four leading systems from Qinetiq (PVD, Providence T. F. Green Airport), Stratech (ORD, Chicago O'Hare International Airport), Xsight Systems (BOS, Boston Logan International Airport), and Trex Aviation Systems (ORD, Chicago O'Hare Airport) during 2007 and 2008. Results of this study should be published in 2009.
References
^ a b "Foreign Object Debris and Damage Prevention". Boeing Aero Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
^ "FAA Advisory Circular" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ "Airbus MoU with IAI to explore eco-efficient 'engines-off' taxiing". 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
^ "'No time': Chiling final words of Concorde pilot". News.com.au. 2023-04-21. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22.
^ "NTSB Final Report, Accident No. NYC07LA087".
^ List of ejections from aircraft in 1981. Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 30 August 2008.
^ Page with link to WMV clip of destruction of TA-4J BuNo. 156896. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
^ AAIB Official Report of the investigation into the crash of HS.125-600B registration G-BCUX retrieved 2010-05-19.
^ Aviation Safety Network XV256 accident page retrieved 2008-01-23.
^ "RAAF Exchange Pilot Valour Cited in RAF Accident Report", "Newsdesk - Military", Australian Aviation magazine No. 16, September 1982, p45. Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd., Manly NSW
^ "Airside Applications for Artificial Turf" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2006.
^ "nafpi.com - Domain Name For Sale". DAN.COM.
^ "BAA Global FOD Conference". BAA London Heathrow Airport. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
^ "YVR Airport". TV Interview. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
^ "FAA Advisory Circular" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-21.
^ "Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Sweeper | FOD BOSS | Aerosweep". aerosweep.
^ "FODCheck.com | FOD Prevention Mat System". www.fodcheck.com/.
^ "Runway Safety - FOD, Birds, and the Case for Automated Scanning". Insight SRI Ltd. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
^ "The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines" (PDF). Insight SRI Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
^ Make It FOD Free website
^ a b "The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines". Insight SRI Ltd. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
^ "Search". www.eurocontrol.int. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
^ "The economic cost of FOD to airlines" (PDF). Insight SRI Ltd. March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
External links
Media related to Foreign object damage at Wikimedia Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercy-tech-N429MA-fod-060318-01cr-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honeywell LTS101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_LTS101"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"Bell 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PT6T-FOD-screens.jpg"},{"link_name":"PT6T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PT6"},{"link_name":"Bell 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screech_Owl_named_Fod_found_on_USS_Harry_S._Truman_(CVN_75).jpg"},{"link_name":"Scops owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scops_owl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForeignObjectDebrisAndDamagePrevention-1"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"}],"text":"Foreign object damage to the compressor blades of a Honeywell LTS101 turboshaft engine on a Bell 222, caused by a small bolt that passed through the protective inlet screenFOD deflection system on a PT6T installed on a Bell 412. Air enters from upper right, and pure air follows the curved ramp down to the compressor inlet (also covered by a screen). Any debris being sucked in will have enough momentum that it will not make such a sharp bend, and will hit the screen on the upper left, and will be carried out to the left, getting blown overboard.Potential foreign object debris (in this case, a Scops owl) found in the wheel well of an F/A-18 Hornet on a US aircraft carrierIn aviation and aerospace, the term foreign object damage (FOD) refers to any damage to an aircraft attributed to foreign object debris (also referred to as \"FOD\"), which is any particle or substance, alien to an aircraft or system which could potentially cause damage to it.[1]External FOD hazards include bird strikes, hail, ice, sandstorms, ash-clouds or objects left on a runway or flight deck. Internal FOD hazards include items left in the cockpit that interfere with flight safety by getting tangled in control cables, jam moving parts or short-out electrical connections.","title":"Foreign object damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"bird strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_strike"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jet engines can suffer major damage from even small objects being sucked into the engine. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that all engine types pass a test which includes firing a fresh chicken (dead, but not frozen) into a running jet engine from a small cannon. The engine does not have to remain functional after the test, but it must not cause significant damage to the rest of the aircraft. Thus, if the bird strike causes it to \"throw a blade\" (break apart in a way where parts fly off at high speed), doing so must not cause loss of the aircraft.[2]","title":"To jet engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Mi-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-24"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mikoyan MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-74"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"gravel runway kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_kit"},{"link_name":"737s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Israel Aerospace Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries"},{"link_name":"Taxibot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxibot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Some military aircraft[citation needed] [which?]had a unique design to prevent FOD from damaging the engine. The design included an S-shaped bend in the airflow, so that air entered the inlet, was bent back towards the front of the plane, and bent back again towards the back before entering the engine. At the back of the first bend a strong spring held a door shut. Any foreign object flying in the intake flew in, hit the door, opened it, flew through, and then exited the aircraft. Thus, only small objects swept up by the air could enter the engine. This design did indeed prevent FOD problems, but the constriction and drag induced by the bending of the airflow reduced the engine's effective power, and thus the design was not repeated.A similar approach is used on many turboshaft-powered helicopters, such as the Mi-24, which use a \"vortex-type\" or \"centrifugal\" intake, in which the air is forced to flow through a spiral path before entering the engine; the heavier dust and other debris are forced outwards, where it is separated from the airflow before it enters the engine inlet.The Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 fighters have a special intake design to prevent ingestion of FOD during take-off from rough airfields. The main air intakes could be closed with mesh doors and special inlets on the top of the intakes temporarily opened. This would allow enough airflow to the engine for take-off but reduced the chances of the engine sucking up objects from the ground.Another interesting design to minimize the risk of FOD is that of the Antonov An-74, which has a very high placement of the engines.Boeing offered a gravel runway kit for early 737s that allows the plane to be used from unimproved and gravel runways, in spite of having very low-slung engines. This kit included gravel deflectors on the landing gear; foldaway lights on the bottom of the plane; and screens that prevented gravel, which would enter the open wheelwells when the gear was extended, from hitting critical components. The kit also included vortex dissipators, devices which would reduce the airflow into the engine from the bottom so as to reduce the likelihood of ingesting gravel.Airbus engineers are investigating[when?] a novel approach to reducing FOD. By developing, in conjunction with Israel Aerospace Industries, the Taxibot, a tractor controlled by the pilot, aircraft will not need to use jet engines while taxiing, and therefore they will not be vulnerable to FOD on aprons or taxiways.[3]","title":"Engine and airframe designs which avoid FOD"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_line"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"helicopter rotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotor"}],"sub_title":"Vehicle tire track-in","text":"Debris is often trapped in the treads of tires from vehicles coming onto an airfield. Types of debris trapped in a vehicle tire can include rocks, mud, stones, loose hardware (screws, washers, bolts, etc.) and many other forms of small materials. These can be crew and fuel trucks, maintenance vehicles and many others that inadvertently bring debris to a flight line and deposit it there. These types of FOD are very difficult to track and manage once they are introduced onto the airfield. A jet engine intake, engine blast, and propeller or helicopter rotor draft then can pick up the debris easily. This material, once loose around operational aircraft, can lead to serious safety concerns, including personnel injury and equipment and property damage.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Air France Flight 4590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"thrust reverser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_reversal"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gates Learjet 36A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet"},{"link_name":"Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News/Williamsburg_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"drogue parachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue_parachute"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Runway debris","text":"The crash of a Concorde, Air France Flight 4590, at Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris on 25 July 2000 was caused by FOD; in this case a piece of titanium debris on the runway which had been part of a thrust reverser that had fallen from a Continental Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 during takeoff about four minutes earlier. The debris strike caused a tire to explode. Rubber debris from the tire struck the wing, rupturing a fuel tank and starting a severe fire leading to loss of control. All 100 passengers and nine crew on board the flight, as well as four people on the ground, were killed. [4]A Gates Learjet 36A, registration number N527PA, was taking off from Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport in Virginia on March 26, 2007, when the crew heard a loud \"pop\". Aborting the takeoff, the crew tried to control the \"fishtailing\" and activate the drogue parachute. The parachute did not work and the Learjet ran off the runway, its tires blown. Airport personnel reported seeing rocks and pieces of metal on the runway after the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board said that the accident was caused by FOD on the runway. Failure of the drogue parachute contributed to the accident.[5]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Airways Flight 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-200B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"failed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flameout"},{"link_name":"St. Elmo's fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire"},{"link_name":"KLM Flight 867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM_Flight_867"},{"link_name":"Narita International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Anchorage International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Volcanic ash","text":"On 24 June 1982, British Airways Flight 9 en route to Perth, Australia, flew into a volcanic ash cloud over the Indian Ocean. The Boeing 747-200B suffered engine surges in all four engines until they all failed. The passengers and crew could see a phenomenon known as St. Elmo's fire around the plane. Flight 9 dived down until it exited the cloud allowing the airborne ash to clear the engines, which were then restarted. The cockpit windshield was badly pitted by the ash particles but the aircraft landed safely.On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867, en route to Narita International Airport, Tokyo flew through a thick cloud of volcanic ash from Mount Redoubt, which had erupted the day before. The Boeing 747-400's four engines flamed out. After descending more than 14,000 feet, the crew restarted the engines and landed safely at Anchorage International Airport.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Test_Center"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"chase plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_plane"},{"link_name":"ejected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Item jettisoned from aircraft","text":"An unusual case of FOD occurred on 28 September 1981 over Chesapeake Bay. During flight testing of an F/A-18 Hornet, the Naval Air Test Center of the United States Navy was using a Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk as a chase plane to film a jettison test of a bomb rack from the Hornet. The bomb rack struck the right wing of the Skyhawk, shearing off almost half the wing. The Skyhawk caught fire within seconds of being struck; the two persons on board ejected.[6][7]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley HS.125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_BAe_125"},{"link_name":"Dunsfold Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsfold_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"northern lapwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_lapwing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"RAF Kinloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kinloss"},{"link_name":"Canada geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_goose"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_recognition"},{"link_name":"Air Force Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"US Airways Flight 1549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549"},{"link_name":"ditched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_landing"}],"sub_title":"Bird strikes","text":"On 20 November 1975 a Hawker Siddeley HS.125 taking off at Dunsfold Aerodrome flew through a flock of northern lapwings immediately after lifting off the runway and lost power in both engines. The crew landed the aircraft back on the runway but it overran the end and crossed a road. The aircraft struck a car on the road, killing its six occupants. Although the aircraft was destroyed in the ensuing fire, the nine occupants of the aircraft survived the crash.[8]On 17 November 1980 a Hawker Siddeley Nimrod of the Royal Air Force crashed shortly after taking off from RAF Kinloss. It flew through a flock of Canada geese, causing three of its four engines to fail. The pilot and copilot were killed; the pilot was subsequently posthumously awarded an Air Force Cross for his actions in maintaining control of the aircraft and saving the lives of the 18 crew. The remains of 77 birds were found on or near the runway.[9][10]On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 flew into a flock of Canada geese shortly after take off and suffered a double engine failure. The pilot ditched the aircraft in the Hudson River, saving the lives of all on board.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"bird scarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer"},{"link_name":"trained falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry"},{"link_name":"artificial turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_turf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Significant problems occur with airports where the grounds were or have become nesting areas for birds. While fences can prevent a moose or deer from wandering onto a runway, birds are more difficult to control. Often airports employ a type of bird scarer that operates on propane to cause a noise loud enough to scare away any birds that might be in the vicinity. Airport managers use any means available (including trained falcons as well as robird flapping-wing falcon-like drones) to reduce bird populations. Another solution under investigation is the use of artificial turf near runways, since it does not offer food, shelter, or water to wildlife.[11]","title":"Wildlife and wetlands near airports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAFPI_website-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Conferences","text":"In the United States, the most prominent gathering of FOD experts has been the annual National Aerospace FOD Prevention Conference. It is hosted in a different city each year by National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc. (NAFPI), a nonprofit association that focuses on FOD education, awareness and prevention. Conference information, including presentations from past conferences, is available at the NAFPI Web site.[12] However, NAFPI has come under some critique as being focused on tool control and manufacturing processes, and other members of the industry have stepped forward to fill the gaps. BAA hosted the world's first airport-led conference on the subject in November 2010.[13]","title":"Wildlife and wetlands near airports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Do_not_leave_FOD.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"RFID on metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID_on_metal"}],"text":"Do not leave FOD notice for passengersThere is some debate regarding FOD detection systems as the costs can be high and the domain of responsibility is not clear. However, one airport claims that their FOD detection system may have paid for itself in a single incident where personnel were alerted to a steel cable on the runway, before a single aircraft was put at risk.[14] The FAA has investigated FOD detection technologies, and has set standards for the following categories:[15]Radar\nElectro-optical (visible band imagery (standard CCTV) and low light cameras)\nHybrid\nRFID on metal\nManufactured FODS Mats - Track-Out Prevention & Track-In Control","title":"Detection technologies & FOD prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laser peening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_peening"}],"text":"The negative effects from FOD can be reduced or entirely eliminated by introducing compressive residual stresses in critical fatigue areas into the part during the manufacturing process. These beneficial stresses are induced into the part through cold working the part with peening processes: shot peening, or laser peening. The deeper the compressive residual stress the more significant the fatigue life and damage tolerance improvement. Shot peening typically induces compressive stresses a few thousandths of an inch deep, laser peening typically imparts compressive residual stresses 0.040 to 0.100 inches deep. Laser peen induced compressive stresses are also more resistant to heat exposure.","title":"Damage tolerance improvements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Aerospace tool control systems\nFOD prevention program manuals\nMagnetic bars\nPromotional and awareness materials\nTool and parts control/retrieval\nTow-behind friction sweeper[16][better source needed]\nTow-behind sweepers\nTraining materials\nVacuum truck sweepers\nWalk-behind sweepers\nFOD prevention mats[17][better source needed]","title":"Technologies, information and training materials helpful in preventing FOD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Make_It_FOD_Free-20"},{"link_name":"Flight AF 4590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"}],"text":"Internationally, FOD costs the aviation industry US$13 billion per year in direct plus indirect costs. The indirect costs are as much as ten times the direct cost value, representing delays, aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs, unscheduled maintenance, and the like.[18] and causes expensive, significant damage to aircraft and parts and death and injury to workers, pilots and passengers.It is estimated that FOD costs major airlines in the United States $26 per flight in aircraft repairs, plus $312 in such additional indirect costs as flight delays, plane changes and fuel inefficiencies.[19]\"There are other costs that are not as easy to calculate but are equally disturbing,\" according to UK Royal Air Force Wing Commander and FOD researcher Richard Friend.[20] \"From accidents such as the Air France Concorde, Flight AF 4590, there is the loss of life, suffering and effect on the families of those who died, the suspicion of malpractice, guilt, and blame that could last for lifetimes. This harrowing torment is incalculable but should not be forgotten, ever. If everyone kept this in mind, we would remain vigilant and forever prevent foreign object debris from causing a problem. In fact, many factors combine to cause a chain of events that can lead to a failure.\"","title":"Economic impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForeignObjectDebrisAndDamagePrevention-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insightsri.com-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insightsri.com-21"},{"link_name":"Fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eurocontrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocontrol"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"Qinetiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinetiq"},{"link_name":"T. F. Green Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport"},{"link_name":"O'Hare International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Xsight Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xsight_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Logan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trex Aviation Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trex_Aviation_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"There have only been two detailed studies of the economic cost of FOD for civil airline operations. The first was by Brad Bachtel of Boeing, who published a value of $4 billion USD per year.[1] This top-down value was for several years the standard industry figure for the cost of FOD. The second work (2007) was by Iain McCreary from the consultancy Insight SRI Ltd. This more detailed report offered a first-cut of the cost of FOD, based on a bottom-up analysis of airline maintenance log records. Here, data was broken into per flight direct costs and per flight indirect costs for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the supporting data.[21] The Insight SRI research was a standard reference for 2007-2009 as it was the only source presenting costs and thus was quoted by regulators, airports, and technology providers alike.[22]However, while that 2007 Insight SRI paper remains the best free public source of data, the new analysis (2010) from Insight SRI offers new numbers. The author of the new report (not free) says \"Readers are cautioned not to rely on or in the future refer to numbers from the 2007-08 Insight SRI paper The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines. This earlier effort was 'The' first document detailing the direct and indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the entire document was a single page of data, followed by 8 pages of footnotes).\"Per-flight direct costs of $26[21] are calculated by considering engine maintenance spending, tire replacements, and aircraft body damage.Per-flight indirect costs include a total of 33 individual categories:Airport efficiency losses\nCarbon / environmental issues\nChange of aircraft\nClose airport\nClose runway\nCorporate manslaughter/criminal liability\nCost of corrective action\nCost of hiring and training replacement\nCost of rental or lease of replacement equipment\nCost of restoration of order\nCost of the investigation\nDelay for planes in air\nDelays at gate\nFines and citations\nFuel efficiency losses\nHotels\nIn-air go-around\nIncreased insurance premiums\nIncreased operating costs on remaining equipment\nInsurance deductibles\nLegal fees resulting\nLiability claims in excess of insurance\nLoss of aircraft\nLoss of business and damage to reputation\nLoss of productivity of injured personnel\nLoss of spares or specialized equipment\nLost time and overtime\nMissed connections\nMorale\nReaction by crews leading to disruption of schedule\nReplacement flights on other carriers\nScheduled maintenance\nUnscheduled maintenanceThe study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10 times.[23]Eurocontrol and the FAA are both studying FOD. Eurocontrol released a preliminary assessment of FOD detection technologies in 2006, while the FAA is conducting trials of the four leading systems from Qinetiq (PVD, Providence T. F. Green Airport), Stratech (ORD, Chicago O'Hare International Airport), Xsight Systems (BOS, Boston Logan International Airport), and Trex Aviation Systems (ORD, Chicago O'Hare Airport) during 2007 and 2008. Results of this study should be published in 2009.[needs update]","title":"Studies"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Foreign object damage to the compressor blades of a Honeywell LTS101 turboshaft engine on a Bell 222, caused by a small bolt that passed through the protective inlet screen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercy-tech-N429MA-fod-060318-01cr-8.jpg/220px-Mercy-tech-N429MA-fod-060318-01cr-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"FOD deflection system on a PT6T installed on a Bell 412. Air enters from upper right, and pure air follows the curved ramp down to the compressor inlet (also covered by a screen). Any debris being sucked in will have enough momentum that it will not make such a sharp bend, and will hit the screen on the upper left, and will be carried out to the left, getting blown overboard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PT6T-FOD-screens.jpg/220px-PT6T-FOD-screens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Potential foreign object debris (in this case, a Scops owl) found in the wheel well of an F/A-18 Hornet on a US aircraft carrier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Screech_Owl_named_Fod_found_on_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg/220px-Screech_Owl_named_Fod_found_on_USS_Harry_S._Truman_%28CVN_75%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Do not leave FOD notice for passengers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Do_not_leave_FOD.jpg/220px-Do_not_leave_FOD.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Foreign Object Debris and Damage Prevention\". Boeing Aero Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_01/textonly/s01txt.html","url_text":"\"Foreign Object Debris and Damage Prevention\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201233/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/1ab39b4ed563b08985256a35006d56af/342f360c7f8e146a86256a84005b1f57/$FILE/ac33.76-1.pdf","url_text":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\""},{"url":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/1ab39b4ed563b08985256a35006d56af/342f360c7f8e146a86256a84005b1f57/$FILE/ac33.76-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airbus MoU with IAI to explore eco-efficient 'engines-off' taxiing\". 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aviationnews.eu/2009/06/17/airbus-mou-with-iai-to-explore-eco-efficient-engines-off-taxiing/","url_text":"\"Airbus MoU with IAI to explore eco-efficient 'engines-off' taxiing\""}]},{"reference":"\"'No time': Chiling final words of Concorde pilot\". News.com.au. 2023-04-21. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/chilling-final-words-of-concorde-pilot/news-story/fe6f97d3f49936d5229b547ef677aaf5","url_text":"\"'No time': Chiling final words of Concorde pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"News.com.au"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422215545/https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/chilling-final-words-of-concorde-pilot/news-story/fe6f97d3f49936d5229b547ef677aaf5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Final Report, Accident No. NYC07LA087\".","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20070417X00429&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA,","url_text":"\"NTSB Final Report, Accident No. NYC07LA087\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airside Applications for Artificial Turf\" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar06-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Airside Applications for Artificial Turf\""}]},{"reference":"\"nafpi.com - Domain Name For Sale\". DAN.COM.","urls":[{"url":"https://nafpi.com/","url_text":"\"nafpi.com - Domain Name For Sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"BAA Global FOD Conference\". BAA London Heathrow Airport. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2010-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130125230338/http://www.heathrow.com/fod","url_text":"\"BAA Global FOD Conference\""},{"url":"http://www.heathrow.com/fod","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"YVR Airport\". TV Interview. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2009-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303191244/http://yvrconnections.com/category/news-events/","url_text":"\"YVR Airport\""},{"url":"http://yvrconnections.com/category/news-events/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/draft_150_5220_xx.pdf","url_text":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Sweeper | FOD BOSS | Aerosweep\". aerosweep.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fodboss.com/","url_text":"\"Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Sweeper | FOD BOSS | Aerosweep\""}]},{"reference":"\"FODCheck.com | FOD Prevention Mat System\". www.fodcheck.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fodcheck.com/","url_text":"\"FODCheck.com | FOD Prevention Mat System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Runway Safety - FOD, Birds, and the Case for Automated Scanning\". Insight SRI Ltd. Retrieved 2010-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.runway-safety.com/","url_text":"\"Runway Safety - FOD, Birds, and the Case for Automated Scanning\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\" (PDF). Insight SRI Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2008-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121224083810/http://insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","url_text":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\""},{"url":"http://insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\". Insight SRI Ltd. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2008-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707225749/http://www.insightsri.com/publications","url_text":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\""},{"url":"http://insightsri.com/publications","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search\". www.eurocontrol.int. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurocontrol.int/search","url_text":"\"Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"The economic cost of FOD to airlines\" (PDF). Insight SRI Ltd. March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2010-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220302065611/https://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The-Ecomonic-Cost-of-FOD---Jul08.pdf","url_text":"\"The economic cost of FOD to airlines\""},{"url":"http://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_01/textonly/s01txt.html","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Object Debris and Damage Prevention\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201233/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/1ab39b4ed563b08985256a35006d56af/342f360c7f8e146a86256a84005b1f57/$FILE/ac33.76-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\""},{"Link":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/1ab39b4ed563b08985256a35006d56af/342f360c7f8e146a86256a84005b1f57/$FILE/ac33.76-1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aviationnews.eu/2009/06/17/airbus-mou-with-iai-to-explore-eco-efficient-engines-off-taxiing/","external_links_name":"\"Airbus MoU with IAI to explore eco-efficient 'engines-off' taxiing\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/chilling-final-words-of-concorde-pilot/news-story/fe6f97d3f49936d5229b547ef677aaf5","external_links_name":"\"'No time': Chiling final words of Concorde pilot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422215545/https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/chilling-final-words-of-concorde-pilot/news-story/fe6f97d3f49936d5229b547ef677aaf5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20070417X00429&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA,","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Final Report, Accident No. NYC07LA087\""},{"Link":"http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/YEAR_Pages/1981.htm","external_links_name":"List of ejections from aircraft in 1981."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194436/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/YEAR_Pages/1981.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aviationbanter.com/showthread.php?t=19110","external_links_name":"Page with link to WMV clip of destruction of TA-4J BuNo. 156896."},{"Link":"http://www.aaib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/1-1977%20G-BCUX.pdf","external_links_name":"AAIB Official Report of the investigation into the crash of HS.125-600B registration G-BCUX"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19801117-1","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network XV256 accident page"},{"Link":"http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar06-23.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Airside Applications for Artificial Turf\""},{"Link":"https://nafpi.com/","external_links_name":"\"nafpi.com - Domain Name For Sale\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130125230338/http://www.heathrow.com/fod","external_links_name":"\"BAA Global FOD Conference\""},{"Link":"http://www.heathrow.com/fod","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303191244/http://yvrconnections.com/category/news-events/","external_links_name":"\"YVR Airport\""},{"Link":"http://yvrconnections.com/category/news-events/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/draft_150_5220_xx.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FAA Advisory Circular\""},{"Link":"http://www.fodboss.com/","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Sweeper | FOD BOSS | Aerosweep\""},{"Link":"https://www.fodcheck.com/","external_links_name":"\"FODCheck.com | FOD Prevention Mat System\""},{"Link":"http://www.runway-safety.com/","external_links_name":"\"Runway Safety - FOD, Birds, and the Case for Automated Scanning\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121224083810/http://insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\""},{"Link":"http://insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.makeitfodfree.com/","external_links_name":"Make It FOD Free"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707225749/http://www.insightsri.com/publications","external_links_name":"\"The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines\""},{"Link":"http://insightsri.com/publications","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eurocontrol.int/search","external_links_name":"\"Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220302065611/https://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The-Ecomonic-Cost-of-FOD---Jul08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The economic cost of FOD to airlines\""},{"Link":"http://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Rechenberg
|
Ingo Rechenberg
|
["1 Selected bibliography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
German researcher and academic (1934–2021)
Ingo Rechenberg (20 November 1934 – 25 September 2021) was a German researcher and professor in the field of bionics. Rechenberg was a pioneer of the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial evolution. In the 1960s and 1970s he invented a highly influential set of optimization methods known as evolution strategies (from German Evolutionsstrategie). His group successfully applied the new algorithms to challenging problems such as aerodynamic wing design. These were the first serious technical applications of artificial evolution, an important subset of the still growing field of bionics.
Rechenberg was born in Berlin. He was educated at the Technical University of Berlin and at the University of Cambridge. Since 1972 he was a full professor at the Technical University of Berlin, where he headed the Department of Bionics and Evolution Techniques.
His awards include the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Evolutionary Programming Society (US, 1995) and the Evolutionary Computation Pioneer Award of the IEEE Neural Networks Society (US, 2002). In 1954, Rechenberg also became world champion in the field of model aeroplanes.
The Moroccan flic-flac spider, Cebrennus rechenbergi, was named in his honor, as he first collected specimens in the Moroccan desert.
Rechenberg died on 25 September 2021, at the age of 86.
Selected bibliography
Ingo Rechenberg (1971): Evolutionsstrategie - Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution (PhD thesis). Reprinted by Fromman-Holzboog (1973).
Ingo Rechenberg: Evolutionsstrategie '94. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog 1994.
References
^ Ingo Rechenberg Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ingo Rechenberg's Homepage Archived 2018-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ingo Rechenberg obituary
External links
Rechenberg's Bionic's Lab in Berlin (in German) and in English
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Academics
Association for Computing Machinery
DBLP
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Scopus
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a German academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics"},{"link_name":"evolutionary computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation"},{"link_name":"artificial evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_evolution"},{"link_name":"evolution strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_strategies"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic"},{"link_name":"artificial evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_evolution"},{"link_name":"bionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"IEEE Neural Networks Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Neural_Networks_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Moroccan flic-flac spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_flic-flac_spider"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ingo Rechenberg (20 November 1934 – 25 September 2021) was a German researcher and professor in the field of bionics. Rechenberg was a pioneer of the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial evolution. In the 1960s and 1970s he invented a highly influential set of optimization methods known as evolution strategies (from German Evolutionsstrategie). His group successfully applied the new algorithms to challenging problems such as aerodynamic wing design. These were the first serious technical applications of artificial evolution, an important subset of the still growing field of bionics.Rechenberg was born in Berlin. He was educated at the Technical University of Berlin and at the University of Cambridge. Since 1972 he was a full professor at the Technical University of Berlin, where he headed the Department of Bionics and Evolution Techniques.His awards include the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Evolutionary Programming Society (US, 1995) and the Evolutionary Computation Pioneer Award of the IEEE Neural Networks Society (US, 2002). In 1954, Rechenberg also became world champion in the field of model aeroplanes.[1]The Moroccan flic-flac spider, Cebrennus rechenbergi, was named in his honor, as he first collected specimens in the Moroccan desert.Rechenberg died on 25 September 2021, at the age of 86.[2]","title":"Ingo Rechenberg"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ingo Rechenberg (1971): Evolutionsstrategie - Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution (PhD thesis). Reprinted by Fromman-Holzboog (1973).\nIngo Rechenberg: Evolutionsstrategie '94. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog 1994.","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.bionik.tu-berlin.de/institut/xn2rechenb.html","external_links_name":"Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ingo Rechenberg's Homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422173008/http://www.bionik.tu-berlin.de/institut/xn2rechenb.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.biokon.de/flickflack-a-la-bionik-zum-tod-von-ingo-rechenberg/","external_links_name":"Ingo Rechenberg obituary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422161252/http://www.bionik.tu-berlin.de/","external_links_name":"Bionic's Lab in Berlin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180425010001/http://www.bionik.tu-berlin.de/institut/xstart.htm","external_links_name":"English"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000009817130","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37447768","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxt39kyqPRKtdMPKVrTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/108001075","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012030829","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072333472","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/profile/99659443174","external_links_name":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/80/6109","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=73744","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16200361000","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:rechenberg.ingo","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd108001075.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/244234000","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingo_Rechenberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan
|
Abdullah Öcalan
|
["1 Early life and education","2 The Kurdistan Workers' Party","3 Exile in Europe","4 Arrest, trial, and imprisonment","4.1 Trial","4.2 Detention conditions","5 Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan","6 The Kurdish people","6.1 Involvement in peace initiatives","6.2 Political ideological shift","6.3 Democratic confederalism","6.4 On women's rights","7 Personal life","8 Honorary citizenships","9 Publications","9.1 Books","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
|
Founder of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
Abdullah ÖcalanÖcalan in 1997Born (1949-04-04) 4 April 1949 (age 75)Ömerli, TurkeyNationalityKurdishCitizenshipTurkeyEducationFaculty of Political Science, Ankara UniversityOccupationsFounder and leader of militant organization PKK, political activist, writer, political theoristOrganization(s)Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)Spouse
Kesire Yıldırım (m. 1978)RelativesOsman Öcalan (brother)Ömer Öcalan (nephew)Dilek Öcalan (niece)Philosophy careerNotable ideasDemocratic confederalism
Jineology
Abdullah Öcalan (/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/ OH-jə-lahn; Turkish: ; born 4 April 1949), also known as Apo (short for Abdullah in Turkish; Kurdish for "uncle"), is a political prisoner and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998. He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in 1984. For most of his leadership, he was based in Syria, which provided sanctuary to the PKK until the late 1990s.
After being forced to leave Syria, Öcalan was abducted by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) in Nairobi, Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned on İmralı island in Turkey, where after a trial he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organizations. The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner in İmralı prison in the Sea of Marmara, where he is still held.
Öcalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire. Öcalan's prison regime has oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world, and periods when he is permitted visits. He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporary Kurdish–Turkish peace process in 2013.
From prison, Öcalan has published several books. Jineology, also known as the science of women, is a form of feminism advocated by Öcalan and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK). Öcalan's philosophy of democratic confederalism is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), an autonomous polity formed in Syria in 2012.
Early life and education
Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey. While some sources report his date of birth as 4 April 1949, no official birth records exist. He has claimed not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947. He is the oldest of seven children. He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join the Turkish army. He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam. In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school in Ankara (Turkish: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi) and attended meetings of anti-communists but also of circles active in left wing politics interested in improving Kurdish rights. He was also a very conservative Muslim in his youth and he admired Necip Fazıl Kısakürek. After graduating in 1969, Öcalan began working at the Title Deeds Office of Diyarbakır. It was at this time his political affiliation began to take a form. He was relocated one year later to Istanbul where he participated in the meetings of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (DDKO). Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but after the first year transferred to Ankara University to study political science.
His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide the Dev-Genç (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan was a member. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.
Öcalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University, as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing of Mahir Çayan. He was charged with distributing the left-wing political magazine Şafak (published by Doğu Perinçek) and was held for seven months at the Mamak Prison. In November 1973, the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, ADYÖD ) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board. In the ADYÖD several students close to the political views of Hikmet Kıvılcımlı were active. In December 1974, ADYÖD was closed down. In 1975, together with Mazlum Doğan and Mehmet Hayri Durmuş , he published a political booklet which described the main aims for a Revolution in Kurdistan. During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975, Öcalan and others came to the conclusion that Kurdistan was a colony and preparations ought to be made for a revolution. The group decided to disperse into the different towns in Turkish Kurdistan in order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution. At the beginning, this idea had only a few supporters, but following a journey Öcalan made through the cities of Ağrı, Batman, Diyarbakır, Bingöl, Kars and Urfa in 1977, the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants.
The Kurdistan Workers' Party
In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Öcalan founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). In July 1979 he fled to Syria.
Since its foundation, the party focused on ideological training. Marxism-Leninism, the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party. Öcalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemned ideologylessness and equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter. "If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize". With the support of the Syrian Government, he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training.
In 1984, the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces in order to create an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active against Saddam Hussein in Iraq. In negotiations between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the PKK, it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely in Iraqi Kurdistan. He also met twice with Masoud Barzani, the leader of the KDP in Damascus, to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985. But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid. During an interview he gave to the Turkish Milliyet in 1988, he mentioned the goal wasn't to gain independence from Turkey at all costs, but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights, and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey. In 1988, he also met with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in Damascus, with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship.
In the early 1990s, interviews given to both Doğu Perinçek and Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict. In another given to Oral Çalışlar, he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism. He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights. Then in 1993, upon request of Turkish president Turgut Özal, Öcalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to 15 April. Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993, the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists. During an International Kurdish Conference in Brussels in March 1994, his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed. It is reported by Gottfried Stein, that at least during the first half of the 1990s, he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus. On 7 May 1996, in the midst of another unilateral cease-fire declared by the PKK, an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus, was unsuccessful.
Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany, Öcalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him. In the summer of 1995 the president of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutz) Klaus Grünewald came to visit him, And with the German MP Heinrich Lummer of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) he held meetings in October 1995 in Damascus and March 1996, during which they discussed the PKKs activities in Germany. Öcalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict. Back in Germany, Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Öcalan. With time, the United States (1997), European Union, Syria, Turkey, and other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations. A Greek parliamentary delegation from the PASOK came to visit him in the Beqaa valley on 17 October 1996. During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution. On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's General Intelligence Directorate, but later released. Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK. As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities. In October 1998, Öcalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting in Kobane, he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence's obstruction.
Exile in Europe
Öcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months, he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. Öcalan first went to Russia where the Russian parliament voted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum. On 6 November 109 Greek parliamentarians invited Öcalan to stay in Greece, a move which was repeated by Panayioitis Sgouridis , the deputy speaker of the Greek Parliament at the time. Öcalan then chose to travel to Italy, where he landed on 12 November 1998 at the airport in Rome.
In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy, where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany. But Italy did not extradite him to Germany, who refused to hold a trial on Öcalan in its country. The German chancellor Gerhard Schröder as well as the Minister of the Interior Otto Schily preferred that Öcalan would be tried by an unspecified "European Court". Italy also didn't extradite him to Turkey. The Italian prime minister Massimo D'Alema announced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment. But Italy also didn't want Öcalan to stay, and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country, which was accomplished on 16 January when he departed to Nizhny Novgorod in hope to find a safe haven in Russia. But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport of Strigino International Airport in Nizhny Novgorod. From Russia, he took an airplane from Saint Petersburg to Greece where he arrived in Athens upon the invitation of Nikolas Naxakis, a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999. He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek author Voula Damianakou in Nea Makri.
Following this, Öcalan attempted to travel to The Hague, to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the International Criminal Court, but the Netherlands would not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the island Corfu in the Ionean Sea. Öcalan then decided to fly to Nairobi at the invitation of Greek diplomats. At that time he was defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in The Hague would assume the case.
Arrest, trial, and imprisonment
He was taken captive in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while on his way from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (Turkish: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı , MIT) with the help of the CIA. According to the Turkish newspaper Vatan, the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.
Following the capture of Öcalan, the Greek Government was in turmoil over Öcalan's capture and Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos, Interior Minister Alekos Papadopoulos and the Minister of Public Order Philipos Petsalnikos resigned from their posts. Costoulas, the Greek ambassador who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation. According to Nucan Derya, Öcalan's interpreter in Kenya, the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that "something" might happen if he didn't leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Öcalan would have safe passage to Europe. Öcalan was determined to travel to Amsterdam and face the accusations of terrorism. Öcalan's capture led thousands of Kurds to hold worldwide protests condemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin. A group named the Revenge Hawks of Apo set fire to a department store in Kadiköy Istanbul, causing the death of 13 people. In several European capitals and larger cities as well as in Iraq, Iran and also Turkey protests were organized against his capture.
Trial
Main article: Trial of Abdullah Öcalan
Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003
He was brought to İmralı island, where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers. A state security court consisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on İmralı island to try Öcalan. A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as "PKK militants" and not lawyers; they were sent back to the Netherlands. On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations, and prepared a transcript of it. The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara, and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court. During the trial, he was represented by the Asrın Law Office. His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes, and later 1 hour, of which several were cancelled due to "bad weather" or because the authorities didn't give the permission needed for them. Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be, and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press. The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from the People's Democracy Party (HADEP). In mid-June 1999, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts, in an attempt to address criticism from the European Court of Human Rights and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge. Shortly before the verdict was read out by Judge Turgut Okyay, when asked about his final remarks, he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process. Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999. He was also banned from holding public office for life.
On the same day, Amnesty international (AI) demanded a re-trial and Human Rights Watch (HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial. In 1999 the Turkish Parliament discussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) reviewed the verdict. Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002, in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.
In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Öcalan, he appealed at the ECHR at Strasbourg, which accepted the case in June 2004. In 2005, the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial. Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.
Detention conditions
Main article: Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016
After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002, Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. Although former prisoners at İmralı were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to İmralı. They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held. From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan. From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.
There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan. In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end. Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for Eid al-Adha. In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on İmarli island until 17 November 2009, as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict. On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers. He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good. The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.
Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan
In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Ali Şahin, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).
The Kurdish people
Involvement in peace initiatives
Part of a series onthe Kurdish–Turkish conflictKurdish–Turkishpeace process
HistoryUnilateral cease-fire1999–2004Solution process2013–15
Primary concerns
Depopulated Kurdish villages
Dams construction
Kurdish civil rights
Legality of Kurdish parties
Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
International brokersIraqi Kurdistan
ProposalsKurdish autonomous region
vte
In November 1998, Öcalan elaborated on a 7-point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop, the refugees would be allowed to return, the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey, the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized. In January 1999 during his stay in Europe, Öcalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations. After his capture Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey. In October 1999, eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Öcalan. Depending on their treatment, the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well, his attorney announced. But the eight, as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul, were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government. Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006. In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "Northern Kurdistan" by Kurds), Northeast Syria ("Western Kurdistan"), Northern Iraq ("South Kurdistan"), and Northwestern Iran ("East Kurdistan"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: EU law, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.
Öcalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened". He worked on a solution for the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of the European Charter of local Self-Government, which was also signed by Turkey, but his 160-page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009.
On 31 May 2010, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.
In January 2013, peace negotiations between the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January and March he met several times with politicians of Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on Imralı Island. On 21 March, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakır who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year (Newroz). The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era." Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, Murat Karayılan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire. During the peace process, the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) entered parliament during the parliamentarian election of June 2015. The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed in Ceylanpinar.
Political ideological shift
Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin, Immanuel Wallerstein and Hannah Arendt. Abandoning his old Marxism-Leninist and Stalinist beliefs, Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called democratic confederalism. In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan.
Democratic confederalism
Main article: Democratic confederalism
Democratic confederalism is a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils." Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather "ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises". The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.' Feminism, ecology, and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism.
With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from Marxism-Leninism to social ecology, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies. It became also the ideology of the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).
On women's rights
Öcalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women, he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on the housewifization of women. He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man.
Personal life
According to his own account, while his father is Kurdish, his mother is Turkmen. According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk. Öcalan's mother, Esma Öcalan (Uveys) was rather dominant and criticised his father, blaming him for their dire economic situation. He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice. Like many Kurds in Turkey, Öcalan was raised speaking Turkish; according to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish." In 1978 Öcalan married Kesire Yildirim, who he had met at the Ankara University and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Öcalan. They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions. In 1988, while representing the PKK in Athens, Greece, his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Öcalan, following which Yildirim went underground.
After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in an arranged marriage, he felt regret. This event led Öcalan to his policies towards the liberation of women from the traditional suppressed female role. Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan. His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP). Fatma Öcalan is the sister of Abdullah Öcalan and Dilek Öcalan, a former parliamentarian of the HDP, is his niece. Ömer Öcalan, a current member of parliament for the HDP, is his nephew.
Honorary citizenships
Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:
Palermo
Olympia
Naples
Castel del Giudice
Castelbottaccio
Pinerolo
Martano
Reggio Emilia
Palagonia
Riace
Berceto
Fossalto
Publications
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Öcalan.
Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published. He has also written articles for the newspaper Özgür Gündem which is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, under the pseudonym of Ali Firat.
Books
Interviews and Speeches. London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.
"Translation of his 1999 defense in court". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7453-2616-0.
Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9567514-0-9.
Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.
Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations. Cologne: International Initiative, 2012. ISBN 978-3-941012-43-1.
Liberating life: Women’s Revolution. Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. ISBN 978-3-941012-82-0.
Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015. ISBN 978-82-93064-42-8.
Defending a Civilisation.
The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan. London; UK: Pluto Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7453-9976-8.
Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2017. ISBN 978-82-93064-48-0
See also
Kurdistan Free Life Party
Yalçın Küçük
Rojava
PKK
Kurdistan
References
^ a b "International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us". ANFNews. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ Türkmen, Gülay (2020), "Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict", in Djupe, Paul A.; Rozell, Mark J.; Jelen, Ted G. (eds.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-061438-6
^ "Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)". Al Jazeera.
^ R. McHugh, 'Ocalan, Abdullah (1948—)
^ Özcan, Ali Kemal. Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London: Routledge, 2005.
^ Phillips, David L. (2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-48036-9.
^ Butler, Daren (21 March 2013). "Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker". UK Reuters.
^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115.
^ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, "Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"
^ a b Political Violence against Americans 1999. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. December 2000. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4289-6562-1.
^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-203-68718-5. The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).
^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2. In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).
^ Traynor, Ian (2 March 2013). "Locked in a fateful embrace: Turkey's PM and his Kurdish prisoner". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^ "Turkey slams honorary citizenship for Ocalan". ANSA.it. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^ Powell, Colin (5 October 2001). "2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ "AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment". BBC News. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit". Rudaw. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs". www.hr-dp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Prison island trial for Ocalan". BBC News. 24 March 1999.
^ Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden, Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, Taylor & Francis, 2010, p. 146.
^ Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII, Council of Europe, 1999, p. 18
^ Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-36687-8.
^ Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer, The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?, GRIN Verlag, 2010, p. 37
^ "Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says". Reuters. 16 May 2019.
^ "What kind of peace? The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process". openDemocracy. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ Argentieri, Benedetta (3 February 2015). "One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ Lau, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016). "A Kurdish response to climate change". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ a b c d e Novellis, Andrea. "The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?" (PDF). Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies. 2: 116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021.
^ "A Short Biography". Kurdistan Workers' Party. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Kutschera, Chris (1999). "Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief, New York University Press, 2007. (p. 16)
^ Marcus, Aliza (April 2009). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8147-9587-3.
^ a b c d Marcus, Aliza (April 2009), pp.17-18
^ a b c Brauns, Nikolaus; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). PKK - Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam (in German). Schmetterling-Verlag. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-89657-564-7.
^ Uğur Mumcu (Haziran 2020). Kürt Dosyası. SBF'de Şafak Bildirisi Dağıtılıyor. Uğur Mumcu Araştırmacı Gazetecilik Vakfı. page 7. ISBN 9786054274512.
^ Marcus, Aliza (2009) p.23
^ Yılmaz, Kamil (2014). Disengaging from Terrorism - Lessons from the Turkish Penitents. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-317-96449-0.
^ Koru, Fehmi (8 June 1999). "Too many questions, but not enough answers". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
^ Nevzat Cicek (31 July 2008). "'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009. Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. Keşke Tuzluçayır'da öldürülseydi!
^ "Ocalan Used Charisma, Guns, Bombs". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
^ "Who is who in Turkish politics" (PDF). Heinrich Böll Stiftung. pp. 11–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ a b Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012). "The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4613. hdl:1854/LU-3101207. ISSN 1773-0546. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012). "The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4613. hdl:1854/LU-3101207. ISSN 1773-0546. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ a b Stein, Gottfried (1994). Endkampf um Kurdistan?: die PKK, die Türkei und Deutschland (in German). Aktuell. p. 67. ISBN 3-87959-510-0.
^ a b c Yilmaz, Özcan (2015). La formation de la nation kurde en Turquie (in French). Graduate Institute Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-940503-17-9.
^
^ "Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial". CNN. 31 May 1999. Archived from the original on 9 December 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
^ Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
^ a b c Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan (PDF). Routledge. p. 104.
^ Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005) p.105
^ Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, Human Rights Watch, 21 November 1998
^ Turkey: No security without human rights Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International, October 1996
^ Special Report: Terrorism in Turkey Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Ulkumen Rodophu, Jeffrey Arnold and Gurkan Ersoy, 6 February 2004
^ a b Kutschera, Chris (15 July 1994). "Mad Dreams of Independence". MERIP. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 173. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.
^ Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-136-58798-6.
^ Gunes, Cengiz (2013),pp.127–128
^ a b Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten (in German). Springer-Verlag. 9 March 2013. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-322-95968-3.
^ White, Paul J. (2000). "Appendix 2". Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. London: Zed Books. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7. OCLC 1048960654.
^ "Obituary: Turgut Ozal". The Independent. 19 April 1993. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ a b c Stein, Gottfried (1994), p.69
^ Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p. 134
^ "Confessions of a former Turkish National Intelligence official". Medya News. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ a b c d Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Öcalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 222. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.
^ "Kurden : Tips vom PKK-Chef - DER SPIEGEL 52/1995". www.spiegel.de. December 1995. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
^ Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006), p.206
^ Foreign Terrorist Organizations U.S. Department of State, 28 September 2012
^ "MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Turco-Syrian Treaty". Archived from the original on 9 February 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2002., 20 October 1998
^ "(unknown original Turkish title)" ]. Günaydın (in Turkish). translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 16 December 1993. p. 72. hdl:2027/uiug.30112106671198. FBIS-WEU-93-240.
^ G. Bacik; BB Coskun (2011). "The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 34 (3): 248–265. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.545938. S2CID 109645456. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
^ Ünver, H. Akın (2016). "Transnational Kurdish geopolitics in the age of shifting borders". Journal of International Affairs. 69 (2): 79–80. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 26494339.
^ a b c d e f g "A Most Unwanted Man". Los Angeles Times. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ a b Radu, Michael (2005). Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4128-2171-1.
^ Varouhakis, Miron (2009). "Fiasco in Nairobi, Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
^ a b Traynor, Ian (28 November 1998). "Italy 'may expel Kurd leader'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ Italian diplomacy tries to free herself from the tangle in which it is located, between Turks and Kurds, " internationalizing " the crisis:Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). "Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale". Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ a b Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1999 - Italy". Refworld. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ Gökkaya, Hasan (15 February 2019). "Der mächtigste Häftling der Türkei". Die Zeit. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ Stanley, Alessandra (21 November 1998). "Italy Rejects Turkey's Bid For the Extradition of Kurd (Published 1998)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ Gunter, Michael M. (2000). "The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture". Third World Quarterly. 21 (5): 850. doi:10.1080/713701074. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 3993622. S2CID 154977403 – via JSTOR.
^ a b Zaman, Amberin (18 February 1999). "Washingtonpost.com: Turkey Celebrates Capture of Ocalan". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ WELT (3 February 1999). "Von der RAF-Sympathisantin zur Anwältin Öcalans". DIE WELT. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel". The New York Times.
^ "Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi". Vatan (in Turkish). 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008. Öcalan yakalandığında ABD, bağımsız bir devlet kurma isteğindeydi. Öcalan, konumu itibariyle, araç olma işlevi bakımından buna engel bir isimdi. ABD bölgede yeni bir Kürt devleti kurabilmek için Öcalan'ı Türkiye'ye teslim etti.
^ Murphy, Brian (18 February 1999). "Three Greek Cabinet Ministers Resign Over Ocalan Affair". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007). "Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
^ "Ocalan interpreter tells how trap was set". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "Kurds seize embassies, wage violent protests across Europe", CNN, 17 February 1999
^ Yannis Kontos, "Kurd Akar Sehard Azir, 33, sets himself on fire during a demonstration outside the Greek Parliament in Central Athens, Greece, on Monday, 15 February 1999" Archived 19 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Photostory, July 1999
^ Shatzmiller, Maya (2005). Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-7735-2847-5.
^ Gunter, Michael M. (2000), p.851
^ van Bruinessen, Martin; Bouyssou, Rachel (1999). "Öcalan capturé : et après? Une question kurde plus épineuse que jamais". Critique Internationale (4). Sciences Po University Press: 39–40. doi:10.3917/crii.p1999.4n1.0039. ISSN 1290-7839. JSTOR 24563462 – via JSTOR.
^ a b c d e "University of Minnesota Human Rights Library". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ a b Chiapetta, Hans (April 2001). "Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?" (PDF). Pace International Law Review. 13: 145. doi:10.58948/2331-3536.1206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2019.
^ a b c "Amnesty International calls for a retrial of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan" (PDF). Amnesty International. 29 June 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ "Trial Of Abdullah Ocalan". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ "Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ Fisher, Tony (October 2018). "Turkey Report, TRIAL OF KURDISH LAWYERS – ISTANBUL 30th October 2018" (PDF). eldh.eu. European Association of Lawyers for Democracy & World Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ Laizer, Sheri (1999). "Abdullah Ocalan: A plea for justice". Socialist Lawyer (31): 6–8. ISSN 0954-3635. JSTOR 42949064.
^ Morris, Chris (18 June 1999). "Military judge barred from Ocalan trial". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ agencies, Guardian staff and (29 June 1999). "Ocalan sentenced to death". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ a b Hacaoglu, Selcan (29 June 1999). "The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Text of the Ocalan verdict". BBC News. 29 June 1999.
^ "Bill to spare life of Ocalan withdrawn by Ecevit". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ "Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan". CNN. 12 January 2000. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006.
^ "Turkey abolishes death penalty". The Independent. 3 August 2002. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019.
^ Luban, David (11 July 2014). International and Transnational Criminal Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 978-1-4548-4850-9.
^ "29. Juni 2004 - Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt". WDR (in German). 29 June 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ "HUDOC Search Page". Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan". Daily Sabah. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ "Kurd's Death Sentence Commuted to Life Term". Los Angeles Times. 4 October 2002. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ "PKK leader Ocalan gets company in prison". United Press International. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ Villelabeitia, Ibon (18 November 2009). "Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ Erduran, Esra (10 November 2009). "Turkey building new prison for PKK members". Southeast European Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ a b c "Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft". ANF News (in German). Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^ "Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time". Firat News Agency. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe". ANF News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-78360-037-3.
^ "Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan". Der Spiegel. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ "Terrorism and the European Convention on Human Rights" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. 18 March 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2013.
^ Kurdistan24. "PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years". Kurdistan24. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (23 September 2013). The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-14063-2.
^ Abdullah Öcalan proposes 7-point peace plan Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Kurdistan Informatie Centrum Nederland
^ Interview with Abdullah Ocalan "Our First Priority Is Diplomacy" Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Insight magazine, January 1999
^ a b c Enzinna, Wes (24 November 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Kurdistan Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, The End of a Myth? The Middle East magazine, February 2000
^ van Bruinessen, Martin. Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan 1999
^ a b Zaman, Amberin (7 October 1999). "Kurds' Surrender Awakens Turkish Doves". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
^ Marcus, Aliza (2007). "Turkey's PKK: Rise, Fall, Rise Again?". World Policy Journal. 24 (1): 78. doi:10.1162/wopj.2007.24.1.75. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40210079 – via JSTOR.
^ Öldürülen imam ve 10 korucunun itibarı iade edildi Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, ANF News Agency, 30 May 2006.
^ "PKK ilk adına döndü". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 9 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ PKK Program (1995) Kurdish Library, 24 January 1995
^ PKK Yeniden İnşa Bildirgesi Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine PKK web site, 20 April 2005
^ Kurdish leader calls for cease-fire Archived 24 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine NewsFlash
^ Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea, BBC News
^ Gunter, Michael (2014). Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-84904-435-6.
^ "TURKEY – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey". Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Kurdish Deputies Meet Ocalan on Imrali Island". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ "Jailed Kurdish PKK rebel leader Ocalan expected to make ceasefire call". ekurd.net. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ "Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf". Reuters (in German). 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Hoffnung auf Frieden für die Kurden | DW | 23 March 2013". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ Yildiz, Güney (8 June 2015). "Turkey's HDP challenges Erdogan and goes mainstream". BBC. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ "Acquittal of nine Ceylanpinar murder suspects upheld". IPA NEWS. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ Alex De Jong (15 March 2015). "Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? The evolving ideology of the PKK in ISIS' Backyard". libcom.org. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ a b c Biehl, Janet (16 February 2012). "Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy". New Compass. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ a b c Paul White, "Democratic Confederalism and the PKK's Feminist Transformation," in The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains (London: Zed Books, 2015), pp. 126–149.
^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.
^ a b Käser, Isabel (2021). The Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. doi:10.1017/9781009022194.005. ISBN 978-1-316-51974-5. S2CID 242495844.
^ "Pişmanım, asmayın". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 February 1999. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ Blood and Belief: The Pkk and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, by Aliza Marcus, p.15, 2007
^ Perceptions: journal of international affairs – Volume 4, no.1, SAM (Center), 1999, p.142
^ Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 187. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.
^ a b Marcus, Aliza (April 2009). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8147-9587-3.
^ Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts, Amikam Nachmani, p.210, 2003
^ Marcus, Aliza (2012). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8147-5956-1.
^ a b Marcus, Aliza (2012) p.43
^ Marcus, Aliza (2012). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8147-5956-1.
^ Kutschera, Chris (July 2005). "PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan". The Middle East Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
^ "BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution", Hürriyet Daily News, 4 September 2011
^ "Travel ban for the sister and brother of Öcalan". ANF News. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison". Bianet. 1 March 2018.
^ "HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples". ANF News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ "Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP". ANF News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ a b c "'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate". Ahval. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ Zand, Bernhard; Höhler, Gerd (28 March 1999). "SPIEGEL-GESPRÄCH : "Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel" - DER SPIEGEL 13/1999". Der Spiegel.
^ a b "Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: *Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan" (in Italian). 2 May 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ a b c "Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan". Il Gallo (in German). 14 February 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ Redazione. "Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan". gazzettadellemilia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 October 2019.
^ "Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen". ANF News (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ Marcus, Aliza (August 2007). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6.
Further reading
Kaminaris, Spiros Ch. (June 1999). "Greece and the Middle East". Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, Number 2.
Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36687-9.
Parkinson, Joe, and Ayla Albayrak (15 March 2013). "Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace". The Wall Street Journal (archived copy).
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Abdullah Öcalan.
Books by Abdullah Öcalan
"Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan - Peace in Kurdistan" International Initiative
Special report: The Ocalan file, BBC News, 26 November 1999.
vteCommunismConcepts
Anti-capitalism
Class conflict
Class consciousness
Classless society
Collective leadership
Communist party
Communist revolution
Communist state
Commune
Communist society
Critique of political economy
Free association
"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"
Market abolitionism
Proletarian internationalism
Labour movement
Social revolution
Stateless society
Wage slavery
Workers' self-management
World communism
World revolution
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Economics
Planned economy
Gift economy
Common ownership
Socialization (Marxism)
Economic democracy
Use value
Variants
Anarchist
Marxism
Leninist
Libertarian
Pre-Marxist
Utopian
Primitive
Religious
Christian
History
Communist League
First International
Second International
Third International
Fourth International
Organisations
Communist Parties
WPC
WFTU
WFDY
IUS
WIDF
WFSW
IOR
People
More
Meslier
Babeuf
Marx
Engels
Morris
Kropotkin
Malatesta
Pannekoek
Du Bois
Lenin
Luxemburg
Kollontai
Stalin
Trotsky
Lukács
Thälmann
Makhno
Bukharin
Ho
Gramsci
Tito
Togliatti
Benjamin
Khrushchev
Mao
Zhou
James
Padmore
Sartre
Hoxha
Beauvoir
Nkrumah
Kim
Hobsbawm
Althusser
Freire
Pasolini
Mandel
Fanon
Castro
Berger
Guevara
Guattari
Debord
Amin
Berlinguer
Negri
Guzmán
Badiou
Sison
Newton
Ali
Davis
Holloway
Hampton
Zizek
Sankara
Öcalan
Gordillo
Gilmore
Marcos
Hardt
Dean
Graeber
Lordon
Kelley
Fisher
Prashad
Hatherley
Moufawad-Paul
Saito
By region
Britain
Colombia
France
India
Kerala
Korea
Nepal
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Soviet Union
Sumatra
Vietnam
Symbols
Hammer and sickle
Red flag (politics)
Red star
"The Internationale"
"Workers of the world, unite!"
Criticism
Anti-communism
Communist propaganda
Criticism of communist party rule
Criticism of Marxism
Related topics
21st-century communist theorists
Anti anti-communism
Anti-communist mass killings
Anti-fascism
Communitarianism
Crimes against humanity under communist regimes (Mass killings)
Internationalism
Intentional community
Left-wing politics
Old Left
New Left
LGBT rights
Marx's theory of alienation
National communism
Romania
Red Scare
Revolutionary socialism
Socialist economics
Socialist mode of production
Trade union
War communism
Worker cooperative
Communism portal
Socialism portal
vteKurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
Timeline
Map
TurkeyState
Government
National Security Council
Military
Army
Air Force
Navy
Gendarmerie
Coast Guard
Police
MİT
Village Guards
Deep state
Counter-Guerrilla
Grey Wolves
Turkish Revenge Brigade
Susurluk scandal
Ergenekon
JİTEM
Kurdish groupsInsurgent
KCK
PKK
History
People's Defence Forces (HPG)
Free Women's Units (YJA-STAR)
National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK)
Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (HRK)
People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK)
Democratic People's Union of Kurdish (YDK)
Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (CDK)
Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (YAJK)
Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan (PJKK)
Free Women Party (PJA)
Free Women's Party of Kurdistan (PAJK)
Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan (KJB)
Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (KADEK)
People's Congress (Kongra-Gel)
Confederation Community of Kurdistan (KKK)
Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK)
Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan (PPKK)
TAK
KDP/N
PJAK
KKP
Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan (TECAK)
Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (MLKP)
Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement (YDG-H)
PIK
HİK
KH (Hüda-Par)
Allies
DHP
TDP
ASALA (until the late 1980s)
Political
HEP (1990–1993)
DEP (1993–1994)
HADEP (1994–2003)
DEHAP (1997–2005)
DTH (2005)
DTP (2005–2009)
BDP (2008–2014)
HDP (2012–present)
DBP (2014–present)
DEM (2023–present)
The conflict1974–1984
Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
Maraş massacre
1980 Turkish coup d'état
1984–1999
1984 PKK attacks
Karageçit
August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Ortabağ
March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Pınarcık massacre
Yeşilova incident
Battle of Şırnak
1992 Taşdelen attack
Battle of Kulp
Operation Northern Iraq
May 24, 1993 PKK attack
Başbağlar massacre
Lice massacre
Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
Operation Steel
Operation Hawk
Operation Tokat
1996 Tunceli bombing
Siege of Varto
Sazak assault
Operation Hammer
Operation Dawn
Operation Murat
1999 Istanbul bombings
Blue Market massacre
1999–20042000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown2004–2012
2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
2007 Ankara bombing
October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2008 Diyarbakır bombing
2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2008 Istanbul bombings
October 2008 Aktütün attack
Reşadiye shooting
2010 İskenderun attack
2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
2010 Istanbul bombing
August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
2011 Hakkâri attack
Roboski massacre
June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
2012 Gaziantep bombing
September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack
2015–present
2015 Siirt bombing
Operation Martyr Yalçın
2015 Hakkari assault
Siege of Silvan (2015)
Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
Siege of Sur (2016)
February 2016 Lice bombing
February 2016 Ankara bombing
March 2016 Ankara bombing
March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2016 Bursa bombing
May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
2016 Cizre bombing
2016 Elazığ bombing
Assassination of Deryan Aktert
December 2016 Istanbul bombings
2017 Diyarbakır bombing
Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
2018 Siirt raid
2018 Gercüş bombing
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
2020 İskenderun shootout
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
Operation Claw-Lock
Zakho resort attack
2022 Mersin attack
Operation Claw-Sword
2023 Ankara bombing
October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
ProtestsSerhildan
1990
1991
1992
1999
2001
2005
2006
2008
2009
2011–2012
2014
Others
Mothers of Diyarbakır
Peace processand peace efforts
1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
2013–2015 Solution process
1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
Musa Anter peace train
2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
Kurdish leadersInsurgent
Abdullah Öcalan
Murat Karayılan
Cemîl Bayik
Bahoz Erdal
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Haji Ahmadi
Osman Öcalan
Mahsum Korkmaz
Şemdin Sakık
Nizamettin Taş
Mazlum Doğan
Muhammad Mustafa
Hüseyin Velioğlu
Celal Başkale
İsmail Özden
Political
Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
Yaşar Kaya
Leyla Zana
Hatip Dicle
Orhan Doğan
Ahmet Türk
Murat Bozlak
Tuncer Bakırhan
Aysel Tuğluk
Selahattin Demirtaş
Nurettin Demirtaş
Ayla Akat Ata
Gültan Kışanak
Pervin Buldan
Emine Ayna
Sebahat Tuncel
Kemal Burkay
Fatma Kurtulan
Osman Baydemir
Sırrı Süreyya Önder
Turkish leadersMilitary
Kenan Evren
Tahsin Şahinkaya
Bülend Ulusu
Nurettin Ersin
Necdet Üruğ
Necip Torumtay
Eşref Bitlis
Doğan Güreş
İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
Hilmi Özkök
İbrahim Fırtına
Faruk Cömert
Yaşar Büyükanıt
Aydoğan Babaoğlu
İlker Başbuğ
Işık Koşaner
Erdal Ceylanoğlu
Necdet Özel
Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu
Political
Turgut Özal
Süleyman Demirel
Bülent Ecevit
Ali Bozer
Yıldırım Akbulut
Mesut Yılmaz
Erdal İnönü
Tansu Çiller
Mesut Yılmaz
Necmettin Erbakan
Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Abdullah Gül
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Süleyman Soylu
See alsoMemorials, monuments and military cemeteries
33 Martyrs Memorial
Düzce Military Cemetery
Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security
Other
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Kurdish separatism in Iran
Rojava conflict
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
Kurdish refugees
Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
Turkish war crimes
Iraq operations
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Chile
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Greece
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"OH-jə-lahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_State_Dept-10"},{"link_name":"[œdʒaɫan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_State_Dept-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoS-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kurdish–Turkish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Turkish National Intelligence Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"İmralı island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"a trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"abolished the death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"İmralı prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1_prison"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0v-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKK-25"},{"link_name":"Öcalan's prison regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kurdish–Turkish peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jineology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jineology"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-argentieri-28"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Communities Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendemocracy-29"},{"link_name":"democratic confederalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-30"},{"link_name":"polity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity"}],"text":"Founder of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)Abdullah Öcalan (/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/ OH-jə-lahn;[10] Turkish: [œdʒaɫan]; born 4 April 1949), also known as Apo[10][11] (short for Abdullah in Turkish; Kurdish for \"uncle\"),[12][13] is a political prisoner[14][15] and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[16][17]Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998.[18] He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in 1984. For most of his leadership, he was based in Syria, which provided sanctuary to the PKK until the late 1990s.After being forced to leave Syria, Öcalan was abducted by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) in Nairobi, Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned on İmralı island in Turkey,[19] where after a trial he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organizations.[20] The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner[21] in İmralı prison in the Sea of Marmara, where he is still held.[22][23]Öcalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire.[24][25] Öcalan's prison regime has oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world, and periods when he is permitted visits.[26] He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporary Kurdish–Turkish peace process in 2013.[27]From prison, Öcalan has published several books. Jineology, also known as the science of women, is a form of feminism advocated by Öcalan[28] and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).[29] Öcalan's philosophy of democratic confederalism is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES),[30] an autonomous polity formed in Syria in 2012.","title":"Abdullah Öcalan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halfeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfeti"},{"link_name":"Şanlıurfa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANFNews-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Turkish army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_army"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus17-35"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus17-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus17-35"},{"link_name":"Necip Fazıl Kısakürek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Title Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus17-35"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Cultural_Eastern_Hearths"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Law Faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University"},{"link_name":"Ankara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_University"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Dev-Genç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev-Gen%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mahir Çayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahir_%C3%87ayan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-36"},{"link_name":"Doğu Perinçek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek"},{"link_name":"Mamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamak,_Ankara"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-43"},{"link_name":"ADYÖD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankara_Demokratik_Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%96%C4%9Frenim_Derne%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Demokratik_Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%96%C4%9Frenim_Derne%C4%9Fi"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-44"},{"link_name":"Hikmet Kıvılcımlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmet_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1ml%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mazlum Doğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Hayri Durmuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Hayri_Durmu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-46"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_colonialism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"Turkish Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"},{"link_name":"Ağrı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"},{"link_name":"Urfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-47"}],"text":"Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey.[31] While some sources report his date of birth as 4 April 1949,[1] no official birth records exist. He has claimed not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.[32] He is the oldest of seven children.[33] He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join the Turkish army.[34] He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam.[35] In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school in Ankara (Turkish: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi)[35] and attended meetings of anti-communists but also of circles active in left wing politics[36] interested in improving Kurdish rights.[35] He was also a very conservative Muslim in his youth and he admired Necip Fazıl Kısakürek.[37] After graduating in 1969, Öcalan began working at the Title Deeds Office of Diyarbakır. It was at this time his political affiliation began to take a form.[36] He was relocated one year later to Istanbul[35] where he participated in the meetings of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (DDKO).[38][39] Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but after the first year transferred to Ankara University to study political science.[40]His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide the Dev-Genç (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan was a member. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.[41]Öcalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University,[42] as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing of Mahir Çayan.[36] He was charged with distributing the left-wing political magazine Şafak (published by Doğu Perinçek) and was held for seven months at the Mamak Prison.[43] In November 1973, the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, ADYÖD [tr]) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.[44] In the ADYÖD several students close to the political views of Hikmet Kıvılcımlı were active.[44] In December 1974, ADYÖD was closed down.[45] In 1975, together with Mazlum Doğan and Mehmet Hayri Durmuş [ku], he published a political booklet which described the main aims for a Revolution in Kurdistan.[46] During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975, Öcalan and others came to the conclusion that Kurdistan was a colony and preparations ought to be made for a revolution.[47] The group decided to disperse into the different towns in Turkish Kurdistan in order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution.[47] At the beginning, this idea had only a few supporters, but following a journey Öcalan made through the cities of Ağrı, Batman, Diyarbakır, Bingöl, Kars and Urfa in 1977, the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants.[47]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 Turkish coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIRTH-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-apology-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-51"},{"link_name":"Marxism-Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-46"},{"link_name":"1984, the PKK initiated a campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SECURITY-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REPORT-55"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Masoud Barzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Barzani"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-56"},{"link_name":"Milliyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Jalal Talabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Talabani"},{"link_name":"Patriotic Union of Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-56"},{"link_name":"Doğu Perinçek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Oral Çalışlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Flar"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Turgut Özal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal"},{"link_name":"Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-2000-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-66"},{"link_name":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Lummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTO-69"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"other countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_listing_the_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_as_a_terrorist_group"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERROR-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU&S-71"},{"link_name":"Greek parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Parliament"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"Beqaa valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Valley"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-63"},{"link_name":"General Intelligence Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Kobane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-74"}],"text":"In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Öcalan founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[48][49] In July 1979 he fled to Syria.[50]Since its foundation, the party focused on ideological training.[51] Marxism-Leninism, the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party.[51] Öcalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemned ideologylessness and equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter.[51] \"If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize\".[52] With the support of the Syrian Government, he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training.[46]In 1984, the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces[53][54][55] in order to create an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active against Saddam Hussein in Iraq. In negotiations between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the PKK, it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely in Iraqi Kurdistan. He also met twice with Masoud Barzani, the leader of the KDP in Damascus, to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985. But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid.[56] During an interview he gave to the Turkish Milliyet in 1988, he mentioned the goal wasn't to gain independence from Turkey at all costs, but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights, and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey.[57] In 1988, he also met with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in Damascus, with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship.[56]In the early 1990s, interviews given to both Doğu Perinçek and Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict.[58] In another given to Oral Çalışlar, he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism. He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights.[59] Then in 1993, upon request of Turkish president Turgut Özal, Öcalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to 15 April.[60][61] Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,[62] the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.[60] During an International Kurdish Conference in Brussels in March 1994, his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed.[63] It is reported by Gottfried Stein, that at least during the first half of the 1990s, he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus.[63] On 7 May 1996, in the midst of another unilateral cease-fire declared by the PKK, an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus, was unsuccessful.[64][65]Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany, Öcalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him.[66] In the summer of 1995 the president of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutz) Klaus Grünewald came to visit him,[66][67] And with the German MP Heinrich Lummer of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) he held meetings in October 1995 in Damascus and March 1996, during which they discussed the PKKs activities in Germany.[66] Öcalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict. Back in Germany, Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Öcalan.[68] With time, the United States (1997),[69] European Union, Syria, Turkey, and other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.[70][71] A Greek parliamentary delegation from the PASOK came to visit him in the Beqaa valley on 17 October 1996.[66] During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution.[63] On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's General Intelligence Directorate, but later released.[72] Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.[73] As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities. In October 1998, Öcalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting in Kobane, he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence's obstruction.[74]","title":"The Kurdistan Workers' Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"Russian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-76"},{"link_name":"Greek parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Panayioitis Sgouridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-76"},{"link_name":"Greek Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Otto Schily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schily"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-78"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-80"},{"link_name":"Massimo D'Alema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"Strigino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Naxakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolas_Naxakis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"Voula Damianakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voula_Damianakou"},{"link_name":"Nea Makri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Makri"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Ionean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-75"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-84"},{"link_name":"Britta Böhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_B%C3%B6hler"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Öcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months, he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.[75] Öcalan first went to Russia where the Russian parliament voted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum.[76] On 6 November 109 Greek parliamentarians invited Öcalan to stay in Greece, a move which was repeated by Panayioitis Sgouridis [el],[76] the deputy speaker of the Greek Parliament at the time.[77] Öcalan then chose to travel to Italy, where he landed on 12 November 1998 at the airport in Rome.[78]In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy,[79] where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany.[80] But Italy did not extradite him to Germany, who refused to hold a trial on Öcalan in its country.[81] The German chancellor Gerhard Schröder as well as the Minister of the Interior Otto Schily preferred that Öcalan would be tried by an unspecified \"European Court\".[78] Italy also didn't extradite him to Turkey.[80] The Italian prime minister Massimo D'Alema announced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment.[82] But Italy also didn't want Öcalan to stay, and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country,[75] which was accomplished on 16 January[83] when he departed to Nizhny Novgorod in hope to find a safe haven in Russia.[75] But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport of Strigino International Airport in Nizhny Novgorod.[75] From Russia, he took an airplane from Saint Petersburg to Greece where he arrived in Athens upon the invitation of Nikolas Naxakis, a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999.[75] He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek author Voula Damianakou in Nea Makri.[75]Following this, Öcalan attempted to travel to The Hague, to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the International Criminal Court, but the Netherlands would not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the island Corfu in the Ionean Sea.[75] Öcalan then decided to fly to Nairobi at the invitation of Greek diplomats.[84] At that time he was defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in The Hague would assume the case.[85]","title":"Exile in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-capture-86"},{"link_name":"Vatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatan_(2002_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Pangalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Alekos Papadopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekos_Papadopoulos"},{"link_name":"Philipos Petsalnikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippos_Petsalnikos"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"worldwide protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests"},{"link_name":"1999 attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_attack_on_Israeli_Consulate_in_Berlin"},{"link_name":"consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROTESTS-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROTESTS-ATHENS-92"},{"link_name":"Kadiköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"He was taken captive in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while on his way from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (Turkish: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı , MIT) with the help of the CIA.[86] According to the Turkish newspaper Vatan, the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.[87]Following the capture of Öcalan, the Greek Government was in turmoil over Öcalan's capture and Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos, Interior Minister Alekos Papadopoulos and the Minister of Public Order Philipos Petsalnikos resigned from their posts.[88] Costoulas, the Greek ambassador who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.[89] According to Nucan Derya, Öcalan's interpreter in Kenya, the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that \"something\" might happen if he didn't leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Öcalan would have safe passage to Europe. Öcalan was determined to travel to Amsterdam and face the accusations of terrorism.[90] Öcalan's capture led thousands of Kurds to hold worldwide protests condemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin.[91][92] A group named the Revenge Hawks of Apo set fire to a department store in Kadiköy Istanbul, causing the death of 13 people.[93] In several European capitals and larger cities[94] as well as in Iraq, Iran and also Turkey protests were organized against his capture.[95]","title":"Arrest, trial, and imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"İmralı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-96"},{"link_name":"state security court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Court_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-97"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-84"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-96"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Asrın Law Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asr%C4%B1n_Law_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-96"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-98"},{"link_name":"People's Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Grand National Assembly of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-97"},{"link_name":"Turgut Okyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Okyay"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcnews-verdict-106"},{"link_name":"Amnesty international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-98"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-105"},{"link_name":"Turkish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-excecutiondelay-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"European Convention of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Trial","text":"Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003He was brought to İmralı island, where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers.[96] A state security court consisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on İmralı island to try Öcalan.[97] A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as \"PKK militants\" and not lawyers; they were sent back to the Netherlands.[84] On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations, and prepared a transcript of it.[96][98] The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the İmralı island[99] in the Sea of Marmara, and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court.[100] During the trial, he was represented by the Asrın Law Office.[101] His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes, and later 1 hour, of which several were cancelled due to \"bad weather\" or because the authorities didn't give the permission needed for them.[96] Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be, and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press.[98] The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from the People's Democracy Party (HADEP).[102] In mid-June 1999, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts, in an attempt to address criticism from the European Court of Human Rights[103] and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge.[97] Shortly before the verdict was read out by Judge Turgut Okyay, when asked about his final remarks, he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process.[104] Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.[105] He was also banned from holding public office for life.[106]On the same day, Amnesty international (AI) demanded a re-trial[98] and Human Rights Watch (HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial.[105] In 1999 the Turkish Parliament discussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).[107] In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) reviewed the verdict.[108] Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,[109] in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.[110]In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Öcalan, he appealed at the ECHR at Strasbourg, which accepted the case in June 2004.[111] In 2005, the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.[112] Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.[113]","title":"Arrest, trial, and imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PKK_Verbot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"İmralı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mral%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Committee for the Prevention of Torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Eid al-Adha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-118"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-118"}],"sub_title":"Detention conditions","text":"Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002,[114] Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. Although former prisoners at İmralı were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to İmralı.[115] They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.[116][117] From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.[118] From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.[119]There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.[120] In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.[121] Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for Eid al-Adha.[122] In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on İmarli island until 17 November 2009, as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict.[123] On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.[118] He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.[124] The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.[118]","title":"Arrest, trial, and imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mehmet Ali Şahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_%C5%9Eahin"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Ali Şahin, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan \"esteemed\" (Sayın).[125]","title":"Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Kurdish people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLAN-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIPLOMACY-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utopia2-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MYTH-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEK-130"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONFEDERALISM-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KONFEDERALIZM-134"},{"link_name":"Northern Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KL-135"},{"link_name":"Western Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"South Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"East Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"EU law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_law"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REFOUNDATION-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWYER-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEASE-138"},{"link_name":"European Charter of local Self-Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_of_Local_Self-Government"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"peace negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Peace and Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Newroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Murat Karayılan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Peoples' Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"parliamentarian election of June 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2015_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Ceylanpinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"Involvement in peace initiatives","text":"In November 1998, Öcalan elaborated on a 7-point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop, the refugees would be allowed to return, the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey, the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized.[126] In January 1999 during his stay in Europe, Öcalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations.[127] After his capture Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.[128][129][130][page needed] In October 1999, eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Öcalan.[131] Depending on their treatment, the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well, his attorney announced.[131] But the eight, as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul, were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government.[132] Öcalan called for the foundation of a \"Truth and Justice Commission\" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.[133] In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan[134] calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called \"Northern Kurdistan\" by Kurds[135]), Northeast Syria (\"Western Kurdistan\"), Northern Iraq (\"South Kurdistan\"), and Northwestern Iran (\"East Kurdistan\"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: EU law, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the \"Refoundation Congress\" in April 2005.[136]Öcalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez[137] release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, \"The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation,\" and \"it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened\".[138] He worked on a solution for the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of the European Charter of local Self-Government, which was also signed by Turkey, but his 160-page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009.[139]On 31 May 2010, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as \"this process is no longer meaningful or useful\". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.[140][141]In January 2013, peace negotiations between the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January[142] and March he met several times with politicians of Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on Imralı Island.[143] On 21 March, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakır who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year (Newroz). The statement said in part, \"Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era.\"[144] Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, Murat Karayılan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire.[145] During the peace process, the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) entered parliament during the parliamentarian election of June 2015.[146] The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed in Ceylanpinar.[147]","title":"The Kurdish people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theorist"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Wallerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein"},{"link_name":"Hannah Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-30"},{"link_name":"Marxism-Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism-Leninism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-30"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utopia2-128"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utopia-ecologic-social-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-149"},{"link_name":"democratic confederalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-149"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-30"},{"link_name":"Murray Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-149"}],"sub_title":"Political ideological shift","text":"Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin, Immanuel Wallerstein and Hannah Arendt.[30] Abandoning his old Marxism-Leninist[30] and Stalinist beliefs,[128][148][149] Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called democratic confederalism.[149][30] In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's \"student\" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan.[149]","title":"The Kurdish people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic confederalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-150"},{"link_name":"Feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"direct democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"The Ecology of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Marxism-Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism-Leninism"},{"link_name":"social ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utopia2-128"},{"link_name":"Democratic Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-30"}],"sub_title":"Democratic confederalism","text":"Democratic confederalism is a \"system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils.\"[150] Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather \"ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises\".[150] The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.'[150] Feminism, ecology, and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism.[151]With his 2005 \"Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan\", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from Marxism-Leninism to social ecology, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.[128] It became also the ideology of the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).[30]","title":"The Kurdish people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"housewifization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housewife"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-152"}],"sub_title":"On women's rights","text":"Öcalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women, he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on the housewifization of women.[152] He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man.[152]","title":"The Kurdish people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BandB-157"},{"link_name":"Kurds in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-160"},{"link_name":"arranged marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage"},{"link_name":"liberation of women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_women"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BandB-157"},{"link_name":"Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ocalan"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CK-162"},{"link_name":"Peace and Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Dilek Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilek_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"HDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Ömer Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"According to his own account, while his father is Kurdish, his mother is Turkmen.[153] According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk.[154][155] Öcalan's mother, Esma Öcalan (Uveys)[156] was rather dominant and criticised his father, blaming him for their dire economic situation. He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice.[157] Like many Kurds in Turkey, Öcalan was raised speaking Turkish; according to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: \"He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish.\"[158] In 1978 Öcalan married Kesire Yildirim, who he had met at the Ankara University[159] and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Öcalan.[160] They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions.[161] In 1988, while representing the PKK in Athens, Greece, his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Öcalan, following which Yildirim went underground.[160]After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in an arranged marriage, he felt regret. This event led Öcalan to his policies towards the liberation of women from the traditional suppressed female role.[157] Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.[162] His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).[163] Fatma Öcalan is the sister of Abdullah Öcalan[164] and Dilek Öcalan, a former parliamentarian of the HDP, is his niece.[165] Ömer Öcalan, a current member of parliament for the HDP, is his nephew.[166][167]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1a-168"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1a-168"},{"link_name":"Castel del Giudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_del_Giudice"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6a-170"},{"link_name":"Castelbottaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelbottaccio"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6a-170"},{"link_name":"Pinerolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinerolo"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-96"},{"link_name":"Martano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martano"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2a-171"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1a-168"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-96"},{"link_name":"Palagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagonia"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2a-171"},{"link_name":"Riace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riace"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2a-171"},{"link_name":"Berceto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berceto"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Fossalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossalto"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"}],"text":"Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:Palermo[168]\nOlympia[169]\nNaples[168]\nCastel del Giudice[170]\nCastelbottaccio[170]\nPinerolo[96]\nMartano[171]\nReggio Emilia[168][96]\nPalagonia[171]\nRiace[171]\nBerceto[172]\nFossalto[173]","title":"Honorary citizenships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Özgür Gündem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_G%C3%BCndem"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Öcalan.Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published. He has also written articles for the newspaper Özgür Gündem which is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, under the pseudonym of Ali Firat.[174]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Translation of his 1999 defense in court\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071020183517/http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html"},{"link_name":"Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-i"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7453-2616-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2616-0"},{"link_name":"Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-ii"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9567514-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9567514-0-9"},{"link_name":"Democratic Confederalism.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/democratic-confederalism"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-941012-47-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-47-9"},{"link_name":"Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/the-road-map-to-negotiations"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-941012-43-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-43-1"},{"link_name":"Liberating life: Women’s Revolution.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/liberating-life-womans-revolution"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-941012-82-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-82-0"},{"link_name":"Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/prison-writtings-iv"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-93064-42-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-42-8"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/the-political-thought-of-abdullah-ocalan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7453-9976-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-9976-8"},{"link_name":"Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/capitalism"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-93064-48-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-48-0"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Interviews and Speeches. London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.\n\"Translation of his 1999 defense in court\". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.\nPrison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7453-2616-0.\nPrison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9567514-0-9.\nDemocratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.\nPrison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations. Cologne: International Initiative, 2012. ISBN 978-3-941012-43-1.\nLiberating life: Women’s Revolution. Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. ISBN 978-3-941012-82-0.\nManifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015. ISBN 978-82-93064-42-8.\nDefending a Civilisation.[when?]\nThe Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan. London; UK: Pluto Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7453-9976-8.\nManifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2017. ISBN 978-82-93064-48-0","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Greece and the Middle East\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/meria99_kas01.html"},{"link_name":"Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51680/1/37.pdf.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-36687-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36687-9"},{"link_name":"\"Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171010112034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323293704578333533405433110"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"}],"text":"Kaminaris, Spiros Ch. (June 1999). \"Greece and the Middle East\". Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, Number 2.\nÖzcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36687-9.\nParkinson, Joe, and Ayla Albayrak (15 March 2013). \"Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace\". The Wall Street Journal (archived copy).","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/440px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PKK_Verbot.jpg/220px-PKK_Verbot.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Kurdistan Free Life Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party"},{"title":"Yalçın Küçük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk"},{"title":"Rojava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava"},{"title":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKK"},{"title":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Translation of his 1999 defense in court\". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020183517/http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html","url_text":"\"Translation of his 1999 defense in court\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us\". ANFNews. Retrieved 18 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglishmobile.com/features/international-initiative-celebrate-Oecalan-s-birthday-with-us-42742","url_text":"\"International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us\""}]},{"reference":"Türkmen, Gülay (2020), \"Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict\", in Djupe, Paul A.; Rozell, Mark J.; Jelen, Ted G. (eds.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-061438-6","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001/acref-9780190614379-e-673#acref-9780190614379-e-673-div1-3","url_text":"\"Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict\""},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2814131A","url_text":"Djupe, Paul A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_J._Rozell","url_text":"Rozell, Mark J."},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL444962A","url_text":"Jelen, Ted G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190614379.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061438-6","url_text":"978-0-19-061438-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)\". Al Jazeera.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332114565201776.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David L. (2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-48036-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60","url_text":"The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-48036-9","url_text":"978-1-351-48036-9"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Daren (21 March 2013). \"Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker\". UK Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-ocalan/kurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321","url_text":"\"Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker\""}]},{"reference":"Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Political Violence against Americans 1999. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. December 2000. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4289-6562-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security","url_text":"Bureau of Diplomatic Security"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B6aqciIXBdQC&pg=PA123","url_text":"123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-6562-1","url_text":"978-1-4289-6562-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325238/Kurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK#ref1106877","url_text":"\"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-203-68718-5. The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-68718-5","url_text":"978-0-203-68718-5"}]},{"reference":"Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2. In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169","url_text":"The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n86","url_text":"57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2","url_text":"978-90-04-15557-2"}]},{"reference":"Traynor, Ian (2 March 2013). \"Locked in a fateful embrace: Turkey's PM and his Kurdish prisoner\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/01/turkey-pm-kurdish-prisoner-peace","url_text":"\"Locked in a fateful embrace: Turkey's PM and his Kurdish prisoner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey slams honorary citizenship for Ocalan\". ANSA.it. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2020/03/06/turkey-slams-honorary-citizenship-for-ocalan_70a9d3ee-fee9-4207-b49c-989e86255987.html","url_text":"\"Turkey slams honorary citizenship for Ocalan\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Colin (5 October 2001). \"2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations\". Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department. Retrieved 24 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2001/5258.htm","url_text":"\"2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment\". BBC News. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-47646773","url_text":"\"AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit\". Rudaw. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/030320202","url_text":"\"Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaw","url_text":"Rudaw"}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). \"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weiner","url_text":"Weiner, Tim"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/world/us-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs\". www.hr-dp.org. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hr-dp.org/contents/553","url_text":"\"Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prison island trial for Ocalan\". BBC News. 24 March 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303045.stm","url_text":"\"Prison island trial for Ocalan\""}]},{"reference":"Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-36687-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36687-8","url_text":"978-0-415-36687-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says\". Reuters. 16 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-kurds-idUSKCN1SM1TZ","url_text":"\"Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says\""}]},{"reference":"\"What kind of peace? The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process\". openDemocracy. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/what-kind-of-peace-case-of-turkish-and-kurdish-peace-process/","url_text":"\"What kind of peace? The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process\""}]},{"reference":"Argentieri, Benedetta (3 February 2015). \"One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822043827/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/","url_text":"\"One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lau, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016). \"A Kurdish response to climate change\". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112190014/https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change","url_text":"\"A Kurdish response to climate change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDemocracy","url_text":"openDemocracy"},{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Novellis, Andrea. \"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?\" (PDF). Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies. 2: 116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf","url_text":"\"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210715111758/https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Short Biography\". Kurdistan Workers' Party. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073807/http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22","url_text":"\"A Short Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party","url_text":"Kurdistan Workers' Party"},{"url":"http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kutschera, Chris (1999). \"Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview\". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017171527/http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm","url_text":"\"Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (April 2009). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8147-9587-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9587-3","url_text":"978-0-8147-9587-3"}]},{"reference":"Brauns, Nikolaus; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). PKK - Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam (in German). Schmetterling-Verlag. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-89657-564-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qT3dQgAACAAJ","url_text":"PKK - Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89657-564-7","url_text":"978-3-89657-564-7"}]},{"reference":"Yılmaz, Kamil (2014). Disengaging from Terrorism - Lessons from the Turkish Penitents. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-317-96449-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96449-0","url_text":"978-1-317-96449-0"}]},{"reference":"Koru, Fehmi (8 June 1999). \"Too many questions, but not enough answers\". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fehmi_Koru","url_text":"Koru, Fehmi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090213080434/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250","url_text":"\"Too many questions, but not enough answers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Daily_News","url_text":"Turkish Daily News"},{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nevzat Cicek (31 July 2008). \"'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış\". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009. Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. Keşke Tuzluçayır'da öldürülseydi!","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809132845/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608","url_text":"\"'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraf","url_text":"Taraf"},{"url":"http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocalan Used Charisma, Guns, Bombs\". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/fd2a765c10d8f6cd54a7a46596714608","url_text":"\"Ocalan Used Charisma, Guns, Bombs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is who in Turkish politics\" (PDF). Heinrich Böll Stiftung. pp. 11–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115005654/https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Who is who in Turkish politics\""},{"url":"https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012). \"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4613. hdl:1854/LU-3101207. ISSN 1773-0546. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200216022147/https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","url_text":"\"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4613","url_text":"10.4000/ejts.4613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-3101207","url_text":"1854/LU-3101207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","url_text":"1773-0546"},{"url":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012). \"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4613. hdl:1854/LU-3101207. ISSN 1773-0546. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200216022147/https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","url_text":"\"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4613","url_text":"10.4000/ejts.4613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-3101207","url_text":"1854/LU-3101207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","url_text":"1773-0546"},{"url":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Gottfried (1994). Endkampf um Kurdistan?: die PKK, die Türkei und Deutschland (in German). Aktuell. p. 67. ISBN 3-87959-510-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87959-510-0","url_text":"3-87959-510-0"}]},{"reference":"Yilmaz, Özcan (2015). La formation de la nation kurde en Turquie (in French). Graduate Institute Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-940503-17-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940503-17-9","url_text":"978-2-940503-17-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial\". CNN. 31 May 1999. Archived from the original on 9 December 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011209065557/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9905/31/ocalan.02/","url_text":"\"Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial\""},{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9905/31/ocalan.02/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925130201/http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212","url_text":"Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35002-0","url_text":"978-0-415-35002-0"},{"url":"http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan (PDF). Routledge. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51680/1/37.pdf.pdf","url_text":"Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"}]},{"reference":"Kutschera, Chris (15 July 1994). \"Mad Dreams of Independence\". MERIP. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://merip.org/1994/07/mad-dreams-of-independence/","url_text":"\"Mad Dreams of Independence\""}]},{"reference":"Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 173. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1885-1","url_text":"978-2-7068-1885-1"}]},{"reference":"Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-136-58798-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6","url_text":"978-1-136-58798-6"}]},{"reference":"Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten (in German). Springer-Verlag. 9 March 2013. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-322-95968-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-322-95968-3","url_text":"978-3-322-95968-3"}]},{"reference":"White, Paul J. (2000). \"Appendix 2\". Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. London: Zed Books. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7. OCLC 1048960654.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC&pg=PA223","url_text":"\"Appendix 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-822-7","url_text":"978-1-85649-822-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1048960654","url_text":"1048960654"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Turgut Ozal\". The Independent. 19 April 1993. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-turgut-ozal-1456191.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Turgut Ozal\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-turgut-ozal-1456191.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Confessions of a former Turkish National Intelligence official\". Medya News. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://medyanews.net/confessions-of-a-former-turkish-national-intelligence-official/","url_text":"\"Confessions of a former Turkish National Intelligence official\""}]},{"reference":"Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Öcalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 222. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1885-1","url_text":"978-2-7068-1885-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurden : Tips vom PKK-Chef - DER SPIEGEL 52/1995\". www.spiegel.de. December 1995. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9247432.html","url_text":"\"Kurden : Tips vom PKK-Chef - DER SPIEGEL 52/1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\". Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","url_text":"\"MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turco-Syrian Treaty\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020209094227/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/syria-turkey.htm","url_text":"\"Turco-Syrian Treaty\""},{"url":"http://www.ict.org.il/articles/syria-turkey.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"(unknown original Turkish title)\" [[PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Arrested in Syria]]. Günaydın (in Turkish). translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 16 December 1993. p. 72. hdl:2027/uiug.30112106671198. FBIS-WEU-93-240.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112106671198?urlappend=%3Bseq=214","url_text":"\"(unknown original Turkish title)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnayd%C4%B1n_(newspaper)","url_text":"Günaydın"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service","url_text":"Foreign Broadcast Information Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112106671198?urlappend=%3Bseq=214","url_text":"2027/uiug.30112106671198"}]},{"reference":"G. Bacik; BB Coskun (2011). \"The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution\" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 34 (3): 248–265. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.545938. S2CID 109645456. Retrieved 13 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/52058/attachments/387bf/Week4.pdf?sessionID=cb5e8fbb6733b16789a0ffb6bbc66d7c647ec52c","url_text":"\"The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2011.545938","url_text":"10.1080/1057610X.2011.545938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109645456","url_text":"109645456"}]},{"reference":"Ünver, H. Akın (2016). \"Transnational Kurdish geopolitics in the age of shifting borders\". Journal of International Affairs. 69 (2): 79–80. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 26494339.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26494339","url_text":"\"Transnational Kurdish geopolitics in the age of shifting borders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-197X","url_text":"0022-197X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26494339","url_text":"26494339"}]},{"reference":"\"A Most Unwanted Man\". Los Angeles Times. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-19-mn-9634-story.html","url_text":"\"A Most Unwanted Man\""}]},{"reference":"Radu, Michael (2005). Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4128-2171-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWp5F3T6a-8C&q=109+greek+parliamentarians+and+abdullah+%C3%B6calan&pg=PA73","url_text":"Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2171-1","url_text":"978-1-4128-2171-1"}]},{"reference":"Varouhakis, Miron (2009). \"Fiasco in Nairobi, Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090506033656/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf","url_text":"\"Fiasco in Nairobi, Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Central Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Traynor, Ian (28 November 1998). \"Italy 'may expel Kurd leader'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/nov/28/kurds.iantraynor","url_text":"\"Italy 'may expel Kurd leader'\""}]},{"reference":"Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). \"Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale\". Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89262141","url_text":"\"Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale\""},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89262141","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. \"Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1999 - Italy\". Refworld. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa0710.html","url_text":"\"Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1999 - Italy\""}]},{"reference":"Gökkaya, Hasan (15 February 2019). \"Der mächtigste Häftling der Türkei\". Die Zeit. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019-02/abdullah-oecalan-pkk-fuehrer-20-jahre-inhaftierung-tuerkei-kurdenkrieg","url_text":"\"Der mächtigste Häftling der Türkei\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Alessandra (21 November 1998). \"Italy Rejects Turkey's Bid For the Extradition of Kurd (Published 1998)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/21/world/italy-rejects-turkey-s-bid-for-the-extradition-of-kurd.html","url_text":"\"Italy Rejects Turkey's Bid For the Extradition of Kurd (Published 1998)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Gunter, Michael M. (2000). \"The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture\". Third World Quarterly. 21 (5): 850. doi:10.1080/713701074. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 3993622. S2CID 154977403 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993622","url_text":"\"The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713701074","url_text":"10.1080/713701074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597","url_text":"0143-6597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993622","url_text":"3993622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154977403","url_text":"154977403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Zaman, Amberin (18 February 1999). \"Washingtonpost.com: Turkey Celebrates Capture of Ocalan\". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberin_Zaman","url_text":"Zaman, Amberin"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/ocalanturkey18.htm","url_text":"\"Washingtonpost.com: Turkey Celebrates Capture of Ocalan\""}]},{"reference":"WELT (3 February 1999). \"Von der RAF-Sympathisantin zur Anwältin Öcalans\". DIE WELT. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article565718/Von-der-RAF-Sympathisantin-zur-Anwaeltin-Oecalans.html","url_text":"\"Von der RAF-Sympathisantin zur Anwältin Öcalans\""}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). \"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260","url_text":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi\". Vatan (in Turkish). 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008. Öcalan yakalandığında ABD, bağımsız bir devlet kurma isteğindeydi. Öcalan, konumu itibariyle, araç olma işlevi bakımından buna engel bir isimdi. ABD bölgede yeni bir Kürt devleti kurabilmek için Öcalan'ı Türkiye'ye teslim etti.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081018140436/http://haber.vatanim.com.tr/haberdetay.asp?detay=Kurt_sorununun_cozumu_teroru_bitirir_203724_1&Newsid=203724","url_text":"\"Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatan_(2002_newspaper)","url_text":"Vatan"},{"url":"http://haber.vatanim.com.tr/haberdetay.asp?detay=Kurt_sorununun_cozumu_teroru_bitirir_203724_1&Newsid=203724","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (18 February 1999). \"Three Greek Cabinet Ministers Resign Over Ocalan Affair\". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/greece021899.htm","url_text":"\"Three Greek Cabinet Ministers Resign Over Ocalan Affair\""}]},{"reference":"Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007). \"Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi\". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080112170002/http://www.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/17/haber%2C025EFB746B684ED8B16B1759BE71DE6F.html","url_text":"\"Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi\""},{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/17/haber,025EFB746B684ED8B16B1759BE71DE6F.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocalan interpreter tells how trap was set\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ocalan-interpreter-tells-how-trap-was-set-1.155018","url_text":"\"Ocalan interpreter tells how trap was set\""}]},{"reference":"Shatzmiller, Maya (2005). Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-7735-2847-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_nfskxBPwg8C&q=Revenge+Hawks+of+Apo+and+istanbul&pg=PA249","url_text":"Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2847-5","url_text":"978-0-7735-2847-5"}]},{"reference":"van Bruinessen, Martin; Bouyssou, Rachel (1999). \"Öcalan capturé : et après? Une question kurde plus épineuse que jamais\". Critique Internationale (4). Sciences Po University Press: 39–40. doi:10.3917/crii.p1999.4n1.0039. ISSN 1290-7839. JSTOR 24563462 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen","url_text":"van Bruinessen, Martin"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563462","url_text":"\"Öcalan capturé : et après? Une question kurde plus épineuse que jamais\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcrii.p1999.4n1.0039","url_text":"10.3917/crii.p1999.4n1.0039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1290-7839","url_text":"1290-7839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563462","url_text":"24563462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library\". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/wgad/35-1999.html","url_text":"\"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library\""}]},{"reference":"Chiapetta, Hans (April 2001). \"Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?\" (PDF). Pace International Law Review. 13: 145. doi:10.58948/2331-3536.1206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46711807.pdf","url_text":"\"Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.58948%2F2331-3536.1206","url_text":"10.58948/2331-3536.1206"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215339/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46711807.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amnesty International calls for a retrial of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan\" (PDF). Amnesty International. 29 June 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur440431999en.pdf","url_text":"\"Amnesty International calls for a retrial of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052618/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur440431999en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trial Of Abdullah Ocalan\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/trial-of-abdullah-ocalan-1.192720","url_text":"\"Trial Of Abdullah Ocalan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor\". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey/security.htm","url_text":"\"Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Tony (October 2018). \"Turkey Report, TRIAL OF KURDISH LAWYERS – ISTANBUL 30th October 2018\" (PDF). eldh.eu. European Association of Lawyers for Democracy & World Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eldh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Asrin-Office-Lawyers-Case-I-October-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Turkey Report, TRIAL OF KURDISH LAWYERS – ISTANBUL 30th October 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229203247/https://eldh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Asrin-Office-Lawyers-Case-I-October-2018.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laizer, Sheri (1999). \"Abdullah Ocalan: A plea for justice\". Socialist Lawyer (31): 6–8. ISSN 0954-3635. JSTOR 42949064.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42949064","url_text":"\"Abdullah Ocalan: A plea for justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-3635","url_text":"0954-3635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42949064","url_text":"42949064"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Chris (18 June 1999). \"Military judge barred from Ocalan trial\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/372727.stm","url_text":"\"Military judge barred from Ocalan trial\""}]},{"reference":"agencies, Guardian staff and (29 June 1999). \"Ocalan sentenced to death\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jun/29/kurds","url_text":"\"Ocalan sentenced to death\""}]},{"reference":"Hacaoglu, Selcan (29 June 1999). \"The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19990629&id=uEYiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1200,5352234&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Text of the Ocalan verdict\". BBC News. 29 June 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/380845.stm","url_text":"\"Text of the Ocalan verdict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill to spare life of Ocalan withdrawn by Ecevit\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bill-to-spare-life-of-ocalan-withdrawn-by-ecevit-1.202569","url_text":"\"Bill to spare life of Ocalan withdrawn by Ecevit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan\". CNN. 12 January 2000. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060526031932/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/01/12/ocalan.01/","url_text":"\"Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan\""},{"url":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/01/12/ocalan.01/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey abolishes death penalty\". The Independent. 3 August 2002. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-abolishes-death-penalty-171956.html","url_text":"\"Turkey abolishes death penalty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184650/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-abolishes-death-penalty-171956.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Luban, David (11 July 2014). International and Transnational Criminal Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 978-1-4548-4850-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NAXfDgAAQBAJ&q=%C3%B6calans+sentence+commuted+to+life+in+prison&pg=PT433","url_text":"International and Transnational Criminal Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4548-4850-9","url_text":"978-1-4548-4850-9"}]},{"reference":"\"29. Juni 2004 - Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt\". WDR (in German). 29 June 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.wdr.de/stichtag/stichtag300.html","url_text":"\"29. Juni 2004 - Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUDOC Search Page\". Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=773602&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649","url_text":"\"HUDOC Search Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan\". Daily Sabah. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2013/03/29/justice-minister-abdullah-ocalan-will-in-no-way-be-given-a-retrial","url_text":"\"There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Sabah","url_text":"Daily Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurd's Death Sentence Commuted to Life Term\". Los Angeles Times. 4 October 2002. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-04-fg-briefs4.3-story.html","url_text":"\"Kurd's Death Sentence Commuted to Life Term\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK leader Ocalan gets company in prison\". United Press International. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/11/17/PKK-leader-Ocalan-gets-company-in-prison/17541258484776/","url_text":"\"PKK leader Ocalan gets company in prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"Villelabeitia, Ibon (18 November 2009). \"Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years\". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813195513/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Company-at-last-for-Kurdish.5833050.jp","url_text":"\"Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"},{"url":"http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Company-at-last-for-Kurdish.5833050.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erduran, Esra (10 November 2009). \"Turkey building new prison for PKK members\". Southeast European Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2009/11/10/feature-02","url_text":"\"Turkey building new prison for PKK members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_European_Times","url_text":"Southeast European Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091119150253/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2009/11/10/feature-02","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft\". ANF News (in German). Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190517074613/https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/Oecalan-anwaelte-kontaktverbot-faktisch-in-kraft-11430","url_text":"\"Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft\""},{"url":"https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/Oecalan-anwaelte-kontaktverbot-faktisch-in-kraft-11430","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time\". Firat News Agency. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184202/https://anfenglish.com/human-rights/lawyers-appeal-to-visit-Oecalan-rejected-for-the-710th-time-23510","url_text":"\"Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firat_News_Agency","url_text":"Firat News Agency"},{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/human-rights/lawyers-appeal-to-visit-Oecalan-rejected-for-the-710th-time-23510","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe\". ANF News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133949/https://anfenglish.com/news/demonstrations-for-Oecalan-in-europe-28818","url_text":"\"Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe\""},{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/news/demonstrations-for-Oecalan-in-europe-28818","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-78360-037-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-037-3","url_text":"978-1-78360-037-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan\". Der Spiegel. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/abdullah-oecalan-inhaftierter-pkk-chef-darf-nach-zwei-jahren-besuch-empfangen-a-1111890.html","url_text":"\"Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorism and the European Convention on Human Rights\" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. 18 March 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Terrorism_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Terrorism and the European Convention on Human Rights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701145655/http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Terrorism_ENG.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kurdistan24. \"PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years\". Kurdistan24. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190830191129/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5c5849bf-3f4b-48fb-8c79-0f61260c3a8c","url_text":"\"PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years\""},{"url":"http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5c5849bf-3f4b-48fb-8c79-0f61260c3a8c","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (23 September 2013). The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-14063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ&q=calling+%C3%B6calan+Sayin+illegal&pg=PA44","url_text":"The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-14063-2","url_text":"978-1-135-14063-2"}]},{"reference":"Enzinna, Wes (24 November 2015). \"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html","url_text":"\"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Zaman, Amberin (7 October 1999). \"Kurds' Surrender Awakens Turkish Doves\". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberin_Zaman","url_text":"Zaman, Amberin"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/10/07/kurds-surrender-awakens-turkish-doves/a820b501-c5ba-4e89-9a93-701f502c23af/","url_text":"\"Kurds' Surrender Awakens Turkish Doves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (2007). \"Turkey's PKK: Rise, Fall, Rise Again?\". World Policy Journal. 24 (1): 78. doi:10.1162/wopj.2007.24.1.75. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40210079 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210079","url_text":"\"Turkey's PKK: Rise, Fall, Rise Again?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fwopj.2007.24.1.75","url_text":"10.1162/wopj.2007.24.1.75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2775","url_text":"0740-2775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210079","url_text":"40210079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK ilk adına döndü\". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 9 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/04/04/622724.asp","url_text":"\"PKK ilk adına döndü\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211135159/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/04/04/622724.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunter, Michael (2014). Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-84904-435-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-435-6","url_text":"978-1-84904-435-6"}]},{"reference":"\"TURKEY – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\". Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30","url_text":"\"TURKEY – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426185907/http://haber.ekolay.net/haber/3/1007462/Kandil-kabul-etti-Ankara-reddetti.aspx","url_text":"\"Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber\""},{"url":"http://haber.ekolay.net/haber/3/1007462/Kandil-kabul-etti-Ankara-reddetti.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish Deputies Meet Ocalan on Imrali Island\". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bianet.org/english/human-rights/143295-kurdish-deputies-meet-ocalan-on-imrali-island","url_text":"\"Kurdish Deputies Meet Ocalan on Imrali Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jailed Kurdish PKK rebel leader Ocalan expected to make ceasefire call\". ekurd.net. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2013/3/turkey4587.htm","url_text":"\"Jailed Kurdish PKK rebel leader Ocalan expected to make ceasefire call\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf\". Reuters (in German). 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818071915/https://de.reuters.com/article/trkei-kurden-idDEBEE92K03D20130321","url_text":"\"Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf\""},{"url":"https://de.reuters.com/article/trkei-kurden-idDEBEE92K03D20130321","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"Hoffnung auf Frieden für die Kurden | DW | 23 March 2013\". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/de/hoffnung-auf-frieden-f%C3%BCr-die-kurden/a-16695295","url_text":"\"Hoffnung auf Frieden für die Kurden | DW | 23 March 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Yildiz, Güney (8 June 2015). \"Turkey's HDP challenges Erdogan and goes mainstream\". BBC. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33045124","url_text":"\"Turkey's HDP challenges Erdogan and goes mainstream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Acquittal of nine Ceylanpinar murder suspects upheld\". IPA NEWS. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ipa.news/2019/04/16/acquittal-of-nine-ceylanpinar-murder-suspects-upheld/","url_text":"\"Acquittal of nine Ceylanpinar murder suspects upheld\""}]},{"reference":"Alex De Jong (15 March 2015). \"Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? The evolving ideology of the PKK in ISIS' Backyard\". libcom.org. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://libcom.org/history/stalinist-caterpillar-libertarian-butterfly-evolving-ideology-pkk-alex-de-jong","url_text":"\"Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? The evolving ideology of the PKK in ISIS' Backyard\""}]},{"reference":"Biehl, Janet (16 February 2012). \"Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy\". New Compass. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401092904/http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy","url_text":"\"Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy\""},{"url":"http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Öcalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941012-47-9","url_text":"978-3-941012-47-9"}]},{"reference":"Käser, Isabel (2021). The Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. doi:10.1017/9781009022194.005. ISBN 978-1-316-51974-5. S2CID 242495844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009022194.005","url_text":"10.1017/9781009022194.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51974-5","url_text":"978-1-316-51974-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242495844","url_text":"242495844"}]},{"reference":"\"Pişmanım, asmayın\". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 February 1999. Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/pismanim-asmayin-39064585","url_text":"\"Pişmanım, asmayın\""}]},{"reference":"Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005). Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 187. ISBN 978-2-7068-1885-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1885-1","url_text":"978-2-7068-1885-1"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (April 2009). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8147-9587-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9587-3","url_text":"978-0-8147-9587-3"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (2012). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8147-5956-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5956-1","url_text":"978-0-8147-5956-1"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (2012). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8147-5956-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xlITCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Press","url_text":"NYU Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5956-1","url_text":"978-0-8147-5956-1"}]},{"reference":"Kutschera, Chris (July 2005). \"PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan\". The Middle East Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207012503/http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/pkk_dissidents.htm","url_text":"\"PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan\""},{"url":"http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/pkk_dissidents.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Travel ban for the sister and brother of Öcalan\". ANF News. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/news/travel-ban-for-the-sister-and-brother-of-Oecalan-33133","url_text":"\"Travel ban for the sister and brother of Öcalan\""}]},{"reference":"\"HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison\". Bianet. 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.bianet.org/english/politics/194777-hdp-mp-dilek-ocalan-sentenced-to-2-years-6-months-in-prison","url_text":"\"HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison\""}]},{"reference":"\"HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples\". ANF News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301070341/https://anfenglish.com/news/hdp-urfa-candidate-Oecalan-we-are-a-house-for-all-peoples-27302","url_text":"\"HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples\""},{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hdp-urfa-candidate-Oecalan-we-are-a-house-for-all-peoples-27302","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP\". ANF News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301070342/https://anfenglish.com/features/different-identies-enter-parliament-with-the-hdp-27719","url_text":"\"Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP\""},{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/features/different-identies-enter-parliament-with-the-hdp-27719","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate\". Ahval. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153259/https://ahvalnews.com/italy-turkey/ocalan-factor-italian-debate","url_text":"\"'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate\""},{"url":"https://ahvalnews.com/italy-turkey/ocalan-factor-italian-debate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zand, Bernhard; Höhler, Gerd (28 March 1999). \"SPIEGEL-GESPRÄCH : \"Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel\" - DER SPIEGEL 13/1999\". Der Spiegel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-10630215.html","url_text":"\"SPIEGEL-GESPRÄCH : \"Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel\" - DER SPIEGEL 13/1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: *Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan\" (in Italian). 2 May 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilbenecomune.it/2018/05/02/il-molise-per-il-kurdistan-e-per-la-pace-castelbottaccio-e-castel-del-giudice-danno-la-cittadinanza-onoraria-ad-abdullah-ocalan/","url_text":"\"Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: *Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan\". Il Gallo (in German). 14 February 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilgallo.it/dai-comuni/martano/martano-cittadinanza-onoraria-a-ocalan/","url_text":"\"Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan\""}]},{"reference":"Redazione. \"Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan\". gazzettadellemilia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gazzettadellemilia.it/cronaca/item/25274-berceto-pr-cittadinanza-onoraria-per-abdullah-%C3%B6calan.html","url_text":"\"Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen\". ANF News (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/protest-gegen-tuerkischen-druck-auf-italienische-stadtverwaltungen-17805","url_text":"\"Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen\""}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (August 2007). Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NYU Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5711-6","url_text":"978-0-8147-5711-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020183517/http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html","external_links_name":"\"Translation of his 1999 defense in court\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.com/kurdifi/ocelan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-i","external_links_name":"Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/prison-writings-ii","external_links_name":"Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/democratic-confederalism","external_links_name":"Democratic Confederalism."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/the-road-map-to-negotiations","external_links_name":"Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#book/liberating-life-womans-revolution","external_links_name":"Liberating life: Women’s Revolution."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/prison-writtings-iv","external_links_name":"Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/the-political-thought-of-abdullah-ocalan","external_links_name":"The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan."},{"Link":"http://www.freeocalan.org/books/#/book/capitalism","external_links_name":"Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2."},{"Link":"https://anfenglishmobile.com/features/international-initiative-celebrate-Oecalan-s-birthday-with-us-42742","external_links_name":"\"International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001/acref-9780190614379-e-673#acref-9780190614379-e-673-div1-3","external_links_name":"\"Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190614379.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332114565201776.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60","external_links_name":"The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East"},{"Link":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-ocalan/kurdish-rebel-chief-ocalan-dons-mantle-of-peacemaker-idUKBRE92K0KG20130321","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC","external_links_name":"\"Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B6aqciIXBdQC&pg=PA123","external_links_name":"123"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325238/Kurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK#ref1106877","external_links_name":"\"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169","external_links_name":"The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n86","external_links_name":"57"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/01/turkey-pm-kurdish-prisoner-peace","external_links_name":"\"Locked in a fateful embrace: Turkey's PM and his Kurdish prisoner\""},{"Link":"https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2020/03/06/turkey-slams-honorary-citizenship-for-ocalan_70a9d3ee-fee9-4207-b49c-989e86255987.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey slams honorary citizenship for Ocalan\""},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2001/5258.htm","external_links_name":"\"2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-47646773","external_links_name":"\"AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment\""},{"Link":"https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/030320202","external_links_name":"\"Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/world/us-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.hr-dp.org/contents/553","external_links_name":"\"Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303045.stm","external_links_name":"\"Prison island trial for Ocalan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_sG-NVapmrkC&dq=%C3%96calan+%C4%B0mral%C4%B1&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"p. 146."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgXi4vNFjAC&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"p. 18"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8ACMAY1rRgC&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"p. 37"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-kurds-idUSKCN1SM1TZ","external_links_name":"\"Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says\""},{"Link":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/what-kind-of-peace-case-of-turkish-and-kurdish-peace-process/","external_links_name":"\"What kind of peace? The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822043827/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/","external_links_name":"\"One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112190014/https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change","external_links_name":"\"A Kurdish response to climate change\""},{"Link":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210715111758/https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/817740/1726883/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073807/http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22","external_links_name":"\"A Short Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017171527/http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20Last%20Interview.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qT3dQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"PKK - Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090213080434/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250","external_links_name":"\"Too many questions, but not enough answers\""},{"Link":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-513250","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809132845/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608","external_links_name":"\"'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış\""},{"Link":"http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=13608","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/fd2a765c10d8f6cd54a7a46596714608","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan Used Charisma, Guns, Bombs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115005654/https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Who is who in Turkish politics\""},{"Link":"https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/ays-tarihvakfi-18x24-boll-r7-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200216022147/https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","external_links_name":"\"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4613","external_links_name":"10.4000/ejts.4613"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-3101207","external_links_name":"1854/LU-3101207"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","external_links_name":"1773-0546"},{"Link":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200216022147/https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","external_links_name":"\"The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4613","external_links_name":"10.4000/ejts.4613"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-3101207","external_links_name":"1854/LU-3101207"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","external_links_name":"1773-0546"},{"Link":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011209065557/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9905/31/ocalan.02/","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9905/31/ocalan.02/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925130201/http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212","external_links_name":"Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies)"},{"Link":"http://bookzz.org/ireader/889212","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51680/1/37.pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/en/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema","external_links_name":"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turktoc.htm","external_links_name":"Turkey: No security without human rights"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100805063450/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turktoc.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/18-2pdfs/new152RodopluTurkey.pdf","external_links_name":"Special Report: Terrorism in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528185235/http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/18-2pdfs/new152RodopluTurkey.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://merip.org/1994/07/mad-dreams-of-independence/","external_links_name":"\"Mad Dreams of Independence\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC&pg=PA223","external_links_name":"\"Appendix 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1048960654","external_links_name":"1048960654"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-turgut-ozal-1456191.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Turgut Ozal\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-turgut-ozal-1456191.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://medyanews.net/confessions-of-a-former-turkish-national-intelligence-official/","external_links_name":"\"Confessions of a former Turkish National Intelligence official\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9247432.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurden : Tips vom PKK-Chef - DER SPIEGEL 52/1995\""},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm","external_links_name":"Foreign Terrorist Organizations"},{"Link":"http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","external_links_name":"\"MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020209094227/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/syria-turkey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Turco-Syrian Treaty\""},{"Link":"http://www.ict.org.il/articles/syria-turkey.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112106671198?urlappend=%3Bseq=214","external_links_name":"\"(unknown original Turkish title)\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112106671198?urlappend=%3Bseq=214","external_links_name":"2027/uiug.30112106671198"},{"Link":"https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/52058/attachments/387bf/Week4.pdf?sessionID=cb5e8fbb6733b16789a0ffb6bbc66d7c647ec52c","external_links_name":"\"The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2011.545938","external_links_name":"10.1080/1057610X.2011.545938"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109645456","external_links_name":"109645456"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26494339","external_links_name":"\"Transnational Kurdish geopolitics in the age of shifting borders\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-197X","external_links_name":"0022-197X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26494339","external_links_name":"26494339"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-19-mn-9634-story.html","external_links_name":"\"A Most Unwanted Man\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWp5F3T6a-8C&q=109+greek+parliamentarians+and+abdullah+%C3%B6calan&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090506033656/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fiasco in Nairobi, Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/nov/28/kurds.iantraynor","external_links_name":"\"Italy 'may expel Kurd leader'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89262141","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89262141","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa0710.html","external_links_name":"\"Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1999 - Italy\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019-02/abdullah-oecalan-pkk-fuehrer-20-jahre-inhaftierung-tuerkei-kurdenkrieg","external_links_name":"\"Der mächtigste Häftling der Türkei\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/21/world/italy-rejects-turkey-s-bid-for-the-extradition-of-kurd.html","external_links_name":"\"Italy Rejects Turkey's Bid For the Extradition of Kurd (Published 1998)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993622","external_links_name":"\"The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713701074","external_links_name":"10.1080/713701074"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597","external_links_name":"0143-6597"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993622","external_links_name":"3993622"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154977403","external_links_name":"154977403"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/ocalanturkey18.htm","external_links_name":"\"Washingtonpost.com: Turkey Celebrates Capture of Ocalan\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article565718/Von-der-RAF-Sympathisantin-zur-Anwaeltin-Oecalans.html","external_links_name":"\"Von der RAF-Sympathisantin zur Anwältin Öcalans\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081018140436/http://haber.vatanim.com.tr/haberdetay.asp?detay=Kurt_sorununun_cozumu_teroru_bitirir_203724_1&Newsid=203724","external_links_name":"\"Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi\""},{"Link":"http://haber.vatanim.com.tr/haberdetay.asp?detay=Kurt_sorununun_cozumu_teroru_bitirir_203724_1&Newsid=203724","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/greece021899.htm","external_links_name":"\"Three Greek Cabinet Ministers Resign Over Ocalan Affair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080112170002/http://www.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/17/haber%2C025EFB746B684ED8B16B1759BE71DE6F.html","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/17/haber,025EFB746B684ED8B16B1759BE71DE6F.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ocalan-interpreter-tells-how-trap-was-set-1.155018","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan interpreter tells how trap was set\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9902/17/ocalan.protest.01/","external_links_name":"\"Kurds seize embassies, wage violent protests across Europe\""},{"Link":"http://www.akakurdistan.com/kurds/stories/kontos/","external_links_name":"\"Kurd Akar Sehard Azir, 33, sets himself on fire during a demonstration outside the Greek Parliament in Central Athens, Greece, on Monday, 15 February 1999\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180919101706/http://www.akakurdistan.com/kurds/stories/kontos/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_nfskxBPwg8C&q=Revenge+Hawks+of+Apo+and+istanbul&pg=PA249","external_links_name":"Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563462","external_links_name":"\"Öcalan capturé : et après? Une question kurde plus épineuse que jamais\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcrii.p1999.4n1.0039","external_links_name":"10.3917/crii.p1999.4n1.0039"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1290-7839","external_links_name":"1290-7839"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563462","external_links_name":"24563462"},{"Link":"http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/wgad/35-1999.html","external_links_name":"\"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46711807.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.58948%2F2331-3536.1206","external_links_name":"10.58948/2331-3536.1206"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215339/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46711807.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur440431999en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Amnesty International calls for a retrial of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052618/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur440431999en.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/trial-of-abdullah-ocalan-1.192720","external_links_name":"\"Trial Of Abdullah Ocalan\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey/security.htm","external_links_name":"\"Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor\""},{"Link":"https://eldh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Asrin-Office-Lawyers-Case-I-October-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Report, TRIAL OF KURDISH LAWYERS – ISTANBUL 30th October 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229203247/https://eldh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Asrin-Office-Lawyers-Case-I-October-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42949064","external_links_name":"\"Abdullah Ocalan: A plea for justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-3635","external_links_name":"0954-3635"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42949064","external_links_name":"42949064"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/372727.stm","external_links_name":"\"Military judge barred from Ocalan trial\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jun/29/kurds","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan sentenced to death\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19990629&id=uEYiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1200,5352234&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/380845.stm","external_links_name":"\"Text of the Ocalan verdict\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bill-to-spare-life-of-ocalan-withdrawn-by-ecevit-1.202569","external_links_name":"\"Bill to spare life of Ocalan withdrawn by Ecevit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060526031932/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/01/12/ocalan.01/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan\""},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/01/12/ocalan.01/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-abolishes-death-penalty-171956.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey abolishes death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184650/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-abolishes-death-penalty-171956.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NAXfDgAAQBAJ&q=%C3%B6calans+sentence+commuted+to+life+in+prison&pg=PT433","external_links_name":"International and Transnational Criminal Law"},{"Link":"https://www1.wdr.de/stichtag/stichtag300.html","external_links_name":"\"29. Juni 2004 - Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt\""},{"Link":"http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=773602&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649","external_links_name":"\"HUDOC Search Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2013/03/29/justice-minister-abdullah-ocalan-will-in-no-way-be-given-a-retrial","external_links_name":"\"There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-04-fg-briefs4.3-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurd's Death Sentence Commuted to Life Term\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2009/11/17/PKK-leader-Ocalan-gets-company-in-prison/17541258484776/","external_links_name":"\"PKK leader Ocalan gets company in prison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813195513/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Company-at-last-for-Kurdish.5833050.jp","external_links_name":"\"Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years\""},{"Link":"http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Company-at-last-for-Kurdish.5833050.jp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2009/11/10/feature-02","external_links_name":"\"Turkey building new prison for PKK members\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091119150253/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2009/11/10/feature-02","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190517074613/https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/Oecalan-anwaelte-kontaktverbot-faktisch-in-kraft-11430","external_links_name":"\"Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft\""},{"Link":"https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/Oecalan-anwaelte-kontaktverbot-faktisch-in-kraft-11430","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184202/https://anfenglish.com/human-rights/lawyers-appeal-to-visit-Oecalan-rejected-for-the-710th-time-23510","external_links_name":"\"Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/human-rights/lawyers-appeal-to-visit-Oecalan-rejected-for-the-710th-time-23510","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133949/https://anfenglish.com/news/demonstrations-for-Oecalan-in-europe-28818","external_links_name":"\"Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/news/demonstrations-for-Oecalan-in-europe-28818","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/abdullah-oecalan-inhaftierter-pkk-chef-darf-nach-zwei-jahren-besuch-empfangen-a-1111890.html","external_links_name":"\"Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Terrorism_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism and the European Convention on Human Rights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701145655/http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Terrorism_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190830191129/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5c5849bf-3f4b-48fb-8c79-0f61260c3a8c","external_links_name":"\"PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years\""},{"Link":"http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5c5849bf-3f4b-48fb-8c79-0f61260c3a8c","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ&q=calling+%C3%B6calan+Sayin+illegal&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation"},{"Link":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/pers/oud/propose.html","external_links_name":"Abdullah Öcalan proposes 7-point peace plan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081617/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/pers/oud/propose.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.etext.org/Politics/Arm.The.Spirit/Kurdistan/PKK.ERNK.ARGK/ocalan-interview-january-1999.txt","external_links_name":"Interview with Abdullah Ocalan \"Our First Priority Is Diplomacy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208150820/http://www.etext.org/Politics/Arm.The.Spirit/Kurdistan/PKK.ERNK.ARGK/ocalan-interview-january-1999.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html","external_links_name":"\"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard\""},{"Link":"http://chris-kutschera.com/A/Ocalan%20myth.htm","external_links_name":"Kurdistan Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, The End of a Myth?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225152612/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Kurds_after_capture_Ocalan.pdf","external_links_name":"Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/10/07/kurds-surrender-awakens-turkish-doves/a820b501-c5ba-4e89-9a93-701f502c23af/","external_links_name":"\"Kurds' Surrender Awakens Turkish Doves\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210079","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's PKK: Rise, Fall, Rise Again?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fwopj.2007.24.1.75","external_links_name":"10.1162/wopj.2007.24.1.75"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2775","external_links_name":"0740-2775"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40210079","external_links_name":"40210079"},{"Link":"http://www.kurdistan-post.org/News-file-article-sid-10965.html","external_links_name":"Öldürülen imam ve 10 korucunun itibarı iade edildi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208184506/http://www.kurdistan-post.org/News-file-article-sid-10965.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/04/04/622724.asp","external_links_name":"\"PKK ilk adına döndü\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211135159/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/04/04/622724.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kurdishlibrary.org/Kurdish_Library/SvenskaKB/Organisations_SWE/PKK95_Program_Tur.html","external_links_name":"PKK Program (1995)"},{"Link":"http://www.pkk-info.com/tr/eskisite/pkktarihi/PKK.ilk.bildirgesi.html","external_links_name":"PKK Yeniden İnşa Bildirgesi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206200234/http://www.pkk-info.com/tr/eskisite/pkktarihi/PKK.ilk.bildirgesi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.syracuse.com/newsflash/international/index.ssf?/base/international-34/1159461581252960.xml&storylist=International","external_links_name":"Kurdish leader calls for cease-fire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070324121340/http://www.syracuse.com/newsflash/international/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Finternational-34%2F1159461581252960.xml&storylist=international","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5389746.stm","external_links_name":"Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30","external_links_name":"\"TURKEY – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426185907/http://haber.ekolay.net/haber/3/1007462/Kandil-kabul-etti-Ankara-reddetti.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber\""},{"Link":"http://haber.ekolay.net/haber/3/1007462/Kandil-kabul-etti-Ankara-reddetti.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bianet.org/english/human-rights/143295-kurdish-deputies-meet-ocalan-on-imrali-island","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish Deputies Meet Ocalan on Imrali Island\""},{"Link":"https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2013/3/turkey4587.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jailed Kurdish PKK rebel leader Ocalan expected to make ceasefire call\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818071915/https://de.reuters.com/article/trkei-kurden-idDEBEE92K03D20130321","external_links_name":"\"Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf\""},{"Link":"https://de.reuters.com/article/trkei-kurden-idDEBEE92K03D20130321","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/de/hoffnung-auf-frieden-f%C3%BCr-die-kurden/a-16695295","external_links_name":"\"Hoffnung auf Frieden für die Kurden | DW | 23 March 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33045124","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's HDP challenges Erdogan and goes mainstream\""},{"Link":"https://ipa.news/2019/04/16/acquittal-of-nine-ceylanpinar-murder-suspects-upheld/","external_links_name":"\"Acquittal of nine Ceylanpinar murder suspects upheld\""},{"Link":"https://libcom.org/history/stalinist-caterpillar-libertarian-butterfly-evolving-ideology-pkk-alex-de-jong","external_links_name":"\"Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? The evolving ideology of the PKK in ISIS' Backyard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401092904/http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy","external_links_name":"\"Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy\""},{"Link":"http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009022194.005","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781009022194.005"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242495844","external_links_name":"242495844"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/pismanim-asmayin-39064585","external_links_name":"\"Pişmanım, asmayın\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xlITCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207012503/http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/pkk_dissidents.htm","external_links_name":"\"PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan\""},{"Link":"http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/pkk_dissidents.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120701122531/http://archive.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=bdp-wants-autonomy-for-kurds-in-new-constitution-2011-09-04","external_links_name":"\"BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/news/travel-ban-for-the-sister-and-brother-of-Oecalan-33133","external_links_name":"\"Travel ban for the sister and brother of Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://m.bianet.org/english/politics/194777-hdp-mp-dilek-ocalan-sentenced-to-2-years-6-months-in-prison","external_links_name":"\"HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301070341/https://anfenglish.com/news/hdp-urfa-candidate-Oecalan-we-are-a-house-for-all-peoples-27302","external_links_name":"\"HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hdp-urfa-candidate-Oecalan-we-are-a-house-for-all-peoples-27302","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301070342/https://anfenglish.com/features/different-identies-enter-parliament-with-the-hdp-27719","external_links_name":"\"Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/features/different-identies-enter-parliament-with-the-hdp-27719","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153259/https://ahvalnews.com/italy-turkey/ocalan-factor-italian-debate","external_links_name":"\"'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate\""},{"Link":"https://ahvalnews.com/italy-turkey/ocalan-factor-italian-debate","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-10630215.html","external_links_name":"\"SPIEGEL-GESPRÄCH : \"Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel\" - DER SPIEGEL 13/1999\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilbenecomune.it/2018/05/02/il-molise-per-il-kurdistan-e-per-la-pace-castelbottaccio-e-castel-del-giudice-danno-la-cittadinanza-onoraria-ad-abdullah-ocalan/","external_links_name":"\"Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: *Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilgallo.it/dai-comuni/martano/martano-cittadinanza-onoraria-a-ocalan/","external_links_name":"\"Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan\""},{"Link":"http://gazzettadellemilia.it/cronaca/item/25274-berceto-pr-cittadinanza-onoraria-per-abdullah-%C3%B6calan.html","external_links_name":"\"Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://anfdeutsch.com/aktuelles/protest-gegen-tuerkischen-druck-auf-italienische-stadtverwaltungen-17805","external_links_name":"\"Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen\""},{"Link":"https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/meria99_kas01.html","external_links_name":"\"Greece and the Middle East\""},{"Link":"http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51680/1/37.pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010112034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323293704578333533405433110","external_links_name":"\"Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace\""},{"Link":"http://ocalanbooks.com/","external_links_name":"Books by Abdullah Öcalan"},{"Link":"https://www.freeocalan.org/main","external_links_name":"\"Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan - Peace in Kurdistan\" International Initiative"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/280453.stm","external_links_name":"Special report: The Ocalan file"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/286138/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078426088","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/255752","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbMdtgB8B8r8BmRCqyfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7077500","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000457965","external_links_name":"Chile"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5331874","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145752401","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145752401","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119374374","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V181895","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266008805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91049753","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/p67f8fq4mgjlvg1b","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720203&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record68942","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202320318","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123180791","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565304205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65d90wk","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/070183996","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsgericht
|
Amtsgericht
|
["1 References"]
|
First instance ordinary court in Germany
The Amtsgericht in Zehdenick
An Amtsgericht (District Court) in Germany is an official court. These courts form the lowest level of the so-called 'ordinary jurisdiction' of the German judiciary (German Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit), which is responsible for most criminal and civil judicial matters.
The German Amtsgericht may be compared to the magistrates' courts in England and Wales, although it has much broader sentencing powers. Its name derives from the Amt as a denomination for an administrative and court district in many of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire.
The main areas of an Amtsgericht's jurisdiction are:
court of first instance for civil case where the subject of litigation is worth €5,000 or less, and for litigation involving rental agreements, marriages, alimony and child custody.
court of first instance for criminal cases where no more than four years imprisonment is expected. Several exceptions exist, such as all homicide.
administration of several public registers such as the companies', the associations', the cooperatives' and the land ownership register.
In criminal cases, the court may be composed of either one professional judge, where the expected sentence is not more than two years imprisonment, or 1-2 professional judges and 2 lay judges where the expected sentence is more than two years imprisonment. A single judge is still able to impose up to four years imprisonment.
There are 640 Amtsgerichte in Germany, whose jurisdictional area typically comprises a small number of towns or municipalities. The next higher level of ordinary jurisdiction is called the Landgericht. The term Amtsgericht may also refer to the building where the proceedings take place.
References
^ "German Foreign Office: Equivalents of the names of German courts in other languages" (PDF).
^ Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz (German Judiciary Act) §12, English translation
^ "Deutschland Insolvenzgerichte Amtsgerichte". www.liste-amtsgerichte.de.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
This article about government in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about German law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zehdenick_Amtsgericht.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zehdenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehdenick"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ordinary jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_court#Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"magistrates' courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Amt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Landgericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgericht_(Germany)"}],"text":"The Amtsgericht in ZehdenickAn Amtsgericht (District Court) in Germany is an official court.[1] These courts form the lowest level of the so-called 'ordinary jurisdiction' of the German judiciary (German Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit), which is responsible for most criminal and civil judicial matters.[2] \nThe German Amtsgericht may be compared to the magistrates' courts in England and Wales, although it has much broader sentencing powers. Its name derives from the Amt as a denomination for an administrative and court district in many of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire.The main areas of an Amtsgericht's jurisdiction are:court of first instance for civil case where the subject of litigation is worth €5,000 or less, and for litigation involving rental agreements, marriages, alimony and child custody.\ncourt of first instance for criminal cases where no more than four years imprisonment is expected. Several exceptions exist, such as all homicide.\nadministration of several public registers such as the companies', the associations', the cooperatives' and the land ownership register.In criminal cases, the court may be composed of either one professional judge, where the expected sentence is not more than two years imprisonment, or 1-2 professional judges and 2 lay judges where the expected sentence is more than two years imprisonment. A single judge is still able to impose up to four years imprisonment.There are 640 Amtsgerichte in Germany,[3] whose jurisdictional area typically comprises a small number of towns or municipalities. The next higher level of ordinary jurisdiction is called the Landgericht. The term Amtsgericht may also refer to the building where the proceedings take place.","title":"Amtsgericht"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Amtsgericht in Zehdenick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zehdenick_Amtsgericht.jpg/220px-Zehdenick_Amtsgericht.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"German Foreign Office: Equivalents of the names of German courts in other languages\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373544/publicationFile/157650/Gerichtsbezeichnungen.pdf","url_text":"\"German Foreign Office: Equivalents of the names of German courts in other languages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutschland Insolvenzgerichte Amtsgerichte\". www.liste-amtsgerichte.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liste-amtsgerichte.de/","url_text":"\"Deutschland Insolvenzgerichte Amtsgerichte\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373544/publicationFile/157650/Gerichtsbezeichnungen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"German Foreign Office: Equivalents of the names of German courts in other languages\""},{"Link":"http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gvg/__12.html","external_links_name":"Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz (German Judiciary Act) §12"},{"Link":"http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gvg/englisch_gvg.html#p0013","external_links_name":"English translation"},{"Link":"http://www.liste-amtsgerichte.de/","external_links_name":"\"Deutschland Insolvenzgerichte Amtsgerichte\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142304-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtsgericht&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtsgericht&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lace
|
The Lace
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Lace" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1986 studio album by Benjamin OrrThe LaceStudio album by Benjamin OrrReleasedOctober 6, 1986 (1986-10-06)Recorded1986Studio
The Wool Hall, Beckington, England
Blue Jay, Carlisle, Massachusetts
Genre
Pop rock
Length45:05LabelElektraProducer
Mike Shipley
Benjamin Orr
Larry Klein
Singles from The Lace
"Stay the Night"Released: October 1986
"Too Hot to Stop"Released: February 1987
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
The Lace is the only solo studio album by American rock and roll singer Benjamin Orr, best known for his work with the Cars. It was released on October 6, 1986, by Elektra Records and features his only solo hit, the song "Stay the Night", which reached the top 40 in 1987. Follow-up single "Too Hot to Stop" was also released but failed to chart. Wounded Bird Records re-released the album on CD on August 15, 2006.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Benjamin Orr and Diane Grey PageSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Too Hot to Stop"4:182."In Circles"4:323."Stay the Night"4:264."Skyline"4:105."When You're Gone"4:51
Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Spinning"4:272."Hold On"4:303."The Lace"4:204."That's the Way"4:075."This Time Around"5:10
Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.
Benjamin Orr – lead and backing vocals, bass, keyboards, drum programming, production
Diane Grey Page – backing vocals
Michael Landau - guitars
Elliot Easton – guitars
Larry Klein – keyboards, production
Technical personnel
Mike Shipley - production, engineering and recording
Thom Moore - additional engineering and mixing (except "Stay The Night" and "Too Hot To Stop")
Mike Shipley - mixing on "Stay The Night" and "Too Hot To Stop"
Bob Ludwig - mastering at Master disk
All songs published by Orange Village Music (ASCAP)
Charts
Chart (1987)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
86
References
^ "Benjamin Orr - The Lace". Discogs.
^ a b https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/review
^ "Benjamin Orr - Stay The Night". 45cat.com.
^ "Benjamin Orr - Too Hot To Stop". 45cat.com.
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/credits
^ "Images for Benjamin Orr – The Lace". www.discogs.com.
^ "Benjamin Orr Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
vteThe Cars
Elliot Easton
Greg Hawkes
Ric Ocasek
Benjamin Orr
David Robinson
Studio albums
The Cars
Candy-O
Panorama
Shake It Up
Heartbeat City
Door to Door
Move Like This
Other albums
Greatest Hits
Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology
Shake It Up & Other Hits
Complete Greatest Hits
The Essentials
The Cars Unlocked: The Live Performances
The Elektra Years 1978–1987
Singles
"Just What I Needed"
"My Best Friend's Girl"
"Good Times Roll"
"Let's Go"
"It's All I Can Do"
"Double Life"
"Touch and Go"
"Don't Tell Me No"
"Gimme Some Slack"
"Shake It Up"
"Since You're Gone"
"Victim of Love"
"Think It Over"
"You Might Think"
"Magic"
"Drive"
"Hello Again"
"Why Can't I Have You"
"Heartbeat City"
"Tonight She Comes"
"I'm Not the One"
"You Are the Girl"
"Strap Me In"
"Coming Up You"
"Sad Song"
Other songs
"I'm in Touch with Your World"
"Don't Cha Stop"
"You're All I've Got Tonight"
"Bye Bye Love"
"Moving in Stereo"
"All Mixed Up"
"Candy-O"
"Night Spots"
"Dangerous Type"
"Panorama"
"Cruiser"
"Blue Tip"
Concert tours
Road Rage Tour
North American Tour Spring 2011
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars
BrainDead
Glamour Camp
The New Cars
Todd Rundgren
Kasim Sulton
Atom Ellis
Prairie Prince
It's Alive!
Utopia
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
2
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Orr"},{"link_name":"the Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cars"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"Stay the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_the_Night_(Benjamin_Orr_song)"},{"link_name":"Wounded Bird Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Bird_Records"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"}],"text":"1986 studio album by Benjamin OrrThe Lace is the only solo studio album by American rock and roll singer Benjamin Orr, best known for his work with the Cars. It was released on October 6, 1986, by Elektra Records and features his only solo hit, the song \"Stay the Night\", which reached the top 40 in 1987. Follow-up single \"Too Hot to Stop\" was also released but failed to chart. Wounded Bird Records re-released the album on CD on August 15, 2006.","title":"The Lace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Orr"},{"link_name":"Stay the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_the_Night_(Benjamin_Orr_song)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Benjamin Orr and Diane Grey PageSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Too Hot to Stop\"4:182.\"In Circles\"4:323.\"Stay the Night\"4:264.\"Skyline\"4:105.\"When You're Gone\"4:51Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Spinning\"4:272.\"Hold On\"4:303.\"The Lace\"4:204.\"That's the Way\"4:075.\"This Time Around\"5:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landau"},{"link_name":"Elliot Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Easton"},{"link_name":"Larry Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Klein"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_Instrument"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"}],"text":"Credits adapted from AllMusic.[5]Benjamin Orr – lead and backing vocals, bass, keyboards, drum programming, production\nDiane Grey Page – backing vocals\nMichael Landau - guitars\nElliot Easton – guitars\nLarry Klein – keyboards, productionTechnical personnel\n[6]Mike Shipley - production, engineering and recording\nThom Moore - additional engineering and mixing (except \"Stay The Night\" and \"Too Hot To Stop\")\nMike Shipley - mixing on \"Stay The Night\" and \"Too Hot To Stop\"\nBob Ludwig - mastering at Master disk\nAll songs published by Orange Village Music (ASCAP)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Benjamin Orr - The Lace\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Benjamin-Orr-The-Lace/release/525738","url_text":"\"Benjamin Orr - The Lace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Orr - Stay The Night\". 45cat.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/769506","url_text":"\"Benjamin Orr - Stay The Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Orr - Too Hot To Stop\". 45cat.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/769493","url_text":"\"Benjamin Orr - Too Hot To Stop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Images for Benjamin Orr – The Lace\". www.discogs.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=851499","url_text":"\"Images for Benjamin Orr – The Lace\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Lace%22","external_links_name":"\"The Lace\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Lace%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Lace%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Lace%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Lace%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Lace%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Benjamin-Orr-The-Lace/release/525738","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Orr - The Lace\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/review","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/review"},{"Link":"http://www.45cat.com/record/769506","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Orr - Stay The Night\""},{"Link":"http://www.45cat.com/record/769493","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Orr - Too Hot To Stop\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/credits","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lace-r59864/credits"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=851499","external_links_name":"\"Images for Benjamin Orr – The Lace\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Benjamin-Orr/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Benjamin Orr Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/d84fa17d-7752-36c3-8cfc-b027f71f6be2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/73f92e3b-def7-4e57-9e46-10de06cc006f","external_links_name":"2"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_force
|
Strong interaction
|
["1 History","2 Behavior of the strong interaction","2.1 Within hadrons","2.2 Between hadrons","3 Unification","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
Binding of quarks in subatomic particles
"Color force" redirects here. For the company, see Color Force.
An animation of color confinement, a property of the strong interaction. If energy is supplied to the quarks as shown, the gluon tube connecting quarks elongates until it reaches a point where it "snaps" and the energy added to the system results in the formation of a quark–antiquark pair. Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation.
An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by pions. The colored small double circles inside are gluons.
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force.
Most of the mass of a proton or neutron is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10−15 m (1 femtometer, slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.
In the context of atomic nuclei, the force binds protons and neutrons together to form a nucleus and is called the nuclear force (or residual strong force). Because the force is mediated by massive, short lived mesons on this scale, the residual strong interaction obeys a distance-dependent behavior between nucleons that is quite different from when it is acting to bind quarks within hadrons. There are also differences in the binding energies of the nuclear force with regard to nuclear fusion vs nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion accounts for most energy production in the Sun and other stars. Nuclear fission allows for decay of radioactive elements and isotopes, although it is often mediated by the weak interaction. Artificially, the energy associated with the nuclear force is partially released in nuclear power and nuclear weapons, both in uranium or plutonium-based fission weapons and in fusion weapons like the hydrogen bomb.
History
Before 1971, physicists were uncertain as to how the atomic nucleus was bound together. It was known that the nucleus was composed of protons and neutrons and that protons possessed positive electric charge, while neutrons were electrically neutral. By the understanding of physics at that time, positive charges would repel one another and the positively charged protons should cause the nucleus to fly apart. However, this was never observed. New physics was needed to explain this phenomenon.
A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound despite the protons' mutual electromagnetic repulsion. This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus.
In 1964, Murray Gell-Mann, and separately George Zweig, proposed that baryons, which include protons and neutrons, and mesons were composed of elementary particles. Zweig called the elementary particles "aces" while Gell-Mann called them "quarks"; the theory came to be called the quark model. The strong attraction between nucleons was the side-effect of a more fundamental force that bound the quarks together into protons and neutrons. The theory of quantum chromodynamics explains that quarks carry what is called a color charge, although it has no relation to visible color. Quarks with unlike color charge attract one another as a result of the strong interaction, and the particle that mediates this was called the gluon.
Behavior of the strong interaction
The strong interaction is observable at two ranges, and mediated by different force carriers in each one. On a scale less than about 0.8 fm (roughly the radius of a nucleon), the force is carried by gluons and holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. On a larger scale, up to about 3 fm, the force is carried by mesons and binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together to form the nucleus of an atom. In the former context, it is often known as the color force, and is so strong that if hadrons are struck by high-energy particles, they produce jets of massive particles instead of emitting their constituents (quarks and gluons) as freely moving particles. This property of the strong force is called color confinement.
Two layers of strong interaction
Interaction
range
held
carrier
result
Strong
< 0.8 fm
quark
gluon
hadron
Residual Strong
1–3 fm
hadron
meson
nucleus
Within hadrons
The fundamental couplings of the strong interaction, from left to right: gluon radiation, gluon splitting and gluon self-coupling.
The word strong is used since the strong interaction is the "strongest" of the four fundamental forces. At a distance of 10−15 m, its strength is around 100 times that of the electromagnetic force, some 106 times as great as that of the weak force, and about 1038 times that of gravitation.
The strong force is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a part of the Standard Model of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian gauge theory based on a local (gauge) symmetry group called SU(3).
The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless gauge boson. Gluons are thought to interact with quarks and other gluons by way of a type of charge called color charge. Color charge is analogous to electromagnetic charge, but it comes in three types (±red, ±green, and ±blue) rather than one, which results in different rules of behavior. These rules are described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quark–gluon interactions.
Unlike the photon in electromagnetism, which is neutral, the gluon carries a color charge. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles that carry non-vanishing color charge, and hence they participate in strong interactions only with each other. The strong force is the expression of the gluon interaction with other quark and gluon particles.
All quarks and gluons in QCD interact with each other through the strong force. The strength of interaction is parameterized by the strong coupling constant. This strength is modified by the gauge color charge of the particle, a group-theoretical property.
The strong force acts between quarks. Unlike all other forces (electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational), the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance between pairs of quarks. After a limiting distance (about the size of a hadron) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about 10000 N, no matter how much farther the distance between the quarks.: 164 As the separation between the quarks grows, the energy added to the pair creates new pairs of matching quarks between the original two; hence it is impossible to isolate quarks. The explanation is that the amount of work done against a force of 10000 N is enough to create particle–antiparticle pairs within a very short distance. The energy added to the system by pulling two quarks apart would create a pair of new quarks that will pair up with the original ones. In QCD, this phenomenon is called color confinement; as a result only hadrons, not individual free quarks, can be observed. The failure of all experiments that have searched for free quarks is considered to be evidence of this phenomenon.
The elementary quark and gluon particles involved in a high energy collision are not directly observable. The interaction produces jets of newly created hadrons that are observable. Those hadrons are created, as a manifestation of mass–energy equivalence, when sufficient energy is deposited into a quark–quark bond, as when a quark in one proton is struck by a very fast quark of another impacting proton during a particle accelerator experiment. However, quark–gluon plasmas have been observed.
Between hadrons
Main article: Nuclear force
A diagram (shown by the animation in the lead) with the individual quark constituents shown, to illustrate how the fundamental strong interaction gives rise to the nuclear force. Straight lines are quarks, while multi-colored loops are gluons (the carriers of the fundamental force).
While color confinement implies that the strong force acts without distance-diminishment between pairs of quarks in compact collections of bound quarks (hadrons), at distances approaching or greater than the radius of a proton, a residual force (described below) remains. This residual force does diminish rapidly with distance, and is thus very short-range (effectively a few femtometres). It manifests as a force between the "colorless" hadrons, and is known as the nuclear force or residual strong force (and historically as the strong nuclear force).
The nuclear force acts between hadrons, known as mesons and baryons. This "residual strong force", acting indirectly, transmits gluons that form part of the virtual π and ρ mesons, which, in turn, transmit the force between nucleons that holds the nucleus (beyond hydrogen-1 nucleus) together.
The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker between neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized within them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der Waals forces) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold electrons in association with the nucleus, forming the atoms.
Unlike the strong force, the residual strong force diminishes with distance, and does so rapidly. The decrease is approximately as a negative exponential power of distance, though there is no simple expression known for this; see Yukawa potential. The rapid decrease with distance of the attractive residual force and the less rapid decrease of the repulsive electromagnetic force acting between protons within a nucleus, causes the instability of larger atomic nuclei, such as all those with atomic numbers larger than 82 (the element lead).
Although the nuclear force is weaker than the strong interaction itself, it is still highly energetic: transitions produce gamma rays. The mass of a nucleus is significantly different from the summed masses of the individual nucleons. This mass defect is due to the potential energy associated with the nuclear force. Differences between mass defects power nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Unification
The so-called Grand Unified Theories (GUT) aim to describe the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction as aspects of a single force, similarly to how the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified by the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model into electroweak interaction. The strong interaction has a property called asymptotic freedom, wherein the strength of the strong force diminishes at higher energies (or temperatures). The theorized energy where its strength becomes equal to the electroweak interaction is the grand unification energy. However, no Grand Unified Theory has yet been successfully formulated to describe this process, and Grand Unification remains an unsolved problem in physics.
If GUT is correct, after the Big Bang and during the electroweak epoch of the universe, the electroweak force separated from the strong force. Accordingly, a grand unification epoch is hypothesized to have existed prior to this.
See also
Physics portal
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Nuclear binding energy
QCD matter
Quantum field theory
Yukawa interaction
References
^ Relative strength of interaction varies with distance. See for instance Matt Strassler's essay, "The strength of the known forces".
^ a b "The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website".
^ Ragheb, Magdi. "Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force" (PDF). University of Illinois. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
^ "Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect". Furry Elephant physics educational site. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
^ Wilczek, Frank (1982). "Quantum chromodynamics: The modern theory of the strong interaction". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 32 (1): 177–209. Bibcode:1982ARNPS..32..177W. doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141.
^
Feynman, R.P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-691-08388-9. The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color', which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.
^ a b
Fritzsch, H. (1983). Quarks: The Stuff of Matter. Basic Books. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0-465-06781-7.
^ "Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
^ "3. The Strong Force" (PDF). Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
Further reading
Christman, J.R. (2001). "MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction" (PDF).
Griffiths, David (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-60386-3.
Halzen, F.; Martin, A.D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-88741-6.
Kane, G.L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-11749-3.
Morris, R. (2003). The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-50593-2.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Strong interaction.
vteThe fundamental interactions of physicsPhysical forces
Strong interaction
fundamental
residual
Electroweak interaction
weak interaction
electromagnetism
Gravitation
Radiations
Electromagnetic radiation
Gravitational radiation
Hypothetical forces
Fifth force
Quintessence
Weak gravity conjecture
Glossary of physics
Particle physics
Philosophy of physics
Universe
Weakless universe
vteStandard ModelBackground
Particle physics
Fermions
Gauge boson
Higgs boson
Quantum field theory
Gauge theory
Strong interaction
Color charge
Quantum chromodynamics
Quark model
Electroweak interaction
Weak interaction
Quantum electrodynamics
Fermi's interaction
Weak hypercharge
Weak isospin
Constituents
CKM matrix
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Higgs mechanism
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Beyond theStandard ModelEvidence
Hierarchy problem
Dark matter
Cosmological constant
problem
Strong CP problem
Neutrino oscillation
Theories
Technicolor
Kaluza–Klein theory
Grand Unified Theory
Theory of everything
Supersymmetry
MSSM
NMSSM
Split supersymmetry
Supergravity
Quantum gravity
String theory
Superstring theory
Loop quantum gravity
Causal dynamical triangulation
Canonical quantum gravity
Superfluid vacuum theory
Twistor theory
Experiments
Gran Sasso
INO
LHC
SNO
Super-K
Tevatron
Category
Commons
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Color Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"color confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement"},{"link_name":"gluon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"antiquark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif"},{"link_name":"pions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion"},{"link_name":"gluons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"fundamental interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"hadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron"},{"link_name":"nuclear force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence"},{"link_name":"proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"femtometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtometer"},{"link_name":"nucleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"weak interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nuclear force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesons"},{"link_name":"binding energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_energy"},{"link_name":"nuclear fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Color force\" redirects here. For the company, see Color Force.An animation of color confinement, a property of the strong interaction. If energy is supplied to the quarks as shown, the gluon tube connecting quarks elongates until it reaches a point where it \"snaps\" and the energy added to the system results in the formation of a quark–antiquark pair. Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation.An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by pions. The colored small double circles inside are gluons.In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the nuclear force.Most of the mass of a proton or neutron is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10−15 m (1 femtometer, slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.[1]In the context of atomic nuclei, the force binds protons and neutrons together to form a nucleus and is called the nuclear force (or residual strong force).[2] Because the force is mediated by massive, short lived mesons on this scale, the residual strong interaction obeys a distance-dependent behavior between nucleons that is quite different from when it is acting to bind quarks within hadrons. There are also differences in the binding energies of the nuclear force with regard to nuclear fusion vs nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion accounts for most energy production in the Sun and other stars. Nuclear fission allows for decay of radioactive elements and isotopes, although it is often mediated by the weak interaction. Artificially, the energy associated with the nuclear force is partially released in nuclear power and nuclear weapons, both in uranium or plutonium-based fission weapons and in fusion weapons like the hydrogen bomb.[3][4]","title":"Strong interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"electric charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic repulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_repulsion"},{"link_name":"protons and neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleons"},{"link_name":"Murray Gell-Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann"},{"link_name":"George Zweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zweig"},{"link_name":"baryons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"quark model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"color charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"gluon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon"}],"text":"Before 1971, physicists were uncertain as to how the atomic nucleus was bound together. It was known that the nucleus was composed of protons and neutrons and that protons possessed positive electric charge, while neutrons were electrically neutral. By the understanding of physics at that time, positive charges would repel one another and the positively charged protons should cause the nucleus to fly apart. However, this was never observed. New physics was needed to explain this phenomenon.A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound despite the protons' mutual electromagnetic repulsion. This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus.In 1964, Murray Gell-Mann, and separately George Zweig, proposed that baryons, which include protons and neutrons, and mesons were composed of elementary particles. Zweig called the elementary particles \"aces\" while Gell-Mann called them \"quarks\"; the theory came to be called the quark model.[5] The strong attraction between nucleons was the side-effect of a more fundamental force that bound the quarks together into protons and neutrons. The theory of quantum chromodynamics explains that quarks carry what is called a color charge, although it has no relation to visible color.[6] Quarks with unlike color charge attract one another as a result of the strong interaction, and the particle that mediates this was called the gluon.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtometre"},{"link_name":"gluons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"color confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement"}],"text":"The strong interaction is observable at two ranges, and mediated by different force carriers in each one. On a scale less than about 0.8 fm (roughly the radius of a nucleon), the force is carried by gluons and holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. On a larger scale, up to about 3 fm, the force is carried by mesons and binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together to form the nucleus of an atom.[2] In the former context, it is often known as the color force, and is so strong that if hadrons are struck by high-energy particles, they produce jets of massive particles instead of emitting their constituents (quarks and gluons) as freely moving particles. This property of the strong force is called color confinement.","title":"Behavior of the strong interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gluon_coupling.svg"},{"link_name":"couplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(physics)"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_force"},{"link_name":"gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"gauge theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory"},{"link_name":"symmetry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_group"},{"link_name":"SU(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)"},{"link_name":"gauge boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_boson"},{"link_name":"color charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"coupling constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant"},{"link_name":"group-theoretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory"},{"link_name":"hadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fritzsch1983-7"},{"link_name":"color confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement"},{"link_name":"free quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_quark"},{"link_name":"particle accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator"},{"link_name":"quark–gluon plasmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Within hadrons","text":"The fundamental couplings of the strong interaction, from left to right: gluon radiation, gluon splitting and gluon self-coupling.The word strong is used since the strong interaction is the \"strongest\" of the four fundamental forces. At a distance of 10−15 m, its strength is around 100 times that of the electromagnetic force, some 106 times as great as that of the weak force, and about 1038 times that of gravitation.The strong force is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a part of the Standard Model of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian gauge theory based on a local (gauge) symmetry group called SU(3).The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless gauge boson. Gluons are thought to interact with quarks and other gluons by way of a type of charge called color charge. Color charge is analogous to electromagnetic charge, but it comes in three types (±red, ±green, and ±blue) rather than one, which results in different rules of behavior. These rules are described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quark–gluon interactions.\nUnlike the photon in electromagnetism, which is neutral, the gluon carries a color charge. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles that carry non-vanishing color charge, and hence they participate in strong interactions only with each other. The strong force is the expression of the gluon interaction with other quark and gluon particles.All quarks and gluons in QCD interact with each other through the strong force. The strength of interaction is parameterized by the strong coupling constant. This strength is modified by the gauge color charge of the particle, a group-theoretical property.The strong force acts between quarks. Unlike all other forces (electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational), the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance between pairs of quarks. After a limiting distance (about the size of a hadron) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about 10000 N, no matter how much farther the distance between the quarks.[7]: 164 As the separation between the quarks grows, the energy added to the pair creates new pairs of matching quarks between the original two; hence it is impossible to isolate quarks. The explanation is that the amount of work done against a force of 10000 N is enough to create particle–antiparticle pairs within a very short distance. The energy added to the system by pulling two quarks apart would create a pair of new quarks that will pair up with the original ones. In QCD, this phenomenon is called color confinement; as a result only hadrons, not individual free quarks, can be observed. The failure of all experiments that have searched for free quarks is considered to be evidence of this phenomenon.The elementary quark and gluon particles involved in a high energy collision are not directly observable. The interaction produces jets of newly created hadrons that are observable. Those hadrons are created, as a manifestation of mass–energy equivalence, when sufficient energy is deposited into a quark–quark bond, as when a quark in one proton is struck by a very fast quark of another impacting proton during a particle accelerator experiment. However, quark–gluon plasmas have been observed.[8]","title":"Behavior of the strong interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg"},{"link_name":"quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"nuclear force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force"},{"link_name":"gluons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon"},{"link_name":"nuclear force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"baryons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon"},{"link_name":"π","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion"},{"link_name":"ρ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_meson"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"hydrogen-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"van der Waals forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fritzsch1983-7"},{"link_name":"Yukawa potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_potential"},{"link_name":"atomic numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"mass defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_defect"},{"link_name":"nuclear fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"}],"sub_title":"Between hadrons","text":"A diagram (shown by the animation in the lead) with the individual quark constituents shown, to illustrate how the fundamental strong interaction gives rise to the nuclear force. Straight lines are quarks, while multi-colored loops are gluons (the carriers of the fundamental force).While color confinement implies that the strong force acts without distance-diminishment between pairs of quarks in compact collections of bound quarks (hadrons), at distances approaching or greater than the radius of a proton, a residual force (described below) remains. This residual force does diminish rapidly with distance, and is thus very short-range (effectively a few femtometres). It manifests as a force between the \"colorless\" hadrons, and is known as the nuclear force or residual strong force (and historically as the strong nuclear force).The nuclear force acts between hadrons, known as mesons and baryons. This \"residual strong force\", acting indirectly, transmits gluons that form part of the virtual π and ρ mesons, which, in turn, transmit the force between nucleons that holds the nucleus (beyond hydrogen-1 nucleus) together.[9]The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker between neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized within them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der Waals forces) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold electrons in association with the nucleus, forming the atoms.[7]Unlike the strong force, the residual strong force diminishes with distance, and does so rapidly. The decrease is approximately as a negative exponential power of distance, though there is no simple expression known for this; see Yukawa potential. The rapid decrease with distance of the attractive residual force and the less rapid decrease of the repulsive electromagnetic force acting between protons within a nucleus, causes the instability of larger atomic nuclei, such as all those with atomic numbers larger than 82 (the element lead).Although the nuclear force is weaker than the strong interaction itself, it is still highly energetic: transitions produce gamma rays. The mass of a nucleus is significantly different from the summed masses of the individual nucleons. This mass defect is due to the potential energy associated with the nuclear force. Differences between mass defects power nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.","title":"Behavior of the strong interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Unified Theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory"},{"link_name":"electroweak interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction"},{"link_name":"asymptotic freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom"},{"link_name":"grand unification energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unification_energy"},{"link_name":"unsolved problem in physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"electroweak epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_epoch"},{"link_name":"electroweak force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction"},{"link_name":"grand unification epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unification_epoch"}],"text":"The so-called Grand Unified Theories (GUT) aim to describe the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction as aspects of a single force, similarly to how the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified by the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model into electroweak interaction. The strong interaction has a property called asymptotic freedom, wherein the strength of the strong force diminishes at higher energies (or temperatures). The theorized energy where its strength becomes equal to the electroweak interaction is the grand unification energy. However, no Grand Unified Theory has yet been successfully formulated to describe this process, and Grand Unification remains an unsolved problem in physics.If GUT is correct, after the Big Bang and during the electroweak epoch of the universe, the electroweak force separated from the strong force. Accordingly, a grand unification epoch is hypothesized to have existed prior to this.","title":"Unification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf"},{"link_name":"Griffiths, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Griffiths_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-60386-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60386-3"},{"link_name":"Halzen, F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Halzen"},{"link_name":"Martin, A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000halz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-88741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-88741-6"},{"link_name":"Kane, G.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_L._Kane"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-201-11749-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11749-3"},{"link_name":"The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-309-50593-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-50593-2"}],"text":"Christman, J.R. (2001). \"MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction\" (PDF).\nGriffiths, David (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-60386-3.\nHalzen, F.; Martin, A.D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-88741-6.\nKane, G.L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-11749-3.\nMorris, R. (2003). The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-50593-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An animation of color confinement, a property of the strong interaction. If energy is supplied to the quarks as shown, the gluon tube connecting quarks elongates until it reaches a point where it \"snaps\" and the energy added to the system results in the formation of a quark–antiquark pair. Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif/330px-Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by pions. The colored small double circles inside are gluons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif/220px-Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif"},{"image_text":"The fundamental couplings of the strong interaction, from left to right: gluon radiation, gluon splitting and gluon self-coupling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/400px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A diagram (shown by the animation in the lead) with the individual quark constituents shown, to illustrate how the fundamental strong interaction gives rise to the nuclear force. Straight lines are quarks, while multi-colored loops are gluons (the carriers of the fundamental force).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg/300px-Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg.png"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg"},{"title":"Physics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics"},{"title":"Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics"},{"title":"Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model"},{"title":"Nuclear binding energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy"},{"title":"QCD matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter"},{"title":"Quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"title":"Yukawa interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_interaction"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/modern/forces.html#005","url_text":"\"The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website\""}]},{"reference":"Ragheb, Magdi. \"Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force\" (PDF). University of Illinois. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2023-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195010/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force\""},{"url":"https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect\". Furry Elephant physics educational site. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528145648/http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/","url_text":"\"Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect\""},{"url":"http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilczek, Frank (1982). \"Quantum chromodynamics: The modern theory of the strong interaction\". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 32 (1): 177–209. Bibcode:1982ARNPS..32..177W. doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ARNPS..32..177W","url_text":"1982ARNPS..32..177W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.32.120182.001141","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141"}]},{"reference":"Feynman, R.P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-691-08388-9. The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color', which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman","url_text":"Feynman, R.P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QED:_The_Strange_Theory_of_Light_and_Matter","url_text":"QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08388-9","url_text":"978-0-691-08388-9"}]},{"reference":"Fritzsch, H. (1983). Quarks: The Stuff of Matter. Basic Books. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0-465-06781-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit","url_text":"Quarks: The Stuff of Matter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit/page/167","url_text":"167–168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06781-7","url_text":"978-0-465-06781-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter\". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030724/http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm","url_text":"\"Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter\""},{"url":"http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3. The Strong Force\" (PDF). Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022113145/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf","url_text":"\"3. The Strong Force\""},{"url":"http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christman, J.R. (2001). \"MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf","url_text":"\"MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, David (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-60386-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Griffiths_(physicist)","url_text":"Griffiths, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60386-3","url_text":"978-0-471-60386-3"}]},{"reference":"Halzen, F.; Martin, A.D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-88741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Halzen","url_text":"Halzen, F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(physicist)","url_text":"Martin, A.D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000halz","url_text":"Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-88741-6","url_text":"978-0-471-88741-6"}]},{"reference":"Kane, G.L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-11749-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_L._Kane","url_text":"Kane, G.L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11749-3","url_text":"978-0-201-11749-3"}]},{"reference":"Morris, R. (2003). The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-50593-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr","url_text":"The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-50593-2","url_text":"978-0-309-50593-2"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-known-forces-of-nature/the-strength-of-the-known-forces/","external_links_name":"\"The strength of the known forces\""},{"Link":"http://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/modern/forces.html#005","external_links_name":"\"The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195010/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force\""},{"Link":"https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528145648/http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/","external_links_name":"\"Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect\""},{"Link":"http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ARNPS..32..177W","external_links_name":"1982ARNPS..32..177W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.32.120182.001141","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit","external_links_name":"Quarks: The Stuff of Matter"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit/page/167","external_links_name":"167–168"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030724/http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm","external_links_name":"\"Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter\""},{"Link":"http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022113145/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"3. The Strong Force\""},{"Link":"http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MISN-0-280: The Strong Interaction\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000halz","external_links_name":"Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr","external_links_name":"The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927693","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927693","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182921-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546937005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98005979","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02800504X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy
|
List of exports of Italy
|
["1 References"]
|
Note: The data is from 2012 and not the current years
The following is a list of the top thirty exports of Italy. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity.
#
Product
Value
1
Refined Petroleum
25,040
2
Pharmaceuticals
20,159
3
Vehicle parts
12,839
4
Cars
9,587
5
Gold
9,248
6
Valves
8,244
7
Leather footwear
7,145
8
Other Furniture
6,355
9
Jewellery
6,247
10
Wine
6,196
11
Washing and Bottling Machines
5,822
12
Trunks and Cases
5,568
13
Machinery Having Individual Functions
4,874
14
Air pumps
4,789
15
Trucks
4,563
16
Liquid pumps
4,128
17
Tanned Equine and Bovine Hides
3,800
18
Excavation Machinery
3,623
19
Transmissions
3,552
20
Other Heating Machinery
3,500
21
Other Small Iron Pipes
3,316
22
Gas turbines
3,180
23
Insulated wire
3,170
24
Refrigerators
3,129
25
Other Iron Products
2,995
26
Seats
2,904
27
Aircraft parts
2,818
28
Raw Plastic Sheeting
2,760
29
Engine parts
2,734
30
Low-voltage Protection Equipment
2,714
References
atlas.media.mit.edu - Observatory of Economic complexity - Products exported by Italy (2012)
vte Economy of Italy Companies of ItalyHistory
Currency and coinage
Economic history
Regions by GDP
Italy portalIndustry and business
Agriculture
Companies
Exports
Made in Italy
Aircraft
Automotive
Defence
Beer
Biotechnology
Coffee
Mining
Steel industry
Telecommunications
Television (Digital)
Film
Fashion
Luxury Real Estate
Robotics
Video gaming
Wine
Research
CINECA
ELETTRA
ENEA
Italian Space Agency
Erzelli Hi-Tech Park
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (I3A)
Milano Innovation District (Mind)
Energy
Renewable
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Oil
Oil refineries
Trade and Infrastructure
Transport
Communications
Tourism
Trading partners
Taxation
Tax system
Trade unions
Finance and banking
Banking
Central Bank
Stock Exchange
Development
International rankings
Science and technology
Events
2006 Winter Olympics
2026 Winter Olympics
Bologna Motor Show
Turin Auto Show
Venice Biennale
Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este
EICMA
Expo 2015
Euroflora
Fieracavalli
Genoa International Boat Show
Venice Boat Show
Lucca Comics & Games
Terra Madre Salone del Gusto
Milan Furniture Fair
Milan Fashion Week
Palio di Siena
Riviera International Film Festival
Rome Film Festival
Venice Film Festival
Vinitaly
See also
Italian Sounding
See also: Category
Economy of Europe
vteItaly articlesHistoryOverview
Timeline of Italian history
By topic
Citizenship
Currency and coinage
Economy
Fashion
Flags
Genetic
Historic states
Judaism
LGBT
Military
Music
Name
Postage
Railways
Prehistory
Prehistory
Neolithic
Villanovan
Terramare
Rinaldone
Apennine
Nuragic
Golasecca
Canegrate
Latial
Ancient
Ancient peoples
Italic peoples
Latins
Osci
Picentes
Samnites
Umbri
Veneti
Etruscans
Celts
Magna Graecia
Ligures
Messapians
Ancient Rome
Kingdom
Republic
Roman conquest
Roman Italy
Empire
Western Empire
Middle Ages
Middle Ages
Italy under Odoacer
Ostrogoths
Byzantium
Lombards
Papal States
the Holy Roman Empire
the Sardinian Judicates
Arabs
Normans
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Lombard League
Kingdom of Sicily
War of the Sicilian Vespers
Kingdom of Naples
Early modern
Italian city-states
Florence
Siena
Milan
Maritime republics
Venice
Genoa
Pisa
Amalfi
Kingdom of Sardinia
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Savoy
Renaissance
Italian Wars
Early Modern period
Napoleonic Italy
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Late modern
Unification
First War of Independence
Second War of Independence
Niçard exodus
Expedition of the Thousand
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Third War of Independence
Capture of Rome
Monarchy and the World Wars
Kingdom of Italy
Colonial Empire
World War I
Fourth War of Independence
Fascist Italy
World War II
Resistance and Social Republic
Civil War
Contemporary
Republic
Institutional referendum
Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
Economic Boom
Years of Lead
Maxi Trial
Mani pulite
Coronavirus pandemic
Geography
Italian geographical region
Peninsula
Climate
Climate change
Geology
Fauna
Flora
Mountains
Prealps
Alps
Apennines
Volcanism
Volcanoes
Beaches
Canals
Caves
Earthquakes
Islands
Lakes
Marine protected areas
National parks
Regional parks
Rivers
Valleys
SubdivisionsCentral
Lazio
Marche
Tuscany
Umbria
Northern ItalyNortheast
Emilia-Romagna
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Veneto
Northwest
Aosta Valley
Liguria
Lombardy
Piedmont
Southern ItalySouth
Abruzzo
Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Campania
Molise
Insular
Sardinia
Sicily
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
LGBT rights
Judiciary
Law
Law enforcement
Military
Nationality
Parliament
Political parties
President (List)
Prime Minister (List)
Council of Ministers
Regions
Provinces
Metropolitan cities
Cities
Comune
Municipalities
Security and intelligence
Economy
Economy
Italian regions by GDP
Agriculture
Automotive industry
Banking
Banks
Central Bank
Brands
Companies
Energy
Exports
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
air
rail
road
Welfare
Wine
Society
Aristocracy
Censorship
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Education
Emigration and diaspora
Gambling
Health
Healthcare
Immigration
Inventions and discoveries
Italians
People
Languages
Italian
Regional
Life expectancy
Orders, decorations, and medals
Poverty
Prostitution
Public administration
Racism
Religion
Social class
Terrorism
Water supply and sanitation
Women
Culture
Duecento
Trecento
Quattrocento
Cinquecento
Seicento
Settecento
Ottocento
Anthem
Architecture
Art
Castles
Cathedrals
Cinema
Coat of arm
Cuisine
Design
Fashion
Flag
Folklore
Gardens
Internet
Italophilia
Libraries
Literature
Media
Museums
Music
Mythology
National symbols
Palaces
Philosophy
Public holidays
Sport
Television
Theatre
Traditions
World Heritage Sites
Italy portal
Category
vteInternational tradeTerminology
Absolute advantage
Balance of payments
Balance of trade
Capital account
Comparative advantage
Current account
Export-oriented industrialization
Fair trade
Foreign exchange reserves
Globalization
Import substitution industrialization
Net capital outflow
Outsourcing
Tariff
Trade justice
Trade war
Trading nation
Organizationsand policies
International Monetary Fund
UN Conference on Trade and Development
World Bank Group
World Trade Organization
International Trade Centre
International Chamber of Commerce
Bilateral investment treaty
Economic integration
Incoterms
ATA Carnet
Free-trade zone
Special economic zone
Trade agreement
Trade barrier
Trade bloc
Political economy
Free trade (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Repeal of the Corn Laws)
Mercantilism
Protectionism (Economic nationalism, Autarky)
Dedollarisation
Regional organizationsAmericas
Andean Community of Nations
Caribbean Community
Central American Integration System
Mercosur
Asia-Pacific
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
Eurasian Economic Union
European Union Customs Union
Middle East and North Africa
Arab Customs Union
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Subsaharan Africa
East African Community
Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
Southern African Customs Union
West African Economic and Monetary Union
Exports by product
Aircraft & Spacecraft
Aircraft parts
Aluminium
Car parts
Coal
Coffee
Computers
Copper
Corn
Cotton
Diamonds
Electricity
Electronics
Engines
Gas turbines
Gold
Integrated circuits
Iron ore
Live animals
Natural gas
Oil
Petrol
Pharmaceuticals
Ships
Steel
Telecommunications equipment
Telephones
Trucks
Vehicles
Wheat
Wine
Category
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exports"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"United States dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollars"},{"link_name":"The Observatory of Economic Complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity"}],"text":"The following is a list of the top thirty exports of Italy. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity.","title":"List of exports of Italy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/export/ita/all/show/2012/","external_links_name":"atlas.media.mit.edu - Observatory of Economic complexity - Products exported by Italy (2012)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani
|
Sonmiani
|
["1 Longest Sea Route","2 Port","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 25°12′N 66°45′E / 25.200°N 66.750°E / 25.200; 66.750Somiani (Urdu: سونمیانی) is a coastal town in the southeast of Balochistan province in Pakistan, approximately 145 kilometres northwest of Karachi. The coast of Sonmiani is the northernmost point of the Arabian Sea. The Sonmiani Beach is one of the most popular beaches near Karachi. The town also serves as a Tehsil of Hub District. Sonmiani is noted for its space research and development. There is a space center/spaceport, which is known as Somiani Spaceport is situated at Sonmiani District. The Pakistan Economic Coordination Commission has announced a plan for construction of a liquid natural gas terminal.
Longest Sea Route
Sonmiani is at one end of the world's longest estimated straight-line path over water (32,090 km, ending at the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Karaginsky District in Russia).
Port
Sonmiani Port (Urdu: بندر گاہ سونمیانی) is a proposed fourth port in Sonmiani coastal town of Hub District, Balochistan Pakistan. The port is 160 km to the west of Karachi.
See also
Sonmiani Spaceport
Sonmiani Beach
Sonmiani Bay
Hub District
Gadani
External links
SUPARCO official website
Astronautix.com page on Sonmiani
References
^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Lasbella - Government of Pakistan Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
^ Pakistan to install five more LNG terminals
^ MIT Technology Review – Computer scientists have found the longest straight line you could sail without hitting land
^ Fazl-e-Haider, Syed (April 23, 2007). "Survey of Sonmiani sea coast for another port". DAWN.COM.
^ "Balochistan to have second seaport in Sonmiani: Musharraf inaugurates Gwadar Port". Brecorder. March 21, 2007.
^ "Aladdin Port at Sonmiani". 25 April 2007.
^ "Gwadar Port inaugurated: Plan for second port in Balochistan at Sonmiani". 21 March 2007.
^ "Musharraf opens Pakistani port and promises another". Reuters. 20 March 2007.
^ "Dialogue, NOS, the News International".
^ "Foreign investors forced to roll back from Sonmiani – Business Recorder".
^ "Adjournment motion on Sonmiani port". 23 May 2007.
25°12′N 66°45′E / 25.200°N 66.750°E / 25.200; 66.750
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sonmiani Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_Beach"},{"link_name":"Hub District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_engineering"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"space center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_center"},{"link_name":"spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport"},{"link_name":"Somiani Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_(space_facility)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Somiani (Urdu: سونمیانی) is a coastal town in the southeast of Balochistan province in Pakistan, approximately 145 kilometres northwest of Karachi. The coast of Sonmiani is the northernmost point of the Arabian Sea. The Sonmiani Beach is one of the most popular beaches near Karachi. The town also serves as a Tehsil of Hub District.[1] Sonmiani is noted for its space research and development. There is a space center/spaceport, which is known as Somiani Spaceport is situated at Sonmiani District. The Pakistan Economic Coordination Commission has announced a plan for construction of a liquid natural gas terminal.[2]","title":"Sonmiani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamchatka Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Karaginsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaginsky_District"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sonmiani is at one end of the world's longest estimated straight-line path over water (32,090 km, ending at the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Karaginsky District in Russia).[3]","title":"Longest Sea Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"fourth port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hub District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_District"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sonmiani Port (Urdu: بندر گاہ سونمیانی) is a proposed fourth port in Sonmiani coastal town of Hub District, Balochistan Pakistan.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The port is 160 km to the west of Karachi.[10][11]","title":"Port"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Sonmiani Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_(space_facility)"},{"title":"Sonmiani Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_Beach"},{"title":"Sonmiani Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_Bay"},{"title":"Hub District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_District"},{"title":"Gadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadani"}]
|
[{"reference":"Fazl-e-Haider, Syed (April 23, 2007). \"Survey of Sonmiani sea coast for another port\". DAWN.COM.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/243602/survey-of-sonmiani-sea-coast-for-another-port","url_text":"\"Survey of Sonmiani sea coast for another port\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balochistan to have second seaport in Sonmiani: Musharraf inaugurates Gwadar Port\". Brecorder. March 21, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brecorder.com/news/3376054","url_text":"\"Balochistan to have second seaport in Sonmiani: Musharraf inaugurates Gwadar Port\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aladdin Port at Sonmiani\". 25 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brecorder.com/news/3387469/aladdin-port-at-sonmiani-20070425555695","url_text":"\"Aladdin Port at Sonmiani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gwadar Port inaugurated: Plan for second port in Balochistan at Sonmiani\". 21 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/238494/gwadar-port-inaugurated-plan-for-second-port-inbalochistan-at-sonmiani","url_text":"\"Gwadar Port inaugurated: Plan for second port in Balochistan at Sonmiani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musharraf opens Pakistani port and promises another\". Reuters. 20 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-gwadar-port-idUKISL5505020070320","url_text":"\"Musharraf opens Pakistani port and promises another\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialogue, NOS, the News International\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-03-06-2007/dia.htm","url_text":"\"Dialogue, NOS, the News International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign investors forced to roll back from Sonmiani – Business Recorder\".","urls":[{"url":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2007/05/20070505560053/","url_text":"\"Foreign investors forced to roll back from Sonmiani – Business Recorder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adjournment motion on Sonmiani port\". 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/248283/adjournment-motion-on-sonmiani-port","url_text":"\"Adjournment motion on Sonmiani port\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sonmiani¶ms=25_12_N_66_45_E_region:PK_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"25°12′N 66°45′E / 25.200°N 66.750°E / 25.200; 66.750"},{"Link":"http://www.suparco.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"SUPARCO official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030906194645/http://astronautix.com/sites/sonmiani.htm","external_links_name":"Astronautix.com page on Sonmiani"},{"Link":"http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=81&dn=Lasbella","external_links_name":"Tehsils & Unions in the District of Lasbella - Government of Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120805080130/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=81&dn=Lasbella","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dailycapital.pk/pakistan-to-install-five-more-lng-terminals/","external_links_name":"Pakistan to install five more LNG terminals"},{"Link":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611012/computer-scientists-have-found-the-longest-straight-line-you-could-sail-without-hitting/","external_links_name":"MIT Technology Review – Computer scientists have found the longest straight line you could sail without hitting land"},{"Link":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/243602/survey-of-sonmiani-sea-coast-for-another-port","external_links_name":"\"Survey of Sonmiani sea coast for another port\""},{"Link":"http://www.brecorder.com/news/3376054","external_links_name":"\"Balochistan to have second seaport in Sonmiani: Musharraf inaugurates Gwadar Port\""},{"Link":"https://www.brecorder.com/news/3387469/aladdin-port-at-sonmiani-20070425555695","external_links_name":"\"Aladdin Port at Sonmiani\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/238494/gwadar-port-inaugurated-plan-for-second-port-inbalochistan-at-sonmiani","external_links_name":"\"Gwadar Port inaugurated: Plan for second port in Balochistan at Sonmiani\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-gwadar-port-idUKISL5505020070320","external_links_name":"\"Musharraf opens Pakistani port and promises another\""},{"Link":"https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-03-06-2007/dia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dialogue, NOS, the News International\""},{"Link":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2007/05/20070505560053/","external_links_name":"\"Foreign investors forced to roll back from Sonmiani – Business Recorder\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/248283/adjournment-motion-on-sonmiani-port","external_links_name":"\"Adjournment motion on Sonmiani port\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sonmiani¶ms=25_12_N_66_45_E_region:PK_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"25°12′N 66°45′E / 25.200°N 66.750°E / 25.200; 66.750"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Coors
|
Adolph Coors
|
["1 Early life","2 Golden Brewery","3 Marriage and family","3.1 Immediate family","3.2 Siblings","4 Death","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
|
American businessman (1847–1894)
For other people named Adolph Coors, see Adolph Coors (disambiguation).
Adolph CoorsBornAdolph Hermann Josef KuhrsFebruary 4, 1847Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, Kingdom of PrussiaDiedJune 5, 1929(1929-06-05) (aged 82)Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.Resting placeCrown Hill Cemetery, Wheat Ridge, Colorado, U.S.39°45′34″N 105°05′23″W / 39.7595°N 105.0898°W / 39.7595; -105.0898OccupationBrewerParent(s)Joseph Kuhrs (c. 1820–1862) Helena Hein (c. 1820–1862)
Adolph Herman Joseph Coors Sr. (February 4, 1847 – June 5, 1929) was a German-American brewer who founded the Adolph Coors Company in Golden, Colorado, in 1873.
Early life
Adolph Hermann Joseph Kuhrs was born in Barmen in Rhenish Prussia on February 4, 1847, the son of Joseph Kuhrs (circa 1820–1862) and Helena Heim (circa 1820–1862). He was apprenticed at age 13 to the book and stationery store of Andrea and Company in nearby Ruhrort from November 1860 until June 1862. His mother died on April 2, 1862. The Kuhrs family moved to Dortmund, Westphalia. In July 1862, Adolph was apprenticed for a three-year period at Kronen, a brewery owned by Heinrich Wenker in Dortmund. He was charged a fee for his apprenticeship, so he worked as a bookkeeper to pay for it. His father died on November 24, 1862. Orphaned, Adolph completed his apprenticeship and continued to work as a paid employee at the Wenker Brewery until May 1867. He then worked at breweries in Kassel, Berlin, and Uelzen in Germany.
Early in 1868, he came to the United States as an undocumented stowaway. He remained ashamed of that action for the rest of his life, and decreed that his family should never speak about it. The family never openly discussed the fact that the family patriarch had been a stowaway until his son's death in 1970. He sailed from Hamburg to New York City and then moved to Chicago, arriving on May 30, 1868. His name was changed from "Kuhrs" to "Coors". He worked in the spring as a laborer, and during the summer he worked as a brewer. In the fall and winter, he worked as a fireman, loading coal into the firebox of a steam engine. In the spring and summer of 1869, he worked as an apprentice bricklayer and a stone cutter. He became foreman of John Stenger's brewery on August 11, 1869, in Naperville, Illinois, about 35 miles west of Chicago.
He resigned from Stenger's brewery on January 22, 1872, and moved to Denver, arriving in April. He worked in Denver as a gardener for a month, and on May 1, 1872, he purchased a partnership in the bottling firm of John Staderman. In the same year, he bought and assumed control of the entire business.
Golden Brewery
On November 14, 1873, Coors and the Denver confectioner Jacob Schueler purchased the abandoned Golden City Tannery and converted it to the Golden Brewery. By February 1874, they were producing beer for sale. In 1880, Coors purchased Schueler's interest, and the brewery was renamed Adolph Coors Golden Brewery. When Prohibition began in Colorado in 1916, he converted his brewery to make malted milk. The company also manufactured porcelain and ceramic products made from clay mined in Golden. The Coors Porcelain division has since split off and is now known as CoorsTek.
Marriage and family
Immediate family
On April 12, 1879, Adolph Coors married Louisa Webber, the daughter of the superintendent of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad maintenance shops. They were married at the Coors home on the brewery grounds. Adolph and Louisa raised three sons and three daughters to adulthood, with two children dying in infancy. Louise was born on March 2, 1880, and was nicknamed Lulu among her many friends. Their second child was Augusta, born in 1881, and known by her nickname of Gussie. The fifth born and third surviving child was Adolph Coors Jr., on January 12, 1884. Bertha Coors was born on June 24, 1886, and Grover C. Coors was born in 1888. The last addition to the family, Herman Frederick Coors, was born on July 24, 1890, while the family was on vacation in Berlin.
All of the daughters attended the Wolcott School for Girls in Denver. Louise married Henry F. Kugeler at the Coors Mansion, and Augusta married Herbert E. Collbran there on October 5, 1905. At the time, Transcript editor George West wrote, "Miss Coors is a native Golden girl and proud of it. She is pretty and talented, and by her universally pleasant and courteous demeanor has endeared herself to all the people of her native town." Her husband and she moved to Korea, where his father was the nation's transportation adviser. Herbert Collbran held an important position with the government railways. The international shipping of Coors beer, beginning in Korea in 1908, possibly was related to the family's presence there.
Adolph Jr., Grover, and Herman all graduated from Cornell University, and returned to Denver to take positions in the family operations. Adolph Jr. was married to Alice May Kistler at the Kistler home, and the family lived in Denver. Grover married Gertrude at the Coors Mansion. Bertha, who became an accomplished equestrienne and safari hunter, married Harold S. Munroe on January 8, 1911, at the Coors Mansion. They moved to Mexico, where Harold worked in gold-mining operations. Grover Coors married Doreathea Clara Morse on May 25, 1916, in Tompkins, New York. Herman Coors married Janet Ferrin and remained in Golden, working in the family porcelain factory. In 1926, he moved to Inglewood, California, where he established the H.F. Coors China Company.
Siblings
Adolph Coors is known to have had at least two siblings, a sister and a younger brother, William Kuhrs, who was born in Dortmund, Germany, in 1849. William followed his brother to America in 1870 and took the same respelling of the family name. He made his way to Chicago, where he made a good living as a cabinetmaker and arrived in Golden by the mid-1870s. He took a good position of employment at his brother's brewery, where he remained employed for the rest of his life. Following further in his brother's footsteps, William married Louisa's sister Mary in 1881, and 10 years later moved to Denver, where he had charge of the Coors interests in that city. The couple had three daughters, two of whom were Mattie and Helena. William Coors died on December 30, 1923, and is buried at the Golden Cemetery. Upon his death, the Colorado Transcript described him as "a genial, accommodating man, and had many friends in Golden, Denver, and elsewhere." His oldest daughter married William J. Gilbert and the second married Charles Nitschke.
Death
On June 5, 1929, Adolph Coors fell or allegedly committed suicide by leaping from the sixth-floor window of the Cavalier Hotel in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
See also
Biography portal
Eberhard Anheuser
Jacob Best
Valentin Blatz
Adolphus Busch
August Anheuser Busch Sr.
Adolph Coors III
Pete Coors
Gottlieb Heileman
Frederick Miller
Frederick Pabst
Joseph Schlitz
August Uihlein
References
^ "Coors Brewery Tours in Golden Co MillerCoors". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
^ Dan Baum, Citizen Coors, Perennial, 2000, p. 5 ISBN 0-688-15448-4.
^ An advertisement in Corbett, Hoye and Company's Directory of the City of Denver (1873) on p. 242 showed Adolph Coors as a dealer in "bottled beer, ale, porter, and cider, imported and domestic wines, and seltzer water." His place of business was located in the Tappan Block on Holladay (now Market) Street between E and F Streets (now 14th and 15th). The same directory shows that Coors lived on Curtis Street between IC and L (20th and 21st) Streets.
^ Garrett Oliver (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.
^ Rich Griset, "Strange Brew", Coastal Virginia Magazine, January 2015
^ "Brewing Beer and Problems". The New York Times. July 7, 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-21. In "Citizen Coors: An American Dynasty" (William Morrow, $27), Dan Baum wisely singles the family out. Mr. Baum builds a strong narrative from the tale of how this big dysfunctional family made a lot of cold beer and money that ultimately financed conservative causes via the Republican Party and The Heritage Foundation. There is no lack of drama, starting with the patriarch Adolph Coors, who committed suicide by jumping out of a hotel window.
Further reading
Banham, Russ. Coors: A Rocky Mountain Legend (1998).
Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America
Baum, Dan. Citizen Coors: A Grand Family Saga of Business, Politics, and Beer (2001).
Bellant, Russ. Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism (1990).
Dansky, Eli. "Coors, Adolph" American National Biography (2003) online
Downard, William L. Dictionary of the History of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries (1980).
Kostka, William. The Pre-Prohibition History of Adolph Coors Company 1873–1933 (1973)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolph Coors (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Coors_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"German-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Adolph Coors Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Coors_Company"},{"link_name":"Golden, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden,_Colorado"}],"text":"For other people named Adolph Coors, see Adolph Coors (disambiguation).Adolph Herman Joseph Coors Sr. (February 4, 1847 – June 5, 1929) was a German-American brewer who founded the Adolph Coors Company in Golden, Colorado, in 1873.","title":"Adolph Coors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmen"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Province"},{"link_name":"Ruhrort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhrort"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Kronen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronen"},{"link_name":"brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Uelzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uelzen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer"},{"link_name":"fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"bricklayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayer"},{"link_name":"Naperville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Adolph Hermann Joseph Kuhrs was born in Barmen in Rhenish Prussia on February 4, 1847, the son of Joseph Kuhrs (circa 1820–1862) and Helena Heim (circa 1820–1862). He was apprenticed at age 13 to the book and stationery store of Andrea and Company in nearby Ruhrort from November 1860 until June 1862. His mother died on April 2, 1862. The Kuhrs family moved to Dortmund, Westphalia. In July 1862, Adolph was apprenticed for a three-year period at Kronen, a brewery owned by Heinrich Wenker in Dortmund. He was charged a fee for his apprenticeship, so he worked as a bookkeeper to pay for it. His father died on November 24, 1862. Orphaned, Adolph completed his apprenticeship and continued to work as a paid employee at the Wenker Brewery until May 1867. He then worked at breweries in Kassel, Berlin, and Uelzen in Germany.Early in 1868, he came to the United States as an undocumented stowaway.[1] He remained ashamed of that action for the rest of his life, and decreed that his family should never speak about it. The family never openly discussed the fact that the family patriarch had been a stowaway until his son's death in 1970.[2] He sailed from Hamburg to New York City and then moved to Chicago, arriving on May 30, 1868. His name was changed from \"Kuhrs\" to \"Coors\". He worked in the spring as a laborer, and during the summer he worked as a brewer. In the fall and winter, he worked as a fireman, loading coal into the firebox of a steam engine. In the spring and summer of 1869, he worked as an apprentice bricklayer and a stone cutter. He became foreman of John Stenger's brewery on August 11, 1869, in Naperville, Illinois, about 35 miles west of Chicago.He resigned from Stenger's brewery on January 22, 1872, and moved to Denver, arriving in April. He worked in Denver as a gardener for a month, and on May 1, 1872, he purchased a partnership in the bottling firm of John Staderman. In the same year, he bought and assumed control of the entire business.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2011-4"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition"},{"link_name":"malted milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malted_milk"},{"link_name":"CoorsTek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoorsTek"}],"text":"On November 14, 1873, Coors and the Denver confectioner Jacob Schueler purchased the abandoned Golden City Tannery and converted it to the Golden Brewery. By February 1874, they were producing beer for sale. In 1880, Coors purchased Schueler's interest, and the brewery was renamed Adolph Coors Golden Brewery.[4] When Prohibition began in Colorado in 1916, he converted his brewery to make malted milk. The company also manufactured porcelain and ceramic products made from clay mined in Golden. The Coors Porcelain division has since split off and is now known as CoorsTek.","title":"Golden Brewery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolph Coors Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Coors_II"},{"link_name":"Wolcott School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolcott_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tompkins, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Inglewood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood,_California"},{"link_name":"H.F. Coors China Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoorsTek#Rosebud_china_and_Prohibition_after_WWI"}],"sub_title":"Immediate family","text":"On April 12, 1879, Adolph Coors married Louisa Webber, the daughter of the superintendent of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad maintenance shops. They were married at the Coors home on the brewery grounds. Adolph and Louisa raised three sons and three daughters to adulthood, with two children dying in infancy. Louise was born on March 2, 1880, and was nicknamed Lulu among her many friends. Their second child was Augusta, born in 1881, and known by her nickname of Gussie. The fifth born and third surviving child was Adolph Coors Jr., on January 12, 1884. Bertha Coors was born on June 24, 1886, and Grover C. Coors was born in 1888. The last addition to the family, Herman Frederick Coors, was born on July 24, 1890, while the family was on vacation in Berlin.All of the daughters attended the Wolcott School for Girls in Denver. Louise married Henry F. Kugeler at the Coors Mansion, and Augusta married Herbert E. Collbran there on October 5, 1905. At the time, Transcript editor George West wrote, \"Miss Coors is a native Golden girl and proud of it. She is pretty and talented, and by her universally pleasant and courteous demeanor has endeared herself to all the people of her native town.\" Her husband and she moved to Korea, where his father was the nation's transportation adviser. Herbert Collbran held an important position with the government railways. The international shipping of Coors beer, beginning in Korea in 1908, possibly was related to the family's presence there.Adolph Jr., Grover, and Herman all graduated from Cornell University, and returned to Denver to take positions in the family operations. Adolph Jr. was married to Alice May Kistler at the Kistler home, and the family lived in Denver. Grover married Gertrude at the Coors Mansion. Bertha, who became an accomplished equestrienne and safari hunter, married Harold S. Munroe on January 8, 1911, at the Coors Mansion. They moved to Mexico, where Harold worked in gold-mining operations. Grover Coors married Doreathea Clara Morse on May 25, 1916, in Tompkins, New York. Herman Coors married Janet Ferrin and remained in Golden, working in the family porcelain factory. In 1926, he moved to Inglewood, California, where he established the H.F. Coors China Company.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dortmund, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Colorado Transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Transcript"}],"sub_title":"Siblings","text":"Adolph Coors is known to have had at least two siblings, a sister and a younger brother, William Kuhrs, who was born in Dortmund, Germany, in 1849. William followed his brother to America in 1870 and took the same respelling of the family name. He made his way to Chicago, where he made a good living as a cabinetmaker and arrived in Golden by the mid-1870s. He took a good position of employment at his brother's brewery, where he remained employed for the rest of his life. Following further in his brother's footsteps, William married Louisa's sister Mary in 1881, and 10 years later moved to Denver, where he had charge of the Coors interests in that city. The couple had three daughters, two of whom were Mattie and Helena. William Coors died on December 30, 1923, and is buried at the Golden Cemetery. Upon his death, the Colorado Transcript described him as \"a genial, accommodating man, and had many friends in Golden, Denver, and elsewhere.\" His oldest daughter married William J. Gilbert and the second married Charles Nitschke.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cavalier Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On June 5, 1929, Adolph Coors fell or allegedly committed suicide by leaping from the sixth-floor window of the Cavalier Hotel in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[5][6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1002263"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4684324#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000017194092"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/65079067"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8DhkqFKywbyC8yCgtKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/129179345"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd129179345.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sx81hf"}],"text":"Banham, Russ. Coors: A Rocky Mountain Legend (1998).\nBaron, Stanley. Brewed in America\nBaum, Dan. Citizen Coors: A Grand Family Saga of Business, Politics, and Beer (2001).\nBellant, Russ. Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism (1990).\nDansky, Eli. \"Coors, Adolph\" American National Biography (2003) online\nDownard, William L. Dictionary of the History of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries (1980).\nKostka, William. The Pre-Prohibition History of Adolph Coors Company 1873–1933 (1973)Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Eberhard Anheuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Anheuser"},{"title":"Jacob Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Best"},{"title":"Valentin Blatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Blatz"},{"title":"Adolphus Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Busch"},{"title":"August Anheuser Busch Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Anheuser_Busch_Sr."},{"title":"Adolph Coors III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Coors_III"},{"title":"Pete Coors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Coors"},{"title":"Gottlieb Heileman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Heileman"},{"title":"Frederick Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Miller"},{"title":"Frederick Pabst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Pabst"},{"title":"Joseph Schlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz"},{"title":"August Uihlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Uihlein"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Coors Brewery Tours in Golden Co MillerCoors\". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710111503/http://visitgolden.com/coors-brewery-beer-tours/coors-brewery-tours-history","url_text":"\"Coors Brewery Tours in Golden Co MillerCoors\""},{"url":"http://visitgolden.com/coors-brewery-beer-tours/coors-brewery-tours-history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garrett Oliver (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA100","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Beer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3","url_text":"978-0-19-536713-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Brewing Beer and Problems\". The New York Times. July 7, 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-21. In \"Citizen Coors: An American Dynasty\" (William Morrow, $27), Dan Baum wisely singles the family out. Mr. Baum builds a strong narrative from the tale of how this big dysfunctional family made a lot of cold beer and money that ultimately financed conservative causes via the Republican Party and The Heritage Foundation. There is no lack of drama, starting with the patriarch Adolph Coors, who committed suicide by jumping out of a hotel window.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/business/0007shelf.html","url_text":"\"Brewing Beer and Problems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family","url_text":"dysfunctional family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)","url_text":"Republican Party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation","url_text":"The Heritage Foundation"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adolph_Coors¶ms=39.7595_N_105.0898_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"39°45′34″N 105°05′23″W / 39.7595°N 105.0898°W / 39.7595; -105.0898"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710111503/http://visitgolden.com/coors-brewery-beer-tours/coors-brewery-tours-history","external_links_name":"\"Coors Brewery Tours in Golden Co MillerCoors\""},{"Link":"http://visitgolden.com/coors-brewery-beer-tours/coors-brewery-tours-history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to Beer"},{"Link":"http://www.coastalvirginiamag.com/January-2015/Strange-Brew/","external_links_name":"Rich Griset, \"Strange Brew\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/business/0007shelf.html","external_links_name":"\"Brewing Beer and Problems\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1002263","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000017194092","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65079067","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8DhkqFKywbyC8yCgtKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/129179345","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd129179345.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sx81hf","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotube
|
Nanotube
|
["1 Kinds of nanotubes","2 Nanotubes builders","3 References"]
|
Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube
A nanotube is a nanometer-scale hollow tube-like structure.
Kinds of nanotubes
BCN nanotube, composed of comparable amounts of boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms
Boron nitride nanotube, a polymorph of boron nitride
Carbon nanotube, includes general nanotube terminology and diagrams
DNA nanotube, a two-dimensional lattice which curves back upon itself, somewhat similar in size and shape to a carbon nanotube
Gallium nitride nanotube, a nanotube of gallium nitride
Silicon nanotube, made of silicon atoms
Non-carbon nanotube, especially tungsten(IV) sulfide nanotubes
Tunneling nanotube, a tubular membrane connection between cells
Titanium nanotubes, created by the conversion of the mineral anatase by hydrothermal synthesis
Nanotubes builders
Chiraltube. Atomistic builder for any nanotubes with any chirality from any 2D material.
TubeASP. For carbon nanotubes.
Nanotuve Modeler. For carbon nanotubes only.
References
^ Rubio, A., et al. (1994). "Theory of Graphitic Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Physical Review B. 49 (7): 5081–5084. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..49.5081R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5081. PMID 10011453.
^ Chopra, N. G., et al. (1995). "Boron Nitride Nanotubes". Science. 269 (5226): 966–7. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..966C. doi:10.1126/science.269.5226.966. PMID 17807732. S2CID 28988094.
^ Feldkamp U, Niemeyer CM (13 March 2006). "Rational design of DNA nanoarchitectures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (12): 1856–1876. doi:10.1002/anie.200502358. PMID 16470892.
^ Kiricsi I, Fudala Á, Kónya Z, Hernádi K, Lentz P, Nagy JB (2000). "The advantages of ozone treatment in the preparation of tubular silica structures". Applied Catalysis A: General. 203: L1–L4. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00563-9.
^ Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G (1992). "Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide". Nature. 360 (6403): 444–446. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..444T. doi:10.1038/360444a0. S2CID 4309310.
^ Mogilevsky G, Chen Q, Kleinhammes A, Wu Y (2008). "The structure of multilayered titania nanotubes based on delaminated anatase". Chemical Physics Letters. 460 (4–6): 517–520. Bibcode:2008CPL...460..517M. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.063.
^ de Albornoz-Caratozzolo JM, Cervantes-Sodi F (2024). "Chiraltube, rolling 2D materials into chiral nanotubes". Nanoscale Advances. 6 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1039/D3NA00301A. ISSN 2516-0230. PMC 10729892. PMID 38125603.
Index of chemical compounds with the same nameThis set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nanometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer"}],"text":"A nanotube is a nanometer-scale hollow tube-like structure.","title":"Nanotube"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BCN nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCN_nanotube"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"Boron nitride nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_nitride_nanotube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N.G._Chopra,_R.J._Luyken_1995-2"},{"link_name":"Carbon nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube"},{"link_name":"DNA nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology#DNA_nanotubes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldkamp-3"},{"link_name":"Gallium nitride nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_nitride_nanotube"},{"link_name":"Silicon nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nanotube"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Non-carbon nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-carbon_nanotube"},{"link_name":"tungsten(IV) sulfide nanotubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_sulfide#Nanotubes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tenne1992-5"},{"link_name":"Tunneling nanotube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_nanotube"},{"link_name":"Titanium nanotubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide#Nanotubes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"BCN nanotube, composed of comparable amounts of boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms\nBoron nitride nanotube, a polymorph of boron nitride[1][2]\nCarbon nanotube, includes general nanotube terminology and diagrams\nDNA nanotube, a two-dimensional lattice which curves back upon itself,[3] somewhat similar in size and shape to a carbon nanotube\nGallium nitride nanotube, a nanotube of gallium nitride\nSilicon nanotube, made of silicon atoms[4]\nNon-carbon nanotube, especially tungsten(IV) sulfide nanotubes[5]\nTunneling nanotube, a tubular membrane connection between cells\nTitanium nanotubes, created by the conversion of the mineral anatase by hydrothermal synthesis[6]","title":"Kinds of nanotubes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chiraltube. Atomistic builder for any nanotubes with any chirality from any 2D material.[7]\nTubeASP. For carbon nanotubes.\nNanotuve Modeler. For carbon nanotubes only.","title":"Nanotubes builders"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif/150px-Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rubio, A., et al. (1994). \"Theory of Graphitic Boron Nitride Nanotubes\". Physical Review B. 49 (7): 5081–5084. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..49.5081R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5081. PMID 10011453.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1233727","url_text":"\"Theory of Graphitic Boron Nitride Nanotubes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhRvB..49.5081R","url_text":"1994PhRvB..49.5081R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.49.5081","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10011453","url_text":"10011453"}]},{"reference":"Chopra, N. G., et al. (1995). \"Boron Nitride Nanotubes\". Science. 269 (5226): 966–7. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..966C. doi:10.1126/science.269.5226.966. PMID 17807732. S2CID 28988094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269..966C","url_text":"1995Sci...269..966C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.269.5226.966","url_text":"10.1126/science.269.5226.966"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17807732","url_text":"17807732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28988094","url_text":"28988094"}]},{"reference":"Feldkamp U, Niemeyer CM (13 March 2006). \"Rational design of DNA nanoarchitectures\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (12): 1856–1876. doi:10.1002/anie.200502358. PMID 16470892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200502358","url_text":"10.1002/anie.200502358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470892","url_text":"16470892"}]},{"reference":"Kiricsi I, Fudala Á, Kónya Z, Hernádi K, Lentz P, Nagy JB (2000). \"The advantages of ozone treatment in the preparation of tubular silica structures\". Applied Catalysis A: General. 203: L1–L4. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00563-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2800%2900563-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00563-9"}]},{"reference":"Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G (1992). \"Polyhedral and cylindrical structures of tungsten disulphide\". Nature. 360 (6403): 444–446. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..444T. doi:10.1038/360444a0. S2CID 4309310.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360..444T","url_text":"1992Natur.360..444T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F360444a0","url_text":"10.1038/360444a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4309310","url_text":"4309310"}]},{"reference":"Mogilevsky G, Chen Q, Kleinhammes A, Wu Y (2008). \"The structure of multilayered titania nanotubes based on delaminated anatase\". Chemical Physics Letters. 460 (4–6): 517–520. Bibcode:2008CPL...460..517M. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CPL...460..517M","url_text":"2008CPL...460..517M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cplett.2008.06.063","url_text":"10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.063"}]},{"reference":"de Albornoz-Caratozzolo JM, Cervantes-Sodi F (2024). \"Chiraltube, rolling 2D materials into chiral nanotubes\". Nanoscale Advances. 6 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1039/D3NA00301A. ISSN 2516-0230. PMC 10729892. PMID 38125603.","urls":[{"url":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3NA00301A","url_text":"\"Chiraltube, rolling 2D materials into chiral nanotubes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3NA00301A","url_text":"10.1039/D3NA00301A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2516-0230","url_text":"2516-0230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729892","url_text":"10729892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38125603","url_text":"38125603"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1233727","external_links_name":"\"Theory of Graphitic Boron Nitride Nanotubes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhRvB..49.5081R","external_links_name":"1994PhRvB..49.5081R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.49.5081","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5081"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10011453","external_links_name":"10011453"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269..966C","external_links_name":"1995Sci...269..966C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.269.5226.966","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.269.5226.966"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17807732","external_links_name":"17807732"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28988094","external_links_name":"28988094"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200502358","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.200502358"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470892","external_links_name":"16470892"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2800%2900563-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00563-9"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360..444T","external_links_name":"1992Natur.360..444T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F360444a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/360444a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4309310","external_links_name":"4309310"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CPL...460..517M","external_links_name":"2008CPL...460..517M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cplett.2008.06.063","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.063"},{"Link":"http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3NA00301A","external_links_name":"\"Chiraltube, rolling 2D materials into chiral nanotubes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3NA00301A","external_links_name":"10.1039/D3NA00301A"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2516-0230","external_links_name":"2516-0230"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729892","external_links_name":"10729892"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38125603","external_links_name":"38125603"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Nanotube&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobinte_Swargarajyam
|
Jacobinte Swargarajyam
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Release","6 Reception","6.1 Critical response","6.2 Box office","7 Awards","8 References","9 External links"]
|
2016 film by Vineeth Sreenivasan
Jacobinte SwargarajyamTheatrical release posterDirected byVineeth SreenivasanWritten byVineeth SreenivasanProduced byNoble Babu ThomasStarring
Nivin Pauly
Renji Panicker
CinematographyJomon T. JohnEdited byRanjan AbrahamMusic byShaan RahmanProductioncompanyBig Bang EntertainmentsDistributed byLJ Films & Tricolor EntertainmentRelease date
8 April 2016 (2016-04-08)
Running time145 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalamBudget₹3.5 crore (US$420,000)Box office₹42.9 crore (US$5.1 million)
Jacobinte Swargarajyam (transl. Jacob's Kingdom of Heaven) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film written and directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan. The film stars Nivin Pauly and Renji Panicker. It revolves around a wealthy businessman and the struggles faced by his son to clear his father's debts after a business associate cheats him. The film was released on 8 April 2016 in India and later in foreign countries.
Plot
In 2008, Jacob Zachariah is a businessman settled in Dubai with his wife Sherly and four children, Jerry, Abin, Ammu and Chris. Jacob has always been respected by his colleagues for his ideas and had ran many businesses prior to starting a steel business. Following the global recession, Jacob strikes a deal through his Pakistani colleague, Ajmal, and takes a total of 8 million dirhams from his investors. Ajmal cheats Jacob, and Jacob is left in a debt of 8 million dirhams, which he learns about on his 25th wedding anniversary. Jacob's credibility and trustful ways of business are lost and he is forced to travel to Liberia to finalize a deal, which fails and he is forced to stay there to avoid arrest. With continued complaints from investors, especially from Murali Menon, Jerry decides to solve his family's problems by stepping into his dad's shoes.
Jerry, without a trade license nor office, faces many difficulties at first. He decides to go out with what his father had taught him about business. He meets a self-made businessman, Yusuf Shah, and strikes a deal with him, eventually earning his trust and the business grows. Jerry motivates Abin to start a tours and travel company, and they succeed. Jerry is able to pay most of the debts and earns back the trust of the investors. However, Murali Menon pressurizes him for the full payment. Jerry and his mother close as many deals as they can and are able to collect money, but were only able to collect half of what they owed. Finally, Murali takes the case against Jerry to the court however the case is rejected as the case was registered against the owner of the company, which is under Jacob's name. Murali, who has also been affected by the recession, is forced to agree with Jerry's conditions.
Jerry expands his company with Yusuf Shah and clears his family's debts. He visits his father in Kerala, along with his girlfriend, Chippy. Jerry finds it difficult to communicate with his father, because he isn't the person he once knew. His mother intervenes and they break the tension between them and the family happily continue with their lives.
Cast
Nivin Pauly as Jerry "Gregory" Jacob
Renji Panicker as Jacob Zachariah
Lakshmy Ramakrishnan as Sherly Jacob
Sreenath Bhasi as Ebin "Basil" Jacob
Aima Sebastian as Ammu "Merlin" Jacob
Stacen Varghese as Chris Jacob
Vineeth Sreenivasan as Yusuf Shah
Sai Kumar as Philip
Ashwin Kumar as Murali Menon
Dinesh Prabhakar as Sijoy
Aju Varghese as Abdul
Gilu Joseph as Abdul's wife
T. G. Ravi as Unni, Jacob's car driver
Reba Monica John as Chippy
Murali Mohan as Kariachan
Waleem Khan as Ajmal
Sundharan as Mani Chettan
Farhat as Raveendar
Seifeddine Senouci as Omeri
Aron Anil as Aron
Johnson as Ruben George
Aslam as Shetty
Smitha Pillai as Shetty's wife
Production
The film was officially announced on 29 October 2015, which would be the third film collaboration of Nivin Pauly and Vineeth Sreenivasan after the successful films Thattathin Marayathu (2012) and Oru Vadakkan Selfie (2015). Gautham Vasudev Menon was confirmed in a role in the film, which was to be his acting debut. Later, Menon was replaced by Ashwin Kkumar. Vineeth explained "...Gautham Menon Sir was supposed to do an important role in our film. We got his dates and the shoot was planned for the first week of December in Dubai.. But then, Chennai Floods happened, airport was shut down and we couldn't bring him in. Rescheduling became impossible after that, due to several reasons,". Vineeth initially planned to essay the lead role of Jerry Jacob by himself beside directing the film. He happened to narrate the plot to Nivin in a casual conversation during the time when they were working in Oru Vadakkan Selfie (2015). After which, Nivin showed interest in Jerry but Vineeth was skeptical about casting him, but eventually did. Actor Aju Varghese joined as assistant director in the film.
Vineeth wrote the screenplay based on a real life incident of a NRI Malayali businessman Jacob Zachariah and his family after a business partner cheated them. Nivin Pauly's character is inspired by Gregory Jacob, Zachariah's son and friend to Vineeth. Beside Nivin, the film has Renji Panicker, Aima Rosmy Sebastian, Lakshmi Ramakrishnan, Sreenath Bhasi and Stacen portraying the family. Filming took place in Dubai, Ernakulam, and Ooty.
Music
Main article: Jacobinte Swargarajyam (soundtrack)
The film's score was composed by Shaan Rahman with the lyrics written by Manu Manjith, B. K. Harinarayanan, Rzee and Ashwin Gopakumar. A single, "Dubai", was released by the music label Muzik247 on 6 February 2016 via streaming platforms. The soundtrack album was released on 20 February 2016.
Release
Jacobinte Swargarajyam released in India on 8 April 2016, with 92 screens in Kerala. The film released in 77 screens in rest of India with English subtitles. After few days of release, a special screening was held in Chennai for a selected audience from the Tamil film industry. The film released on 22 April in Asia-Pacific countries Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong, and Brunei. The UAE release held on 4 May and followed by Qatar on 5 May.
Reception
Critical response
The film received positive reviews from critics. Goutham V. S. of The Indian Express rated 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that the director has showed discipline while handling dramatic situations and "has used his observations to good effect as the strong relationship bonds inside Jacob's family members and their informal homely behaviour was captured with shots that impart warmth and positive vibes, like the feel of an early morning coffee". He gave a special mention for the performance of Ashwin Kumar and praised the editing. Padmakumar K. of Malayala Manorama wrote "Being a story based on true incidents it could have been told in a more poignant manner. But Vineeth chose to play it safe by arranging the lighter and the turbid moments at regular intervals to make it an arresting narrative rather than delving deep into the heart of the issue" and rated 3 stars out of 5. He praised the performances of Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan and Ashwin Kumar.
Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times awarded 3 out of 5 and stated "The movie stays pretty much focussed – and does not stray into any romantic alleyways (though Jerry has a girlfriend) – except to include a few squabbles which one of Jerry's brothers gets into. These add a certain balance to the film's structure, and with performances by most of the cast members – particularly Pauly, Panicker and Ramakrishnan – disarmingly understated, Sreenivasan's work is captivating (sic)". He appreciated the editing. Akhila Menon of Filmibeat rated 3.5 out of 5 and praised the performances of Renji Panicker, Nivin Pauly, and Lakshmy Ramakrishnan. She wrote "The director has perfectly narrated the well-written script, with the right mix of light humour and emotional elements" praising Vineeth Sreenivasan. She also lauded the cinematography, editing and the songs, especially "Thiruvaavaniraavu".
Anu James of International Business Times awarded 4 out of 5 and mentioned "Although the movie is predictable, the beautiful moments we come across make us feel relaxed, eager to know how the movie progresses. The first half is totally a Renji Panicker show, while the second half belongs to Nivin as the hero". She praised the performances of Renji Panicker and Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, cinematography, editing, and songs. Sanjith Sidhardhan of The Times of India stated "Vineeth has taken extra effort to tell this real-life story as honestly as possible, the added attention may have dropped the entertainment quotient a tad. The film, however, makes up with several feel-good moments that accentuate the value of relationships". He praised the casting and performances of Lakshmi Ramakrishnan, Renji Panicker, Ashwin Kumar, and Nivin Pauly, and also cinematography and music. He rated 4 out of 5 stars.
Mani Prabhu of NDTV is written "the first hour of the film, which brilliantly establishes the Jacobs' kind of family, despite baiting us with continuous Vishu movie cliches, superbly spins each of them in tasteful angles", "the second half of the film, which gives all the opportunities for unabashed melodrama and parental sentiments, is surprisingly restrained, refreshing and free of bloat. The romantic track is brushed away confidently with a two-minute exposition. Characters don't go out of their way for the sake of entertainment". He also praised the performances of Nivin Pauly, Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, and Sreenath Bhasi. Sify described it "Emotional roller coaster" and wrote "...the story has been narrated in a highly conventional manner to the extent that things get a bit predictable at times. But considering this has been a real life story that a family actually went through, it can be justified generally". And appreciated the direction, cinematography, music and performances of Nivin Pauly, Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, and Sreenath Bhasi.
Box office
The film was made on a budget of ₹7.5 crore (US$900,000). It grossed ₹1.35 crore (US$160,000) in the opening day from Kerala box office. The collection was increased to ₹1.40 crore in the second day. It grossed ₹9.11 crore in 9 days of release in Kerala indicating a steady collection. Within two weeks, the film grossed ₹11.54 crore from Kerala. From Kochi multiplexes, it earned ₹1.53 crore in two weeks. The gross was over ₹15 crore within three weeks from Kerala. The film grossed ₹45.9 lakh (US$55,000) from U.S. box office in two weeks. and ₹60.72 lakh (US$73,000) in its third weekend. The film collected ₹18.9 crore (US$2.3 million) in the 35 days from the Kerala box office alone and earned ₹2.53 crore (US$300,000) from Ernakulam multiplexes alone, a record and also earned ₹75.96 lakh (US$91,000) from U.S. box office during its final run(fourth weekend). The film earned ₹82.24 lakh (US$99,000) from the United Kingdom-Ireland box office within the final run(third weekend). It grossed ₹25 crore (US$3.0 million) at the box office and completed 100 days in Kerala.
Awards
Asianet Film Awards
Renji Panicker (Best Supporting
Actor)
Unni Menon & Sithara for Most Popular Duet
Asiavision Film Awards 2016
Renji Panicker (Best actor in a supporting role)
Nivin Pauly (Best Actor)
Vineeth Sreenivasan (Best Film)
Critics award 2017
Second best film
Vineeth Sreenivasan (Best Screenplay award)
Nivin Pauly (Special Jury award)
Renji Panicker (Best Character Actor)
References
^ "Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam". The Times of India.
^ a b "Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' release date announced". International Business Times. 4 April 2016.
^ "Jacob's Kingdom Of Heaven – Jacobinte Swargarajyam (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ "Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016..." Malayala Manorama. 5 December 2016.
^ Nair, Aneesh (20 June 2016). "Mollywood's half-yearly report card is out. Guess who has beaten 'em all". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
^ "Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' ". International Business Times. 9 April 2016.
^ "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam': Nivin Pauly, Vineeth Sreenivasan to team up with Gautham Menon". International Business Times. 29 October 2015.
^ Anu James (22 February 2016). "It's Ashwin Kumar, instead of Gautham Menon, in Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam'". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Rajasree Sathyapal (7 April 2016). "I had apprehensions about casting Nivin Pauly: Vineeth". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (9 April 2016). "Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' ". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Sanjith Sidhardhan (11 March 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam will release in April – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (9 February 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 'Dubai' song from Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' tops iTunes regional Indian chart ". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Sreedhar Pillai (9 April 2016). "Kollywood conquers the country". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (8 April 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR): 5 reasons to watch Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's movie ". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Onmanorama Staff (20 April 2016). "Celebs attend special screening of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' in Chennai". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (22 April 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) to be released in UAE in May; bookings open". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Goutham V. S. (15 April 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: Nivin Pauly starrer is an old wine in a refreshing new cocktail". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Padmakumar K. (8 April 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: A true story that won't disappoint you". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Gautaman Bhaskaran (10 April 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: Natural performances add to its appeal". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Akhila Menon (8 April 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review: Don't Miss This One!". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (9 April 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) review: Don't miss Nivin Pauly-Renji Panicker's touching and inspiring family movie". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Sanjith Sidhardhan (8 April 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ Mani Prabhu (9 April 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review". NDTV. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ "Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: An emotional roller coaster". Sify. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ Radhakrishnan, Manjusha (2 May 2016). "Nivin Pauly's kingdom of dreams". Gulf News. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Akhila Menon (19 April 2016). "Jacobinte Swargarajyam 7 Days Kerala Box Office Collections". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (18 April 2016). "Here's Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) 9-days collection report at Kerala box office". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Anu James (23 April 2016). "Kerala box office: Here is the collection report of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam,' 'Leela,' 'Theri,' 'Kali' from Kochi multiplexes". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Akhila Menon (25 April 2016). "BOX OFFICE 2016: Blockbusters & Super Hits of Malayalam Cinema So Far". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ Anu James (2 May 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office collection: Nivin Pauly's 'JSR' earns Rs. 45 lakh in two weeks". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ Anu James (9 May 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office: Nivin Pauly-starrer holds steady during 3rd weekend". International Business Times. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ Anu James (17 May 2016). "Top 5 summer releases at Kerala box office: Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' becomes highest grosser of 2016". International Business Times.
^ Anu James (23 May 2016). "'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' Kerala box office collection: Nivin Pauly-starrer 'JSR' enters Rs 20 crore club". International Business Times.
^ "Sarbjit collects 3.22 cr in its opening weekend; Azhar nearing 7 crore mark". bollywoodhungama.com. 23 May 2016.
^ "Nivin's third successive film crosses 100 days". The Times of India. 5 July 2016.
^ "100 days of Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 10 interesting facts about 2016's biggest Malayalam blockbuster!". Catch News. 16 July 2016.
External links
Jacobinte Swargarajyam at IMDb
vteVineeth Sreenivasan
Discography
Directed
Malarvaadi Arts Club (2010)
Thattathin Marayathu (2012)
Thira (2013)
Jacobinte Swargarajyam (2016)
Hridayam (2022)
Varshangalkku Shesham (2024)
Produced
Aanandam (2016)
Helen (2019)
Screenwriter
Oru Vadakkan Selfie (2015)
Songs
"Entammede Jimikki Kammal"
"Manikya Malaraya Poovi"
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"family drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jacobinte Swargarajyam (transl. Jacob's Kingdom of Heaven) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film written and directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan. The film stars Nivin Pauly and Renji Panicker.[6] It revolves around a wealthy businessman and the struggles faced by his son to clear his father's debts after a business associate cheats him. The film was released on 8 April 2016 in India and later in foreign countries.","title":"Jacobinte Swargarajyam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai,_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"global recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"dirhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirham"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"}],"text":"In 2008, Jacob Zachariah is a businessman settled in Dubai with his wife Sherly and four children, Jerry, Abin, Ammu and Chris. Jacob has always been respected by his colleagues for his ideas and had ran many businesses prior to starting a steel business. Following the global recession, Jacob strikes a deal through his Pakistani colleague, Ajmal, and takes a total of 8 million dirhams from his investors. Ajmal cheats Jacob, and Jacob is left in a debt of 8 million dirhams, which he learns about on his 25th wedding anniversary. Jacob's credibility and trustful ways of business are lost and he is forced to travel to Liberia to finalize a deal, which fails and he is forced to stay there to avoid arrest. With continued complaints from investors, especially from Murali Menon, Jerry decides to solve his family's problems by stepping into his dad's shoes.Jerry, without a trade license nor office, faces many difficulties at first. He decides to go out with what his father had taught him about business. He meets a self-made businessman, Yusuf Shah, and strikes a deal with him, eventually earning his trust and the business grows. Jerry motivates Abin to start a tours and travel company, and they succeed. Jerry is able to pay most of the debts and earns back the trust of the investors. However, Murali Menon pressurizes him for the full payment. Jerry and his mother close as many deals as they can and are able to collect money, but were only able to collect half of what they owed. Finally, Murali takes the case against Jerry to the court however the case is rejected as the case was registered against the owner of the company, which is under Jacob's name. Murali, who has also been affected by the recession, is forced to agree with Jerry's conditions.Jerry expands his company with Yusuf Shah and clears his family's debts. He visits his father in Kerala, along with his girlfriend, Chippy. Jerry finds it difficult to communicate with his father, because he isn't the person he once knew. His mother intervenes and they break the tension between them and the family happily continue with their lives.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Lakshmy Ramakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmy_Ramakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Sreenath Bhasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreenath_Bhasi"},{"link_name":"Aima Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aima_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Sai Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Kumar_(Malayalam_actor)"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_Kkumar"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Prabhakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Prabhakar"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"Gilu Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilu_Joseph"},{"link_name":"T. G. Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._G._Ravi"},{"link_name":"Reba Monica John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_Monica_John"}],"text":"Nivin Pauly as Jerry \"Gregory\" Jacob\nRenji Panicker as Jacob Zachariah\nLakshmy Ramakrishnan as Sherly Jacob\nSreenath Bhasi as Ebin \"Basil\" Jacob\nAima Sebastian as Ammu \"Merlin\" Jacob\nStacen Varghese as Chris Jacob\nVineeth Sreenivasan as Yusuf Shah\nSai Kumar as Philip\nAshwin Kumar as Murali Menon\nDinesh Prabhakar as Sijoy\nAju Varghese as Abdul\nGilu Joseph as Abdul's wife\nT. G. Ravi as Unni, Jacob's car driver\nReba Monica John as Chippy\nMurali Mohan as Kariachan\nWaleem Khan as Ajmal\nSundharan as Mani Chettan\nFarhat as Raveendar\nSeifeddine Senouci as Omeri\nAron Anil as Aron\nJohnson as Ruben George\nAslam as Shetty\nSmitha Pillai as Shetty's wife","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Thattathin Marayathu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thattathin_Marayathu"},{"link_name":"Oru Vadakkan Selfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Vadakkan_Selfie"},{"link_name":"Gautham Vasudev Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautham_Vasudev_Menon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Kkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_Kkumar"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oru Vadakkan Selfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Vadakkan_Selfie"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Malayali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayali"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Aima Rosmy Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aima_Rosmy_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Ramakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Ramakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Sreenath Bhasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreenath_Bhasi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The film was officially announced on 29 October 2015, which would be the third film collaboration of Nivin Pauly and Vineeth Sreenivasan after the successful films Thattathin Marayathu (2012) and Oru Vadakkan Selfie (2015). Gautham Vasudev Menon was confirmed in a role in the film, which was to be his acting debut.[7] Later, Menon was replaced by Ashwin Kkumar. Vineeth explained \"...Gautham Menon Sir was supposed to do an important role in our film. We got his dates and the shoot was planned for the first week of December in Dubai.. But then, Chennai Floods happened, airport was shut down and we couldn't bring him in. Rescheduling became impossible after that, due to several reasons,\".[8] Vineeth initially planned to essay the lead role of Jerry Jacob by himself beside directing the film. He happened to narrate the plot to Nivin in a casual conversation during the time when they were working in Oru Vadakkan Selfie (2015). After which, Nivin showed interest in Jerry but Vineeth was skeptical about casting him, but eventually did. Actor Aju Varghese joined as assistant director in the film.[9]Vineeth wrote the screenplay based on a real life incident of a NRI Malayali businessman Jacob Zachariah and his family after a business partner cheated them. Nivin Pauly's character is inspired by Gregory Jacob, Zachariah's son and friend to Vineeth. Beside Nivin, the film has Renji Panicker, Aima Rosmy Sebastian, Lakshmi Ramakrishnan, Sreenath Bhasi and Stacen portraying the family.[10] Filming took place in Dubai, Ernakulam, and Ooty.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film's score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Shaan Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Muzik247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_247"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The film's score was composed by Shaan Rahman with the lyrics written by Manu Manjith, B. K. Harinarayanan, Rzee and Ashwin Gopakumar. A single, \"Dubai\", was released by the music label Muzik247 on 6 February 2016 via streaming platforms.[12] The soundtrack album was released on 20 February 2016.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-2"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Jacobinte Swargarajyam released in India on 8 April 2016,[2] with 92 screens in Kerala.[13] The film released in 77 screens in rest of India with English subtitles.[14] After few days of release, a special screening was held in Chennai for a selected audience from the Tamil film industry.[15] The film released on 22 April in Asia-Pacific countries Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong, and Brunei. The UAE release held on 4 May and followed by Qatar on 5 May.[16]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_(actor,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Malayala Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_(actor,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Filmibeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmibeat"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"International Business Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_(actor,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"NDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV"},{"link_name":"Vishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The film received positive reviews from critics. Goutham V. S. of The Indian Express rated 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that the director has showed discipline while handling dramatic situations and \"has used his observations to good effect as the strong relationship bonds inside Jacob's family members and their informal homely behaviour was captured with shots that impart warmth and positive vibes, like the feel of an early morning coffee\". He gave a special mention for the performance of Ashwin Kumar and praised the editing.[17] Padmakumar K. of Malayala Manorama wrote \"Being a story based on true incidents it could have been told in a more poignant manner. But Vineeth chose to play it safe by arranging the lighter and the turbid moments at regular intervals to make it an arresting narrative rather than delving deep into the heart of the issue\" and rated 3 stars out of 5. He praised the performances of Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan and Ashwin Kumar.[18]Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times awarded 3 out of 5 and stated \"The movie stays pretty much focussed – and does not stray into any romantic alleyways (though Jerry has a girlfriend) – except to include a few squabbles which one of Jerry's brothers gets into. These add a certain balance to the film's structure, and with performances by most of the cast members – particularly Pauly, Panicker and Ramakrishnan – disarmingly understated, Sreenivasan's work is captivating (sic)\". He appreciated the editing.[19] Akhila Menon of Filmibeat rated 3.5 out of 5 and praised the performances of Renji Panicker, Nivin Pauly, and Lakshmy Ramakrishnan. She wrote \"The director has perfectly narrated the well-written script, with the right mix of light humour and emotional elements\" praising Vineeth Sreenivasan. She also lauded the cinematography, editing and the songs, especially \"Thiruvaavaniraavu\".[20]Anu James of International Business Times awarded 4 out of 5 and mentioned \"Although the movie is predictable, the beautiful moments we come across make us feel relaxed, eager to know how the movie progresses. The first half is totally a Renji Panicker show, while the second half belongs to Nivin as the hero\". She praised the performances of Renji Panicker and Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, cinematography, editing, and songs.[21] Sanjith Sidhardhan of The Times of India stated \"Vineeth has taken extra effort to tell this real-life story as honestly as possible, the added attention may have dropped the entertainment quotient a tad. The film, however, makes up with several feel-good moments that accentuate the value of relationships\". He praised the casting and performances of Lakshmi Ramakrishnan, Renji Panicker, Ashwin Kumar, and Nivin Pauly, and also cinematography and music. He rated 4 out of 5 stars.[22]Mani Prabhu of NDTV is written \"the first hour of the film, which brilliantly establishes the Jacobs' kind of family, despite baiting us with continuous Vishu movie cliches, superbly spins each of them in tasteful angles\", \"the second half of the film, which gives all the opportunities for unabashed melodrama and parental sentiments, is surprisingly restrained, refreshing and free of bloat. The romantic track is brushed away confidently with a two-minute exposition. Characters don't go out of their way for the sake of entertainment\". He also praised the performances of Nivin Pauly, Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, and Sreenath Bhasi.[23] Sify described it \"Emotional roller coaster\" and wrote \"...the story has been narrated in a highly conventional manner to the extent that things get a bit predictable at times. But considering this has been a real life story that a family actually went through, it can be justified generally\". And appreciated the direction, cinematography, music and performances of Nivin Pauly, Renji Panicker, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, and Sreenath Bhasi.[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-25"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grossed-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was made on a budget of ₹7.5 crore (US$900,000).[25] It grossed ₹1.35 crore (US$160,000) in the opening day from Kerala box office. The collection was increased to ₹1.40 crore in the second day.[26] It grossed ₹9.11 crore in 9 days of release in Kerala indicating a steady collection.[27] Within two weeks, the film grossed ₹11.54 crore from Kerala. From Kochi multiplexes, it earned ₹1.53 crore in two weeks.[28] The gross was over ₹15 crore within three weeks from Kerala.[29] The film grossed ₹45.9 lakh (US$55,000) from U.S. box office in two weeks.[30] and ₹60.72 lakh (US$73,000) in its third weekend.[31] The film collected ₹18.9 crore (US$2.3 million) in the 35 days from the Kerala box office alone and earned ₹2.53 crore (US$300,000) from Ernakulam multiplexes alone, a record and also earned ₹75.96 lakh (US$91,000) from U.S. box office during its final run(fourth weekend).[32] The film earned ₹82.24 lakh (US$99,000) from the United Kingdom-Ireland box office within the final run(third weekend).[33][34] It grossed ₹25 crore (US$3.0 million) at the box office and completed 100 days in Kerala.[35][36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asianet Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Unni Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni_Menon"},{"link_name":"Sithara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithara_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"}],"text":"Asianet Film AwardsRenji Panicker (Best Supporting\nActor)\nUnni Menon & Sithara for Most Popular DuetAsiavision Film Awards 2016Renji Panicker (Best actor in a supporting role)\nNivin Pauly (Best Actor)\nVineeth Sreenivasan (Best Film)Critics award 2017Second best film\nVineeth Sreenivasan (Best Screenplay award)\nNivin Pauly (Special Jury award)\nRenji Panicker (Best Character Actor)","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam/articleshow/49583154.cms","url_text":"\"Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' release date announced\". International Business Times. 4 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasans-jacobinte-swargarajyam-release-date-announced-673251","url_text":"\"Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' release date announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacob's Kingdom Of Heaven – Jacobinte Swargarajyam (PG)\". British Board of Film Classification. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jacobs-kingdom-heaven-jacobinte-swargarajyam-film","url_text":"\"Jacob's Kingdom Of Heaven – Jacobinte Swargarajyam (PG)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...\" Malayala Manorama. 5 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/yearender-good-bad-retrospect-2016/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]},{"reference":"Nair, Aneesh (20 June 2016). \"Mollywood's half-yearly report card is out. Guess who has beaten 'em all\". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 23 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/malayalam-movie-box-office-collection-half-year-report.html","url_text":"\"Mollywood's half-yearly report card is out. Guess who has beaten 'em all\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\". International Business Times. 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-gregory-jacob-real-life-heroes-jacobinte-swargarajyam-photosvideo-674017","url_text":"\"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam': Nivin Pauly, Vineeth Sreenivasan to team up with Gautham Menon\". International Business Times. 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasan-team-gautham-menon-652485","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam': Nivin Pauly, Vineeth Sreenivasan to team up with Gautham Menon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (22 February 2016). \"It's Ashwin Kumar, instead of Gautham Menon, in Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam'\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/its-ashwin-kumar-instead-gautham-menon-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-667862","url_text":"\"It's Ashwin Kumar, instead of Gautham Menon, in Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Rajasree Sathyapal (7 April 2016). \"I had apprehensions about casting Nivin Pauly: Vineeth\". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/vineeth-sreenivasan-on-jacobinte-swargarajyam-with-nivin-pauly-aju-varghese.html","url_text":"\"I had apprehensions about casting Nivin Pauly: Vineeth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (9 April 2016). \"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-gregory-jacob-real-life-heroes-jacobinte-swargarajyam-photosvideo-674017","url_text":"\"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Sanjith Sidhardhan (11 March 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam will release in April – Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Jacobinte-Swargarajyam-will-release-in-April/articleshow/51359315.cms","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam will release in April – Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (9 February 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 'Dubai' song from Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' tops iTunes regional Indian chart [AUDIO]\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dubai-song-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-tops-itunes-regional-indian-chart-audio-669325","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 'Dubai' song from Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' tops iTunes regional Indian chart [AUDIO]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Sreedhar Pillai (9 April 2016). \"Kollywood conquers the country\". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-distribution-outside-of-tamil-nadu-and-rest-of-india/article8455089.ece","url_text":"\"Kollywood conquers the country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (8 April 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR): 5 reasons to watch Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's movie [All-India theatre list]\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-5-reasons-watch-nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasans-movie-all-india-673734","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR): 5 reasons to watch Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's movie [All-India theatre list]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Onmanorama Staff (20 April 2016). \"Celebs attend special screening of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' in Chennai\". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/celebs-attend-special-screening-of-jacobinte-swargarajyam.html","url_text":"\"Celebs attend special screening of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' in Chennai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (22 April 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) to be released in UAE in May; bookings open\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-be-released-uae-may-bookings-open-675840","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) to be released in UAE in May; bookings open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Goutham V. S. (15 April 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: Nivin Pauly starrer is an old wine in a refreshing new cocktail\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-ratings-three-and-half-stars/","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: Nivin Pauly starrer is an old wine in a refreshing new cocktail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"Padmakumar K. (8 April 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: A true story that won't disappoint you\". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/nivin-pauly-jacobinte-swargarajyam-vineeth-sreenivasan.html","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: A true story that won't disappoint you\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]},{"reference":"Gautaman Bhaskaran (10 April 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: Natural performances add to its appeal\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-a-tragic-tale-told-without-tears/story-euRpI794pGHA00d1N27DZJ.html","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: Natural performances add to its appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"Akhila Menon (8 April 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review: Don't Miss This One!\". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2016/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-222102.html","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review: Don't Miss This One!\""}]},{"reference":"Anu James (9 April 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) review: Don't miss Nivin Pauly-Renji Panicker's touching and inspiring family movie\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-review-dont-miss-nivin-pauly-renji-panickers-touching-inspiring-673959","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) review: Don't miss Nivin Pauly-Renji Panicker's touching and inspiring family movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Sanjith Sidhardhan (8 April 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Jacobinte-Swargarajyam/movie-review/51745818.cms","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Mani Prabhu (9 April 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\". NDTV. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-1253","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: An emotional roller coaster\". Sify. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413082302/http://www.sify.com/movies/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-an-emotional-roller-coaster-review-malayalam-qeisFmcfefgac.html","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: An emotional roller coaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-an-emotional-roller-coaster-review-malayalam-qeisFmcfefgac.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Radhakrishnan, Manjusha (2 May 2016). \"Nivin Pauly's kingdom of dreams\". Gulf News. Retrieved 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/features/nivin-pauly-s-kingdom-of-dreams-1.1816751","url_text":"\"Nivin Pauly's kingdom of dreams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News","url_text":"Gulf News"}]},{"reference":"Akhila Menon (19 April 2016). \"Jacobinte Swargarajyam 7 Days Kerala Box Office Collections\". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/jacobinte-swargarajyam-7-days-box-office-collection-report-223167.html","url_text":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam 7 Days Kerala Box Office Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Anu James (18 April 2016). \"Here's Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) 9-days collection report at Kerala box office\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/heres-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-9-days-collection-report-kerala-box-office-675162","url_text":"\"Here's Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) 9-days collection report at Kerala box office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (23 April 2016). \"Kerala box office: Here is the collection report of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam,' 'Leela,' 'Theri,' 'Kali' from Kochi multiplexes\". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-here-collection-report-jacobinte-swargarajyam-leela-theri-kali-675927","url_text":"\"Kerala box office: Here is the collection report of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam,' 'Leela,' 'Theri,' 'Kali' from Kochi multiplexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Akhila Menon (25 April 2016). \"BOX OFFICE 2016: Blockbusters & Super Hits of Malayalam Cinema So Far\". Filmibeat.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/box-office-2016-blockbusters-and-super-hits-action-hero-biju-kali-224019.html","url_text":"\"BOX OFFICE 2016: Blockbusters & Super Hits of Malayalam Cinema So Far\""}]},{"reference":"Anu James (2 May 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office collection: Nivin Pauly's 'JSR' earns Rs. 45 lakh in two weeks\". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-us-box-office-collection-nivin-paulys-jsr-earns-rs-45-lakh-two-weeks-677100","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office collection: Nivin Pauly's 'JSR' earns Rs. 45 lakh in two weeks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (9 May 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office: Nivin Pauly-starrer holds steady during 3rd weekend\". International Business Times. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-us-box-office-nivin-pauly-starrer-holds-steady-during-3rd-weekend-678042","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office: Nivin Pauly-starrer holds steady during 3rd weekend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (17 May 2016). \"Top 5 summer releases at Kerala box office: Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' becomes highest grosser of 2016\". International Business Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/top-5-summer-releases-kerala-box-office-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-becomes-highest-679099","url_text":"\"Top 5 summer releases at Kerala box office: Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' becomes highest grosser of 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Anu James (23 May 2016). \"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' Kerala box office collection: Nivin Pauly-starrer 'JSR' enters Rs 20 crore club\". International Business Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-kerala-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-jsr-enters-rs-20-crore-679832","url_text":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' Kerala box office collection: Nivin Pauly-starrer 'JSR' enters Rs 20 crore club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarbjit collects 3.22 cr in its opening weekend; Azhar nearing 7 crore mark\". bollywoodhungama.com. 23 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas/","url_text":"\"Sarbjit collects 3.22 cr in its opening weekend; Azhar nearing 7 crore mark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nivin's third successive film crosses 100 days\". The Times of India. 5 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nivins-third-successive-film-crosses-100-days/articleshow/53061586.cms","url_text":"\"Nivin's third successive film crosses 100 days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"100 days of Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 10 interesting facts about 2016's biggest Malayalam blockbuster!\". Catch News. 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/100-days-of-jacobinte-swargarajyam-10-interesting-facts-about-2016-s-biggest-malayalam-blockbuster-1468668993.html","url_text":"\"100 days of Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 10 interesting facts about 2016's biggest Malayalam blockbuster!\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam/articleshow/49583154.cms","external_links_name":"\"Shaan-composes-for-Jacobinte-Swargarajyam\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasans-jacobinte-swargarajyam-release-date-announced-673251","external_links_name":"\"Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' release date announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jacobs-kingdom-heaven-jacobinte-swargarajyam-film","external_links_name":"\"Jacob's Kingdom Of Heaven – Jacobinte Swargarajyam (PG)\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/yearender-good-bad-retrospect-2016/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/malayalam-movie-box-office-collection-half-year-report.html","external_links_name":"\"Mollywood's half-yearly report card is out. Guess who has beaten 'em all\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-gregory-jacob-real-life-heroes-jacobinte-swargarajyam-photosvideo-674017","external_links_name":"\"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasan-team-gautham-menon-652485","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam': Nivin Pauly, Vineeth Sreenivasan to team up with Gautham Menon\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/its-ashwin-kumar-instead-gautham-menon-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-667862","external_links_name":"\"It's Ashwin Kumar, instead of Gautham Menon, in Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam'\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/vineeth-sreenivasan-on-jacobinte-swargarajyam-with-nivin-pauly-aju-varghese.html","external_links_name":"\"I had apprehensions about casting Nivin Pauly: Vineeth\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-gregory-jacob-real-life-heroes-jacobinte-swargarajyam-photosvideo-674017","external_links_name":"\"Meet Gregory Jacob and real-life heroes of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' [PHOTOS+VIDEO]\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Jacobinte-Swargarajyam-will-release-in-April/articleshow/51359315.cms","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam will release in April – Times of India\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dubai-song-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-tops-itunes-regional-indian-chart-audio-669325","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 'Dubai' song from Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' tops iTunes regional Indian chart [AUDIO]\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-distribution-outside-of-tamil-nadu-and-rest-of-india/article8455089.ece","external_links_name":"\"Kollywood conquers the country\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-5-reasons-watch-nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasans-movie-all-india-673734","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR): 5 reasons to watch Nivin Pauly-Vineeth Sreenivasan's movie [All-India theatre list]\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/celebs-attend-special-screening-of-jacobinte-swargarajyam.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebs attend special screening of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' in Chennai\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-be-released-uae-may-bookings-open-675840","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) to be released in UAE in May; bookings open\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-ratings-three-and-half-stars/","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: Nivin Pauly starrer is an old wine in a refreshing new cocktail\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/nivin-pauly-jacobinte-swargarajyam-vineeth-sreenivasan.html","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' movie review: A true story that won't disappoint you\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-a-tragic-tale-told-without-tears/story-euRpI794pGHA00d1N27DZJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: Natural performances add to its appeal\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2016/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-222102.html","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review: Don't Miss This One!\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-review-dont-miss-nivin-pauly-renji-panickers-touching-inspiring-673959","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) review: Don't miss Nivin Pauly-Renji Panicker's touching and inspiring family movie\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Jacobinte-Swargarajyam/movie-review/51745818.cms","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\""},{"Link":"http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/jacobinte-swargarajyam-movie-review-1253","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam Movie Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413082302/http://www.sify.com/movies/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-an-emotional-roller-coaster-review-malayalam-qeisFmcfefgac.html","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam review: An emotional roller coaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/jacobinte-swargarajyam-review-an-emotional-roller-coaster-review-malayalam-qeisFmcfefgac.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/features/nivin-pauly-s-kingdom-of-dreams-1.1816751","external_links_name":"\"Nivin Pauly's kingdom of dreams\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/jacobinte-swargarajyam-7-days-box-office-collection-report-223167.html","external_links_name":"\"Jacobinte Swargarajyam 7 Days Kerala Box Office Collections\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/heres-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-jsr-9-days-collection-report-kerala-box-office-675162","external_links_name":"\"Here's Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' (JSR) 9-days collection report at Kerala box office\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-here-collection-report-jacobinte-swargarajyam-leela-theri-kali-675927","external_links_name":"\"Kerala box office: Here is the collection report of 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam,' 'Leela,' 'Theri,' 'Kali' from Kochi multiplexes\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/box-office-2016-blockbusters-and-super-hits-action-hero-biju-kali-224019.html","external_links_name":"\"BOX OFFICE 2016: Blockbusters & Super Hits of Malayalam Cinema So Far\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-us-box-office-collection-nivin-paulys-jsr-earns-rs-45-lakh-two-weeks-677100","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office collection: Nivin Pauly's 'JSR' earns Rs. 45 lakh in two weeks\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-us-box-office-nivin-pauly-starrer-holds-steady-during-3rd-weekend-678042","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' US box office: Nivin Pauly-starrer holds steady during 3rd weekend\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/top-5-summer-releases-kerala-box-office-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-becomes-highest-679099","external_links_name":"\"Top 5 summer releases at Kerala box office: Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' becomes highest grosser of 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jacobinte-swargarajyam-kerala-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-jsr-enters-rs-20-crore-679832","external_links_name":"\"'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' Kerala box office collection: Nivin Pauly-starrer 'JSR' enters Rs 20 crore club\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas/","external_links_name":"\"Sarbjit collects 3.22 cr in its opening weekend; Azhar nearing 7 crore mark\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nivins-third-successive-film-crosses-100-days/articleshow/53061586.cms","external_links_name":"\"Nivin's third successive film crosses 100 days\""},{"Link":"http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/100-days-of-jacobinte-swargarajyam-10-interesting-facts-about-2016-s-biggest-malayalam-blockbuster-1468668993.html","external_links_name":"\"100 days of Jacobinte Swargarajyam: 10 interesting facts about 2016's biggest Malayalam blockbuster!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5376232/","external_links_name":"Jacobinte Swargarajyam"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_River
|
Toyo River
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 34°46′31″N 137°19′14″E / 34.7753°N 137.3205°E / 34.7753; 137.3205River in Honshu, JapanToyo River豊川Toyo River in 2019LocationCountryJapanStateHonshuRegionAichiPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Takanosu (Kitashitara District, Aichi) • elevation1,152 m (3,780 ft)
MouthMikawa Bay • coordinates34°46′31″N 137°19′14″E / 34.7753°N 137.3205°E / 34.7753; 137.3205Length77 km (48 mi)Basin size724 km2 (280 sq mi)
Hiroshige
The Toyo River is a river in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It flows into the Pacific Ocean.
See also
Toyokawa Bridge
References
^ 第２版,世界大百科事典内言及, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉,精選版 日本国語大辞典,世界大百科事典. "豊川とは". Kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyo River.
vte River systems and rivers of JapanRivers of HokkaidoSea of Japan
Ishikari River
Chitose River
Toyohira River
Makomanai River
Anano River
Yūbari River
Koetoi River
Rumoi River
Shiribeshi-Toshibetsu River
Shiribetsu River
Teshio River
Zenibako River
Sea of Okhotsk
Abashiri River
Shibetsu River
Shokotsu River
Tokoro River
Yūbetsu River
Pacific Ocean
Akan River
Kushiro River
Mitsuishi River
Mu River
Niikappu River
Saru River
Shizunai River
Tokachi River
Rivers of Hokkaido on CommonsRivers of HonshuTōhoku region
Abukuma River
Arakawa River
Iwaki River
Kitakami River
Komagome River
Koyoshi River
Mabechi River
Mogami River
Natori River
Ōhata River
Oirase River
Omono River
Takase River
Yoneshiro River
Kantō region
Arakawa River
Edo River
Fuji River
Kanda River
Kuji River
Naka River
Sagami River
Sumida River
Tama River
Tone River
Tsurumi River
Chūbu region
Agano River
Shinano River
Seki River
Hime River
Kurobe River
Jōganji River
Jinzū River
Shō River
Oyabe River
Tedori River
Kuzuryū River
Fuji River
Abe River
Ōi River
Sakawa River
Tenryū River
Toyo River
Yahagi River
Shōnai River
Kiso Three Rivers
Kiso River
Nagara River
Ibi River
Kushida River
Miya River
Kita River
Minami River
Kansai region
Choshi River
Ibo River
Kako River
Kinokawa River
Kumano River
Kuzuryu River
Maruyama River
Muko River
Yamato River
Yodo River
Yasu River
Katsura River
Kamo River
Kizu River
Dōton River
Yura River
Chūgoku region
Asahi River
Ashida River
Gōnokawa River
Hino River
Hii River
Ōta River
Oze River
Saba River
Sendai River
Takahashi River
Takatsu River
Tenjin River
Yoshii River
Rivers of Shikoku
Aibiki River
Shimanto River
Shinmachi River
Suketō River
Tamiya River
Sako River
Sumiyoshijima River
Yoshino River
Dōzan River
Rivers of KyushuKyushu
Arie River
Chikugo River
Kikuchi River
Kuma River
Mimi River
Ōno River
Ōyodo River
Yaeyama Islands
Kokuba River
Nakama River
Urauchi River
Rivers of Japan Category
Rivers of Japan on Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This article related to a river in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokaido34_Yoshida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"Aichi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"River in Honshu, JapanHiroshigeThe Toyo River is a river in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It flows into the Pacific Ocean.[1]","title":"Toyo River"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hiroshige","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tokaido34_Yoshida.jpg/220px-Tokaido34_Yoshida.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Toyokawa Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyokawa_Bridge"}]
|
[{"reference":"第２版,世界大百科事典内言及, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉,精選版 日本国語大辞典,世界大百科事典. \"豊川とは\". Kotobank.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B1%8A%E5%B7%9D-106014","url_text":"\"豊川とは\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toyo_River¶ms=34.7753_N_137.3205_E_type:river_region:JP","external_links_name":"34°46′31″N 137°19′14″E / 34.7753°N 137.3205°E / 34.7753; 137.3205"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toyo_River¶ms=34.7753_N_137.3205_E_type:river_region:JP","external_links_name":"34°46′31″N 137°19′14″E / 34.7753°N 137.3205°E / 34.7753; 137.3205"},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B1%8A%E5%B7%9D-106014","external_links_name":"\"豊川とは\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/253281809","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00646531","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyo_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB
|
Al-Khwarizmi
|
["1 Life","2 Contributions","2.1 Algebra","2.2 Arithmetic","2.3 Astronomy","2.4 Trigonometry","2.5 Geography","2.6 Jewish calendar","2.7 Other works","3 Honours","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 Further reading","6.1 Biographical","6.2 Algebra","6.3 Astronomy","6.4 Jewish calendar","7 External links"]
|
9th-century Persian polymath
For other uses, see Al-Khwarizmi (disambiguation).
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmīمحمد بن موسى الخوارزميWoodcut panel depicting al-Khwarizmi, 20th centuryBornc. 780Khwarazm, Abbasid CaliphateDiedc. 850 (aged ~70)Abbasid CaliphateNationalityPersianOccupationHead of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad (appt. c. 820)Academic workEraIslamic Golden AgeMain interestsMathematicsastronomygeographyNotable worksAl-Jabr (820)Zij as-Sindhind (820)Kitab Surat al-Ard (833)Notable ideasTreatises on algebra and the Hindu–Arabic numeral systemInfluencedAbu Kamil of Egypt
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي; c. 780 – c. 850), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Hailing from Khwarazm, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the House of Wisdom in the city of Baghdad around 820 CE.
His popularizing treatise on algebra, compiled between 813–33 as Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing),: 171 presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. One of his achievements in algebra was his demonstration of how to solve quadratic equations by completing the square, for which he provided geometric justifications.: 14 Because al-Khwarizmi was the first person to treat algebra as an independent discipline and introduced the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation), he has been described as the father or founder of algebra. The English term algebra comes from the short-hand title of his aforementioned treatise (الجبر Al-Jabr, transl. "completion" or "rejoining"). His name gave rise to the English terms algorism and algorithm; the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese terms algoritmo; and the Spanish term guarismo and Portuguese term algarismo, both meaning "digit".
In the 12th century, Latin-language translations of al-Khwarizmi's textbook on Indian arithmetic (Algorithmo de Numero Indorum), which codified the various Indian numerals, introduced the decimal-based positional number system to the Western world. Likewise, Al-Jabr, translated into Latin by the English scholar Robert of Chester in 1145, was used until the 16th century as the principal mathematical textbook of European universities.
Al-Khwarizmi revised Geography, the 2nd-century Greek-language treatise by the Roman polymath Claudius Ptolemy, listing the longitudes and latitudes of cities and localities.: 9 He further produced a set of astronomical tables and wrote about calendric works, as well as the astrolabe and the sundial. Al-Khwarizmi made important contributions to trigonometry, producing accurate sine and cosine tables and the first table of tangents.
Life
Monument to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi at Ciudad Universitaria of Madrid
Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region. Of Persian stock, his name means 'of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran, and is now part of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Al-Tabari gives his name as Muḥammad ibn Musá al-Khwārizmī al-Majūsī al-Quṭrubbullī (محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ). The epithet al-Qutrubbulli could indicate he might instead have come from Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul), near Baghdad. However, Roshdi Rashed denies this:
There is no need to be an expert on the period or a philologist to see that al-Tabari's second citation should read "Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli," and that there are two people (al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli) between whom the letter wa has been omitted in an early copy. This would not be worth mentioning if a series of errors concerning the personality of al-Khwārizmī, occasionally even the origins of his knowledge, had not been made. Recently, G.J. Toomer ... with naive confidence constructed an entire fantasy on the error which cannot be denied the merit of amusing the reader.
On the other hand, David A. King affirms his nisba to Qutrubul, noting that he was called al-Khwārizmī al-Qutrubbulli because he was born just outside of Baghdad.
Regarding al-Khwārizmī's religion, Toomer writes:
Another epithet given to him by al-Ṭabarī, "al-Majūsī," would seem to indicate that he was an adherent of the old Zoroastrian religion. This would still have been possible at that time for a man of Iranian origin, but the pious preface to al-Khwārizmī's Algebra shows that he was an orthodox Muslim, so al-Ṭabarī's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been Zoroastrians.
Ibn al-Nadīm's Al-Fihrist includes a short biography on al-Khwārizmī together with a list of his books. Al-Khwārizmī accomplished most of his work between 813 and 833. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Baghdad had become the centre of scientific studies and trade. Around 820 CE, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of Wisdom.: 14 The House of Wisdom was established by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mūn. Al-Khwārizmī studied sciences and mathematics, including the translation of Greek and Sanskrit scientific manuscripts. He was also a historian who is cited by the likes of al-Tabari and Ibn Abi Tahir.
During the reign of al-Wathiq, he is said to have been involved in the first of two embassies to the Khazars. Douglas Morton Dunlop suggests that Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī might have been the same person as Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir, the eldest of the three Banū Mūsā brothers.
Contributions
A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra
Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his book on the subject, Al-Jabr.
On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, written about 820, was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered in Latin as Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".
Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.
Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy, but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.
He wrote on mechanical devices like the astrolabe and sundial. He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers. When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.
Algebra
Main article: Al-Jabr
Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century, Mathematics in medieval Islam, and Science in the medieval Islamic world
Left: The original Arabic print manuscript of the Book of Algebra by Al-Khwārizmī. Right: A page from The Algebra of Al-Khwarizmi by Fredrick Rosen, in English.
Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala) is a mathematical book written approximately 820 CE. It was written with the encouragement of Caliph al-Ma'mun as a popular work on calculation and is replete with examples and applications to a range of problems in trade, surveying and legal inheritance. The term "algebra" is derived from the name of one of the basic operations with equations (al-jabr, meaning "restoration", referring to adding a number to both sides of the equation to consolidate or cancel terms) described in this book. The book was translated in Latin as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145) hence "algebra", and by Gerard of Cremona. A unique Arabic copy is kept at Oxford and was translated in 1831 by F. Rosen. A Latin translation is kept in Cambridge.
It provided an exhaustive account of solving polynomial equations up to the second degree, and discussed the fundamental method of "reduction" and "balancing", referring to the transposition of terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.
Al-Khwārizmī's method of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first reducing the equation to one of six standard forms (where b and c are positive integers)
squares equal roots (ax2 = bx)
squares equal number (ax2 = c)
roots equal number (bx = c)
squares and roots equal number (ax2 + bx = c)
squares and number equal roots (ax2 + c = bx)
roots and number equal squares (bx + c = ax2)
by dividing out the coefficient of the square and using the two operations al-jabr (Arabic: الجبر "restoring" or "completion") and al-muqābala ("balancing"). Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to each side. For example, x2 = 40x − 4x2 is reduced to 5x2 = 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation. For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 is reduced to x2 + 9 = x.
The above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems that the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For
example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation)
If some one says: "You divide ten into two parts: multiply the one by itself; it will be equal to the other taken eighty-one times." Computation: You say, ten less a thing, multiplied by itself, is a hundred plus a square less twenty things, and this is equal to eighty-one things. Separate the twenty things from a hundred and a square, and add them to eighty-one. It will then be a hundred plus a square, which is equal to a hundred and one roots. Halve the roots; the moiety is fifty and a half. Multiply this by itself, it is two thousand five hundred and fifty and a quarter. Subtract from this one hundred; the remainder is two thousand four hundred and fifty and a quarter. Extract the root from this; it is forty-nine and a half. Subtract this from the moiety of the roots, which is fifty and a half. There remains one, and this is one of the two parts.
In modern notation this process, with x the "thing" (شيء shayʾ) or "root", is given by the steps,
(
10
−
x
)
2
=
81
x
{\displaystyle (10-x)^{2}=81x}
100
+
x
2
−
20
x
=
81
x
{\displaystyle 100+x^{2}-20x=81x}
x
2
+
100
=
101
x
{\displaystyle x^{2}+100=101x}
Let the roots of the equation be x = p and x = q. Then
p
+
q
2
=
50
1
2
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {p+q}{2}}=50{\tfrac {1}{2}}}
,
p
q
=
100
{\displaystyle pq=100}
and
p
−
q
2
=
(
p
+
q
2
)
2
−
p
q
=
2550
1
4
−
100
=
49
1
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {p-q}{2}}={\sqrt {\left({\frac {p+q}{2}}\right)^{2}-pq}}={\sqrt {2550{\tfrac {1}{4}}-100}}=49{\tfrac {1}{2}}}
So a root is given by
x
=
50
1
2
−
49
1
2
=
1
{\displaystyle x=50{\tfrac {1}{2}}-49{\tfrac {1}{2}}=1}
Several authors have published texts under the name of Kitāb al-jabr wal-muqābala, including Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī, Abū Kāmil, Abū Muḥammad al-'Adlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Sind ibn 'Alī, Sahl ibn Bišr, and Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī.
Solomon Gandz has described Al-Khwarizmi as the father of Algebra:
Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.
Victor J. Katz adds :
The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.
John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson wrote in the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive:
Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before.
Roshdi Rashed and Angela Armstrong write:
Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be solved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems.
According to Swiss-American historian of mathematics, Florian Cajori, Al-Khwarizmi's algebra was different from the work of Indian mathematicians, for Indians had no rules like the restoration and reduction. Regarding the dissimilarity and significance of Al-Khwarizmi's algebraic work from that of Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta, Carl B. Boyer wrote: It is true that in two respects the work of al-Khowarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus. First, it is on a far more elementary level than that found in the Diophantine problems and, second, the algebra of al-Khowarizmi is thoroughly rhetorical, with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta's work. Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols! It is quite unlikely that al-Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus, but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta; yet neither al-Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers. Nevertheless, the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta, because the book is not concerned with difficult problems in indeterminant analysis but with a straight forward and elementary exposition of the solution of equations, especially that of second degree. The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization – respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled.
Arithmetic
Algorists vs. abacists, depicted in a sketch from 1508 CE
Page from a Latin translation, beginning with "Dixit algorizmi"
Al-Khwārizmī's second most influential work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in Latin translations but is lost in the original Arabic. His writings include the text kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ('Book of Indian computation'), and perhaps a more elementary text, kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ('Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic'). These texts described algorithms on decimal numbers (Hindu–Arabic numerals) that could be carried out on a dust board. Called takht in Arabic (Latin: tabula), a board covered with a thin layer of dust or sand was employed for calculations, on which figures could be written with a stylus and easily erased and replaced when necessary. Al-Khwarizmi's algorithms were used for almost three centuries, until replaced by Al-Uqlidisi's algorithms that could be carried out with pen and paper.
As part of 12th century wave of Arabic science flowing into Europe via translations, these texts proved to be revolutionary in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi's Latinized name, Algorismus, turned into the name of method used for computations, and survives in the term "algorithm". It gradually replaced the previous abacus-based methods used in Europe.
Four Latin texts providing adaptions of Al-Khwarizmi's methods have survived, even though none of them is believed to be a literal translation:
Dixit Algorizmi (published in 1857 under the title Algoritmi de Numero Indorum)
Liber Alchoarismi de Practica Arismetice
Liber Ysagogarum Alchorismi
Liber Pulveris
Dixit Algorizmi ('Thus spake Al-Khwarizmi') is the starting phrase of a manuscript in the University of Cambridge library, which is generally referred to by its 1857 title Algoritmi de Numero Indorum. It is attributed to the Adelard of Bath, who had translated the astronomical tables in 1126. It is perhaps the closest to Al-Khwarizmi's own writings.
Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmi and Algorismi, respectively.
Astronomy
Further information: Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Page from Corpus Christi College MS 283, a Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's Zīj
Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj as-Sindhind (Arabic: زيج السند هند, "astronomical tables of Siddhanta") is a work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on calendrical and astronomical calculations and 116 tables with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as well as a table of sine values. This is the first of many Arabic Zijes based on the Indian astronomical methods known as the sindhind. The word Sindhind is a corruption of the Sanskrit Siddhānta, which is the usual designation of an astronomical textbook. In fact, the mean motions in the tables of al-Khwarizmi are derived from those in the "corrected Brahmasiddhanta" (Brahmasphutasiddhanta) of Brahmagupta.
The work contains tables for the movements of the sun, the moon and the five planets known at the time. This work marked the turning point in Islamic astronomy. Hitherto, Muslim astronomers had adopted a primarily research approach to the field, translating works of others and learning already discovered knowledge.
The original Arabic version (written c. 820) is lost, but a version by the Spanish astronomer Maslama al-Majriti (c. 1000) has survived in a Latin translation, presumably by Adelard of Bath (26 January 1126). The four surviving manuscripts of the Latin translation are kept at the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).
Trigonometry
Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj as-Sindhind contained tables for the trigonometric functions of sines and cosine. A related treatise on spherical trigonometry is attributed to him.
Al-Khwārizmī produced accurate sine and cosine tables, and the first table of tangents.
Geography
Gianluca Gorni's reconstruction of the section of al-Khwārizmī's world map concerning the Indian Ocean. The majority of the placenames used by al-Khwārizmī match those of Ptolemy, Martellus and Behaim. The general shape of the coastline is the same between Taprobane and Cattigara. The Dragon's Tail, or the eastern opening of the Indian Ocean, which does not exist in Ptolemy's description, is traced in very little detail on al-Khwārizmī's map, although is clear and precise on the Martellus map and on the later Behaim version.
A 15th-century version of Ptolemy's Geography for comparison
Al-Khwārizmī's third major work is his Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض, "Book of the Description of the Earth"), also known as his Geography, which was finished in 833. It is a major reworking of Ptolemy's second-century Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.
There is one surviving copy of Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library. A Latin translation is at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The book opens with the list of latitudes and longitudes, in order of "weather zones", that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each weather zone, by order of longitude. As Paul Gallez notes, this system allows the deduction of many latitudes and longitudes where the only extant document is in such a bad condition, as to make it practically illegible. Neither the Arabic copy nor the Latin translation include the map of the world; however, Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the missing map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, or deduced them from the context where they were not legible. He transferred the points onto graph paper and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline as it was on the original map. He did the same for the rivers and towns.
Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of longitude, while al-Khwārizmī almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. He "depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas as Ptolemy had done." Al-Khwārizmī's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles was thus around 10° east of the line used by Marinus and Ptolemy. Most medieval Muslim gazetteers continued to use al-Khwārizmī's prime meridian.
Jewish calendar
Al-Khwārizmī wrote several other works including a treatise on the Hebrew calendar, titled Risāla fi istikhrāj ta'rīkh al-yahūd (Arabic: رسالة في إستخراج تأريخ اليهود, "Extraction of the Jewish Era"). It describes the Metonic cycle, a 19-year intercalation cycle; the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrei shall fall; calculates the interval between the Anno Mundi or Jewish year and the Seleucid era; and gives rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Hebrew calendar. Similar material is found in the works of Al-Bīrūnī and Maimonides.
Other works
Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist, an index of Arabic books, mentions al-Khwārizmī's Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh (Arabic: كتاب التأريخ), a book of annals. No direct manuscript survives; however, a copy had reached Nusaybin by the 11th century, where its metropolitan bishop, Mar Elias bar Shinaya, found it. Elias's chronicle quotes it from "the death of the Prophet" through to 169 AH, at which point Elias's text itself hits a lacuna.
Several Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain further material that surely or with some probability comes from al-Khwārizmī. The Istanbul manuscript contains a paper on sundials; the Fihrist credits al-Khwārizmī with Kitāb ar-Rukhāma(t) (Arabic: كتاب الرخامة). Other papers, such as one on the determination of the direction of Mecca, are on the spherical astronomy.
Two texts deserve special interest on the morning width (Ma'rifat sa'at al-mashriq fī kull balad) and the determination of the azimuth from a height (Ma'rifat al-samt min qibal al-irtifā'). He wrote two books on using and constructing astrolabes.
Honours
A Soviet postage stamp issued 6 September 1983, commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th birthday
Al-Khwarizmi (crater) — A crater on the far side of the Moon.
13498 Al Chwarizmi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1986 Aug 6 by E. W. Elst and V. G. Ivanova at Smolyan.
11156 Al-Khwarismi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1997 Dec 31 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.
Notes
^ There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī or ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. Ibn Khaldun notes in his Prolegomena: "The first to write on this discipline was Abu 'Abdallah al-Khuwarizmi. After him, there was Abu Kamil Shuja' b. Aslam. People followed in his steps." In the introduction to his critical commentary on Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's Algebra, L.C. Karpinski notes that Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā refers to the eldest of the Banū Mūsā brothers. Karpinski notes in his review on (Ruska 1917) that in (Ruska 1918): "Ruska here inadvertently speaks of the author as Abū Ga'far M. b. M., instead of Abū Abdallah M. b. M." Donald Knuth writes it as Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and quotes it as meaning "literally, 'Father of Abdullah, Mohammed, son of Moses, native of Khwārizm,'" citing previous work by Heinz Zemanek.
^ Some scholars translate the title al-ḥisāb al-hindī as "computation with Hindu numerals", but Arabic Hindī means 'Indian' rather than 'Hindu'. A. S. Saidan states that it should be understood as arithmetic done "in the Indian way", with Hindu-Arabic numerals, rather than as simply "Indian arithmetic". The Arab mathematicians incorporated their own innovations in their texts.
References
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam" Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
^ Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). "al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. VII. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8.
^ Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). "Al-Khwārizmī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624.
^ Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history Archived 17 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19.
^ Knuth, Donald (1997). "Basic Concepts". The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1.
^ Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.
^ a b Maher, P. (1998), "From Al-Jabr to Algebra", Mathematics in School, 27(4), 14–15.
^ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."
^ Corbin, Henry (1998). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ Boyer, Carl B., 1985. A History of Mathematics, p. 252. Princeton University Press. "Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...", "...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta..."
^ Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, "Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
^ Katz, Victor J. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching" (PDF). VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA. The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.
^ Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm.
^ Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science (PDF). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2006.
^ Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2299605.
^ Struik 1987, p. 93
^ Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
^ Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century
^ Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
^ "Islam Spain and the history of technology". www.sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al–Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
^ a b Arndt 1983, p. 669
^ a b Saliba, George (September 1998). "Science and medicine". Iranian Studies. 31 (3–4): 681–690. doi:10.1080/00210869808701940. Take, for example, someone like Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi (fl. 850) may present a problem for the EIr, for although he was obviously of Persian descent, he lived and worked in Baghdad and was not known to have produced a single scientific work in Persian.
^ Oaks, Jeffrey A. (2014). "Khwārizmī". In Kalin, Ibrahim (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–459. ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2021."Ibn al-Nadīm and Ibn al-Qifṭī relate that al-Khwārizmī's family came from Khwārizm, the region south of the Aral sea." Also → al-Nadīm, Abu'l-Faraj (1871–1872). Kitāb al-Fihrist, ed. Gustav Flügel, Leipzig: Vogel, p. 274. al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn (1903). Taʾrīkh al-Hukamā, eds. August Müller & Julius Lippert, Leipzig: Theodor Weicher, p. 286.
^ Dodge, Bayard, ed. (1970), The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Islamic Culture, vol. 2, translated by Dodge, New York: Columbia University Press
^ Clifford A. Pickover (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge. Routledge. Page 228. "Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780–850) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from the district of Khwarism (Uzbekistan area of Central Asia)."
^ Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 942–943. ISBN 978-3-540-68831-0. Persian mathematician Al-Khowarizmi
^ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Davila, Jerry; Crowston, Clare Haru; McKay, John P. (2017). A History of World Societies (11th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 419. Near the beginning of this period the Persian scholar al-Khwarizmi (d. ca. 850) harmonized Greek and Indian findings to produce astronomical tables that formed the basis for later Eastern and Western research.
^ Encycloaedia Iranica-online, s.v. "CHORASMIA, ii. In Islamic times Archived 2 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine," by Clifford E. Bosworth.
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1960–2005). "Khwārazm". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1060–1065. OCLC 399624.
^ "Iraq After the Muslim Conquest", by Michael G. Morony, ISBN 1-59333-315-3 (a 2005 facsimile from the original 1984 book), p. 145 Archived 27 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Rashed, Roshdi (1988). "al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra". In Zurayq, Qusṭanṭīn; Atiyeh, George Nicholas; Oweiss, Ibrahim M. (eds.). Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk. SUNY Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-88706-698-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ King, David A. (7 March 2018). Astronomy in the Service of Islam. Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation – Centre for the Study of Islamic Manuscripts. Event occurs at 20:51. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. I mention another name of Khwarizmi to show that he didn't come from Central Asia. He came from Qutrubul, just outside Baghdad. He was born there, otherwise he wouldn't be called al-Qutrubulli. Many people say he came from Khwarazm, tsk-tsk.
^ a b c Toomer 1990
^ Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8.
^ Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Roná-Tas, András (13 August 2007). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. BRILL. p. 376. ISBN 978-90-474-2145-0.
^ Dunlop 1943
^ Yahya Tabesh; Shima Salehi. "Mathematics Education in Iran From Ancient to Modern" (PDF). Sharif University of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ Daffa 1977
^ Clegg, Brian (1 October 2019). Scientifica Historica: How the world's great science books chart the history of knowledge. Ivy Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-78240-879-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
^ Edu, World History (28 September 2022). "Al-Khwārizmī - Biography, Notable Achievements & Facts".
^ Joseph Frank, al-Khwarizmi über das Astrolab, 1922.
^ "al-Khwarizmi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
^ "Al-Khwarizmi | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 1 December 2023.
^ a b Rosen, Frederic. "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī". 1831 English Translation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
^ Karpinski, L.C. (1912). "History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica". Science. 35 (888): 29–31. Bibcode:1912Sci....35...29K. doi:10.1126/science.35.888.29. PMID 17752897. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ Boyer 1991, p. 228: "The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization — respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled."
^ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" — that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."
^ Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277
^ Katz, Victor J. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching" (PDF). VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA.
^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ Rashed, R.; Armstrong, Angela (1994). The Development of Arabic Mathematics. Springer. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-7923-2565-9. OCLC 29181926.
^ Florian Cajori (1919). A History of Mathematics. Macmillan. p. 103. That it came from Indian source is impossible, for Hindus had no rules like "restoration" and "reduction". They were never in the habit of making all terms in an equation positive, as is done in the process of "restoration.
^ Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1968). A History of Mathematics. p. 252.
^ Saidan, A. S. (Winter 1966), "The Earliest Extant Arabic Arithmetic: Kitab al-Fusul fi al Hisab al-Hindi of Abu al-Hasan, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uqlidisi", Isis, 57 (4), The University of Chicago Press: 475–490, doi:10.1086/350163, JSTOR 228518, S2CID 143979243
^ a b Burnett 2017, p. 39.
^ Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent, Routledge, pp. 31–32, ISBN 978-0-415-58061-8, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 29 September 2020
^ Van Brummelen, Glen (2017), "Arithmetic", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p. 46, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019
^ Thomas F. Glick, ed. (2017), "Al-Khwarizmi", Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 6 May 2019
^ Van Brummelen, Glen (2017), "Arithmetic", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, pp. 46–47, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019
^ "Algoritmi de numero Indorum", Trattati D'Aritmetica, Rome: Tipografia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, 1857, pp. 1–, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 6 May 2019
^ a b Crossley, John N.; Henry, Alan S. (1990), "Thus Spake al-Khwārizmī: A Translation of the Text of Cambridge University Library Ms. Ii.vi.5", Historia Mathematica, 17 (2): 103–131, doi:10.1016/0315-0860(90)90048-I
^ "How Algorithm Got Its Name". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 8 January 2018.
^ Thurston, Hugh (1996), Early Astronomy, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 204–, ISBN 978-0-387-94822-5
^ a b Kennedy 1956, pp. 26–29
^ van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-642-51601-6. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
^ Kennedy 1956, p. 128
^ Jacques Sesiano, "Islamic mathematics", p. 157, in Selin, Helaine; D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan, eds. (2000). Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-0260-1.
^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ The full title is "The Book of the Description of the Earth, with its Cities, Mountains, Seas, All the Islands and the Rivers, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī, according to the Geographical Treatise written by Ptolemy the Claudian", although due to ambiguity in the word surah it could also be understood as meaning "The Book of the Image of the Earth" or even "The Book of the Map of the World".
^ "The history of cartography". GAP computer algebra system. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
^ Keith J. Devlin (2012). The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution (Paperback). Bloomsbury. p. 55. ISBN 9781408822487.
^ Daunicht
^ a b Edward S. Kennedy, Mathematical Geography, p. 188, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 185–201)
^ Covington, Richard (2007). "The Third Dimension". Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007: 17–21. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
^ LJ Delaporte (1910). Chronographie de Mar Elie bar Sinaya. p. xiii.
^ El-Baz, Farouk (1973). "Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side". Science. 180 (4091): 1173–1176. Bibcode:1973Sci...180.1173E. doi:10.1126/science.180.4091.1173. JSTOR 1736378. PMID 17743602. S2CID 10623582. NASA Portal: Apollo 11, Photography Index.
^ "Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
^ "Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
Sources
Arndt, A. B. (December 1983). "Al-Khwarizmi". The Mathematics Teacher. 76 (9): 668–670. doi:10.5951/MT.76.9.0668. JSTOR 27963784.
Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "The Arabic Hegemony". A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
Burnett, Charles (2017), "Arabic Numerals", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019
Daffa, Ali Abdullah al- (1977). The Muslim contribution to mathematics. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-464-1.
Dunlop, Douglas Morton (1943). "Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizmī". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 (3–4): 248–250. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00098464. JSTOR 25221920. S2CID 161841351. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
Kennedy, E. S. (1956). "A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 46 (2): 123–177. doi:10.2307/1005726. hdl:2027/mdp.39076006359272. JSTOR 1005726. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12410-7
Struik, Dirk Jan (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics (4th ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4.
Toomer, Gerald (1990). "Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-16962-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
Further reading
Biographical
Brentjes, Sonja (2007). "Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine" in Thomas Hockey et al.(eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 631–633. (PDF version Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine)
Hogendijk, Jan P., Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE) Archived 3 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine – bibliography of his works, manuscripts, editions and translations.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Sezgin, F., ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy, Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, 1997–99.
Algebra
Gandz, Solomon (November 1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. JSTOR 2299605. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra". Osiris. 1 (1): 263–277. doi:10.1086/368426. JSTOR 301610. S2CID 60770737. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
Gandz, Solomon (1938). "The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī". Osiris. 5 (5): 319–391. doi:10.1086/368492. JSTOR 301569. S2CID 143683763. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
Hughes, Barnabas (1986). "Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition". Mediaeval Studies. 48: 211–263. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306339.
Hughes, Barnabas. Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A new critical edition. In Latin. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden (1989). ISBN 3-515-04589-9.
Karpinski, L.C. (1915). Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version. The Macmillan Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
Rosen, Fredrick (1831). The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa. London.
Astronomy
Goldstein, B.R. (1968). Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-00498-4.
Hogendijk, Jan P. (1991). "Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the "Sine of the Hours" and the Underlying Sine Table". Historia Scientiarum. 42: 1–12. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Hogendijk's homepage. Publication in English, no. 25).
King, David A. (1983). Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century. New York University: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Description and analysis of seven recently discovered minor works related to al-Khwarizmi).
Neugebauer, Otto (1962). The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi.
Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1993). "'Geometric trigonometry' in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham". In Folkerts, Menso; Hogendijk, Jan P. (eds.). Vestigia Mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard. Leiden: Brill. pp. 305–308. ISBN 978-90-5183-536-6.
Van Dalen, Benno (1996). "al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time". In Casulleras, Josep; Samsó, Julio (eds.). From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet. Barcelona: Instituto Millás Vallicrosa de Historia de la Ciencia Arabe. pp. 195–252. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Van Dalen's homepage. List of Publications, Articles – no. 5).
Jewish calendar
Kennedy, E. S. (1964). "Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar". Scripta Mathematica. 27: 55–59.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to al-Khwārizmī.
Media related to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi at Wikimedia Commons
Articles and topics related to al-Khwarizmi
vteMathematics in the medieval Islamic worldMathematicians9th century
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Sanad ibn Ali
al-Jawharī
Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
Al-Kindi
Qusta ibn Luqa
Al-Mahani
al-Dinawari
Banū Mūsā brothers
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Al-Khwarizmi
Yusuf al-Khuri
Ishaq ibn Hunayn
Na'im ibn Musa
Thābit ibn Qurra
al-Marwazi
Abu Said Gorgani
10th century
Abu al-Wafa
al-Khazin
Al-Qabisi
Abu Kamil
Ahmad ibn Yusuf
Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
al-Khojandi
Al-Nayrizi
Al-Saghani
Brethren of Purity
Ibn Sahl
Ibn Yunus
al-Uqlidisi
Al-Battani
Sinan ibn Thabit
Ibrahim ibn Sinan
Al-Isfahani
Nazif ibn Yumn
al-Qūhī
Abu al-Jud
Al-Sijzi
Al-Karaji
al-Majriti
al-Jabali
11th century
Abu Nasr Mansur
Alhazen
Kushyar Gilani
Al-Biruni
Ibn al-Samh
Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
Avicenna
al-Jayyānī
al-Nasawī
al-Zarqālī
ibn Hud
Al-Isfizari
Omar Khayyam
Muhammad al-Baghdadi
12th century
Jabir ibn Aflah
Al-Kharaqī
Al-Khazini
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
al-Hassar
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
Ibn al-Yasamin
13th century
Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
Ahmad al-Buni
Ibn Munim
Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
Ibn Adlan
al-Urdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
al-Abhari
Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
Ibn al-Banna'
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
14th century
Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
Ibn al-Shatir
Ibn al-Durayhim
Al-Khalili
al-Umawi
15th century
Ibn al-Majdi
al-Rūmī
al-Kāshī
Ulugh Beg
Ali Qushji
al-Wafa'i
al-Qalaṣādī
Sibt al-Maridini
Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
16th century
Al-Birjandi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Taqi ad-Din
Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
Mathematicalworks
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
De Gradibus
Principles of Hindu Reckoning
Book of Optics
The Book of Healing
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
Toledan Tables
Tabula Rogeriana
Zij
Concepts
Alhazen's problem
Islamic geometric patterns
Centers
Al-Azhar University
Al-Mustansiriya University
House of Knowledge
House of Wisdom
Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
Madrasa
Maragheh observatory
University of al-Qarawiyyin
Influences
Babylonian mathematics
Greek mathematics
Indian mathematics
Influenced
Byzantine mathematics
European mathematics
Indian mathematics
Related
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Arabic numerals (Eastern Arabic numerals, Western Arabic numerals)
Trigonometric functions
History of trigonometry
History of algebra
vteMathematics in IranMathematiciansBefore 20th Century
Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani
Jamshid al-Kashi (al-Kashi's theorem)
Omar Khayyam (Khayyam-Pascal's triangle, Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral, Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations)
Al-Mahani
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
Al-Nayrizi
Kushyar Gilani
Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
Al-Isfahani
Al-Isfizari
Al-Khwarizmi (Al-jabr)
Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Al-Biruni
Modern
Maryam Mirzakhani
Caucher Birkar
Sara Zahedi
Farideh Firoozbakht (Firoozbakht's conjecture)
S. L. Hakimi (Havel–Hakimi algorithm)
Siamak Yassemi
Freydoon Shahidi (Langlands–Shahidi method)
Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
Esmail Babolian
Ramin Takloo-Bighash
Lotfi A. Zadeh (Fuzzy mathematics, Fuzzy set, Fuzzy logic)
Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian
Reza Sarhangi (The Bridges Organization)
Siavash Shahshahani
Gholamhossein Mosaheb
Amin Shokrollahi
Reza Sadeghi
Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi
Mohsen Hashtroodi
Hossein Zakeri
Amir Ali Ahmadi
Prize RecipientsFields Medal
Maryam Mirzakhani (2014)
Caucher Birkar (2018)
EMS Prize
Sara Zahedi (2016)
Satter Prize
Maryam Mirzakhani (2013)
Organizations
Iranian Mathematical Society
Institutions
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences
vteAstronomy in the medieval Islamic worldAstronomers
by century
8th
Ahmad Nahavandi
Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
Mashallah ibn Athari
Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
9th
Abu Ali al-Khayyat
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Abu Said Gorgani
Al-Farghani
Al-Kindi
Al-Mahani
Abu Hanifa Dinawari
Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
Al-Marwazi
Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
Banū Mūsā brothers
Iranshahri
Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
Al-Khwarizmi
Sahl ibn Bishr
Thābit ibn Qurra
Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
10th
al-Sufi
Ibn
Al-Adami
al-Khojandi
al-Khazin
al-Qūhī
Abu al-Wafa
Ahmad ibn Yusuf
al-Battani
Al-Qabisi
Ibn al-A'lam
Al-Nayrizi
Al-Saghani
Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
Ibn Yunus
Ibrahim ibn Sinan
Ma Yize
al-Sijzi
Al-ʻIjliyyah
Nastulus
Abolfadl Harawi
Haseb-i Tabari
al-Majriti
Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
11th
Abu Nasr Mansur
al-Biruni
Ali ibn Ridwan
Al-Zarqālī
Ibn al-Samh
Alhazen
Avicenna
Ibn al-Saffar
Kushyar Gilani
Said al-Andalusi
Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
Al-Isfizari
Ali ibn Khalaf
12th
Al-Bitruji
Avempace
Ibn Tufail
Al-Kharaqī
Al-Khazini
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
Abu al-Salt
Averroes
Ibn al-Kammad
Jabir ibn Aflah
Omar Khayyam
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
13th
Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
Jamal ad-Din
Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
Zakariya al-Qazwini
al-Urdi
al-Abhari
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
Ibn al‐Raqqam
Al-Ashraf Umar II
Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
14th
Ibn al-Shatir
Al-Khalili
Ibn Shuayb
al-Battiwi
Abū al‐ʿUqūl
Al-Wabkanawi
Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
al-Jadiri
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
Fathullah Shirazi
15th
Ali Kuşçu
Abd al‐Wajid
Jamshid al-Kashi
Kadızade Rumi
Ulugh Beg
Sibt al-Maridini
Ibn al-Majdi
al-Wafa'i
al-Kubunani
'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
16th
Al-Birjandi
al-Khafri
Baha' al-din al-'Amili
Piri Reis
Takiyüddin
17th
Yang Guangxian
Ehmedê Xanî
Al Achsasi al Mouakket
Muhammad al-Rudani
TopicsWorks
Arabic star names
Islamic calendar
Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
Tabula Rogeriana
The Book of Healing
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
Zij
Alfonsine tables
Huihui Lifa
Book of Fixed Stars
Toledan Tables
Zij-i Ilkhani
Zij-i Sultani
Sullam al-sama'
Instruments
Alidade
Analog computer
Aperture
Armillary sphere
Astrolabe
Astronomical clock
Celestial globe
Compass
Compass rose
Dioptra
Equatorial ring
Equatorium
Globe
Graph paper
Mural instrument
Navigational astrolabe
Octant
Planisphere
Quadrant
Sextant
Shadow square
Sundial
Schema for horizontal sundials
Triquetrum
Concepts
Almucantar
Apogee
Astrology
Astrophysics
Axial tilt
Azimuth
Celestial mechanics
Celestial spheres
Circular orbit
Deferent and epicycle
Earth's rotation
Eccentricity
Ecliptic
Elliptic orbit
Equant
Galaxy
Geocentrism
Gravitational energy
Gravity
Heliocentrism
Inertia
Islamic cosmology
Moonlight
Multiverse
Muwaqqit
Obliquity
Parallax
Precession
Qibla
Salah times
Specific gravity
Spherical Earth
Sublunary sphere
Sunlight
Supernova
Temporal finitism
Trepidation
Triangulation
Tusi couple
Universe
Institutions
Al-Azhar University
House of Knowledge
House of Wisdom
University of al-Qarawiyyin
Observatories
Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
Maragheh
Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
Influences
Babylonian astronomy
Egyptian astronomy
Hellenistic astronomy
Indian astronomy
Influenced
Byzantine science
Chinese astronomy
Medieval European science
Indian astronomy
vteGeography and cartography in the medieval Islamic worldGeographers9th century
Al-Khwarizmi
Abu Hanifa Dinawari
Ya'qubi
Sulaiman al-Tajir
10th century
Ibn Khordadbeh
Ahmad ibn Rustah
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
Al-Masudi
Istakhri
Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
Ibn Hawqal
Ibn al-Faqih
Al-Muqaddasi
Al-Ramhormuzi
Qudama ibn Ja'far
11th century
Al-Biruni
Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
Al-Bakri
Mahmud al-Kashgari
Domiyat
12th century
al-Zuhri
Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
13th century
Ibn Jubayr
Saadi Shirazi
Yaqut al-Hamawi
Ibn Said al-Maghribi
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn al-Mujawir
14th century
Al-Dimashqi
Abu'l-Fida
Ibn al-Wardi
Hamdallah Mustawfi
Ibn Battuta
Lin Nu
15th century
Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
Ahmad ibn Mājid
Zheng He
Ma Huan
Fei Xin
16th century
Sulaiman Al Mahri
Piri Reis
Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
Amīn Rāzī
17th century
Evliya Çelebi
Works
Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)
Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)
Tabula Rogeriana
Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
Mu'jam Al-Buldan
Rihla
The Meadows of Gold
Piri Reis map
Kitab al-Kharaj
Influences
Geography (Ptolemy)
vtePeople of KhorasanScientists
Abu Hatam Isfizari
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Abu Wafa
Abu Ubayd Juzjani
Abu Zayd Balkhi
Alfraganus
Ali Qushji
Avicenna
Birjandi
Biruni
Hasib Marwazi
Ibn Hayyan
Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
Khazini
Khojandi
Khwarizmi
Nasawi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Omar Khayyam
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
Sijzi
Philosophers
Algazel
Amiri
Avicenna
Farabi
Haji Bektash Veli
Nasir Khusraw
Sijistani
Shahrastani
Islamic scholars
Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
Abu Barakat Nasafi
Abu Hanifa
Abu Hafs Nasafi
Abu Layth Samarqandi
Abu Mu'in Nasafi
Abu Qasim Samarqandi
Ansari
Baghavi
Bayhaqi
Bazdawi
Bukhari
Dabusi
Fatima Samarqandi
Ghazali
Ghaznawi
Hakim Tirmidhi
Hakim Nishapuri
Ibn Hibban
Ibn Mubarak
Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
Juwayni
Kasani
Kashifi
Lamishi
Marghinani
Maturidi
Mulla al-Qari
Muqatil
Muslim
Nasa'i
Qushayri
Razi
Sabuni
Sajawandi
Sarakhsi
Shaykh Tusi
Taftazani
Tha'labi Nishapuri
Tirmidhi
Zamakhshari
Poets and artists
Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
Anvari
Aruzi Samarqandi
Asadi Tusi
Attar Nishapuri
Behzad
Daqiqi
Farrukhi Sistani
Ferdowsi
Jami
Kashifi
Nasir Khusraw
Rabia Balkhi
Rudaki
Rumi
Sanā'ī
Historians andpolitical figures
Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
Abu Muslim Khorasani
Gardizi
Ali-Shir Nava'i
Ata-Malik Juvayni
Aufi
Abu Ali Bal'ami
Gawhar Shad
Ibn Khordadbeh
Khalid ibn Barmak
Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
Nizam al-Mulk
Tahir ibn Husayn
Yahya Barmaki
Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
Shihab al-Nasawi
Portals: Biography Mathematics Geography Astronomy Stars Outer space Solar System Science
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
3
VIAF
2
3
4
WorldCat
2
National
Norway
2
Spain
2
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
2
Poland
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
MathSciNet
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Khwarizmi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"Khwarazm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazm"},{"link_name":"House of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"Al-Jabr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jabr"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oaks-7"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation"},{"link_name":"quadratic equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_equation"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"completing the square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completing_the_square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maher-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corbin_1998_44-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"algorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorism"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"digit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"al-Khwarizmi's textbook on Indian arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Indian numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numerals"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"positional number system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Struik_93-18"},{"link_name":"Robert of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"European universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Claudius Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"astrolabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-24"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"sine and cosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine"},{"link_name":"tangents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent"}],"text":"For other uses, see Al-Khwarizmi (disambiguation).Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi[note 1] (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي; c. 780 – c. 850), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Hailing from Khwarazm, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the House of Wisdom in the city of Baghdad around 820 CE.His popularizing treatise on algebra, compiled between 813–33 as Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing),[6]: 171 presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. One of his achievements in algebra was his demonstration of how to solve quadratic equations by completing the square, for which he provided geometric justifications.[7]: 14 Because al-Khwarizmi was the first person to treat algebra as an independent discipline and introduced the methods of \"reduction\" and \"balancing\" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation),[8] he has been described as the father[9][10][11] or founder[12][13] of algebra. The English term algebra comes from the short-hand title of his aforementioned treatise (الجبر Al-Jabr, transl. \"completion\" or \"rejoining\").[14] His name gave rise to the English terms algorism and algorithm; the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese terms algoritmo; and the Spanish term guarismo[15] and Portuguese term algarismo, both meaning \"digit\".[16]In the 12th century, Latin-language translations of al-Khwarizmi's textbook on Indian arithmetic (Algorithmo de Numero Indorum), which codified the various Indian numerals, introduced the decimal-based positional number system to the Western world.[17] Likewise, Al-Jabr, translated into Latin by the English scholar Robert of Chester in 1145, was used until the 16th century as the principal mathematical textbook of European universities.[18][19][20][21]Al-Khwarizmi revised Geography, the 2nd-century Greek-language treatise by the Roman polymath Claudius Ptolemy, listing the longitudes and latitudes of cities and localities.[22]: 9 He further produced a set of astronomical tables and wrote about calendric works, as well as the astrolabe and the sundial.[23] Al-Khwarizmi made important contributions to trigonometry, producing accurate sine and cosine tables and the first table of tangents.","title":"Al-Khwarizmi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Ciudad_Universitaria,_Monumento_a_Muhammad_al-Juarismi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Nadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"Khwarazm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazm"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science_and_medicine-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dodge-27"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science_and_medicine-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Greater Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari"},{"link_name":"Majūsī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majus"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Roshdi Rashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"G.J. Toomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_J._Toomer"},{"link_name":"David A. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._King_(historian)"},{"link_name":"nisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toomer-37"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Nadīm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"Al-Fihrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fihrist"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"House of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maher-8"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Caliph al-Ma'mūn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abi Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tahir"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"al-Wathiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiq"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Douglas Morton Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Morton_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Banū Mūsā brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Monument to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi at Ciudad Universitaria of MadridFew details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region.[24][25][26] Of Persian stock,[27][24][28][29][30] his name means 'of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran,[31] and is now part of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[32]Al-Tabari gives his name as Muḥammad ibn Musá al-Khwārizmī al-Majūsī al-Quṭrubbullī (محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ). The epithet al-Qutrubbulli could indicate he might instead have come from Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul),[33] near Baghdad. However, Roshdi Rashed denies this:[34]There is no need to be an expert on the period or a philologist to see that al-Tabari's second citation should read \"Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli,\" and that there are two people (al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli) between whom the letter wa [Arabic 'و' for the conjunction 'and'] has been omitted in an early copy. This would not be worth mentioning if a series of errors concerning the personality of al-Khwārizmī, occasionally even the origins of his knowledge, had not been made. Recently, G.J. Toomer ... with naive confidence constructed an entire fantasy on the error which cannot be denied the merit of amusing the reader.On the other hand, David A. King affirms his nisba to Qutrubul, noting that he was called al-Khwārizmī al-Qutrubbulli because he was born just outside of Baghdad.[35]Regarding al-Khwārizmī's religion, Toomer writes:[36]Another epithet given to him by al-Ṭabarī, \"al-Majūsī,\" would seem to indicate that he was an adherent of the old Zoroastrian religion. This would still have been possible at that time for a man of Iranian origin, but the pious preface to al-Khwārizmī's Algebra shows that he was an orthodox Muslim, so al-Ṭabarī's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been Zoroastrians.Ibn al-Nadīm's Al-Fihrist includes a short biography on al-Khwārizmī together with a list of his books. Al-Khwārizmī accomplished most of his work between 813 and 833. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Baghdad had become the centre of scientific studies and trade. Around 820 CE, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of Wisdom.[7]: 14 The House of Wisdom was established by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mūn. Al-Khwārizmī studied sciences and mathematics, including the translation of Greek and Sanskrit scientific manuscripts. He was also a historian who is cited by the likes of al-Tabari and Ibn Abi Tahir.[37]During the reign of al-Wathiq, he is said to have been involved in the first of two embassies to the Khazars.[38] Douglas Morton Dunlop suggests that Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī might have been the same person as Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir, the eldest of the three Banū Mūsā brothers.[39]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg"},{"link_name":"cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hindu–Arabic numeral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Indian numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numbering_system"},{"link_name":"Greek mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geography of Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"astrolabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-24"},{"link_name":"al-Ma'mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"A page from al-Khwārizmī's AlgebraAl-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his book on the subject, Al-Jabr.[40]On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, written about 820, was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered in Latin as Algoritmi, led to the term \"algorithm\".[41][42]Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard (\"The Image of the Earth\"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy, but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.[43]He wrote on mechanical devices like the astrolabe[44] and sundial.[23] He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.[45] When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.[46]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin translations of the 12th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century"},{"link_name":"Mathematics in medieval Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam"},{"link_name":"Science in the medieval Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_(Arabic).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Algebra_of_Mohammed_ben_Musa_(English).png"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Caliph al-Ma'mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algebra_1831_translation_rosen-48"},{"link_name":"Robert of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segovia"},{"link_name":"Gerard of Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofmathema00boyepage228_228]-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-229-51"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"had not yet been invented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algebra_1831_translation_rosen-48"},{"link_name":"Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa_D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Abū Kāmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_K%C4%81mil"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ham%C4%ABd_ibn_Turk"},{"link_name":"Sind ibn 'Alī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Sahl ibn Bišr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahl_ibn_Bishr"},{"link_name":"Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Solomon Gandz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Victor J. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Katz"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Edmund F. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"},{"link_name":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive"},{"link_name":"Arabic mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam"},{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"irrational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-54"},{"link_name":"Roshdi Rashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed"},{"link_name":"Babylonian tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Diophantus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantus"},{"link_name":"Arithmetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica"},{"link_name":"problems to be solved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving"},{"link_name":"exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_modes#Exposition"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Florian Cajori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Cajori"},{"link_name":"Indian mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematicians"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Brahmagupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta"},{"link_name":"Carl B. Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Diophantus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantus"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Algebra","text":"Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century, Mathematics in medieval Islam, and Science in the medieval Islamic worldLeft: The original Arabic print manuscript of the Book of Algebra by Al-Khwārizmī. Right: A page from The Algebra of Al-Khwarizmi by Fredrick Rosen, in English.Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala) is a mathematical book written approximately 820 CE. It was written with the encouragement of Caliph al-Ma'mun as a popular work on calculation and is replete with examples and applications to a range of problems in trade, surveying and legal inheritance.[47] The term \"algebra\" is derived from the name of one of the basic operations with equations (al-jabr, meaning \"restoration\", referring to adding a number to both sides of the equation to consolidate or cancel terms) described in this book. The book was translated in Latin as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145) hence \"algebra\", and by Gerard of Cremona. A unique Arabic copy is kept at Oxford and was translated in 1831 by F. Rosen. A Latin translation is kept in Cambridge.[48]It provided an exhaustive account of solving polynomial equations up to the second degree,[49] and discussed the fundamental method of \"reduction\" and \"balancing\", referring to the transposition of terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.[50]Al-Khwārizmī's method of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first reducing the equation to one of six standard forms (where b and c are positive integers)squares equal roots (ax2 = bx)\nsquares equal number (ax2 = c)\nroots equal number (bx = c)\nsquares and roots equal number (ax2 + bx = c)\nsquares and number equal roots (ax2 + c = bx)\nroots and number equal squares (bx + c = ax2)by dividing out the coefficient of the square and using the two operations al-jabr (Arabic: الجبر \"restoring\" or \"completion\") and al-muqābala (\"balancing\"). Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to each side. For example, x2 = 40x − 4x2 is reduced to 5x2 = 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation. For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 is reduced to x2 + 9 = x.The above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems that the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For\nexample, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation)If some one says: \"You divide ten into two parts: multiply the one by itself; it will be equal to the other taken eighty-one times.\" Computation: You say, ten less a thing, multiplied by itself, is a hundred plus a square less twenty things, and this is equal to eighty-one things. Separate the twenty things from a hundred and a square, and add them to eighty-one. It will then be a hundred plus a square, which is equal to a hundred and one roots. Halve the roots; the moiety is fifty and a half. Multiply this by itself, it is two thousand five hundred and fifty and a quarter. Subtract from this one hundred; the remainder is two thousand four hundred and fifty and a quarter. Extract the root from this; it is forty-nine and a half. Subtract this from the moiety of the roots, which is fifty and a half. There remains one, and this is one of the two parts.[47]In modern notation this process, with x the \"thing\" (شيء shayʾ) or \"root\", is given by the steps,(\n 10\n −\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 81\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (10-x)^{2}=81x}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 100\n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 20\n x\n =\n 81\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 100+x^{2}-20x=81x}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 100\n =\n 101\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{2}+100=101x}Let the roots of the equation be x = p and x = q. Then \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n +\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n =\n 50\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {p+q}{2}}=50{\\tfrac {1}{2}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n p\n q\n =\n 100\n \n \n {\\displaystyle pq=100}\n \n andp\n −\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n p\n +\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n p\n q\n \n \n =\n \n \n 2550\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n −\n 100\n \n \n =\n 49\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p-q}{2}}={\\sqrt {\\left({\\frac {p+q}{2}}\\right)^{2}-pq}}={\\sqrt {2550{\\tfrac {1}{4}}-100}}=49{\\tfrac {1}{2}}}So a root is given byx\n =\n 50\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n −\n 49\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=50{\\tfrac {1}{2}}-49{\\tfrac {1}{2}}=1}Several authors have published texts under the name of Kitāb al-jabr wal-muqābala, including Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī, Abū Kāmil, Abū Muḥammad al-'Adlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Sind ibn 'Alī, Sahl ibn Bišr, and Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī.Solomon Gandz has described Al-Khwarizmi as the father of Algebra:Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called \"the father of algebra\" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.[51]Victor J. Katz adds :The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.[52]John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson wrote in the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive:Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as \"algebraic objects\". It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before.[53]Roshdi Rashed and Angela Armstrong write:Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be solved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems.[54]According to Swiss-American historian of mathematics, Florian Cajori, Al-Khwarizmi's algebra was different from the work of Indian mathematicians, for Indians had no rules like the restoration and reduction.[55] Regarding the dissimilarity and significance of Al-Khwarizmi's algebraic work from that of Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta, Carl B. Boyer wrote:It is true that in two respects the work of al-Khowarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus. First, it is on a far more elementary level than that found in the Diophantine problems and, second, the algebra of al-Khowarizmi is thoroughly rhetorical, with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta's work. Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols! It is quite unlikely that al-Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus, but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta; yet neither al-Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers. Nevertheless, the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta, because the book is not concerned with difficult problems in indeterminant analysis but with a straight forward and elementary exposition of the solution of equations, especially that of second degree. The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization – respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled.[56]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Reisch,_Margarita_Philosophica,_1508_(1230x1615).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dixit_algorizmi.png"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett201739-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Hindu–Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"Al-Uqlidisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uqlidisi"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names"},{"link_name":"name of method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorism"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett201739-60"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algorithmi-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thus_spake-66"},{"link_name":"Adelard of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thus_spake-66"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"Hindu–Arabic numeral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"Indian mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics"},{"link_name":"algorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorism"},{"link_name":"Latinized forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Arithmetic","text":"Algorists vs. abacists, depicted in a sketch from 1508 CEPage from a Latin translation, beginning with \"Dixit algorizmi\"Al-Khwārizmī's second most influential work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in Latin translations but is lost in the original Arabic. His writings include the text kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ('Book of Indian computation'[note 2]), and perhaps a more elementary text, kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ('Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic').[58][59] These texts described algorithms on decimal numbers (Hindu–Arabic numerals) that could be carried out on a dust board. Called takht in Arabic (Latin: tabula), a board covered with a thin layer of dust or sand was employed for calculations, on which figures could be written with a stylus and easily erased and replaced when necessary. Al-Khwarizmi's algorithms were used for almost three centuries, until replaced by Al-Uqlidisi's algorithms that could be carried out with pen and paper.[60]As part of 12th century wave of Arabic science flowing into Europe via translations, these texts proved to be revolutionary in Europe.[61] Al-Khwarizmi's Latinized name, Algorismus, turned into the name of method used for computations, and survives in the term \"algorithm\". It gradually replaced the previous abacus-based methods used in Europe.[62]Four Latin texts providing adaptions of Al-Khwarizmi's methods have survived, even though none of them is believed to be a literal translation:[58]Dixit Algorizmi (published in 1857 under the title Algoritmi de Numero Indorum[63])[64]\nLiber Alchoarismi de Practica Arismetice\nLiber Ysagogarum Alchorismi\nLiber PulverisDixit Algorizmi ('Thus spake Al-Khwarizmi') is the starting phrase of a manuscript in the University of Cambridge library, which is generally referred to by its 1857 title Algoritmi de Numero Indorum. It is attributed to the Adelard of Bath, who had translated the astronomical tables in 1126. It is perhaps the closest to Al-Khwarizmi's own writings.[64]Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term \"algorithm\" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both \"algorithm\" and \"algorism\" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmi and Algorismi, respectively.[65]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corpus_Christ_College_MS_283_(1).png"},{"link_name":"Zīj as-Sindhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij_as-Sindhind"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toomer-37"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"astronomical tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij"},{"link_name":"Siddhanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhanta#Astronomy"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thurston1996-68"},{"link_name":"Zijes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij"},{"link_name":"Indian astronomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomy"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-1956-69"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Brahmasphutasiddhanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta"},{"link_name":"Brahmagupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"Islamic astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Maslama al-Majriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti"},{"link_name":"Adelard of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy","text":"Further information: Astronomy in the medieval Islamic worldPage from Corpus Christi College MS 283, a Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's ZījAl-Khwārizmī's Zīj as-Sindhind[36] (Arabic: زيج السند هند, \"astronomical tables of Siddhanta\"[66]) is a work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on calendrical and astronomical calculations and 116 tables with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as well as a table of sine values. This is the first of many Arabic Zijes based on the Indian astronomical methods known as the sindhind.[67] The word Sindhind is a corruption of the Sanskrit Siddhānta, which is the usual designation of an astronomical textbook. In fact, the mean motions in the tables of al-Khwarizmi are derived from those in the \"corrected Brahmasiddhanta\" (Brahmasphutasiddhanta) of Brahmagupta.[68]The work contains tables for the movements of the sun, the moon and the five planets known at the time. This work marked the turning point in Islamic astronomy. Hitherto, Muslim astronomers had adopted a primarily research approach to the field, translating works of others and learning already discovered knowledge.The original Arabic version (written c. 820) is lost, but a version by the Spanish astronomer Maslama al-Majriti (c. 1000) has survived in a Latin translation, presumably by Adelard of Bath (26 January 1126).[69] The four surviving manuscripts of the Latin translation are kept at the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-1956-69"},{"link_name":"spherical trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-54"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sesiano-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-73"}],"sub_title":"Trigonometry","text":"Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj as-Sindhind contained tables for the trigonometric functions of sines and cosine.[67] A related treatise on spherical trigonometry is attributed to him.[53]Al-Khwārizmī produced accurate sine and cosine tables, and the first table of tangents.[70][71]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_by_Al-Khwarizmi.svg"},{"link_name":"Martellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Martellus_Germanus"},{"link_name":"Behaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Behaim"},{"link_name":"Taprobane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taprobane"},{"link_name":"Cattigara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattigara"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Tail_(peninsula)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg"},{"link_name":"15th-century version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_University_Library"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca Nacional de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudes"},{"link_name":"longitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudes"},{"link_name":"Paul Gallez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gallez"},{"link_name":"graph paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_paper"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-188-78"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"open bodies of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covington-79"},{"link_name":"Prime Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian"},{"link_name":"Fortunate Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Isles"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-188-78"}],"sub_title":"Geography","text":"Gianluca Gorni's reconstruction of the section of al-Khwārizmī's world map concerning the Indian Ocean. The majority of the placenames used by al-Khwārizmī match those of Ptolemy, Martellus and Behaim. The general shape of the coastline is the same between Taprobane and Cattigara. The Dragon's Tail, or the eastern opening of the Indian Ocean, which does not exist in Ptolemy's description, is traced in very little detail on al-Khwārizmī's map, although is clear and precise on the Martellus map and on the later Behaim version.A 15th-century version of Ptolemy's Geography for comparisonAl-Khwārizmī's third major work is his Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض, \"Book of the Description of the Earth\"),[72] also known as his Geography, which was finished in 833. It is a major reworking of Ptolemy's second-century Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.[73]There is one surviving copy of Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library. A Latin translation is at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid.[74] The book opens with the list of latitudes and longitudes, in order of \"weather zones\", that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each weather zone, by order of longitude. As Paul Gallez notes, this system allows the deduction of many latitudes and longitudes where the only extant document is in such a bad condition, as to make it practically illegible. Neither the Arabic copy nor the Latin translation include the map of the world; however, Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the missing map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, or deduced them from the context where they were not legible. He transferred the points onto graph paper and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline as it was on the original map. He did the same for the rivers and towns.[75]Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea[76] from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of longitude, while al-Khwārizmī almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. He \"depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas as Ptolemy had done.\"[77] Al-Khwārizmī's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles was thus around 10° east of the line used by Marinus and Ptolemy. Most medieval Muslim gazetteers continued to use al-Khwārizmī's prime meridian.[76]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Metonic cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle"},{"link_name":"Tishrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishrei"},{"link_name":"Anno Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi"},{"link_name":"Seleucid era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_era"},{"link_name":"Hebrew calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"Al-Bīrūnī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toomer-37"}],"sub_title":"Jewish calendar","text":"Al-Khwārizmī wrote several other works including a treatise on the Hebrew calendar, titled Risāla fi istikhrāj ta'rīkh al-yahūd (Arabic: رسالة في إستخراج تأريخ اليهود, \"Extraction of the Jewish Era\"). It describes the Metonic cycle, a 19-year intercalation cycle; the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrei shall fall; calculates the interval between the Anno Mundi or Jewish year and the Seleucid era; and gives rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Hebrew calendar. Similar material is found in the works of Al-Bīrūnī and Maimonides.[36]","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn al-Nadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Nusaybin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusaybin"},{"link_name":"metropolitan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Elias bar Shinaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_bar_Shinaya"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"spherical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"morning width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_width"},{"link_name":"azimuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth"},{"link_name":"astrolabes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe"}],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist, an index of Arabic books, mentions al-Khwārizmī's Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh (Arabic: كتاب التأريخ), a book of annals. No direct manuscript survives; however, a copy had reached Nusaybin by the 11th century, where its metropolitan bishop, Mar Elias bar Shinaya, found it. Elias's chronicle quotes it from \"the death of the Prophet\" through to 169 AH, at which point Elias's text itself hits a lacuna.[78]Several Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain further material that surely or with some probability comes from al-Khwārizmī. The Istanbul manuscript contains a paper on sundials; the Fihrist credits al-Khwārizmī with Kitāb ar-Rukhāma(t) (Arabic: كتاب الرخامة). Other papers, such as one on the determination of the direction of Mecca, are on the spherical astronomy.Two texts deserve special interest on the morning width (Ma'rifat sa'at al-mashriq fī kull balad) and the determination of the azimuth from a height (Ma'rifat al-samt min qibal al-irtifā'). He wrote two books on using and constructing astrolabes.","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1983_CPA_5426_(1).png"},{"link_name":"postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_stamp"},{"link_name":"Al-Khwarizmi (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_(crater)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"13498 Al Chwarizmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13498_Al_Chwarizmi"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"11156 Al-Khwarismi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11156_Al-Khwarismi"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"A Soviet postage stamp issued 6 September 1983, commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th birthdayAl-Khwarizmi (crater) — A crater on the far side of the Moon. [79]\n13498 Al Chwarizmi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1986 Aug 6 by E. W. Elst and V. G. Ivanova at Smolyan.[80]\n11156 Al-Khwarismi — Main-belt Asteroid, Discovered 1997 Dec 31 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.[81]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Banū Mūsā brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"^ There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī or ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. Ibn Khaldun notes in his Prolegomena: \"The first to write on this discipline [algebra] was Abu 'Abdallah al-Khuwarizmi. After him, there was Abu Kamil Shuja' b. Aslam. People followed in his steps.\"[4] In the introduction to his critical commentary on Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's Algebra, L.C. Karpinski notes that Abū Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā refers to the eldest of the Banū Mūsā brothers. Karpinski notes in his review on (Ruska 1917) that in (Ruska 1918): \"Ruska here inadvertently speaks of the author as Abū Ga'far M. b. M., instead of Abū Abdallah M. b. M.\" Donald Knuth writes it as Abū 'Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and quotes it as meaning \"literally, 'Father of Abdullah, Mohammed, son of Moses, native of Khwārizm,'\" citing previous work by Heinz Zemanek.[5]\n\n^ Some scholars translate the title al-ḥisāb al-hindī as \"computation with Hindu numerals\", but Arabic Hindī means 'Indian' rather than 'Hindu'. A. S. Saidan states that it should be understood as arithmetic done \"in the Indian way\", with Hindu-Arabic numerals, rather than as simply \"Indian arithmetic\". The Arab mathematicians incorporated their own innovations in their texts.[57]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khwarizmi&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"Brentjes, Sonja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Brentjes"},{"link_name":"Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110706185327/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Encyclopedia_of_Astronomers"},{"link_name":"PDF version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120114103045/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Hogendijk, Jan P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hogendijk"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alkhwarizmi.nl/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180203102909/http://alkhwarizmi.nl/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Robertson, Edmund F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"},{"link_name":"\"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html"},{"link_name":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khwarizmi&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Gandz, Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz"},{"link_name":"\"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2299605"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2299605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2299605"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2299605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2299605"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210625055507/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605"},{"link_name":"Gandz, Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz"},{"link_name":"\"The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/301610"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/368426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F368426"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"301610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/301610"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60770737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60770737"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210625080209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610"},{"link_name":"Gandz, Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz"},{"link_name":"\"The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/301569"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/368492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F368492"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"301569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/301569"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143683763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143683763"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210625054923/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569"},{"link_name":"\"Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.306339"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1484/J.MS.2.306339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.MS.2.306339"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-515-04589-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04589-9"},{"link_name":"Karpinski, L.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._Karpinski"},{"link_name":"Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200924032358/https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks"},{"link_name":"The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwuoft"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khwarizmi&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Goldstein, B.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Goldstein"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-00498-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00498-4"},{"link_name":"Hogendijk, Jan P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hogendijk"},{"link_name":"\"Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the \"Sine of the Hours\" and the Underlying Sine Table\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210507023229/http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English"},{"link_name":"King, David A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._King_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210625030900/https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers"},{"link_name":"Neugebauer, Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer"},{"link_name":"Hogendijk, Jan P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hogendijk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-5183-536-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-536-6"},{"link_name":"\"al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html"},{"link_name":"From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210624203439/http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khwarizmi&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, E. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stewart_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Scripta Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica"}],"text":"Biographical[edit]\nBrentjes, Sonja (2007). \"Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine\" in Thomas Hockey et al.(eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 631–633. (PDF version Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine)\nHogendijk, Jan P., Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE) Archived 3 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine – bibliography of his works, manuscripts, editions and translations.\nO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews\nSezgin, F., ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy, Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, 1997–99.\nAlgebra[edit]\nGandz, Solomon (November 1926). \"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. JSTOR 2299605. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.\nGandz, Solomon (1936). \"The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra\". Osiris. 1 (1): 263–277. doi:10.1086/368426. JSTOR 301610. S2CID 60770737. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.\nGandz, Solomon (1938). \"The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī\". Osiris. 5 (5): 319–391. doi:10.1086/368492. JSTOR 301569. S2CID 143683763. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.\nHughes, Barnabas (1986). \"Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition\". Mediaeval Studies. 48: 211–263. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306339.\nHughes, Barnabas. Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A new critical edition. In Latin. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden (1989). ISBN 3-515-04589-9.\nKarpinski, L.C. (1915). Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version. The Macmillan Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.\nRosen, Fredrick (1831). The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa. London.\nAstronomy[edit]\nGoldstein, B.R. (1968). Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-00498-4.\nHogendijk, Jan P. (1991). \"Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the \"Sine of the Hours\" and the Underlying Sine Table\". Historia Scientiarum. 42: 1–12. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Hogendijk's homepage. Publication in English, no. 25).\nKing, David A. (1983). Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century. New York University: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Description and analysis of seven recently discovered minor works related to al-Khwarizmi).\nNeugebauer, Otto (1962). The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi.\nRosenfeld, Boris A. (1993). \"'Geometric trigonometry' in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham\". In Folkerts, Menso; Hogendijk, Jan P. (eds.). Vestigia Mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard. Leiden: Brill. pp. 305–308. ISBN 978-90-5183-536-6.\nVan Dalen, Benno (1996). \"al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time\". In Casulleras, Josep; Samsó, Julio (eds.). From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet. Barcelona: Instituto Millás Vallicrosa de Historia de la Ciencia Arabe. pp. 195–252. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. (Van Dalen's homepage. List of Publications, Articles – no. 5).\nJewish calendar[edit]\nKennedy, E. S. (1964). \"Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar\". Scripta Mathematica. 27: 55–59.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Monument to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi at Ciudad Universitaria of Madrid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Madrid_-_Ciudad_Universitaria%2C_Monumento_a_Muhammad_al-Juarismi.jpg/220px-Madrid_-_Ciudad_Universitaria%2C_Monumento_a_Muhammad_al-Juarismi.jpg"},{"image_text":"A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg/220px-Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg"},{"image_text":"Algorists vs. abacists, depicted in a sketch from 1508 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_1508_%281230x1615%29.png/180px-Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_1508_%281230x1615%29.png"},{"image_text":"Page from a Latin translation, beginning with \"Dixit algorizmi\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dixit_algorizmi.png/180px-Dixit_algorizmi.png"},{"image_text":"Page from Corpus Christi College MS 283, a Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's Zīj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corpus_Christ_College_MS_283_%281%29.png/150px-Corpus_Christ_College_MS_283_%281%29.png"},{"image_text":"Gianluca Gorni's reconstruction of the section of al-Khwārizmī's world map concerning the Indian Ocean. The majority of the placenames used by al-Khwārizmī match those of Ptolemy, Martellus and Behaim. The general shape of the coastline is the same between Taprobane and Cattigara. The Dragon's Tail, or the eastern opening of the Indian Ocean, which does not exist in Ptolemy's description, is traced in very little detail on al-Khwārizmī's map, although is clear and precise on the Martellus map and on the later Behaim version.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/World_map_by_Al-Khwarizmi.svg/290px-World_map_by_Al-Khwarizmi.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 15th-century version of Ptolemy's Geography for comparison","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/220px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Soviet postage stamp issued 6 September 1983, commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th birthday","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1983_CPA_5426_%281%29.png/180px-1983_CPA_5426_%281%29.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). \"al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā\". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. VII. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_J._Toomer","url_text":"Toomer, Gerald J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-16966-8","url_text":"978-0-684-16966-8"}]},{"reference":"Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). \"Al-Khwārizmī\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399624","url_text":"399624"}]},{"reference":"Knuth, Donald (1997). \"Basic Concepts\". The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-89683-1","url_text":"978-0-201-89683-1"}]},{"reference":"Corbin, Henry (1998). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44","url_text":"The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-269-9","url_text":"978-1-55643-269-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222614/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Victor J. \"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\" (PDF). VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA. The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","url_text":"\"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\""},{"url":"https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020. Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esposito","url_text":"Esposito, John L."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188","url_text":"The Oxford History of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988041-6","url_text":"978-0-19-988041-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). \"Algebra\". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Brentjes","url_text":"Brentjes, Sonja"},{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi","url_text":"\"Algebra\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191222153702/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science (PDF). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth","url_text":"Knuth, Donald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061107213306/http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf","url_text":"Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-11157-5","url_text":"978-0-387-11157-5"},{"url":"http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gandz, Solomon (1926). \"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\"\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2299605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz","url_text":"Gandz, Solomon"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","url_text":"\"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2299605","url_text":"10.2307/2299605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9890","url_text":"0002-9890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","url_text":"2299605"}]},{"reference":"Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti","url_text":"Philip Khuri Hitti"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220170300/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"History of the Arabs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03982-8","url_text":"978-1-137-03982-8"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. \"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing\" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159","url_text":"A History of the Islamic World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1015-9","url_text":"978-0-7818-1015-9"}]},{"reference":"Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. \"Al-Khwarizmi\". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html","url_text":"\"Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212235239/http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Islam Spain and the history of technology\". www.sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm","url_text":"\"Islam Spain and the history of technology\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011150650/http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saliba, George (September 1998). \"Science and medicine\". Iranian Studies. 31 (3–4): 681–690. doi:10.1080/00210869808701940. Take, for example, someone like Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi (fl. 850) may present a problem for the EIr, for although he was obviously of Persian descent, he lived and worked in Baghdad and was not known to have produced a single scientific work in Persian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869808701940","url_text":"10.1080/00210869808701940"}]},{"reference":"Oaks, Jeffrey A. (2014). \"Khwārizmī\". In Kalin, Ibrahim (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–459. ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/27227712","url_text":"\"Khwārizmī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981257-8","url_text":"978-0-19-981257-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220130123536/https://www.academia.edu/27227712","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dodge, Bayard, ed. (1970), The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Islamic Culture, vol. 2, translated by Dodge, New York: Columbia University Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Dodge","url_text":"Dodge"}]},{"reference":"Clifford A. Pickover (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA84","url_text":"The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5796-9","url_text":"978-1-4027-5796-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 942–943. ISBN 978-3-540-68831-0. Persian mathematician Al-Khowarizmi","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Ben-Menahem","url_text":"Ben-Menahem, Ari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68831-0","url_text":"978-3-540-68831-0"}]},{"reference":"Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Davila, Jerry; Crowston, Clare Haru; McKay, John P. (2017). A History of World Societies (11th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 419. Near the beginning of this period the Persian scholar al-Khwarizmi (d. ca. 850) harmonized Greek and Indian findings to produce astronomical tables that formed the basis for later Eastern and Western research.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Wiesner-Hanks","url_text":"Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey","url_text":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._McKay","url_text":"McKay, John P."}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1960–2005). \"Khwārazm\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1060–1065. OCLC 399624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, Clifford Edmund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399624","url_text":"399624"}]},{"reference":"Rashed, Roshdi (1988). \"al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra\". In Zurayq, Qusṭanṭīn; Atiyeh, George Nicholas; Oweiss, Ibrahim M. (eds.). Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk. SUNY Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-88706-698-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed","url_text":"Rashed, Roshdi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC&pg=PA108","url_text":"\"al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC","url_text":"Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-698-6","url_text":"978-0-88706-698-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222551/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, David A. (7 March 2018). Astronomy in the Service of Islam. Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation – Centre for the Study of Islamic Manuscripts. Event occurs at 20:51. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. I mention another name of Khwarizmi to show that he didn't come from Central Asia. He came from Qutrubul, just outside Baghdad. He was born there, otherwise he wouldn't be called al-Qutrubulli. Many people say he came from Khwarazm, tsk-tsk.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._King_(historian)","url_text":"King, David A."},{"url":"https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/","url_text":"Astronomy in the Service of Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201005353/https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4J3PJZDYBMoC","url_text":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-058-8","url_text":"978-0-88706-058-8"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Roná-Tas, András (13 August 2007). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. BRILL. p. 376. ISBN 978-90-474-2145-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2145-0","url_text":"978-90-474-2145-0"}]},{"reference":"Yahya Tabesh; Shima Salehi. \"Mathematics Education in Iran From Ancient to Modern\" (PDF). Sharif University of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf","url_text":"\"Mathematics Education in Iran From Ancient to Modern\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200423/http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clegg, Brian (1 October 2019). Scientifica Historica: How the world's great science books chart the history of knowledge. Ivy Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-78240-879-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"Scientifica Historica: How the world's great science books chart the history of knowledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78240-879-6","url_text":"978-1-78240-879-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222610/https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edu, World History (28 September 2022). \"Al-Khwārizmī - Biography, Notable Achievements & Facts\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/al-khwarizmi-biography-notable-achievements-facts/","url_text":"\"Al-Khwārizmī - Biography, Notable Achievements & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"al-Khwarizmi\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366","url_text":"\"al-Khwarizmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105123350/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Khwarizmi | Biography & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. 1 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khwarizmi","url_text":"\"Al-Khwarizmi | Biography & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Frederic. \"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī\". 1831 English Translation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra","url_text":"\"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101515/http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Karpinski, L.C. (1912). \"History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica\". Science. 35 (888): 29–31. Bibcode:1912Sci....35...29K. doi:10.1126/science.35.888.29. PMID 17752897. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._Karpinski","url_text":"Karpinski, L.C."},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1448076","url_text":"\"History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912Sci....35...29K","url_text":"1912Sci....35...29K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.35.888.29","url_text":"10.1126/science.35.888.29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17752897","url_text":"17752897"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113041/https://zenodo.org/record/1448076","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Victor J. \"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\" (PDF). VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Katz","url_text":"Katz, Victor J."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","url_text":"\"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\""},{"url":"https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html","url_text":"\"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Rashed, R.; Armstrong, Angela (1994). The Development of Arabic Mathematics. Springer. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-7923-2565-9. OCLC 29181926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed","url_text":"Rashed, R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2565-9","url_text":"978-0-7923-2565-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29181926","url_text":"29181926"}]},{"reference":"Florian Cajori (1919). A History of Mathematics. Macmillan. p. 103. That it came from Indian source is impossible, for Hindus had no rules like \"restoration\" and \"reduction\". They were never in the habit of making all terms in an equation positive, as is done in the process of \"restoration.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Cajori","url_text":"Florian Cajori"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog","url_text":"A History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog/page/n117","url_text":"103"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1968). A History of Mathematics. p. 252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer","url_text":"Boyer, Carl Benjamin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics","url_text":"A History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics/page/n268","url_text":"252"}]},{"reference":"Saidan, A. S. (Winter 1966), \"The Earliest Extant Arabic Arithmetic: Kitab al-Fusul fi al Hisab al-Hindi of Abu al-Hasan, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uqlidisi\", Isis, 57 (4), The University of Chicago Press: 475–490, doi:10.1086/350163, JSTOR 228518, S2CID 143979243","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350163","url_text":"10.1086/350163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/228518","url_text":"228518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143979243","url_text":"143979243"}]},{"reference":"Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent, Routledge, pp. 31–32, ISBN 978-0-415-58061-8, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 29 September 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burjor_Avari","url_text":"Avari, Burjor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC","url_text":"Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8","url_text":"978-0-415-58061-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222543/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Van Brummelen, Glen (2017), \"Arithmetic\", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p. 46, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Van_Brummelen","url_text":"Van Brummelen, Glen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"\"Arithmetic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67617-5","url_text":"978-1-351-67617-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas F. Glick, ed. (2017), \"Al-Khwarizmi\", Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 6 May 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298","url_text":"\"Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67617-5","url_text":"978-1-351-67617-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222552/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Van Brummelen, Glen (2017), \"Arithmetic\", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, pp. 46–47, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Van_Brummelen","url_text":"Van Brummelen, Glen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"\"Arithmetic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67617-5","url_text":"978-1-351-67617-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Algoritmi de numero Indorum\", Trattati D'Aritmetica, Rome: Tipografia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, 1857, pp. 1–, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 6 May 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"\"Algoritmi de numero Indorum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Crossley, John N.; Henry, Alan S. (1990), \"Thus Spake al-Khwārizmī: A Translation of the Text of Cambridge University Library Ms. Ii.vi.5\", Historia Mathematica, 17 (2): 103–131, doi:10.1016/0315-0860(90)90048-I","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2890%2990048-I","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(90)90048-I"}]},{"reference":"\"How Algorithm Got Its Name\". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91544/how-algorithm-got-its-name","url_text":"\"How Algorithm Got Its Name\""}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Hugh (1996), Early Astronomy, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 204–, ISBN 978-0-387-94822-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&pg=PP204","url_text":"Early Astronomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94822-5","url_text":"978-0-387-94822-5"}]},{"reference":"van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-642-51601-6. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden","url_text":"van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert"},{"url":"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016","url_text":"A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51601-6","url_text":"978-3-642-51601-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203930/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Selin, Helaine; D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan, eds. (2000). Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-0260-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaine_Selin","url_text":"Selin, Helaine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiratan_D%27Ambrosio","url_text":"D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer Science+Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0260-1","url_text":"978-1-4020-0260-1"}]},{"reference":"\"trigonometry\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry","url_text":"\"trigonometry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706200811/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of cartography\". GAP computer algebra system. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080524092016/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html","url_text":"\"The history of cartography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAP_computer_algebra_system","url_text":"GAP computer algebra system"},{"url":"http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keith J. Devlin (2012). The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution (Paperback). Bloomsbury. p. 55. ISBN 9781408822487.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RFMmPGa0cisC&q=Kit%C4%81b+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABrat+al-Ar%E1%B8%8D+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Espa%C3%B1a+-wikipedia","url_text":"The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408822487","url_text":"9781408822487"}]},{"reference":"Covington, Richard (2007). \"The Third Dimension\". Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007: 17–21. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022044/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm","url_text":"\"The Third Dimension\""},{"url":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LJ Delaporte (1910). Chronographie de Mar Elie bar Sinaya. p. xiii.","urls":[]},{"reference":"El-Baz, Farouk (1973). \"Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side\". Science. 180 (4091): 1173–1176. Bibcode:1973Sci...180.1173E. doi:10.1126/science.180.4091.1173. JSTOR 1736378. PMID 17743602. S2CID 10623582.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1736378","url_text":"\"Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...180.1173E","url_text":"1973Sci...180.1173E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.180.4091.1173","url_text":"10.1126/science.180.4091.1173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1736378","url_text":"1736378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17743602","url_text":"17743602"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10623582","url_text":"10623582"}]},{"reference":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=13498","url_text":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=11156","url_text":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\""}]},{"reference":"Arndt, A. B. (December 1983). \"Al-Khwarizmi\". The Mathematics Teacher. 76 (9): 668–670. doi:10.5951/MT.76.9.0668. JSTOR 27963784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.76.9.0668","url_text":"10.5951/MT.76.9.0668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27963784","url_text":"27963784"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, Carl B. (1991). \"The Arabic Hegemony\". A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer","url_text":"Boyer, Carl B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye","url_text":"A History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-54397-8","url_text":"978-0-471-54397-8"}]},{"reference":"Burnett, Charles (2017), \"Arabic Numerals\", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5, archived from the original on 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 May 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39","url_text":"\"Arabic Numerals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67617-5","url_text":"978-1-351-67617-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222536/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Daffa, Ali Abdullah al- (1977). The Muslim contribution to mathematics. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-464-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Al-Daffa","url_text":"Daffa, Ali Abdullah al-"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croom_Helm","url_text":"Croom Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-464-1","url_text":"978-0-85664-464-1"}]},{"reference":"Dunlop, Douglas Morton (1943). \"Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizmī\". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 (3–4): 248–250. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00098464. JSTOR 25221920. S2CID 161841351. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","url_text":"\"Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizmī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00098464","url_text":"10.1017/S0035869X00098464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","url_text":"25221920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161841351","url_text":"161841351"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625061227/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, E. S. (1956). \"A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables\". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 46 (2): 123–177. doi:10.2307/1005726. hdl:2027/mdp.39076006359272. JSTOR 1005726. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","url_text":"\"A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005726","url_text":"10.2307/1005726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39076006359272","url_text":"2027/mdp.39076006359272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","url_text":"1005726"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12410-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed","url_text":"Rashed, Roshdi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dIWtmfwvItkC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12410-7","url_text":"0-415-12410-7"}]},{"reference":"Struik, Dirk Jan (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics (4th ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Jan_Struik","url_text":"Struik, Dirk Jan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1","url_text":"A Concise History of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60255-4","url_text":"978-0-486-60255-4"}]},{"reference":"Toomer, Gerald (1990). \"Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā\". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-16962-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Toomer","url_text":"Toomer, Gerald"},{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html","url_text":"\"Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Scientific Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-16962-0","url_text":"978-0-684-16962-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160702040538/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html","url_text":"\"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Gandz, Solomon (November 1926). \"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. JSTOR 2299605. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz","url_text":"Gandz, Solomon"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","url_text":"\"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2299605","url_text":"10.2307/2299605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","url_text":"2299605"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625055507/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gandz, Solomon (1936). \"The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra\". Osiris. 1 (1): 263–277. doi:10.1086/368426. JSTOR 301610. S2CID 60770737. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz","url_text":"Gandz, Solomon"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","url_text":"\"The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368426","url_text":"10.1086/368426"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","url_text":"301610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60770737","url_text":"60770737"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625080209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gandz, Solomon (1938). \"The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī\". Osiris. 5 (5): 319–391. doi:10.1086/368492. JSTOR 301569. S2CID 143683763. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Gandz","url_text":"Gandz, Solomon"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","url_text":"\"The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368492","url_text":"10.1086/368492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","url_text":"301569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143683763","url_text":"143683763"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625054923/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Barnabas (1986). \"Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition\". Mediaeval Studies. 48: 211–263. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306339.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.306339","url_text":"\"Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.MS.2.306339","url_text":"10.1484/J.MS.2.306339"}]},{"reference":"Karpinski, L.C. (1915). Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version. The Macmillan Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._C._Karpinski","url_text":"Karpinski, L.C."},{"url":"https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks","url_text":"Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924032358/https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Fredrick (1831). The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwuoft","url_text":"The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, B.R. (1968). Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-00498-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Goldstein","url_text":"Goldstein, B.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00498-4","url_text":"978-0-300-00498-4"}]},{"reference":"Hogendijk, Jan P. (1991). \"Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the \"Sine of the Hours\" and the Underlying Sine Table\". Historia Scientiarum. 42: 1–12. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hogendijk","url_text":"Hogendijk, Jan P."},{"url":"http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English","url_text":"\"Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the \"Sine of the Hours\" and the Underlying Sine Table\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023229/http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, David A. (1983). Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century. New York University: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._King_(historian)","url_text":"King, David A."},{"url":"https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers","url_text":"Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030900/https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Neugebauer, Otto (1962). The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer","url_text":"Neugebauer, Otto"}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1993). \"'Geometric trigonometry' in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham\". In Folkerts, Menso; Hogendijk, Jan P. (eds.). Vestigia Mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard. Leiden: Brill. pp. 305–308. ISBN 978-90-5183-536-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hogendijk","url_text":"Hogendijk, Jan P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-536-6","url_text":"978-90-5183-536-6"}]},{"reference":"Van Dalen, Benno (1996). \"al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time\". In Casulleras, Josep; Samsó, Julio (eds.). From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet. Barcelona: Instituto Millás Vallicrosa de Historia de la Ciencia Arabe. pp. 195–252. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","url_text":"\"al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time\""},{"url":"http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","url_text":"From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203439/http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, E. S. (1964). \"Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar\". Scripta Mathematica. 27: 55–59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stewart_Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, E. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica","url_text":"Scripta Mathematica"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html","external_links_name":"\"Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211214159/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399624","external_links_name":"399624"},{"Link":"http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Table_of_Contents.htm","external_links_name":"The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917023325/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Table_of_Contents.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222614/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\""},{"Link":"https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"The Oxford History of Islam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi","external_links_name":"\"Algebra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191222153702/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061107213306/http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf","external_links_name":"Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science"},{"Link":"http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2299605","external_links_name":"10.2307/2299605"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9890","external_links_name":"0002-9890"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","external_links_name":"2299605"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220170300/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Arabs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159","external_links_name":"A History of the Islamic World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/55","external_links_name":"55"},{"Link":"http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212235239/http://www.ms.uky.edu/~carl/ma330/project2/al-khwa21.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm","external_links_name":"\"Islam Spain and the history of technology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011150650/http://www.sjsu.edu/people/patricia.backer/history/islam.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869808701940","external_links_name":"10.1080/00210869808701940"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/27227712","external_links_name":"\"Khwārizmī\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220130123536/https://www.academia.edu/27227712","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/KitabAlFihrist/page/n447/mode/2up","external_links_name":"274"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/TarikhAlHukama/page/n237/mode/2up","external_links_name":"286"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222600/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii","external_links_name":"CHORASMIA, ii. In Islamic times"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210902091627/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399624","external_links_name":"399624"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&dq=qatrabbul&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"p. 145"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140627081909/http://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&pg=PA145&dq=qatrabbul","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"\"al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC","external_links_name":"Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222551/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/","external_links_name":"Astronomy in the Service of Islam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201005353/https://al-furqan.com/events/astronomy-in-the-service-of-islam/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4J3PJZDYBMoC","external_links_name":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213"},{"Link":"http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mathematics Education in Iran From Ancient to Modern\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200423/http://sharif.edu/~tabesh/math-education.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Scientifica Historica: How the world's great science books chart the history of knowledge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222610/https://books.google.com/books?id=by-4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/al-khwarizmi-biography-notable-achievements-facts/","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwārizmī - Biography, Notable Achievements & Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366","external_links_name":"\"al-Khwarizmi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105123350/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khwarizmi","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwarizmi | Biography & Facts | Britannica\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra","external_links_name":"\"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101515/http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1448076","external_links_name":"\"History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912Sci....35...29K","external_links_name":"1912Sci....35...29K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.35.888.29","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.35.888.29"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17752897","external_links_name":"17752897"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113041/https://zenodo.org/record/1448076","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/228","external_links_name":"228"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching\""},{"Link":"https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html","external_links_name":"\"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29181926","external_links_name":"29181926"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog","external_links_name":"A History of Mathematics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorymathema02cajogoog/page/n117","external_links_name":"103"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics","external_links_name":"A History of Mathematics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics/page/n268","external_links_name":"252"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350163","external_links_name":"10.1086/350163"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/228518","external_links_name":"228518"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143979243","external_links_name":"143979243"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC","external_links_name":"Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222543/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"\"Arithmetic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222552/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"\"Arithmetic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222557/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"\"Algoritmi de numero Indorum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1J9GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2890%2990048-I","external_links_name":"10.1016/0315-0860(90)90048-I"},{"Link":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91544/how-algorithm-got-its-name","external_links_name":"\"How Algorithm Got Its Name\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&pg=PP204","external_links_name":"Early Astronomy"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016","external_links_name":"A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203930/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642516016","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry","external_links_name":"\"trigonometry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706200811/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080524092016/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html","external_links_name":"\"The history of cartography\""},{"Link":"http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RFMmPGa0cisC&q=Kit%C4%81b+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABrat+al-Ar%E1%B8%8D+Biblioteca+Nacional+de+Espa%C3%B1a+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022044/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Third Dimension\""},{"Link":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1736378","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...180.1173E","external_links_name":"1973Sci...180.1173E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.180.4091.1173","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.180.4091.1173"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1736378","external_links_name":"1736378"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17743602","external_links_name":"17743602"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10623582","external_links_name":"10623582"},{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/photos/43-t.html","external_links_name":"Apollo 11, Photography Index"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=13498","external_links_name":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\""},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=11156","external_links_name":"\"Small-Body Database Lookup\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.76.9.0668","external_links_name":"10.5951/MT.76.9.0668"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27963784","external_links_name":"27963784"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye","external_links_name":"A History of Mathematics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"\"Arabic Numerals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222536/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","external_links_name":"\"Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Khwārizmī\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00098464","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0035869X00098464"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","external_links_name":"25221920"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161841351","external_links_name":"161841351"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625061227/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221920","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","external_links_name":"\"A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005726","external_links_name":"10.2307/1005726"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39076006359272","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39076006359272"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","external_links_name":"1005726"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005726","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dIWtmfwvItkC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1","external_links_name":"A Concise History of Mathematics"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160702040538/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm","external_links_name":"Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185327/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF version"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114103045/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alkhwarizmi.nl/","external_links_name":"Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (c. 780–850 CE)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180203102909/http://alkhwarizmi.nl/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi.html","external_links_name":"\"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of the Term \"Algebra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2299605","external_links_name":"10.2307/2299605"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","external_links_name":"2299605"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625055507/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","external_links_name":"\"The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368426","external_links_name":"10.1086/368426"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","external_links_name":"301610"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60770737","external_links_name":"60770737"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625080209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301610","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","external_links_name":"\"The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368492","external_links_name":"10.1086/368492"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","external_links_name":"301569"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143683763","external_links_name":"143683763"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625054923/https://www.jstor.org/stable/301569","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.306339","external_links_name":"\"Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr, A Critical Edition\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.MS.2.306339","external_links_name":"10.1484/J.MS.2.306339"},{"Link":"https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks","external_links_name":"Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924032358/https://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittlebooks","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwuoft","external_links_name":"The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa"},{"Link":"http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English","external_links_name":"\"Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the \"Sine of the Hours\" and the Underlying Sine Table\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023229/http://www.jphogendijk.nl/publ.html#English","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers","external_links_name":"Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030900/https://davidaking.academia.edu/research#muslimastronomers","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","external_links_name":"\"al-Khwârizmî's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","external_links_name":"From Baghdad to Barcelona, Studies on the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203439/http://www.bennovandalen.de/Publications/publications.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1828649/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120304018","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121416329","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000458424420","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/365144782982270357614","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84026875","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/163750387","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/112147905071879090927","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8BFFkvb6WmXXK9bVHmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtKbMW96y7bWDjVf77pKd","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97050758","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90616828","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4929767","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4852944","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165923408","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165923408","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614800206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118676180","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263605905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84020660","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/1zcf8rck5jh8jzf","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002161349&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35538363","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067467911","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073780111","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644503905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/37065","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04656183?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/191297","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:al-khwarizmi.","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118676180.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/988894","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030896711","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/harizmi-muhammed-b-musa","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_planifolia
|
Vanilla planifolia
|
["1 Description","1.1 Flowers","1.2 Fruit","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Chemistry","6 Contact dermatitis","7 Cultivation","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Species of orchid
Vanilla planifolia
1887 illustration fromKöhler's Medicinal Plants
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Vanilloideae
Genus:
Vanilla
Species:
V. planifolia
Binomial name
Vanilla planifoliaAndrews
Synonyms
Epidendrum rubrum Lam.
Myrobroma fragrans Salisb. nom. illeg.
Notylia planifolia (Jacks. ex Andrews) Conz.
Notylia sativa (Schiede) Conz.
Notylia sylvestris (Schiede) Conz. nom. illeg.
Vanilla aromatica Willd. nom. illeg.
Vanilla bampsiana Geerinck
Vanilla duckei Huber
Vanilla fragrans Ames nom. illeg.
Vanilla rubra (Lam.) Urb.
Vanilla sativa Schiede
Vanilla sylvestris Schiede
Vanilla viridiflora Blume
Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla orchid native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Brazil. It is one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content. Common names include flat-leaved vanilla, and West Indian vanilla (also used for the Pompona vanilla, V. pompona). Often, it is simply referred to as "the vanilla". It was first scientifically named in 1808. With the species' population in decline and its habitats being converted to other purposes, the IUCN has assessed Vanilla planifolia as Endangered.
Description
Vanilla planifolia grows as an evergreen vine, either on the ground or on trees. It will sometimes grow as an epiphyte without rooting in the soil. When rooted in the soil its terrestrial roots are branched and develop fine root hairs associated with mycorrhizal fungus. In the wild it easily grows to 15 meters in length, and may grow to as much as 30 meters. When growing in full shade the vine will very seldom branch, but when in sunlight it will develop multiple branches. Younger parts of the vine, well attached to their support, will have a zig-zag structure with an angle of about 120° at each node. To cling to trees or other surfaces it has thick, fleshy aerial roots that develop from the nodes. These aerial support roots almost never branch and are only present on younger parts of the vine while the older parts of the vine will hang down through the canopy to the forest floor. On the nodes opposite the root nodes it has a single flat bladed succulent leaf. When full grown the glossy, bright green leaves are 8–25 cm in length and 2–8 cm wide, lanceolate to oval in shape with a pointed tip. Leaves last for three to four years if not damaged.
Flowers
Vanilla planifolia, flower
The flowers come from an axillary cluster that will have 12–20 buds. The flowers are greenish-yellow, with a diameter of 5 cm (2 in) and only have a slight scent. The flowers require pollination to set fruit, but open in the morning and usually fade in rising temperatures of the same afternoon. Though each flower lasts only one day, the flowering of Vanilla planifolia takes place over a period of two months once a year. In the native lowland forest habitat flowering takes place in April and May towards the end of the dry season. The plants are self-fertile, and pollination simply requires a transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma, but have a structure to prevent this from happening without intervention. In the wild, there is only around a 1% chance that the flowers will be pollinated.
Fruit
Vanilla planifolia cluster of green pods
Fruit is produced only on mature plants. This takes 2-3 years for meter long cuttings and 3-4 years for 12 in cuttings or tissue cultures. The fruits are 15–23 cm (6–9 in) long pods (often incorrectly called beans). Outwardly they resemble small bananas. They mature after about eight to nine months.
Taxonomy
The first scientific description of Vanilla planifolia was published by Henry Charles Andrews in the eighth volume of his The Botanist's Repository. In his description he credits Charles Plumier as having published a description of it in 1703 as the third species of the genus Vanilla. He created the drawing in his book from a specimen that bloomed in a hothouse belonging to Charles Greville.
Distribution and habitat
Vanilla planifolia is a native of the neotropical realm, from southern Mexico through Central America, Colombia, and the northern portions of Brazil. Previously it had been thought to be native to just southern Mexico and Belize. Because of cultivation it has additionally spread to a number of tropical areas including south Florida, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, tropical portions of Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana in the Americas. It is also recorded as growing in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Comoros, Bangladesh, the Malay Peninsula, the island of Java, the Chagos Archipelago, Cook Island, the Island of New Guinea, and New Caledonia.
Vanilla planifolia requires a humid, warm tropical climate and grows best between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) in humid conditions. It can only accept a minimum of 10 °C (50 °F) and a maximum of 33 °C (91 °F). Minimum rainfall requirements are about 2000 mm per year. For good growth it also needs a soil with plenty of available calcium and potassium. It also prefers well-draining soils and a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The natural altitude range is from 150 to 900 meters. To trigger flowering it requires a dry period in the spring.
Due to human land uses for crops and timber the required habitat for Vanilla planifolia has become very reduced and fragmented. The number of mature individuals in the wild is declining and the amount of suitable habitat also continues to decline. The IUCN assessed it as endangered in 2017, publishing it in 2020.
Ecology
In its native habitat Vanilla planifolia depends on one or more pollinators. Several species of bee have been proposed including Euglossa species, Eulaema cingulata, Eulaema polychroma, Eulaema meriana, and Melipona beecheii for pollination. However, no definitive observation of pollination is recorded and the size of M. beecheii in particular make it unlikely to be a pollinator of this species of orchid, though unpublished observations suggest that Euglossa (reported as E. viridissima, but this species has historically been confused with other Euglossa species) might be capable of completing pollination.
Though the seeds of Vanilla planifolia are very small, they are relatively large for an orchid and are not dispersed by the wind. Instead they spread through the rain forest habitat by many different animals. Male orchid bees in the tribe Euglossini in the genera Euglossa and Eulaema exhibit fragrance collecting behavior with the fruits. Specific species observed removing seeds as part of this behavior include Euglossa bursigera, Euglossa ignita, Euglossa tridentata, and Eulaema cingulata. Conversely female stingless bees remove the pulp of fruit in a behavior consistent with nest building activities. The two species observed distributing V. planifolia seeds this way are Eulaema polychroma and Scaptotrigona subobscuripennis. Seeds being distributed by bees is a rare behavior and has only been documented in three species of tropical trees previously, the cadaghi Corymbia torelliana, Coussapoa asperifolia subsp. magnifolia, and Zygia racemosa. Both rodents and marsupials are confirmed to consume fallen pods on the forest floor. The specific species observed eating the pods include Tome's spiny rat (Proechimys semispinosus) and the common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Further experiments by the team led by Dr Adam Karremans showed that seeds were viable after being passed through the gut, but it did not increase or decrease germination significantly.
Chemistry
The major chemical components from the pods are vanillin, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Vanillin makes up 80% of the total aromatic compounds found in the pods, in contrast to the 50% content of Vanilla × tahitensis pods. Some of the other chemicals found in lesser amounts in the pods of Vanilla planifolia such as guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, acetovanilone, and vanillic alcohol also contribute to the perception of a vanilla flavor.
Contact dermatitis
The sap of most species of Vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where pods are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin, though it is water-soluble and can be removed by washing. The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals, which appear to be the main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers.
Cultivation
Vanilla cultivated on Dracaena reflexa on Réunion island
Vanilla planifolia has been propagated clonally through cuttings rather than from seeds and selective breeding. As of 2023 there is only one patented cultivar, "Handa", and very few other named cultivars. The most important of these cultivars for commercial growing are the "Mansa" types. There are also two variegated cultivars sold for ornamental gardening. Though there are five known attempted introductions to Reunion Island between 1793 and 1875, only the 1822 introduction was successful. It is likely that almost all the vanilla grown in the areas surrounding the Indian Ocean are descended from this one introduction and this is supported by modern genetic research. Vanilla as a crop could be threatened by this genetic bottleneck and the subsequent buildup of negative mutations.
Because of the low rate of pollination, even in areas with pollinators, and rare to nonexistent elsewhere, the flowers must be hand-pollinated when grown on farms. Once beans in a cluster turn yellow and ripe, the whole cluster is generally harvested and cured. Curing involves fermentation and drying of the pod to develop the characteristic vanilla flavor while minimizing the loss of essential oils. Vanilla extract is obtained from this portion of the plant.
It is cultivated and harvested primarily in Veracruz, Mexico, Tahiti, Indonesia, and Madagascar.
V. planifolia can be grown and harvested indoors as a houseplant or in a greenhouse, but it has very precise requirements for growing conditions. It is generally only attempted by experts in orchid cultivation.
See also
Vanilla × tahitensis
References
^ a b c d e f Vega, M.; Hernández, M.; Herrera-Cabrera, B.E.; Wegier, A. (2020). "Vanilla planifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T103090930A172970359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ a b c d e f g POWO (2023). "Vanilla planifolia Andrews". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ "Vanilla planifolia Andrews". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 26 January 2016
^ a b c d "Vanilla planifolia (Commercial Vanilla, Flat Leaved Vanilla)". Go Orchids. North American Orchid Conservation Center. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ a b c d "Vanilla planifolia". Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ a b c d e f Chambers, Alan; Moon, Pamela; De Verlands Edmond, Vovener; Brym, Maria; Bassil, Elias; Wu, Xingbo (27 January 2023). "Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida: HS1348, rev. 1/2023". EDIS. 2023 (1). doi:10.32473/edis-hs1348-2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ "Vanilla - Vanilla planifolia". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ a b c Schlüter, Philipp M.; Soto Arenas, Miguel A.; Harris, Stephen A. (December 2007). "Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)" (PDF). Economic Botany. 61 (4): 328–336. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)612.0.CO;2. S2CID 27092474.
^ a b de Oliveira, Renatha Tavares; da Silva Oliveira, Joana Paula; Macedo, Andrea Furtado (30 November 2022). "Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla × tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites". Plants. 11 (23): 3311. doi:10.3390/plants11233311. PMC 9739750. PMID 36501350.
^ a b Watteyn, Charlotte; Fremout, Tobias; Karremans, Adam P.; Huarcaya, Ruthmery Pillco; Azofeifa Bolaños, José B.; Reubens, Bert; Muys, Bart (March 2020). "Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept". Ecosphere. 11 (3). doi:10.1002/ecs2.3056. hdl:10669/85014.
^ Andrews, Henry Charles (1808). The botanist's repository for new, and rare plants containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus in English and Latin To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom The whole executed by Henry Andrews. Vol. 8. London: The author. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ Ellestad, Paige; Forest, Félix; Serpe, Marcelo; Novak, Stephen J; Buerki, Sven (21 June 2021). "Harnessing large-scale biodiversity data to infer the current distribution of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 196 (3): 407–422. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boab005. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ "Vanilla Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation". plantvillage.psu.edu.
^ Lubinsky, Pesach; Van Dam, Matthew; Van Dam, Alex (January 2006). ""Pollination of Vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae"". Lindleyana. 75: 926–929. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ Eltz, Thomas; Fritzsch, Falko; Zimmermann, Yvonne; Pech, Jorge Ramirez; Ramirez, Santiago R.; Quezada-Euan, J. Javier G.; Bembe, Benjamin (2011). "Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2011 (163): 1064–1076. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00740.x.
^ Schlüter, Philipp M.; Arenas, Miguel A. Soto; Harris, Stephen A. (2007). "Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)". Economic Botany. 61 (4): 328–336. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)612.0.CO;2. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 25568893. S2CID 27092474. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ a b c Karremans, Adam P.; Bogarín, Diego; Fernández Otárola, Mauricio; Sharma, Jyotsna; Watteyn, Charlotte; Warner, Jorge; Rodríguez Herrera, Bernal; Chinchilla, Isler F.; Carman, Ernesto; Rojas Valerio, Emmanuel; Pillco Huarcaya, Ruthmery; Whitworth, Andy (January 2023). "First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids". Current Biology. 33 (2): 364–371.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.041. PMID 36521493. S2CID 254705363.
^ Reinvestigation of vanillin contents and component ratios of vanilla extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Scharrer A and Mosandl A, Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 2001, volume 97, number 12, pages 449-456, INIST 14118840
^ "Vanilla planifolia Vanilla PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org.
^ a b Favre, Félicien; Jourda, Cyril; Grisoni, Michel; Piet, Quentin; Rivallan, Ronan; Dijoux, Jean-Bernard; Hascoat, Jérémy; Lepers-Andrzejewski, Sandra; Besse, Pascale; Charron, Carine (August 2022). "A genome-wide assessment of the genetic diversity, evolution and relationships with allied species of the clonally propagated crop Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 69 (6): 2125–2139. doi:10.1007/s10722-022-01362-1. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
^ GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2: Taxonomy of Vanilla planifolia
^ "Grow Your Own Vanilla for Desserts and Drinks". The Spruce. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanilla planifolia.
Wikispecies has information related to Vanilla planifolia.
Taxon identifiersVanilla planifolia
Wikidata: Q7224923
Wikispecies: Vanilla planifolia
AoFP: 4008
APDB: 44029
APNI: 135684
BOLD: 370831
CoL: 7FGVJ
Ecocrop: 2131
EoL: 1127948
EPPO: VANPL
FNA: 242102047
GBIF: 2803398
GRIN: 41111
iNaturalist: 61393
IPNI: 262578-2
IRMNG: 10208945
ITIS: 43719
IUCN: 103090930
MoBotPF: 283438
NCBI: 51239
NZOR: 879d4cb6-0af7-4211-9e41-9c98137b393e
Open Tree of Life: 713007
PalDat: Vanilla_planifolia
PfaF: Vanilla planifolia
Plant List: kew-211955
PLANTS: VAPL2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262578-2
Species+: 16030
Tropicos: 23501046
WFO: wfo-0000331533
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vanilla orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"flavouring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavouring"},{"link_name":"vanillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAOrchidCent-5"},{"link_name":"V. pompona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_pompona"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_Profile-1"}],"text":"Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla orchid native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Brazil.[2] It is one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content. Common names include flat-leaved vanilla,[5] and West Indian vanilla (also used for the Pompona vanilla, V. pompona). Often, it is simply referred to as \"the vanilla\". It was first scientifically named in 1808. With the species' population in decline and its habitats being converted to other purposes, the IUCN has assessed Vanilla planifolia as Endangered.[1]","title":"Vanilla planifolia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBGPlant_Finder-6"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyte"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review_Article-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBGPlant_Finder-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review_Article-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAOrchidCent-5"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#lanceolate"},{"link_name":"oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#ovate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"}],"text":"Vanilla planifolia grows as an evergreen vine, either on the ground or on trees.[6] It will sometimes grow as an epiphyte without rooting in the soil. When rooted in the soil its terrestrial roots are branched and develop fine root hairs associated with mycorrhizal fungus.[7] In the wild it easily grows to 15 meters in length,[8] and may grow to as much as 30 meters.[2] When growing in full shade the vine will very seldom branch, but when in sunlight it will develop multiple branches. Younger parts of the vine, well attached to their support, will have a zig-zag structure with an angle of about 120° at each node.[9] To cling to trees or other surfaces it has thick, fleshy aerial roots that develop from the nodes.[6] These aerial support roots almost never branch and are only present on younger parts of the vine while the older parts of the vine will hang down through the canopy to the forest floor.[9] On the nodes opposite the root nodes it has a single flat bladed succulent leaf.[5] When full grown the glossy, bright green leaves are 8–25 cm in length and 2–8 cm wide, lanceolate to oval in shape with a pointed tip. Leaves last for three to four years if not damaged.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_planifolia_(6998639597).jpg"},{"link_name":"axillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#axillary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBGPlant_Finder-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAOrchidCent-5"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBGPlant_Finder-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"self-fertile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-fertilization"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anther"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taxonomy_&_Hist-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanilla_Distribution-11"}],"sub_title":"Flowers","text":"Vanilla planifolia, flowerThe flowers come from an axillary cluster that will have 12–20 buds.[6] The flowers are greenish-yellow, with a diameter of 5 cm (2 in) and only have a slight scent.[5] The flowers require pollination to set fruit, but open in the morning and usually fade in rising temperatures of the same afternoon.[6] Though each flower lasts only one day, the flowering of Vanilla planifolia takes place over a period of two months once a year.[7] In the native lowland forest habitat flowering takes place in April and May towards the end of the dry season.[1] The plants are self-fertile, and pollination simply requires a transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma, but have a structure to prevent this from happening without intervention.[10] In the wild, there is only around a 1% chance that the flowers will be pollinated.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_planifolia_cluster_of_green_pods.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"}],"sub_title":"Fruit","text":"Vanilla planifolia cluster of green podsFruit is produced only on mature plants. This takes 2-3 years for meter long cuttings and 3-4 years for 12 in cuttings or tissue cultures. The fruits are 15–23 cm (6–9 in) long pods (often incorrectly called beans). Outwardly they resemble small bananas. They mature after about eight to nine months.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Charles Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Charles_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Greville"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first scientific description of Vanilla planifolia was published by Henry Charles Andrews in the eighth volume of his The Botanist's Repository.[2] In his description he credits Charles Plumier as having published a description of it in 1703 as the third species of the genus Vanilla. He created the drawing in his book from a specimen that bloomed in a hothouse belonging to Charles Greville.[12]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neotropical realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_realm"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanilla_Distribution-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review_Article-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_Profile-1"}],"text":"Vanilla planifolia is a native of the neotropical realm, from southern Mexico through Central America, Colombia, and the northern portions of Brazil.[11][2] Previously it had been thought to be native to just southern Mexico and Belize.[13][1] Because of cultivation it has additionally spread to a number of tropical areas including south Florida, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, tropical portions of Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana in the Americas. It is also recorded as growing in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Comoros, Bangladesh, the Malay Peninsula, the island of Java, the Chagos Archipelago, Cook Island, the Island of New Guinea, and New Caledonia.[2]Vanilla planifolia requires a humid, warm tropical climate and grows best between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) in humid conditions. It can only accept a minimum of 10 °C (50 °F) and a maximum of 33 °C (91 °F). Minimum rainfall requirements are about 2000 mm per year.[9] For good growth it also needs a soil with plenty of available calcium and potassium. It also prefers well-draining soils and a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.[14] The natural altitude range is from 150 to 900 meters. To trigger flowering it requires a dry period in the spring.[1]Due to human land uses for crops and timber the required habitat for Vanilla planifolia has become very reduced and fragmented. The number of mature individuals in the wild is declining and the amount of suitable habitat also continues to decline. The IUCN assessed it as endangered in 2017, publishing it in 2020.[1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglossa"},{"link_name":"Eulaema cingulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulaema_cingulata"},{"link_name":"Eulaema polychroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eulaema_polychroma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eulaema meriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulaema_meriana"},{"link_name":"Melipona beecheii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melipona_beecheii"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAOrchidCent-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lubinsky_etal-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eltz-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karremans_et_al.-18"},{"link_name":"Euglossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglossini"},{"link_name":"Euglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglossa"},{"link_name":"Eulaema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulaema"},{"link_name":"Euglossa bursigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euglossa_bursigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euglossa ignita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euglossa_ignita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euglossa tridentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euglossa_tridentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eulaema cingulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulaema_cingulata"},{"link_name":"stingless bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingless_bee"},{"link_name":"Eulaema polychroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eulaema_polychroma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scaptotrigona subobscuripennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaptotrigona_subobscuripennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karremans_et_al.-18"},{"link_name":"Corymbia torelliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymbia_torelliana"},{"link_name":"Coussapoa asperifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coussapoa_asperifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zygia racemosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zygia_racemosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tome's spiny rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tome%27s_spiny_rat"},{"link_name":"common opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_opossum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karremans_et_al.-18"}],"text":"In its native habitat Vanilla planifolia depends on one or more pollinators. Several species of bee have been proposed including Euglossa species, Eulaema cingulata, Eulaema polychroma, Eulaema meriana, and Melipona beecheii for pollination.[5] However, no definitive observation of pollination is recorded and the size of M. beecheii in particular make it unlikely to be a pollinator of this species of orchid,[15] though unpublished observations suggest that Euglossa (reported as E. viridissima, but this species has historically been confused with other Euglossa species[16]) might be capable of completing pollination.[17]Though the seeds of Vanilla planifolia are very small, they are relatively large for an orchid and are not dispersed by the wind. Instead they spread through the rain forest habitat by many different animals.[18] Male orchid bees in the tribe Euglossini in the genera Euglossa and Eulaema exhibit fragrance collecting behavior with the fruits. Specific species observed removing seeds as part of this behavior include Euglossa bursigera, Euglossa ignita, Euglossa tridentata, and Eulaema cingulata. Conversely female stingless bees remove the pulp of fruit in a behavior consistent with nest building activities. The two species observed distributing V. planifolia seeds this way are Eulaema polychroma and Scaptotrigona subobscuripennis.[18] Seeds being distributed by bees is a rare behavior and has only been documented in three species of tropical trees previously, the cadaghi Corymbia torelliana, Coussapoa asperifolia subsp. magnifolia, and Zygia racemosa. Both rodents and marsupials are confirmed to consume fallen pods on the forest floor. The specific species observed eating the pods include Tome's spiny rat (Proechimys semispinosus) and the common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Further experiments by the team led by Dr Adam Karremans showed that seeds were viable after being passed through the gut, but it did not increase or decrease germination significantly.[18]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vanillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin"},{"link_name":"vanillic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillic_acid"},{"link_name":"4-hydroxybenzaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxybenzaldehyde"},{"link_name":"4-hydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vanilla × tahitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_%C3%97_tahitensis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taxonomy_&_Hist-10"}],"text":"The major chemical components from the pods are vanillin, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.[19] Vanillin makes up 80% of the total aromatic compounds found in the pods, in contrast to the 50% content of Vanilla × tahitensis pods. Some of the other chemicals found in lesser amounts in the pods of Vanilla planifolia such as guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, acetovanilone, and vanillic alcohol also contribute to the perception of a vanilla flavor.[10]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcium oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_Vanilla_planifolia-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The sap of most species of Vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where pods are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin, though it is water-soluble and can be removed by washing. The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals, which appear to be the main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers.[2][20]","title":"Contact dermatitis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_on_Dracaena.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dracaena reflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_reflexa"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V_planifolia_genetic_diversity-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"},{"link_name":"Reunion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_Island"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V_planifolia_genetic_diversity-21"},{"link_name":"hand-pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pollination"},{"link_name":"cured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)"},{"link_name":"essential oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"Vanilla extract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_extract"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFAS_Extension-7"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-22"},{"link_name":"houseplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant"},{"link_name":"greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Vanilla cultivated on Dracaena reflexa on Réunion islandVanilla planifolia has been propagated clonally through cuttings rather than from seeds and selective breeding.[21] As of 2023 there is only one patented cultivar, \"Handa\", and very few other named cultivars. The most important of these cultivars for commercial growing are the \"Mansa\" types. There are also two variegated cultivars sold for ornamental gardening.[7] Though there are five known attempted introductions to Reunion Island between 1793 and 1875, only the 1822 introduction was successful. It is likely that almost all the vanilla grown in the areas surrounding the Indian Ocean are descended from this one introduction and this is supported by modern genetic research. Vanilla as a crop could be threatened by this genetic bottleneck and the subsequent buildup of negative mutations.[21]Because of the low rate of pollination, even in areas with pollinators, and rare to nonexistent elsewhere, the flowers must be hand-pollinated when grown on farms. Once beans in a cluster turn yellow and ripe, the whole cluster is generally harvested and cured. Curing involves fermentation and drying of the pod to develop the characteristic vanilla flavor while minimizing the loss of essential oils. Vanilla extract is obtained from this portion of the plant.[7]It is cultivated and harvested primarily in Veracruz, Mexico, Tahiti, Indonesia, and Madagascar.[22]V. planifolia can be grown and harvested indoors as a houseplant or in a greenhouse, but it has very precise requirements for growing conditions. It is generally only attempted by experts in orchid cultivation.[23]","title":"Cultivation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vanilla planifolia, flower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vanilla_planifolia_%286998639597%29.jpg/220px-Vanilla_planifolia_%286998639597%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vanilla planifolia cluster of green pods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vanilla_planifolia_cluster_of_green_pods.JPG/220px-Vanilla_planifolia_cluster_of_green_pods.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vanilla cultivated on Dracaena reflexa on Réunion island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vanilla_on_Dracaena.JPG/220px-Vanilla_on_Dracaena.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Vanilla × tahitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_%C3%97_tahitensis"}]
|
[{"reference":"Vega, M.; Hernández, M.; Herrera-Cabrera, B.E.; Wegier, A. (2020). \"Vanilla planifolia\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T103090930A172970359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103090930/172970359","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en"}]},{"reference":"POWO (2023). \"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"POWO"},{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/262578-2","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FGVJ","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\""}]},{"reference":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 26 January 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-211955","url_text":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla planifolia (Commercial Vanilla, Flat Leaved Vanilla)\". Go Orchids. North American Orchid Conservation Center. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/vanilla/planifolia/","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia (Commercial Vanilla, Flat Leaved Vanilla)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla planifolia\". Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=283438","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Alan; Moon, Pamela; De Verlands Edmond, Vovener; Brym, Maria; Bassil, Elias; Wu, Xingbo (27 January 2023). \"Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida: HS1348, rev. 1/2023\". EDIS. 2023 (1). doi:10.32473/edis-hs1348-2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1348","url_text":"\"Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida: HS1348, rev. 1/2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fedis-hs1348-2023","url_text":"10.32473/edis-hs1348-2023"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla - Vanilla planifolia\". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kew.org/plants/vanilla","url_text":"\"Vanilla - Vanilla planifolia\""}]},{"reference":"Schlüter, Philipp M.; Soto Arenas, Miguel A.; Harris, Stephen A. (December 2007). \"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\" (PDF). Economic Botany. 61 (4): 328–336. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 27092474.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00885962/file/hal-00885962.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282007%2961%5B328%3AGVIVPO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27092474","url_text":"27092474"}]},{"reference":"de Oliveira, Renatha Tavares; da Silva Oliveira, Joana Paula; Macedo, Andrea Furtado (30 November 2022). \"Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla × tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites\". Plants. 11 (23): 3311. doi:10.3390/plants11233311. PMC 9739750. PMID 36501350.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890265","url_text":"\"Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla × tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants11233311","url_text":"10.3390/plants11233311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9739750","url_text":"9739750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501350","url_text":"36501350"}]},{"reference":"Watteyn, Charlotte; Fremout, Tobias; Karremans, Adam P.; Huarcaya, Ruthmery Pillco; Azofeifa Bolaños, José B.; Reubens, Bert; Muys, Bart (March 2020). \"Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept\". Ecosphere. 11 (3). doi:10.1002/ecs2.3056. hdl:10669/85014.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecs2.3056","url_text":"\"Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecs2.3056","url_text":"10.1002/ecs2.3056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10669%2F85014","url_text":"10669/85014"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Henry Charles (1808). The botanist's repository for new, and rare plants containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus in English and Latin To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom The whole executed by Henry Andrews. Vol. 8. London: The author. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002852470/page/n91","url_text":"The botanist's repository for new, and rare plants containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus in English and Latin To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom The whole executed by Henry Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Ellestad, Paige; Forest, Félix; Serpe, Marcelo; Novak, Stephen J; Buerki, Sven (21 June 2021). \"Harnessing large-scale biodiversity data to infer the current distribution of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 196 (3): 407–422. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boab005. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/196/3/407/6130185","url_text":"\"Harnessing large-scale biodiversity data to infer the current distribution of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbotlinnean%2Fboab005","url_text":"10.1093/botlinnean/boab005"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation\". plantvillage.psu.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/vanilla/infos","url_text":"\"Vanilla Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation\""}]},{"reference":"Lubinsky, Pesach; Van Dam, Matthew; Van Dam, Alex (January 2006). \"\"Pollination of Vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae\"\". Lindleyana. 75: 926–929. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288609351","url_text":"\"\"Pollination of Vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae\"\""}]},{"reference":"Eltz, Thomas; Fritzsch, Falko; Zimmermann, Yvonne; Pech, Jorge Ramirez; Ramirez, Santiago R.; Quezada-Euan, J. Javier G.; Bembe, Benjamin (2011). \"Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2011 (163): 1064–1076. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00740.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00740.x","url_text":"\"Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00740.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00740.x"}]},{"reference":"Schlüter, Philipp M.; Arenas, Miguel A. Soto; Harris, Stephen A. (2007). \"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\". Economic Botany. 61 (4): 328–336. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 25568893. S2CID 27092474. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/25568893","url_text":"\"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282007%2961%5B328%3AGVIVPO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001","url_text":"0013-0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25568893","url_text":"25568893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27092474","url_text":"27092474"}]},{"reference":"Karremans, Adam P.; Bogarín, Diego; Fernández Otárola, Mauricio; Sharma, Jyotsna; Watteyn, Charlotte; Warner, Jorge; Rodríguez Herrera, Bernal; Chinchilla, Isler F.; Carman, Ernesto; Rojas Valerio, Emmanuel; Pillco Huarcaya, Ruthmery; Whitworth, Andy (January 2023). \"First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids\". Current Biology. 33 (2): 364–371.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.041. PMID 36521493. S2CID 254705363.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.041","url_text":"\"First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.041","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36521493","url_text":"36521493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254705363","url_text":"254705363"}]},{"reference":"\"Vanilla planifolia Vanilla PFAF Plant Database\". pfaf.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia","url_text":"\"Vanilla planifolia Vanilla PFAF Plant Database\""}]},{"reference":"Favre, Félicien; Jourda, Cyril; Grisoni, Michel; Piet, Quentin; Rivallan, Ronan; Dijoux, Jean-Bernard; Hascoat, Jérémy; Lepers-Andrzejewski, Sandra; Besse, Pascale; Charron, Carine (August 2022). \"A genome-wide assessment of the genetic diversity, evolution and relationships with allied species of the clonally propagated crop Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews\". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 69 (6): 2125–2139. doi:10.1007/s10722-022-01362-1. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359694935","url_text":"\"A genome-wide assessment of the genetic diversity, evolution and relationships with allied species of the clonally propagated crop Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-022-01362-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10722-022-01362-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Grow Your Own Vanilla for Desserts and Drinks\". The Spruce. Retrieved 2024-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespruce.com/vanilla-orchid-care-1315974","url_text":"\"Grow Your Own Vanilla for Desserts and Drinks\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103090930/172970359","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T103090930A172970359.en"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/262578-2","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FGVJ","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia Andrews\""},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-211955","external_links_name":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"},{"Link":"https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/vanilla/planifolia/","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia (Commercial Vanilla, Flat Leaved Vanilla)\""},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=283438","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia\""},{"Link":"https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1348","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida: HS1348, rev. 1/2023\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.32473%2Fedis-hs1348-2023","external_links_name":"10.32473/edis-hs1348-2023"},{"Link":"https://www.kew.org/plants/vanilla","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla - Vanilla planifolia\""},{"Link":"https://hal.science/hal-00885962/file/hal-00885962.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282007%2961%5B328%3AGVIVPO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27092474","external_links_name":"27092474"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890265","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla beyond Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla × tahitensis: Taxonomy and Historical Notes, Reproductive Biology, and Metabolites\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants11233311","external_links_name":"10.3390/plants11233311"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9739750","external_links_name":"9739750"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501350","external_links_name":"36501350"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecs2.3056","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fecs2.3056","external_links_name":"10.1002/ecs2.3056"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10669%2F85014","external_links_name":"10669/85014"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002852470/page/n91","external_links_name":"The botanist's repository for new, and rare plants containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus in English and Latin To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom The whole executed by Henry Andrews"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/196/3/407/6130185","external_links_name":"\"Harnessing large-scale biodiversity data to infer the current distribution of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbotlinnean%2Fboab005","external_links_name":"10.1093/botlinnean/boab005"},{"Link":"https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/vanilla/infos","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288609351","external_links_name":"\"\"Pollination of Vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00740.x","external_links_name":"\"Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2011.00740.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00740.x"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/25568893","external_links_name":"\"Genetic Variation in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282007%2961%5B328%3AGVIVPO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[328:GVIVPO]2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001","external_links_name":"0013-0001"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25568893","external_links_name":"25568893"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27092474","external_links_name":"27092474"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.041","external_links_name":"\"First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.041","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.041"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36521493","external_links_name":"36521493"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254705363","external_links_name":"254705363"},{"Link":"https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14118840","external_links_name":"14118840"},{"Link":"http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia","external_links_name":"\"Vanilla planifolia Vanilla PFAF Plant Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359694935","external_links_name":"\"A genome-wide assessment of the genetic diversity, evolution and relationships with allied species of the clonally propagated crop Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-022-01362-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10722-022-01362-1"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?41111","external_links_name":"GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2: Taxonomy of Vanilla planifolia"},{"Link":"https://www.thespruce.com/vanilla-orchid-care-1315974","external_links_name":"\"Grow Your Own Vanilla for Desserts and Drinks\""},{"Link":"https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=4008","external_links_name":"4008"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/44029","external_links_name":"44029"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/135684","external_links_name":"135684"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=370831","external_links_name":"370831"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FGVJ","external_links_name":"7FGVJ"},{"Link":"https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2131","external_links_name":"2131"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1127948","external_links_name":"1127948"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/VANPL","external_links_name":"VANPL"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102047","external_links_name":"242102047"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2803398","external_links_name":"2803398"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=41111","external_links_name":"41111"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/61393","external_links_name":"61393"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/262578-2","external_links_name":"262578-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10208945","external_links_name":"10208945"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=43719","external_links_name":"43719"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/103090930","external_links_name":"103090930"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=283438","external_links_name":"283438"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=51239","external_links_name":"51239"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/879d4cb6-0af7-4211-9e41-9c98137b393e","external_links_name":"879d4cb6-0af7-4211-9e41-9c98137b393e"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=713007","external_links_name":"713007"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Vanilla_planifolia","external_links_name":"Vanilla_planifolia"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia","external_links_name":"Vanilla planifolia"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-211955","external_links_name":"kew-211955"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=VAPL2","external_links_name":"VAPL2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A262578-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262578-2"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/16030","external_links_name":"16030"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23501046","external_links_name":"23501046"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000331533","external_links_name":"wfo-0000331533"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph163868&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosagon
|
Icosagon
|
["1 Regular icosagon","2 Uses","2.1 Construction","3 The golden ratio in an icosagon","4 Symmetry","5 Dissection","6 Related polygons","7 Petrie polygons","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Polygon with 20 edges
Regular icosagonA regular icosagonTypeRegular polygonEdges and vertices20Schläfli symbol{20}, t{10}, tt{5}Coxeter–Dynkin diagramsSymmetry groupDihedral (D20), order 2×20Internal angle (degrees)162°PropertiesConvex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxalDual polygonSelf
In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.
Regular icosagon
The regular icosagon has Schläfli symbol {20}, and can also be constructed as a truncated decagon, t{10}, or a twice-truncated pentagon, tt{5}.
One interior angle in a regular icosagon is 162°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 18°.
The area of a regular icosagon with edge length t is
A
=
5
t
2
(
1
+
5
+
5
+
2
5
)
≃
31.5687
t
2
.
{\displaystyle A={5}t^{2}(1+{\sqrt {5}}+{\sqrt {5+2{\sqrt {5}}}})\simeq 31.5687t^{2}.}
In terms of the radius R of its circumcircle, the area is
A
=
5
R
2
2
(
5
−
1
)
;
{\displaystyle A={\frac {5R^{2}}{2}}({\sqrt {5}}-1);}
since the area of the circle is
π
R
2
,
{\displaystyle \pi R^{2},}
the regular icosagon fills approximately 98.36% of its circumcircle.
Uses
The Big Wheel on the popular US game show The Price Is Right has an icosagonal cross-section.
The Globe, the outdoor theater used by William Shakespeare's acting company, was discovered to have been built on an icosagonal foundation when a partial excavation was done in 1989.
As a golygonal path, the swastika is considered to be an irregular icosagon.
A regular square, pentagon, and icosagon can completely fill a plane vertex.
Construction
As 20 = 22 × 5, regular icosagon is constructible using a compass and straightedge, or by an edge-bisection of a regular decagon, or a twice-bisected regular pentagon:
Construction of a regular icosagon
Construction of a regular decagon
The golden ratio in an icosagon
In the construction with given side length the circular arc around C with radius CD, shares the segment E20F in ratio of the golden ratio.
E
20
E
1
¯
E
1
F
¯
=
E
20
F
¯
E
20
E
1
¯
=
1
+
5
2
=
φ
≈
1.618
{\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}{\overline {E_{1}F}}}={\frac {\overline {E_{20}F}}{\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}=\varphi \approx 1.618}
Icosagon with given side length, animation (The construction is very similar to that of decagon with given side length)
Symmetry
Symmetries of a regular icosagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirrors are drawn through vertices, and purple mirrors are drawn through edge. Gyration orders are given in the center.
The regular icosagon has Dih20 symmetry, order 40. There are 5 subgroup dihedral symmetries: (Dih10, Dih5), and (Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1), and 6 cyclic group symmetries: (Z20, Z10, Z5), and (Z4, Z2, Z1).
These 10 symmetries can be seen in 16 distinct symmetries on the icosagon, a larger number because the lines of reflections can either pass through vertices or edges. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is r40 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.
Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g20 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.
The highest symmetry irregular icosagons are d20, an isogonal icosagon constructed by ten mirrors which can alternate long and short edges, and p20, an isotoxal icosagon, constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular icosagon.
Dissection
20-gon with 180 rhombs
regular
Isotoxal
Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.
In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the icosagon, m=10, and it can be divided into 45: 5 squares and 4 sets of 10 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 10-cube, with 45 of 11520 faces. The list OEIS: A006245 enumerates the number of solutions as 18,410,581,880, including up to 20-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.
Dissection into 45 rhombs
10-cube
Related polygons
An icosagram is a 20-sided star polygon, represented by symbol {20/n}. There are three regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {20/3}, {20/7}, and {20/9}. There are also five regular star figures (compounds) using the same vertex arrangement: 2{10}, 4{5}, 5{4}, 2{10/3}, 4{5/2}, and 10{2}.
n
1
2
3
4
5
Form
Convex polygon
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Image
{20/1} = {20}
{20/2} = 2{10}
{20/3}
{20/4} = 4{5}
{20/5} = 5{4}
Interior angle
162°
144°
126°
108°
90°
n
6
7
8
9
10
Form
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Image
{20/6} = 2{10/3}
{20/7}
{20/8} = 4{5/2}
{20/9}
{20/10} = 10{2}
Interior angle
72°
54°
36°
18°
0°
Deeper truncations of the regular decagon and decagram can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate icosagram forms with equally spaced vertices and two edge lengths.
A regular icosagram, {20/9}, can be seen as a quasitruncated decagon, t{10/9}={20/9}. Similarly a decagram, {10/3} has a quasitruncation t{10/7}={20/7}, and finally a simple truncation of a decagram gives t{10/3}={20/3}.
Icosagrams as truncations of a regular decagons and decagrams, {10}, {10/3}
Quasiregular
Quasiregular
t{10}={20}
t{10/9}={20/9}
t{10/3}={20/3}
t{10/7}={20/7}
Petrie polygons
The regular icosagon is the Petrie polygon for a number of higher-dimensional polytopes, shown in orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes:
A19
B10
D11
E8
H4
½2H2
2H2
19-simplex
10-orthoplex
10-cube
11-demicube
(421)
600-cell
Grand antiprism
10-10 duopyramid
10-10 duoprism
It is also the Petrie polygon for the icosahedral 120-cell, small stellated 120-cell, great icosahedral 120-cell, and great grand 120-cell.
References
^ Muriel Pritchett, University of Georgia "To Span the Globe" Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, see also Editor's Note, retrieved on 10 January 2016
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Icosagon". MathWorld.
^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
^ Coxeter, Mathematical recreations and Essays, Thirteenth edition, p.141
^ The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum
External links
Naming Polygons and Polyhedra
icosagon
vtePolygons (List)Triangles
Acute
Equilateral
Ideal
Isosceles
Kepler
Obtuse
Right
Quadrilaterals
Antiparallelogram
Bicentric
Crossed
Cyclic
Equidiagonal
Ex-tangential
Harmonic
Isosceles trapezoid
Kite
Orthodiagonal
Parallelogram
Rectangle
Right kite
Right trapezoid
Rhombus
Square
Tangential
Tangential trapezoid
Trapezoid
By number of sides1–10 sides
Monogon (1)
Digon (2)
Triangle (3)
Quadrilateral (4)
Pentagon (5)
Hexagon (6)
Heptagon (7)
Octagon (8)
Nonagon/Enneagon (9)
Decagon (10)
11–20 sides
Hendecagon (11)
Dodecagon (12)
Tridecagon (13)
Tetradecagon (14)
Pentadecagon (15)
Hexadecagon (16)
Heptadecagon (17)
Octadecagon (18)
Icosagon (20)
>20 sides
Icositrigon (23)
Icositetragon (24)
Triacontagon (30)
257-gon
Chiliagon (1000)
Myriagon (10,000)
65537-gon
Megagon (1,000,000)
Apeirogon (∞)
Star polygons
Pentagram
Hexagram
Heptagram
Octagram
Enneagram
Decagram
Hendecagram
Dodecagram
Classes
Concave
Convex
Cyclic
Equiangular
Equilateral
Infinite skew
Isogonal
Isotoxal
Magic
Pseudotriangle
Rectilinear
Regular
Reinhardt
Simple
Skew
Star-shaped
Tangential
Weakly simple
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon"}],"text":"In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.","title":"Icosagon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"truncated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"decagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon"},{"link_name":"pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"circumcircle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcircle"}],"text":"The regular icosagon has Schläfli symbol {20}, and can also be constructed as a truncated decagon, t{10}, or a twice-truncated pentagon, tt{5}.One interior angle in a regular icosagon is 162°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 18°.The area of a regular icosagon with edge length t isA\n =\n \n 5\n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n +\n \n \n 5\n +\n 2\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n ≃\n 31.5687\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A={5}t^{2}(1+{\\sqrt {5}}+{\\sqrt {5+2{\\sqrt {5}}}})\\simeq 31.5687t^{2}.}In terms of the radius R of its circumcircle, the area isA\n =\n \n \n \n 5\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n 5\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A={\\frac {5R^{2}}{2}}({\\sqrt {5}}-1);}since the area of the circle is \n \n \n \n π\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi R^{2},}\n \n the regular icosagon fills approximately 98.36% of its circumcircle.","title":"Regular icosagon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Price Is Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"golygonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golygon"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4.5.20_vertex.png"},{"link_name":"fill a plane vertex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_of_convex_regular_polygons"}],"text":"The Big Wheel on the popular US game show The Price Is Right has an icosagonal cross-section.The Globe, the outdoor theater used by William Shakespeare's acting company, was discovered to have been built on an icosagonal foundation when a partial excavation was done in 1989.[1]As a golygonal path, the swastika is considered to be an irregular icosagon.[2]A regular square, pentagon, and icosagon can completely fill a plane vertex.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constructible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_polygon"},{"link_name":"compass and straightedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge"},{"link_name":"bisection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection"},{"link_name":"decagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon"},{"link_name":"pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"As 20 = 22 × 5, regular icosagon is constructible using a compass and straightedge, or by an edge-bisection of a regular decagon, or a twice-bisected regular pentagon:","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01-Zwanzigeck-Seite-gegeben_Animation.gif"},{"link_name":"decagon with given side length)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon#The_golden_ratio_in_decagon"}],"text":"In the construction with given side length the circular arc around C with radius CD, shares the segment E20F in ratio of the golden ratio.E\n \n 20\n \n \n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n F\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 20\n \n \n F\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 20\n \n \n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n φ\n ≈\n 1.618\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}{\\overline {E_{1}F}}}={\\frac {\\overline {E_{20}F}}{\\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}}={\\frac {1+{\\sqrt {5}}}{2}}=\\varphi \\approx 1.618}Icosagon with given side length, animation (The construction is very similar to that of decagon with given side length)","title":"The golden ratio in an icosagon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symmetries_of_icosagon.png"},{"link_name":"Dih20 symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"cyclic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"directed edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_edge"},{"link_name":"isogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogonal_figure"},{"link_name":"isotoxal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoxal_figure"},{"link_name":"duals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_polygon"}],"text":"Symmetries of a regular icosagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirrors are drawn through vertices, and purple mirrors are drawn through edge. Gyration orders are given in the center.The regular icosagon has Dih20 symmetry, order 40. There are 5 subgroup dihedral symmetries: (Dih10, Dih5), and (Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1), and 6 cyclic group symmetries: (Z20, Z10, Z5), and (Z4, Z2, Z1).These 10 symmetries can be seen in 16 distinct symmetries on the icosagon, a larger number because the lines of reflections can either pass through vertices or edges. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order.[3] Full symmetry of the regular form is r40 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g20 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.The highest symmetry irregular icosagons are d20, an isogonal icosagon constructed by ten mirrors which can alternate long and short edges, and p20, an isotoxal icosagon, constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular icosagon.","title":"Symmetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter"},{"link_name":"zonogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonogon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Petrie polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"10-cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-cube"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A006245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006245"}],"text":"Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.[4]\nIn particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the icosagon, m=10, and it can be divided into 45: 5 squares and 4 sets of 10 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 10-cube, with 45 of 11520 faces. The list OEIS: A006245 enumerates the number of solutions as 18,410,581,880, including up to 20-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.","title":"Dissection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"star polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_polygon"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"vertex arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_arrangement"},{"link_name":"vertex-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"decagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagram_(geometry)"}],"text":"An icosagram is a 20-sided star polygon, represented by symbol {20/n}. There are three regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {20/3}, {20/7}, and {20/9}. There are also five regular star figures (compounds) using the same vertex arrangement: 2{10}, 4{5}, 5{4}, 2{10/3}, 4{5/2}, and 10{2}.Deeper truncations of the regular decagon and decagram can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate icosagram forms with equally spaced vertices and two edge lengths.[5]A regular icosagram, {20/9}, can be seen as a quasitruncated decagon, t{10/9}={20/9}. Similarly a decagram, {10/3} has a quasitruncation t{10/7}={20/7}, and finally a simple truncation of a decagram gives t{10/3}={20/3}.","title":"Related polygons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrie polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"orthogonal projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_projection"},{"link_name":"Coxeter planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane"},{"link_name":"icosahedral 120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosahedral_120-cell"},{"link_name":"small stellated 120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_stellated_120-cell"},{"link_name":"great icosahedral 120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_icosahedral_120-cell"},{"link_name":"great grand 120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_grand_120-cell"}],"text":"The regular icosagon is the Petrie polygon for a number of higher-dimensional polytopes, shown in orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes:It is also the Petrie polygon for the icosahedral 120-cell, small stellated 120-cell, great icosahedral 120-cell, and great grand 120-cell.","title":"Petrie polygons"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Icosagon with given side length, animation (The construction is very similar to that of decagon with given side length)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/01-Zwanzigeck-Seite-gegeben_Animation.gif/500px-01-Zwanzigeck-Seite-gegeben_Animation.gif"},{"image_text":"Symmetries of a regular icosagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirrors are drawn through vertices, and purple mirrors are drawn through edge. Gyration orders are given in the center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Symmetries_of_icosagon.png/360px-Symmetries_of_icosagon.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Icosagon\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Icosagon.html","url_text":"\"Icosagon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://researchmagazine.uga.edu/92f/globe.html","external_links_name":"\"To Span the Globe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100610105634/http://researchmagazine.uga.edu/92f/globe.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Icosagon.html","external_links_name":"\"Icosagon\""},{"Link":"http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.polygon.names.html","external_links_name":"Naming Polygons and Polyhedra"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ugBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=icosagon&pg=PA194","external_links_name":"icosagon"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yang_(footballer,_born_1995)
|
Liu Yang (footballer, born 1995)
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club statistics","3.2 International statistics","4 Honours","4.1 Club","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Chinese footballer
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.
Liu Yang 刘洋
Personal informationFull name
Liu YangDate of birth
(1995-06-17) 17 June 1995 (age 28)Place of birth
Qingdao, Shandong, ChinaHeight
1.84 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in)Position(s)
Left-back, Left wingerTeam informationCurrent team
Shandong TaishanNumber
11Youth career2010–2015
Shandong LunengSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014–2015
Sintrense
2
(0)2015
Cova da Piedade
1
(0)2015–2016
Oriental Dragon
0
(0)2015–2016
→ Cova da Piedade (loan)
6
(0)2016–
Shandong Taishan
107
(4)International career‡2017–2018
China U-23
14
(1)2018–
China
26
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 January 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 6 January 2024
Liu Yang (Chinese: 刘洋; pinyin: Liú Yáng; born 17 June 1995) is a Chinese professional footballer who currently plays as a left-back or left winger for Chinese Super League club Shandong Taishan and the China national team.
Club career
In 2010, Liu joined Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng Taishan's youth academy (now renamed Shandong Taishan}, where he shifted his position from forward to central-back. He was sent to Portugal for further training in 2014. He joined Campeonato de Portugal side Sintrense in the summer of 2014. On 12 October 2014, he made his senior debut in a 2–1 away win against Sacavenense, coming on as a substitute for Romário in the 72nd minute. Liu moved to another Campeonato de Portugal club Cova da Piedade on 1 February 2015. He made his debut for Cova da Piedade on 24 May 2015 in a 3–1 away win over Sacavenense. Liu played six match for the club in the 2015–16 season as Cova da Piedade finish the first place of the league and won promotion to the second tier.
Liu returned to Shandong Luneng and was promoted to the first team squad by manager Felix Magath in July 2016. He played as a left-back under Magath. On 22 October 2016, he made his debut for Shandong in a 4–1 away defeat against Shanghai SIPG, coming on for Song Long in the 70th minute. In the 2018 season, Liu mainly played as a left winger under manager Li Xiaopeng. On 25 September 2018, he scored his first senior goal in a 3–0 home win against Dalian Yifang in the 2018 Chinese FA Cup semi-finals. He scored his first league goal against Changchun Yatai on 2 November 2018, which ensured Shandong's 2–0 victory and sealed a seat for 2019 AFC Champions League.
In January 2019, Liu extended his contract with the club until the end of the 2023 season. He would repay the club with this contract by establishing himself as a vital member within the team that won the 2020 Chinese FA Cup against Jiangsu Suning F.C. in a 2-0 victory. A consistent versatile regular within the team, he would gain his first league title with the club when he was part of the team that won the 2021 Chinese Super League title. This would be followed up by him winning the 2022 Chinese FA Cup with them the next season.
International career
Liu received his first call up for the China national football team by manager Marcello Lippi for the training camp of 2019 AFC Asian Cup. On 24 December 2018, he made his international senior debut in a 2–1 defeat against Iraq. He was named in the final 23-man squad, and played all five matches for China in the tournament.
Liu was named in China's squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar and started the team's opening match against Tajikistan on 13 January 2024.
Career statistics
Club statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 31 January 2023.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National Cup
Continental
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Sintrense
2014–15
Campeonato de Portugal
2
0
0
0
-
-
2
0
Cova da Piedade
1
0
0
0
-
-
1
0
Cova da Piedade (loan)
2015–16
6
0
0
0
-
-
6
0
Shandong Luneng/Shandong Taishan
2016
Chinese Super League
1
0
0
0
0
0
-
1
0
2017
6
0
0
0
-
-
6
0
2018
14
1
5
1
-
-
19
2
2019
25
0
4
0
6
0
-
35
0
2020
14
0
5
1
-
-
19
1
2021
18
1
7
2
-
-
25
3
2022
29
2
4
2
0
0
-
33
4
Total
107
4
25
6
6
0
0
0
138
10
Career total
116
4
25
6
6
0
0
0
147
10
International statistics
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
2018
2
0
2019
9
0
2020
0
0
2021
0
0
2022
3
0
2023
8
0
2024
4
0
Total
26
0
Honours
Club
Cova da Piedade
Campeonato de Portugal: 2015–16
Shandong Luneng/ Shandong Taishan
Chinese Super League: 2021
Chinese FA Cup: 2020, 2021, 2022.
References
^ a b "刘洋:未来要看自己而非政策 鲁能外援塔神最难防". Sina (in Chinese). 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
^ "鲁能再送6小将出国锻炼 另一小将刘洋转会武汉". Sohu (in Chinese). 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ "Sacavenense 1-2 Sintrense". zerozero (in Portuguese). 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ "Sacavenense 1-3 Cova da Piedade". zerozero (in Portuguese). 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ "鲁能调整一线队名单 预备队金靴等四人被撤下". Tencent (in Chinese). 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ "中超-埃神2球胡尔克进球+伤退 上港主场4-1鲁能". Netease (in Chinese). 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
^ "多面手+攻防俱佳!刘洋入选国足因2点 为未来做准备". Sina (in Chinese). 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
^ "足协杯-刘洋金敬道破门 鲁能总分4-0一方进决赛". Sina (in Chinese). 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
^ "中超-鲁能2-0亚泰锁定亚冠席位 刘洋处子球吉尔建功". Tencent (in Chinese). 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
^ "鲁能已与两国脚在内6人续约 两天后同梅州客家热身". Sina (in Chinese). 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
^ a b "足协杯-王彤惊天内切佩莱头球 鲁能2-0胜江苏夺冠". sports.sina.com.cn. 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
^ a b "山东泰山队获得2021赛季中超联赛冠军". k.sina.com.cn. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ a b "山东泰山队第八次夺足协杯冠军 创足协杯三连冠纪录". ent.people.com.cn. 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "国足西亚集训名单：曾诚张修维落选 四门将在列". Sina. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ "国足热身暴露防守端短板 提前演练郑智缺阵方案". Sina. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ "国足亚洲杯名单初步敲定：郭全博留队，张鹭替补" (in Chinese). Sina Sports. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ "Group A: China PR 0-0 Tajikistan". Asian Football Confederation. 13 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
^ "刘洋". sodasoccer.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-11-04. Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Yang Liu". zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-11-04.
External links
Liu Yang at Soccerway
vteShandong Taishan F.C. – current squad
1 Li Guanxi
4 Jadson
5 Zheng Zheng
6 Wang Tong
7 Guo Tianyu
8 Liao Lisheng
9 Crysan
10 Moisés
11 Liu Yang
13 Zhang Chi
14 Wang Dalei
15 Qi Tianyu
16 Li Hailong
17 Wu Xinghan
18 Han Rongze
19 Chen Kerui
20 Fei Nanduo
21 Liu Binbin
23 Hao Haiyi
24 Liu Guobao
25 Fellaini
27 Shi Ke
28 Son Jun-ho
29 Chen Pu
30 Abdurasul Abudulam
31 Zhao Jianfei
32 Tian Xin
33 Jin Jingdao
34 Huang Cong
35 Dai Lin
36 Duan Liuyu
37 Ji Xiang
38 Chen Zeshi
39 Song Long
Manager: Choi Kang-hee
China squads
vteChina squad – 2019 AFC Asian Cup
1 Yan Junling
2 Liu Yiming
3 Yu Yang
4 Shi Ke
5 Zhang Linpeng
6 Feng Xiaoting
7 Wu Lei
8 Zhao Xuri
9 Xiao Zhi
10 Zheng Zhi (c)
11 Hao Junmin
12 Zhang Lu
13 Chi Zhongguo
14 Wei Shihao
15 Wu Xi
16 Jin Jingdao
17 Zhang Chengdong
18 Gao Lin
19 Liu Yang
20 Yu Hanchao
21 Piao Cheng
22 Yu Dabao
23 Wang Dalei
Coach: Lippi
vteChina squad – 2023 AFC Asian Cup
1 Yan Junling
2 Jiang Guangtai
3 Zhu Chenjie
4 Li Lei
5 Zhang Linpeng
6 Wang Shangyuan
7 Wu Lei
8 Xu Xin
9 Zhang Yuning
10 Xie Pengfei
11 Tan Long
12 Jian Tao
13 Xu Haofeng
14 Wang Dalei
15 Wu Xi (c)
16 Gao Tianyi
17 Chen Pu
18 Dai Weijun
19 Liu Yang
20 Wei Shihao
21 Liu Binbin
22 Wu Shaocong
23 Lin Liangming
24 Jiang Shenglong
25 Liu Dianzuo
26 Wang Qiuming
Coach: Janković
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Shandong Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"China national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Liu Yang (Chinese: 刘洋; pinyin: Liú Yáng; born 17 June 1995) is a Chinese professional footballer who currently plays as a left-back or left winger for Chinese Super League club Shandong Taishan and the China national team.","title":"Liu Yang (footballer, born 1995)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Shandong Luneng Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shandong Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sina2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Campeonato de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_de_Portugal_(league)"},{"link_name":"Sintrense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.U._Sintrense"},{"link_name":"Sacavenense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.C._Sacavenense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romário","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A1rio_Barbosa_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cova da Piedade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Cova_da_Piedade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Felix Magath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Magath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sina2017-1"},{"link_name":"Shanghai SIPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG_F.C."},{"link_name":"Song Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Long"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Li Xiaopeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiaopeng_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dalian Yifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Yifang_F.C."},{"link_name":"2018 Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Changchun Yatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun_Yatai_F.C."},{"link_name":"2019 AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2020 Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu Suning F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu_Suning_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFA_2020-11"},{"link_name":"2021 Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSL_2021-12"},{"link_name":"2022 Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFA_2022-13"}],"text":"In 2010, Liu joined Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng Taishan's youth academy (now renamed Shandong Taishan}, where he shifted his position from forward to central-back.[1] He was sent to Portugal for further training in 2014.[2] He joined Campeonato de Portugal side Sintrense in the summer of 2014. On 12 October 2014, he made his senior debut in a 2–1 away win against Sacavenense, coming on as a substitute for Romário in the 72nd minute.[3] Liu moved to another Campeonato de Portugal club Cova da Piedade on 1 February 2015. He made his debut for Cova da Piedade on 24 May 2015 in a 3–1 away win over Sacavenense.[4] Liu played six match for the club in the 2015–16 season as Cova da Piedade finish the first place of the league and won promotion to the second tier.Liu returned to Shandong Luneng and was promoted to the first team squad by manager Felix Magath in July 2016.[5] He played as a left-back under Magath.[1] On 22 October 2016, he made his debut for Shandong in a 4–1 away defeat against Shanghai SIPG, coming on for Song Long in the 70th minute.[6] In the 2018 season, Liu mainly played as a left winger under manager Li Xiaopeng.[7] On 25 September 2018, he scored his first senior goal in a 3–0 home win against Dalian Yifang in the 2018 Chinese FA Cup semi-finals.[8] He scored his first league goal against Changchun Yatai on 2 November 2018, which ensured Shandong's 2–0 victory and sealed a seat for 2019 AFC Champions League.[9]In January 2019, Liu extended his contract with the club until the end of the 2023 season.[10] He would repay the club with this contract by establishing himself as a vital member within the team that won the 2020 Chinese FA Cup against Jiangsu Suning F.C. in a 2-0 victory.[11] A consistent versatile regular within the team, he would gain his first league title with the club when he was part of the team that won the 2021 Chinese Super League title.[12] This would be followed up by him winning the 2022 Chinese FA Cup with them the next season.[13]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Marcello Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Lippi"},{"link_name":"2019 AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2023 AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Liu received his first call up for the China national football team by manager Marcello Lippi for the training camp of 2019 AFC Asian Cup.[14] On 24 December 2018, he made his international senior debut in a 2–1 defeat against Iraq.[15] He was named in the final 23-man squad,[16] and played all five matches for China in the tournament.Liu was named in China's squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar and started the team's opening match against Tajikistan on 13 January 2024.[17]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Club statistics","text":"Statistics accurate as of match played 31 January 2023.[18][19]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International statistics","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cova da Piedade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Cova_da_Piedade"},{"link_name":"Campeonato de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_de_Portugal_(league)"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Campeonato_Nacional_de_Seniores"},{"link_name":"Shandong Luneng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shandong Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSL_2021-12"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFA_2020-11"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFA_2022-13"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Cova da PiedadeCampeonato de Portugal: 2015–16Shandong Luneng/ Shandong TaishanChinese Super League: 2021[12]\nChinese FA Cup: 2020,[11] 2021, 2022.[13]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"刘洋:未来要看自己而非政策 鲁能外援塔神最难防\". Sina (in Chinese). 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2017-02-20/doc-ifyarrcc8093057.shtml","url_text":"\"刘洋:未来要看自己而非政策 鲁能外援塔神最难防\""}]},{"reference":"\"鲁能再送6小将出国锻炼 另一小将刘洋转会武汉\". Sohu (in Chinese). 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sohu.com/20131231/n392735423.shtml","url_text":"\"鲁能再送6小将出国锻炼 另一小将刘洋转会武汉\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacavenense 1-2 Sintrense\". zerozero (in Portuguese). 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogo.php?id=3642737","url_text":"\"Sacavenense 1-2 Sintrense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacavenense 1-3 Cova da Piedade\". zerozero (in Portuguese). 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogo.php?id=4323274","url_text":"\"Sacavenense 1-3 Cova da Piedade\""}]},{"reference":"\"鲁能调整一线队名单 预备队金靴等四人被撤下\". Tencent (in Chinese). 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.qq.com/a/20160716/001292.htm","url_text":"\"鲁能调整一线队名单 预备队金靴等四人被撤下\""}]},{"reference":"\"中超-埃神2球胡尔克进球+伤退 上港主场4-1鲁能\". Netease (in Chinese). 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.163.com/16/1022/21/C40TPG3E00058780.html","url_text":"\"中超-埃神2球胡尔克进球+伤退 上港主场4-1鲁能\""}]},{"reference":"\"多面手+攻防俱佳!刘洋入选国足因2点 为未来做准备\". Sina (in Chinese). 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-11-12/doc-ihnstwwq9406163.shtml","url_text":"\"多面手+攻防俱佳!刘洋入选国足因2点 为未来做准备\""}]},{"reference":"\"足协杯-刘洋金敬道破门 鲁能总分4-0一方进决赛\". Sina (in Chinese). 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2018-09-25/doc-ifxeuwwr8127560.shtml","url_text":"\"足协杯-刘洋金敬道破门 鲁能总分4-0一方进决赛\""}]},{"reference":"\"中超-鲁能2-0亚泰锁定亚冠席位 刘洋处子球吉尔建功\". Tencent (in Chinese). 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.qq.com/a/20181102/013857.htm","url_text":"\"中超-鲁能2-0亚泰锁定亚冠席位 刘洋处子球吉尔建功\""}]},{"reference":"\"鲁能已与两国脚在内6人续约 两天后同梅州客家热身\". Sina (in Chinese). 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2019-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2019-01-28/doc-ihqfskcp1038608.shtml","url_text":"\"鲁能已与两国脚在内6人续约 两天后同梅州客家热身\""}]},{"reference":"\"足协杯-王彤惊天内切佩莱头球 鲁能2-0胜江苏夺冠\". sports.sina.com.cn. 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2021-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2020-12-19/doc-iiznezxs7799388.shtml","url_text":"\"足协杯-王彤惊天内切佩莱头球 鲁能2-0胜江苏夺冠\""}]},{"reference":"\"山东泰山队获得2021赛季中超联赛冠军\". k.sina.com.cn. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://k.sina.com.cn/article_7517400647_1c0126e47059025t1f.html","url_text":"\"山东泰山队获得2021赛季中超联赛冠军\""}]},{"reference":"\"山东泰山队第八次夺足协杯冠军 创足协杯三连冠纪录\". ent.people.com.cn. 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0116/c1012-32607606.html","url_text":"\"山东泰山队第八次夺足协杯冠军 创足协杯三连冠纪录\""}]},{"reference":"\"国足西亚集训名单：曾诚张修维落选 四门将在列\". Sina. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-12-17/doc-ihqhqcir7548145.shtml","url_text":"\"国足西亚集训名单：曾诚张修维落选 四门将在列\""}]},{"reference":"\"国足热身暴露防守端短板 提前演练郑智缺阵方案\". Sina. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-12-24/doc-ihmutuee2332128.shtml","url_text":"\"国足热身暴露防守端短板 提前演练郑智缺阵方案\""}]},{"reference":"\"国足亚洲杯名单初步敲定：郭全博留队，张鹭替补\" (in Chinese). Sina Sports. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/zl/football/2018-12-27/zldoc-ihqfskcn1620880.shtml","url_text":"\"国足亚洲杯名单初步敲定：郭全博留队，张鹭替补\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group A: China PR 0-0 Tajikistan\". Asian Football Confederation. 13 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/group_a_china_pr_v_tajikistan_2.html","url_text":"\"Group A: China PR 0-0 Tajikistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"刘洋\". sodasoccer.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sodasoccer.com/search/player/162/322316/EF8F61F6C98B67C7.shtml","url_text":"\"刘洋\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yang Liu\". zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogador.php?id=424063","url_text":"\"Yang Liu\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2017-02-20/doc-ifyarrcc8093057.shtml","external_links_name":"\"刘洋:未来要看自己而非政策 鲁能外援塔神最难防\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sohu.com/20131231/n392735423.shtml","external_links_name":"\"鲁能再送6小将出国锻炼 另一小将刘洋转会武汉\""},{"Link":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogo.php?id=3642737","external_links_name":"\"Sacavenense 1-2 Sintrense\""},{"Link":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogo.php?id=4323274","external_links_name":"\"Sacavenense 1-3 Cova da Piedade\""},{"Link":"http://sports.qq.com/a/20160716/001292.htm","external_links_name":"\"鲁能调整一线队名单 预备队金靴等四人被撤下\""},{"Link":"http://sports.163.com/16/1022/21/C40TPG3E00058780.html","external_links_name":"\"中超-埃神2球胡尔克进球+伤退 上港主场4-1鲁能\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-11-12/doc-ihnstwwq9406163.shtml","external_links_name":"\"多面手+攻防俱佳!刘洋入选国足因2点 为未来做准备\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2018-09-25/doc-ifxeuwwr8127560.shtml","external_links_name":"\"足协杯-刘洋金敬道破门 鲁能总分4-0一方进决赛\""},{"Link":"https://sports.qq.com/a/20181102/013857.htm","external_links_name":"\"中超-鲁能2-0亚泰锁定亚冠席位 刘洋处子球吉尔建功\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2019-01-28/doc-ihqfskcp1038608.shtml","external_links_name":"\"鲁能已与两国脚在内6人续约 两天后同梅州客家热身\""},{"Link":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2020-12-19/doc-iiznezxs7799388.shtml","external_links_name":"\"足协杯-王彤惊天内切佩莱头球 鲁能2-0胜江苏夺冠\""},{"Link":"https://k.sina.com.cn/article_7517400647_1c0126e47059025t1f.html","external_links_name":"\"山东泰山队获得2021赛季中超联赛冠军\""},{"Link":"http://ent.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0116/c1012-32607606.html","external_links_name":"\"山东泰山队第八次夺足协杯冠军 创足协杯三连冠纪录\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-12-17/doc-ihqhqcir7548145.shtml","external_links_name":"\"国足西亚集训名单：曾诚张修维落选 四门将在列\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/national/2018-12-24/doc-ihmutuee2332128.shtml","external_links_name":"\"国足热身暴露防守端短板 提前演练郑智缺阵方案\""},{"Link":"http://sports.sina.com.cn/zl/football/2018-12-27/zldoc-ihqfskcn1620880.shtml","external_links_name":"\"国足亚洲杯名单初步敲定：郭全博留队，张鹭替补\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/group_a_china_pr_v_tajikistan_2.html","external_links_name":"\"Group A: China PR 0-0 Tajikistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.sodasoccer.com/search/player/162/322316/EF8F61F6C98B67C7.shtml","external_links_name":"\"刘洋\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042740/http://www.sodasoccer.com/search/player/162/322316/EF8F61F6C98B67C7.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zerozero.pt/jogador.php?id=424063","external_links_name":"\"Yang Liu\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/384677/","external_links_name":"Liu Yang"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Halo_Effect_(band)
|
The Halo Effect (band)
|
["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Swedish melodic death metal band
The Halo EffectOriginGothenburg, SwedenGenresMelodic death metalYears active2021–presentLabelsNuclear BlastSpinoff ofIn FlamesMembers
Niclas Engelin
Peter Iwers
Mikael Stanne
Jesper Strömblad
Daniel Svensson
Websitethehaloeffect.band
The Halo Effect is a Swedish melodic death metal band formed by former members of In Flames. They are signed to the Nuclear Blast label.
History
The Halo Effect was founded by five former members of the Swedish metal band In Flames. Jesper Strömblad was a founding member of In Flames in 1990, and in 1993 Mikael Stanne (who founded the band Dark Tranquillity and remains its sole founding member today) worked as a session vocalist on In Flames' demo tape and debut album. Niclas Engelin and Peter Iwers joined In Flames in 1997, and Daniel Svensson joined In Flames in 1998 after Niclas Engelin quit. Subsequently, Strömblad, Iwers, and Svensson played together in In Flames for over 10 years by the time Strömblad quit that band in 2010.
The Halo Effect coalesced in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, and according to press releases, the motivating idea behind the band was to return to the roots of the 1990s "Gothenburg sound" that pioneered the melodic death metal genre. According to an interview on Robb Flynn's No F'n Regrets podcast, the band's name comes from the song off Rush's album Clockwork Angels.
The band released their debut single, "Shadowminds" on 9 November 2021 ahead of their debut album, Days of the Lost, released on 12 August 2022. To support the album, the band toured Europe and the UK with Amon Amarth and Machine Head in September and October.
On 22 November 2023, the band released the first single, "The Defiant One" from their as of yet untitled second studio album, which is set to be released in 2024.
Members
Current members
Niclas Engelin – lead guitar (2021–present)
Peter Iwers – bass (2021–present)
Mikael Stanne – lead vocals (2021–present)
Jesper Strömblad – rhythm guitar (2021–present)
Daniel Svensson – drums (2021–present)
Current live members
Patrik Jensen – rhythm guitar (2022–present)
Anton Roos – drums (2023–present)
Discography
Studio albums
Days of the Lost (2022)
TBA (2024)
Singles
"Shadowminds" (2021)
"Feel What I Believe" (2022)
"Days of the Lost" (2022)
"The Needless End" (2022)
"Path of Fierce Resistance" (2023)
"The Defiant One" (2023)
"Become Surrender" (2024)
References
^ Kennelty, Greg (30 October 2021). "Five '90s IN FLAMES Members Launch New Band THE HALO EFFECT". Metal Injection. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ "THE HALO EFFECT Sign To Nuclear Blast | HEAVY Magazine". 2 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ "The Halo Effect - bio". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 20 April 2022. Knowing each other from an early age during the late 80's and then playing together in different constellations during the 90's, they came to dominate the Metal scene in Gothenburg This was also the initial thought behind The Halo Effect - to go back to the roots and explore what the groundbreaking metal sounded like then. And add the experience and skills of what the members could bring to the table now. The result is an exceptional album and real tour de force to fans of melodeath where the echoes of the Gothenburg Sound is evident.
^ Robb Flynn (No F'n Regrets podcast) (10 December 2021). "MIKAEL & PETER (THE HALO EFFECT) | NFR #110". YouTube.
^ "THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: Debut Single 'Shadowminds' Now Available". Blabbermouth.net. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ "Former in Flames Members' The Halo Effect Release Debut Single 'Shadowminds'". MetalSucks. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ "THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: 'Days Of The Lost' Single Available, Debut Album Announced". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "THE HALO EFFECT - announce album release for debut "Days Of The Lost"!". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ Barrios, Joel (7 August 2023). "MIKAEL STANNE Explains Why THE HALO EFFECT Isn't Doing A New EP, New Album In 2024 Instead". Metal Injection. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ "Drummer DANIEL SVENSSON To Sit Out THE HALO EFFECT's Tour Of Australia And New Zealand". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
External links
Official website
vteDark Tranquillity
Mikael Stanne
Martin Brändström
Johan Reinholdz
Christian Jansson
Joakim Strandberg Nilsson
Anders Fridén
Fredrik Johansson
Michael Nicklasson
Daniel Antonsson
Martin Henriksson
Niklas Sundin
Anders Jivarp
Anders Iwers
Christopher Amott
Studio albums
Skydancer
The Gallery
The Mind's I
Projector
Haven
Damage Done
Character
Fiction
We Are the Void
Construct
Atoma
Moment
EPs
Of Chaos and Eternal Night
Enter Suicidal Angels
Lost to Apathy
Video albums
Live Damage
Where Death Is Most Alive
Compilation albums
Exposures – In Retrospect and Denial
Yesterworlds
Related articles
Discography
vteIn Flames
Björn Gelotte
Anders Fridén
Tanner Wayne
Chris Broderick
Anders Iwers
Carl Näslund
Mikael Stanne
Daniel Erlandsson
Johan Larsson
Glenn Ljungström
Jesper Strömblad
Daniel Svensson
Peter Iwers
Joe Rickard
Niclas Engelin
Bryce Paul
Studio albums
Lunar Strain
The Jester Race
Whoracle
Colony
Clayman
Reroute to Remain
Soundtrack to Your Escape
Come Clarity
A Sense of Purpose
Sounds of a Playground Fading
Siren Charms
Battles
I, the Mask
Foregone
EPs
Subterranean
Black-Ash Inheritance
Trigger
Singles
"The Quiet Place"
"The Mirror's Truth"
"Where the Dead Ships Dwell"
Live albums & videos
The Tokyo Showdown
Used & Abused: In Live We Trust
Sounds from the Heart of Gothenburg
Related articles
Discography
A Sense of Purpose Tour
The Halo Effect
This article about a Swedish band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"melodic death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_death_metal"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Halo Effect is a Swedish melodic death metal band formed by former members of In Flames.[1] They are signed to the Nuclear Blast label.[2]","title":"The Halo Effect (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"Jesper Strömblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Str%C3%B6mblad"},{"link_name":"In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flames"},{"link_name":"Mikael Stanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Stanne"},{"link_name":"Dark Tranquillity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tranquillity"},{"link_name":"Niclas Engelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_Engelin"},{"link_name":"Peter Iwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Iwers"},{"link_name":"Daniel Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Svensson"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Robb Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Clockwork Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork_Angels"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amon Amarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Amarth"},{"link_name":"Machine Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Head_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Halo Effect was founded by five former members of the Swedish metal band In Flames. Jesper Strömblad was a founding member of In Flames in 1990, and in 1993 Mikael Stanne (who founded the band Dark Tranquillity and remains its sole founding member today) worked as a session vocalist on In Flames' demo tape and debut album. Niclas Engelin and Peter Iwers joined In Flames in 1997, and Daniel Svensson joined In Flames in 1998 after Niclas Engelin quit. Subsequently, Strömblad, Iwers, and Svensson played together in In Flames for over 10 years by the time Strömblad quit that band in 2010.The Halo Effect coalesced in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, and according to press releases, the motivating idea behind the band was to return to the roots of the 1990s \"Gothenburg sound\" that pioneered the melodic death metal genre.[3] According to an interview on Robb Flynn's No F'n Regrets podcast, the band's name comes from the song off Rush's album Clockwork Angels.[4]The band released their debut single, \"Shadowminds\" on 9 November 2021 ahead of their debut album, Days of the Lost, released on 12 August 2022.[5][6] To support the album, the band toured Europe and the UK with Amon Amarth and Machine Head in September and October.[7][8]On 22 November 2023, the band released the first single, \"The Defiant One\" from their as of yet untitled second studio album, which is set to be released in 2024.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niclas Engelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_Engelin"},{"link_name":"Peter Iwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Iwers"},{"link_name":"Mikael Stanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Stanne"},{"link_name":"Jesper Strömblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Str%C3%B6mblad"},{"link_name":"Daniel Svensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Svensson"},{"link_name":"Patrik Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Jensen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Current membersNiclas Engelin – lead guitar (2021–present)\nPeter Iwers – bass (2021–present)\nMikael Stanne – lead vocals (2021–present)\nJesper Strömblad – rhythm guitar (2021–present)\nDaniel Svensson – drums (2021–present)Current live membersPatrik Jensen – rhythm guitar (2022–present)\nAnton Roos – drums (2023–present)[10]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Days of the Lost (2022)\nTBA (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Shadowminds\" (2021)\n\"Feel What I Believe\" (2022)\n\"Days of the Lost\" (2022)\n\"The Needless End\" (2022)\n\"Path of Fierce Resistance\" (2023)\n\"The Defiant One\" (2023)\n\"Become Surrender\" (2024)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (30 October 2021). \"Five '90s IN FLAMES Members Launch New Band THE HALO EFFECT\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/news/yes/five-90s-in-flames-members-launch-new-band-the-halo-effect","url_text":"\"Five '90s IN FLAMES Members Launch New Band THE HALO EFFECT\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Sign To Nuclear Blast | HEAVY Magazine\". 2 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://heavymag.com.au/the-halo-effect-sign-to-nuclear-blast/","url_text":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Sign To Nuclear Blast | HEAVY Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Halo Effect - bio\". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 20 April 2022. Knowing each other from an early age during the late 80's and then playing together in different constellations during the 90's, they came to dominate the Metal scene in Gothenburg [...] This was also the initial thought behind The Halo Effect - to go back to the roots and explore what the groundbreaking metal sounded like then. And add the experience and skills of what the members could bring to the table now. The result is an exceptional album and real tour de force to fans of melodeath where the echoes of the Gothenburg Sound is evident.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuclearblast.com/fr/the-halo-effect","url_text":"\"The Halo Effect - bio\""}]},{"reference":"Robb Flynn (No F'n Regrets podcast) (10 December 2021). \"MIKAEL & PETER (THE HALO EFFECT) | NFR #110\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_Flynn","url_text":"Robb Flynn"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFWe84o2XmY","url_text":"\"MIKAEL & PETER (THE HALO EFFECT) | NFR #110\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: Debut Single 'Shadowminds' Now Available\". Blabbermouth.net. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/the-halo-effect-feat-former-in-flames-members-debut-single-shadowminds-now-available/","url_text":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: Debut Single 'Shadowminds' Now Available\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Former in Flames Members' The Halo Effect Release Debut Single 'Shadowminds'\". MetalSucks. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalsucks.net/2021/11/09/former-in-flames-members-the-halo-effect-release-debut-single-shadowminds/","url_text":"\"Former in Flames Members' The Halo Effect Release Debut Single 'Shadowminds'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetalSucks","url_text":"MetalSucks"}]},{"reference":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: 'Days Of The Lost' Single Available, Debut Album Announced\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/the-halo-effect-feat-former-in-flames-members-days-of-the-lost-single-available-debut-album-announced/","url_text":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: 'Days Of The Lost' Single Available, Debut Album Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE HALO EFFECT - announce album release for debut \"Days Of The Lost\"!\". Nuclear Blast. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nuclearblast.de/band/news/the-halo-effect-announce-album-release-for-debut-days-of-the-lost-31156","url_text":"\"THE HALO EFFECT - announce album release for debut \"Days Of The Lost\"!\""}]},{"reference":"Barrios, Joel (7 August 2023). \"MIKAEL STANNE Explains Why THE HALO EFFECT Isn't Doing A New EP, New Album In 2024 Instead\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/upcoming-releases/mikael-stanne-explains-why-the-halo-effect-isnt-doing-a-new-ep-new-album-in-2024-instead","url_text":"\"MIKAEL STANNE Explains Why THE HALO EFFECT Isn't Doing A New EP, New Album In 2024 Instead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drummer DANIEL SVENSSON To Sit Out THE HALO EFFECT's Tour Of Australia And New Zealand\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/drummer-daniel-svensson-to-sit-out-the-halo-effects-tour-of-australia-and-new-zealand","url_text":"\"Drummer DANIEL SVENSSON To Sit Out THE HALO EFFECT's Tour Of Australia And New Zealand\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://thehaloeffect.band/","external_links_name":"thehaloeffect.band"},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/news/yes/five-90s-in-flames-members-launch-new-band-the-halo-effect","external_links_name":"\"Five '90s IN FLAMES Members Launch New Band THE HALO EFFECT\""},{"Link":"https://heavymag.com.au/the-halo-effect-sign-to-nuclear-blast/","external_links_name":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Sign To Nuclear Blast | HEAVY Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.nuclearblast.com/fr/the-halo-effect","external_links_name":"\"The Halo Effect - bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFWe84o2XmY","external_links_name":"\"MIKAEL & PETER (THE HALO EFFECT) | NFR #110\""},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/the-halo-effect-feat-former-in-flames-members-debut-single-shadowminds-now-available/","external_links_name":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: Debut Single 'Shadowminds' Now Available\""},{"Link":"https://www.metalsucks.net/2021/11/09/former-in-flames-members-the-halo-effect-release-debut-single-shadowminds/","external_links_name":"\"Former in Flames Members' The Halo Effect Release Debut Single 'Shadowminds'\""},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/the-halo-effect-feat-former-in-flames-members-days-of-the-lost-single-available-debut-album-announced/","external_links_name":"\"THE HALO EFFECT Feat. Former IN FLAMES Members: 'Days Of The Lost' Single Available, Debut Album Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.nuclearblast.de/band/news/the-halo-effect-announce-album-release-for-debut-days-of-the-lost-31156","external_links_name":"\"THE HALO EFFECT - announce album release for debut \"Days Of The Lost\"!\""},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/upcoming-releases/mikael-stanne-explains-why-the-halo-effect-isnt-doing-a-new-ep-new-album-in-2024-instead","external_links_name":"\"MIKAEL STANNE Explains Why THE HALO EFFECT Isn't Doing A New EP, New Album In 2024 Instead\""},{"Link":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/drummer-daniel-svensson-to-sit-out-the-halo-effects-tour-of-australia-and-new-zealand","external_links_name":"\"Drummer DANIEL SVENSSON To Sit Out THE HALO EFFECT's Tour Of Australia And New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehaloeffect.band/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Halo_Effect_(band)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_shi_waizhuan
|
Han shi waizhuan
|
["1 Significance","2 References and further reading","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
|
Han shi waizhuan (simplified Chinese: 韩诗外传; traditional Chinese: 韓詩外傳), translated as Exoteric traditions of the Han version of the Songs, Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs, or "The Outer Commentary to the Book of Songs by Master Han", is a book written in the Western Han dynasty, attributed to Han Ying (Chinese: 韓嬰 fl. 150 BCE). It is a collection of some 300 anecdotes and stories chosen to highlight the poems of the Shi jing (Book of Poetry).
Significance
The Book of Poetry, said to have been edited by Confucius, was among the texts suppressed during the Qin dynasty, but survived in four slightly different versions. The version preserved in the Mao family, known as the Mao shi, is the most complete and best known. The version preserved by the Han family, or "Han School", the Han shi, edited by Han Ying, reflects the family tradition of producing a quote from the Shijing to fit particular situations. The Han shi waizhuan collects stories or quotations to illustrate and interpret these quotes.
Han Ying's biography in the Historical Records of Sima Qian says that he compiled two commentaries, the neizhuan (inner) and the waizhuan (outer), whose interpretations "very much differed" from the Mao School and other schools.
The quotations and excerpts in the Hanshi waizhuan are useful in corroborating or doubting other pre-Qin texts, for instance, the text of the Xunzi.
References and further reading
"Han shi waizhuan (Exoteric traditions of the Han version of the Songs),"Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (2010). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide. Leiden Netherlands; Boston: Brill. pp. 334–339. ISBN 9789004191273.
Idema, Wilt and Lloyd Haft (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. ISBN 0892641231.
Hightower, James Robert (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The Chinese text with Hightower's translation and annotation is online for free: link Traditions of Exemplary Women (University of Virginia).
Sato, Masayuki (2003). The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004129650.
See also
Mao Commentary
Notes
^ KnechtgesChang (2010), p. 334-339.
^ Idema (1997), p. 95.
^ KnechtgesChang (2010), p. 335.
^ Sato (2003), pp. 42, 58.
External links
Hanshi waizhuan at Chinaknowledge
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Han shi waizhuan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdema199795-2"},{"link_name":"Historical Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesChang2010335-3"},{"link_name":"Xunzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunzi_(book)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESato2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFXJuJl5XTqACqHanshiwaizhuanpgPA28_42,_58]-4"}],"text":"The Book of Poetry, said to have been edited by Confucius, was among the texts suppressed during the Qin dynasty, but survived in four slightly different versions. The version preserved in the Mao family, known as the Mao shi, is the most complete and best known. The version preserved by the Han family, or \"Han School\", the Han shi, edited by Han Ying, reflects the family tradition of producing a quote from the Shijing to fit particular situations. The Han shi waizhuan collects stories or quotations to illustrate and interpret these quotes.[2]Han Ying's biography in the Historical Records of Sima Qian says that he compiled two commentaries, the neizhuan (inner) and the waizhuan (outer), whose interpretations \"very much differed\" from the Mao School and other schools.[3]The quotations and excerpts in the Hanshi waizhuan are useful in corroborating or doubting other pre-Qin texts, for instance, the text of the Xunzi.[4]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knechtges, David R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Knechtges"},{"link_name":"Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=PA335"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004191273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191273"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0892641231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641231"},{"link_name":"Hightower, James Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Hightower"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/hanshi.xml&style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&doc.view=tocc&chunk.id=tpage&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&doc.lang=bilingual"},{"link_name":"The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FXJuJl5XTqAC&pg=PA28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9004129650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004129650"}],"text":"\"Han shi waizhuan (Exoteric traditions of the Han version of the Songs),\"Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (2010). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide. Leiden Netherlands; Boston: Brill. pp. 334–339. ISBN 9789004191273.\nIdema, Wilt and Lloyd Haft (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. ISBN 0892641231.\nHightower, James Robert (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The Chinese text with Hightower's translation and annotation is online for free: link Traditions of Exemplary Women (University of Virginia).\nSato, Masayuki (2003). The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004129650.","title":"References and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesChang2010334-339_1-0"},{"link_name":"KnechtgesChang (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKnechtgesChang2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdema199795_2-0"},{"link_name":"Idema (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIdema1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesChang2010335_3-0"},{"link_name":"KnechtgesChang (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKnechtgesChang2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESato2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFXJuJl5XTqACqHanshiwaizhuanpgPA28_42,_58]_4-0"},{"link_name":"Sato (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSato2003"},{"link_name":"42, 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FXJuJl5XTqAC&q=Hanshi+waizhuan&pg=PA28"}],"text":"^ KnechtgesChang (2010), p. 334-339.\n\n^ Idema (1997), p. 95.\n\n^ KnechtgesChang (2010), p. 335.\n\n^ Sato (2003), pp. 42, 58.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Mao Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Commentary"}]
|
[{"reference":"Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (2010). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide. Leiden Netherlands; Boston: Brill. pp. 334–339. ISBN 9789004191273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Knechtges","url_text":"Knechtges, David R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=PA335","url_text":"Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191273","url_text":"9789004191273"}]},{"reference":"Idema, Wilt and Lloyd Haft (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan. ISBN 0892641231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641231","url_text":"0892641231"}]},{"reference":"Hightower, James Robert (1952). Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Hightower","url_text":"Hightower, James Robert"}]},{"reference":"Sato, Masayuki (2003). The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004129650.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXJuJl5XTqAC&pg=PA28","url_text":"The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004129650","url_text":"9004129650"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=PA335","external_links_name":"Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide"},{"Link":"http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/hanshi.xml&style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&doc.view=tocc&chunk.id=tpage&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&doc.lang=bilingual","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXJuJl5XTqAC&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXJuJl5XTqAC&q=Hanshi+waizhuan&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"42, 58"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Classics/hanshiwaizhuan.html","external_links_name":"Hanshi waizhuan"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69144928738954440822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4279428-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007568068705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96003503","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00627174","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/121726843","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_cranes
|
Gantry crane
|
["1 Variants","1.1 Ship-to-shore gantry crane","1.2 Full gantry crane","1.3 Rubber-tyred gantry crane","1.4 Portable gantry crane","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Type of overhead crane used in industrial environments
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gantry crane" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Side-view of Super-PostPanamax portainer crane at the APM Terminal in the Port of Rotterdam
A gantry crane is a crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure used to straddle an object or workspace. They can range from enormous "full" gantry cranes, capable of lifting some of the heaviest loads in the world, to small shop cranes, used for tasks such as lifting automobile engines out of vehicles. They are also called portal cranes, the "portal" being the empty space straddled by the gantry.
The terms gantry crane and overhead crane (or bridge crane) are often used interchangeably, as both types of crane straddle their workload. The distinction most often drawn between the two is that with gantry cranes, the entire structure (including gantry) is usually wheeled (often on rails). By contrast, the supporting structure of an overhead crane is fixed in location, often in the form of the walls or ceiling of a building, to which is attached a movable hoist running overhead along a rail or beam (which may itself move). Further confusing the issue is that gantry cranes may also incorporate a movable beam-mounted hoist in addition to the entire structure being wheeled, and some overhead cranes are suspended from a freestanding gantry.
Variants
Ship-to-shore gantry crane
Main article: Container crane
Ship-to-shore gantry cranes are imposing, multi-story structures prominent at most container terminals, used to load intermodal containers on and off container ships. They operate along two rails (waterside and landside designations) spaced based on the size of crane to be used.
Ship-to-shore crane elements
Lateral movement system:
A combination of two sets of typically ten rail wheels. The lateral movement is controlled by a cabin along the landside wheel. During any lateral movement, lights and sirens operate to ensure safety of the crew operating adjacent to the crane. The wheels are mounted to the bottom of the vertical frame/bracing system.
Vertical frame and braces:
A structurally designed system of beams assembled to support the boom, cabin, operating machinery, and the cargo being lifted. They display signage describing restrictions, requirements and identifiers.
Crane boom:
A horizontal beam that runs transversely to the berth. It spans from landside of the landside rail wheels to a length over the edge of the berth. The waterside span is based on the size of ship that it can successfully load/unload. Beams also have the ability to be raised for storage purposes.
Hook:
Device which moves vertically to raise and lower cargo as well as horizontally along the boom's length. For container cranes, a spreader is attached to span the container and lock it safely in place during movement.
Operating cabin:
Encased setup with glass paneled flooring for operator to view the cargo being moved. Elevators which are located along vertical frame members are used to get crew up and down from the cabin.
Storage equipment:
For temporary storage options between vessel operations, one steel pin is inserted into anchorage arm dropped from each wheel set into a stow pin assembly. This setup is designed to prevent lateral movement along the rails. During hurricanes and other emergency shut down situations, tie down assemblies are used. Two angled arms are anchored at each end of each set of wheels. This setup prevents longitudinal movement along the rails as well as prevents tipping of the crane due to uplift from high velocity winds.
Ship-to-shore gantry cranes are often used in pairs or teams of cranes in order to minimize the time required to load and unload vessels. As container ship sizes and widths have increased throughout the 20th Century, ship-to-shore gantry cranes and the implementation of those gantry cranes have become more individualized in order to effectively load and unload vessels while maximizing profitability and minimizing time in port. One example are systems where specialized berths are built that accommodate one vessel at a time with ship-to-shore gantry cranes on both sides of the vessel. This allows for more cranes and double the workspace under the cranes to be used for transporting cargo off dock.
The first quayside container gantry crane was developed in 1959 by Paceco Corporation.
Full gantry crane
Taisun, the world's strongest gantry crane, at Yantai Raffles Shipyard, Yantai, China
Full gantry cranes (where the load remains beneath the gantry structure, supported from a beam) are well suited to lifting massive objects such as ships' engines, as the entire structure can resist the torque created by the load, and counterweights are generally not required. These are often found in shipyards where they are used to move large ship components together for construction. They use a complex system of cables and attachments to support the massive loads undertaken by the full gantry cranes.
Some full gantry cranes of note are Samson and Goliath and Taisun. Samson and Goliath are two full gantry cranes located in the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. They have spans of 140 metres (460 ft) and can lift loads of up to 840 tonnes (830 long tons; 930 short tons) to a height of 70 metres (230 ft). In 2008, the world's strongest gantry crane, Taisun, which can lift 20,000 tonnes (19,700 long tons; 22,000 short tons), was installed in Yantai, China at the Yantai Raffles Shipyard. In 2012, a 22,000-tonne (21,700-long-ton; 24,300-short-ton) capacity crane, the "Honghai Crane" was planned for construction in Qidong City, China and was finished in 2014.
Rubber-tyred gantry crane
Main article: Rubber tyred gantry crane
Rubber tyred gantry cranes in the foreground, ship-to-shore gantries background right, at Port of Shanghai
Smaller gantry cranes are also available running on rubber tyres so that tracks are not needed. Rubber tyred gantry cranes are essential for moving containers from berths throughout the rest of the yard. For this task they come in large sizes, as pictured to the left, that are used for moving to straddle multiple lanes of rail, road, or container storage. They also are capable of lifting fully loaded containers to great heights. Smaller rubber tyred gantry cranes come in the form of straddle carriers which are used when moving individual containers or vertical stacks of containers.
Portable gantry crane systems, such as rubber tyred gantry cranes, are in high demand in terminals and ports restricted in size and reliant on maximizing vertical space and not needing to haul containers long distances. This is due to the relatively slow speed yet high reach of rubber tyred gantry cranes when compared to other forms of container terminal equipment.
Portable gantry crane
Portable gantry cranes are used to lift and transport smaller items, usually less than 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons). They are widely used in the HVAC, machinery moving and fine art installation industries. Some portable gantry cranes are equipped with an enclosed track, while others use an I-beam, or other extruded shapes, for the running surface. Most workstation gantry cranes are intended to be stationary when loaded, and mobile when unloaded. Workstation Gantry Cranes can be outfitted with either a wire rope hoist or a lower capacity chain hoist.
Gallery
A ZPMC gantry crane used for construction of the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth
A primitive gantry crane to put a stagecoach on a flat car. The drawing is exhibited in Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany.
1 short ton (0.89 long tons; 0.91 t) capacity portable gantry crane
Gantry crane at the site of the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania, U.S.
See also
Technology portal
Gantry (transport) – Structure on which road signs are mounted
List of historical harbour cranes
Straddle carrier – freight-carrying vehiclePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gantry cranes.
^ a b "Knovel – PDF Viewer". app.knovel.com.
^ "PACECO Container Crane". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ "StackPath".
vteTypes of cranes
Container crane
Crane vessel
Gantry crane
Level luffing crane
Offshore latticeboom crane
Offshore pedestal crane
Sidelift
Straddle carrier
Tow truck
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portainer_(gantry_crane).jpg"},{"link_name":"Super-PostPanamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-PostPanamax"},{"link_name":"Port of Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"gantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gantry"},{"link_name":"overhead crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_crane"},{"link_name":"rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_profile"},{"link_name":"hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)"}],"text":"Side-view of Super-PostPanamax portainer crane at the APM Terminal in the Port of RotterdamA gantry crane is a crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure used to straddle an object or workspace. They can range from enormous \"full\" gantry cranes, capable of lifting some of the heaviest loads in the world, to small shop cranes, used for tasks such as lifting automobile engines out of vehicles. They are also called portal cranes, the \"portal\" being the empty space straddled by the gantry.The terms gantry crane and overhead crane (or bridge crane) are often used interchangeably, as both types of crane straddle their workload. The distinction most often drawn between the two is that with gantry cranes, the entire structure (including gantry) is usually wheeled (often on rails). By contrast, the supporting structure of an overhead crane is fixed in location, often in the form of the walls or ceiling of a building, to which is attached a movable hoist running overhead along a rail or beam (which may itself move). Further confusing the issue is that gantry cranes may also incorporate a movable beam-mounted hoist in addition to the entire structure being wheeled, and some overhead cranes are suspended from a freestanding gantry.","title":"Gantry crane"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"container terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal"},{"link_name":"intermodal containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"container ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"rail wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_wheel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knovel.com-1"},{"link_name":"quayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quay"},{"link_name":"Paceco Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paceco_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Ship-to-shore gantry crane","text":"Ship-to-shore gantry cranes are imposing, multi-story structures prominent at most container terminals, used to load intermodal containers on and off container ships. They operate along two rails (waterside and landside designations) spaced based on the size of crane to be used.Ship-to-shore crane elementsLateral movement system:A combination of two sets of typically ten rail wheels. The lateral movement is controlled by a cabin along the landside wheel. During any lateral movement, lights and sirens operate to ensure safety of the crew operating adjacent to the crane. The wheels are mounted to the bottom of the vertical frame/bracing system.Vertical frame and braces:A structurally designed system of beams assembled to support the boom, cabin, operating machinery, and the cargo being lifted. They display signage describing restrictions, requirements and identifiers.Crane boom:A horizontal beam that runs transversely to the berth. It spans from landside of the landside rail wheels to a length over the edge of the berth. The waterside span is based on the size of ship that it can successfully load/unload. Beams also have the ability to be raised for storage purposes.Hook:Device which moves vertically to raise and lower cargo as well as horizontally along the boom's length. For container cranes, a spreader is attached to span the container and lock it safely in place during movement.Operating cabin:Encased setup with glass paneled flooring for operator to view the cargo being moved. Elevators which are located along vertical frame members are used to get crew up and down from the cabin.Storage equipment:For temporary storage options between vessel operations, one steel pin is inserted into anchorage arm dropped from each wheel set into a stow pin assembly. This setup is designed to prevent lateral movement along the rails. During hurricanes and other emergency shut down situations, tie down assemblies are used. Two angled arms are anchored at each end of each set of wheels. This setup prevents longitudinal movement along the rails as well as prevents tipping of the crane due to uplift from high velocity winds.Ship-to-shore gantry cranes are often used in pairs or teams of cranes in order to minimize the time required to load and unload vessels. As container ship sizes and widths have increased throughout the 20th Century, ship-to-shore gantry cranes and the implementation of those gantry cranes have become more individualized in order to effectively load and unload vessels while maximizing profitability and minimizing time in port. One example are systems where specialized berths are built that accommodate one vessel at a time with ship-to-shore gantry cranes on both sides of the vessel. This allows for more cranes and double the workspace under the cranes to be used for transporting cargo off dock.[1]The first quayside container gantry crane was developed in 1959 by Paceco Corporation.[2]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAISUN_with_SCARABEO_9.JPG"},{"link_name":"Taisun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisun"},{"link_name":"Yantai Raffles Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai_Raffles_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Yantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"counterweights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterweight"},{"link_name":"Samson and Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_and_Goliath_(cranes)"},{"link_name":"Harland and Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"short tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton"},{"link_name":"Taisun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisun"},{"link_name":"Yantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai"},{"link_name":"Yantai Raffles Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai_Raffles_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Honghai Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honghai_Crane"},{"link_name":"Qidong City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qidong_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Full gantry crane","text":"Taisun, the world's strongest gantry crane, at Yantai Raffles Shipyard, Yantai, ChinaFull gantry cranes (where the load remains beneath the gantry structure, supported from a beam) are well suited to lifting massive objects such as ships' engines, as the entire structure can resist the torque created by the load, and counterweights are generally not required. These are often found in shipyards where they are used to move large ship components together for construction. They use a complex system of cables and attachments to support the massive loads undertaken by the full gantry cranes.Some full gantry cranes of note are Samson and Goliath and Taisun. Samson and Goliath are two full gantry cranes located in the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. They have spans of 140 metres (460 ft) and can lift loads of up to 840 tonnes (830 long tons; 930 short tons) to a height of 70 metres (230 ft). In 2008, the world's strongest gantry crane, Taisun, which can lift 20,000 tonnes (19,700 long tons; 22,000 short tons), was installed in Yantai, China at the Yantai Raffles Shipyard. In 2012, a 22,000-tonne (21,700-long-ton; 24,300-short-ton) capacity crane, the \"Honghai Crane\" was planned for construction in Qidong City, China and was finished in 2014.[3]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Shanghai,_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone,_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Port of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"straddle carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straddle_carrier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knovel.com-1"}],"sub_title":"Rubber-tyred gantry crane","text":"Rubber tyred gantry cranes in the foreground, ship-to-shore gantries background right, at Port of ShanghaiSmaller gantry cranes are also available running on rubber tyres so that tracks are not needed. Rubber tyred gantry cranes are essential for moving containers from berths throughout the rest of the yard. For this task they come in large sizes, as pictured to the left, that are used for moving to straddle multiple lanes of rail, road, or container storage. They also are capable of lifting fully loaded containers to great heights. Smaller rubber tyred gantry cranes come in the form of straddle carriers which are used when moving individual containers or vertical stacks of containers.\nPortable gantry crane systems, such as rubber tyred gantry cranes, are in high demand in terminals and ports restricted in size and reliant on maximizing vertical space and not needing to haul containers long distances. This is due to the relatively slow speed yet high reach of rubber tyred gantry cranes when compared to other forms of container terminal equipment.[1]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Portable gantry crane","text":"Portable gantry cranes are used to lift and transport smaller items, usually less than 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons). They are widely used in the HVAC, machinery moving and fine art installation industries. Some portable gantry cranes are equipped with an enclosed track, while others use an I-beam, or other extruded shapes, for the running surface. Most workstation gantry cranes are intended to be stationary when loaded, and mobile when unloaded. Workstation Gantry Cranes can be outfitted with either a wire rope hoist or a lower capacity chain hoist.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_forward_island_of_the_queen_elizabeth_class_aircraft_carrier_being_attached_to_the_main_body_of_the_carrier.jpg"},{"link_name":"ZPMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZPMC"},{"link_name":"HMS Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maschine_zum_%C3%9Cbersetzen_der_Diligencen_auf_Eisenbahnwaggons.JPG"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"flat car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_car"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum_Verkehrszentrum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portable_Aluminum_Gantry.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gantry_Crane_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Homestead Steel Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Steel_Works"}],"text":"A ZPMC gantry crane used for construction of the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA primitive gantry crane to put a stagecoach on a flat car. The drawing is exhibited in Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum, Munich, Germany.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1 short ton (0.89 long tons; 0.91 t) capacity portable gantry crane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGantry crane at the site of the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania, U.S.","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Side-view of Super-PostPanamax portainer crane at the APM Terminal in the Port of Rotterdam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portainer_%28gantry_crane%29.jpg/250px-Portainer_%28gantry_crane%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taisun, the world's strongest gantry crane, at Yantai Raffles Shipyard, Yantai, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/TAISUN_with_SCARABEO_9.JPG/220px-TAISUN_with_SCARABEO_9.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rubber tyred gantry cranes in the foreground, ship-to-shore gantries background right, at Port of Shanghai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg/220px-Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg"},{"title":"Technology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology"},{"title":"Gantry (transport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_(transport)"},{"title":"List of historical harbour cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_harbour_cranes"},{"title":"Straddle carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straddle_carrier"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Knovel – PDF Viewer\". app.knovel.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.knovel.com/web/view/pdf/show.v/rcid:kpPDHRG004/cid:kt00U1AXDP/viewerType:pdf/root_slug:port-designers-handbook/url_slug:rubber-tyre-gantry-or?cid=kt00U1AXDP&b-toc-cid=kpPDHRG004&b-toc-root-slug=port-designers-handbook&b-toc-url-slug=rubber-tyre-gantry-or&b-toc-title=Port+Designer%27s+Handbook+-+Recommendations+and+Guidelines","url_text":"\"Knovel – PDF Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"\"PACECO Container Crane\". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.org/about-asme/who-we-are/engineering-history/landmarks/85-paceco-container-crane","url_text":"\"PACECO Container Crane\""}]},{"reference":"\"StackPath\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-68/issue-6/cranes-hoists-and-winches/yantai-rafflesrsquo-world-record-gantry-crane-should-see-first-lift-this-year.html","url_text":"\"StackPath\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gantry+crane%22","external_links_name":"\"Gantry crane\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gantry+crane%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gantry+crane%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gantry+crane%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gantry+crane%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gantry+crane%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://app.knovel.com/web/view/pdf/show.v/rcid:kpPDHRG004/cid:kt00U1AXDP/viewerType:pdf/root_slug:port-designers-handbook/url_slug:rubber-tyre-gantry-or?cid=kt00U1AXDP&b-toc-cid=kpPDHRG004&b-toc-root-slug=port-designers-handbook&b-toc-url-slug=rubber-tyre-gantry-or&b-toc-title=Port+Designer%27s+Handbook+-+Recommendations+and+Guidelines","external_links_name":"\"Knovel – PDF Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://www.asme.org/about-asme/who-we-are/engineering-history/landmarks/85-paceco-container-crane","external_links_name":"\"PACECO Container Crane\""},{"Link":"http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-68/issue-6/cranes-hoists-and-winches/yantai-rafflesrsquo-world-record-gantry-crane-should-see-first-lift-this-year.html","external_links_name":"\"StackPath\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Duhalde
|
Hilda González de Duhalde
|
["1 Biography","2 External links"]
|
Argentine politician
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
In this Argentine name, the surname is González and the marital name is Duhalde.
Hilda González de DuhaldeChiche Duhalde in Casa Rosada, 2009National SenatorIn office10 December 2005 – 10 December 2011ConstituencyBuenos AiresFirst Lady of ArgentinainterimIn role2 January 2002 – 25 May 2003PresidentEduardo DuhaldePreceded byMaría Alicia Mazzarino (interim)Succeeded byCristina Fernández de KirchnerSecond Lady of ArgentinaIn office8 July 1989 – 10 December 1991Vice PresidentEduardo DuhaldePreceded byFanny Mónica MuntéSucceeded byMaría ZapateroNational DeputyIn office10 December 1997 – 10 December 2005ConstituencyBuenos Aires
Personal detailsBorn (1946-10-14) 14 October 1946 (age 77)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPolitical partyJusticialist PartySpouse
Eduardo Duhalde (m. 1971)Children5
Hilda Beatriz González de Duhalde, widely known as Chiche Duhalde, (born 14 October 1946) is an Argentine politician member of the Justicialist Party. She served as a Senator for Buenos Aires Province, and as the First Lady during the presidency of her husband, Eduardo Duhalde.
Biography
González de Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires Province, and studied to become a teacher. She has five children with her husband. She assisted her husband in his political career and took on several public positions in family and women's policy.
In 1997 Duhalde was elected a National Deputy for Buenos Aires Province, serving again between 2003 and 2005.
During the interim Presidency of her husband, she acted as Minister of Social Welfare and ran the country's food aid programme, a key role in the aftermath of the country's economic crisis.
A member of the Justicialist Party (PJ), Duhalde has nevertheless opposed the government of fellow Peronists Néstor Kirchner. However the official PJ candidate in Buenos Aires Province district for the 2005 senatorial elections, Hilda Duhalde came second to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was to become President of Argentina two years later.
External links
Senate profile
Website
Eduardo Duhalde's website, developed by Grupo de Apoyo Comunicacional Eduardo Duhalde (the Presidential candidate's communications team)
Hilda González de Duhalde navigational boxes
vte« 2001–2003 « National Deputies of Argentina, 2003–2005 » 2005–2007 »
Election cycles: 2001
2003President: Eduardo Camaño
PJ (94)
BA: Bianchi Silvestre
Cicogna
Coto
Falbo
Rapetti
Sluga
Ubaldini
DF: Argüello
Conte Grand
Ritondo
Roy
CT: Cerezo
De la Barrera
CC: R. González
Goy
Mongelo
CH: Cisterna
De Bernardi
Ingram
CB: Caserio
Cittadini de Montes
Heredia
Fernández Limia
O. González
Johnson
Monayar
J. Montoya
Narducci
Richter
Roggero
CN: Lugo
Perié
Pruyas
ER: Bertolyotti
Cettour
Daud
Osuna
R. Romero
FM: Bejarano
Bortolozzi
De la Rosa
Roquel
JY: Daza
Fellner
Snopek
LP: Baladrón
Mediza
Osorio
LR: G. Herrera
Quintela
MZ: Amstutz
Fadel
Fernández
Pilati
MN: Humada
Irrazábal
Isla
Peso
Sartori
NQ: Llambi
G. Romero
RN: Larreguy
Nemirovsci
SA: Daher
Lovaglio Saravia
Tanoni
Urtubey
SJ: Basualdo
Elizondo
Ferrá de Bartol
Gioja
R. Godoy
SC: Arnold
Esteban
Kuney
Varizat
SF: Alarcón
Baltuzzi
Fiol
Foresi
Giorgetti
J. González
J. Gutiérrez
Lamberto
Marconato
Sellares
SE: Cantos
Figueroa
Olmos
Palomo
Salim
TF: Baigorria
Bertone
Gallo
TM: R. Álvarez
Córdoba
Díaz
Falu
Vargas Aignasse
UCR (45)
BA: Cappelleri
Costa
Jano
Moreau
Panzoni
Stolbizer
Storani
DF: Neri
Zbar
CT: Pernasetti
CC: Bayonzo
Montenegro
H. Romero
Zimmermann
CH: Cambareri
Di Benedetto
CB: Leonelli
Leyba de Martí
Molinari Romero
F. Montoya
Negri
CN: Breard
ER: Cecco
Cusinato
Jaroslavsky
JY: Ferrín
Giubergia
Nieva
LP: Pérez Martínez
LR: J. Martínez
MZ: Abdala
Borsani
Fayad
Iglesias
MN: Damiani
RN: Chironi
Hernández
SJ: Mínguez
SC: A. Martínez
SF: Beccani
De Lajonquiere
Puig
Storero
Tate
SE: Ábalos
PF (34)
BA: Agüero
Álvarez
Atanasof
Basile
Blanco
Brown
E. Camaño
G. Camaño
Casanovas
Cassese
Chiacchio
Correa
Di Landro
Díaz Bancalari
Doga
Ferri
Frigeri
González de Duhalde
Landau
C. Martínez
S. Martínez
M. Pérez
O. Rodríguez
J. Romero
Rubini
Ruckauf
Stella
Toledo
Tulio
Villaverde
Vitale
DF: Monti
SA: Chaya
SE: Pinto Bruchmann
ARI (10)
BA: De Nuccio
Macaluse
Maffei
J. A. Pérez
M. Rodríguez
DF: M. González
Musa
SF: S. García
Piccinini
TF: Ríos
FMP (7)
BA: Morales
Posse
Rico
SL: Bianchi
Lemme
L'Huillier
Mirabile
Poggi
Rodríguez Saá
PS (6)
BA: Basteiro
Rivas
DF: Barbagelata
Polino
CB: E. García
SF: Di Pollina
Con. (4)
DF: Bonasso
Roselli
CN: Méndez
MN: Bosch
Enc. (4)
BA: Jarque
DF: Giudici
Marino
RN: Accavallo
MPN (4)
NQ: Comelli
Jalil
E. Lozano
A. C. Pérez
FPB (3)
BA: Artola
Franco
Garrido Arceo
FR (3)
TM: E. A. Jerez
Lix Klett
Torres
Pa.U.Fe (3)
BA: Bonacorsi
Mansur
Rattin
FPS (3)
BA: Filomeno
DF: Garré
LP: Ferrigno
CPC (2)
DF: Pinedo
Vanossi
FCSC (2)
CT: Garín de Tula
Maldonado
PARES (2)
SA: Sosa
Zottos
PN (5)
CB: Alonso
Merino
PP (2)
LR: Menem
Oviedo
Others (22)
BA: Alchouron (APR)
Dellepiane
Castro
Ocaña
Monteagudo (PI)
Carbonetto
López
Cafiero
F. Gutiérrez
DF: De Brasi
C. Lozano
Pérez Suárez
Zamora (AyL)
Tinnirello
Cantini
Walsh (IU)
CB: Bossa (UCEDE)
CN: Canteros
Macchi (PANU)
ER: J. Godoy
FM: Venica
MZ: Llano (PDM)
SJ: Baigorri
SF: Natale (PDP)
TF: Wilder
TM: E. E. Jerez
§ Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end
vte« 2003–2005 « National Senators of Argentina, 2005–2007 » 2007–2009 »
Election cycles: 2001
2003
2005President: Daniel Scioli
Provisional President: José Pampuro
FPV–PJ (26)
BA: Fernández de Kirchner
Pampuro
DF: Leguizamón
CC: Capitanich
CH: Giusti
Guinle
CN: Viudes
ER: Bar
Martínez Pass de Cresto
FM: Bortolozzi
Mayans
JY: Jenefes
Fellner
LR: Maza
Quintela
MZ: Jaque
Perceval
MN: Viana
RN: Pichetto
SA: Escudero
López Arias
SJ: Gioja
Riofrío
SL: Pérsico
SC: Kirchner
Fernández
Forstmann
PJ (17)
BA: González
CT: Saadi
CB: Giri
CN: Ríos
LP: Gallego
Marín
LR: Menem
NQ: Gallia
SL: Negre de Alonso
Rodríguez Saá
SF: Latorre
Reutemann
SE: Castro
Mera
TF: Caparrós
Daniele
TM: Miranda
UCR (15)
DF: Terragno
CC: Curletti
Mastandrea
CH: Massoni
CN: Sánchez
ER: Taffarel
FM: Petcoff
JY: Morales §
LP: Marino
MZ: Sanz
RN: Abrameto
Isidori
SC: Martínez
SE: Zavalía
TF: Capos
FCSC (2)
CT: Castillo §
Colombo de Acevedo
FRC (2)
MN: Closs §
Vigo
FR (2)
TMS: Bussi §
Pinchetti de Sierra Morales
Salazar §
MPN (2)
NQ: Salvatori
Sapag §
Others (6)
DF: Ibarra (Frepaso)
CB: Rossi (FN)
Urquía (UPC)
SJ: Basualdo (PyT)
SF: Giustiniani (PS)
SA: Gómez Diez (PARES)
§ Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end
vte« 2005–2007 « National Senators of Argentina, 2007–2009 » 2009–2011 »
Election cycles: 2003
2005
2007President: Julio Cobos
Provisional President: José Pampuro
FPV–PJ (31)
BA: Calcagno
Pampuro
DF: Filmus
CC: Biancalani
Corregido
CH: Giusti
Guinle
CN: Viudes
ER: Guastavino
Osuna
FM: Bortolozzi
Mayans
JY: Jenefes
Fellner
LR: Maza
Quintela
MZ: Perceval
Troadello
MN: Viana
NQ: Fuentes
Parrilli
RN: Bongiorno
Pichetto §
SA: Escudero
Pérez Alsina
SJ: Gioja
Riofrío
SL: Pérsico
SC: Banicevich
Fernández
Forstmann
PJ (12)
BA: González
CT: Saadi
CB: Giri
CN: Ríos
LP: Gallego
Marín
LR: Menem
SA: Romero
SL: Negre de Alonso
Rodríguez Saá
SF: Latorre
Reutemann
TM: Miranda
UCR (10)
CC: Nikisch
CH: Massoni
CN: Sánchez
ER: Vera
FM: Petcoff
JY: Morales §
LP: Marino
MZ: Sanz
RN: Verani
SC: A. Martínez
ARI (2)
TF: Díaz
J. Martínez §
FCSC (2)
CT: Castillo §
Colombo de Acevedo
CC (2)
DF: Cabanchik
Estenssoro §
FCpS (2)
SE: Itúrrez de Cappellini §
Rached
FRC (2)
MN: Torres §
Vigo
FR (2)
TM: Pinchetti de Sierra Morales
Salazar §
Others (7)
CB: Rossi (FN)
Urquía (UPC)
NQ: Lores (MPN)
SJ: Basualdo (PyT)
SF: Giustiniani (PS)
SE: Corradi (SV)
TF: Colazo (UF)
§ Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end
vte« 2007–2009 « National Senators of Argentina, 2009–2011 » 2011–2013 »
Election cycles: 2005
2007
2009President: Julio Cobos
Provisional President: José Pampuro
FPV–PJ (34)+FRC, PJ
BA: Calcagno
Pampuro
DF: Filmus
CT: Corpacci
CC: Biancalani
Corregido
CH: Guinle
ER: Guastavino
Osuna
FM: Bortolozzi
Mayans
JY: Jenefes
Fellner
LP: Higonet
Verna §
LR: Maza
Quintela
MZ: Bermejo
MN: Torres
Viana
Vigo
NQ: Fuentes
Parrilli
RN: Bongiorno
Pichetto §
SJ: Gioja
Riofrío
SL: Pérsico
SC: Banicevich
Fernández
SE: Corradi
TF: Colazo
TM: Mansilla
Rojkés de Alperovich
UCR (13)
CC: Nikisch
CH: Cimadevilla
CB: Mestre
CN: Artaza
ER: Vera
FM: Petcoff §
JY: Morales
LP: Marino
MZ: Montero
Sanz
RN: Verani
SC: A. Martínez
TM: Cano
FCC (2)
CB: Juez §
Morandini
FCSC (2)
CT: Castillo §
Monllau
FCpS (2)
SE: Itúrrez de Cappellini
Rached
SFF (2)
SF: Latorre
Reutemann
J8O (2)
SA: Romero §
Escudero
NE (2)
TF: Díaz §
López
J. Martínez
PJSL (2)
SL: Negre de Alonso
Rodríguez Saá §
Others (11)
BA: Duhalde (FJ)
DF: Cabanchik (PBAF)
Estenssoro (CC)
CH: Di Perna (TyD)
CN: Meabe (PLC)
Roldán (FDT)
LR: Menem (FyL)
NQ: Lores (MPN)
SA: Pérez Alsina (PRS)
SJ: Basualdo (PyT)
SF: Giustiniani (PS)
§ Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end
This article about an Argentine politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
^ "Cinco hijos, siete nietos y un hogar en paz" (in Spanish). Caras. June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"marital name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_name"},{"link_name":"Justicialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Senate"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Duhalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde"}],"text":"In this Argentine name, the surname is González and the marital name is Duhalde.Hilda Beatriz González de Duhalde, widely known as Chiche Duhalde, (born 14 October 1946) is an Argentine politician member of the Justicialist Party. She served as a Senator for Buenos Aires Province, and as the First Lady during the presidency of her husband, Eduardo Duhalde.","title":"Hilda González de Duhalde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"National Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Heads_of_State_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"country's economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)"},{"link_name":"Justicialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Peronists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronism"},{"link_name":"Néstor Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"PJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"2005 senatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina,_2005"},{"link_name":"Cristina Fernández de Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner"}],"text":"González de Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires Province, and studied to become a teacher. She has five children with her husband. She assisted her husband in his political career and took on several public positions in family and women's policy.In 1997 Duhalde was elected a National Deputy for Buenos Aires Province, serving again between 2003 and 2005.During the interim Presidency of her husband, she acted as Minister of Social Welfare and ran the country's food aid programme, a key role in the aftermath of the country's economic crisis.A member of the Justicialist Party (PJ), Duhalde has nevertheless opposed the government of fellow Peronists Néstor Kirchner. However the official PJ candidate in Buenos Aires Province district for the 2005 senatorial elections, Hilda Duhalde came second to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was to become President of Argentina two years later.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cinco hijos, siete nietos y un hogar en paz\" [Five children, seven grandchildren and a home in peace] (in Spanish). Caras. June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://caras.perfil.com/noticias/empresas/2011-06-28-3413-cinco-hijos-siete-nietos-y-un-hogar-en-paz.phtml","url_text":"\"Cinco hijos, siete nietos y un hogar en paz\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Duhalde&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204215023/http://guinle.senado.gov.ar/web/senadores/biografia.php?id_sena=369&iOrden=0&iSen=ASC","external_links_name":"Senate profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121182320/http://www.chicheduhalde.com.ar/","external_links_name":"Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129210907/http://www.eduardoalbertoduhalde.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi","external_links_name":"Eduardo Duhalde's website, developed by Grupo de Apoyo Comunicacional Eduardo Duhalde (the Presidential candidate's communications team)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilda_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Duhalde&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://caras.perfil.com/noticias/empresas/2011-06-28-3413-cinco-hijos-siete-nietos-y-un-hogar-en-paz.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Cinco hijos, siete nietos y un hogar en paz\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyan
|
Huyan
|
["1 Prominent people with family name Huyan","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Chinese noble house
Not to be confused with Hu Yan or Huayan.
Further information: Hu (surname)
HuyanHuyan in regular scriptPronunciationHūyǎn (Pinyin)Language(s)ChineseOriginLanguage(s)Xiongnu languageDerivationname of the earliest matrilineal ancestor of the Huyan clan
The Huyan (Chinese: 呼延; Wade–Giles: Hu-yen; LHC: *ha(C)-jan < Old Chinese (~200 BCE): *hɑ-janH/B) was a noble house that led the last remnants of the Northern Xiongnu to Dzungaria during the second century after the Battle of the Altai Mountains.
The House of Huyan emerged during the political organization that came under Modun's reign which saw the Xiongnu reach its apogee. It is an earlier maternal lineage name subsequently replaced by Xubu, much as the Ashina and Yujiulu (郁久閭). The Mongol Khiyad tribe's name is probably derived from Huyan.
By the 3rd century BCE, the upper stratum of the Xiongnu was made up of five aristocratic houses, Luandi (house of the Chanyu and the Tuqi King of the east and west), Huyan, Xubu, Qiulin and Lan. Both the Huyan and Xubu settled in the east, Qiulin and Lan in the west and Luandi in modern-day central Mongolia.
Around the first century BCE, a supreme administrative council dominated the upper Xiongnu hierarchy and this was composed of six top-ranking nobles, which included the "Rizhu kings" of the Left and Right. These titles were later transferred to the Huyan clan, which became influential due its close relationship with the royal family by way of marriage.
Historical record also cited a Huyan tribe called Barkol, which attacked and demolished the Yiwu garrison of the Han dynasty in 151.
Prominent people with family name Huyan
Empress Huyan, wife of Han-Zhao's founding emperor, Liu Yuan
Empress Huyan, wife of Liu Yuan's son, Liu Cong, the fourth emperor of Han-Zhao
Empress Huyan, wife of Murong Chao, emperor of the Southern Yan
Huyan Yan (呼延晏), general and minister of Han-Zhao
Huyan Zan (呼延贊), general of the Song dynasty (d. 1000)
Huyan Zhuo (呼延灼), fictitious descendant of Huyan Zan in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels
Notes
^ Schuessler, Axel. (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press.. p. 280, 553
^ Schuessler, Axel (2014) "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words" in Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Series: Language and Linguistics Monograph. Issue 53. p. 270 of 249-292
^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1981). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed. New York: The Free Press. pp. 55. ISBN 002908752X.
^ a b Lin (1986), p. 33–45, 114-119
^ a b Wang (2004), p. 132–147,
^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 15 ( note 1: Huyan and Xubu always were in marital relationship with the Chanyu. Xubu had a post of the State Judge. The custom of taking for the Khan maidens only from the same houses also survived in the Chingis-khan's house.)
^ History of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 2003
^ Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974
^ a b Kim, Hyun Jin (2016). The Huns. Oxon: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 9781138841710.
^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert (2010). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Volume 5. Oxon: Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 1884964044.
References
Lin, Gan (1986). A Comprehensive History of Xiongnu. Beijing: People's Press. CN / K289.
Wang, Zhonghan (2004). Outlines of Ethnic Groups in China. Taiyuan: Shanxi Education Press. ISBN 7-5440-2660-4.
Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, ISBN 5-85990-092-9
This Asian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hu Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yan"},{"link_name":"Huayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayan"},{"link_name":"Hu (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"LHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Old Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Northern Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Dzungaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Modun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modu_Chanyu"},{"link_name":"apogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Xubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubu"},{"link_name":"Ashina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_tribe"},{"link_name":"Yujiulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lin-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wang-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Khiyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiyad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Luandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luandi"},{"link_name":"Chanyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanyu"},{"link_name":"Tuqi King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuqi_King"},{"link_name":"Xubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubu"},{"link_name":"Qiulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiulin"},{"link_name":"Lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lin-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wang-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hu Yan or Huayan.Further information: Hu (surname)The Huyan (Chinese: 呼延; Wade–Giles: Hu-yen; LHC: *ha(C)-jan[1] < Old Chinese (~200 BCE): *hɑ-janH/B[2]) was a noble house that led the last remnants of the Northern Xiongnu to Dzungaria during the second century after the Battle of the Altai Mountains.The House of Huyan emerged during the political organization that came under Modun's reign which saw the Xiongnu reach its apogee.[3] It is an earlier maternal lineage name subsequently replaced by Xubu, much as the Ashina and Yujiulu (郁久閭).[4][5][6] The Mongol Khiyad tribe's name is probably derived from Huyan.[7]By the 3rd century BCE, the upper stratum of the Xiongnu was made up of five aristocratic houses, Luandi (house of the Chanyu and the Tuqi King of the east and west), Huyan, Xubu, Qiulin and Lan. Both the Huyan and Xubu settled in the east, Qiulin and Lan in the west and Luandi in modern-day central Mongolia.[4][5][8]Around the first century BCE, a supreme administrative council dominated the upper Xiongnu hierarchy and this was composed of six top-ranking nobles, which included the \"Rizhu kings\" of the Left and Right.[9] These titles were later transferred to the Huyan clan, which became influential due its close relationship with the royal family by way of marriage.[9]Historical record also cited a Huyan tribe called Barkol, which attacked and demolished the Yiwu garrison of the Han dynasty in 151.[10]","title":"Huyan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Huyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Liu_Yuan%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Han-Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Liu Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)"},{"link_name":"Empress Huyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Liu_Cong%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Liu Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)"},{"link_name":"Empress Huyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Huyan_(Southern_Yan)"},{"link_name":"Murong Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong_Chao"},{"link_name":"Southern Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Yan"},{"link_name":"Huyan Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyan_Yan"},{"link_name":"Huyan Zan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyan_Zan"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Huyan Zhuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyan_Zhuo"},{"link_name":"Water Margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Margin"},{"link_name":"Four Great Classical Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels"}],"text":"Empress Huyan, wife of Han-Zhao's founding emperor, Liu Yuan\nEmpress Huyan, wife of Liu Yuan's son, Liu Cong, the fourth emperor of Han-Zhao\nEmpress Huyan, wife of Murong Chao, emperor of the Southern Yan\nHuyan Yan (呼延晏), general and minister of Han-Zhao\nHuyan Zan (呼延贊), general of the Song dynasty (d. 1000)\nHuyan Zhuo (呼延灼), fictitious descendant of Huyan Zan in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels","title":"Prominent people with family name Huyan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"002908752X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/002908752X"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lin_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lin_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wang_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wang_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781138841710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138841710"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1884964044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964044"}],"text":"^ Schuessler, Axel. (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press.. p. 280, 553\n\n^ Schuessler, Axel (2014) \"Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words\" in Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Series: Language and Linguistics Monograph. Issue 53. p. 270 of 249-292\n\n^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1981). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed. New York: The Free Press. pp. 55. ISBN 002908752X.\n\n^ a b Lin (1986), p. 33–45, 114-119\n\n^ a b Wang (2004), p. 132–147,\n\n^ Bichurin N.Ya., \"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times\", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 15 ( note 1: Huyan and Xubu always were in marital relationship with the Chanyu. Xubu had a post of the State Judge. The custom of taking for the Khan maidens only from the same houses also survived in the Chingis-khan's house.)\n\n^ History of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 2003\n\n^ Gumilev L.N., \"Hunnu in China\", Moscow, 'Science', 1974\n\n^ a b Kim, Hyun Jin (2016). The Huns. Oxon: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 9781138841710.\n\n^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert (2010). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Volume 5. Oxon: Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 1884964044.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1981). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed. New York: The Free Press. pp. 55. ISBN 002908752X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55","url_text":"Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/002908752X","url_text":"002908752X"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hyun Jin (2016). The Huns. Oxon: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 9781138841710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138841710","url_text":"9781138841710"}]},{"reference":"Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert (2010). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Volume 5. Oxon: Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 1884964044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964044","url_text":"1884964044"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55","external_links_name":"Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/55","external_links_name":"55"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huyan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Zaheer_Jamali
|
Anwar Zaheer Jamali
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Professional career","2.1 Judicial","3 Other positions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Pakistani judge (born 1951)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Anwar Zaheer Jamali" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anwar Zaheer Jamaliانور ظہیر جمالی24th Chief Justice of PakistanIn office10 September 2015 – 30 December 2016Appointed byMamnoon HussainPreceded byJawwad S. KhawajaSucceeded byMian Saqib NisarChief Election Commissioner of Pakistan(acting)In office3 July 2014 – 4 December 2014Nominated byMamnoon HussainPreceded byNasir-ul-MulkSucceeded bySardar Muhammad Raza KhanChief Justice of the Sindh High Court
(De facto)In office27 August 2008 – 2 August 2009Nominated byParvez MusharrafPreceded byJustice Azizullah M. MemonSucceeded byJustice Sarmad Jalal OsmanyChairman Executive of the Sindh Bar CouncilIn office1995–1998
Personal detailsBorn (1951-12-31) 31 December 1951 (age 72)Hyderabad, Sind, PakistanNationality PakistaniSpouseJustice Ashraf Jehan
Anwar Zaheer Jamali (Urdu: انور ظہير جمالى born 31 December 1951) is a Pakistani jurist who served as the 24th Chief Justice of Pakistan. He remained in the Supreme Court from 3 August 2009 to 30 December 2016. He has also served as the Acting Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan, and Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court. In 1995, he was elected as Chairman Executive Committee (CEC) of the Sindh Bar Council and held this position till his elevation to the Bench. He was highly praised for being one of the few judges who refused to take fresh oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 2007. He took several suo motos as a Chief Justice, notably on several human rights cases.
Early life and education
Jamali hails from the noble, religious family of Qutub Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi, the disciple of Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar and is a direct descendant of Imam Abu Hanifa.
His parents migrated from Jaipur, India in 1947. He was born in Hyderabad (Sindh) on 30 December 1951. He received his bachelor's degree in Commerce from the University of Sindh in 1971 and a bachelor's degree in law in 1973 from the same university.
Professional career
He was enrolled at the Sindh Bar Council as an Advocate of the Lower Court on 10.01.1975 and as an Advocate of the Sindh High Court on 13.11.1977. He was enrolled as an Advocate of the Supreme Court on 14.05.1987. He also served as lecturer at Hyderabad (Sindh) Law College for about two years.
Judicial
Jamali was elevated as judge of the Sindh High Court in May 1998. He was nominated as Administrative Judge for the Sindh High Court on 7 June 2006 and continued as such till 3 November 2007 when he refused to take fresh oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 2007. He was reappointed as Judge and Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court on 27 August 2008. He was elevated as judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 3 August 2009 and appointed as Acting Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of Pakistan on 3 July 2014. He was appointed as 24th Chief Justice of Pakistan on 10 September 2015 by President Mamnoon Hussain.
Other positions
President District Bar Association Hyderabad in the years 1983-84, 1995–96, 1996–97 and 1997-98.
Elected Member, Sindh Bar Council from Hyderabad Division for two terms of five years each in the years 1989 and 1990.
Elected Chairman Benevolent Fund Committee of Sindh Bar Council in the year 1991.
Elected Chairman Executive Committee of Sindh Bar Council in the year 1995.
Member Board of Governors for the Government Law College in Sindh (excluding Karachi).
Member Syndicate NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in November 1999.
Chairman Enrollment Committee, Sindh Bar Council in March 2000.
Chairman Provincial Zakat Council Sindh for a term of three years, December 2003.
See also
Sindh High Court
Supreme Court of Pakistan
References
^ "CJP Jamali hangs up his robe today". nation.com.pk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ Ali, Akbar. "Justice Sardar Raza Khan named CEC". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^ New CJ, his wife among distinguished couples of world judiciary, retrieved 10 September 2015
^ a b c d "Anwar Zaheer Jamali". Supreme Court of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ "Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali takes oath as Acting C". Dunya News TV. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
^ a b c d "Anwar Zaheer Jamali". Supreme Court of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ a b c "Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali". Pakistan Herald. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ a b "Profile: Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali - SAMAA TV". samaa.tv. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Incoming CJ Jamali belongs to respected family". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali sworn in as new chief justice of Pakistan - The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
External links
www.supremecourt.gov.pk/
vteChief Justices of Sindh High Court
Abdul Kadir Shaikh
Ahga Ali Hyder
Abdul Hayee Qureshi
Naimuddin Ahmed
Ajmal Mian
Sajjad Ali Shah
Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui
Nasir Aslam Zahid
Abdul Hafeez Memon
Mamoon Kazi
Wajihuddin Ahmed
Kamal Mansur Alam
Nazim Hussain Siddiqui
Syed Deedar Hussain Shah
Saiyed Saeed Ashhad
Sabihuddin Ahmed
Anwar Zaheer Jamali
Sarmad Jalal Osmany
Mushir Alam
Maqbool Baqar
Faisal Arab
Sajjad Ali Shah
Ahmed Ali Sheikh
Italics indicates acting chief justices
vteChief Justices of Pakistan
Mian Abdul Rashid
Muhammad Munir
Muhammad Shahabuddin
Alvin Robert Cornelius
S. A. Rahman
Fazal Akbar
Hamoodur Rahman
Muhammad Yaqub Ali
Sheikh Anwarul Haq
Mohammad Haleem
Muhammad Afzal Zullah
Nasim Hasan Shah
Saad Saood Jan
Syed Sajjad Ali Shah
Ajmal Mian
Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui
Irshad Hasan Khan
Bashir Jehangiri
Sheikh Riaz Ahmad
Nazim Hussain Siddiqui
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (1st)
Javed Iqbal
Rana Bhagwandas
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (2nd)
Abdul Hameed Dogar De facto; stripped
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (3rd)
Tassaduq Hussain Jillani
Nasirul Mulk
Jawwad S. Khawaja
Anwar Zaheer Jamali
Mian Saqib Nisar
Asif Saeed Khosa
Gulzar Ahmed
Umar Ata Bandial
Qazi Faez Isa
Emblem of the Supreme Court of PakistanItalics indicate acting officeholders
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supreme_01-4"},{"link_name":"Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"Sindh High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sindh_02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald_03-7"},{"link_name":"Sindh Bar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Bar_Council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"Anwar Zaheer Jamali (Urdu: انور ظہير جمالى born 31 December 1951) is a Pakistani jurist who served as the 24th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[4] He remained in the Supreme Court from 3 August 2009 to 30 December 2016. He has also served as the Acting Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan,[5] and Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court.[6][7] In 1995, he was elected as Chairman Executive Committee (CEC) of the Sindh Bar Council and held this position till his elevation to the Bench.[8] He was highly praised for being one of the few judges who refused to take fresh oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 2007. He took several suo motos as a Chief Justice, notably on several human rights cases.[8]","title":"Anwar Zaheer Jamali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal-ud-Din_Hansvi"},{"link_name":"Fariduddin Ganjshakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar"},{"link_name":"Abu Hanifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sindh_02-6"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad (Sindh)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_(Sindh)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald_03-7"},{"link_name":"University of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supreme_01-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"text":"Jamali hails from the noble, religious family of Qutub Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi, the disciple of Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar and is a direct descendant of Imam Abu Hanifa.[9]His parents migrated from Jaipur, India in 1947.[6] He was born in Hyderabad (Sindh) on 30 December 1951.[7] He received his bachelor's degree in Commerce from the University of Sindh in 1971 and a bachelor's degree in law in 1973 from the same university.[4][10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald_03-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sindh_02-6"}],"text":"He was enrolled at the Sindh Bar Council as an Advocate of the Lower Court on 10.01.1975 and as an Advocate of the Sindh High Court on 13.11.1977.[7] He was enrolled as an Advocate of the Supreme Court on 14.05.1987.[6] He also served as lecturer at Hyderabad (Sindh) Law College for about two years.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindh High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supreme_01-4"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"Sindh High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan"}],"sub_title":"Judicial","text":"Jamali was elevated as judge of the Sindh High Court in May 1998. He was nominated as Administrative Judge for the Sindh High Court on 7 June 2006 and continued as such till 3 November 2007 when he refused to take fresh oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 2007.[4] He was reappointed as Judge and Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court on 27 August 2008. He was elevated as judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 3 August 2009 and appointed as Acting Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of Pakistan on 3 July 2014. He was appointed as 24th Chief Justice of Pakistan on 10 September 2015 by President Mamnoon Hussain.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sindh_02-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supreme_01-4"}],"text":"President District Bar Association Hyderabad in the years 1983-84, 1995–96, 1996–97 and 1997-98.[6]\nElected Member, Sindh Bar Council from Hyderabad Division for two terms of five years each in the years 1989 and 1990.\nElected Chairman Benevolent Fund Committee of Sindh Bar Council in the year 1991.\nElected Chairman Executive Committee of Sindh Bar Council in the year 1995.\nMember Board of Governors for the Government Law College in Sindh (excluding Karachi).\nMember Syndicate NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in November 1999.\nChairman Enrollment Committee, Sindh Bar Council in March 2000.\nChairman Provincial Zakat Council Sindh for a term of three years, December 2003.[4]","title":"Other positions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Emblem of the Supreme Court of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Sindh High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_High_Court"},{"title":"Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"CJP Jamali hangs up his robe today\". nation.com.pk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/30-Dec-2016/cjp-jamali-hangs-up-his-robe-today","url_text":"\"CJP Jamali hangs up his robe today\""}]},{"reference":"Ali, Akbar. \"Justice Sardar Raza Khan named CEC\". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1148760","url_text":"\"Justice Sardar Raza Khan named CEC\""}]},{"reference":"New CJ, his wife among distinguished couples of world judiciary, retrieved 10 September 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-339374-New-CJ-his-wife-among-distinguished-couples-of-world-judiciary","url_text":"New CJ, his wife among distinguished couples of world judiciary"}]},{"reference":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\". Supreme Court of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229125448/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","url_text":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"url":"http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali takes oath as Acting C\". Dunya News TV. Retrieved 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/227476-Justice-Anwar-Zaheer-Jamali-takes-oath-as-Acting-C","url_text":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali takes oath as Acting C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\". Supreme Court of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229125448/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","url_text":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"url":"http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali\". Pakistan Herald. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140427140718/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-241","url_text":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"url":"http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-241","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali - SAMAA TV\". samaa.tv. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/09/profile-justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali/","url_text":"\"Profile: Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali - SAMAA TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Incoming CJ Jamali belongs to respected family\". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-339147-Incoming-CJ-Jamali-belongs-to-respected-family","url_text":"\"Incoming CJ Jamali belongs to respected family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali sworn in as new chief justice of Pakistan - The Express Tribune\". tribune.com.pk. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/954251/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-pakistan/","url_text":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali sworn in as new chief justice of Pakistan - The Express Tribune\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22","external_links_name":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anwar+Zaheer+Jamali%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/30-Dec-2016/cjp-jamali-hangs-up-his-robe-today","external_links_name":"\"CJP Jamali hangs up his robe today\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1148760","external_links_name":"\"Justice Sardar Raza Khan named CEC\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-339374-New-CJ-his-wife-among-distinguished-couples-of-world-judiciary","external_links_name":"New CJ, his wife among distinguished couples of world judiciary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229125448/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","external_links_name":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/227476-Justice-Anwar-Zaheer-Jamali-takes-oath-as-Acting-C","external_links_name":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali takes oath as Acting C\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229125448/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","external_links_name":"\"Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=406","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140427140718/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-241","external_links_name":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali\""},{"Link":"http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-241","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/09/profile-justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali/","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali - SAMAA TV\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-339147-Incoming-CJ-Jamali-belongs-to-respected-family","external_links_name":"\"Incoming CJ Jamali belongs to respected family\""},{"Link":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/954251/justice-anwar-zaheer-jamali-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-pakistan/","external_links_name":"\"Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali sworn in as new chief justice of Pakistan - The Express Tribune\""},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"www.supremecourt.gov.pk/"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung
|
Lampung
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Administrative divisions","4 Agriculture","5 Textiles","6 Tourism","7 Demographics","7.1 Religion","8 Transport","8.1 Land","8.2 Sea","8.3 Air","8.4 Rail","8.5 Education","8.5.1 Universities / Colleges","9 Sports","10 Coat of arms","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 5°27′S 105°16′E / 5.450°S 105.267°E / -5.450; 105.267Province of Indonesia
Not to be confused with Lampang or Lamphun province.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lampung" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Province in Bandar LampungLampungProvinceProvince of Lampung
Coat of armsMotto(s): Sai Bumi Ruwa Jurai (Lampung Api) One Land, Two indigenous peoplesAnthem: Sang Bumi Ruwa JuraiLocation of Lampung in IndonesiaOpenStreetMapCoordinates: 5°27′S 105°16′E / 5.450°S 105.267°E / -5.450; 105.267Capitaland largest cityBandar LampungEstablished18 March 1964Government • BodyLampung Provincial Government • GovernorArinal Djunaidi (Golkar) • Vice GovernorVacantArea • Total33,575.41 km2 (12,963.54 sq mi) • Rank26th in IndonesiaHighest elevation (Mount Pesagi)2,262 m (7,421 ft)Population (mid 2023 estimate) • Total9,313,990 • Rank8th in Indonesia • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)Demonym(s)Lampungese (in English)Ulun Lappung (in Lampung Nyo)Orang Lampung (in Indonesian)Demographics • Ethnic groups
List
64.17% Javanese13.56% Lampung11.88% Sundanese5.64% Malay1.38 Balinese3.37% Others
• Religion (2022)
List
95.48% Islam1.51% Protestantism1.49% Hinduism0.91% Catholicism0.32% Buddhism0.01% Confucianism0.27% Unknown
• LanguagesIndonesian (official)Lampung and Abung (regional)Javanese, Komering, Sundanese, BalineseTime zoneUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)ZIP Codes34xxx-35xxxISO 3166 codeID-LAVehicle registrationBEGDP (nominal)2022 - TotalRp 414.1 trillion (11th)US$ 27.9 billionInt$ 87.0 billion (PPP) - Per capitaRp 45.1 million (25th)US$ 3,039Int$ 9,484 (PPP) - Growth 4.28%HDI 0.711 (24th) – highWebsitelampungprov.go.id
Lampung, officially the Province of Lampung (Indonesian: Provinsi Lampung), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.
The province covers a land area of 33,575.41 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census, 9,007,848 at the 2020 census, and 9,313,990 (comprising 4,760,260 males and 4,553,720 females) according to the official estimates for mid 2023, with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese migrants. These migrants came from more densely populated islands, in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government's Indonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations.
On 10 May 2005, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province. In 1883, the volcano of Krakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands, and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.
Historical populationYearPop.±%1971 2,777,008— 1980 4,624,785+66.5%1990 6,017,573+30.1%1995 6,657,759+10.6%2000 6,741,439+1.3%2005 7,116,177+5.6%2010 7,608,405+6.9%2015 8,109,601+6.6%2020 9,007,848+11.1%2023 9,313,990+3.4%Source: and previous
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lampung" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In the 7th century, word spread throughout China of a region located in the far south (Namphang) known as "Tolang Pohwang", it is referred to Tulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River. Lampung was part of the Srivijaya empire, with its regional capital in Jambi, which controlled most of Southeast Asia until the 11th century era. The Srivijayans came to Lampung in search of gold and amber, two of the province's natural resources.
This history is substantiated by, unearthed relics and the discovery of the Palas Pasemah inscriptions and the Batu Bedil inscriptions in the Tenggamus region that trace back to Srivijayan times. Other, smaller kingdoms like Tulang Bawang. And Sekala Brak kingdoms maritime existed during the 7th to 8th centuries CE.
The entry of the Banten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region. In the 1930s Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.
The control of pepper production exercised by the Banten Sultanate made Lampung one of the most prosperous harbors in the archipelago. Similarly, pepper plants also attracted migrants from Europe as employees of trading companies. It was in 1610 that the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Banten and later in the 17th century began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung to increase its already existing production. The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as the Residentie Lampoengse Districten. It became part of the Dutch East Indies.
Under Dutch rule, transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. It was quite well-received and many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung. The program was expanded after Indonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as the gamelan and wayang. Balinese also came to Lampung to follow the transmigration program. The presence of migrants from other regions in Lampung has made this region culturally diverse. Ethnic diversity has become a tourist attraction in itself, with the added potential of nature and cultural tourism. Numerous art studios in the area act as a preserver of indigenous art and culture.
Geography
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anak Krakatau
Lampung Province has an area of 33,575.41 km2 (12,963.54 sq mi) or about the same size as Moldova and is located between the latitudes of 105°45'-103°48 'E and 3°45'-6°45'S. The province borders the Sunda Strait to the southeast and the Java Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such as: Daro, Legundi, Tegal, Sebuku, Ketagian, Sebesi, Poahawang, Krakatoa, Putus, and Tabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency of West Lampung.
Lampung's natural terrain varies depending on the region. Along the coast in the west and the south is an area of rolling hills connected to the Bukit Barisan mountain range, running throughout Sumatra from north to south. In the center of the province is mostly lowland. Close to the coast in the east, along with the shores of the Java Sea, further north, is the great waters.
The mountains situated in Lampung by height include:
Mount Pesagi (2,262 m ) in Liwa, West Lampung
Mount Seminung (1,881 m ) in Sukau, West Lampung
Mount Tebak (2,115 m ) in Sumberjaya, West Lampung
Mount Rindingan (1,506 m ) on the island stage, Tanggamus
Mount Pesawaran (1,662 m ) in Kedondong, Pesawaran
Mount Betung (1,240 m ) in Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung
Mount Rajabasa (1,261 m ) at the Trump, South Lampung
Mount Tanggamus (2,156 m ) in Kotaagung, Tanggamus
Mount Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, South Lampung
Mount Sekincau Liwa, West Lampung
Mount Ratai in Padang Cermin, Pesawaran
The rivers that flow in Lampung by length and catchment area (CA) are:
Way Sekampung, length 265 km (165 mi), CA 4,795.52 km2 (1,851.56 sq mi)
Way Semaka, length of 90 km (56 mi), CA 985 km2 (380 sq mi)
Way Seputih, length 190 km (120 mi), CA 7,149.26 km2 (2,760.34 sq mi)
Way Jepara, 50 km (31 mi), CA 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi)
Way Tulangbawang, length 136 km (85 mi), CA 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi)
Way Mesuji, length 220 km (140 mi), CA 2,053 km2 (793 sq mi)
Way Sekampung, flowing in the district Tanggamus, Pringsewu, Pesawaran and South Lampung. Many tributaries, but no longer than 100 km (62 mi). There is only one long river 51 km (32 mi) to CA 106.97 km2 (41.30 sq mi) is in the Trump Way Ketibung.
Way Putih flows in Central Lampung regency with tributaries that are longer than 50 km (31 mi) are:
Way Terusan, 175 km (109 mi) long, CA 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi)
Way Pengubuan, length 165 km (103 mi), CA 1,143.78 km2 (441.62 sq mi)
Way Pegadungan, a length of 80 km (50 mi), CA 975 km2 (376 sq mi)
Way Raman, length 55 km (34 mi), CA 200 km2 (77 sq mi)
Way Tulangbawang flows in the district Tulangbawang with creeks more than 50 km (31 mi) in length, of which:
Way Kanan, length 51 km (32 mi), CA 1,197 km2 (462 sq mi)
Way Rarem, length 53.50 km (33.24 mi), CA 870 km2 (340 sq mi)
Way Umpu, a length of 100 km (62 mi), CA 1,179 km2 (455 sq mi)
Way Tahmy, a length of 60 km (37 mi), CA 550 km2 (210 sq mi)
Way Besay also supplies a length of 113 km (70 mi), CA 879 km2 (339 sq mi)
Way Giham, a length of 80 km (50 mi), CA 506.25 km2 (195.46 sq mi)
Way Mesuji flows on the border of the provinces of Lampung and South Sumatra and to the north has a tributary named Crocodile River, along the 70 km (43 mi) by CA 347.5 km2 (134.2 sq mi).
Forests in the lowlands have been exhausted after being appropriated for agricultural development, which is needed for the migrants constantly entering this area. Timber forest products are exported abroad. Some forests remain in the area of Bukit Barisan Selatan.
Cities and towns in the province of Lampung with a height of 50 meters above sea level are: Tandjungkarang (96 m ), Kedaton (100 m ), Metro (53 m ), Gisting (480 m ), State Sakti (100 m ), Pringsewu (50 m ), Pekalongan (50 m ), Batang (65 m ), Punggur (50 m ), Padang Queen (56 m ), Wonosobo (50 m ), Kedondong (80 m ), Sidomulyo (75 m ), Kasui (200 m ), Sri Menanti (320 m ) and Liwa (850 m ).
Administrative divisions
Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion of South Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just three regencies (kabupaten) - Lampung Selatan, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Utara - and one autonomous city (kota) - Bandar Lampung. A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997 two further regencies were created - Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan, and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara. On 20 April 1999 two additional regencies were formed - Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah, and Way Kanan from part of Lampung Utara - as well as a second autonomous city - Metro - from another part of Lampung Tengah.
A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a further part of Lampung Selatan, and on 29 October 2008 three more regencies were formed - Mesugi and Tulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. Finally a thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 censuses, and at the mid 2023 official estimates.
KodeWilayah
Name ofCity orRegency
Areainkm2
Pop'ncensus2010
Pop'ncensus2020
Pop'nestimatemid 2023
Capital
HDI2018Estimates
18.71
Bandar Lampung City
183.72
881,801
1,166,066
1,202,070
Bandar Lampung
0.766 (High)
18.72
Metro City
73.21
145,471
168,676
173,870
Metro
0.762 (High)
18.02
Central Lampung Regency(Lampung Tengah)
4,548.93
1,170,717
1,460,045
1,508,330
Gunung Sugih
0.697 (Medium)
18.07
East Lampung Regency(Lampung Timur)
3,868.43
951,639
1,110,340
1,142,580
Sukadana
0.690 (Medium)
18.11
Mesuji Regency
2,200.51
187,407
227,518
237,940
Mesuji
0.628 (Medium)
18.03
North Lampung Regency(Lampung Utara)
2,656.39
584,277
633,099
653,850
Kotabumi
0.671 (Medium)
18.09
Pesawaran Regency
1,279.60
398,848
477,468
494,280
Gedong Tataan
0.649 (Medium)
18.10
Pringsewu Regency
614.97
365,369
405,466
419,590
Pringsewu
0.694 (Medium)
18.01
South Lampung Regency(Lampung Selatan)
2,218.84
912,490
1,064,301
1,105,000
Kalianda
0.678 (Medium)
18.06
Tanggamus Regency
2,901.98
536,613
640,275
662,540
Kota Agung
0.656 (Medium)
18.05
Tulang Bawang Regency
3,107,47
397,906
430,021
445,170
Menggala
0.677 (Medium)
18.08
Way Kanan Regency
3,531.10
406,123
473,575
491,110
Blambangan Umpu
0.666 (Medium)
18.04
West Lampung Regency(Lampung Barat)
2,116.01
277,296
302,139
312,430
Liwa
0.667 (Medium)
18.13
Pesisir Barat Regency
2,993.80
141,741
162,697
172,320
Krui
0.629 (Medium)
18.12
West Tulang Bawang Regency(Tulang Bawang Barat)
1,281.45
250,707
286,162
295,480
Panaragan Jaya
0.653 (Medium)
Total Province
33,575.41
7,608,405
9,007,848
9,313,990
Bandar Lampung
0.690 (Medium)
Agriculture
Robusta coffee beans, a type of coffee bean produced in Lampung
Major crops in the region include robusta coffee beans, cocoa beans, coconuts and cloves. This has resulted in a thriving agricultural sector with companies like Nestlé procuring coffee beans from the region. This agriculture has included illegal growing in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. In addition, nata de coco is also manufactured in the region by domestic companies like Wong Coco.
Textiles
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lampung" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A couple from Lampung in traditional outfit during the colonial period.
Until the 1920s, Lampung had a rich and varied weaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementary weft technique which enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was the Palepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area.
There were two types of smaller clothes, known as tatibin and tampan, which could be owned and used by all levels of Lampungese society. Weaving technologies were spread throughout Lampung. High-quality weavings were produced by the Paminggir, Krui, Abung and Pesisir peoples. Production was particularly prolific among the people of the Kalianda Bay area in the south and the Krui aristocracy in the north.
Lampung textiles, Palepai, tatebin and tampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif. The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.
Traditionally, Lampung textiles were used as part of religious ceremonies such as weddings and circumcisions. For instance, Palepai cloths were used as long ceremonial wall-hangings behind the bridal party in aristocratic marriages. The smaller, more humble tampan cloth was exchanged between families at the time of weddings.
Production of fine cloth blossomed in the late nineteenth century as Lampung grew rich on pepper production, but the devastating eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 destroyed many weaving villages in the Kalianda area. By the 1920s the increasing importance of Islam and the collapse of the pepper trade brought production to a halt. Today Lampung textiles are highly prized by collectors.
Tourism
Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism through many ways, mainly from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. This attraction seeks to draw tourists to Tanjung Setia Beach, which has a natural panoramic view and a spot for surfing. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung beach, which is also a popular tourist destination in Lampung. Lampung also has a national park, the Way Kambas National Park, which attracts many domestic and international tourists. In 2010, four-hundred thousand tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.
Way Kambas National Park is a national park and elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. In addition to Way Kambas, another elephant school (Elephant Training Centre) can also be found in Minas, Riau. The number of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985 as the first elephant school in Indonesia and is expected to become a center for elephant conservation in taming, training, breeding and conservation. Until now, this PKG has trained about three hundred elephants that have been deployed to other parts of the country.
In recent years, the province has become largely popular for snorkeling and diving. Many domestic tourists, as well as international ones from various diving communities, visit the spots the province offers, such as: Pantai Ringgung, Pulau Tegal, Pulau Pahawang, Pulau Kelagian, Pulau Balak, Pulau Mahitam, and Tanjung Putus.
Demographics
Melinting, Traditional dance in Lampung
Lampung's three major ethnic groups are the Javanese, Lampungese and Sundanese. The Lampungese are the native ethnic group of the province. Languages used in the province include Indonesian (official), Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Minangkabau and Lampung. According to the Indonesian census from 2010 the province of Lampung is 64,17 percent Javanese, 13,56 percent Lampungese, 5,64 percent Malay and 0,53 percent Chinese.
Religion
A traditional mosque in Lampung
The 2022 data of Ministry of Religious Affairs found 96.09% of the population as adherents to Islam and 2,22% as Christian. The remainder includes Hindus (1.4%), Buddhists (0.27%), and "other" including traditional beliefs (0.02%).
Transport
Land
In the province of Lampung, the Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road spans from Bakauheni in South Lampung to Terbanggi Besar in Central Lampung along 140.9 kilometres (87.6 mi) was completed in March 2019. The toll road has been under construction since April 2015. As for the cost of development, is predicted to reach Rp 53 trillion, including land acquisition and construction of approximately Rp 30 trillion. North of Terbanggi Besar to Kayu Agung (South-Sumatra), another toll road is under construction as part of the Trans-Sumatra toll road. This part will be finished in 2019.
Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa which is one of the biggest and busiest in Sumatra and Lampung, as well as the Talbot terminal in Bandar Lampung. Rajabasa airport's terminal at close range, intermediate, and far (AKAP) which has bus routes to cities in Sumatra and Java.
In addition to these two terminals, there are bus terminals located throughout the capital district in Lampung.
Sea
In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor and Port Srengsem which serves the traffic coal distribution from South Sumatra to Java. About 92 kilometres (57 mi) south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city of Bakauheni, precisely at the southern tip of Sumatra. Located at the southern end of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to the Port of Merak in Java via sea transportation.
Air
Radin Inten II International Airport is the only airport in the province. It serves flights to Banten, Jakarta, Majalengka, Medan, Bandung, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta, Yogyakarta and more.
Rail
Lampung Province has a railway line between Bandar Lampung - Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia Divre IV Tanjung Karang, located in Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung - Palembang railway line holds forty stations along 387,872 km (241,012 mi) stretches between Tanjung Karang station in Bandar Lampung to Kertapati station in Palembang.
Education
Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools as well as universities, both state and private. However, this article will only display a list of universities, because the number of schools is very large.
Universities / Colleges
Universitas Lampung (UNILA)
Sumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA)
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Metro
Negeri Lampung (POLINELA)
Indonesia Technocrat University
IBI Darmajaya Bandar Lampung
Bandar Lampung University
Muhammadiyah University
Malahayati University
Tulang Bawang University
Muhammadiyah Metro University
Muhammadiyah Kotabumi
Sports
The 15,000-capacity Pahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Lampung consists of paintings of rice and pepper which are symbols of crops that are widely cultivated in Lampung. Laduk and payan in the form of machetes and spears are traditional weapons of the Lampung people. Gong symbolises the majesty of indigenous cultural arts. Siger as a symbol of cultural majesty. The umbrella is where people take shelter. On the emblem, there is an inscription Sang Bumi Ruwai Jurai which means one earth two traditions (ruwa and jurai) found in the indigenous people of Lampung which means Sang Bumi Lampung, which also has two traditions that crystallise on Adat namely Saibatin and Pepadun cultural traditions.
See also
List of people from Lampung
References
^ "Kenali Motto Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung".
^ a b c d Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18)
^ "Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia" (pdf). www.bps.go.id. pp. 36–41. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ Ananta, Aris (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M. Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. SG: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4519-88-5. OCLC 1011165696.
^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
^ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
^ Changes of Regime And Social Dynamics in West Java: Society, State And the Outer World of Banten, 1750-1830
^ Safitri, Myrna Asnawati (2010). "9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision" (PDF). Forest tenure in Indonesia: the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
^ Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1
^ "Lampung Arms". www.hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ Pratiwi, Ayu; Matous, Petr; Martinus, Kirsten (1 October 2022). "Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks". Journal of Rural Studies. 95: 391–401. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.019. ISSN 0743-0167.
^ Leow, Claire (19 January 2007). "Nestlé to scrutinize Indonesia coffee amid wildlife-endangerment fears". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007.
^ a b "Ceremonial Hanging (palepai)". Pacific Islands art. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
^ Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia. Washington DC: The Textile Museum. p. 157. LCCN 79-50373. OCLC 5100926.
^ Gittinger, Mattiebelle S. (1979). "SOUTH SUMATRAN SHIP CLOTHS" (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2016.
^ Sudha Rajagopalan; Navigating Culture: Trade and Transformation in the Island State. The Permanent Exhibition on Indonesia. Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden.
^ "THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Lampung - 2021 (with Photos)". Tripadvisor. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ "Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh". Waspada.co.id. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ "Presiden Jokowi Resmikan Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar, Terpanjang di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). 8 March 2019.
^ "Presiden Jokowi Hari ini Akan Lakukan Groundbreaking Jalan Tol Bakauheni". Tribunnews.com.
^ Prabawati Sriningrum (9 January 2015). "Pemerintah Bangun Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar di 2015". Okezone (in Indonesian).
^ "Addendum for Terbanggi Besar Toll road signed". 11 January 2019.
^ "Pahoman Stadium - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com.
^ "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
Further reading
Elmhirst, R. (2001). Resource Struggles and the Politics of Place in North Lampung, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 22(3):284–307.
Pain, Marc (ed). (1989). Transmigration and spontaneous migrations in Indonesia: Propinsi Lampung. Bondy, France: ORSTOM.
Totton, Mary-Louise (2009) Wearing Wealth and Styling Identity: Tapis from Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College.
External links
Early Indonesian textiles from three island cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lampung
vteRegencies and cities of LampungCapital: Bandar LampungRegencies
Lampung Barat
Lampung Selatan
Lampung Tengah
Lampung Timur
Lampung Utara
Mesuji
Pesawaran
Pesisir Barat
Pringsewu
Tanggamus
Tulang Bawang
Tulang Bawang Barat
Way Kanan
Cities
Bandar Lampung
Metro
vteProvinces of IndonesiaCapital: Jakarta (current) • Nusantara (under construction)Sumatra
Aceh
Bangka Belitung Islands
Bengkulu
Jambi
Lampung
North Sumatra
Riau
Riau Islands
South Sumatra
West Sumatra
Java
Banten
Central Java
East Java
Special Capital Region of Jakarta
West Java
Special Region of Yogyakarta
Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
Lesser Sunda Islands
Bali
East Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Gorontalo
North Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
West Sulawesi
Maluku Islands
Maluku
North Maluku
Western New Guinea
Papua
Central Papua
Highland Papua
South Papua
Southwest Papua
West Papua
Former provinces
Special Region of Surakarta
Central Sumatra
East Timor (de facto)
Lists by
Current governors
GDP
GRP per capita
HDI
Highest point
Poverty rate
ISO codes
Authority control databases National
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lampang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampang"},{"link_name":"Lamphun province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphun_province"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Lampung people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_people"},{"link_name":"their own language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_language"},{"link_name":"their own written script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_language#Writing_system"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)"},{"link_name":"Madurese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Indonesian transmigration program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_program"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"Krakatoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"violent volcanic eruptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"recorded history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_history"}],"text":"Province of IndonesiaNot to be confused with Lampang or Lamphun province.Province in Bandar LampungLampung, officially the Province of Lampung (Indonesian: Provinsi Lampung), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.The province covers a land area of 33,575.41 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census,[8] 9,007,848 at the 2020 census,[9] and 9,313,990 (comprising 4,760,260 males and 4,553,720 females) according to the official estimates for mid 2023,[2] with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese migrants. These migrants came from more densely populated islands, in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government's Indonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations.On 10 May 2005, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province. In 1883, the volcano of Krakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands, and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.","title":"Lampung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulang Bawang Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_Bawang_Regency"},{"link_name":"Tulang Bawang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_Bawang_River"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Jambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Banten Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Banten Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"wayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"In the 7th century, word spread throughout China of a region located in the far south (Namphang) known as \"Tolang Pohwang\", it is referred to Tulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River. Lampung was part of the Srivijaya empire, with its regional capital in Jambi, which controlled most of Southeast Asia until the 11th century era. The Srivijayans came to Lampung in search of gold and amber, two of the province's natural resources.This history is substantiated by, unearthed relics and the discovery of the Palas Pasemah inscriptions and the Batu Bedil inscriptions in the Tenggamus region that trace back to Srivijayan times.[citation needed] Other, smaller kingdoms like Tulang Bawang. And Sekala Brak kingdoms maritime existed during the 7th to 8th centuries CE.The entry of the Banten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region.[10] In the 1930s Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.[11]The control of pepper production exercised by the Banten Sultanate made Lampung one of the most prosperous harbors in the archipelago. Similarly, pepper plants also attracted migrants from Europe as employees of trading companies. It was in 1610 that the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Banten and later in the 17th century began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung to increase its already existing production.[12] The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as the Residentie Lampoengse Districten.[13] It became part of the Dutch East Indies.Under Dutch rule, transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. It was quite well-received and many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung.[14] The program was expanded after Indonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as the gamelan and wayang. Balinese [when?] also came to Lampung to follow the transmigration program. The presence of migrants from other regions in Lampung has made this region culturally diverse. Ethnic diversity has become a tourist attraction in itself, with the added potential of nature and cultural tourism. Numerous art studios in the area act as a preserver of indigenous art and culture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uprising-mt_anak_krakatau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anak Krakatau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_Krakatau"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Sunda Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Strait"},{"link_name":"Java Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea"},{"link_name":"Legundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legundi_Island"},{"link_name":"Sebuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebuku_(Sumatra)"},{"link_name":"Sebesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebesi"},{"link_name":"Krakatoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"Tabuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuan"},{"link_name":"West Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lampung_Regency"},{"link_name":"Bukit Barisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Tanggamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggamus_Regency"},{"link_name":"Pesawaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawaran_Regency"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"South Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lampung_Regency"},{"link_name":"Mount Krakatau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"catchment area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment_area"},{"link_name":"Way Tulangbawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_Bawang_River"}],"text":"Anak KrakatauLampung Province has an area of 33,575.41 km2 (12,963.54 sq mi) or about the same size as Moldova and is located between the latitudes of 105°45'-103°48 'E and 3°45'-6°45'S. The province borders the Sunda Strait to the southeast and the Java Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such as: Daro, Legundi, Tegal, Sebuku, Ketagian, Sebesi, Poahawang, Krakatoa, Putus, and Tabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency of West Lampung.Lampung's natural terrain varies depending on the region. Along the coast in the west and the south is an area of rolling hills connected to the Bukit Barisan mountain range, running throughout Sumatra from north to south. In the center of the province is mostly lowland. Close to the coast in the east, along with the shores of the Java Sea, further north, is the great waters.[clarification needed]The mountains situated in Lampung by height include:Mount Pesagi (2,262 m [7,421 ft]) in Liwa, West Lampung\nMount Seminung (1,881 m [6,171 ft]) in Sukau, West Lampung\nMount Tebak (2,115 m [6,939 ft]) in Sumberjaya, West Lampung\nMount Rindingan (1,506 m [4,941 ft]) on the island stage, Tanggamus\nMount Pesawaran (1,662 m [5,453 ft]) in Kedondong, Pesawaran\nMount Betung (1,240 m [4,070 ft]) in Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung\nMount Rajabasa (1,261 m [4,137 ft]) at the Trump, South Lampung\nMount Tanggamus (2,156 m [7,073 ft]) in Kotaagung, Tanggamus\nMount Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, South Lampung\nMount Sekincau Liwa, West Lampung\nMount Ratai in Padang Cermin, PesawaranThe rivers that flow in Lampung by length and catchment area (CA) are:Way Sekampung, length 265 km (165 mi), CA 4,795.52 km2 (1,851.56 sq mi)\nWay Semaka, length of 90 km (56 mi), CA 985 km2 (380 sq mi)\nWay Seputih, length 190 km (120 mi), CA 7,149.26 km2 (2,760.34 sq mi)\nWay Jepara, 50 km (31 mi), CA 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi)\nWay Tulangbawang, length 136 km (85 mi), CA 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi)\nWay Mesuji, length 220 km (140 mi), CA 2,053 km2 (793 sq mi)\nWay Sekampung, flowing in the district Tanggamus, Pringsewu, Pesawaran and South Lampung. Many tributaries, but no longer than 100 km (62 mi). There is only one long river 51 km (32 mi) to CA 106.97 km2 (41.30 sq mi) is in the Trump Way Ketibung.\nWay Putih flows in Central Lampung regency with tributaries that are longer than 50 km (31 mi) are:\nWay Terusan, 175 km (109 mi) long, CA 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi)\nWay Pengubuan, length 165 km (103 mi), CA 1,143.78 km2 (441.62 sq mi)\nWay Pegadungan, a length of 80 km (50 mi), CA 975 km2 (376 sq mi)\nWay Raman, length 55 km (34 mi), CA 200 km2 (77 sq mi)\nWay Tulangbawang flows in the district Tulangbawang with creeks more than 50 km (31 mi) in length, of which:\nWay Kanan, length 51 km (32 mi), CA 1,197 km2 (462 sq mi)\nWay Rarem, length 53.50 km (33.24 mi), CA 870 km2 (340 sq mi)\nWay Umpu, a length of 100 km (62 mi), CA 1,179 km2 (455 sq mi)\nWay Tahmy, a length of 60 km (37 mi), CA 550 km2 (210 sq mi)\nWay Besay also supplies a length of 113 km (70 mi), CA 879 km2 (339 sq mi)\nWay Giham, a length of 80 km (50 mi), CA 506.25 km2 (195.46 sq mi)\nWay Mesuji flows on the border of the provinces of Lampung and South Sumatra and to the north has a tributary named Crocodile River, along the 70 km (43 mi) by CA 347.5 km2 (134.2 sq mi).Forests in the lowlands have been exhausted after being appropriated for agricultural development, which is needed for the migrants constantly entering this area. Timber forest products are exported abroad. Some forests remain in the area of Bukit Barisan Selatan.Cities and towns in the province of Lampung with a height of 50 meters above sea level are: Tandjungkarang (96 m [315 ft]), Kedaton (100 m [330 ft]), Metro (53 m [174 ft]), Gisting (480 m [1,570 ft]), State Sakti (100 m [330 ft]), Pringsewu (50 m [160 ft]), Pekalongan (50 m [160 ft]), Batang (65 m [213 ft]), Punggur (50 m [160 ft]), Padang Queen (56 m [184 ft]), Wonosobo (50 m [160 ft]), Kedondong (80 m [260 ft]), Sidomulyo (75 m [246 ft]), Kasui (200 m [660 ft]), Sri Menanti (320 m [1,050 ft]) and Liwa (850 m [2,790 ft]).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Sumatra Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra_Province"},{"link_name":"regencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2"}],"text":"Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion of South Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just three regencies (kabupaten) - Lampung Selatan, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Utara - and one autonomous city (kota) - Bandar Lampung. A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997 two further regencies were created - Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan, and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara. On 20 April 1999 two additional regencies were formed - Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah, and Way Kanan from part of Lampung Utara - as well as a second autonomous city - Metro - from another part of Lampung Tengah.A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a further part of Lampung Selatan, and on 29 October 2008 three more regencies were formed - Mesugi and Tulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. Finally a thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010[8] and 2020[9] censuses, and at the mid 2023 official estimates.[2]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_beans_robusta.jpg"},{"link_name":"coffee beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"cocoa beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean"},{"link_name":"coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"cloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"nata de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco"}],"text":"Robusta coffee beans, a type of coffee bean produced in LampungMajor crops in the region include robusta coffee beans, cocoa beans, coconuts and cloves. This has resulted in a thriving agricultural sector with companies like Nestlé procuring coffee beans from the region. This agriculture has included illegal growing in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park.[15] In addition, nata de coco is also manufactured in the region by domestic companies like Wong Coco.","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_echtpaar_uit_Lampung_(Sumatra)_in_adatkostuum_TMnr_10002793.jpg"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"weft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"Palepai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palepai,_Sumatran_ships_cloth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-16"},{"link_name":"circumcisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"Krakatoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A couple from Lampung in traditional outfit during the colonial period.Until the 1920s, Lampung had a rich and varied weaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementary weft technique which enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was the Palepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area.[16]There were two types of smaller clothes, known as tatibin and tampan, which could be owned and used by all levels of Lampungese society. Weaving technologies were spread throughout Lampung. High-quality weavings were produced by the Paminggir, Krui, Abung and Pesisir peoples. Production was particularly prolific among the people of the Kalianda Bay area in the south and the Krui aristocracy in the north.Lampung textiles, Palepai, tatebin and tampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif.[17] The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.[16]Traditionally, Lampung textiles were used as part of religious ceremonies such as weddings and circumcisions. For instance, Palepai cloths were used as long ceremonial wall-hangings behind the bridal party in aristocratic marriages. The smaller, more humble tampan cloth was exchanged between families at the time of weddings.Production of fine cloth blossomed in the late nineteenth century as Lampung grew rich on pepper production, but the devastating eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 destroyed many weaving villages in the Kalianda area.[18][failed verification] By the 1920s the increasing importance of Islam and the collapse of the pepper trade brought production to a halt.[19] Today Lampung textiles are highly prized by collectors.[citation needed]","title":"Textiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Way Kambas National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Kambas_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Sumatran elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_elephant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism through many ways, mainly from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. This attraction seeks to draw tourists to Tanjung Setia Beach, which has a natural panoramic view and a spot for surfing. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung beach, which is also a popular tourist destination in Lampung. Lampung also has a national park, the Way Kambas National Park, which attracts many domestic and international tourists.[20] In 2010, four-hundred thousand tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.[21]Way Kambas National Park is a national park and elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. In addition to Way Kambas, another elephant school (Elephant Training Centre) can also be found in Minas, Riau. The number of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985 as the first elephant school in Indonesia and is expected to become a center for elephant conservation in taming, training, breeding and conservation. Until now, this PKG has trained about three hundred elephants that have been deployed to other parts of the country.[citation needed]In recent years, the province has become largely popular for snorkeling and diving. Many domestic tourists, as well as international ones from various diving communities, visit the spots the province offers, such as: Pantai Ringgung, Pulau Tegal, Pulau Pahawang, Pulau Kelagian, Pulau Balak, Pulau Mahitam, and Tanjung Putus.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tari_Melinting_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinting"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Lampungese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_people"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_language"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Lampungese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_people"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"}],"text":"Melinting, Traditional dance in LampungLampung's three major ethnic groups are the Javanese, Lampungese and Sundanese. The Lampungese are the native ethnic group of the province. Languages used in the province include Indonesian (official), Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Minangkabau and Lampung. According to the Indonesian census from 2010 the province of Lampung is 64,17 percent Javanese, 13,56 percent Lampungese, 5,64 percent Malay and 0,53 percent Chinese.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desa_Adi_jaya_SEKOLAH_MASJID.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RELIGION-22"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"A traditional mosque in LampungThe 2022 data of Ministry of Religious Affairs found 96.09% of the population as adherents to Islam and 2,22% as Christian. The remainder includes Hindus (1.4%), Buddhists (0.27%), and \"other\" including traditional beliefs (0.02%).[22]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakauheni-Terbanggi_Besar_Toll_Road"},{"link_name":"Central Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lampung_Regency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"}],"sub_title":"Land","text":"In the province of Lampung, the Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road spans from Bakauheni in South Lampung to Terbanggi Besar in Central Lampung along 140.9 kilometres (87.6 mi) was completed in March 2019.[23] The toll road has been under construction since April 2015.[24] As for the cost of development, is predicted to reach Rp 53 trillion, including land acquisition and construction of approximately Rp 30 trillion.[25] North of Terbanggi Besar to Kayu Agung (South-Sumatra), another toll road is under construction as part of the Trans-Sumatra toll road. This part will be finished in 2019.[26]\nLampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa which is one of the biggest and busiest in Sumatra and Lampung, as well as the Talbot terminal in Bandar Lampung. Rajabasa airport's terminal at close range, intermediate, and far (AKAP) which has bus routes to cities in Sumatra and Java.In addition to these two terminals, there are bus terminals located throughout the capital district in Lampung.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Bakauheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Bakauheni"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Trans-Sumatran Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Sumatran_Highway"},{"link_name":"Port of Merak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Merak"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"}],"sub_title":"Sea","text":"In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor and Port Srengsem which serves the traffic coal distribution from South Sumatra to Java. About 92 kilometres (57 mi) south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city of Bakauheni, precisely at the southern tip of Sumatra. Located at the southern end of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to the Port of Merak in Java via sea transportation.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radin Inten II International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radin_Inten_II_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Majalengka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalengka"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Surakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Radin Inten II International Airport is the only airport in the province. It serves flights to Banten, Jakarta, Majalengka, Medan, Bandung, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta, Yogyakarta and more.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Kereta Api Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Tanjung Karang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Karang_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Kertapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertapati_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Lampung Province has a railway line between Bandar Lampung - Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia Divre IV Tanjung Karang, located in Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung - Palembang railway line holds forty stations along 387,872 km (241,012 mi) stretches between Tanjung Karang station in Bandar Lampung to Kertapati station in Palembang.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools as well as universities, both state and private. However, this article will only display a list of universities, because the number of schools is very large.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universitas Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Sumatra Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAIN_Metro"},{"link_name":"Negeri Lampung (POLINELA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeknik_Negeri_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Indonesia Technocrat University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Technocrat_University"},{"link_name":"IBI Darmajaya Bandar Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Informatika_dan_Bisnis_Darmajaya"},{"link_name":"Bandar Lampung University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Bandar_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Muhammadiyah University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Muhammadiyah_Lampung"},{"link_name":"Malahayati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Malahayati"},{"link_name":"Tulang Bawang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Tulang_Bawang"},{"link_name":"Muhammadiyah Metro University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Muhammadiyah_Metro"},{"link_name":"Muhammadiyah Kotabumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/STKIP_Muhammadiyah_Kotabumi-Lampung"}],"sub_title":"Education - Universities / Colleges","text":"Universitas Lampung (UNILA)\nSumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA)\nInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Metro\nNegeri Lampung (POLINELA)\nIndonesia Technocrat University\nIBI Darmajaya Bandar Lampung\nBandar Lampung University\nMuhammadiyah University\nMalahayati University\nTulang Bawang University\nMuhammadiyah Metro University\nMuhammadiyah Kotabumi","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pahoman Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahoman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The 15,000-capacity Pahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.[27]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agung"},{"link_name":"Siger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siger_(headware)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The coat of arms of Lampung consists of paintings of rice and pepper which are symbols of crops that are widely cultivated in Lampung. Laduk and payan in the form of machetes and spears are traditional weapons of the Lampung people. Gong symbolises the majesty of indigenous cultural arts. Siger as a symbol of cultural majesty. The umbrella is where people take shelter. On the emblem, there is an inscription Sang Bumi Ruwai Jurai which means one earth two traditions (ruwa and jurai) found in the indigenous people of Lampung which means Sang Bumi Lampung, which also has two traditions that crystallise on Adat namely Saibatin and Pepadun cultural traditions.[28]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elmhirst, R. (2001). Resource Struggles and the Politics of Place in North Lampung, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 22(3):284–307.\nPain, Marc (ed). (1989). Transmigration and spontaneous migrations in Indonesia: Propinsi Lampung. Bondy, France: ORSTOM.\nTotton, Mary-Louise (2009) Wearing Wealth and Styling Identity: Tapis from Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Anak Krakatau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Uprising-mt_anak_krakatau.jpg/220px-Uprising-mt_anak_krakatau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robusta coffee beans, a type of coffee bean produced in Lampung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coffee_beans_robusta.jpg/184px-Coffee_beans_robusta.jpg"},{"image_text":"A couple from Lampung in traditional outfit during the colonial period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_echtpaar_uit_Lampung_%28Sumatra%29_in_adatkostuum_TMnr_10002793.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_echtpaar_uit_Lampung_%28Sumatra%29_in_adatkostuum_TMnr_10002793.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melinting, Traditional dance in Lampung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tari_Melinting_4.jpg/220px-Tari_Melinting_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"A traditional mosque in Lampung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Desa_Adi_jaya_SEKOLAH_MASJID.jpg/220px-Desa_Adi_jaya_SEKOLAH_MASJID.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of people from Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lampung"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Kenali Motto Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lampungprov.go.id/detail-post/kenali-motto-kabupatenkota-di-provinsi-lampung","url_text":"\"Kenali Motto Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia\" (pdf). www.bps.go.id. pp. 36–41. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm","url_text":"\"Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"Ananta, Aris (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M. Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. SG: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4519-88-5. OCLC 1011165696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011165696","url_text":"Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4519-88-5","url_text":"978-981-4519-88-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011165696","url_text":"1011165696"}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). \"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022\" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia","url_text":"Badan Pusat Statistik"},{"url":"https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/52/286/1/-seri-2010-produk-domestik-regional-bruto-.html","url_text":"\"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022\""}]},{"reference":"Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). \"Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan\" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_Planning_(Indonesia)","url_text":"Badan Pembangunan Nasional"},{"url":"https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe","url_text":"\"Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan\""}]},{"reference":"Safitri, Myrna Asnawati (2010). \"9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision\" (PDF). Forest tenure in Indonesia: the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights (PhD thesis). Leiden University.","urls":[{"url":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16242/06.pdf?sequence=12","url_text":"\"9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lampung Arms\". www.hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hubert-herald.nl/IndoLampung.htm","url_text":"\"Lampung Arms\""}]},{"reference":"Pratiwi, Ayu; Matous, Petr; Martinus, Kirsten (1 October 2022). \"Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks\". Journal of Rural Studies. 95: 391–401. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.019. ISSN 0743-0167.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2022.09.019","url_text":"\"Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2022.09.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-0167","url_text":"0743-0167"}]},{"reference":"Leow, Claire (19 January 2007). \"Nestlé to scrutinize Indonesia coffee amid wildlife-endangerment fears\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070122045500/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/18/bloomberg/bxnestle.php","url_text":"\"Nestlé to scrutinize Indonesia coffee amid wildlife-endangerment fears\""},{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/18/bloomberg/bxnestle.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremonial Hanging (palepai)\". Pacific Islands art. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004055100/http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/View/Collections/Pacific_Islands/ID_011092","url_text":"\"Ceremonial Hanging (palepai)\""},{"url":"http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/View/Collections/Pacific_Islands/ID_011092","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia. Washington DC: The Textile Museum. p. 157. LCCN 79-50373. OCLC 5100926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Textile_Museum","url_text":"The Textile Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373","url_text":"79-50373"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926","url_text":"5100926"}]},{"reference":"Gittinger, Mattiebelle S. (1979). \"SOUTH SUMATRAN SHIP CLOTHS\" (PDF). p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203180430/http://www.cs.arizona.edu:80/patterns/weaving/articles/nb74_shp.pdf","url_text":"\"SOUTH SUMATRAN SHIP CLOTHS\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/articles/nb74_shp.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Lampung - 2021 (with Photos)\". Tripadvisor. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g2301788-Activities-Lampung_Sumatra.html","url_text":"\"THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Lampung - 2021 (with Photos)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh\". Waspada.co.id. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=201852:lampung-making-effort-to-attract-tourists&catid=30:english-news&Itemid=101","url_text":"\"Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama\" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama","url_text":"\"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)","url_text":"Ministry of Religious Affairs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113430/https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presiden Jokowi Resmikan Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar, Terpanjang di Indonesia\" (in Indonesian). 8 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/08/09325611/presiden-jokowi-resmikan-tol-bakauheni-terbanggi-besar-terpanjang-di","url_text":"\"Presiden Jokowi Resmikan Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar, Terpanjang di Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presiden Jokowi Hari ini Akan Lakukan Groundbreaking Jalan Tol Bakauheni\". Tribunnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2015/04/30/presiden-jokowi-hari-ini-akan-lakukan-groundbreaking-jalan-tol-bakauheni","url_text":"\"Presiden Jokowi Hari ini Akan Lakukan Groundbreaking Jalan Tol Bakauheni\""}]},{"reference":"Prabawati Sriningrum (9 January 2015). \"Pemerintah Bangun Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar di 2015\". Okezone (in Indonesian).","urls":[{"url":"https://economy.okezone.com/read/2015/01/09/320/1090012/pemerintah-bangun-tol-bakauheni-terbanggi-besar-di-2015","url_text":"\"Pemerintah Bangun Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar di 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Addendum for Terbanggi Besar Toll road signed\". 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.antaranews.com/news/121789/addendum-for-terbanggi-besar-toll-road-construction-signed","url_text":"\"Addendum for Terbanggi Besar Toll road signed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pahoman Stadium - Soccerway\". int.soccerway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/venues/indonesia/pahoman-stadium/v30948/","url_text":"\"Pahoman Stadium - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salinan arsip\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027103340/https://jdih.lampungprov.go.id/product-hukum/provinsi/1/bentuk-lambang-daerah","url_text":"\"Salinan arsip\""},{"url":"https://jdih.lampungprov.go.id/product-hukum/provinsi/1/bentuk-lambang-daerah","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lampung¶ms=5_27_S_105_16_E_region:ID_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"5°27′S 105°16′E / 5.450°S 105.267°E / -5.450; 105.267"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"\"Lampung\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lampung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lampung%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lampung¶ms=5_27_S_105_16_E_region:ID_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"5°27′S 105°16′E / 5.450°S 105.267°E / -5.450; 105.267"},{"Link":"http://lampungprov.go.id/","external_links_name":"lampungprov.go.id"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"\"Lampung\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lampung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lampung%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"\"Lampung\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lampung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lampung%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lampung%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lampung%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://lampungprov.go.id/detail-post/kenali-motto-kabupatenkota-di-provinsi-lampung","external_links_name":"\"Kenali Motto Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung\""},{"Link":"https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011165696","external_links_name":"Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011165696","external_links_name":"1011165696"},{"Link":"https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""},{"Link":"https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/52/286/1/-seri-2010-produk-domestik-regional-bruto-.html","external_links_name":"\"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022\""},{"Link":"https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe","external_links_name":"\"Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan\""},{"Link":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16242/06.pdf?sequence=12","external_links_name":"\"9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision\""},{"Link":"http://www.hubert-herald.nl/IndoLampung.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lampung Arms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2022.09.019","external_links_name":"\"Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2022.09.019","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.019"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-0167","external_links_name":"0743-0167"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070122045500/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/18/bloomberg/bxnestle.php","external_links_name":"\"Nestlé to scrutinize Indonesia coffee amid wildlife-endangerment fears\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/18/bloomberg/bxnestle.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004055100/http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/View/Collections/Pacific_Islands/ID_011092","external_links_name":"\"Ceremonial Hanging (palepai)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/View/Collections/Pacific_Islands/ID_011092","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373","external_links_name":"79-50373"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926","external_links_name":"5100926"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203180430/http://www.cs.arizona.edu:80/patterns/weaving/articles/nb74_shp.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SOUTH SUMATRAN SHIP CLOTHS\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/articles/nb74_shp.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g2301788-Activities-Lampung_Sumatra.html","external_links_name":"\"THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Lampung - 2021 (with Photos)\""},{"Link":"http://waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=201852:lampung-making-effort-to-attract-tourists&catid=30:english-news&Itemid=101","external_links_name":"\"Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh\""},{"Link":"https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama","external_links_name":"\"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113430/https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/08/09325611/presiden-jokowi-resmikan-tol-bakauheni-terbanggi-besar-terpanjang-di","external_links_name":"\"Presiden Jokowi Resmikan Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar, Terpanjang di Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2015/04/30/presiden-jokowi-hari-ini-akan-lakukan-groundbreaking-jalan-tol-bakauheni","external_links_name":"\"Presiden Jokowi Hari ini Akan Lakukan Groundbreaking Jalan Tol Bakauheni\""},{"Link":"https://economy.okezone.com/read/2015/01/09/320/1090012/pemerintah-bangun-tol-bakauheni-terbanggi-besar-di-2015","external_links_name":"\"Pemerintah Bangun Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar di 2015\""},{"Link":"https://en.antaranews.com/news/121789/addendum-for-terbanggi-besar-toll-road-construction-signed","external_links_name":"\"Addendum for Terbanggi Besar Toll road signed\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/venues/indonesia/pahoman-stadium/v30948/","external_links_name":"\"Pahoman Stadium - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027103340/https://jdih.lampungprov.go.id/product-hukum/provinsi/1/bentuk-lambang-daerah","external_links_name":"\"Salinan arsip\""},{"Link":"https://jdih.lampungprov.go.id/product-hukum/provinsi/1/bentuk-lambang-daerah","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/58864","external_links_name":"Early Indonesian textiles from three island cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge998261&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/adcce682-71cc-46fd-a525-d20e2570ad11","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_6th_Baronet
|
Sir Thomas Miller, 6th Baronet
|
["1 Life","2 Family","3 Notes","4 References"]
|
For other people named Thomas Miller, see Thomas Miller (disambiguation).
Sir Thomas Combe Miller, 6th Baronet (1781 – 29 June 1864), was an English clergyman and landowner. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.
Life
The second but eldest surviving son of Sir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet, Miller became a Church of England priest and Vicar of Froyle, Hampshire, in 1811. He was largely responsible for the rebuilding of the nave of the parish church in 1812. He had an elder brother, John Miller, who died in 1804, so in 1816 he inherited the family seat, Froyle Place, becoming both Vicar and Lord of the manor of Froyle. For many years he had a curate named Aubutin who took care of the stained glass in the church.
On 24 February 1820, when an election for the Hampshire county constituency was approaching, Miller wrote to George Purefoy-Jervoise, a successful candidate, to say that he would be away on polling day but would use his influence among his tenants to secure votes for Jervoise.
Between 1803 and 1805, Miller was buying several pieces of land in Holybourne. In 1846, he expanded his estate by buying a property near his Park at Froyle, described as: "The Shrubbery, Froyle, comprising a dwelling house with outhouses, outbuildings gardens, lawn, a shrubbery, plantation and 2 pieces of meadow or pasture... along with coach houses, stables and other buildings with a yard and adjoining land.
As well as Froyle, he inherited and was lord of the manors of Ludshott, which he sold in 1825 for £17,000, and Fishbourne in Sussex, which he sold to Edward Stanford.
Miller's grandson, Sir Hubert Miller, said of him in 1936, "My grandfather hunted hard to hounds and drank two bottles of port with his dinner. I wonder he wasn’t sick." It was also reported that on hot Sunday mornings the sixth Baronet would smash the church windows with his walking stick to let air in.
Family
On 5 May 1824, Miller married Martha, daughter of the Rev. John Holmes. They had five sons, Sir Charles Hayes Miller, 7th Baronet (1829–1868), Sir Henry John Miller (born 1830), who became Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council, Major Thomas Edmund Miller (born 1832), George Miller CB (born 1833), Assistant Secretary in the Education Department, and Richard Combe Miller JP DL (born 1841); and three daughters, Marianne, Frances Margaret, and Georgina Emily.
Notes
^ "Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Hist. Notes 3 at froyle.com, accessed 12 August 2008
^ 44M69 at nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 12 August 2008
^ Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1673-1809 at hants.gov.uk, accessed 13 August 2008
^ Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1733-1846 at hants.gov.uk, accessed 13 August 2008
^ LORDS OF LUDSHOTT MANOR at johnowensmith.co.uk, accessed 12 August 2008
^ Salzman, L. F., (ed.), A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 4 pp. 154-156 at british-history.ac.uk, accessed 13 August 2008
^ Froyle before & after 1860 at froyle.com, accessed 13 August 2008
^ Ruvigny & Raineval, Marquis of, The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal, p. 507 online at books.google.co.uk, accessed 12 August 2008
References
Leigh Rayment's list of baronets
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Baronetage of England
Preceded byThomas Miller
Baronet(of Chichester) 1772–1816
Succeeded byCharles Hayes Miller
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Miller (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Miller_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Baronets"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Thomas Miller, see Thomas Miller (disambiguation).Sir Thomas Combe Miller, 6th Baronet (1781 – 29 June 1864), was an English clergyman and landowner. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.[1]","title":"Sir Thomas Miller, 6th Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Froyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froyle"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hampshire county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"George Purefoy-Jervoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Purefoy-Jervoise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Holybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holybourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Froyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froyle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ludshott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludshott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fishbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbourne,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The second but eldest surviving son of Sir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet, Miller became a Church of England priest and Vicar of Froyle, Hampshire, in 1811. He was largely responsible for the rebuilding of the nave of the parish church in 1812. He had an elder brother, John Miller, who died in 1804, so in 1816 he inherited the family seat, Froyle Place, becoming both Vicar and Lord of the manor of Froyle. For many years he had a curate named Aubutin who took care of the stained glass in the church.[2]On 24 February 1820, when an election for the Hampshire county constituency was approaching, Miller wrote to George Purefoy-Jervoise, a successful candidate, to say that he would be away on polling day but would use his influence among his tenants to secure votes for Jervoise.[3]Between 1803 and 1805, Miller was buying several pieces of land in Holybourne.[4] In 1846, he expanded his estate by buying a property near his Park at Froyle, described as: \"The Shrubbery, Froyle, comprising a dwelling house with outhouses, outbuildings gardens, lawn, a shrubbery, plantation and 2 pieces of meadow or pasture... along with coach houses, stables and other buildings with a yard and adjoining land.[5]As well as Froyle, he inherited and was lord of the manors of Ludshott, which he sold in 1825 for £17,000,[6] and Fishbourne in Sussex, which he sold to Edward Stanford.[7]Miller's grandson, Sir Hubert Miller, said of him in 1936, \"My grandfather hunted hard to hounds and drank two bottles of port with his dinner. I wonder he wasn’t sick.\" It was also reported that on hot Sunday mornings the sixth Baronet would smash the church windows with his walking stick to let air in.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Henry John Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Miller_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 5 May 1824, Miller married Martha, daughter of the Rev. John Holmes. They had five sons, Sir Charles Hayes Miller, 7th Baronet (1829–1868), Sir Henry John Miller (born 1830), who became Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council, Major Thomas Edmund Miller (born 1832), George Miller CB (born 1833), Assistant Secretary in the Education Department, and Richard Combe Miller JP DL (born 1841); and three daughters, Marianne, Frances Margaret, and Georgina Emily.[9]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MLR796TC&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hist. Notes 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.froyle.com/histnotes3.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"44M69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=041-jervoise_2-1&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1673-1809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//calm.hants.gov.uk/DServeA/cgi-bin/CIdleTcl.exe?dsqServer=ist-iis02&dsqIni=DServe.ini&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo%3D%3D%2756004/79-111%27"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1733-1846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//calm.hants.gov.uk/DServeA/cgi-bin/CIdleTcl.exe?dsqServer=ist-iis02&dsqIni=DServe.ini&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo%3D%3D%2756004/36-55%27"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"LORDS OF LUDSHOTT MANOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.johnowensmith.co.uk/headley/ludshott5lords.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"pp. 154-156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41728"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Froyle before & after 1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.froyle.com/histnotes2.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plantagenet_Roll_of_the_Blood_Royal"},{"link_name":"p. 507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=w9UYYThhRIQC&pg=PA507"}],"text":"^ \"Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ Hist. Notes 3 at froyle.com, accessed 12 August 2008\n\n^ 44M69 at nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 12 August 2008\n\n^ Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1673-1809[permanent dead link] at hants.gov.uk, accessed 13 August 2008\n\n^ Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1733-1846[permanent dead link] at hants.gov.uk, accessed 13 August 2008\n\n^ LORDS OF LUDSHOTT MANOR at johnowensmith.co.uk, accessed 12 August 2008\n\n^ Salzman, L. F., (ed.), A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 4 pp. 154-156 at british-history.ac.uk, accessed 13 August 2008\n\n^ Froyle before & after 1860 at froyle.com, accessed 13 August 2008\n\n^ Ruvigny & Raineval, Marquis of, The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal, p. 507 online at books.google.co.uk, accessed 12 August 2008","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MLR796TC&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MLR796TC&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Miller, Thomas Combe (MLR796TC)\""},{"Link":"http://www.froyle.com/histnotes3.htm","external_links_name":"Hist. Notes 3"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=041-jervoise_2-1&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18","external_links_name":"44M69"},{"Link":"http://calm.hants.gov.uk/DServeA/cgi-bin/CIdleTcl.exe?dsqServer=ist-iis02&dsqIni=DServe.ini&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo%3D%3D%2756004/79-111%27","external_links_name":"Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1673-1809"},{"Link":"http://calm.hants.gov.uk/DServeA/cgi-bin/CIdleTcl.exe?dsqServer=ist-iis02&dsqIni=DServe.ini&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo%3D%3D%2756004/36-55%27","external_links_name":"Combe of Froyle; Pennington family; misc deeds 1733-1846"},{"Link":"http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/headley/ludshott5lords.htm","external_links_name":"LORDS OF LUDSHOTT MANOR"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41728","external_links_name":"pp. 154-156"},{"Link":"http://www.froyle.com/histnotes2.htm","external_links_name":"Froyle before & after 1860"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w9UYYThhRIQC&pg=PA507","external_links_name":"p. 507"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_re_Terrorist_Attacks_on_September_11,_2001
|
In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
American civil court case
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)
In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 is a multidistrict litigation (MDL) lawsuit that seeks redress for the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks and their families. The suit is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. It was originally filed in 2002 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia as Burnett v. Al Baraka Banking and Investment on behalf of a group of 600 9/11 survivors and family members who called themselves the 9/11 Families United to Bankrupt Terrorism. The plaintiffs' group eventually grew to include more than 6,500 members.
The case has had so many delays that it has been compared to Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, an endless legal dispute that was the subject of the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens. Since 2013 the case has focused mainly on alleged connections between the 9/11 attacks and the government of Saudi Arabia.
Motley Rice, a law firm that represented the plaintiffs, at one point helped to form the investigative firm Rosetta Research and Consulting in order to research links between the September 11 plot and the Saudi royal family. Rosetta became involved in operations with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In 2005, Rosetta helped convince Haji Bashir Noorzai, an Afghan drug lord, to come to New York, where he was quickly arrested by the DEA.
See also
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
9/11 Commission Report
Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks
References
^ "Massive claim for US terror attacks". BBC News. August 16, 2002.
^ a b c d Risen, James (February 10, 2015). "Terrorist's Claims About Saudis Put 9/11 Families' Lawsuit Back in Spotlight". The New York Times.
^ a b Leiby, Richard (December 27, 2008). "Counterterrorism Fight Blurs Lines Between Government, Private Sectors". The Washington Post.
vte Saudi Arabia–United States relations Diplomatic posts
Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.
Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States
Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia
Quincy House
Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
Diplomacy
Operation Hajji Baba
United States Military Training Mission
Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program
Safari Club
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Arab–Israeli alliance
U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen
2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal
2017 Riyadh summit
International Maritime Security Construct
Treaty of Jeddah (2023)
Incidents
1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum
US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale
Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
Khobar Towers bombing
September 11 attacks
Alleged Saudi role
In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001
Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees
Homaidan Al-Turki
United States diplomatic cables leak
2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident
Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting
Related
Golden gimmick
Patricia Roush
Saudi Aramco
Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States
Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee
WWE in Saudi Arabia
Prince Sultan Air Base
King Abdulaziz Air Base
King Khalid Military City
King Khalid Military College
American International School of Jeddah
American International School – Riyadh
Dhahran School
ISG Dammam
Islamic Saudi Academy
King Abdullah Academy
House of Bush, House of Saud
Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multidistrict litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidistrict_litigation"},{"link_name":"September 11 terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jarndyce v. Jarndyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarndyce_v._Jarndyce"},{"link_name":"Bleak House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleak_House"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"government of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytspotlight-2"},{"link_name":"Motley Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motley_Rice"},{"link_name":"Rosetta Research and Consulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosetta_Research_and_Consulting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saudi royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_royal_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytspotlight-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapoblurs-3"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytspotlight-2"},{"link_name":"Haji Bashir Noorzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bashir_Noorzai"},{"link_name":"drug lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_lord"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytspotlight-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapoblurs-3"}],"text":"In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 is a multidistrict litigation (MDL) lawsuit that seeks redress for the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks and their families. The suit is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. It was originally filed in 2002 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia as Burnett v. Al Baraka Banking and Investment on behalf of a group of 600 9/11 survivors and family members who called themselves the 9/11 Families United to Bankrupt Terrorism.[1] The plaintiffs' group eventually grew to include more than 6,500 members.The case has had so many delays that it has been compared to Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, an endless legal dispute that was the subject of the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens. Since 2013 the case has focused mainly on alleged connections between the 9/11 attacks and the government of Saudi Arabia.[2]Motley Rice, a law firm that represented the plaintiffs, at one point helped to form the investigative firm Rosetta Research and Consulting in order to research links between the September 11 plot and the Saudi royal family.[2][3] Rosetta became involved in operations with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[2] In 2005, Rosetta helped convince Haji Bashir Noorzai, an Afghan drug lord, to come to New York, where he was quickly arrested by the DEA.[2][3]","title":"In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act"},{"title":"9/11 Commission Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report"},{"title":"Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Massive claim for US terror attacks\". BBC News. August 16, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2196045.stm","url_text":"\"Massive claim for US terror attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Risen, James (February 10, 2015). \"Terrorist's Claims About Saudis Put 9/11 Families' Lawsuit Back in Spotlight\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Risen","url_text":"Risen, James"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/11/world/middleeast/terrorists-claims-about-saudis-put-9-11-families-lawsuit-back-in-spotlight.html","url_text":"\"Terrorist's Claims About Saudis Put 9/11 Families' Lawsuit Back in Spotlight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Leiby, Richard (December 27, 2008). \"Counterterrorism Fight Blurs Lines Between Government, Private Sectors\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/26/AR2008122602099.html","url_text":"\"Counterterrorism Fight Blurs Lines Between Government, Private Sectors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2196045.stm","external_links_name":"\"Massive claim for US terror attacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/11/world/middleeast/terrorists-claims-about-saudis-put-9-11-families-lawsuit-back-in-spotlight.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrorist's Claims About Saudis Put 9/11 Families' Lawsuit Back in Spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/26/AR2008122602099.html","external_links_name":"\"Counterterrorism Fight Blurs Lines Between Government, Private Sectors\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Lisboa,_Macau
|
Casino Lisboa (Macau)
|
["1 Robuchon á Galera","2 See also","3 Gallery","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 22°11′23″N 113°32′39″E / 22.189590°N 113.544039°E / 22.189590; 113.544039This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Casino Lisboa" Macau – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hotel Lisboa葡京娛樂場 (Yue Chinese)Hotel Lisboa Macau logo Location Sé, MacauOpening date1970No. of rooms2,362OwnerSociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau
Casino LisboaChinese nameTraditional Chinese葡京娛樂場Simplified Chinese葡京娱乐场Literal meaningPortugal Capital CasinoTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinPú Jīng YúlèchǎngYue: CantoneseJyutpingpou4 ging1 jyu4 lok6 coeng4Portuguese namePortugueseCasino Lisboa
Casino Lisboa (lit. 'Lisbon Casino', Chinese: 葡京娛樂場) is a hotel casino in Sé, Macau, owned by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM). This three-storey complex was built in late 1960s.
The original casino and the 12-storey round hotel tower were built in 1970 by Stanley Ho, Teddy Yip, Yip Hon and Henry Fok. A 270-room extension was added in 1991 for a total of 927 rooms. In 2006, another extension, the Grand Lisboa, was built next to the current complex. Therefore, a total of 2,362 rooms are in place in Hotel Lisboa as of 2010. This expansion was partly done in competition with the newly opened Wynn Macau, located right next to the original Casino Lisboa.
Robuchon á Galera
Restaurant in Macau, SAR ChinaRobuchon á GaleraRestaurant informationEstablished1 May 2001Food typeFrenchRating Michelin Guide 2008Street address3/F, Casino Lisboa, MacauCityMacauCountryMacau, SAR ChinaReservationsRecommendedWebsite
Robuchon á Galera, owned by the late chef Joël Robuchon, has been awarded three stars by the Michelin Guide in 2008. Robuchon á Galera serves European cuisine such as roasted guinea fowl and foie gras from its à la carte menu. The restaurant has since moved to the top floor of the Grand Lisboa hotel and has been renamed Robuchon au Dôme.
See also
List of Macau casinos
Macau gaming law
Gambling in Macau
Gallery
Casino Lisboa, Macau
Casino entrance at night
Macau - Grand Lisboa
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casino Lisboa, Macau.
^ Cohen, Muhammad. "What Pansy Ho's Move On Former Macau Casino Leader SJM Really Means". Forbes. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^ Bharne, Vinayak (2013). The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-52597-8.
^ Le-Min Lim. "Michelin Hong Kong Gives 3 Stars to 2 Restaurants". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
^ "Robuchon au Dôme, Grand Lisboa". Grand Lisboa. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
vteSé (Freguesia da Sé)Government
Macau General Post Office
Office of the Commissioner of the Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry
Conde S. Januário Hospital
Education
Macao Conservatory (Dance and Theatre)
Kao Yip Middle School
Macau Portuguese School
Macao Polytechnic UniversityClosed
Liceu de Macau
Transport
Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal
Landmarks
Bank of China Building
Casino Lisboa
Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady, Macau
Holy House of Mercy
Lotus Square
Macao Cultural Centre
Macau Legislative Assembly Building
Macau Tower
MGM Macau
Nam Van Lake
One Central
Mandarin Oriental, Macau
Sai Van Lake
Senado Square
Superior Court of Macau Building
Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau
Parks
Dr. Carlos d'Assumpção Park
Comendador Ho Yin Garden
Arts Garden
S. Francisco Garden
22°11′23″N 113°32′39″E / 22.189590°N 113.544039°E / 22.189590; 113.544039
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Sé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9,_Macau"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_de_Turismo_e_Divers%C3%B5es_de_Macau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Teddy Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Yip_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Yip Hon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yip_Hon"},{"link_name":"Henry Fok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fok"},{"link_name":"Grand Lisboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lisboa"},{"link_name":"Wynn Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Macau"}],"text":"Casino Lisboa (lit. 'Lisbon Casino', Chinese: 葡京娛樂場) is a hotel casino in Sé, Macau, owned by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM).[1] This three-storey complex was built in late 1960s.[2]The original casino and the 12-storey round hotel tower were built in 1970 by Stanley Ho, Teddy Yip, Yip Hon and Henry Fok. A 270-room extension was added in 1991 for a total of 927 rooms. In 2006, another extension, the Grand Lisboa, was built next to the current complex. Therefore, a total of 2,362 rooms are in place in Hotel Lisboa as of 2010. This expansion was partly done in competition with the newly opened Wynn Macau, located right next to the original Casino Lisboa.","title":"Casino Lisboa (Macau)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joël Robuchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Robuchon"},{"link_name":"Michelin Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Lisboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lisboa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Restaurant in Macau, SAR ChinaRobuchon á Galera, owned by the late chef Joël Robuchon, has been awarded three stars by the Michelin Guide in 2008. Robuchon á Galera serves European cuisine such as roasted guinea fowl and foie gras from its à la carte menu.[3] The restaurant has since moved to the top floor of the Grand Lisboa hotel and has been renamed Robuchon au Dôme.[4]","title":"Robuchon á Galera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macao_Hotel_Lisboa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macao_Casino_Lisboa_at_night_small.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macau_-_Grand_Lisboa_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casino_Lisboa_150101.jpg"}],"text":"Casino Lisboa, Macau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCasino entrance at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMacau - Grand Lisboa","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Macau casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_casinos#Macau"},{"title":"Macau gaming law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_gaming_law"},{"title":"Gambling in Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_Macau"}]
|
[{"reference":"Cohen, Muhammad. \"What Pansy Ho's Move On Former Macau Casino Leader SJM Really Means\". Forbes. Retrieved 25 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/muhammadcohen/2019/02/05/what-pansy-hos-move-on-former-macau-casino-leader-sjm-really-means/","url_text":"\"What Pansy Ho's Move On Former Macau Casino Leader SJM Really Means\""}]},{"reference":"Bharne, Vinayak (2013). The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-52597-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC&pg=PA114","url_text":"The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52597-8","url_text":"978-0-415-52597-8"}]},{"reference":"Le-Min Lim. \"Michelin Hong Kong Gives 3 Stars to 2 Restaurants\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114624/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&refer=home&sid=avYbC.xsxkqM","url_text":"\"Michelin Hong Kong Gives 3 Stars to 2 Restaurants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&refer=home&sid=avYbC.xsxkq","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robuchon au Dôme, Grand Lisboa\". Grand Lisboa. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016041648/http://www.grandlisboahotel.com/dining-Robuchon_au_Dome-en","url_text":"\"Robuchon au Dôme, Grand Lisboa\""},{"url":"http://www.grandlisboahotel.com/dining-Robuchon_au_Dome-en","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casino_Lisboa_(Macau)¶ms=22.18959_N_113.544039_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"22°11′23″N 113°32′39″E / 22.189590°N 113.544039°E / 22.189590; 113.544039"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Lisboa_(Macau)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Lisboa_(Macau)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau","external_links_name":"\"Casino Lisboa\" Macau"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Casino+Lisboa%22+Macau&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101207083801/http://www.hotelisboa.com/dining-robuchon_a_galera-en","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/muhammadcohen/2019/02/05/what-pansy-hos-move-on-former-macau-casino-leader-sjm-really-means/","external_links_name":"\"What Pansy Ho's Move On Former Macau Casino Leader SJM Really Means\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114624/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&refer=home&sid=avYbC.xsxkqM","external_links_name":"\"Michelin Hong Kong Gives 3 Stars to 2 Restaurants\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&refer=home&sid=avYbC.xsxkq","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016041648/http://www.grandlisboahotel.com/dining-Robuchon_au_Dome-en","external_links_name":"\"Robuchon au Dôme, Grand Lisboa\""},{"Link":"http://www.grandlisboahotel.com/dining-Robuchon_au_Dome-en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casino_Lisboa_(Macau)¶ms=22.18959_N_113.544039_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"22°11′23″N 113°32′39″E / 22.189590°N 113.544039°E / 22.189590; 113.544039"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Island,_Queensland
|
Lamb Island, Queensland
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Heritage listings","4 Education","5 Transportation","6 Services","7 Arts & Culture","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 27°37′34″S 153°22′47″E / 27.6261°S 153.3796°E / -27.6261; 153.3796 (Lamb Island (town centre))
Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaLamb IslandBrisbane, QueenslandLamb IslandLamb IslandCoordinates27°37′34″S 153°22′47″E / 27.6261°S 153.3796°E / -27.6261; 153.3796 (Lamb Island (town centre))Population504 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)4184Area3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)LGA(s)Redland CityState electorate(s)RedlandsFederal division(s)Bowman
Suburbs around Lamb Island:
Thornlands
Cleveland
Moreton Island
Mount Cotton
Lamb Island
Stradbroke Island
Redland Bay
Victoria Point
Macleay Island
Lamb Island is a small island which forms part of the Moreton Bay National Marine Park located in the southern part of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia. It constitutes a town and locality within the Redland City. The south/east side of Lamb Island sits within the Protection and Conservation park zone which is home to protected species of marine life including dugong, dolphins and leatherback turtles. In the 2021 census, the locality of Lamb Island had a population of 504 people.
History
Lamb Island has a rich history of food production dating back to the early 1900s. The island consisted of numerous small farms which supplied produce to the mainland Brisbane market. Due to the unique micro climate created by the islands geographic location, its extremely fertile volcanic soil and the pure sand aquifers that run beneath it, the farmers were able to supply superior produce to the mainland market earlier than their mainland competitors. There were several boats (including the well known historic vessels "Roo" and "Amazon") which travelled from the upper reaches of the Brisbane river out to the island to transport the produce. The Roo would also transport supplies from Brisbane for the island's residents and weekend trippers who would visit the island. One of the well known attractions was Peggy Saunders' garden parties. Peggy Saunders was the wife of one of the original farmers and was well known for her beautiful garden which was located on the Western waterfront of the island.
In the late 1970s Lamb Island, like much of South East Queensland, was developed into small residential allotments. The majority of the original farm land was subdivided with only a handful of small farming lots remaining. The island has remained largely undeveloped with the majority of the small residential lots being left as vacant land. Residential development has been limited largely due to transport costs of materials for building. The small lot sub division is, to some degree, being undone, as a result of the Redland City Council's 2020 initiative to promote land buy buy back by residents who own neighboring lots to those held by the Council. Additionally, due to the low price of land preceding 2020, it was not uncommon for resident land owners to buy multiple adjoining lots to increase lot sizes.
In recent years, with the popularity and resurgence of organic food, the island is gaining a reputation for its unique micro climate and organically grown produce. In addition to commercial organic growing ventures on the island, there are a number of small community garden groups engaged in organic food and ornamental plant production together with a local artisan industry with an emphasis on Permaculture values.
The Island has a very active incorporated residents' association (LIRA - Lamb Island Resident's Association) which is regularly engaged in community improvement projects which have included native tree planting, heritage site restoration/maintenance and general facility upgrades.
Demographics
In the 2011 census, Lamb Island recorded a population of 427 people, 50.4% female and 49.6% male. The median age of the Lamb Island population was 51 years, 14 years above the national median of 37. 69.4% of people living in Lamb Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.8%, New Zealand 6.5%, Philippines 2.3%, Netherlands 1.6%, Germany 1.2%. 90.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 2.8% Tagalog, 0.9% German, 0.9% French, 0.9% Samoan, 0.9% Spanish.
In the 2016 census, Lamb Island recorded a population of 432 people, 49% female and 51% male. The median age of the Lamb Island population was 59 years. The number of private dwellings on the island was 330.
In the 2021 census, the locality of Lamb Island had a population of 504 people.
Heritage listings
Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, 1994
Lamb Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Lavender Street: Dam and melaleuca forest
109-123 Lucas Drive: Lamb Island Pioneer Hall
Road Reserve at end of Lucas Drive: Jetty Shed which has been restored by the local island community group and was used for loading local produce onto the merchant boats
At the end of Lucas Drive: Thomas Lucas’ Grave
Tina Avenue: Mango trees which were planted over 100 years ago by the acclimatisation society
Home located on Tina Avenue which was one of the original farm houses, then served as the local post office and telephone exchange
Education
There are no schools on Lamb Island. The nearest government primary school is Macleay Island State Island on neighbouring Macleay Island to the north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Victoria Point State High School in Victoria Point on the mainland to the north-west.
Transportation
Transportation to Lamb Island is by high speed passenger ferry and vehicular barge service. The high speed passenger ferries run approximately every half hour from approximately 4 am – midnight, 7 days per week (subject to changing timetables) and numerous residents commute daily to the mainland. The Lamb Island terminal is located on the Southern end of Lucas Drive which is the central main road (27°37′51″S 153°22′21″E / 27.63083°S 153.37245°E / -27.63083; 153.37245 (Lamb Island ferry terminal)). The high speed passenger ferry takes approximately 15 minutes from the Redland Bay marina on the mainland.
The vehicular barge transports all motor vehicles and is capable of transporting large semi trailers. The barge takes approximately 45 minutes from the mainland.
The cost of travel on the high speed ferry between the other Southern Moreton Bay Islands is free of charge. The high speed ferry service uses the Queensland Government's Translink go card system.
In late 2019, a private locally operated mini bus service was introduced to the island to provide transport to and from the island's ferry terminal.
Also in late 2019 trials of Australia's first driverless bus were conducted on the smaller neighboring Karragarra Island with a view to introducing the service to the islands' communities.
Services
The island has a wide range of services:
Electricity – mainland power supply
Water – mainland water supply
Sewer – all recent and new builds must comply with advanced secondary water treatment standards
Internet/Telephone – reliable broadband internet is available and in early 2020 NBN became available.
Groceries – The island has its own small convenience store open 7 days per week and in addition, Woolworths provides an online home delivery weekly grocery service equivalent to that of the mainland.
Alcohol – a bottle shop is located at the Lamb Island Recreation Club
Entertainment – the Lamb Island Recreation Club incorporates a casual club style dining venue and hosts regular performing artists including musicians and comedians
Sport – a public tennis/basketball court is located next to Pioneer Hall and the Recreation Club
Residents also have access to an online car share service located on the mainland. Share cars are available at the mainland ferry terminal, using a mobile phone app.
Arts & Culture
Lamb Island was the title and subject of a 2010 short film by film maker Tim Marshall.
Peter Ludlow's book entitled "Moreton Bay People" features historical figures and features of Lamb Island.
The island forms part of the Redland City Council's heritage trail which identifies significant local heritage sites.
Numerous art installations are located around the island including artist Antone Bruinsma's "Island Girl" which is located close to the ferry terminal.
The "Girt by Sea" visual arts competition is held annually with a prize pool of approximately $90,000. The competition is supported by the Redland City Council which has acquired several of the entries in the Girt by Sea competition and located them on Lamb Island.
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Lamb Island (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Lamb Island (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021.
^ "Lamb Island – island (entry 18846)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Lamb Island – town (entry 39098)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Lamb Island – locality (entry 43643)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Lamb Island (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ "Island land up for sale". Redland City Bulletin. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
^ Williams, Brian (20 September 2016). "An island farmer couple has won a national food award for delicious produce". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Lamb Island (SSC)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Lamb Island (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ a b "Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ a b c "Schedule 4 - Heritage Places Register" (PDF). Redland City Council. March 2006. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^ "Lamb Island". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
^ "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ "Bay Islands passenger ferries". SeaLink Bay Islands. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ Goodenough, Cheryl (19 August 2019). "Driverless bus trial for bay island". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
^ "Bay Islands Car Share | Redland Bay | Victoria Point | Car hire". Bay Island Car Share. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
^ Marshall, Tim (26 October 2009), Lamb Island (short film), archived from the original on 5 September 2020, retrieved 29 June 2019
^ Ludlow, Peter (2000). Moreton Bay people : the complete collection. P. Ludlow. ISBN 978-0-9577260-3-1.
^ Council, Redland City. "Heritage trails". www.redland.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ Goodenough, Cheryl (8 August 2018). "Sculptures yet to be installed after Girt by Sea competitions in 2016 and 2017". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
^ "Girt by Sea competition a Bay Island art boon". Redland City Council News. 10 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
External links
Media related to Lamb Island, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons
vteTowns and suburbs in Redland City, South East QueenslandMainland
Alexandra Hills
Birkdale
Capalaba
Cleveland
Mount Cotton
Ormiston
Redland Bay
Sheldon
Thorneside
Thornlands
Victoria Point
Wellington Point
North Stradbroke Island
Amity
Dunwich
North Stradbroke Island (locality)
Point Lookout
Other populated islands
Coochie
Coochiemudlo Island
Karragarra Island
Lamb Island
Macleay Island
Russell Island
Unpopulated islands
Moreton Bay (locality)
Peel Island
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moreton Bay National Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Redland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"leatherback turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback_turtles"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-6"}],"text":"Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaLamb Island is a small island which forms part of the Moreton Bay National Marine Park located in the southern part of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia.[3] It constitutes a town and locality within the Redland City.[4][5] The south/east side of Lamb Island sits within the Protection and Conservation park zone which is home to protected species of marine life including dugong, dolphins and leatherback turtles. In the 2021 census, the locality of Lamb Island had a population of 504 people.[6]","title":"Lamb Island, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Permaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lamb Island has a rich history of food production dating back to the early 1900s. The island consisted of numerous small farms which supplied produce to the mainland Brisbane market. Due to the unique micro climate created by the islands geographic location, its extremely fertile volcanic soil and the pure sand aquifers that run beneath it, the farmers were able to supply superior produce to the mainland market earlier than their mainland competitors. There were several boats (including the well known historic vessels \"Roo\" and \"Amazon\") which travelled from the upper reaches of the Brisbane river out to the island to transport the produce. The Roo would also transport supplies from Brisbane for the island's residents and weekend trippers who would visit the island. One of the well known attractions was Peggy Saunders' garden parties. Peggy Saunders was the wife of one of the original farmers and was well known for her beautiful garden which was located on the Western waterfront of the island.[citation needed]In the late 1970s Lamb Island, like much of South East Queensland, was developed into small residential allotments. The majority of the original farm land was subdivided with only a handful of small farming lots remaining. The island has remained largely undeveloped with the majority of the small residential lots being left as vacant land. Residential development has been limited largely due to transport costs of materials for building. The small lot sub division is, to some degree, being undone, as a result of the Redland City Council's 2020 initiative to promote land buy buy back by residents who own neighboring lots to those held by the Council.[7] Additionally, due to the low price of land preceding 2020, it was not uncommon for resident land owners to buy multiple adjoining lots to increase lot sizes.[citation needed]In recent years, with the popularity and resurgence of organic food, the island is gaining a reputation for its unique micro climate and organically grown produce.[8] In addition to commercial organic growing ventures on the island, there are a number of small community garden groups engaged in organic food and ornamental plant production together with a local artisan industry with an emphasis on Permaculture values.[citation needed]The Island has a very active incorporated residents' association (LIRA - Lamb Island Resident's Association) which is regularly engaged in community improvement projects which have included native tree planting, heritage site restoration/maintenance and general facility upgrades.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-9"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-10"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-6"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, Lamb Island recorded a population of 427 people, 50.4% female and 49.6% male.[9] The median age of the Lamb Island population was 51 years, 14 years above the national median of 37. 69.4% of people living in Lamb Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.8%, New Zealand 6.5%, Philippines 2.3%, Netherlands 1.6%, Germany 1.2%. 90.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 2.8% Tagalog, 0.9% German, 0.9% French, 0.9% Samoan, 0.9% Spanish.[9]In the 2016 census, Lamb Island recorded a population of 432 people, 49% female and 51% male. The median age of the Lamb Island population was 59 years. The number of private dwellings on the island was 330.[10]In the 2021 census, the locality of Lamb Island had a population of 504 people.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall_(1994).jpg"},{"link_name":"heritage-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage-listed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, 1994Lamb Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:Lavender Street: Dam and melaleuca forest [11]\n109-123 Lucas Drive: Lamb Island Pioneer Hall [11]\nRoad Reserve at end of Lucas Drive: Jetty Shed which has been restored by the local island community group and was used for loading local produce onto the merchant boats [12][13]\nAt the end of Lucas Drive: Thomas Lucas’ Grave [12]\nTina Avenue: Mango trees which were planted over 100 years ago by the acclimatisation society [12]\nHome located on Tina Avenue which was one of the original farm houses, then served as the local post office and telephone exchange[citation needed]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macleay Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macleay_Island"},{"link_name":"Victoria Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Point,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-14"}],"text":"There are no schools on Lamb Island. The nearest government primary school is Macleay Island State Island on neighbouring Macleay Island to the north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Victoria Point State High School in Victoria Point on the mainland to the north-west.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°37′51″S 153°22′21″E / 27.63083°S 153.37245°E / -27.63083; 153.37245 (Lamb Island ferry terminal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island,_Queensland¶ms=27.63083_S_153.37245_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Lamb+Island+ferry+terminal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Translink go card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_go_card"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Karragarra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karragarra_Island,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Transportation to Lamb Island is by high speed passenger ferry and vehicular barge service. The high speed passenger ferries run approximately every half hour from approximately 4 am – midnight, 7 days per week (subject to changing timetables) and numerous residents commute daily to the mainland. The Lamb Island terminal is located on the Southern end of Lucas Drive which is the central main road (27°37′51″S 153°22′21″E / 27.63083°S 153.37245°E / -27.63083; 153.37245 (Lamb Island ferry terminal)). The high speed passenger ferry takes approximately 15 minutes from the Redland Bay marina on the mainland.[15]The vehicular barge transports all motor vehicles and is capable of transporting large semi trailers. The barge takes approximately 45 minutes from the mainland.[citation needed]The cost of travel on the high speed ferry between the other Southern Moreton Bay Islands is free of charge. The high speed ferry service uses the Queensland Government's Translink go card system.[citation needed]In late 2019, a private locally operated mini bus service was introduced to the island to provide transport to and from the island's ferry terminal.[citation needed]Also in late 2019 trials of Australia's first driverless bus were conducted on the smaller neighboring Karragarra Island with a view to introducing the service to the islands' communities.[16]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The island has a wide range of services:[citation needed]Electricity – mainland power supply\nWater – mainland water supply\nSewer – all recent and new builds must comply with advanced secondary water treatment standards\nInternet/Telephone – reliable broadband internet is available and in early 2020 NBN became available.\nGroceries – The island has its own small convenience store open 7 days per week and in addition, Woolworths provides an online home delivery weekly grocery service equivalent to that of the mainland.\nAlcohol – a bottle shop is located at the Lamb Island Recreation Club\nEntertainment – the Lamb Island Recreation Club incorporates a casual club style dining venue and hosts regular performing artists including musicians and comedians\nSport – a public tennis/basketball court is located next to Pioneer Hall and the Recreation ClubResidents also have access to an online car share service located on the mainland. Share cars are available at the mainland ferry terminal, using a mobile phone app.[17]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Lamb Island was the title and subject of a 2010 short film by film maker Tim Marshall.[18]Peter Ludlow's book entitled \"Moreton Bay People\" features historical figures and features of Lamb Island.[19]The island forms part of the Redland City Council's heritage trail which identifies significant local heritage sites.[20]Numerous art installations are located around the island including artist Antone Bruinsma's \"Island Girl\" which is located close to the ferry terminal.[21]The \"Girt by Sea\" visual arts competition is held annually with a prize pool of approximately $90,000. The competition is supported by the Redland City Council which has acquired several of the entries in the Girt by Sea competition and located them on Lamb Island.[22]","title":"Arts & Culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, 1994","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall_%281994%29.jpg/220px-Lamb_Island_Pioneer_Hall_%281994%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL31626","url_text":"\"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL321066","url_text":"\"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lamb Island – island (entry 18846)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island18846","url_text":"\"Lamb Island – island (entry 18846)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Lamb Island – town (entry 39098)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island39098","url_text":"\"Lamb Island – town (entry 39098)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Lamb Island – locality (entry 43643)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island43643","url_text":"\"Lamb Island – locality (entry 43643)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Lamb Island (SAL)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL31626","url_text":"\"Lamb Island (SAL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Island land up for sale\". Redland City Bulletin. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6789687/island-land-up-for-sale/","url_text":"\"Island land up for sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200830121333/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6789687/island-land-up-for-sale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Brian (20 September 2016). \"An island farmer couple has won a national food award for delicious produce\". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/4174947/a-pretty-good-effort-from-pretty-produce/","url_text":"\"An island farmer couple has won a national food award for delicious produce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City_Bulletin","url_text":"Redland City Bulletin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911004119/http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/4174947/a-pretty-good-effort-from-pretty-produce/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Lamb Island (SSC)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC30933","url_text":"\"Lamb Island (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Lamb Island (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC31641","url_text":"\"Lamb Island (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601493","url_text":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule 4 - Heritage Places Register\" (PDF). Redland City Council. March 2006. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://web01.redland.qld.gov.au/Robo/RPS_printable_v1/Print_Friendly/7-9/09.04.pdf","url_text":"\"Schedule 4 - Heritage Places Register\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City_Council","url_text":"Redland City Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200415112408/http://web01.redland.qld.gov.au/Robo/RPS_printable_v1/Print_Friendly/7-9/09.04.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lamb Island\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204011834/http://moretonbay.biz/part-5-lamb-island","url_text":"\"Lamb Island\""},{"url":"http://moretonbay.biz/part-5-lamb-island","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Globe\". State of Queensland. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland","url_text":"State of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Bay Islands passenger ferries\". SeaLink Bay Islands. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sealink.com.au/bay-islands/bay-islands-passenger-ferries/","url_text":"\"Bay Islands passenger ferries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230628172229/https://www.sealink.com.au/bay-islands/bay-islands-passenger-ferries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodenough, Cheryl (19 August 2019). \"Driverless bus trial for bay island\". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6334751/driverless-bus-trial-for-bay-island/","url_text":"\"Driverless bus trial for bay island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City_Bulletin","url_text":"Redland City Bulletin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143158/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6334751/driverless-bus-trial-for-bay-island/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bay Islands Car Share | Redland Bay | Victoria Point | Car hire\". Bay Island Car Share. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayislandscarshare.com.au/","url_text":"\"Bay Islands Car Share | Redland Bay | Victoria Point | Car hire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802010632/https://www.bayislandscarshare.com.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Tim (26 October 2009), Lamb Island (short film), archived from the original on 5 September 2020, retrieved 29 June 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/7260086","url_text":"Lamb Island (short film)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200905075455/https://vimeo.com/7260086","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Ludlow, Peter (2000). Moreton Bay people : the complete collection. P. Ludlow. ISBN 978-0-9577260-3-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9577260-3-1","url_text":"978-0-9577260-3-1"}]},{"reference":"Council, Redland City. \"Heritage trails\". www.redland.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20126/history_and_heritage/96/heritage_trails","url_text":"\"Heritage trails\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190629063116/https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20126/history_and_heritage/96/heritage_trails","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodenough, Cheryl (8 August 2018). \"Sculptures yet to be installed after Girt by Sea competitions in 2016 and 2017\". Redland City Bulletin. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/5536966/island-girl-still-lies-at-council-depot/","url_text":"\"Sculptures yet to be installed after Girt by Sea competitions in 2016 and 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City_Bulletin","url_text":"Redland City Bulletin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808051205/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/5536966/island-girl-still-lies-at-council-depot/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Girt by Sea competition a Bay Island art boon\". Redland City Council News. 10 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.redland.qld.gov.au/2017/02/girt-by-sea-competition-a-bay-island-art-boon/","url_text":"\"Girt by Sea competition a Bay Island art boon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808051538/https://news.redland.qld.gov.au/2017/02/girt-by-sea-competition-a-bay-island-art-boon/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island,_Queensland¶ms=27.6261_S_153.3796_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Lamb+Island+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"27°37′34″S 153°22′47″E / 27.6261°S 153.3796°E / -27.6261; 153.3796 (Lamb Island (town centre))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island,_Queensland¶ms=27.6261_S_153.3796_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Lamb+Island+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"27°37′34″S 153°22′47″E / 27.6261°S 153.3796°E / -27.6261; 153.3796 (Lamb Island (town centre))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lamb_Island,_Queensland¶ms=27.63083_S_153.37245_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Lamb+Island+ferry+terminal","external_links_name":"27°37′51″S 153°22′21″E / 27.63083°S 153.37245°E / -27.63083; 153.37245 (Lamb Island ferry terminal)"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL31626","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL321066","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island18846","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island – island (entry 18846)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island39098","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island – town (entry 39098)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Lamb_Island&types=0&place=Lamb_Island43643","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island – locality (entry 43643)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL31626","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island (SAL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6789687/island-land-up-for-sale/","external_links_name":"\"Island land up for sale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200830121333/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6789687/island-land-up-for-sale/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/4174947/a-pretty-good-effort-from-pretty-produce/","external_links_name":"\"An island farmer couple has won a national food award for delicious produce\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911004119/http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/4174947/a-pretty-good-effort-from-pretty-produce/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC30933","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island (SSC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC31641","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island (SSC)\""},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601493","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island Pioneer Hall (entry 601493)\""},{"Link":"http://web01.redland.qld.gov.au/Robo/RPS_printable_v1/Print_Friendly/7-9/09.04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Schedule 4 - Heritage Places Register\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200415112408/http://web01.redland.qld.gov.au/Robo/RPS_printable_v1/Print_Friendly/7-9/09.04.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204011834/http://moretonbay.biz/part-5-lamb-island","external_links_name":"\"Lamb Island\""},{"Link":"http://moretonbay.biz/part-5-lamb-island","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"Link":"https://www.sealink.com.au/bay-islands/bay-islands-passenger-ferries/","external_links_name":"\"Bay Islands passenger ferries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230628172229/https://www.sealink.com.au/bay-islands/bay-islands-passenger-ferries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6334751/driverless-bus-trial-for-bay-island/","external_links_name":"\"Driverless bus trial for bay island\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143158/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/6334751/driverless-bus-trial-for-bay-island/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bayislandscarshare.com.au/","external_links_name":"\"Bay Islands Car Share | Redland Bay | Victoria Point | Car hire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802010632/https://www.bayislandscarshare.com.au/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/7260086","external_links_name":"Lamb Island (short film)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200905075455/https://vimeo.com/7260086","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20126/history_and_heritage/96/heritage_trails","external_links_name":"\"Heritage trails\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190629063116/https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20126/history_and_heritage/96/heritage_trails","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/5536966/island-girl-still-lies-at-council-depot/","external_links_name":"\"Sculptures yet to be installed after Girt by Sea competitions in 2016 and 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808051205/https://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/5536966/island-girl-still-lies-at-council-depot/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.redland.qld.gov.au/2017/02/girt-by-sea-competition-a-bay-island-art-boon/","external_links_name":"\"Girt by Sea competition a Bay Island art boon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808051538/https://news.redland.qld.gov.au/2017/02/girt-by-sea-competition-a-bay-island-art-boon/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex,_Love_%26_Pain
|
Sex, Love & Pain
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References"]
|
2007 studio album by TankSex, Love, & PainStudio album by TankReleasedMay 15, 2007GenreR&BLength56:24LabelBlackgroundUniversal MotownProducerTank (exec.)Jomo Hankerson (exec.)Barry Hankerson (exec.)Flent Coleman (exec.)Antonio DixonEric JacksonSt. NickSteven RussellTimbalandThe UnderdogsTank chronology
One Man(2002)
Sex, Love, & Pain(2007)
Now or Never(2010)
Singles from Sex Love & Pain
"Please Don't Go"Released: May 2007
Sex, Love & Pain is the third studio album by American R&B singer-songwriter Tank. It was released on May 15, 2007 by Blackground Records and Universal Motown Records. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 103,000 copies in its first week, while reaching number one on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Tank's first album to have a Parental Advisory sticker, Sex, Love & Pain was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards. Its first single was "Please Don't Go", followed by "Heartbreaker".
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAboutEntertainment WeeklyB−
AllMusic found that Sex, Love & Pain offers up more smooth urban contemporary grooves tailor-made for deep, soulful seduction. Tank's upbringing in the church is in ample evidence throughout in his impassioned, gospel-infused delivery, but most of the topics on Sex Love & Pain wouldn't pass muster with the local Reverend. The vibe of the album is generally low-key, with bright, keys-heavy arrangements and call-and-response vocals with backup singers (further contributing to the churchified feel), but Tank keeps things intimate with his pleading, flexible tenor and boudoir themes. Fans of Ginuwine, Omarion, and R. Kelly should check this one out."
Track listing
Sex, Love & Pain track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Coldest"Durrell BabbsThai Olivia JonesTank6:522."I'm Coming Home"BabbsTom BrockerRobert Nelson RelfMelvin Curtis ColemanKeri HilsonSt. Nick3:053."My Body"BabbsHarvey Mason Jr.Steven RussellDamon ThomasAntonio DixonThe UnderdogsTank3:514."Please Don't Go"BabbsCharles BerealTank5:535."I Hate U"BabbsLuke BoydNazerine Vera HendersonTank5:156."Heartbreaker"BabbsMasonThomasDawkinsDixonDixonEric Jackson4:307."Who Dat"BabbsMasonRussellThomasDixonThe UnderdogsRussellTank3:498."When"BabbsMasonRussellThomasThe UnderdogsTank6:229."Wedding Song"BabbsMasonThomasThe Underdogs4:3810."My Heart"BabbsMasonRussellThomasDixonThe Underdogs4:1411."I Love U"BabbsColemanMichael StokesEmanuel JohnsonHilsonThe St. Nick4:0312."I Love Them Girls" (Timbaland Remix)BabbsMasonThomasDixonTimbaland3:57Total length:56:24
Personnel
Credits for Sex, Love & Pain adapted from Allmusic.
Flent Coleman – Executive Producer
Jimmy Douglas – Mixing
Sean Garrett – Composer
Barry Handerson – Executive Producer
Dawn Haynes – Wardrobe
Keri Hilson – Composer
Eric D. Jackson – Producer
Harvey Mason, Jr. – Mixing
Aaron Renner – Assistant Engineer, Mixing
Steve Russell – Producer
Dexter Simmons – Mixing
Tank – Composer, Primary Artist
Timbaland – Composer, Guest Artist, Producer
Eric Williams – Photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Sex, Love & Pain
Chart (2007)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
2
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Sex, Love & Pain
Chart (2007)
Position
US Billboard 200
169
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
36
References
^ a b "Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
^ Edward, Mark. "Tank - Sex, Love & Pain". Randb.about.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
^ Vozick, Simon (2007-06-01). "Sex Love & Pain". EW.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
^ "Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Credits". AllMusic. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
^ "Tank Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ "Tank Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2007". Billboard. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
^ "R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Year End 2007". Billboard. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
vteTankDiscographyStudio albums
Force of Nature
One Man
Sex, Love & Pain
Now or Never
This Is How I Feel
Stronger
Sex Love & Pain II
Savage
Elevation
R&B Money
Singles
"Maybe I Deserve"
"Please Don't Go"
"Sex Music"
"Emergency"
"When We"
Featured singles
"She Don't Put It Down"
Related Articles
TGT
The Underdogs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"Blackground Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackground_Records"},{"link_name":"Universal Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Parental Advisory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Advisory"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"50th Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Please Don't Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Don%27t_Go_(Tank_song)"}],"text":"Sex, Love & Pain is the third studio album by American R&B singer-songwriter Tank. It was released on May 15, 2007 by Blackground Records and Universal Motown Records. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 103,000 copies in its first week, while reaching number one on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Tank's first album to have a Parental Advisory sticker, Sex, Love & Pain was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album at the 50th Grammy Awards. Its first single was \"Please Don't Go\", followed by \"Heartbreaker\".","title":"Sex, Love & Pain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"AllMusic found that Sex, Love & Pain offers up more smooth urban contemporary grooves tailor-made for deep, soulful seduction. Tank's upbringing in the church is in ample evidence throughout in his impassioned, gospel-infused delivery, but most of the topics on Sex Love & Pain wouldn't pass muster with the local Reverend. The vibe of the album is generally low-key, with bright, keys-heavy arrangements and call-and-response vocals with backup singers (further contributing to the churchified feel), but Tank keeps things intimate with his pleading, flexible tenor and boudoir themes. Fans of Ginuwine, Omarion, and R. Kelly should check this one out.\"[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keri Hilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Hilson"},{"link_name":"Harvey Mason Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mason_Jr."},{"link_name":"Steven Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop_(band)"},{"link_name":"Damon Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underdogs_(duo)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dixon_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"The Underdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underdogs_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"Please Don't Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Don%27t_Go_(Tank_song)"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"}],"text":"Sex, Love & Pain track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Coldest\"Durrell BabbsThai Olivia JonesTank6:522.\"I'm Coming Home\"BabbsTom BrockerRobert Nelson RelfMelvin Curtis ColemanKeri HilsonSt. Nick3:053.\"My Body\"BabbsHarvey Mason Jr.Steven RussellDamon ThomasAntonio DixonThe UnderdogsTank3:514.\"Please Don't Go\"BabbsCharles BerealTank5:535.\"I Hate U\"BabbsLuke BoydNazerine Vera HendersonTank5:156.\"Heartbreaker\"BabbsMasonThomasDawkinsDixonDixonEric Jackson4:307.\"Who Dat\"BabbsMasonRussellThomasDixonThe UnderdogsRussellTank3:498.\"When\"BabbsMasonRussellThomasThe UnderdogsTank6:229.\"Wedding Song\"BabbsMasonThomasThe Underdogs4:3810.\"My Heart\"BabbsMasonRussellThomasDixonThe Underdogs4:1411.\"I Love U\"BabbsColemanMichael StokesEmanuel JohnsonHilsonThe St. Nick4:0312.\"I Love Them Girls\" (Timbaland Remix)BabbsMasonThomasDixonTimbaland3:57Total length:56:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Credits for Sex, Love & Pain adapted from Allmusic.[4]Flent Coleman\t – Executive Producer\nJimmy Douglas\t – Mixing\nSean Garrett\t – Composer\nBarry Handerson – Executive Producer\nDawn Haynes\t – Wardrobe\nKeri Hilson\t – Composer\nEric D. Jackson – Producer\n\n\nHarvey Mason, Jr. – Mixing\nAaron Renner\t– Assistant Engineer, Mixing\nSteve Russell\t – Producer\nDexter Simmons\t – Mixing\nTank\t – Composer, Primary Artist\nTimbaland\t – Composer, Guest Artist, Producer\nEric Williams\t – Photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex,_Love_%26_Pain&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Tank-5"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Tank-6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex,_Love_%26_Pain&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-year-end2-8"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Sex, Love & Pain\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[5]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[6]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Sex, Love & Pain\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[7]\n\n169\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[8]\n\n36","title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2016-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sex-love-pain-mw0000779183","url_text":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""}]},{"reference":"Edward, Mark. \"Tank - Sex, Love & Pain\". Randb.about.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/SexLovePain.htm","url_text":"\"Tank - Sex, Love & Pain\""}]},{"reference":"Vozick, Simon (2007-06-01). \"Sex Love & Pain\". EW.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20040228,00.html","url_text":"\"Sex Love & Pain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Credits\". AllMusic. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2016-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sex-love-pain-mw0000779183/credits","url_text":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2007\". Billboard. Retrieved October 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Year End 2007\". Billboard. Retrieved July 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Year End 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sex-love-pain-mw0000779183","external_links_name":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/SexLovePain.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tank - Sex, Love & Pain\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20040228,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Sex Love & Pain\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sex-love-pain-mw0000779183/credits","external_links_name":"\"Sex Love & Pain - Tank | Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Tank/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Tank Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Tank/chart-history/BLP","external_links_name":"\"Tank Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","external_links_name":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Year End 2007\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/803e3ed8-dcc8-36b5-b04c-7888c39305f3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84,_Plymouth_Grove
|
84 Plymouth Grove
|
["1 History","1.1 The Gaskells' residence","1.2 Meta Gaskell's death","2 Restoration","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Footnotes","5.3 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 53°27′49″N 2°13′16″W / 53.46361°N 2.22111°W / 53.46361; -2.22111Building in Manchester, England
84 Plymouth GroveThe front façade of 84 Plymouth Grove, now known as Elizabeth Gaskell's HouseFormer names42 Plymouth GroveAlternative namesGaskell HouseGeneral informationArchitectural styleNeoclassicalLocationManchester, EnglandCoordinates53°27′49″N 2°13′16″W / 53.46361°N 2.22111°W / 53.46361; -2.22111Completedc. 1838OwnerManchester Historic Buildings TrustDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Richard LaneDesignations
Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameMrs Gaskells HouseDesignated25 February 1952Reference no.1271082
84 Plymouth Grove, now known as Elizabeth Gaskell's House, is a writer's house museum in Manchester, England. The Grade II* listed neoclassical villa was the residence of William and Elizabeth Gaskell from 1850 until their deaths in 1884 and 1865 respectively. The Gaskell household continued to occupy the villa after the deaths of Elizabeth and William. The death of Elizabeth's daughter, Margaret Emily "Meta" Gaskell, in 1913, brought to an end the Gaskells' residence there.
The house itself was granted listed building status in 1952, partly due to its association with the Gaskells. This granted it protection from demolition, however, 84 Plymouth Grove slowly descended into a state of disrepair due to neglect.
The Manchester Historic Buildings Trust commenced a restoration project in 2009, aiming to see 84 Plymouth Grove returned to its state as the Gaskells left it. By 2011, the Trust had finished the exterior, which included structural repairs and removing the pink paint that had coated the house for various years. However, in May 2011 their project was marred by the theft of the lead roof, which caused "extensive damage" according to the BBC. On completion of the £2.5 million restoration, the building was reopened to the public on 5 October 2014.
History
84 Plymouth Grove was designed in the Regency style, probably by architect Richard Lane, c. 1838, and was speculatively built as part of a wider development catering to the burgeoning middle-classes in the area, then on the outskirts of the city. The villa comprised drawing and dining rooms, seven bedrooms and a coach house wing. The lavish house was built in response to the newly emerging middle class citizens of Manchester. The city, which had rapidly expanded due to the industrial revolution, held various degrees of housing, ranging from, poverty-ridden slum housing to the new era of luxurious housing such as 84 Plymouth Road.
The design is striking; the house contains 20 rooms on two floors over a concealed basement with a front porch containing four columns carved with a lotus leaf shape, reminiscent of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. Stucco features on the front façade of the house. Despite the house's façade having a pink coat for years, earning it the nickname 'The Pink House', during the times of Elizabeth Gaskell the walls were described as a "stone-colour".
The Gaskells' residence
Elizabeth Gaskell, in portrait of 1851 by George RichmondElizabeth and William, along with their children, Marianne, Margaret Emily "Meta", Florence, and Julia, moved into the house (then numbered 42 Plymouth Grove) in June 1850, after the publication of Elizabeth's first novel, Mary Barton. However, they had lived in Manchester for some time previously, as William Gaskell's job of assistant Minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel required the family to move from Knutsford, in neighbouring Cheshire. The family had stayed at two different locations in Manchester, both of which have now been demolished.
84 Plymouth Grove's spacious accommodation concerned Gaskell, who, despite calling the house "a beauty", was concerned about residing in such an expensive house (the rent was £150 per annum) while others lived in poverty. Despite Elizabeth's concerns, the Gaskells were not frugal, with the 20 room house costing half of William's salary in rent. Elizabeth, feeling guilty, justified it by stating, "It is who is to decide on all these things". Until the birth of their children they required only one servant, Betsy, however, at Plymouth Grove many more domestic staff were employed, including a cook, several maids, a handyman for outdoor work, as well as a washerwoman and a seamstress. Elizabeth trained her staff and looked after their welfare whilst they were employed at the house.
Charlotte Brontë, one of the many guests who stayed at 84 Plymouth Grove on various occasionsCharlotte Brontë, who visited the house three times between 1851 and 1854, described it as "a large, cheerful, airy house, quite out of Manchester smoke". The "Manchester smoke", as Brontë described it, was generated from the hundreds of textile factories and cotton mills situated within the inner city, in particular the Ancoats area. In the 1850s there were over 100 mills in Manchester. On one occasion, the meek Brontë even hid behind the curtains in Gaskells' drawing room as she was too shy to meet the other guests.
Barbara Brill, biographer of William Gaskell, stated that "Plymouth Grove could be likened to the activities of a beehive", due to the Gaskells entertaining many guests whilst living at the house. Besides Brontë, visitors to the house during Elizabeth Gaskell's lifetime included Charles Dickens, who, on one occasion in 1852, made an impromptu visit to the house, along with his wife at 10 am, much to the dismay of Elizabeth, who mentioned it to be "far too early". John Ruskin, Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer Charles Eliot Norton and conductor Charles Hallé also visited Elizabeth Gaskell at Plymouth Grove. Hallé visited the house often, teaching Meta Gaskell how to play the piano.
Gaskell lived at Plymouth Grove with her family until her death 15 years later, in 1865, and all of her later books were written there, including some of her most famous works, such as Cranford and North and South. Gaskell died in Alton, Hampshire, in a house she had just secretly purchased, without informing William. She had planned to entice William into leaving Manchester and retiring there, but she collapsed suddenly in the arms of Meta, and died on 12 November 1865. Her husband William, a Unitarian minister and educationalist, survived Elizabeth by nearly two decades, dying in 1884 of bronchitis. Upon his death, his two surviving unmarried daughters, Meta and Julia, lived in the house (his two other daughters, Marianne and Florence, had both married, though Florence died three years prior to William's death). The two sisters continued living at Plymouth Grove and both were involved in various charitable causes throughout their lives. Julia, despite being the youngest, died before Meta, in October 1908, leaving Meta alone at 84 Plymouth Grove.
Meta Gaskell's death
The house, pictured in 1913, the year that the Gaskells' occupancy ended
"
WOULD BUY GASKELL HOME.Suggestion That Manchester Make It a Literary Museum LONDON, 28 Jan..—A suggestion made by Derwent Simpson, and supported by The Manchester Guardian, is that the home of the Gaskell family in Plymouth Grove, Manchester, should be bought by the Manchester Corporation and be made a literary museum.
"
— 8 February 1914, The New York Times
In 1913 Meta Gaskell, the last of the Gaskells residing at Plymouth Grove, died, ending the family's 63 year occupancy of the villa. Meta was not, however, the last living Gaskell daughter. Marianne Gaskell, the eldest child, married, had three children and lived until 1920. Many suggested that the house become a public museum dedicated to Gaskell and her literary works, with the idea being supported by The Manchester Guardian.
The New York Times stated that the conversion to a museum could be achieved at "small expense", as it could sell some of the land belonging to the house for development. Despite the suggestion, the idea was rejected by the local authority, with The Manchester Guardian quoting them as stating, "The house belonged to one of the ugliest periods of architecture and was of no value beyond its association with the Gaskell family." Hopes of turning 84 Plymouth Grove into a museum were soon extinguished, and the house was simply left there. The University of Manchester purchased the building in 1969, converting it for use by the International Society. The university relinquished the building in 2000.
The house was listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England in February 1952.
Restoration
84 Plymouth Grove pictured in 2009, immediately before restoration work began
The building was purchased in 2004 by the Manchester Historic Buildings Trust, with the aim of restoring the building and allowing it to be opened to the public. A blue commemorative plaque on the front of the house reads: "Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810–1865) Novelist and authoress of Mary Barton and Cranford and many other works lived here (1850–1865)". In 2006, the house was in a very poor state of repair with severe structural problems, and was listed on the English Heritage Buildings at Risk Register. An article in The Independent noted the state of disrepair: "Structural cracks run through the walls, the foundations have to be underpinned, the whole roof replaced and dry rot eradicated, while the entire building must be restored and upgraded."
Restoration work began in September 2009. The house stands within a five-minute walk of Victoria Baths, another Victorian-era landmark requiring substantial restoration. The villa was given a £750,000 restoration of its exterior and a new roof was placed on the house in 2010. Lead was used at the insistence of English Heritage. However, in May 2011, metal thieves stole most of the lead from the new roof, which caused £250,000 worth of damage in the process and allowed rainwater into the house. The remaining lead was removed from the roof to deter any further thefts and a new roof constructed in its place.
Work on the first phase of restoration, which fixed the roof, drains and structural damage, finished in February 2013, with most of the external work complete and the building made water-tight. During this time, the pink paint covering the house was stripped off and replaced with an off-white colour.
A plaque in honour of Elizabeth Gaskell adorns the front of the house
In June 2012, it was announced that a grant of £1.85 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund had been secured, allowing restoration of the house's interior to take place. The funding paid for the restoration of the bedrooms and reception rooms and created a visitor learning area. The lottery grant was also used to help restore the house's garden, where the Gaskells once kept pigs, poultry and a cow.
The ground floor of the house has been fully restored in the style of an authentic Victorian home. Curators of the house researched what 84 Plymouth Grove would have looked like during the Gaskells' residence and borrowed a number of period items of furniture from Manchester's art galleries and the John Rylands Library in order to recreate the Gaskells' study and other rooms. Heritage experts from the Whitworth Art Gallery were consulted to help find the right wallpaper and paint colours that would have been used in the house at the time. Armitage Construction, a specialist heritage firm founded in 1874, restored the decorative plasterwork and carpentry in the house using traditional lime plaster and woodworking techniques from the period. In February 2014, the renovators of the house were seeking a donation of a mid-19th century Broadwood demi grand piano, the model that Charles Hallé used to teach Elizabeth's daughters at the house, for the drawing room of 84 Plymouth Grove.
The upstairs of the house has a number of rooms and performance spaces dedicated to educational work, literary and community events. Gaskell House reopened to the public on 5 October 2014. Curators of 84 Plymouth Grove hope that literary tourism will benefit the house, and make it a destination similar to Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon or the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth.
Gallery
The Dining Room
The Drawing Room
The Study Room
See also
Greater Manchester portal
Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Manchester-M13
References
Notes
^ 84 Plymouth Grove has been variously described as located within Ardwick, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Longsight and Victoria Park.
Footnotes
^ a b c d e Qureshi, Yakub (3 February 2014). "Elizabeth Gaskell house to reopen in October after £2.5m revamp". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's House". Time Out. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ "Longsight's literary star". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's house opens for history festival". BBC. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ a b Images of England: 84 Plymouth Grove, Chorlton-On-Medlock
^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^ "Elizabeth Gaskell House Reopens". The Guardian. Guardian news and media. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's House". Visit Manchester. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ a b c d Sykes, Alan (13 February 2013). "Elizabeth Gaskell's Manchester home to get £2.5m restoration". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h "An ending Dickens would have liked". The Independent. London. 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010.
^ Tapp, Blaise (1 June 2004). "Life of fame for Gaskell house". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N. Media. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
^ Qureshi, Yakub (7 January 2010). "Pink house to fade to grey". North East Manchester Advertiser. M.E.N. Media. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
^ "The House". The Gaskells' House. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
^ a b c Uglow, J (1993). Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-20359-0.
^ a b c d e f "Elizabeth Gaskell and family". The Gaskells' House. Archived from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
^ Letter to Eliza Fox (April 1850) in Chapple, J A V; Pollard, A, eds. (1997). The Letters of Mrs Gaskell. Mandolin. ISBN 1-901341-03-8.
^ a b c d Brill (1984), pp 81–83.
^ McNeil, Robina; Michael Nevell (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. ISBN 0-9528930-3-7.
^ Adams, Stephen (15 April 2009). "Cranford comes to rescue of Elizabeth Gaskell's house". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ a b Rusell Jenkins (5 December 2008). "I won't see out the year, Elizabeth Gaskell told dear friend, months before she died". The Times. London. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
^ Brill (1984), pp 117–118.
^ a b "Would Buy Gaskell Home". The New York Times. 8 February 1914. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
^ Historic England, "Mrs Gaskells House (1271082)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 January 2017
^ a b c "Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News. 11 May 2011.
^ a b c d "Elizabeth Gaskell's home books a £1.8m facelift". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ a b Glendinning, Amy (25 March 2013). "Fans can book a table at novelist Elizabeth Gaskell's Ardwick home". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ "Wanted: 19th century Broadwood piano for Elizabeth Gaskell's house". International Piano. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ Nugent, Helen (3 October 2013). "Elizabeth Gaskell's rare Victorian villa reopens after £2.5m restoration". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Bibliography
Brill, Barbara (1984). William Gaskell, 1805–1884: A Portrait. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Publications. ISBN 0-902428-05-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 84 Plymouth Grove, Manchester.
Official website
The Gaskell Society
Brook Street Chapel. The Gaskell's burial place
The Victorian Web: Plymouth Grove, Past and Present
'Elizabeth Gaskell's house: restoring the Victorian author's home' Woman's Hour (BBC Radio 4)
vteElizabeth GaskellNovels
Mary Barton (1848)
Cranford (1851–1853)
Ruth (1853)
North and South (1854–1855)
My Lady Ludlow (1858–1859)
A Dark Night's Work (1863)
Sylvia's Lovers (1863)
Cousin Phillis (1863–1864)
Wives and Daughters (1864–1866)
Short story collections
Round the Sofa (1859)
Lois the Witch (1861)
Short stories
Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851)
The Poor Clare (1856)
"The Haunted House" (1858)
"A House to Let" (1858)
Non-fiction
"The Last Generation in England" (1849)
The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857)
Related
Elizabeth Gaskell house
William Gaskell (husband)
William Stevenson (father)
vteMuseums and galleries in Greater ManchesterArt
Bury Art Museum
Castlefield Gallery
Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art
Cornerhouse
HOME
The Lowry
Manchester Art Gallery
Gallery Oldham
Salford Museum and Art Gallery
Touchstones Rochdale
Whitworth Art Gallery
Historic house
Bramall Hall
Clayton Hall
Dunham Massey
Elizabeth Gaskell's House
Haigh Hall
Hall i' th' Wood
Heaton Hall
Ordsall Hall
Smithills Hall
Staircase House
Wythenshawe Hall
Local history / culture
Bolton Museum
Museum of Wigan Life
Park Bridge Heritage Centre
Portland Basin Museum
Rochdale Pioneers Museum
Saddleworth Museum
Military and war
Fusilier Museum
Imperial War Museum North
Museum of the Manchester Regiment
Stockport Air Raid Shelters
Natural history
Manchester Museum
Science, engineering,transportation
Bolton Steam Museum
Bury Transport Museum
Ellenroad Engine House
Heaton Park Tramway
Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester
Science & Industry Museum
Trencherfield Mill Steam Engine
Specialized
Astley Green Colliery Museum
British Muslim Heritage Centre
Gallery of Costume
Hat Works
Manchester Jewish Museum
Manchester United Museum
National Football Museum
Pankhurst Centre
People's History Museum
Police Museum
See also
List of museums in Greater Manchester
List of public art in Greater Manchester
vteBuildings and structures in Manchester, EnglandSkyscrapers (over 100 metres)
Deansgate Square South Tower (201m)
Beetham Tower (169m)
Deansgate Square East Tower (158m)
The Blade (154m)
Three60 (154m)
Elizabeth Tower (153m)
Deansgate Square West Tower (141m)
Viadux (136m)
Deansgate Square North Tower (122m)
CIS Tower (118m)
Affinity Living Circle Square (116m)
Oxygen Towers (110m)
Angel Gardens (108m)
City Tower (107m)
Bridgewater Heights (106m)
High-rises (over 50 metres)
Artisan Heights (95m)
Axis Tower (93m)
1 Spinningfields (92m)
River Street Tower (92m)
Arndale House (90m)
Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower (87m)
Cambridge Street Block A (83m)
One Regent (82m)
Civil Justice Centre (81m)
Manchester One (80m)
1 Circle Square (76m)
3 Hardman Street (75m)
Great Northern Tower (72m)
One Angel Square (72m)
3 St Peter's Square (72m)
The Gate, Angel Meadow (68m)
The Light House (67m)
Victoria Residence (67m)
The Principal Manchester (66m)
Victoria Mill (65m)
Albert Bridge House (64m)
111 Piccadilly (64m)
Islington Wharf (64m)
The Slate Yard Flint Building (64m)
Skyline Central (63m)
The Peninsula (63m)
Cambridge Street Block B (63m)
No. 1 Deansgate (62m)
Owens Park Tower (61m)
Brooklyn Hotel (61m)
One Castle Wharf (61m)
Manchester Business School Hotel (60m)
St James's Buildings (60m)
2 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Piccadilly Place (60m)
Chancery Place (60m)
The Lume (60m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2 (60m)
One St Peter's Square (59m)
Two St Peter's Square (59m)
Landmark, St. Peter's Square (59m)
2 Circle Square (59m)
Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square (59m)
Lowry House (58m)
Minshull Street Courts (57m)
UNITE Tower (57m)
Cornbrook Works Tower 1 (57m)
Ramada Renaissance Hotel (56m)
Parkway Gate Block 1 (56m)
Royal Exchange Theatre (55m)
1 New York Street (55m)
St James's House (55m)
Bank Chambers (55m)
Vita Circle Square Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 2 (54m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3 (54m)
No. 1 Marsden Street (53m)
The Stile, Angel Meadow (53m)
82 King Street (52m)
Oxygen Tower 2 (52m)
Vox Tower 1 (51m)
Kampus Tower 3 (51m)
New Century House (50m)
Hexagon Tower (50m)
Parkway Gate Block 2 (50m)
Notable low-rises(city centre or Grade II* listed)
1 The Avenue
1–3 York Street
25 St Ann Street
38 and 42 Mosley Street
46–48 Brown Street
50 Newton Street
53 King Street
84 Plymouth Grove
100 King Street
Afflecks
Alan Turing Building
Albert Hall
Ancoats Hospital
Arkwright House
Athenaeum
Baguley Hall
Bank Chambers
Barlow Hall
Barton Arcade
Central Library
Chetham's Library
Chips
Clayton Hall
Corn Exchange
County Court
Daily Express
Dalton-Ellis Hall
Didsbury Campus
Estate Exchange
Former Bank of England
Free Trade Hall
Gateway House
Old Granada Studios
The Green Building
Grove House
The Haçienda
Hanover Building
Heaton Hall
Holyoake House
Hough End Hall
Hulme Hall
Hulme Hippodrome
Institute of Biotechnology
John Rylands Library
John Rylands University Library
Kendals
Lawrence Buildings
Law Library
Lincoln House
London Road Fire Station
Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Museum
Mechanics' Institute
Memorial Hall
Midland Hotel
Minshull Street Crown Courts
Science and Industry Museum
National Graphene Institute
Nicholls Building
Odeon Cinema
Old Wellington Inn
One Piccadilly Gardens
Pankhurst Centre
People's History Museum
Police Museum
Portico Library
Playhouse Theatre
Redfern Building
Reform Club
Rose Hill
Royal Eye Hospital
Rylands Building
Sackville Street Building
Sharston Hall
Ship Canal House
Slade Hall
Smithfield Market Hall
St Anselm Hall
Saint Mary's Hospital
St Michael's
Strangeways
Sunlight House
Theatre Royal
Toast Rack
The Towers
Transport Museum
Urbis
Uttley House
Victoria Baths
Whitworth Art Gallery
Whitworth Building
Wythenshawe Bus Garage
Wythenshawe Hall
Mills and warehouses
107 Piccadilly
1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station
Albion Mill
Asia House
Beehive Mill
Bridgewater House
Brownsfield Mill
Brunswick Mill
Canada House
Chorlton New Mills
Churchgate House
Dale Street Warehouse
Havelock Mills
India House
Jackson's Warehouse
Lancaster House
McConnel & Kennedy Mills
Murrays' Mills
Old Mill
Piccadilly Mill
Royal Mill
Shudehill Mill
Watts Warehouse
Religious(Grade I or II* listed)
British Muslim Heritage Centre
Brookfield Church
Castlefield Chapel
Christ Church
Cross Street Chapel
Holy Name of Jesus
Edgar Wood Centre
Gorton Monastery
Holy Trinity Platt Church
Jewish Museum
Manchester Cathedral
Manchester Reform Synagogue
St Ann's
St Chrysostom's Church
Church of St Cross
St. George
St James
St John
St. Mary
Church of St Michael
St Nicholas
St Peter
Upper Brook Street Chapel
St Wilfrid
Transportation
Manchester Airport
Airport station
Deansgate station
Piccadilly station
Victoria station
Oxford Road station
Piccadilly bus station
Shudehill Interchange
Entertainment
O2 Apollo
Arndale Centre
Bridgewater Hall
Castlefield Bowl
Central
Co-op Live
Contact Theatre
Cornerhouse
The Factory
Great Northern Warehouse
HOME
Palace Theatre
Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre
Opera House
The Printworks
Manchester Arena
Manchester Academy
O2 Ritz
Royal Exchange Theatre
Victoria Warehouse
Sports venues
Aquatics Centre
Belle Vue Stadium
Broadhurst Park
National Cycling Centre (BMX Arena, Velodrome)
Etihad Campus
City of Manchester Stadium
Manchester City Academy Stadium
Manchester Regional Arena
National Speedway Stadium
National Squash Centre
Memorials and sculptures
Alan Turing Memorial
Albert Memorial
B of the Bang
The Glade of Light
Cenotaph
Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
Peacock Mausoleum
Victory Over Blindness
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Corporation Street Bridge
Hulme Arch Bridge
Irwell Railway bridge
Palatine Bridge
Store Street Aqueduct
Trinity Bridge
Victoria Bridge
Architecture
Castles
Churches
Grade I listed
Grade II* listed
Grade II listed
Mills
Monuments
Tallest
Warehouses
Italics denote building under construction
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"writer's house museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%27s_house_museum"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoE-6"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May_2011-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Building in Manchester, England84 Plymouth Grove, now known as Elizabeth Gaskell's House, is a writer's house museum in Manchester, England.[a] The Grade II* listed neoclassical villa was the residence of William and Elizabeth Gaskell from 1850 until their deaths in 1884 and 1865 respectively.[5] The Gaskell household continued to occupy the villa after the deaths of Elizabeth and William. The death of Elizabeth's daughter, Margaret Emily \"Meta\" Gaskell, in 1913, brought to an end the Gaskells' residence there.The house itself was granted listed building status in 1952, partly due to its association with the Gaskells. This granted it protection from demolition, however, 84 Plymouth Grove slowly descended into a state of disrepair due to neglect.The Manchester Historic Buildings Trust commenced a restoration project in 2009, aiming to see 84 Plymouth Grove returned to its state as the Gaskells left it. By 2011, the Trust had finished the exterior, which included structural repairs and removing the pink paint that had coated the house for various years. However, in May 2011 their project was marred by the theft of the lead roof, which caused \"extensive damage\" according to the BBC.[6] On completion of the £2.5 million restoration, the building was reopened to the public on 5 October 2014.[7]","title":"84 Plymouth Grove"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VM-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lane_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"coach house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_house"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_of_fame-12"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"slum housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_housing"},{"link_name":"Tower of the Winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_the_Winds"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoE-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"Stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pink_House-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_House-14"}],"text":"84 Plymouth Grove was designed in the Regency style,[8][9] probably by architect Richard Lane, c. 1838, and was speculatively built as part of a wider development catering to the burgeoning middle-classes in the area, then on the outskirts of the city.[10] The villa comprised drawing and dining rooms, seven bedrooms and a coach house wing.[11] The lavish house was built in response to the newly emerging middle class citizens of Manchester. The city, which had rapidly expanded due to the industrial revolution, held various degrees of housing, ranging from, poverty-ridden slum housing to the new era of luxurious housing such as 84 Plymouth Road.The design is striking; the house contains 20 rooms on two floors over a concealed basement with a front porch containing four columns carved with a lotus leaf shape, reminiscent of the Tower of the Winds in Athens.[5][10] Stucco features on the front façade of the house.[9] Despite the house's façade having a pink coat for years, earning it the nickname 'The Pink House',[12] during the times of Elizabeth Gaskell the walls were described as a \"stone-colour\".[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"George Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Richmond_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Mary Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uglow-15"},{"link_name":"Cross Street Unitarian Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Street_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Knutsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knutsford"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Letter_April_1850-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81_to_83-18"},{"link_name":"servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant"},{"link_name":"domestic staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_staff"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81_to_83-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81_to_83-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Brontë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Brontë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uglow-15"},{"link_name":"textile factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"cotton mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_mill"},{"link_name":"Ancoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancoats"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM_Arch-19"},{"link_name":"drawing room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_room"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81_to_83-18"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"Harriet Beecher Stowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe"},{"link_name":"Charles Eliot Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton"},{"link_name":"Charles Hallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hall%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"},{"link_name":"Cranford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranford_(novel)"},{"link_name":"North and South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(1855_novel)"},{"link_name":"Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death-21"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"educationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationalist"},{"link_name":"bronchitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"unmarried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinster"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"}],"sub_title":"The Gaskells' residence","text":"Elizabeth Gaskell, in portrait of 1851 by George RichmondElizabeth and William, along with their children, Marianne, Margaret Emily \"Meta\", Florence, and Julia, moved into the house (then numbered 42 Plymouth Grove) in June 1850, after the publication of Elizabeth's first novel, Mary Barton.[14] However, they had lived in Manchester for some time previously, as William Gaskell's job of assistant Minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel required the family to move from Knutsford, in neighbouring Cheshire.[15] The family had stayed at two different locations in Manchester, both of which have now been demolished.[15]84 Plymouth Grove's spacious accommodation concerned Gaskell, who, despite calling the house \"a beauty\", was concerned about residing in such an expensive house (the rent was £150 per annum) while others lived in poverty.[16] Despite Elizabeth's concerns, the Gaskells were not frugal, with the 20 room house costing half of William's salary in rent.[10] Elizabeth, feeling guilty, justified it by stating, \"It is [William] who is to decide on all these things\".[17] Until the birth of their children they required only one servant, Betsy, however, at Plymouth Grove many more domestic staff were employed, including a cook, several maids, a handyman for outdoor work, as well as a washerwoman and a seamstress.[17] Elizabeth trained her staff and looked after their welfare whilst they were employed at the house.[17]Charlotte Brontë, one of the many guests who stayed at 84 Plymouth Grove on various occasionsCharlotte Brontë, who visited the house three times between 1851 and 1854, described it as \"a large, cheerful, airy house, quite out of Manchester smoke\".[14] The \"Manchester smoke\", as Brontë described it, was generated from the hundreds of textile factories and cotton mills situated within the inner city, in particular the Ancoats area. In the 1850s there were over 100 mills in Manchester.[18] On one occasion, the meek Brontë even hid behind the curtains in Gaskells' drawing room as she was too shy to meet the other guests.[19]Barbara Brill, biographer of William Gaskell, stated that \"Plymouth Grove could be likened to the activities of a beehive\",[17] due to the Gaskells entertaining many guests whilst living at the house. Besides Brontë, visitors to the house during Elizabeth Gaskell's lifetime included Charles Dickens, who, on one occasion in 1852, made an impromptu visit to the house, along with his wife at 10 am, much to the dismay of Elizabeth, who mentioned it to be \"far too early\".[10] John Ruskin, Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer Charles Eliot Norton and conductor Charles Hallé also visited Elizabeth Gaskell at Plymouth Grove.[10] Hallé visited the house often, teaching Meta Gaskell how to play the piano.[15]Gaskell lived at Plymouth Grove with her family until her death 15 years later, in 1865, and all of her later books were written there, including some of her most famous works, such as Cranford and North and South. Gaskell died in Alton, Hampshire, in a house she had just secretly purchased, without informing William.[20] She had planned to entice William into leaving Manchester and retiring there, but she collapsed suddenly in the arms of Meta, and died on 12 November 1865.[20] Her husband William, a Unitarian minister and educationalist, survived Elizabeth by nearly two decades, dying in 1884 of bronchitis.[21] Upon his death, his two surviving unmarried daughters, Meta and Julia, lived in the house (his two other daughters, Marianne and Florence, had both married, though Florence died three years prior to William's death).[15] The two sisters continued living at Plymouth Grove and both were involved in various charitable causes throughout their lives. Julia, despite being the youngest, died before Meta, in October 1908, leaving Meta alone at 84 Plymouth Grove.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaskell_1913.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uglow-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elizabeth_Gaskell_and_family-16"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York-23"},{"link_name":"local authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authority"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"listed Grade II*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-24"}],"sub_title":"Meta Gaskell's death","text":"The house, pictured in 1913, the year that the Gaskells' occupancy endedIn 1913 Meta Gaskell, the last of the Gaskells residing at Plymouth Grove, died, ending the family's 63 year occupancy of the villa.[14] Meta was not, however, the last living Gaskell daughter. Marianne Gaskell, the eldest child, married, had three children and lived until 1920.[15] Many suggested that the house become a public museum dedicated to Gaskell and her literary works, with the idea being supported by The Manchester Guardian.The New York Times stated that the conversion to a museum could be achieved at \"small expense\", as it could sell some of the land belonging to the house for development.[22] Despite the suggestion, the idea was rejected by the local authority, with The Manchester Guardian quoting them as stating, \"The house belonged to one of the ugliest periods of architecture and was of no value beyond its association with the Gaskell family.\"[10] Hopes of turning 84 Plymouth Grove into a museum were soon extinguished, and the house was simply left there. The University of Manchester purchased the building in 1969, converting it for use by the International Society. The university relinquished the building in 2000.The house was listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England in February 1952.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:84_Plymouth_Grove,_Manchester.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Buildings at Risk Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_at_Risk_Register"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-11"},{"link_name":"Victoria Baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Baths"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lead-25"},{"link_name":"Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"metal thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_theft"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lead-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lead-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.85-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.85-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell_blue_plaque.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.85-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1.85-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yakub-1"},{"link_name":"John Rylands Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rylands_Library"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yakub-1"},{"link_name":"Whitworth Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy-27"},{"link_name":"plasterwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterwork"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy-27"},{"link_name":"Broadwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwood_and_sons"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piano-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yakub-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helen_Nugent-29"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare's Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Brontë Parsonage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_Parsonage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Haworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yakub-1"}],"text":"84 Plymouth Grove pictured in 2009, immediately before restoration work beganThe building was purchased in 2004 by the Manchester Historic Buildings Trust, with the aim of restoring the building and allowing it to be opened to the public. A blue commemorative plaque on the front of the house reads: \"Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810–1865) Novelist and authoress of Mary Barton and Cranford and many other works lived here (1850–1865)\". In 2006, the house was in a very poor state of repair with severe structural problems,[10] and was listed on the English Heritage Buildings at Risk Register. An article in The Independent noted the state of disrepair: \"Structural cracks run through the walls, the foundations have to be underpinned, the whole roof replaced and dry rot eradicated, while the entire building must be restored and upgraded.\"[10]Restoration work began in September 2009. The house stands within a five-minute walk of Victoria Baths, another Victorian-era landmark requiring substantial restoration. The villa was given a £750,000 restoration of its exterior and a new roof was placed on the house in 2010.[24] Lead was used at the insistence of English Heritage. However, in May 2011, metal thieves stole most of the lead from the new roof, which caused £250,000 worth of damage in the process and allowed rainwater into the house.[24] The remaining lead was removed from the roof to deter any further thefts and a new roof constructed in its place.[24]Work on the first phase of restoration, which fixed the roof, drains and structural damage,[25] finished in February 2013,[9] with most of the external work complete and the building made water-tight. During this time, the pink paint covering the house was stripped off and replaced with an off-white colour.[25]A plaque in honour of Elizabeth Gaskell adorns the front of the houseIn June 2012, it was announced that a grant of £1.85 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund had been secured, allowing restoration of the house's interior to take place.[25] The funding paid for the restoration of the bedrooms and reception rooms and created a visitor learning area.[25] The lottery grant was also used to help restore the house's garden, where the Gaskells once kept pigs, poultry and a cow.[9]The ground floor of the house has been fully restored in the style of an authentic Victorian home.[1] Curators of the house researched what 84 Plymouth Grove would have looked like during the Gaskells' residence and borrowed a number of period items of furniture from Manchester's art galleries and the John Rylands Library in order to recreate the Gaskells' study and other rooms.[1] Heritage experts from the Whitworth Art Gallery were consulted to help find the right wallpaper and paint colours that would have been used in the house at the time.[26] Armitage Construction, a specialist heritage firm founded in 1874, restored the decorative plasterwork and carpentry in the house using traditional lime plaster and woodworking techniques from the period.[26] In February 2014, the renovators of the house were seeking a donation of a mid-19th century Broadwood demi grand piano, the model that Charles Hallé used to teach Elizabeth's daughters at the house, for the drawing room of 84 Plymouth Grove.[27]The upstairs of the house has a number of rooms and performance spaces dedicated to educational work, literary and community events.[1] Gaskell House reopened to the public on 5 October 2014.[28] Curators of 84 Plymouth Grove hope that literary tourism will benefit the house, and make it a destination similar to Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon or the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth.[1]","title":"Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell%27s_House_Dining_Room.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell%27s_House_Drawing_Room.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell%27s_House_Study_Room.jpg"}],"text":"The Dining Room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Drawing Room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Study Room","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Elizabeth Gaskell, in portrait of 1851 by George Richmond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Elizabeth_Gaskell.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_Gaskell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlotte Brontë, one of the many guests who stayed at 84 Plymouth Grove on various occasions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg/200px-Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB.jpg"},{"image_text":"The house, pictured in 1913, the year that the Gaskells' occupancy ended","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gaskell_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"84 Plymouth Grove pictured in 2009, immediately before restoration work began","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/84_Plymouth_Grove%2C_Manchester.jpg/250px-84_Plymouth_Grove%2C_Manchester.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plaque in honour of Elizabeth Gaskell adorns the front of the house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elizabeth_Gaskell_blue_plaque.JPG/250px-Elizabeth_Gaskell_blue_plaque.JPG"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg"},{"title":"Greater Manchester portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Manchester-M13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Manchester-M13"}]
|
[{"reference":"Qureshi, Yakub (3 February 2014). \"Elizabeth Gaskell house to reopen in October after £2.5m revamp\". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopen-october-6662555","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell house to reopen in October after £2.5m revamp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\". Time Out. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/manchester/attractions/elizabeth-gaskells-house","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"}]},{"reference":"\"Longsight's literary star\". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/longsights-literary-star-939337","url_text":"\"Longsight's literary star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house opens for history festival\". BBC. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17170945","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house opens for history festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\". BBC News. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell House Reopens\". The Guardian. Guardian news and media. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/03/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopens","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell House Reopens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\". Visit Manchester. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitmanchester.com/things-to-see-and-do/elizabeth-gaskells-house-p48861","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\""}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Alan (13 February 2013). \"Elizabeth Gaskell's Manchester home to get £2.5m restoration\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2013/feb/13/elizabeth-gaskell-manchester-house-restored","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's Manchester home to get £2.5m restoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"An ending Dickens would have liked\". The Independent. London. 26 March 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html","url_text":"\"An ending Dickens would have liked\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tapp, Blaise (1 June 2004). \"Life of fame for Gaskell house\". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N. Media. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/118/118408_life_of_fame_for_gaskell_house.html","url_text":"\"Life of fame for Gaskell house\""}]},{"reference":"Qureshi, Yakub (7 January 2010). \"Pink house to fade to grey\". North East Manchester Advertiser. M.E.N. Media. Retrieved 5 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://menmedia.co.uk/northeastmanchesteradvertiser/news/s/1188351_pink_house_to_fade_to_grey","url_text":"\"Pink house to fade to grey\""}]},{"reference":"\"The House\". The Gaskells' House. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100120030109/http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/house.html","url_text":"\"The House\""},{"url":"http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/house.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Uglow, J (1993). Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-20359-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-20359-0","url_text":"0-571-20359-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell and family\". The Gaskells' House. Archived from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091209030355/http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/family.html","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell and family\""},{"url":"http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/family.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapple, J A V; Pollard, A, eds. (1997). The Letters of Mrs Gaskell. Mandolin. ISBN 1-901341-03-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901341-03-8","url_text":"1-901341-03-8"}]},{"reference":"McNeil, Robina; Michael Nevell (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. ISBN 0-9528930-3-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9528930-3-7","url_text":"0-9528930-3-7"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Stephen (15 April 2009). \"Cranford comes to rescue of Elizabeth Gaskell's house\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5158987/Cranford-comes-to-rescue-of-Elizabeth-Gaskells-house.html","url_text":"\"Cranford comes to rescue of Elizabeth Gaskell's house\""}]},{"reference":"Rusell Jenkins (5 December 2008). \"I won't see out the year, Elizabeth Gaskell told dear friend, months before she died\". The Times. London. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article5289499.ece","url_text":"\"I won't see out the year, Elizabeth Gaskell told dear friend, months before she died\""}]},{"reference":"\"Would Buy Gaskell Home\". The New York Times. 8 February 1914. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1914/02/08/archives/would-buy-gaskell-home-suggestion-that-manchester-make-it-a.html","url_text":"\"Would Buy Gaskell Home\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England, \"Mrs Gaskells House (1271082)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 January 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1271082","url_text":"\"Mrs Gaskells House (1271082)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\". BBC News. 11 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's home books a £1.8m facelift\". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/elizabeth-gaskells-home-books-a-18m-689709","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's home books a £1.8m facelift\""}]},{"reference":"Glendinning, Amy (25 March 2013). \"Fans can book a table at novelist Elizabeth Gaskell's Ardwick home\". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/fans-can-book-table-author-1945444","url_text":"\"Fans can book a table at novelist Elizabeth Gaskell's Ardwick home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wanted: 19th century Broadwood piano for Elizabeth Gaskell's house\". International Piano. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140403055853/http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/magazines/international_piano/news/int_piano_news_story.asp?id=1950","url_text":"\"Wanted: 19th century Broadwood piano for Elizabeth Gaskell's house\""},{"url":"http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/magazines/international_piano/news/int_piano_news_story.asp?id=1950","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nugent, Helen (3 October 2013). \"Elizabeth Gaskell's rare Victorian villa reopens after £2.5m restoration\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/03/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopens","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's rare Victorian villa reopens after £2.5m restoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=84_Plymouth_Grove¶ms=53_27_49_N_2_13_16_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°27′49″N 2°13′16″W / 53.46361°N 2.22111°W / 53.46361; -2.22111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=84_Plymouth_Grove¶ms=53_27_49_N_2_13_16_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°27′49″N 2°13′16″W / 53.46361°N 2.22111°W / 53.46361; -2.22111"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1271082","external_links_name":"1271082"},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopen-october-6662555","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell house to reopen in October after £2.5m revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/manchester/attractions/elizabeth-gaskells-house","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/longsights-literary-star-939337","external_links_name":"\"Longsight's literary star\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17170945","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house opens for history festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022051416/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=&id=456038","external_links_name":"Images of England: 84 Plymouth Grove, Chorlton-On-Medlock"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/03/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopens","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell House Reopens\""},{"Link":"https://www.visitmanchester.com/things-to-see-and-do/elizabeth-gaskells-house-p48861","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's House\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2013/feb/13/elizabeth-gaskell-manchester-house-restored","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's Manchester home to get £2.5m restoration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html","external_links_name":"\"An ending Dickens would have liked\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/118/118408_life_of_fame_for_gaskell_house.html","external_links_name":"\"Life of fame for Gaskell house\""},{"Link":"http://menmedia.co.uk/northeastmanchesteradvertiser/news/s/1188351_pink_house_to_fade_to_grey","external_links_name":"\"Pink house to fade to grey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100120030109/http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/house.html","external_links_name":"\"The House\""},{"Link":"http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/house.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091209030355/http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/family.html","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell and family\""},{"Link":"http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/family.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5158987/Cranford-comes-to-rescue-of-Elizabeth-Gaskells-house.html","external_links_name":"\"Cranford comes to rescue of Elizabeth Gaskell's house\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article5289499.ece","external_links_name":"\"I won't see out the year, Elizabeth Gaskell told dear friend, months before she died\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1914/02/08/archives/would-buy-gaskell-home-suggestion-that-manchester-make-it-a.html","external_links_name":"\"Would Buy Gaskell Home\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1271082","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Gaskells House (1271082)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13357245","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/elizabeth-gaskells-home-books-a-18m-689709","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's home books a £1.8m facelift\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/fans-can-book-table-author-1945444","external_links_name":"\"Fans can book a table at novelist Elizabeth Gaskell's Ardwick home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140403055853/http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/magazines/international_piano/news/int_piano_news_story.asp?id=1950","external_links_name":"\"Wanted: 19th century Broadwood piano for Elizabeth Gaskell's house\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/magazines/international_piano/news/int_piano_news_story.asp?id=1950","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/03/elizabeth-gaskell-house-reopens","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Gaskell's rare Victorian villa reopens after £2.5m restoration\""},{"Link":"http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.gaskellsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Gaskell Society"},{"Link":"http://www.brookstreetchapel.org/","external_links_name":"Brook Street Chapel. The Gaskell's burial place"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070822195310/http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/EG-Plymouth.html","external_links_name":"The Victorian Web: Plymouth Grove, Past and Present"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2004_46_thu_05.shtml","external_links_name":"'Elizabeth Gaskell's house: restoring the Victorian author's home' Woman's Hour (BBC Radio 4)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden,_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway
|
Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway
|
["1 Rushden station","1.1 Rolling stock","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977Heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is about the present-day heritage railway. For the traditional railway line operating from 1893 to 1969, see Higham Ferrers branch line.
Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough RailwayRunning line at Rushden, Higham & Wellingborough RailwayCommercial operationsNameBritish RailOriginal gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugePreserved operationsOperated byRushden Historical Transport SocietyStations1Length1⁄2 mile (0.8 km)Preserved gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeCommercial historyClosed1971Preservation historyHeadquartersRushden station
vteRushden, Higham &Wellingborough Railway
Legend
Higham Ferrers
Footpath crossing
Prospect Avenue
Shirley Road Bridge
Midland Main Line
Wellingborough
Rushden Yard
Footpath crossing
Rushden
Northampton andPeterborough Railway
River Nene
Bridge (Currently missing)
Midland Main Line
The Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway is a heritage railway operated by the Rushden Historical Transport Society in the town of Rushden in the county of Northamptonshire, England.
The aim of the society was to reopen most of the former Midland Railway branch line from Wellingborough to Higham Ferrers, which had been closed completely in November 1969. As of April 2016, around 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) stretch of the line is operated between Rushden station and Prospect Avenue. The society plans to extend the line to a halt at Higham Ferrers. They are unable to extend back towards Wellingborough due to developments that have taken place along the route of the old branch line.
Rushden station
Rushden station has been preserved by the Rushden Historical Transport Society. The station building is fully intact and open with no admission fee although donations are requested.
The footbridge is currently missing, and a level crossing divides the platform into two sections. A replacement footbridge similar to the original is awaiting installation, at which point the missing section of platform will be replaced.
On operating days trains use a separate platform slightly to the east. There is a signal box on site also. To the west immediately after the station there is a bridge missing. To the east, the line ends adjacent to Prospect Ave, and is used throughout the year.
Rolling stock
On site can be found a main-line diesel, Class 31, 31206, a number of Mark 1 carriages and a Gresley buffet car. In addition the line has a few industrial steam locomotives and some small diesel shunters. Frequently a number of preserved buses and coaches can also be found on the site.
Steam Locomotives
Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST No 2168 "Edmundsons". Built in 1940. Undergoing overhaul.
Bagnall 0-6-0ST No 2654 Cherwell. Awaiting funds for major restoration.
Diesel locomotives
BR A1A-A1A Class 31 no. 31206. Operational. BR Railfreight Built in 1960.
BR 0-6-0DM Class 03 no. 03179 Clive. First Capital Connect purple.
4wDH Diesel-Hydraulic Sentinel shunter no. 10159. Operational.
Diesel multiple units
BR Class 121 no. 55029 (977968) Network Rail Yellow Built in 1960.
BR Class 142 nos. 142084 and 142091.
Coaching stock
BR Post Office Sorting Van NSA 80334 built in 1969.
BR Post Office Stowage Van NTA 80413 built in 1957.
BR High-security General Utility Van NKA 94102 built in 1959.
BR Brake Gangwayed NEX 92363. Used for passenger services. built in 1957.
BR Mark 1 Tourist Second Open no. 3918 built in 1954.
BR Mark 1 BSK no. 34004 built in 1951.
BR Mark 2 Tourist Second Open no. 5166. Used for passenger services. built in 1966.
LNER Gresley Buffet Carriage no. 24279 built in 1937.
See also
Rushden Parkway railway station
References
^ "Preserved Railway stock list". UKLocos. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
^ "Class 142". Preserved Railcars. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
External links
The railway website
vteHeritage railways, museums and preservation societies in EnglandOperational railwaysNarrow-gauge
Amerton Railway
Amberley Museum Railway
Bredgar and Wormshill Light Railway
Bure Valley Railway
Cleethorpes Coast Light Railway
Gartell Light Railway
Great Whipsnade Railway
Great Woburn Railway
Hastings Miniature Railway
Hayling Seaside Railway
Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry
Launceston Steam Railway
Leighton Buzzard Light Railway
London Post Office Railway
Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
North Gloucestershire Railway
Perrygrove Railway
Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway
Rudyard Lake Steam Railway
Ruislip Lido Railway
Seaton Tramway
Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway
South Tynedale Railway
Southend Pier Railway
Steeple Grange Light Railway
Volk's Electric Railway
Wells and Walsingham Light Railway
West Lancashire Light Railway
Whistlestop Valley
Yaxham Light Railway
Standard-gauge
Aln Valley Railway
Appleby Frodingham Railway
Avon Valley Railway
Battlefield Line Railway
Bluebell Railway
Bodmin and Wenford Railway
Bowes Railway
Bristol Harbour Railway
Cambrian Heritage Railways
Chasewater Railway
Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway
Cholsey and Wallingford Railway
Churnet Valley Railway
Colne Valley Railway
Dartmouth Steam Railway
Dean Forest Railway
Derwent Valley Light Railway
East Kent Railway
East Lancashire Railway
East Somerset Railway
Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
Eden Valley Railway
Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway
Epping Ongar Railway
Foxfield Railway
Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway
Great Central Railway
Helston Railway
Isle of Wight Steam Railway
Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
Kent and East Sussex Railway
Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway
Lavender Line
Lincolnshire Wolds Railway
Mid-Norfolk Railway
Middleton Railway
Midland Railway – Butterley
Mountsorrel Railway
Nene Valley Railway
North Norfolk Railway
North Tyneside Steam Railway
North Yorkshire Moors Railway
Northampton and Lamport Railway
Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust
Nottingham Heritage Railway
Peak Rail
Plym Valley Railway
Ribble Steam Railway
Rother Valley Railway
Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway
Severn Valley Railway
South Devon Railway
Spa Valley Railway
Stainmore Railway
Swanage Railway
Swindon and Cricklade Railway
Tanfield Railway
Telford Steam Railway
Watercress Line
Weardale Railway
Wensleydale Railway
West Somerset Railway
Yorkshire Wolds Railway
Centres and museums
Barrow Hill Roundhouse & Railway Centre
Bressingham Steam Museum
Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
Coleford Great Western Railway Museum
Crewe Heritage Centre
Crowle Peatland Railway
Head of Steam (Darlington)
Devon Railway Centre
Didcot Railway Centre
East Anglian Railway Museum
Hollycombe Steam Collection
London Museum of Water & Steam
Mangapps Railway Museum
Mid-Suffolk Light Railway
Moseley Railway Trust
Mountsorrel Railway
National Railway Museum
North Ings Farm Museum
Nottingham Heritage Railway
Rutland Railway Museum
National Railway Museum Shildon
Shillingstone Railway Project
Somerset & Dorset Railway Heritage Trust
Southall Railway Centre
Stephenson Railway Museum
Museum of the Great Western Railway (Swindon)
Tyseley Locomotive Works
Yeovil Railway Centre
Planned railways
Berkeley Vale Railway
Bideford Railway Heritage Centre
Combe Rail
Don Valley Railway
Lea Bailey Light Railway
Norfolk Orbital Railway
North Dorset Railway
North Somerset Railway
Poulton & Wyre Railway
Southwold Railway
Tarka Valley Railway
Wisbech and March Bramley Line
Closed sites
Abbey Light Railway
Ashford Steam Centre
Cadeby Light Railway
Dartmoor line (mainline service restored)
Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway
Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire
Elsecar Heritage Railway
Great Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society
North Woolwich Old Station Museum
Wells Harbour Railway
Heritage railways: England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Isle of Man
Channel Islands
52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers_branch_line"},{"link_name":"heritage railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_railway"},{"link_name":"Rushden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingborough"},{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Rushden station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingborough"}],"text":"Heritage railway in Northamptonshire, EnglandThis article is about the present-day heritage railway. For the traditional railway line operating from 1893 to 1969, see Higham Ferrers branch line.The Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway is a heritage railway operated by the Rushden Historical Transport Society in the town of Rushden in the county of Northamptonshire, England.The aim of the society was to reopen most of the former Midland Railway branch line from Wellingborough to Higham Ferrers, which had been closed completely in November 1969. As of April 2016, around 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) stretch of the line is operated between Rushden station and Prospect Avenue. The society plans to extend the line to a halt at Higham Ferrers. They are unable to extend back towards Wellingborough due to developments that have taken place along the route of the old branch line.","title":"Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridge"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"signal box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_box"}],"text":"Rushden station has been preserved by the Rushden Historical Transport Society. The station building is fully intact and open with no admission fee although donations are requested.The footbridge is currently missing, and a level crossing divides the platform into two sections. A replacement footbridge similar to the original is awaiting installation, at which point the missing section of platform will be replaced.On operating days trains use a separate platform slightly to the east. There is a signal box on site also. To the west immediately after the station there is a bridge missing. To the east, the line ends adjacent to Prospect Ave, and is used throughout the year.","title":"Rushden station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Barclay_Sons_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"0-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-4-0"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Bagnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Bagnall"},{"link_name":"0-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"BR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"Class 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_31"},{"link_name":"BR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"0-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93mechanical_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Class 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_03"},{"link_name":"Class 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_121"},{"link_name":"Class 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_142"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Post Office Sorting Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Sorting_Van"},{"link_name":"Post Office Stowage Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Stowage_Van"},{"link_name":"High-security General Utility Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Utility_Van"},{"link_name":"Brake Gangwayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_Gangwayed"},{"link_name":"Tourist Second Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Second_Open"},{"link_name":"BSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Tourist Second Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Second_Open"}],"sub_title":"Rolling stock","text":"On site can be found a main-line diesel, Class 31, 31206, a number of Mark 1 carriages and a Gresley buffet car. In addition the line has a few industrial steam locomotives and some small diesel shunters. Frequently a number of preserved buses and coaches can also be found on the site.[1]Steam Locomotives\nAndrew Barclay 0-4-0ST No 2168 \"Edmundsons\". Built in 1940. Undergoing overhaul.\nBagnall 0-6-0ST No 2654 Cherwell. Awaiting funds for major restoration.Diesel locomotives\nBR A1A-A1A Class 31 no. 31206. Operational. BR Railfreight Built in 1960.\nBR 0-6-0DM Class 03 no. 03179 Clive. First Capital Connect purple.\n4wDH Diesel-Hydraulic Sentinel shunter no. 10159. Operational.\nDiesel multiple units\nBR Class 121 no. 55029 (977968) Network Rail Yellow Built in 1960.\nBR Class 142 nos. 142084 and 142091.[2]Coaching stock\nBR Post Office Sorting Van NSA 80334 built in 1969.\nBR Post Office Stowage Van NTA 80413 built in 1957.\nBR High-security General Utility Van NKA 94102 built in 1959.\nBR Brake Gangwayed NEX 92363. Used for passenger services. built in 1957.\nBR Mark 1 Tourist Second Open no. 3918 built in 1954.\nBR Mark 1 BSK no. 34004 built in 1951.\nBR Mark 2 Tourist Second Open no. 5166. Used for passenger services. built in 1966.\nLNER Gresley Buffet Carriage no. 24279 built in 1937.","title":"Rushden station"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Rushden Parkway railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_Parkway_railway_station"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Preserved Railway stock list\". UKLocos. Retrieved 22 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uklocos.com/preservedrailwaystocklist/","url_text":"\"Preserved Railway stock list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class 142\". Preserved Railcars. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/Class142.html","url_text":"\"Class 142\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rushden,_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway¶ms=52.2946_N_0.5977_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22","external_links_name":"\"Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rushden%2C+Higham+and+Wellingborough+Railway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.uklocos.com/preservedrailwaystocklist/","external_links_name":"\"Preserved Railway stock list\""},{"Link":"http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/Class142.html","external_links_name":"\"Class 142\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhts.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The railway website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rushden,_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway¶ms=52.2946_N_0.5977_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphiretown,_South_Australia
|
Sapphiretown, South Australia
|
[]
|
Coordinates: 35°47′28″S 137°46′59″E / 35.79118694°S 137.78309723°E / -35.79118694; 137.78309723
Suburb of Kangaroo Island Council, South AustraliaSapphiretownSouth AustraliaSapphiretownCoordinates35°47′28″S 137°46′59″E / 35.79118694°S 137.78309723°E / -35.79118694; 137.78309723Population319 (shared with other localities in the “State Suburb of Island Beach”) (2011 census)Established1878Postcode(s)5222Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 121 km (75 mi) south of Adelaide 16 km (10 mi) southwest of Penneshaw LGA(s)Kangaroo Island CouncilRegionFleurieu and Kangaroo IslandCountyCarnarvonState electorate(s)Mawson Federal division(s)Mayo
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
19.1 °C 66 °F
11.6 °C 53 °F
488.9 mm 19.2 in
Suburbs around Sapphiretown:
Nepean Bay
Nepean Bay
Nepean Bay
Nepean Bay
Sapphiretown
Island Beach
Pelican Lagoon
Pelican Lagoon
Island Beach
FootnotesCoordinatesLocationsClimateAdjoining localities
Sapphiretown is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island overlooking Eastern Cove about 121 kilometres (75 miles) south of the state capital of Adelaide and about 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) south-west of Penneshaw.
The locality was originally declared as a government town in January 1878 by Sir William Jervois, the tenth governor of South Australia for a site surveyed in March 1877. The locality's boundaries which were created in March 2002 include the former government town of Sapphiretown. The name is derived from HMS Sapphire, a sloop, which conveyed Jervois to South Australia in October 1877 to take up his appointment as Governor of South Australia.
As of 2014, Sapphiretown consisted of land at the western end of Dudley Peninsula and which concludes as a spit known as Strawbridge Point at its north-western extremity and which is bounded to the north by Eastern Cove in Nepean Bay and by the body of water known as American River to the west. The locality is zoned for residential use exclusively for “detached dwellings” and “tourist accommodation.”
Sapphiretown is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.
See also
Sapphire (disambiguation)
References
Notes
^ For the 2011 census, the State Suburb of Island Beach covered the full extent of the Dudley Peninsula with the exception of Penneshaw - refer Dudley Peninsula#Demographics for more information
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i "Search result for "Sapphiretown (Locality Bounded)" (Record no SA0059861) with the following layers selected - "Suburbs and Localities" and "Government Towns"". Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Island Beach". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ a b c "Postcode for Sapphiretown, South Australia (Postcode)". postcodes-australia.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ "Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island SA Government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ a b Mawson (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ a b "Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ "Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics KINGSCOTE (nearest station)". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ "ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR". South Australian Register. Vol. XLII, no. 9640. South Australia. 6 October 1877. p. 2 (Supplement to the South Australian Register.). Retrieved 1 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Warner, J. H. B. (17 January 1878). "Notices under the Waste Lands Alienation Act 1872" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 77. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ "Development Plan, Kangaroo Island Council, Consolidated – 20 February 2014" (PDF). Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. pp. 128, 287 and 300. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
vteSuburbs and localities of the Kangaroo Island Council
American Beach
American River
Antechamber Bay
Ballast Head
Baudin Beach
Bay of Shoals
Birchmore
Brown Beach
Brownlow KI
Cape Borda
Cassini
Cuttlefish Bay
Cygnet River
De Mole River
D'Estrees Bay
Dudley East
Dudley West
Duncan
Emu Bay
Flinders Chase
Gosse
Haines
Island Beach
Ironstone
Kangaroo Head
Karatta
Kingscote
Kohinoor
MacGillivray
Menzies
Middle River
Muston
Nepean Bay
Newland
North Cape
Parndana
Pelican Lagoon
Penneshaw
Porky Flat
Sapphiretown
Seal Bay
Seddon
Stokes Bay
Stun'Sail Boom
Vivonne Bay
Western River
Willoughby
Willson River
Wisanger
This South Australia geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Dudley Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Penneshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penneshaw,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-4"},{"link_name":"Sir William Jervois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jervois"},{"link_name":"tenth governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"HMS Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sapphire_(1874)"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-10"},{"link_name":"spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(landform)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cove_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"residential use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DP-11"},{"link_name":"division of Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Mayo"},{"link_name":"electoral district of Mawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Mawson"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDBC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-7"}],"text":"Suburb of Kangaroo Island Council, South AustraliaSapphiretown is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island overlooking Eastern Cove about 121 kilometres (75 miles) south of the state capital of Adelaide and about 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) south-west of Penneshaw.[1][3]The locality was originally declared as a government town in January 1878 by Sir William Jervois, the tenth governor of South Australia for a site surveyed in March 1877. The locality's boundaries which were created in March 2002 include the former government town of Sapphiretown. The name is derived from HMS Sapphire, a sloop, which conveyed Jervois to South Australia in October 1877 to take up his appointment as Governor of South Australia.[1][8][9]As of 2014, Sapphiretown consisted of land at the western end of Dudley Peninsula and which concludes as a spit known as Strawbridge Point at its north-western extremity and which is bounded to the north by Eastern Cove in Nepean Bay and by the body of water known as American River to the west. The locality is zoned for residential use exclusively for “detached dwellings” and “tourist accommodation.”[1][10]Sapphiretown is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.[1][5][6]","title":"Sapphiretown, South Australia"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Sapphire (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_(disambiguation)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Search result for \"Sapphiretown (Locality Bounded)\" (Record no SA0059861) with the following layers selected - \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Government Towns\"\". Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","url_text":"\"Search result for \"Sapphiretown (Locality Bounded)\" (Record no SA0059861) with the following layers selected - \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Government Towns\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Transport_and_Infrastructure","url_text":"Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Island Beach\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC40315","url_text":"\"Island Beach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode for Sapphiretown, South Australia (Postcode)\". postcodes-australia.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/sapphiretown","url_text":"\"Postcode for Sapphiretown, South Australia (Postcode)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island SA Government region\" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/21612/Fleurieu_Kangaroo_Island_SA_Government_region.pdf","url_text":"\"Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island SA Government region\""}]},{"reference":"Mawson (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/mawson-map-2016-pdf/download.html","url_text":"Mawson"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-mayo.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics KINGSCOTE (nearest station)\". Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022807.shtml","url_text":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics KINGSCOTE (nearest station)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR\". South Australian Register. Vol. XLII, no. 9640. South Australia. 6 October 1877. p. 2 (Supplement to the South Australian Register.). Retrieved 1 May 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40473508","url_text":"\"ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Register","url_text":"South Australian Register"}]},{"reference":"Warner, J. H. B. (17 January 1878). \"Notices under the Waste Lands Alienation Act 1872\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 77. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1878/3.pdf","url_text":"\"Notices under the Waste Lands Alienation Act 1872\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development Plan, Kangaroo Island Council, Consolidated – 20 February 2014\" (PDF). Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. pp. 128, 287 and 300. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/249975/Kangaroo_Island_Council_Development_Plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Development Plan, Kangaroo Island Council, Consolidated – 20 February 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Transport_and_Infrastructure","url_text":"Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sapphiretown,_South_Australia¶ms=35.79118694_S_137.78309723_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"35°47′28″S 137°46′59″E / 35.79118694°S 137.78309723°E / -35.79118694; 137.78309723"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sapphiretown,_South_Australia¶ms=35.79118694_S_137.78309723_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"35°47′28″S 137°46′59″E / 35.79118694°S 137.78309723°E / -35.79118694; 137.78309723"},{"Link":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#","external_links_name":"\"Search result for \"Sapphiretown (Locality Bounded)\" (Record no SA0059861) with the following layers selected - \"Suburbs and Localities\" and \"Government Towns\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC40315","external_links_name":"\"Island Beach\""},{"Link":"http://www.postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/sapphiretown","external_links_name":"\"Postcode for Sapphiretown, South Australia (Postcode)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/21612/Fleurieu_Kangaroo_Island_SA_Government_region.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island SA Government region\""},{"Link":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/mawson-map-2016-pdf/download.html","external_links_name":"Mawson"},{"Link":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-mayo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022807.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics KINGSCOTE (nearest station)\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40473508","external_links_name":"\"ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1878/3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notices under the Waste Lands Alienation Act 1872\""},{"Link":"http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/249975/Kangaroo_Island_Council_Development_Plan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Development Plan, Kangaroo Island Council, Consolidated – 20 February 2014\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapphiretown,_South_Australia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Peramos,_Kavala
|
Nea Peramos, Kavala
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 40°50.3′N 24°18.2′E / 40.8383°N 24.3033°E / 40.8383; 24.3033Place in GreeceNea Peramos
Νέα ΠέραμοςNea PeramosCoordinates: 40°50.3′N 24°18.2′E / 40.8383°N 24.3033°E / 40.8383; 24.3033CountryGreeceAdministrative regionEast Macedonia and ThraceRegional unitKavalaMunicipalityPangaioMunicipal unitEleftheresCommunity • Population3,532 (2011)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Nea Peramos (Greek: Νέα Πέραμος) is a town 17 kilometres from Kavala, the capital of the regional unit of Kavala, Greece. Its population at the 2011 census was 3,532.
Since 1998, according to the Law of Kapodistrias, seven villages (Nea Peramos, Nea Iraklitsa, Agios Andreas, Eleftheres, Elaiochori, Myrtofyto, Folea) joined in a new municipality which was called Municipality of Eleftheres. The central administration authority resided in Nea Peramos, which is the largest of the villages listed above. The first Mayor of the Community of Eleftheres was Iraklis Karaberidis. At the 2011 Kallikratis reform, the municipality of Eleftheres became part of the new municipality of Pangaio.
Nea Peramos is one hour from the island of Thasos, to the city of Kavala, and also to ancient Philippi, which is about 30 km distant.
References
^ a b c "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of PangaioMunicipal unit of Eleftheres
Agios Andreas
Elaiochori
Eleftheres
Folea
Myrtofyto
Nea Iraklitsa
Nea Peramos
Municipal unit of Eleftheroupoli
Amisiana
Antifilippoi
Chrysokastro
Eleftheroupoli
Kipia
Kokkinochoma
Municipal unit of Orfanο
Akropotamos
Galipsos
Kariani
Orfani
Ofrynio
Podochori
Municipal unit of Pangaio
Georgiani
Nikisiani
Palaiochori
Municipal unit of Piereis
Avli
Domatia
Melissokomeio
Mesia
Mesoropi
Moustheni
Platanotopos
Sidirochori
This Eastern Macedonia and Thrace location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Kavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavala"},{"link_name":"regional unit of Kavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census11-1"},{"link_name":"Nea Iraklitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nea_Iraklitsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agios Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agios_Andreas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eleftheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftheres"},{"link_name":"Elaiochori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiochori,_Kavala"},{"link_name":"Myrtofyto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrtofyto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Folea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folea,_Kavala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eleftheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftheres"},{"link_name":"Pangaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaio"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippi"}],"text":"Place in GreeceNea Peramos (Greek: Νέα Πέραμος) is a town 17 kilometres from Kavala, the capital of the regional unit of Kavala, Greece. Its population at the 2011 census was 3,532.[1]Since 1998, according to the Law of Kapodistrias, seven villages (Nea Peramos, Nea Iraklitsa, Agios Andreas, Eleftheres, Elaiochori, Myrtofyto, Folea) joined in a new municipality which was called Municipality of Eleftheres. The central administration authority resided in Nea Peramos, which is the largest of the villages listed above. The first Mayor of the Community of Eleftheres was Iraklis Karaberidis. At the 2011 Kallikratis reform, the municipality of Eleftheres became part of the new municipality of Pangaio.Nea Peramos is one hour from the island of Thasos, to the city of Kavala, and also to ancient Philippi, which is about 30 km distant.","title":"Nea Peramos, Kavala"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","url_text":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nea_Peramos,_Kavala¶ms=40_50.3_N_24_18.2_E_type:city_region:GR","external_links_name":"40°50.3′N 24°18.2′E / 40.8383°N 24.3033°E / 40.8383; 24.3033"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nea_Peramos,_Kavala¶ms=40_50.3_N_24_18.2_E_type:city_region:GR","external_links_name":"40°50.3′N 24°18.2′E / 40.8383°N 24.3033°E / 40.8383; 24.3033"},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","external_links_name":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nea_Peramos,_Kavala&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament,_2007%E2%80%932009
|
List of members of the Hellenic Parliament, 2007–2009
|
["1 Members of Parliament","2 Changes","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is part of a series onPolitics of Greece
Constitution
Constitutional history
Human rights
Executive
Head of state
President of the Republic (list): Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Presidential Departments
Government
Prime Minister (list): Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Cabinet: Kyr. Mitsotakis II
Legislature
Speaker: Konstantinos Tasoulas
Presidium
Conference of Presidents
Parliamentary committees
Constituencies
Apportionment
Judiciary
Supreme courts
Special Highest Court
Court of Cassation
Council of State
Chamber of Accounts
Subdivisions
Regions
Municipalities
Elections
Political parties
Recent elections:
Parliamentary: 20192023 (May)2023 (June)
Local: 201420192023
European: 201420192024
Referendums: 197319742015
Foreign relations
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Minister: Giorgos Gerapetritis
Diplomatic missions of Greece
Diplomatic missions in Greece
KYSEA
International Relations
Passport
Visa requirements
Politics of the European Union
Greece portal
Other countries
vte
This is a list of the 300 members who were elected to the Hellenic Parliament in the 2007 Greek legislative election.
Of the 300 elected, 34 New Democracy MPs were new to the house, 26 PASOK MPs, 15 KKE MPs, 10 SYRIZA MPs, and 10 LAOS MPs.
Party
September 2007
•
New Democracy
152
Panhellenic Socialist Movement
102
Communist Party of Greece
22
Coalition of the Radical Left
14
Popular Orthodox Rally
10
Total
300
Members of Parliament
Changes table below records all changes in party affiliation.
Full Name
Constituency
Parliamentary Group
Panagiotis Adraktas
Elis
New Democracy
Konstantinos Agorastos
Larissa
New Democracy
Christos Aidonis
Drama
PASOK
Konstantinos Aivaliotis
Athens B
LAOS
Alekos Alavanos
Heraklion
Syriza
Nasos Alevras
Athens A
PASOK
Georgios Alogoskoufis
Athens A
New Democracy
Kostas Alyssandrakis
Ioannina
KKE
Giannis Amiridis
Pieria
PASOK
Evangelia Ammanatidou-Paschalidou (Litsa)
Thessaloniki B
Syriza
Giorgos Anagnostopoulos
Karditsa
New Democracy
Dimitrios Androulakis (Mimis)
Athens B
PASOK
Tonia Antoniou
Phthiotis
PASOK
Milena Apostolaki
Athens B
PASOK
Grigoris Apostolakos
Lakonia
New Democracy
Vaitsis Apostolatos
Piraeus A
LAOS
Chrysa Arapoglou
Thessaloniki A
PASOK
Dimitra Arapoglou
Piraeus B
LAOS
Evangelos Argyris
Ioannina
PASOK
Alexandros Athanasiadis
Kozani
PASOK
Lefteris Avgenakis
Heraklion
New Democracy
Dimitris Avramopoulos
Athens A
New Democracy
Konstantinos Badouvas
Heraklion
New Democracy
Dora Bakoyianni
Athens A
New Democracy
Ioannis Banias
State list
Syriza
Evangelos Basiakos
Boeotia
New Democracy
Panagiotis Beglitis
Corinthia
PASOK
Michalis Bekiris
Achaea
New Democracy
Anna Benaki-Psarouda
Athens A
New Democracy
Antonis Bezas
Thesprotia
New Democracy
Markos Bolaris
Serres
PASOK
Ioannis Bougas
Phocis
New Democracy
Athanasios Bouras
Attica
New Democracy
Paraskevi Bouzali
Kastoria
New Democracy
Christos Chaidos
Trikala
PASOK
Michalis Chalkidis
Imathia
New Democracy
Spyros Chalvatzis
Athens B
KKE
Maximos Charakopoulos
Larissa
New Democracy
Charalambos Charalambous (Babis)
Corfu
KKE
Panagiotis Chinofotis
State list
New Democracy
Tilemachos Chytiris
Athens B
PASOK
Dimitrios Christofilogiannis
Kavala
New Democracy
Paraskevi Christofilopoulou (Evi)
Attica
PASOK
Michalis Chrysohoidis
Athens B
PASOK
Stavros Dailakis
Drama
New Democracy
Maria Damanaki
Athens B
PASOK
Nikolaos Dendias
Corfu
New Democracy
Alexandros Dermedzopoulos
Evros
New Democracy
Giannis Diamantidis
Piraeus B
PASOK
Anna Diamantopoulou
Athens A
PASOK
Ioannis Dimaras (Giannis)
Athens B
PASOK
Argyris Dinopoulos
Athens B
New Democracy
Giorgos Dolios
Evros
PASOK
Petros Doukas
Attica
New Democracy
Giannis Dragasakis
Athens B
Syriza
Thalia Dragona
State list
PASOK
Thodoris Dritsas
Piraeus A
Syriza
Giannis Drivelegas
Chalkidiki
PASOK
Petros Efthimiou
Athens B
PASOK
Miltiadis Evert
State list
New Democracy
Vassilios Exarchos
Larissa
PASOK
Anna Filini
Athens A
Syriza
Giorgos Floridis
Kilkis
PASOK
Athinaios Florinis
Chalkidiki
New Democracy
Christos Folias
Grevena
New Democracy
Ilias Fotiadis
Imathia
New Democracy
Parthena Foundoukidou
Pella
New Democracy
Nikos Gatzis
Magnesia
KKE
Spyridon-Adonis Georgiadis (Adonis)
Athens B
LAOS
Vassilios Geranidis
Thessaloniki B
PASOK
Angela Gerekou
Corfu
PASOK
Kyriakos Gerontopoulos
Evros
New Democracy
Gerasimos Giakoumatos
Athens B
New Democracy
Sofia Giannaka
Aetolia-Acarnania
PASOK
Michael Giannakis
Boeotia
New Democracy
Giannis Giannelis-Theodosiadis
Lesbos
New Democracy
Athanasios Giannopoulos
Phthiotis
New Democracy
Konstantinos Gioulekas
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Kostas Gitonas
Athens B
PASOK
Leonidas Grigorakos
Lakonia
PASOK
Kostis Hatzidakis
Athens B
New Democracy
Sotirios Hatzigakis
Trikala
New Democracy
Achmet Hatziosman
Rodopi
PASOK
Vassilios Ikonomou
Attica
PASOK
Giannis Ioannidis
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Euthalia Kafandari (Lila)
Athens A
KKE
Eva Kaili
Thessaloniki A
PASOK
Apostolos Kaklamanis
Athens B
PASOK
Stavros Kalafatis
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Sofia Kalandzakou
Messinia
New Democracy
Georgios Kalandzis
Kavala
New Democracy
Sophia Kalantidou
Thessaloniki A
KKE
Elias Kallioras
Phthiotis
New Democracy
Stavros Kalogiannis
Ioannina
New Democracy
Panos Kammenos
Athens B
New Democracy
Achilleas Kandartzis
Trikala
KKE
Liana Kanelli
Athens A
KKE
Krinio Kanellopoulou
Elis
New Democracy
Nikolaos Kanteres
Attica
New Democracy
Achilleas Karamanlis
Serres
New Democracy
Kostas Karamanlis
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Anastasios Karamarios
Dodecanese
New Democracy
Ioannis Karambelas
Boeotia
New Democracy
Ilias Karanikas
Evrytania
PASOK
Theodoros Karaoglou
Thessaloniki B
New Democracy
Georgios Karasmanis
Pella
New Democracy
Nikos Karathanasopoulos
Achaea
KKE
Georgios Karatzaferis
Thessaloniki A
LAOS
Michalis Karchimakis
Lasithi
PASOK
Anastasios Karipidis
Serres
New Democracy
Antonios Karpouzas
Pieria
New Democracy
Kostas Kartalis
Magnesia
PASOK
Georgios Kassapidis
Kozani
New Democracy
Theodoros Kassimis
Athens B
New Democracy
Haris Kastanidis
Thessaloniki A
PASOK
Michalis Katrinis
Elis
PASOK
Louka Katseli
State list
PASOK
Apostolos Katsifaras
Achaea
PASOK
Kostas Kazakos
State list
KKE
Simos Kedikoglou
Euboea
New Democracy
Olga Kefalogianni
Rethymno
New Democracy
Manolis Kefalogiannis
Heraklion
New Democracy
Vassilis Kegeroglou
Heraklion
PASOK
Stavros Keletsis
Evros
New Democracy
Konstantinos Kiltidis
Kilkis
New Democracy
Kostas Kollias
Corinthia
New Democracy
Maria Kollia-Tsaroucha
Serres
New Democracy
Georgios Kondogiannis
Elis
New Democracy
Alexandros Kondos
Xanthi
New Democracy
Efstathios Konstantinidis (Stathis)
Florina
New Democracy
Georgios Konstantopoulos
Pieria
New Democracy
Athina Korka-Konsta
Corinthia
New Democracy
Periklis Korovesis
Athens A
Syriza
Ioannis Kosmidis
Chios
New Democracy
Konstantinos Koukodimos
Pieria
New Democracy
Dimos Koumbouris
Attica
KKE
Tassos Kourakis
Thessaloniki A
Syriza
Dimitris Kouselas
Messinia
PASOK
Efstathios Koutmeridis
Serres
PASOK
Giannis Koutsoukos
Elis
PASOK
Fotis Kouvelis
Athens B
Syriza
Spyros Kouvelis
State list
PASOK
Panagiotis Lafazanis
Piraeus B
Syriza
Ilias Lambiris
Rethymno
PASOK
Yannis Lambropoulos
Messinia
New Democracy
Nikos Leggas
Trikala
New Democracy
Theofilos Leondaridis
Serres
New Democracy
Thanassis Levendis
Attica
Syriza
Giorgos Lianis
Florina
PASOK
Michalis Liapis
Athens B
New Democracy
Anastasios Liaskos
Euboea
New Democracy
Dimitris Lindzeris
Piraeus B
PASOK
Spyridon Livanos
Aetolia-Acarnania
New Democracy
Andreas Loverdos
Athens B
PASOK
Andreas Lykouretzos
Arcadia
New Democracy
Vassilios Magginas
Aetolia-Acarnania
New Democracy
Giannis Magriotis
Thessaloniki A
PASOK
Giannis Maniatis
Argolis
PASOK
Ioannis Manolis
Argolis
New Democracy
Aria Manousou-Binipoulou
Cyclades
New Democracy
Tsetin Mantatzi
Xanthi
PASOK
Giorgos Marinos
Euboea
KKE
Christos Markogiannakis
Chania
New Democracy
Konstantinos Markopoulos
Euboea
New Democracy
Giorgos Mavrikos
Athens B
KKE
Vangelis Meimarakis
Athens B
New Democracy
Eva Mela
Athens B
KKE
Panagiotis Melas
Piraeus A
New Democracy
Athanasia Merenditi
Trikala
PASOK
Vassilis Michaloliakos
Piraeus A
New Democracy
Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Athens B
New Democracy
Nikos Moraitis
Aetolia-Acarnania
KKE
Thanos Moraitis
Aetolia-Acarnania
PASOK
Athanasios Nakos
Magnesia
New Democracy
Ektor Nasiokas
Larissa
PASOK
Anastasios Nerantzis
Piraeus B
New Democracy
Stelios Nikiforakis
Chania
New Democracy
Giorgos Nikitiadis
Dodecanese
PASOK
Vera Nikolaidou
Piraeus B
KKE
Grigoris Niotis
Piraeus B
PASOK
Georgios Orfanos
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Fani Palli-Petralia
Athens B
New Democracy
Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos
Kavala
New Democracy
Panos Panagiotopoulos
Athens B
New Democracy
Elpida Pandelaki
Piraeus A
KKE
Michalis Pandoulas
Ioannina
PASOK
Theodoros Pangalos
Attica
PASOK
Vangelis Papachristos
Preveza
PASOK
Nikos Papadimatos
Achaea
New Democracy
Elsa Papadimitriou
Argolis
New Democracy
Georgios Papadimitriou
State list
PASOK
Alekos Papadopoulos
Athens B
PASOK
Michail Papadopoulos
Kozani
New Democracy
Giorgos Papageorgiou
Arta
New Democracy
Giorgos Papageorgiou
Euboea
PASOK
Michalis Papagiannakis
Athens B
Syriza
Giorgos Papakonstantinou
Kozani
PASOK
Catherine Papakosta-Sidiropoulou
Athens B
New Democracy
Anastasios Papaligouras
Corinthia
New Democracy
George Papandreou
Achaea
PASOK
Vasso Papandreou
Athens B
PASOK
Aleka Papariga
Athens B
KKE
Kostas Papasiozos
Arta
New Democracy
Yannis Papathanasiou
Athens B
New Democracy
Christos Papoutsis
Athens A
PASOK
Alekos Parisis
Kefallonia
New Democracy
Fevronia Patrianakou
State list
New Democracy
Aristotelis Pavlidis
Dodecanese
New Democracy
Prokopis Pavlopoulos
Athens A
New Democracy
Katerina Perlepe-Sifounaki
Euboea
PASOK
Giorgos Petalotis
Rodopi
PASOK
Filippos Petsalnikos
Kastoria
PASOK
Fotini Pipili
Athens A
New Democracy
Ioannis Plakiotakis
Lasithi
New Democracy
Thanos Plevris
Athens A
LAOS
Ilias Polatidis
Serres
LAOS
Vyron Polydoras
Athens B
New Democracy
Giannis Protoulis
Athens B
KKE
Grigoris Psarianos
Athens B
Syriza
Natasa Ragiou-Mendzelopoulou
Achaia
New Democracy
Giannis Ragousis
State list
PASOK
Elena Rapti
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Sylvana Rapti
Athens A
PASOK
Adam Regouzas
Thessaloniki B
New Democracy
Dimitris Reppas
Arcadia
PASOK
Panagiotis Rigas
Cyclades
PASOK
Asterios Rodoulis
Larissa
LAOS
Theodoros Roussopoulos
State list
New Democracy
Konstantinos Rovlias
Karditsa
PASOK
Dimitris Sabaziotis
Messinia
New Democracy
Philippos Sachinidis
Larissa
PASOK
Sofia Sakorafa
Athens B
PASOK
Georgios Salagoudis
Thessaloniki B
New Democracy
Marios Salmas
Aetolia-Acarnania
New Democracy
Antonis Samaras
Messinia
New Democracy
Panagiotis Sgouridis
Xanthi
PASOK
Anastasios Sidiropoulos
Imathia
PASOK
Nikolaos Sifounakis
Lesbos
PASOK
Costas Simitis
Piraeus A
PASOK
Dimitris Sioufas
Karditsa
New Democracy
Panayiotis Skandalakis
Lakonia
New Democracy
Kostas Skandalidis
Athens A
PASOK
Stavros Skopelitis
Lesbos
KKE
Manolis Skoulakis
Chania
PASOK
Giannis Skoulas
Heraklion
PASOK
Maria Skrafnaki
Heraklion
PASOK
Theodoros Soldatos
Lefkada
New Democracy
Georgios Souflias
State list
New Democracy
Georgios Sourlas
Magnesia
New Democracy
Konstantinos Spiliopoulos
Achaea
PASOK
Aris Spiliotopoulos
Athens B
New Democracy
Christos Staikouras
Phthiotis
New Democracy
Dimitrios G. Stamatis
Aetolia-Acarnania
New Democracy
Aris Stathakis
Athens B
New Democracy
Nikolaos Stavrogiannis
Phthiotis
New Democracy
Apostolos Stavrou
Attica
New Democracy
Manolis Stratakis
Heraklion
PASOK
Evripidis Stylianidis
Rodopi
New Democracy
Spyridon Taliadouros
Karditsa
New Democracy
Konstantinos Tasoulas
Ioannina
New Democracy
Petros Tatoulis
Arcadia
New Democracy
Thalassinos Thalassinos
Samos
New Democracy
Michalis Timosidis
Kavala
PASOK
Vassilios Togias
Boeotia
PASOK
Ioannis Tragakis
Piraeus B
New Democracy
Georgios Tryfonidis
Preveza
New Democracy
Lazaros Tsavdaridis
Imathia
New Democracy
Konstantinos Tsiaras
Karditsa
New Democracy
Nikolaos Tsiartsonis
Kozani
New Democracy
Dimitris Tsiogas
Larissa
KKE
Theocharis Tsiokas (Charis)
Thessaloniki B
PASOK
Dimitrios Tsironis
Arta
PASOK
Savvas Tsitouridis
Kilkis
New Democracy
Nikos Tsoukalis
Achaea
Syriza
Elpida Tsouri
Chios
PASOK
Theodora Tzakri
Pella
PASOK
Iordanis Tzamtzis
Pella
New Democracy
Kostas Tzavaras
Elis
New Democracy
Margaritis Tzimas
Drama
New Democracy
Apostolos Tzitzikostas
Thessaloniki A
New Democracy
Georgios Vagionas
Chalkidiki
New Democracy
Giannis Valinakis
Dodecanese
New Democracy
Dimitrios Varvarigos
Zakynthos
PASOK
Miltiadis Varvitsiotis
Athens B
New Democracy
Kyriakos Velopoulos
Thessaloniki B
LAOS
Evangelos Venizelos
Thessaloniki A
PASOK
Miltos Veras
Achaea
PASOK
Christos Verelis
Aetolia-Acarnania
PASOK
Georgios Vlachos
Attica
New Democracy
Manousos-Konstantinos Voloudakis
Chania
New Democracy
Makis Voridis
Attica
LAOS
Georgios Voulgarakis
Athens A
New Democracy
Dinos Vrettos
Attica
PASOK
Ioannis Vroutsis
Cyclades
New Democracy
Marilisa Xenogiannakopoulou
Athens B
PASOK
Lefteris Zagoritis
Athens B
New Democracy
Ioannis Ziogas
Thessaloniki A
KKE
Rodoula Zisi
Magnesia
PASOK
Nikos Zoidis
Dodecanese
PASOK
Christos Zois
Larissa
New Democracy
Changes
January 31, 2008: Kostas Koukodimos (ND) declares independent.
May 7, 2008: Diamanto Manolakou, Antonis Skyllakos and Giannis Giokas instead of Elpida Pantelaki, Takis Tsiogas and Dimos Koumbouris (KKE).
July 23, 2008: Kostas Koukodimos returns to New Democracy's parliamentary team.
September 30, 2008 Stavros Dailakis is expelled from ND's parliamentary team.
October 8, 2008 Stavros Dailakis returns to ND's parliamentary team.
November 11, 2008 Petros Tatoulis (ND) declares independent.
May 8, 2009: Andreas Makripidis replaced Christos Verelis who resigned over scandal allegations. (PASOK)
May 22, 2009: Giorgos Papakonstantinou and Sylvana Rapti resigned as they were elected as MEPs. They were replaced by Giannis Vlantis and Thanassis Tsouras accordingly (PASOK).
June 6, 2009: Georgios Georgiou replaced Thanos Plevris who was elected in the European parliament (LAOS).
June 16, 2009: Sophia Andriopoulou replaced Mihalis Papagiannakis who died on May 26. (SYRIZA)
August 31, 2009: Ioannis Manolis resigned over dissatisfaction with his own party. He is replaced by Dimitris Kranias (ND).
See also
2007 Greek legislative election
List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece
References
^ Ανεξάρτητος ο Κουκοδήμος (in Greek). ethnos.gr. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ Ανεξάρτητος εξαρτημένος (in Greek). Eleftherotypia. 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ "Koukodimos becomes independent". Athens News Agency-Macedonian News Agency. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ "MP's jump cuts majority to one". eKathimerini.gr. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ "Greek conservatives cling to parliamentary majority after deputy quits party". The International Herald Tribune. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ Thomas Tsatsis (2008-05-07). Αλλαξε 3 βουλευτές! (in Greek). Eleftheotipia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ "ND back to full strength". Kathimerini. 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ "Cosmo.gr - Εκτός Κοινοβουλευτικής Ομάδας της ΝΔ ο Σταύρος Δαϊλάκης". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ http://www.express.gr/news/politics/84277oz_2008100884277.php3
^ "Πρόβλημα λάθους συνδέσμου (404) — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr)". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ Lionakis, Nikos (2009-05-09). Παραιτήθηκε ο βουλευτής Χρ. Βερελής για την υπόθεση ΜΑΝ. I Avgi (in Greek). avgi.gr. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ Παραιτήθηκαν από το βουλευτικό αξίωμα οι Γ.Παπακωνσταντίνου και Σ.Ράπτη (in Greek). Retrieved 2013-09-04.
^ Ο Γ. Γεωργίου νέος βουλευτής του ΛΑΟΣ (in Greek). enet.gr. 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ Ορκίστηκε το θερινό τμήμα της Βουλής (in Greek). 2009-06-16. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "In.gr - Παραιτήθηκε από βουλευτής ο Γιάννης Μανώλης - Ελλάδα". www.in.gr. Archived from the original on 2009-09-03.
External links
Full list by the newspaper Eleftherotypia (in Greek)
vteLists of members of the Hellenic Parliament
...
1963
1964
1974
1977
1981
1985
1989 (June)
1989 (November)
1990
1993
1996
2000
2004
2007
2009
2012 (May)
2012 (June)
2015 (January)
2015 (September)
2019
May 2023
June 2023
See also
Politics of Greece
Political parties in Greece
Elections in Greece
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hellenic Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"2007 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Greek_legislative_election"}],"text":"This is a list of the 300 members who were elected to the Hellenic Parliament in the 2007 Greek legislative election.Of the 300 elected, 34 New Democracy MPs were new to the house, 26 PASOK MPs, 15 KKE MPs, 10 SYRIZA MPs, and 10 LAOS MPs.","title":"List of members of the Hellenic Parliament, 2007–2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Changes"}],"text":"Changes table below records all changes in party affiliation.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Diamanto Manolakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanto_Manolakou"},{"link_name":"Antonis Skyllakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonis_Skyllakos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giannis Giokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannis_Giokas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elpida Pantelaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elpida_Pantelaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takis Tsiogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takis_Tsiogas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimos Koumbouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimos_Koumbouris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Andreas Makripidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Makripidis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christos Verelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos_Verelis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verelis_Avgi-11"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Papakonstantinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Papakonstantinou"},{"link_name":"Sylvana Rapti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvana_Rapti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MEPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEPs"},{"link_name":"Giannis Vlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannis_Vlantis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thanassis Tsouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanassis_Tsouras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Georgios Georgiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Georgiou_(Greek_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeorjos_Jeorjiu"},{"link_name":"Thanos Plevris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos_Plevris"},{"link_name":"European parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_parliament"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sophia Andriopoulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Andriopoulou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mihalis Papagiannakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihalis_Papagiannakis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Manolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Manolis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Kranias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitris_Kranias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"January 31, 2008: Kostas Koukodimos (ND) declares independent.[1][2][3][4][5]\nMay 7, 2008: Diamanto Manolakou, Antonis Skyllakos and Giannis Giokas instead of Elpida Pantelaki, Takis Tsiogas and Dimos Koumbouris (KKE).[6]\nJuly 23, 2008: Kostas Koukodimos returns to New Democracy's parliamentary team.[7]\nSeptember 30, 2008 Stavros Dailakis is expelled from ND's parliamentary team.[8]\nOctober 8, 2008 Stavros Dailakis returns to ND's parliamentary team.[9]\nNovember 11, 2008 Petros Tatoulis (ND) declares independent.[10]\nMay 8, 2009: Andreas Makripidis replaced Christos Verelis who resigned over scandal allegations. (PASOK)[11]\nMay 22, 2009: Giorgos Papakonstantinou and Sylvana Rapti resigned as they were elected as MEPs. They were replaced by Giannis Vlantis and Thanassis Tsouras accordingly (PASOK).[12]\nJune 6, 2009: Georgios Georgiou [pl] replaced Thanos Plevris who was elected in the European parliament (LAOS).[13]\nJune 16, 2009: Sophia Andriopoulou replaced Mihalis Papagiannakis who died on May 26. (SYRIZA)[14]\nAugust 31, 2009: Ioannis Manolis resigned over dissatisfaction with his own party. He is replaced by Dimitris Kranias (ND).[15]","title":"Changes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"2007 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Greek_legislative_election"},{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ανεξάρτητος ο Κουκοδήμος (in Greek). ethnos.gr. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8400&pubid=400412","url_text":"Ανεξάρτητος ο Κουκοδήμος"}]},{"reference":"Ανεξάρτητος εξαρτημένος (in Greek). Eleftherotypia. 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208051251/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=01.02.2008,id=29781592","url_text":"Ανεξάρτητος εξαρτημένος"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherotypia","url_text":"Eleftherotypia"},{"url":"http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=01.02.2008,id=29781592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koukodimos becomes independent\". Athens News Agency-Macedonian News Agency. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=6104253&maindocimg=6095308&service=96","url_text":"\"Koukodimos becomes independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP's jump cuts majority to one\". eKathimerini.gr. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_01/02/2008_92866","url_text":"\"MP's jump cuts majority to one\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greek conservatives cling to parliamentary majority after deputy quits party\". The International Herald Tribune. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/01/31/europe/EU-POL-Greece-Conservatives.php","url_text":"\"Greek conservatives cling to parliamentary majority after deputy quits party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"The International Herald Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Tsatsis (2008-05-07). Αλλαξε 3 βουλευτές! (in Greek). Eleftheotipia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035740/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=07.05.2008,id=78060392,63747560","url_text":"Αλλαξε 3 βουλευτές!"},{"url":"http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=07.05.2008,id=78060392,63747560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ND back to full strength\". Kathimerini. 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2009-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_23/07/2008_98840","url_text":"\"ND back to full strength\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosmo.gr - Εκτός Κοινοβουλευτικής Ομάδας της ΝΔ ο Σταύρος Δαϊλάκης\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2009-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204040151/http://www.cosmo.gr/Politics/Hellas/214393.html","url_text":"\"Cosmo.gr - Εκτός Κοινοβουλευτικής Ομάδας της ΝΔ ο Σταύρος Δαϊλάκης\""},{"url":"http://www.cosmo.gr/Politics/Hellas/214393.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Πρόβλημα λάθους συνδέσμου (404) — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr)\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2009-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002044441/http://www.skai.gr/articles/news/politics/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BF-%CE%A0-%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/","url_text":"\"Πρόβλημα λάθους συνδέσμου (404) — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr)\""},{"url":"http://www.skai.gr/articles/news/politics/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BF-%CE%A0-%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lionakis, Nikos (2009-05-09). Παραιτήθηκε ο βουλευτής Χρ. Βερελής για την υπόθεση ΜΑΝ. I Avgi (in Greek). avgi.gr. Retrieved 2009-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID=456602","url_text":"Παραιτήθηκε ο βουλευτής Χρ. Βερελής για την υπόθεση ΜΑΝ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Avgi","url_text":"I Avgi"}]},{"reference":"Παραιτήθηκαν από το βουλευτικό αξίωμα οι Γ.Παπακωνσταντίνου και Σ.Ράπτη (in Greek). Retrieved 2013-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1016325","url_text":"Παραιτήθηκαν από το βουλευτικό αξίωμα οι Γ.Παπακωνσταντίνου και Σ.Ράπτη"}]},{"reference":"Ο Γ. Γεωργίου νέος βουλευτής του ΛΑΟΣ (in Greek). enet.gr. 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.politikh&id=60973","url_text":"Ο Γ. Γεωργίου νέος βουλευτής του ΛΑΟΣ"}]},{"reference":"Ορκίστηκε το θερινό τμήμα της Βουλής (in Greek). 2009-06-16. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004557/http://www.athina984.gr/node/54720","url_text":"Ορκίστηκε το θερινό τμήμα της Βουλής"},{"url":"http://www.athina984.gr/node/54720","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In.gr - Παραιτήθηκε από βουλευτής ο Γιάννης Μανώλης - Ελλάδα\". www.in.gr. Archived from the original on 2009-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090903082248/http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1047779&lngDtrID=244","url_text":"\"In.gr - Παραιτήθηκε από βουλευτής ο Γιάννης Μανώλης - Ελλάδα\""},{"url":"http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1047779&lngDtrID=244","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=List_of_members_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament,_2007%E2%80%932009&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=List_of_members_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament,_2007%E2%80%932009","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11378&subid=2&tag=8400&pubid=400412","external_links_name":"Ανεξάρτητος ο Κουκοδήμος"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208051251/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=01.02.2008,id=29781592","external_links_name":"Ανεξάρτητος εξαρτημένος"},{"Link":"http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=01.02.2008,id=29781592","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=6104253&maindocimg=6095308&service=96","external_links_name":"\"Koukodimos becomes independent\""},{"Link":"http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_01/02/2008_92866","external_links_name":"\"MP's jump cuts majority to one\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/01/31/europe/EU-POL-Greece-Conservatives.php","external_links_name":"\"Greek conservatives cling to parliamentary majority after deputy quits party\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035740/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=07.05.2008,id=78060392,63747560","external_links_name":"Αλλαξε 3 βουλευτές!"},{"Link":"http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=07.05.2008,id=78060392,63747560","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_23/07/2008_98840","external_links_name":"\"ND back to full strength\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204040151/http://www.cosmo.gr/Politics/Hellas/214393.html","external_links_name":"\"Cosmo.gr - Εκτός Κοινοβουλευτικής Ομάδας της ΝΔ ο Σταύρος Δαϊλάκης\""},{"Link":"http://www.cosmo.gr/Politics/Hellas/214393.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.express.gr/news/politics/84277oz_2008100884277.php3","external_links_name":"http://www.express.gr/news/politics/84277oz_2008100884277.php3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002044441/http://www.skai.gr/articles/news/politics/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BF-%CE%A0-%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/","external_links_name":"\"Πρόβλημα λάθους συνδέσμου (404) — ΣΚΑΪ (www.skai.gr)\""},{"Link":"http://www.skai.gr/articles/news/politics/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BF-%CE%A0-%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID=456602","external_links_name":"Παραιτήθηκε ο βουλευτής Χρ. Βερελής για την υπόθεση ΜΑΝ"},{"Link":"http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1016325","external_links_name":"Παραιτήθηκαν από το βουλευτικό αξίωμα οι Γ.Παπακωνσταντίνου και Σ.Ράπτη"},{"Link":"http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.politikh&id=60973","external_links_name":"Ο Γ. Γεωργίου νέος βουλευτής του ΛΑΟΣ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004557/http://www.athina984.gr/node/54720","external_links_name":"Ορκίστηκε το θερινό τμήμα της Βουλής"},{"Link":"http://www.athina984.gr/node/54720","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090903082248/http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1047779&lngDtrID=244","external_links_name":"\"In.gr - Παραιτήθηκε από βουλευτής ο Γιάννης Μανώλης - Ελλάδα\""},{"Link":"http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1047779&lngDtrID=244","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,id=99167728","external_links_name":"Full list"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir,_Morocco
|
Agadir
|
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Early occupation","2.2 Portuguese occupation","2.3 Moroccan rule","2.4 Agadir after 1960","3 Geography","3.1 New Talborjt","3.2 Residential districts","3.3 The Casbah","3.4 Old Talborjt","3.5 Souk El Had","3.6 La Médina","3.7 Subdivisions","3.8 Climate","4 Economy","5 Culture","5.1 Museums","6 Education","7 Sports","8 People","9 Nearby beaches","10 Main sights","10.1 Nearby attractions","11 Movies filmed in Agadir","12 In literature and art","13 Sister cities","14 Explanatory notes","15 References","16 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 30°26′N 9°36′W / 30.433°N 9.600°W / 30.433; -9.600City in Souss-Massa, Morocco
This article is about the city in Morocco. For Amazigh granaries, see Agadir (granary). For the Phoenician and Carthaginian port in Spain, see Cadiz. For the 1911 international crisis, see Agadir Crisis.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Agadir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Place in Souss-Massa, MoroccoAgadir
أڭادير (Arabic)ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ (Tachelhit)Top: View towards Agadir Oufla, Middle: View of the ocean
Bottom: Agadir Marina
FlagAgadirLocation in MoroccoShow map of MoroccoAgadirAgadir (Africa)Show map of AfricaCoordinates: 30°26′N 9°36′W / 30.433°N 9.600°W / 30.433; -9.600Country MoroccoRegionSouss-MassaPrefectureAgadir-Ida Ou TananeArea • Land51.2 km2 (19.8 sq mi)Elevation74 m (243 ft)Population (2014) • Total487,954 • Rank10th in MoroccoTime zoneUTC+1 (CET)WebsiteAgadir (in Arabic and French)
This article contains Tifinagh text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tifinagh letters.
Agadir (Arabic: أݣادير, romanized: ʾagādīr, pronounced ; Tachelhit: ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ) is a major city in Morocco, on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean, and 509 kilometres (316 mi) south of Casablanca. Agadir is the capital of the Agadir Ida-U-Tanan Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region.
Agadir is one of the major urban centres of Morocco. The municipality of Agadir recorded a population of 924,000 in the 2014 Moroccan census. According to the 2004 census, there were 346,106 inhabitants in that year and the population of the Prefecture of Agadir-Ida Outanane was 487,954 inhabitants.
Agadir is known for being the capital of Amazigh culture in Morocco. It is one of the few big Moroccan cities where Tamazight, one of Morocco's two official languages, is spoken by more than half of the population. The native variety to the region, Tachelhit, is spoken by 222,000 speakers, representing 53.7% of the entire population. Agadir is also a place for many festivals related to Amazigh culture, such as The New Amazigh Year, celebrated on January 13 every year throughout the city, especially in the downtown area. The Bilmawen Festival is another old Berber tradition celebrated in the suburbs of the city. Additionally, the Issni N’Ourgh International festival is a festival for Amazigh films. Agadir is also the birthplace of many of the pillars of Shilha and Amazigh music, such as Izenzaren, Oudaden, and many others.
It was the site of the 1911 Agadir Crisis that exposed tensions between France and Germany, foreshadowing World War I. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1960; it has been completely rebuilt with mandatory seismic standards. It is now the largest seaside resort in Morocco, where foreign tourists and many residents are attracted by an unusually mild year-round climate. Since 2010 it has been well served by low-cost flights and a motorway from Tangier.
The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5 °C/69 °F) and good beaches have made it a major "winter sun" destination for northern Europeans.
Etymology
The name Agadir is a common Berber noun, meaning 'wall, enclosure, fortified building, citadel'. This noun is attested in most Berber languages. It may come from the Tuareg word aǧādir ('wall' or 'bank') or from Phoenician gadir ('wall' or 'fortress'). The former word may also be a loanword from the latter. The Phoenician etymology, if correct, would be the same as that of Cádiz in Spain.
There are many more towns in Morocco called Agadir. The city of Agadir's full name in Tashelhit is Agadir Ighir or Agadir-n-Irir, literally 'the fortress of the cape', referring to the nearby promontory named Cape Ighir on maps (a pleonastic name, literally 'Cape Cape').
History
Early occupation
The oldest known map that includes an indication of Agadir is from 1325: at the approximate location of the modern city, it names a place it calls Porto Mesegina, after a Berber tribe name that had been recorded as early as the 12th century, the Mesguina (also known as the Ksima). At the end of the medieval period, Agadir was a town of some renown. The first known mention of its name, Agadir al-harba, was recorded in 1510.
Portuguese occupation
In the late 15th century the Portuguese began to occupy positions along the Moroccan coast. In 1505 the Portuguese nobleman João Lopes de Sequeira occupied the area. He built a wooden castle at the foot of a hill, near a spring, and a Portuguese colony named Santa Cruz do Cabo do Gué was created. The site still bears the name of Funti or Founti (from the Portuguese word fonte, meaning "fountain"). The castle was later bought by the King of Portugal on 25 January 1513.
The Portuguese presence elicited growing hostility from the local population of the Sous region, who initiated a years-long economic and military blockade of the port. In 1510 Muhammad al-Qa'im, the leader of a Sharifian family in that had established themselves in the Sous, was declared leader of the local military efforts against the Sous. His descendants went on to found the Sa'di dynasty which rose to power over the following decades and evenually established their capital at Marrakesh. In 1540 the Sa'di sultan Muhammad al-Shaykh occupied the main hill (now Agadir Oufla) above the Portuguese and installed artillery to prepare an attack on the fortress below. The siege of the colony began on 16 February 1541 and was successfully concluded on 12 March of the same year.
Six hundred Portuguese survivors were taken prisoner, including the governor, Guterre de Monroy, and his daughter, Dona Mecia. The captives were redeemed by the holy men, who were mostly from Portugal. Dona Mecia, whose husband was killed during the battle, became the wife of Sheikh Mohammed ash-Sheikh but died in childbirth in 1544. In the same year, Mohammed ash-Sheikh released Guterre de Monroy, whom he had befriended. After this, the Portuguese were forced to abandon most of the Moroccan areas that they had acquired control of between 1505 and 1520, including Agadir, Safi and Azemmour. By 1550, Portugal's only holding in Morocco was Mazagan (now El Jadida), Tangier and Ceuta. As Morocco became less important to the Portuguese, they turned their attention to India and Brazil.
The story of the Portuguese presence (from the installation in 1505 until their defeat on 12 March 1541) is described in a manuscript (published for the first time, with a French translation by Pierre de Cenival, in 1934) entitled "Este He O Origem e Comeco e Cabo da Villa de Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue D'Agoa de Narba", written by an anonymous author who was captured in 1934 and was imprisoned for five years in Taroudannt (cf. "Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue d'Agoa de Narba – Estudo e Crónica", Joao Marinho e Santos, José Manuel Azevedo e Silva e Mohammed Nadir, bilingual edition, Viseu 2007).
Moroccan rule
After the Sa'di victory the site was then left unoccupied for years until Muhammad al-Shaykh's successor, Abdallah al-Ghalib (r. 1557–1574), built a new fortress (or kasbah) on the hilltop. It was now called Agadir N'Ighir (literally: "fortified granary of the hill" in Tachelhit.
In the 17th century, during the reign of the Berber dynasty of Tazerwalt, Agadir was a harbour of some importance, expanding its trade with Europe. There was, however, neither a real port nor a wharf. Agadir traded mainly in sugar, wax, copper, hides and skins. In exchange, Europeans sold their manufactured goods there, particularly weapons and textiles. Under the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismail (1645–1727) and his successors, the trade with France, which had previously been an active partner, diminished, and trade with the English and Dutch increased.
The entrance of the Kasbah
In 1731, the town was completely destroyed by an earthquake. After that, Agadir's harbour was ordered to be closed, and an alternative, Essaouira, was established farther north.
After a long period of prosperity during the reigns of the Saadian and Alawite dynasties, Agadir declined from 1760 because of the pre-eminence given to the competing port of Essaouira by the Alawite Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah who wanted to punish the Souss for rebelling against his authority. This decline lasted a century and a half. In 1789, a European traveler gave a brief description of Agadir: "It is now a ghost town, there are no more than a few houses and these are crumbling into ruins".
In 1881, Sultan Moulay Hassan reopened the harbour to trade in order to supply the expeditions he planned in the south. These expeditions, which were to reassert his authority over the Souss tribes and counter the plans of English and Spanish, were held in 1882 and 1886.
Map of Agadir in 1885 by Jules Erckmann
In 1884, Charles de Foucauld described in Reconnaissance au Maroc (Reconnaissance in Morocco) his rapid passage to Agadir from the east:
I walk along the shore to Agadir Irir. The road passes below the city, half-way between it and Founti: Founti is a miserable hamlet, a few fishermen's huts; Agadir, despite its white enclosure which gives it the air of a city is, I am told, a poor village depopulated and without trade.
On the pretext of a call for help from German companies in the valley of the Souss, Germany decided on 1 July 1911, to extend its interests in Morocco and assert a claim on the country. It sent to the bay of Agadir, (which harbour was, until 1881, closed to foreign trade) the SMS Panther which was quickly joined by the cruiser Berlin. Very strong international reaction, particularly from Great Britain, surprised Germany and triggered the Agadir Crisis between France and Germany. War threatened. After tough negotiations, a Franco-German treaty was finally signed on 4 November 1911, giving a free hand to France, who would be able to establish its protectorate over Morocco in return for giving up some colonies in Africa. It was only then that the gunboat Panther and the cruiser Berlin left the bay of Agadir. Due to a miscalculation, the German sales representative Hermann Wilberg, who was sent to provide the pretext for the intervention, only arrived at Agadir three days after the Panther arrived.
In 1913, the cities (Agadir N'Ighir and Founti) totaled less than a thousand inhabitants. On 15 June 1913 French troops landed in Agadir. In 1916, the first pier was built near Founti – a simple jetty, later known as the "Portuguese jetty", which remained until the end of the 20th century. After 1920, under the French protectorate, a port was built and the city saw its first development with the construction of the old Talborjt district located on the plateau at the foot of the hill. Two years later, beside Talborjt along the faultline of the river Tildi construction of the popular district of Yahchech began.
Around 1930, Agadir was an important stop for the French airmail service Aéropostale and was frequented by Saint-Exupéry and Mermoz.
In the years from 1930, a modern central city began to be built according to the plans of the urban planner Henri Prost, director of the Urban Planning Department of the Protectorate, and his deputy Albert Laprade: a horseshoe layout based on the waterfront around a large avenue perpendicular to the waterfront – the Avenue Lyautey, since renamed Avenue du Général Kettani. In the 1950s, urban development continued under the direction of the Director of Urban Planning Morocco, Michel Ecochard.
After 1950 and the opening of the new commercial port, the city grew with fishing, canning, agriculture, and mining. It also began to open up to tourism due to its climate and hotel infrastructure. Several years later from 1950 to 1956 Agadir organised the Grand Prix of Agadir and, from 1954 to 1956, the Moroccan Grand Prix.
In 1959, the port was visited by the yacht of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his guest, Winston Churchill.
By 1960, Agadir numbered over 40,000 residents when at 15 minutes to midnight on 29 February 1960, it was again almost totally destroyed by an earthquake of magnitude 5.7 on the Richter scale that lasted 15 seconds, burying the city and killing more than a third of the population. The death toll was estimated at 15,000. The earthquake destroyed the old Kasbah.
Agadir after 1960
Agadir in 1960, following the earthquake
The current city was rebuilt 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) further south, led by the architects associated with GAMMA, including Jean-François Zevaco, Elie Azagury, Pierre Coldefy, and Claude Verdugo, with consultation from Le Corbusier. Agadir became a large city of over half a million by 2004, with a large port with four basins: the commercial port with a draft of 17 metres, triangle fishing, fishing port, and a pleasure boat port with marina. Agadir was the premier sardine port in the world in the 1980s and has a beach stretching over 10 km with fine seafront promenades. Its climate has 340 days of sunshine per year which allows for swimming all year round. The winter is warm and in summer, haze is common.
With Marrakech, Agadir is a very important centre for tourism to Morocco, and the city is the most important fishing port in the country. Business is also booming with the export of citrus fruit and vegetables produced in the fertile valley of Souss.
On 12 December 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 4.5 hit Agadir Province. The earthquake struck at a depth of three kilometres beneath the epicenter, off the coast of Agadir.
Geography
Agadir Bay, view from Agadir Oufla.
The current conurbation of Agadir is actually a combination of four communes:
the former town of Agadir city
the urban commune of Anza
the rural town of Ben Sergao and
the rural town of Tikiwine
New Talborjt
This area is named after the old district of Talborjt (meaning "small fort" in local Berber, in remembrance of the water tower which was first built on the plateau in the former Talborjt). Lively, the New Talborjt which has been rebuilt away from the Old Talborjt, has as the main artery the Boulevard Mohammed Sheikh Saadi, named after the victor against the Portuguese in 1541. Other major avenues are the Avenue President Kennedy and the Avenue February 29. There is also the Mohammed V mosque, the Olhão garden (Olhão is a coastal city in southern Portugal that is twinned with Agadir), and its memorial museum and the garden Ibn Zaydoun. Some good hotels and restaurants have been built on the main arteries.
Residential districts
Swiss Village: the oldest district of villas bordered by the Avenue of FAR (Royal Armed Forces), Avenue Mokhtar Soussi, Cairo Avenue, and the Avenue of the United Nations.
Mixed Sector District (THE NEW IHCHACH): the French and Spanish Consulates are in this district.
Founty or "Bay of palm trees": a seaside area with residential villas, large hotels, holiday homes, and the royal palace.
High Founty: a new district of buildings and residential villas, located in the new city centre between the new Court of Appeal and the Marjane supermarket.
Illigh: to the east in front of the Hassan II hospital, is a residential area of large villas, housing the "new bourgeoisie".
Charaf: The Hassan II hospital is in this district.
Les Amicales: also known as the "city of government employees"
Dakhla: close to the faculty of Ibnou Zohr, it has a great mix between modern buildings, ordinary villas, and studio apartments. This new town created in 1979 was the last work before his death of the renowned French urbanist, Gérald Hanning.
Hay Mohammadi: a new urbanization zone in Agadir with a villa zone and a zone for large groups of buildings to frame the extension of the Avenue des FAR in the northwest.
Adrar City: a new district next to the Metro hypermarket.
Other neighborhoods: Amsernat, Lakhyam, Erac Bouargane, Massira, Alhouda, Tilila, Tassila, Ben Sergao, Riad Assalam, Islane, Ihchach (Yachech) Nahda, Anza, Assaka, Bir Anzarane, Tikouine, Zaitoune and Tadart.
The Casbah
Hill of the old Casbah of Agadir Oufla
Agadir Oufla at Night
The Casbah (Agadir Oufla, Agadir le haut, Agadir N'Ighir, or Agadir de la colline) was, along with Founti by the sea, the oldest district of Agadir. An authentic fortress with winding streets and lively, the Casbah was built in 1572 by Abdallah al-Ghalib. Above the front door; today, the original inscription in Arabic and in English reads: "God, the Nation, the King."
Of this fortress there remains, after the earthquake of 29 February 1960, a restored long high wall that surrounds land that is not buildable. There is, however, a view over the bay of Agadir and the ports. The old people of Agadir remember the "Moorish café" of the Casbah and its panoramic view.
The hill bears the inscription in Arabic: "God, Country, King" which, like the walls, is illuminated at night.
Old Talborjt
Overlooking the waterfront and Wadi Tildi, this old district (whose name is sometimes spelled Talbordjt) was once a shopping area and very lively with its large square where there was a weekly market, hotels, schools, mosque. 90% of the buildings in Old Talborjt were destroyed or severely damaged by the earthquake in 1960. Razed to the ground after the earthquake and now overgrown, it is classified as non-buildable area. Its main thoroughfare, the Avenue El Moun stretches over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and serves only for driving schools that teach their students to drive.
Souk El Had
This is the largest market in the region. It has about 6,000 small shops. It is surrounded by walls and has several entrances. It is organized into different sectors: furniture, crafts, clothing, vegetables, meat, spices etc. It is possible to find all kinds of handicrafts and traditional decorations.
The walls have been restored and the interior design is being finished.
La Médina
La Médina.
La Médina is a handicrafts space created in 1992 by the Italian artist Coco Polizzi, at Ben Sergao, a district close to Agadir 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) from the city centre. Built using techniques of traditional Berber construction, it is a kind of small open-air museum, on five hectares and home to artisan workshops, a museum, individual residences, a small hotel, and an exotic garden.
Subdivisions
The prefecture is divided administratively into communes.
Name
Geographic code
Type
Households
Population (2004)
Foreign population
Moroccan population
Notes
Agadir
001.01.01.
Municipality
77485
346106
1925
344181
Amskroud
001.05.01.
Rural commune
1687
10020
0
10020
Aourir
001.05.03.
Rural commune
5571
27483
55
27428
21,810 residents live in the center, called Aourir; 5673 residents live in rural areas.
Aqesri
001.05.05.
Rural commune
857
4873
0
4873
Aziar
001.05.07.
Rural commune
688
3803
0
3803
Drargua
001.05.09.
Rural commune
6910
37115
1
37114
17,071 residents live in the center, called Drargua; 20044 residents live in rural areas.
Idmine
001.05.11.
Rural commune
671
4279
0
4279
Imouzzer
001.05.13.
Rural commune
1153
6351
0
6351
Imsouane
001.05.15.
Rural commune
1704
9353
0
9353
Tadrart
001.05.21.
Rural commune
1008
5703
0
5703
Taghazout
001.05.23.
Rural commune
999
5348
16
5332
Tamri
001.05.25.
Rural commune
2927
17442
8
17434
Tiqqi
001.05.29.
Rural commune
1735
10078
0
10078
Climate
Sunset in Agadir
Agadir has a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with warm summers and mild winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Agadir has a very mild climate. The daytime temperature generally stays in the 20s °C (70s °F) every day with averages around 27 °C (81 °F), with the winter highs typically reaching 21 °C (70 °F) in January.
Rainfall is almost entirely confined to the winter months and is heavily influenced by the NAO, with negative NAO indices producing wet winters and positive NAO correlating with drought. For instance, in the wettest month on record of December 1963, as much as 314.7 millimetres or 12.39 inches fell, whereas in the positive NAO year from July 1960 to June 1961 a mere 46.7 millimetres or 1.84 inches occurred over the twelve months. The wettest year has been from July 1955 to June 1956 with 455.5 millimetres or 17.93 inches.
Occasionally however, the region experiences winds from the Sahara called Chergui, which may exceptionally and for two to five days raise the heat above 40 °C (104 °F). The confirmed record high temperature was 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) set on 12 August 2023. This makes Agadir one of few coastal locations in the world to have recorded a temperature above 50 °C. The record of 51.7 °C degrees, which was on 19 August 1940, is disputed.
In 1950, a poster from the Navigation Company Pacquet proclaimed: "Winter or summer, I bathe in Agadir".
Climate data for Agadir (Inezgane) (1991–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
31.9(89.4)
36.0(96.8)
38.2(100.8)
40.0(104.0)
46.1(115.0)
46.7(116.1)
48.5(119.3)
50.4(122.7)
43.5(110.3)
42.6(108.7)
38.0(100.4)
33.6(92.5)
50.4(122.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
21.2(70.2)
22.0(71.6)
23.4(74.1)
23.2(73.8)
24.2(75.6)
25.6(78.1)
26.7(80.1)
27.0(80.6)
26.1(79.0)
26.1(79.0)
24.1(75.4)
22.1(71.8)
24.3(75.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.8(58.6)
16.1(61.0)
17.9(64.2)
18.7(65.7)
20.1(68.2)
21.9(71.4)
23.0(73.4)
23.3(73.9)
22.3(72.1)
21.4(70.5)
18.5(65.3)
16.1(61.0)
19.5(67.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
8.4(47.1)
10.1(50.2)
12.3(54.1)
14.1(57.4)
15.9(60.6)
18.1(64.6)
19.2(66.6)
19.5(67.1)
18.6(65.5)
16.7(62.1)
12.9(55.2)
10.1(50.2)
14.7(58.4)
Record low °C (°F)
1.1(34.0)
2.4(36.3)
5.3(41.5)
4.4(39.9)
8.9(48.0)
12.9(55.2)
13.0(55.4)
14.6(58.3)
12.1(53.8)
9.5(49.1)
1.6(34.9)
2.2(36.0)
1.1(34.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
32.0(1.26)
28.6(1.13)
31.3(1.23)
13.8(0.54)
5.6(0.22)
0.8(0.03)
0.2(0.01)
3.1(0.12)
3.7(0.15)
21.2(0.83)
42.3(1.67)
49.0(1.93)
231.6(9.12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
2.8
2.7
3.2
1.7
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.9
3.0
3.6
20.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
234.6
224.8
266.8
273.5
297.1
266.8
252.7
247.6
234.5
242.2
228.1
221.8
2,990.5
Percent possible sunshine
74
73
73
71
71
64
59
61
64
70
73
71
68
Source: NOAA (sun 1981–2010), (February record high)
Economy
Agadir MarinaThe city had an annual growth rate of over 6% per year in housing demand while housing production barely exceeds 3.4%.
Agadir's economy relies mainly on tourism and fisheries. Agricultural activities are based around the city. Agadir has one of the biggest souks in Morocco (Souk El Had).
Fishing port as seen from the Casbah
The fishing port is a major sardine port. The commercial port is also known for its exports of cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus products. The Avenue du Port, the main artery of the Anza district, is surrounded by canneries and has many popular small restaurants adjacent to the fish market. The city has a cement company called Ciments du Maroc (CIMAR), a subsidiary of the Italian group Italcementi which is in process of being transferred to a new plant 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the city. There is also a shipyard in the port and the only merchant marine school in Morocco.
Agadir is served by Al Massira Airport, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.
Culture
Cinema Salam is still closed since the earthquake.
The Timitar festival, a festival of Amazigh culture and music from around the world, has been held in Agadir every summer since its inception in July 2004.
The Morocco Movement association is involved in the arts and organizes concerts, exhibitions and meetings in the visual arts, design, music, graphic design, photography, environment and health.
Other cultural events in Agadir are:
Noiz Makerz concert of urban music.
Breaking South national break-dancing championship
International Documentary Film Festival in November (FIDADOC)
Film Festival for immigration
International Festival of University Theatre of Agadir
Concert for Tolerance (November)
Festival of Laughter
International Salon of Art of Photography (Clubphoto d'Agadir)
Museums
Musée de Talborjt "La Casbah"
Musée Bert Flint
Le Musée des Arts Berberes
Musee Municipal de Agadir
La Medina d'Agadir
Education
The city of Agadir has a university: the University Ibn Zohr which includes a Faculty of Science, Faculty of medicine and pharmacy, Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, and the multi-disciplined Faculty of Ouarzazate.
There are also establishments of higher education such as:
the National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA)
the National School of Business and Management (ENCG)
the Graduate School of Agadir technology (ESTA).
There is an international French school: the French School of Agadir and also public schools: Youssef Ben Tachfine School, Mohammed Reda-Slaoui School, and the Al-Idrissi Technical College.
High schools in the city include:
Groupe Scolaire Paul Gauguin Agadir (CLOSED in 2014)
Groupe Scolaire LE DEFI
Lycée Lala Meryem Agadir
Lycée Qualifiant Youssef Ben Tachfine
Lycée Technique Al Idrissi
Lycée Al Qalam
Lycée Al Hanane
Lycée Français d'Agadir
Lycée Anoual
Lycée Zerktouni
Lycée Mohamed Derfoufi
Lycée Bader Elouefaq
Lycée Ibn Maja
Lycée Mounib
Lycée Al Inbiaat
Sports
The city of Agadir has a football club known as Hassania Agadir and the city has built the new Adrar Stadium, which the team plays its home matches at. The city also hosts the Royal Tennis Club of Agadir. It could host matches in the 2030 FIFA World Cup.
The Hassan II Golf Trophy and Lalla Meryem Cup golf tournaments of the European Tour and Ladies European Tour are held at the Golf du Palais Royal in Agadir since 2011.
People
Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder, Moroccan politician and activist
Sion Assidon, Moroccan activist
Walid Azaro, Moroccan footballer
Abdelkrim Baadi, Moroccan footballer
Jacques Bensimon, Canadian filmmaker, was born in Agadir
Issam Chebake, Moroccan footballer
Mohamed Choua, Basketball player
Jalal Daoudi, Moroccan footballer
Karim El Berkaoui, Moroccan footballer
Hicham El Majhad, Moroccan footballer
Omar Hilale, permanent ambassador of Morocco to the United Nations
Saadia Himi, Miss Netherlands Earth 2004, born in the Netherlands, has roots in Agadir.
Hassan Kachloul, former Morocco national football team player, most notably playing for Southampton, Aston Villa and Wolves
Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine (1941–1995), Moroccan writer
Dominique Strauss-Kahn, spent his childhood there from 1951 to 1960
Michel Vieuchange, French adventurer and explorer, died in Agadir in 1930
Nearby beaches
Agadir beach
Some of the most popular beaches in Morocco are located to the north of Agadir. Areas known for surfing are located near Taghazout village to Cap Ghir.
Many smaller and clean beaches are located along this coast. Some of them between Agadir and Essaouira are: Agadir Beach, Tamaounza (12 km), Aitswal Beach, Imouran (17 km), Taghazout (19 km), Bouyirdn (20 km), Timzguida (22 km), Aghroud (30 km), Imiouadar (27 km).
Main sights
Agadir Crocodile park
The view of the city and the bay from Agadir Oufla (Casbah)
Valley of the Birds, a pleasant bird park stretching along the Avenue of Administrations, between Boulevard Hassan II and 20 August
The garden of Ibn Zaidoun
Mohammed V Mosque, on the Boulevard President Kennedy
Souk el Had
Amazigh (Berber) Heritage Museum at the Ayt Souss Square
The garden of Olhão or "Garden of Portugal" and its memorial museum in Talborjt
The marina with its Moorish architecture and shops
Loubnane Mosque
Wall of commemoration
Memory of Agadir Museum; mostly photographic exhibits which concentrate on the Agadir earthquake on 29 February 1960
Nearby attractions
The city of Taroudannt 80 km to the east, along the Souss valley
Palm Oasis of Tiout 20 km to the east of Taroudannt and 100 km from Agadir
Imouzzer Ida Ou Tanane a small town 60 km northeast of Agadir where Paradise Valley is located
The beaches of Taghazout and Tamraght. Taghazout-Argana Bay, a large tourism development, was launched in 2007
The city of Tiznit 90 km to the south and Tafraout 80 km from Tiznit, a magnificent site of pink granite rocks
The Souss-Massa National Park and Oued Massa, about 70 km to the south and the fishing village of Tifnit
Legzira beach with spectacular natural arches, 150 km south of Agadir
Sidi Ifni, 160 km south of Agadir on the coast
The city of Essaouira 175 km north of Agadir on the coast
Dephinarium Agadir Dolphin World Morocco
Movies filmed in Agadir
1934: Le Grand Jeu by Jacques Feyder
1954–1955: Oasis by Yves Allégret
1969: Du soleil plein les yeux by Michel Boisrond
1988: Y'a bon les blancs by Marco Ferreri
2006: Days of Glory by Rachid Bouchareb
2009: "Les Filles du désert" by Hubert Besson, an episode of the television series Plus belle la vie
2011: Agadir Bombay by Myriam Bakir
In literature and art
Agadir: literary work by Moroccan writer Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine
Ride to Agadir: song by Mike Batt, that also has a cover by Boney M.
Sister cities
Agadir has eight sister cities
Mar del Plata, Argentina
Miami, United States
Oakland, United States
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States
Olhão, Portugal
Nantes, France
Stavanger, Norway
Shiraz, Iran
Vigan, Philippines
Cooperation Pact:
Lyon, France
Explanatory notes
^ The name suggests that there was a Wednesday market – the souk el-arba close to a collective granary. Chronique de Santa-Cruz du Cap de Gué (in French), Paris, 1934
^ Ighir (pronounced irrhir) later meaning shoulder or height.
References
^ a b "POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ a b General Census of the population and habitat 2004, Commisariat of Planning, Website: www.lavieeco.com, consulted on 7 February 2012 (in French); Archived 24 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic)
^ "جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع". Agadir.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ a b "Agadir: Lancement de l'appel à candidature au 14è Festival Issni N'Ourgh International du Film Amazigh". Maptourisme.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Y a-t-il un " vote tachelhit " ?". Tafra.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Recensement population (RGPH) 2014". Haut Commissariat au Plan. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "More than 45,000 People Celebrate the Amazigh Year in Agadir". Mjtnews.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع". Agadir.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Nouvel An amazigh: Une semaine de festivités à Agadir". Aujourdhui.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "كرنفال "بوجلود" بأكادير". Hespress.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Climate (Average Weather) Data", from NOAA Station Id FM60250, Latitude: 30° 23'N Longitude: 9° 34'W Elevation: 23m Archived 2013-08-16 at the Wayback Machine.
^ See K. Naït-Zerrad, Dictionnaire des racines berbères, Ḍ-G, Louvain: Peeters, 2002, p. 734.
^ a b c Room, Adrian (2008). African placenames : origins and meanings of the names for natural features, towns, cities, provinces, and counties. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-7864-3546-3.
^ Compare Hebrew gādēr 'wall, place fortified with a wall' (see S.P. Tregelles, Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee lexicon, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949, p. 160, which also mentions Classical Arabic jadīr 'a place surrounded by a wall').
^ a b Camps, G. (1985). "Agadir". Enyclopédie Berbère . Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h Tourneau, Roger le (1960). "Agadir-Ighir". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 244–245. OCLC 495469456.
^ Taquin, Arthur (1902). "Les iles canariens et les parages de pêche canariens". Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112051992938 and Others (in French). pp. 427–328.
^ "Agadir | Morocco | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-1-316-58334-0.
^ a b Newitt, Malyn (2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668. Routledge. pp. 35–36, 66. ISBN 978-1-134-55304-4.
^ Chronique de Santa-Cruz du Cap de Gué, Paris, 1934 (Fr)
^ Charles-André Julien, History of North Africa, Paris, 1994 (Fr)
^ "Historic Earthquakes". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
^ Maurice Barbier (1982). Le conflit du Sahara occidental (in French). Harmattan. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-85802-197-0.
^ Charles de Foucauld, Reconnaissance au Maroc,(1883–1884), éd. L'Harmattan, coll. "Les Introuvables", Paris, (réimp. 2000) ISBN 978-2-7384-6645-7 (in French)
^ Scheme of the Future City in the magazine La Géographie on Gallica
^ The visit of Winston Churchill to Agadir (in French)
^ Documentary film, Jacques Bensimon, Once Agadir, National Film Board of Canada, consulted 1 November 2010
^ Website dedicated to the Earthquake at Agadir in 1960 (in French)
^ Dahmani, Iman; El moumni, Lahbib; Meslil, El mahdi (2019). Modern Casablanca Map. Translated by Borim, Ian. Casablanca: MAMMA Group. ISBN 978-9920-9339-0-2.
^ Ina.fr, Institut National de l'Audiovisuel-. "Le Corbusier, urbaniste visionnaire - Archives vidéo et radio Ina.fr". Ina.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-02.
^ Elajmi, Majda. "Earthquake of Magnitude 4.5 Hits Agadir Province". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "Agadir hit by a 4.5 degrees earthquake". HESPRESS English - Morocco News. 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ Article Agadir 2010–2016 – Participative Territorial Diagnosis. State of the Country in 2010: The urban fabric of the city of Agadir, by district Archived January 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Communal plan for Development (Fr)
^ Talborjt 1930–1960 Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
^ "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004" (PDF) (in French). Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. (in Arabic)
^ a b Climate Explorer; AGADIR monthly precipitation
^ "Synop report summary - 60250: Agadir (Morocco)". Ogimet. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
^ "Winter or summer, I bathe in Agadir" Archived 2014-10-26 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
^ "Agadir Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
^ "Agadir Climate Normals 1981–2010". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
^ "Asia: Highest Temperature". Ogimet. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
^ "Agadir". UN-Habitat. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
^ "Italcementi". Italcementigroup.com. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
^ ""Maroc Movement" association". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
^ Ait Ider Mohamed. "Taghazout beaches, the best beaches of Agadir". Taghazout.biz. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
^ "Agadir guide book". Morocco.FalkTime. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
^ "Legzira | Morocco travel guide". Morocco.FalkTime. 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
^ Filming locations for Days of Glory Archived 2016-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, consulted on 29 April 2012
^ "Sister Cities". Agadirnet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
^ محمد جواد مطلع (2010-06-12). "Sister Cities of Shiraz". Eshiraz.ir. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agadir.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Agadir.
Official Visit Morocco website
vteAgadir-Ida Ou Tanane PrefectureCapital: AgadirMunicipalities
Agadir
Rural communes
Amskroud
Aourir
Aqesri
Aziar
Drarga
Idmine
Imouzzer
Imsouane
Tadrart
Taghazout
Tamri
Tiqqi
vtePrefectures and provinces of Morocco by regionTanger-Tetouan-Al HoceimaPrefectures
Tangier-Assilah
M'diq-Fnideq
Provinces
Fahs-Anjra
Tétouan
Al Hoceïma
Larache
Chefchaouen
Ouezzane
OrientalPrefecture
Oujda-Angad
Provinces
Berkane
Taourirt
Jerada
Figuig
Nador
Driouch
Guercif
Fès-MeknèsPrefectures
Fès
Meknès
Provinces
Boulemane
Sefrou
Moulay Yacoub
El Hajeb
Ifrane
Taounate
Taza
Rabat-Salé-KénitraPrefectures
Rabat
Salé
Skhirate-Témara
Provinces
Kénitra
Khémisset
Sidi Kacem
Sidi Slimane
Béni Mellal-KhénifraProvinces
Béni-Mellal
Khouribga
Khénifra
Azilal
Fquih Ben Salah
Casablanca-SettatPrefectures
Casablanca
Mohammedia
Provinces
Settat
Berrechid
Benslimane
Sidi Bennour
Nouaceur
Médiouna
El Jadida
Marrakesh-SafiPrefecture
Marrakesh
Provinces
Al Haouz
Chichaoua
El Kelâa des Sraghna
Essaouira
Safi
Rehamna
Youssoufia
Drâa-TafilaletProvinces
Errachidia
Zagora
Midelt
Ouarzazate
Tinghir
Souss-MassaPrefectures
Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane
Inezgane-Aït Melloul
Provinces
Taroudant
Tiznit
Chtouka Aït Baha
Tata
Guelmim-Oued NounProvinces
Assa-Zag
Guelmim
Tan-Tan
Sidi Ifni
Laâyoune-Sakia El HamraProvinces
Laâyoune
Tarfaya
Boujdour
Es Semara
Dakhla-Oued Ed-DahabProvinces
Aousserd
Oued Ed-Dahab
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
NARA
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agadir (granary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_(granary)"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Agadir Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Tifinagh text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifinagh"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Tifinagh)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Tifinagh letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifinagh"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[ʔaɡaːdiːr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Tachelhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachelhit_language"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlas Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Souss River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_River"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Agadir Ida-U-Tanan Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir-Ida_Ou_Tanane_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Souss-Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souss-Massa"},{"link_name":"2014 Moroccan census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Moroccan_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGHP-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGHP-2"},{"link_name":"Amazigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maptourisme.ma-4"},{"link_name":"Tamazight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Amazigh"},{"link_name":"Tachelhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachelhit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Amazigh Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yennayer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bilmawen Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujlood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maptourisme.ma-4"},{"link_name":"Shilha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha"},{"link_name":"Amazigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigh"},{"link_name":"Izenzaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izenzaren"},{"link_name":"Oudaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudaden"},{"link_name":"Agadir Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"an earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Agadir_earthquake"},{"link_name":"seaside resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-11"}],"text":"City in Souss-Massa, MoroccoThis article is about the city in Morocco. For Amazigh granaries, see Agadir (granary). For the Phoenician and Carthaginian port in Spain, see Cadiz. For the 1911 international crisis, see Agadir Crisis.Place in Souss-Massa, MoroccoThis article contains Tifinagh text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tifinagh letters.Agadir (Arabic: أݣادير, romanized: ʾagādīr, pronounced [ʔaɡaːdiːr]; Tachelhit: ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ) is a major city in Morocco, on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean, and 509 kilometres (316 mi) south of Casablanca. Agadir is the capital of the Agadir Ida-U-Tanan Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region.Agadir is one of the major urban centres of Morocco. The municipality of Agadir recorded a population of 924,000 in the 2014 Moroccan census.[1] According to the 2004 census, there were 346,106 inhabitants in that year[2] and the population of the Prefecture of Agadir-Ida Outanane was 487,954 inhabitants.[2]Agadir is known for being the capital of Amazigh culture in Morocco.[3][4] It is one of the few big Moroccan cities where Tamazight, one of Morocco's two official languages, is spoken by more than half of the population. The native variety to the region, Tachelhit, is spoken by 222,000 speakers,[5] representing 53.7% of the entire population.[6] Agadir is also a place for many festivals related to Amazigh culture, such as The New Amazigh Year, celebrated on January 13 every year throughout the city, especially in the downtown area.[7][8][9] The Bilmawen Festival is another old Berber tradition celebrated in the suburbs of the city.[10] Additionally, the Issni N’Ourgh International festival is a festival for Amazigh films.[4] Agadir is also the birthplace of many of the pillars of Shilha and Amazigh music, such as Izenzaren, Oudaden, and many others.It was the site of the 1911 Agadir Crisis that exposed tensions between France and Germany, foreshadowing World War I. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1960; it has been completely rebuilt with mandatory seismic standards. It is now the largest seaside resort in Morocco, where foreign tourists and many residents are attracted by an unusually mild year-round climate. Since 2010 it has been well served by low-cost flights and a motorway from Tangier.The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5 °C/69 °F)[11] and good beaches have made it a major \"winter sun\" destination for northern Europeans.","title":"Agadir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_(granary)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_languages"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ad01-13"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ad01-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ad01-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Tashelhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashelhit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"pleonastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name Agadir is a common Berber noun, meaning 'wall, enclosure, fortified building, citadel'. This noun is attested in most Berber languages.[12] It may come from the Tuareg word aǧādir ('wall' or 'bank')[13] or from Phoenician gadir ('wall' or 'fortress').[13] The former word may also be a loanword from the latter.[14] The Phoenician etymology, if correct, would be the same as that of Cádiz in Spain.[13]There are many more towns in Morocco called Agadir.[15] The city of Agadir's full name in Tashelhit is Agadir Ighir[16] or Agadir-n-Irir,[15] literally 'the fortress of the cape',[17] referring to the nearby promontory named Cape Ighir on maps (a pleonastic name, literally 'Cape Cape').[citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early occupation","text":"The oldest known map that includes an indication of Agadir is from 1325: at the approximate location of the modern city, it names a place it calls Porto Mesegina, after a Berber tribe name that had been recorded as early as the 12th century, the Mesguina (also known as the Ksima).[citation needed] At the end of the medieval period, Agadir was a town of some renown. The first known mention of its name, Agadir al-harba, was recorded in 1510.[a][citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-21"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"Sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Qa'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Qaim"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"Sa'di dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Shaykh"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"siege of the colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Agadir"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"Guterre de Monroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guterre_de_Monroy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dona Mecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dona_Mecia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Safi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Azemmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azemmour"},{"link_name":"El Jadida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Jadida"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Cenival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Cenival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Taroudannt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taroudannt"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Portuguese occupation","text":"In the late 15th century the Portuguese began to occupy positions along the Moroccan coast. In 1505 the Portuguese nobleman João Lopes de Sequeira occupied the area.[18][16][19][20] He built a wooden castle at the foot of a hill, near a spring,[16] and a Portuguese colony named Santa Cruz do Cabo do Gué was created.[20] The site still bears the name of Funti[16] or Founti (from the Portuguese word fonte, meaning \"fountain\"). The castle was later bought by the King of Portugal on 25 January 1513.[16]The Portuguese presence elicited growing hostility from the local population of the Sous region, who initiated a years-long economic and military blockade of the port. In 1510 Muhammad al-Qa'im, the leader of a Sharifian family in that had established themselves in the Sous, was declared leader of the local military efforts against the Sous.[16] His descendants went on to found the Sa'di dynasty which rose to power over the following decades and evenually established their capital at Marrakesh. In 1540 the Sa'di sultan Muhammad al-Shaykh occupied the main hill (now Agadir Oufla) above the Portuguese and installed artillery to prepare an attack on the fortress below. The siege of the colony began on 16 February 1541 and was successfully concluded on 12 March of the same year.[16]Six hundred Portuguese survivors were taken prisoner, including the governor, Guterre de Monroy, and his daughter, Dona Mecia. The captives were redeemed by the holy men, who were mostly from Portugal. Dona Mecia, whose husband was killed during the battle, became the wife of Sheikh Mohammed ash-Sheikh but died in childbirth in 1544. In the same year, Mohammed ash-Sheikh released Guterre de Monroy, whom he had befriended.[21][full citation needed] After this, the Portuguese were forced to abandon most of the Moroccan areas that they had acquired control of between 1505 and 1520, including Agadir, Safi and Azemmour. By 1550, Portugal's only holding in Morocco was Mazagan (now El Jadida), Tangier and Ceuta. As Morocco became less important to the Portuguese, they turned their attention to India and Brazil.The story of the Portuguese presence (from the installation in 1505 until their defeat on 12 March 1541) is described in a manuscript (published for the first time, with a French translation by Pierre de Cenival, in 1934) entitled \"Este He O Origem e Comeco e Cabo da Villa de Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue D'Agoa de Narba\", written by an anonymous author who was captured in 1934[citation needed] and was imprisoned for five years in Taroudannt (cf. \"Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue d'Agoa de Narba – Estudo e Crónica\", Joao Marinho e Santos, José Manuel Azevedo e Silva e Mohammed Nadir, bilingual edition, Viseu 2007[full citation needed]).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdallah al-Ghalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib"},{"link_name":"kasbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasbah"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"Tachelhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tazerwalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazerwalt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Moulay Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulay_Ismail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_porte_Kasbah_0085.JPG"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Essaouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira"},{"link_name":"Mohammed ben Abdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah"},{"link_name":"Moulay Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_d%27Agadir_en_1885.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles de Foucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"SMS Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Panther"},{"link_name":"Agadir Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Hermann Wilberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Wilberg"},{"link_name":"Aéropostale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Exupéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Mermoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mermoz"},{"link_name":"Henri Prost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Prost"},{"link_name":"Albert Laprade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Laprade"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix of Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prix_of_Agadir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_automobile_d%27Agadir"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Aristotle Onassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Agadir_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bensimon-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Moroccan rule","text":"After the Sa'di victory the site was then left unoccupied for years until Muhammad al-Shaykh's successor, Abdallah al-Ghalib (r. 1557–1574), built a new fortress (or kasbah) on the hilltop.[16] It was now called Agadir N'Ighir (literally: \"fortified granary of the hill\" in Tachelhit.[b]In the 17th century, during the reign of the Berber dynasty of Tazerwalt, Agadir was a harbour of some importance, expanding its trade with Europe. There was, however, neither a real port nor a wharf. Agadir traded mainly in sugar, wax, copper, hides and skins.[22] In exchange, Europeans sold their manufactured goods there, particularly weapons and textiles. Under the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismail (1645–1727) and his successors, the trade with France, which had previously been an active partner, diminished, and trade with the English and Dutch increased.The entrance of the KasbahIn 1731, the town was completely destroyed by an earthquake.[23] After that, Agadir's harbour was ordered to be closed, and an alternative, Essaouira, was established farther north.After a long period of prosperity during the reigns of the Saadian and Alawite dynasties, Agadir declined from 1760 because of the pre-eminence given to the competing port of Essaouira by the Alawite Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah who wanted to punish the Souss for rebelling against his authority. This decline lasted a century and a half. In 1789, a European traveler gave a brief description of Agadir: \"It is now a ghost town, there are no more than a few houses and these are crumbling into ruins\".In 1881, Sultan Moulay Hassan reopened the harbour to trade in order to supply the expeditions he planned in the south. These expeditions, which were to reassert his authority over the Souss tribes and counter the plans of English and Spanish, were held in 1882 and 1886.[24]Map of Agadir in 1885 by Jules ErckmannIn 1884, Charles de Foucauld described in Reconnaissance au Maroc (Reconnaissance in Morocco) his rapid passage to Agadir from the east:I walk along the shore to Agadir Irir. The road passes below the city, half-way between it and Founti: Founti is a miserable hamlet, a few fishermen's huts; Agadir, despite its white enclosure which gives it the air of a city is, I am told, a poor village depopulated and without trade.[25]On the pretext of a call for help from German companies in the valley of the Souss, Germany decided on 1 July 1911, to extend its interests in Morocco and assert a claim on the country. It sent to the bay of Agadir, (which harbour was, until 1881, closed to foreign trade) the SMS Panther which was quickly joined by the cruiser Berlin. Very strong international reaction, particularly from Great Britain, surprised Germany and triggered the Agadir Crisis between France and Germany. War threatened. After tough negotiations, a Franco-German treaty was finally signed on 4 November 1911, giving a free hand to France, who would be able to establish its protectorate over Morocco in return for giving up some colonies in Africa. It was only then that the gunboat Panther and the cruiser Berlin left the bay of Agadir. Due to a miscalculation, the German sales representative Hermann Wilberg, who was sent to provide the pretext for the intervention, only arrived at Agadir three days after the Panther arrived.In 1913, the cities (Agadir N'Ighir and Founti) totaled less than a thousand inhabitants. On 15 June 1913 French troops landed in Agadir. In 1916, the first pier was built near Founti – a simple jetty, later known as the \"Portuguese jetty\", which remained until the end of the 20th century. After 1920, under the French protectorate, a port was built and the city saw its first development with the construction of the old Talborjt district located on the plateau at the foot of the hill. Two years later, beside Talborjt along the faultline of the river Tildi construction of the popular district of Yahchech began.Around 1930, Agadir was an important stop for the French airmail service Aéropostale and was frequented by Saint-Exupéry and Mermoz.In the years from 1930, a modern central city began to be built according to the plans of the urban planner Henri Prost, director of the Urban Planning Department of the Protectorate, and his deputy Albert Laprade: a horseshoe layout based on the waterfront[26] around a large avenue perpendicular to the waterfront – the Avenue Lyautey, since renamed Avenue du Général Kettani. In the 1950s, urban development continued under the direction of the Director of Urban Planning Morocco, Michel Ecochard.After 1950 and the opening of the new commercial port, the city grew with fishing, canning, agriculture, and mining. It also began to open up to tourism due to its climate and hotel infrastructure.[citation needed] Several years later from 1950 to 1956 Agadir organised the Grand Prix of Agadir [fr] and, from 1954 to 1956, the Moroccan Grand Prix.In 1959, the port was visited by the yacht of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his guest, Winston Churchill.[27]By 1960, Agadir numbered over 40,000 residents when at 15 minutes to midnight on 29 February 1960, it was again almost totally destroyed by an earthquake of magnitude 5.7 on the Richter scale that lasted 15 seconds, burying the city and killing more than a third of the population.[28] The death toll was estimated at 15,000.[29] The earthquake destroyed the old Kasbah.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"GAMMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_des_Architectes_Modernes_Marocains"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Zevaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Zevaco"},{"link_name":"Elie Azagury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Azagury"},{"link_name":"Pierre Coldefy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Coldefy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claude Verdugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Verdugo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-32"},{"link_name":"Le Corbusier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Souss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souss"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Agadir after 1960","text":"Agadir in 1960, following the earthquakeThe current city was rebuilt 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) further south, led by the architects associated with GAMMA, including Jean-François Zevaco, Elie Azagury, Pierre Coldefy, and Claude Verdugo,[30] with consultation from Le Corbusier.[31] Agadir became a large city of over half a million by 2004, with a large port with four basins: the commercial port with a draft of 17 metres, triangle fishing, fishing port, and a pleasure boat port with marina. Agadir was the premier sardine port in the world in the 1980s and has a beach stretching over 10 km with fine seafront promenades. Its climate has 340 days of sunshine per year which allows for swimming all year round. The winter is warm and in summer, haze is common.With Marrakech, Agadir is a very important centre for tourism to Morocco, and the city is the most important fishing port in the country. Business is also booming with the export of citrus fruit and vegetables produced in the fertile valley of Souss.[citation needed]On 12 December 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 4.5 hit Agadir Province. The earthquake struck at a depth of three kilometres beneath the epicenter, off the coast of Agadir.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baie_d%27Agadir_vue_depuis_la_casbah,_Maroc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Agadir Bay, view from Agadir Oufla.The current conurbation of Agadir is actually a combination of four communes:the former town of Agadir city\nthe urban commune of Anza\nthe rural town of Ben Sergao and\nthe rural town of Tikiwine[34]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"Olhão garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olh%C3%A3o_Garden"}],"sub_title":"New Talborjt","text":"This area is named after the old district of Talborjt (meaning \"small fort\" in local Berber, in remembrance of the water tower which was first built on the plateau in the former Talborjt). Lively, the New Talborjt which has been rebuilt away from the Old Talborjt, has as the main artery the Boulevard Mohammed Sheikh Saadi, named after the victor against the Portuguese in 1541. Other major avenues are the Avenue President Kennedy and the Avenue February 29. There is also the Mohammed V mosque, the Olhão garden (Olhão is a coastal city in southern Portugal that is twinned with Agadir), and its memorial museum and the garden Ibn Zaydoun. Some good hotels and restaurants have been built on the main arteries.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Residential districts","text":"Swiss Village: the oldest district of villas bordered by the Avenue of FAR (Royal Armed Forces), Avenue Mokhtar Soussi, Cairo Avenue, and the Avenue of the United Nations.\nMixed Sector District (THE NEW IHCHACH): the French and Spanish Consulates are in this district.\nFounty or \"Bay of palm trees\": a seaside area with residential villas, large hotels, holiday homes, and the royal palace.\nHigh Founty: a new district of buildings and residential villas, located in the new city centre between the new Court of Appeal and the Marjane supermarket.\nIlligh: to the east in front of the Hassan II hospital, is a residential area of large villas, housing the \"new bourgeoisie\".\nCharaf: The Hassan II hospital is in this district.\nLes Amicales: also known as the \"city of government employees\"\nDakhla: close to the faculty of Ibnou Zohr, it has a great mix between modern buildings, ordinary villas, and studio apartments. This new town created in 1979 was the last work before his death of the renowned French urbanist, Gérald Hanning.\nHay Mohammadi: a new urbanization zone in Agadir with a villa zone and a zone for large groups of buildings to frame the extension of the Avenue des FAR in the northwest.\nAdrar City: a new district next to the Metro hypermarket.\nOther neighborhoods: Amsernat, Lakhyam, Erac Bouargane, Massira, Alhouda, Tilila, Tassila, Ben Sergao, Riad Assalam, Islane, Ihchach (Yachech) Nahda, Anza, Assaka, Bir Anzarane, Tikouine, Zaitoune and Tadart.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_Kasbah_1000.JPG"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_Casbah_Oufella_nuit.JPG"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"link_name":"Abdallah al-Ghalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The Casbah","text":"Hill of the old Casbah of Agadir OuflaAgadir Oufla at NightThe Casbah (Agadir Oufla, Agadir le haut, Agadir N'Ighir, or Agadir de la colline) was, along with Founti by the sea, the oldest district of Agadir. An authentic fortress with winding streets and lively, the Casbah was built in 1572 by Abdallah al-Ghalib. Above the front door; today, the original inscription in Arabic and in English reads: \"God, the Nation, the King.\"Of this fortress there remains, after the earthquake of 29 February 1960, a restored long high wall that surrounds land that is not buildable. There is, however, a view over the bay of Agadir and the ports. The old people of Agadir remember the \"Moorish café\" of the Casbah and its panoramic view.[citation needed]The hill bears the inscription in Arabic: \"God, Country, King\" which, like the walls, is illuminated at night.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Old Talborjt","text":"Overlooking the waterfront and Wadi Tildi, this old district (whose name is sometimes spelled Talbordjt) was once a shopping area and very lively with its large square where there was a weekly market, hotels, schools, mosque.[35] 90% of the buildings in Old Talborjt were destroyed or severely damaged by the earthquake in 1960. Razed to the ground after the earthquake and now overgrown, it is classified as non-buildable area. Its main thoroughfare, the Avenue El Moun stretches over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and serves only for driving schools that teach their students to drive.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Souk El Had","text":"This is the largest market in the region. It has about 6,000 small shops. It is surrounded by walls and has several entrances. It is organized into different sectors: furniture, crafts, clothing, vegetables, meat, spices etc. It is possible to find all kinds of handicrafts and traditional decorations.The walls have been restored and the interior design is being finished.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medina_Agadir2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"La Médina","text":"La Médina.La Médina is a handicrafts space created in 1992 by the Italian artist Coco Polizzi, at Ben Sergao, a district close to Agadir 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) from the city centre. Built using techniques of traditional Berber construction, it is a kind of small open-air museum, on five hectares and home to artisan workshops, a museum, individual residences, a small hotel, and an exotic garden.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop-38"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"The prefecture is divided administratively into communes.[36]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_coucher_soleil_0992.JPG"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"the NAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explorer-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explorer-39"},{"link_name":"Chergui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chergui_(wind)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Inezgane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inezgane"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmo-44"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Sunset in AgadirAgadir has a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with warm summers and mild winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Agadir has a very mild climate. The daytime temperature generally stays in the 20s °C (70s °F) every day with averages around 27 °C (81 °F), with the winter highs typically reaching 21 °C (70 °F) in January.Rainfall is almost entirely confined to the winter months and is heavily influenced by the NAO, with negative NAO indices producing wet winters and positive NAO correlating with drought. For instance, in the wettest month on record of December 1963, as much as 314.7 millimetres or 12.39 inches fell, whereas in the positive NAO year from July 1960 to June 1961 a mere 46.7 millimetres or 1.84 inches occurred over the twelve months.[37] The wettest year has been from July 1955 to June 1956 with 455.5 millimetres or 17.93 inches.[37]Occasionally however, the region experiences winds from the Sahara called Chergui, which may exceptionally and for two to five days raise the heat above 40 °C (104 °F). The confirmed record high temperature was 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) set on 12 August 2023.[38] This makes Agadir one of few coastal locations in the world to have recorded a temperature above 50 °C. The record of 51.7 °C degrees, which was on 19 August 1940, is disputed.In 1950, a poster from the Navigation Company Pacquet proclaimed: \"Winter or summer, I bathe in Agadir\".[39]Climate data for Agadir (Inezgane) (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n46.1(115.0)\n\n46.7(116.1)\n\n48.5(119.3)\n\n50.4(122.7)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n42.6(108.7)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n50.4(122.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n24.3(75.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n14.7(58.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n32.0(1.26)\n\n28.6(1.13)\n\n31.3(1.23)\n\n13.8(0.54)\n\n5.6(0.22)\n\n0.8(0.03)\n\n0.2(0.01)\n\n3.1(0.12)\n\n3.7(0.15)\n\n21.2(0.83)\n\n42.3(1.67)\n\n49.0(1.93)\n\n231.6(9.12)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n2.8\n\n2.7\n\n3.2\n\n1.7\n\n0.8\n\n0.2\n\n0.1\n\n0.3\n\n0.5\n\n1.9\n\n3.0\n\n3.6\n\n20.8\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n234.6\n\n224.8\n\n266.8\n\n273.5\n\n297.1\n\n266.8\n\n252.7\n\n247.6\n\n234.5\n\n242.2\n\n228.1\n\n221.8\n\n2,990.5\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n74\n\n73\n\n73\n\n71\n\n71\n\n64\n\n59\n\n61\n\n64\n\n70\n\n73\n\n71\n\n68\n\n\nSource: NOAA (sun 1981–2010),[40][41] (February record high)[42]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-12-14_Morocco_Agadir_marina.JPG"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir._Le_port_de_p%C3%AAche.jpg"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"Italcementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italcementi"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Al Massira Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Massira_Airport"}],"text":"Agadir MarinaThe city had an annual growth rate of over 6% per year in housing demand while housing production barely exceeds 3.4%.[citation needed]Agadir's economy relies mainly on tourism and fisheries. Agricultural activities are based around the city.[43] Agadir has one of the biggest souks in Morocco (Souk El Had).Fishing port as seen from the CasbahThe fishing port is a major sardine port. The commercial port is also known for its exports of cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus products. The Avenue du Port, the main artery of the Anza district, is surrounded by canneries and has many popular small restaurants adjacent to the fish market. The city has a cement company called Ciments du Maroc (CIMAR), a subsidiary of the Italian group Italcementi[44] which is in process of being transferred to a new plant 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the city. There is also a shipyard in the port and the only merchant marine school in Morocco.Agadir is served by Al Massira Airport, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20201228_143121_movie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amazigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_music"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Cinema Salam is still closed since the earthquake.The Timitar festival, a festival of Amazigh culture and music from around the world, has been held in Agadir every summer since its inception in July 2004.The Morocco Movement association is involved in the arts and organizes concerts, exhibitions and meetings in the visual arts, design, music, graphic design, photography, environment and health.[45]Other cultural events in Agadir are:Noiz Makerz concert of urban music.\nBreaking South national break-dancing championship\nInternational Documentary Film Festival in November (FIDADOC)\nFilm Festival for immigration\nInternational Festival of University Theatre of Agadir\nConcert for Tolerance (November)\nFestival of Laughter\nInternational Salon of Art of Photography (Clubphoto d'Agadir)","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Musée de Talborjt \"La Casbah\"\nMusée Bert Flint\nLe Musée des Arts Berberes\nMusee Municipal de Agadir\nLa Medina d'Agadir","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Groupe Scolaire Paul Gauguin Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Scolaire_Paul_Gauguin_Agadir"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français d'Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Agadir"}],"text":"The city of Agadir has a university: the University Ibn Zohr which includes a Faculty of Science, Faculty of medicine and pharmacy, Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, and the multi-disciplined Faculty of Ouarzazate.There are also establishments of higher education such as:the National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA)\nthe National School of Business and Management (ENCG)\nthe Graduate School of Agadir technology (ESTA).There is an international French school: the French School of Agadir and also public schools: Youssef Ben Tachfine School, Mohammed Reda-Slaoui School, and the Al-Idrissi Technical College.High schools in the city include:Groupe Scolaire Paul Gauguin Agadir (CLOSED in 2014)\nGroupe Scolaire LE DEFI\nLycée Lala Meryem Agadir\nLycée Qualifiant Youssef Ben Tachfine\nLycée Technique Al Idrissi\nLycée Al Qalam\nLycée Al Hanane\nLycée Français d'Agadir\nLycée Anoual\nLycée Zerktouni\nLycée Mohamed Derfoufi\nLycée Bader Elouefaq\nLycée Ibn Maja\nLycée Mounib\nLycée Al Inbiaat","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hassania Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassania_Agadir"},{"link_name":"Adrar Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2030 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hassan II Golf Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_Golf_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Lalla Meryem Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Meryem_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"}],"text":"The city of Agadir has a football club known as Hassania Agadir and the city has built the new Adrar Stadium, which the team plays its home matches at. The city also hosts the Royal Tennis Club of Agadir. It could host matches in the 2030 FIFA World Cup.The Hassan II Golf Trophy and Lalla Meryem Cup golf tournaments of the European Tour and Ladies European Tour are held at the Golf du Palais Royal in Agadir since 2011.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bensaid_Ait_Idder"},{"link_name":"Sion Assidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_Assidon"},{"link_name":"Walid Azaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Azaro"},{"link_name":"Abdelkrim Baadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkrim_Baadi"},{"link_name":"Jacques Bensimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bensimon"},{"link_name":"Issam Chebake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issam_Chebake"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Choua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choua"},{"link_name":"Jalal Daoudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Daoudi"},{"link_name":"Karim El Berkaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_El_Berkaoui"},{"link_name":"Hicham El Majhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicham_El_Majhad"},{"link_name":"Omar Hilale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Hilale"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Saadia Himi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Himi"},{"link_name":"Hassan Kachloul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Kachloul"},{"link_name":"Morocco national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Kha%C3%AFr-Eddine"},{"link_name":"Dominique Strauss-Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn"},{"link_name":"Michel Vieuchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Vieuchange"}],"text":"Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder, Moroccan politician and activist\nSion Assidon, Moroccan activist\nWalid Azaro, Moroccan footballer\nAbdelkrim Baadi, Moroccan footballer\nJacques Bensimon, Canadian filmmaker, was born in Agadir\nIssam Chebake, Moroccan footballer\nMohamed Choua, Basketball player\nJalal Daoudi, Moroccan footballer\nKarim El Berkaoui, Moroccan footballer\nHicham El Majhad, Moroccan footballer\nOmar Hilale, permanent ambassador of Morocco to the United Nations\nSaadia Himi, Miss Netherlands Earth 2004, born in the Netherlands, has roots in Agadir.\nHassan Kachloul, former Morocco national football team player, most notably playing for Southampton, Aston Villa and Wolves\nMohammed Khaïr-Eddine (1941–1995), Moroccan writer\nDominique Strauss-Kahn, spent his childhood there from 1951 to 1960\nMichel Vieuchange, French adventurer and explorer, died in Agadir in 1930","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agadir_Kasbah_1012.JPG"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Agadir beachSome of the most popular beaches in Morocco are located to the north of Agadir.[citation needed] Areas known for surfing are located near Taghazout village to Cap Ghir.Many smaller and clean beaches are located along this coast. Some of them between Agadir and Essaouira are: Agadir Beach, Tamaounza (12 km), Aitswal Beach, Imouran (17 km), Taghazout (19 km), Bouyirdn (20 km), Timzguida (22 km), Aghroud (30 km), Imiouadar (27 km).[46]","title":"Nearby beaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agadir Crocodile park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crocodile_park"},{"link_name":"Agadir Oufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Oufla"},{"link_name":"Amazigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"garden of Olhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olh%C3%A3o_Garden"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Agadir Crocodile park\nThe view of the city and the bay from Agadir Oufla (Casbah)\nValley of the Birds, a pleasant bird park stretching along the Avenue of Administrations, between Boulevard Hassan II and 20 August\nThe garden of Ibn Zaidoun\nMohammed V Mosque, on the Boulevard President Kennedy\nSouk el Had\nAmazigh (Berber) Heritage Museum at the Ayt Souss Square\nThe garden of Olhão or \"Garden of Portugal\" and its memorial museum in Talborjt\nThe marina with its Moorish architecture and shops\nLoubnane Mosque\nWall of commemoration[47]\nMemory of Agadir Museum; mostly photographic exhibits which concentrate on the Agadir earthquake on 29 February 1960","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taroudannt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taroudannt"},{"link_name":"Tiout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiout,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Taroudannt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taroudannt"},{"link_name":"Imouzzer Ida Ou Tanane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imouzzer_Ida_Ou_Tanane"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"Taghazout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghazout"},{"link_name":"Tiznit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiznit"},{"link_name":"Tafraout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafraout"},{"link_name":"Souss-Massa National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souss-Massa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sidi Ifni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Ifni"},{"link_name":"Essaouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira"}],"sub_title":"Nearby attractions","text":"The city of Taroudannt 80 km to the east, along the Souss valley\nPalm Oasis of Tiout 20 km to the east of Taroudannt and 100 km from Agadir\nImouzzer Ida Ou Tanane a small town 60 km northeast of Agadir where Paradise Valley is located\nThe beaches of Taghazout and Tamraght. Taghazout-Argana Bay, a large tourism development, was launched in 2007\nThe city of Tiznit 90 km to the south and Tafraout 80 km from Tiznit, a magnificent site of pink granite rocks\nThe Souss-Massa National Park and Oued Massa, about 70 km to the south and the fishing village of Tifnit\nLegzira beach with spectacular natural arches, 150 km south of Agadir[48]\nSidi Ifni, 160 km south of Agadir on the coast\nThe city of Essaouira 175 km north of Agadir on the coast\nDephinarium Agadir Dolphin World Morocco","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Grand Jeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Jeu_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Feyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Feyder"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Yves Allégret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_All%C3%A9gret"},{"link_name":"Michel Boisrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Boisrond"},{"link_name":"Marco Ferreri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ferreri"},{"link_name":"Days of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Glory_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Rachid Bouchareb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Bouchareb"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Plus belle la vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_belle_la_vie"}],"text":"1934: Le Grand Jeu by Jacques Feyder\n1954–1955: Oasis by Yves Allégret\n1969: Du soleil plein les yeux by Michel Boisrond\n1988: Y'a bon les blancs by Marco Ferreri\n2006: Days of Glory by Rachid Bouchareb[49]\n2009: \"Les Filles du désert\" by Hubert Besson, an episode of the television series Plus belle la vie\n2011: Agadir Bombay by Myriam Bakir","title":"Movies filmed in Agadir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Kha%C3%AFr-Eddine"},{"link_name":"Mike Batt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Batt"},{"link_name":"Boney M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_M."}],"text":"Agadir: literary work by Moroccan writer Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine\nRide to Agadir: song by Mike Batt, that also has a cover by Boney M.","title":"In literature and art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Olhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olh%C3%A3o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Vigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"}],"text":"Agadir has eight sister cities[50][51]Mar del Plata, Argentina\n Miami, United States\n Oakland, United States\n Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States\n Olhão, Portugal\n Nantes, France\n Stavanger, Norway\n Shiraz, Iran\n Vigan, PhilippinesCooperation Pact:Lyon, France","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"}],"text":"^ The name suggests that there was a Wednesday market – the souk el-arba close to a collective granary. Chronique de Santa-Cruz du Cap de Gué (in French), Paris, 1934[full citation needed]\n\n^ Ighir (pronounced irrhir) later meaning shoulder or height.","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The entrance of the Kasbah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Agadir_porte_Kasbah_0085.JPG/220px-Agadir_porte_Kasbah_0085.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Agadir in 1885 by Jules Erckmann","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Plan_d%27Agadir_en_1885.jpg/220px-Plan_d%27Agadir_en_1885.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agadir in 1960, following the earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Agadir_1960.jpg/220px-Agadir_1960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agadir Bay, view from Agadir Oufla.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Baie_d%27Agadir_vue_depuis_la_casbah%2C_Maroc.jpg/220px-Baie_d%27Agadir_vue_depuis_la_casbah%2C_Maroc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hill of the old Casbah of Agadir Oufla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Agadir_Kasbah_1000.JPG/220px-Agadir_Kasbah_1000.JPG"},{"image_text":"Agadir Oufla at Night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Agadir_Casbah_Oufella_nuit.JPG/220px-Agadir_Casbah_Oufella_nuit.JPG"},{"image_text":"La Médina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Medina_Agadir2.jpg/220px-Medina_Agadir2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunset in Agadir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Agadir_coucher_soleil_0992.JPG/220px-Agadir_coucher_soleil_0992.JPG"},{"image_text":"Agadir Marina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2010-12-14_Morocco_Agadir_marina.JPG/220px-2010-12-14_Morocco_Agadir_marina.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fishing port as seen from the Casbah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agadir._Le_port_de_p%C3%AAche.jpg/220px-Agadir._Le_port_de_p%C3%AAche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cinema Salam is still closed since the earthquake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20201228_143121_movie.jpg/220px-20201228_143121_movie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agadir beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Agadir_Kasbah_1012.JPG/220px-Agadir_Kasbah_1012.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/","url_text":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\". Agadir.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://agadir.ma/news/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2/","url_text":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir: Lancement de l'appel à candidature au 14è Festival Issni N'Ourgh International du Film Amazigh\". Maptourisme.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maptourisme.ma/actualites/agadir-lancement-de-lappel-a-candidature-au-14e-festival-issni-nourgh-international-du-film-amazigh/","url_text":"\"Agadir: Lancement de l'appel à candidature au 14è Festival Issni N'Ourgh International du Film Amazigh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Y a-t-il un \" vote tachelhit \" ?\". Tafra.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tafra.ma/ya-til-un-vote-tachelhit/","url_text":"\"Y a-t-il un \" vote tachelhit \" ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recensement population (RGPH) 2014\". Haut Commissariat au Plan. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006080706/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/","url_text":"\"Recensement population (RGPH) 2014\""},{"url":"http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"More than 45,000 People Celebrate the Amazigh Year in Agadir\". Mjtnews.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mjtnews.com/2020/01/15/more-than-45000-people-celebrate-the-amazigh-year-in-agadir/","url_text":"\"More than 45,000 People Celebrate the Amazigh Year in Agadir\""}]},{"reference":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\". Agadir.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://agadir.ma/news/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2/","url_text":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nouvel An amazigh: Une semaine de festivités à Agadir\". Aujourdhui.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/nouvel-an-amazigh-une-semaine-de-festivites-a-agadir","url_text":"\"Nouvel An amazigh: Une semaine de festivités à Agadir\""}]},{"reference":"\"كرنفال \"بوجلود\" بأكادير\". Hespress.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hespress.com/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-2-1016289.html","url_text":"\"كرنفال \"بوجلود\" بأكادير\""}]},{"reference":"Room, Adrian (2008). African placenames : origins and meanings of the names for natural features, towns, cities, provinces, and counties. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-7864-3546-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/africanplacename0000room","url_text":"African placenames : origins and meanings of the names for natural features, towns, cities, provinces, and counties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3546-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-3546-3"}]},{"reference":"Camps, G. (1985). \"Agadir\". Enyclopédie Berbère [En ligne]. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/903","url_text":"\"Agadir\""}]},{"reference":"Tourneau, Roger le (1960). \"Agadir-Ighir\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 244–245. OCLC 495469456.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=Agadir-Ighir&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search","url_text":"\"Agadir-Ighir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb","url_text":"Gibb, H. A. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers","url_text":"Kramers, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al","url_text":"Lévi-Provençal, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456","url_text":"495469456"}]},{"reference":"Taquin, Arthur (1902). \"Les iles canariens et les parages de pêche canariens\". Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112051992938 and Others (in French). pp. 427–328.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6tJAQAAMAAJ&dq=agadir+irir&pg=PA428","url_text":"\"Les iles canariens et les parages de pêche canariens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir | Morocco | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Agadir-Morocco","url_text":"\"Agadir | Morocco | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-1-316-58334-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDLCgAAQBAJ&dq=agadir+history+portuguese&pg=PA211","url_text":"A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58334-0","url_text":"978-1-316-58334-0"}]},{"reference":"Newitt, Malyn (2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668. Routledge. pp. 35–36, 66. ISBN 978-1-134-55304-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDODAgAAQBAJ&dq=agadir+history+portuguese+santa+cruz&pg=PA66","url_text":"A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55304-4","url_text":"978-1-134-55304-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Earthquakes\". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2012-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031843/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_02_29.php","url_text":"\"Historic Earthquakes\""},{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_02_29.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maurice Barbier (1982). Le conflit du Sahara occidental (in French). Harmattan. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-85802-197-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyx8UA0oRfoC&pg=PA48","url_text":"Le conflit du Sahara occidental"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85802-197-0","url_text":"978-2-85802-197-0"}]},{"reference":"Dahmani, Iman; El moumni, Lahbib; Meslil, El mahdi (2019). Modern Casablanca Map. Translated by Borim, Ian. Casablanca: MAMMA Group. ISBN 978-9920-9339-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMMA.","url_text":"MAMMA Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9920-9339-0-2","url_text":"978-9920-9339-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Ina.fr, Institut National de l'Audiovisuel-. \"Le Corbusier, urbaniste visionnaire - Archives vidéo et radio Ina.fr\". Ina.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/le-corbusier-urbaniste-visionnaire/","url_text":"\"Le Corbusier, urbaniste visionnaire - Archives vidéo et radio Ina.fr\""}]},{"reference":"Elajmi, Majda. \"Earthquake of Magnitude 4.5 Hits Agadir Province\". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/12/352972/earthquake-of-magnitude-4-5-hits-near-agadir","url_text":"\"Earthquake of Magnitude 4.5 Hits Agadir Province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir hit by a 4.5 degrees earthquake\". HESPRESS English - Morocco News. 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.hespress.com/54907-agadir-hit-by-a-4-5-degrees-earthquake.html","url_text":"\"Agadir hit by a 4.5 degrees earthquake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004\" (PDF) (in French). Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","url_text":"\"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Synop report summary - 60250: Agadir (Morocco)\". Ogimet. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=60250&ndays=31&ano=2023&mes=08&day=31&hora=00&ord=REV&Send=Send","url_text":"\"Synop report summary - 60250: Agadir (Morocco)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1991–2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/AGADIRINEZGANNE_60250.csv","url_text":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1991–2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1981–2010\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60250.csv","url_text":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Asia: Highest Temperature\". Ogimet. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616051245/https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1757832752391729260?t=ORjl4wG7QWMvdq1jNNSa1A&s=19","url_text":"\"Asia: Highest Temperature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogimet&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ogimet"},{"url":"https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1757832752391729260?t=ORjl4wG7QWMvdq1jNNSa1A&s=19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir\". UN-Habitat. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2009-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629132730/http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/agenda21/Agadir.asp","url_text":"\"Agadir\""},{"url":"https://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/agenda21/Agadir.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Italcementi\". Italcementigroup.com. Retrieved 2014-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Italcementi+Group/A+global+presence/Morocco/","url_text":"\"Italcementi\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Maroc Movement\" association\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2014-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MouvementMarocPlus","url_text":"\"\"Maroc Movement\" association\""}]},{"reference":"Ait Ider Mohamed. \"Taghazout beaches, the best beaches of Agadir\". Taghazout.biz. Retrieved 2012-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://taghazout.biz/agadir-beaches.html","url_text":"\"Taghazout beaches, the best beaches of Agadir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agadir guide book\". Morocco.FalkTime. Retrieved 2019-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://morocco.falktime.com/destinations/agadir/","url_text":"\"Agadir guide book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legzira | Morocco travel guide\". Morocco.FalkTime. 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2019-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://morocco.falktime.com/destinations/legzira/","url_text":"\"Legzira | Morocco travel guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Cities\". Agadirnet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174012/http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/","url_text":"\"Sister Cities\""},{"url":"http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"محمد جواد مطلع (2010-06-12). \"Sister Cities of Shiraz\". Eshiraz.ir. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2014-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927113859/http://www.shiraz.ir/main/en/scity%2C97102","url_text":"\"Sister Cities of Shiraz\""},{"url":"http://www.eshiraz.ir/main/en/scity,97102","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agadir¶ms=30_26_N_9_36_W_region:MA-09_type:city(500,000)","external_links_name":"30°26′N 9°36′W / 30.433°N 9.600°W / 30.433; -9.600"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Agadir%22","external_links_name":"\"Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Agadir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Agadir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Agadir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Agadir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Agadir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agadir¶ms=30_26_N_9_36_W_region:MA-09_type:city(500,000)","external_links_name":"30°26′N 9°36′W / 30.433°N 9.600°W / 30.433; -9.600"},{"Link":"http://www.agadir.ma/","external_links_name":"Agadir"},{"Link":"http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/","external_links_name":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","external_links_name":"General Census of the population and habitat 2004, Commisariat of Planning"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://agadir.ma/news/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2/","external_links_name":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\""},{"Link":"https://maptourisme.ma/actualites/agadir-lancement-de-lappel-a-candidature-au-14e-festival-issni-nourgh-international-du-film-amazigh/","external_links_name":"\"Agadir: Lancement de l'appel à candidature au 14è Festival Issni N'Ourgh International du Film Amazigh\""},{"Link":"https://tafra.ma/ya-til-un-vote-tachelhit/","external_links_name":"\"Y a-t-il un \" vote tachelhit \" ?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006080706/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/","external_links_name":"\"Recensement population (RGPH) 2014\""},{"Link":"http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mjtnews.com/2020/01/15/more-than-45000-people-celebrate-the-amazigh-year-in-agadir/","external_links_name":"\"More than 45,000 People Celebrate the Amazigh Year in Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://agadir.ma/news/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2/","external_links_name":"\"جماعة أكادير تحتفي بحلول السنة الأمازيغية الجديدة2973 ببرنامج ثقافي غني ومتنوع\""},{"Link":"https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/nouvel-an-amazigh-une-semaine-de-festivites-a-agadir","external_links_name":"\"Nouvel An amazigh: Une semaine de festivités à Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://www.hespress.com/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-2-1016289.html","external_links_name":"\"كرنفال \"بوجلود\" بأكادير\""},{"Link":"http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/f/FM60250.php","external_links_name":"\"Climate (Average Weather) Data\", from NOAA Station Id FM60250, Latitude: 30° 23'N Longitude: 9° 34'W Elevation: 23m"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130816233400/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/f/FM60250.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/africanplacename0000room","external_links_name":"African placenames : origins and meanings of the names for natural features, towns, cities, provinces, and counties"},{"Link":"https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/903","external_links_name":"\"Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=Agadir-Ighir&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search","external_links_name":"\"Agadir-Ighir\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456","external_links_name":"495469456"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6tJAQAAMAAJ&dq=agadir+irir&pg=PA428","external_links_name":"\"Les iles canariens et les parages de pêche canariens\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Agadir-Morocco","external_links_name":"\"Agadir | Morocco | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDLCgAAQBAJ&dq=agadir+history+portuguese&pg=PA211","external_links_name":"A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDODAgAAQBAJ&dq=agadir+history+portuguese+santa+cruz&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031843/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_02_29.php","external_links_name":"\"Historic Earthquakes\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_02_29.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyx8UA0oRfoC&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"Le conflit du Sahara occidental"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k377753/f369.r=tome+39.langEN","external_links_name":"Scheme of the Future City"},{"Link":"http://www.communautejuiveagadir.com/index.php?page=la-visite-de-churchill-a-agadir","external_links_name":"The visit of Winston Churchill to Agadir"},{"Link":"http://www.nfb.ca/film/once_agadir","external_links_name":"Documentary film, Jacques Bensimon, Once Agadir"},{"Link":"http://www.agadir1960.com/","external_links_name":"Website dedicated to the Earthquake at Agadir in 1960"},{"Link":"http://www.ina.fr/contenus-editoriaux/articles-editoriaux/le-corbusier-urbaniste-visionnaire/","external_links_name":"\"Le Corbusier, urbaniste visionnaire - Archives vidéo et radio Ina.fr\""},{"Link":"https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/12/352972/earthquake-of-magnitude-4-5-hits-near-agadir","external_links_name":"\"Earthquake of Magnitude 4.5 Hits Agadir Province\""},{"Link":"https://en.hespress.com/54907-agadir-hit-by-a-4-5-degrees-earthquake.html","external_links_name":"\"Agadir hit by a 4.5 degrees earthquake\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcd-agadir.ma/wp-content/uploads/pcd/fr-Diagnostic_T%C3%A9rritorial_Participatif.zip","external_links_name":"Article Agadir 2010–2016 – Participative Territorial Diagnosis. State of the Country in 2010: The urban fabric of the city of Agadir, by district"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140112035231/http://www.pcd-agadir.ma/wp-content/uploads/pcd/fr-Diagnostic_T%C3%A9rritorial_Participatif.zip","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://talborjt1930-1960.pagesperso-orange.fr/intro.html","external_links_name":"Talborjt 1930–1960"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140112030610/http://talborjt1930-1960.pagesperso-orange.fr/intro.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://climexp.knmi.nl/data/tspa60250.txt","external_links_name":"AGADIR monthly precipitation"},{"Link":"https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=60250&ndays=31&ano=2023&mes=08&day=31&hora=00&ord=REV&Send=Send","external_links_name":"\"Synop report summary - 60250: Agadir (Morocco)\""},{"Link":"https://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lj9ogzhbvd1qz5q5oo1_500.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Winter or summer, I bathe in Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026063327/http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lj9ogzhbvd1qz5q5oo1_500.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/AGADIRINEZGANNE_60250.csv","external_links_name":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1991–2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60250.csv","external_links_name":"\"Agadir Climate Normals 1981–2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616051245/https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1757832752391729260?t=ORjl4wG7QWMvdq1jNNSa1A&s=19","external_links_name":"\"Asia: Highest Temperature\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1757832752391729260?t=ORjl4wG7QWMvdq1jNNSa1A&s=19","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629132730/http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/agenda21/Agadir.asp","external_links_name":"\"Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/agenda21/Agadir.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Italcementi+Group/A+global+presence/Morocco/","external_links_name":"\"Italcementi\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/MouvementMarocPlus","external_links_name":"\"\"Maroc Movement\" association\""},{"Link":"http://taghazout.biz/agadir-beaches.html","external_links_name":"\"Taghazout beaches, the best beaches of Agadir\""},{"Link":"https://morocco.falktime.com/destinations/agadir/","external_links_name":"\"Agadir guide book\""},{"Link":"https://morocco.falktime.com/destinations/legzira/","external_links_name":"\"Legzira | Morocco travel guide\""},{"Link":"https://akas.imdb.com/title/tt0444182/locations","external_links_name":"Filming locations for Days of Glory"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160621014231/http://akas.imdb.com/title/tt0444182/locations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174012/http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/","external_links_name":"\"Sister Cities\""},{"Link":"http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927113859/http://www.shiraz.ir/main/en/scity%2C97102","external_links_name":"\"Sister Cities of Shiraz\""},{"Link":"http://www.eshiraz.ir/main/en/scity,97102","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118224701/http://www.visitmorocco.com/index.php/eng/I-am-going-to/AGADIR","external_links_name":"Official Visit Morocco website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151258370","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450668","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085101-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547801205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79078774","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0168635&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/08c04ad8-1e8b-4809-a619-bffaa0d8d90e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038386","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mend,_Iran
|
Mend, Iran
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 34°22′25″N 58°42′28″E / 34.37361°N 58.70778°E / 34.37361; 58.70778Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMend
مندvillageMendCoordinates: 34°22′25″N 58°42′28″E / 34.37361°N 58.70778°E / 34.37361; 58.70778Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyGonabadBakhshCentralRural DistrictHowmehPopulation (2006) • Total1,632Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Mend (Persian: مند) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Gonabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,632, in 456 families.
References
^ Mend can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3790817" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Gonabad CountyCapital
Gonabad
DistrictsCentralCities
Gonabad
Bidokht
Rural Districts and villagesHowmeh
Azizabad
Bagh-e Asiya
Behabad
Bilond
Chah-e Masha Shomareh Do Markuhak Abdi
Chah-e Masha Shomareh Yek Markuhak Safari
Chah-e Shomareh 5 Markuhak
Dowlui
Gonabad Industrial Park
Hofman Brickworks
Hoseynabad
Kalateh-ye Kolukh
Kalateh-ye Mesgarha
Kalateh-ye Now
Khara Brickworks
Kheybari
Mend
Now Deh-e Gonabad
Qanbarabad
Quzhd
Rahn
Riab
Pas Kalut
Aruk
Asu Jadid
Bimorgh
Chah-e Meyghuni Pain
Chah-e Namak
Geysvarnusazi
Hajjiabad
Howz-e Sorkh
Jafarabad
Kalateh-ye Mazar
Now Deh-e Pashtak
Rahmatabad
Rushnavand
Shurab-e Nusazi
Tuklabad
KakhkCities
Kakhk
Rural Districts and villagesKakhk
Ali Mansuri
Bakhtabad-e Bala
Borjuk
Deh Now
Disfan
Fakh
Idu
Kabutrakuh
Kajabad
Kalateh-ye Now
Kalateh-ye Shams
Kalateh-ye Sheykhi
Kareshk
Khanik
Khunabad
Kisk
Kuh-e Qaleh Sofla
Mahabad-e Olya
Marghesh
Meghas
Meymand
Mollaabad
Najmabad
Nehjaz-e Pain
Ostad
Pachk
Pay Gadar
Razg
Rezu Sofla
Sarang-e Sofla
Senjetak
Shahrah
Shashak
Tak Meydan
Tak-e Zow
Ziruk
Zu Salehabad
Zibad
Beyhud
Dar Sufeh
Fudenjan
Gonbatuk
Haravanj
Kalat
Kalateh-ye Seyyed Ali
Kalateh-ye Shahab
Khatumeh
Mohammadabad-e Lab-e Rud
Musiraz
Now Deh-e Meyrmaharab
Raqqasan
Razuyeh
Ruchi
Sanu
Saqi
Sar Asiab
Shirazabad
Zibad
Zirjan
Iran portal
This Gonabad County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Howmeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howmeh_Rural_District_(Gonabad_County)"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Gonabad_County)"},{"link_name":"Gonabad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonabad_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMend (Persian: مند)[1] is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Gonabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,632, in 456 families.[2]","title":"Mend, Iran"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mend,_Iran¶ms=34_22_25_N_58_42_28_E_region:IR_type:city(1632)","external_links_name":"34°22′25″N 58°42′28″E / 34.37361°N 58.70778°E / 34.37361; 58.70778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mend,_Iran¶ms=34_22_25_N_58_42_28_E_region:IR_type:city(1632)","external_links_name":"34°22′25″N 58°42′28″E / 34.37361°N 58.70778°E / 34.37361; 58.70778"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mend,_Iran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen,_Texas
|
Allen, Texas
|
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Parks and recreation","6 Sports","7 Government","7.1 Politics","7.2 State and federal representation","8 Education","8.1 Colleges","8.2 Public schools","8.3 Public libraries","9 Transportation","10 Notable people","11 References","12 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 33°05′59″N 96°39′47″W / 33.09972°N 96.66306°W / 33.09972; -96.66306City in North Texas, United States
Not to be confused with McAllen, Texas, a city in Hidalgo County.
City in TexasAllen, TexasCityCity of AllenSDCX steam locomotive next to Allen Heritage Center
FlagLocation of Allen in Collin County, TexasAllen, TexasShow map of TexasAllen, TexasShow map of the United StatesAllen, TexasShow map of North AmericaCoordinates: 33°05′59″N 96°39′47″W / 33.09972°N 96.66306°W / 33.09972; -96.66306Country United StatesState TexasCountyCollinIncorporated1953Government • TypeCouncil–manager • City CouncilMayor Baine Brooks Ben Trahan Dave Shafer Dave Cornette Carl Clemencich Chris Schulmeister Daren Meis • City ManagerEric EllwangerArea • Total26.49 sq mi (68.60 km2) • Land26.40 sq mi (68.37 km2) • Water0.09 sq mi (0.22 km2)Elevation659 ft (201 m)Population (2020) • Total104,627 • Density4,000.87/sq mi (1,544.76/km2)Ethnicity • White64.92% • Asian12.79% • Hispanic11.21% • Black8.18%Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes75002, 75013Area codes214, 469, 945, 972FIPS code48-01924GNIS feature ID1329377WebsiteCity of Allen official website
Allen is a city in Collin County in the U.S. state of Texas, and a northern suburb in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. According to the 2020 U.S. census its population was 104,627, up from 84,246 in 2010. Allen is located approximately twenty miles (32 km) north of downtown Dallas and is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.
History
Allen Water Station was built for the railroad in 1874.
The Allen area was previously home to the Caddo, Comanche, and other indigenous peoples. The first immigrants from the United States and Europe arrived in the early 1840s. The town was established by the Houston and Texas Central Railway and named in 1872 for Ebenezer Allen, a state politician and railroad promoter. The railroad allowed sale of crops across the country before they rotted, causing a shift from the previous cattle-based agriculture. On February 22, 1878, a gang led by Sam Bass committed in Allen what is said to be Texas's first train robbery.
From 1908 through 1948, Allen was a stop along the Texas Traction Company's interurban line from Denison to Dallas. Allen was a small town of a few hundred residents when it was incorporated in 1953. Since this time, it has grown dramatically due to the construction of U.S. Route 75, the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, and the development of nearby Dallas and Plano. Among the more recent developments is the Shaddock Park neighborhood.
On May 6, 2023, a mass shooting occurred at the Allen Premium Outlets mall. Eight were killed, along with the shooter, and seven were injured.
Geography
Allen, Texas
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
2.6
52
30
3.3
56
34
4.1
63
42
3.7
72
51
5.7
79
61
4.5
86
68
2.4
92
71
1.9
93
70
3
85
63
4.3
74
52
3.9
63
42
3.1
53
33
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inchesSource:Weather.com/ NWS
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
67
11
−1
84
13
1
103
17
6
94
22
11
145
26
16
114
30
20
62
33
22
48
34
21
77
29
17
109
23
11
98
17
6
77
12
1
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
According to the City of Allen, the city has a total area of 27.1 square miles (70 km2), all land, except the small ponds scattered throughout the city.
Climate
Allen has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification), with long hot summers and cool winters.
In 2008, an EF-1 tornado touched down in Allen, damaging approximately 50 homes. In 2019, an EF-0 tornado touched down in west Allen.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188096—1960659—19701,940194.4%19808,314328.6%199018,309120.2%200043,554137.9%201084,24693.4%2020104,62724.2%U.S. Decennial Census
Allen city, Texas – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
54,690
53,330
64.92%
50.97%
Black or African American alone (NH)
6,891
10,058
8.18%
9.61%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
372
344
0.44%
0.33%
Asian alone (NH)
10,772
22,348
12.79%
21.36%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
40
54
0.05%
0.05%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
158
442
0.19%
0.42%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
1,880
4,854
2.23%
4.64%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
9,443
13,197
11.21%
12.61%
Total
84,246
104,627
100.00%
100.00%
Per the 2020 United States census, there were 104,627 people, 33,649 households, and 26,878 families residing in the city.
According to the 2019 American Community Survey, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 59.3% non-Hispanic or non-Latino white, 8.3% Black or African American, 0.1% American Indian and Alaska Native, 18.6% Asian, 1.4% two or more races, and 12.3% Hispanic and Latino American of any race. At the 2010 census, the racial and ethnic makeup was 69.5% white (61.1% non-Hispanic white), 9.0% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 16.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3.5% from two or more races; Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race were 10.9% of the population.
In 2010, there were 14,205 households, out of which 55.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 11.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.35. In 2019, 96% of adults living in Allen had at least high school degree and 55% had at least a bachelor's degree.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.9% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 40.7% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 2.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
In 2019, 96% of adults living in Allen had at least a high school degree and 55% had at least a bachelor's degree. The average household income was $107,602. The city of Allen had 27,791 family units. The median age was 35.8 years. The median home value was $251,405. 59,620 of the population is currently registered to vote.
Economy
In 1992, Allen citizens approved the creation of the Allen Economic Development Corporation, which is funded by a 0.5% sales tax. According to the city government's 2014 facts & figures, the top employers in the city were:
#
Employer
# of employees
% of total city employment
1
Allen Independent School District
2,502
5.01%
2
The Village at Allen and Fairview
2,160
4.33%
3
Allen Premium Outlets
1,000
2.00%
4
Watters Creek at Montgomery Farms
1,000
2.00%
5
Experian
955
1.91%
6
City of Allen
809
1.62%
7
Frontier Communications
693
1.39%
8
Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital
670
1.34%
9
Jack Henry & Associates
569
1.14%
10
PFSweb
400
0.80%
Allen serves as the corporate headquarters for the following companies: MonkeySports, CVE Technology, PFSweb, WatchGuard Video, PINSTACK, Boss Fight Entertainment, Brass Roots Technologies, Cytracom, No Magic, Lyrick Studios, WiQuest Communications, and Credit Union of Texas. Lyrick Studios ceased to exist in 2001 when it was purchased and incorporated into HiT Entertainment.
The city also has a 79,000-square-foot convention center (Watters Creek Convention Center) owned and operated by Marriott Hotels. In addition, Allen also has a multi-purpose arena, the 7,500-seat Credit Union of Texas Event Center, owned and operated by the City of Allen. There are three major malls/shopping complexes in the city: Allen Premium Outlets, Watters Creek, and The Village at Allen. These shopping complexes attract many visitors to Allen, Texas on a daily basis.
Allen also boasts many luxury hotels often used by visitors and business-people: Hyatt Place Dallas/Allen, Hilton Garden Inn Dallas-Allen, Courtyard by Marriott Dallas Allen at Allen Event Center, and Delta Hotels by Marriott Dallas Allen.
Parks and recreation
Allen has two major recreation centers: Joe Farmer Recreation Center and Don Rodenbaugh Natatorium. Don Rodenbaugh Natatorium boasts a large-scale indoor aquatic park with many swimming lanes, a rock-climbing wall, and a fitness center. Allen also boasts the Allen Community Ice Rink, Ford Pool, The Courses at Watters Creek, and Allen Senior Recreation Center. Most notably, Allen has The Edge Skate Park and Visitor Center, a 37,915-square-foot outdoor skate park making it one of the largest skate parks in Texas.
Allen is also home to 60 natural and man-made parks with over 1,188 acres of park land in total. Some of the more notable parks are the following: Allen Station Park, Bethany Lakes Park, Celebration Park, Glendover Park, Spirit Park, Stacy Ridge, Twin Creeks Park, Waterford Park, and Windridge Park.
Every year, Allen hosts the Allen USA Celebration on the last Saturday of June, which usually falls on the Saturday preceding the Independence Day holiday. The celebration boasts a large assortment of food trucks/stalls, sports drills, music concerts, a car show, bounce houses, and a large fireworks display - regarded as one of the largest in Texas. In previous years, there have been performances by Pentatonix, Jerry Jeff Walker, Vince Vance & the Valiants, Survivor, James "J.T." Taylor, Eddie Money, 38 Special, Three Dog Night, Commodores, Michael McDonald, and Lou Gramm. Now, the event draws in around 100,000 people annually and is considered to be the largest event in Allen.
Sports
An Allen Americans hockey game at CUTX Event Center.
In October 2004, the City of Allen purchased Chase Oaks Golf Club in Plano, Texas, adjacent to the southern city limits of the City of Allen. Chase Oaks, since renamed The Courses at Watters Creek, is a public golf course, and residents are entitled to discounted fees.
A multi-purpose arena, the 7,500-seat Credit Union of Texas Event Center, was completed in November 2009. It is home to the ECHL's Allen Americans , The North Texas Bulls of the National Arena League and the Dallas Sidekicks of the Major Arena Soccer League.
Government
According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $160.9 million in revenues, $105.6 million in expenditures, $654.8 million in total assets, $125.6 million in total liabilities, and $42.5 million in cash and investments.
The city of Allen is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.
The Allen City Council consists of the mayor and six council members, who are elected to serve three year terms. The council's responsibilities include planning and approving the budget, setting policy, enacting ordinances, establishing municipal law, regulating zoning, and appointing board and commission members. A professionally trained city manager manages day-to-day operations.
Appointments to City of Allen boards, commissions, and committees are typically two-year staggered terms, though some are three-year appointments.
Politics
Allen, like the rest of Collin County, was solidly Republican throughout the early 2000s, but through demographic changes it has shifted significantly towards the Democratic Party in recent elections, culminating in Democrat Joe Biden's narrow victory in the city in 2020.
Allen city vote by party in Presidential elections
Year
Democratic
Republican
Third Parties
2020
49.38% 25,419
48.40% 24,915
2.21% 1,139
2016
40.48% 15,925
54.34% 21,379
5.18% 2,039
2012
33.85% 11,548
64.45% 21,984
1.70% 580
2008
36.86% 12,111
61.93% 20,349
1.22% 400
State and federal representation
The current state senator for Texas Senate, District 8 is Angela Paxton. Jeff Leach is the state representative for District 67 and Candy Noble is the state representative for District 89. Allen residents are represented in the United States Congress by Senators Ted Cruz and John Cornyn, and Representative Keith Self of Texas's 3rd congressional district.
Education
Colleges
Allen hosts a campus of Collin College, which is located inside Allen High School and mainly serves dual-credit high school students. A separate Collin College Technical Campus, opened in 2020, is located in west Allen. The 340,000 square-foot facility serves more than 7,000 students when fully occupied and is dedicated to workforce education.
Public schools
Allen High School
Allen High School's Eagle Stadium.
The Allen Independent School District has 18 elementary schools, three middle schools, one freshman center (Lowery Freshman Center), an alternative education center, and a high school (Allen High School). Allen ISD serves almost all of Allen. Allen ISD opened a 111,000 square-foot STEAM center. It also serves as a location for elementary and middle school field trip experiences for enrichment on STEAM topics and experiences.
Small portions of the Allen city limits extend into Lovejoy, McKinney, and Plano ISDs. In the fall of 2006, new 9th grade high school students in the Lovejoy ISD boundaries began attending the newly opened Lovejoy High School. The school became a full 4-year high school in the 2009–10 school year.
Eagle Stadium opened on August 31, 2012, at a cost of $60 million and seats 18,000 people.
Allen High School offers advanced academic coursework through AP and IB courses. AP course enrollment is 53%.
Public libraries
The city of Allen possesses one sole library located in Downtown Allen: Allen Public Library. As of the 2019 City of Allen Facts and Figures, Allen has 147,772 volumes and 406,595 people were said to have visited the library.
Transportation
Allen is served directly by several major roadways and freeways. Allen is bisected by U.S. Highway 75 and bordered to the west by Texas State Highway 121. Some of the major roadways in Allen are: Stacy Road, Exchange Parkway, McDermott Drive, Main Street, Alma Drive, Greenville Avenue, Ridgeview Drive, Allen Heights Drive, Angel Parkway, and Bethany Drive. Currently, with the large increase in its population and its ongoing retail and business development, traffic has become congested.
Currently, the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) train system in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex does not extend into the City of Allen, though there has been ongoing discussion of possible expansion into Allen. Active Red Line service is unable to expand further north because Allen is currently unable to levy the 1% sales tax required for DART membership. Allen levies sales tax at the maximum rate of 8.25% set by Texas law. Redirecting 1% sales tax for DART membership would require scrapping funding for the Allen Economic Development Corporation and the Allen Community Development Corporation.
Allen is roughly 30 miles northeast of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, which is the primary airport serving Allen residents and visitors. It is also roughly 30 miles northeast of Dallas Love Field Airport.
Notable people
Laura Bailey, voice actress
Matt Barr, actor
Kathleen Baskin-Ball, preacher
George Benyola, former New York Giants player
Evan Bernstein, Israeli Olympic wrestler
Dan Buckner, former Arizona Cardinals, Tampa Bay Buccaneers player
Reuben Chesang, Kenyan gold-medal-winning long-distance runner
Chris Clements, American soccer player
Patrick Wood Crusius, domestic terrorist in the 2019 El Paso shooting
Casey Dick, former college football quarterback at University of Arkansas
Amanda Dunbar, artist, member of Texas Women's Hall of Fame
Bobby Evans, Los Angeles Rams player
Burton Gilliam, actor
Jalen Guyton, current NFL player
Ray Hill, former NFL player, Super Bowl 36 champion
Tony Hill, former Dallas Cowboys player, Super Bowl 12 champion
Hal Hunter, fullback for the Transylvania Pioneers
Tejan Koroma, former Kansas City Chiefs player
Candie Kung, golfer
Brad Leland, actor
Matt "Zyos" Leto, retired professional Halo player and game designer
Greg Little, Carolina Panthers offensive lineman
Pat McCarty, former professional cyclist
Kyler Murray, 2018 Heisman Trophy winner, 2019 first overall NFL draft pick, Arizona Cardinals player
Julie McCullough, model and actress
Bo Nickal, MMA fighter, former Penn State wrestler, three-time Big Ten Champion and three-time NCAA Wrestling Champion
Uzoma Nwachukwu, current NFL player
Cedric Ogbuehi, current NFL player, formerly with the Cincinnati Bengals, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and currently with the Seattle Seahawks
Jim Parrack, actor
Carly Patterson, Olympic champion gymnast, member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame
Allison Ponthier, singer
Christian Sam, current NFL player, Super Bowl 53 champion
Doug Skene, former New England Patriots player
Brian J. Smith, actor
Steven Terrell, current NFL player
Shawn Tolleson, former Los Angeles Dodgers, Texas Rangers player
Ava Verdeflor, Filipino-American artistic gymnast
J. D. Walton, former Denver Broncos, Washington Redskins, San Diego Chargers player
Jonathan Williams, Washington Commanders running back
Alex Yarbrough, former Miami Marlins player
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ "HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "QuickFacts: Allen city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
^ a b c "History". City of Allen. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
^ a b c Minor, David. "Allen, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
^ Gilliam, Burton (narrator); Keener, Tom (history compiler); Kaufmann, Mark (director and editor) (2003). "A Short History of Allen, Texas". Tales of Allen. Event occurs at 4:01–4:42. Allen City Television. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
^ "Nine dead after Allen shooting". CNN. May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ "Tornado Summary October 20, 2019". Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
^ "2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
^ "Population, U.S. Census, 2010 - Allen city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ a b c "2019 Allen Facts and Figures". City of Allen. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
^ "About Allen EDC". Allen Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ "Facts & Figures 2014" (PDF). City of Allen. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
^ "The Allen Growth Curve". Site Selection. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "ALLEN, TX NAMED NEW SITE FOR PFSWEB CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS". PFSweb. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "WatchGuard Video opens new headquarters in Allen". Allen American. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "PINSTACK headquarters and office locations". Craft. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "oss Fight announces new corporate offices". Boss Fight Entertainment. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "BRT Headquarters". Brass Roots Technologies. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Cytracom Opens New Corporate Headquarters". Cytracom. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "CUTX Relocates Headquarters to Allen, Texas". Business Wire. October 15, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Watters Creek Convention Center". Allen EDC. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Top 10 Hotels in Allen, TX". Hotels.com. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Parks and Recreation". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "City of Allen Facility Directory". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Allen USA Celebration". Allen Special Events. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Celebrating 20 years of Allen USA". Allen Image. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Chase Oaks Golf Club". City of Allen Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
^ Hageland, Kevin (November 5, 2009). "There is no S in Allen Event Center". Allen American. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
^ "News: North Texas Bulls Announce Move to Allen Event Center to Accommodate Growing Fan Base - North Texas Bulls Arena Football Team". www.northtexasbulls.com. November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ Stoler, Steve (August 16, 2010). "City leaders: Allen Event Center not generating enough events". WFAA-TV. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
^ Carlisle, Candace (May 3, 2011). "Allen Wranglers to announce new ownership". Dallas Business Journal. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
^ City of Allen CAFR Archived November 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 17, 2009
^ "City Council". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Boards & Commissions". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Collin County Election Results Archive".
^ "Local Government". City of Allen. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Collin College Technical Campus". Collin College. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Welcome to the Allen ISD STEAM Center". Allen ISD. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
^ "Dallas Morning News | News for Dallas, Texas | Latest News". www.dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ "Allen HS facility cost $60 million". ESPN. August 31, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^
^ "DART Rail Service". cityofallen.org. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
^ "FAQ: Texas Sales Tax". Window.state.tx.us. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
^ a b c d e f "FORMER EAGLES SOAR IN NFL DRAFT". Allen ISD. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
^ Moore, Robert (January 21, 2023). "Gunman accused in El Paso Walmart shooting to plead guilty".
^ "Texas Women's Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
^ "Growing Pains's Julie McCullough Tries to Bury Her Bare-All Past". Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ "Former Allen star Bo Nickal finishes Penn State career by Winning Wrestling's Heisman, the Hodge Trophy". Dallas News. April 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
^ "Cedric Ogbuehi profile". Cincinnati Bengals. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ "Steven Terrell profile". Seattle Seahawks. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
External links
City of Allen official website
Allen, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online
Places adjacent to Allen, Texas
Frisco
McKinney
Fairview
Plano
Allen
Lucas
Plano
Plano
Parker
vteDallas–Fort Worth metroplexTopics
Demographics
Geology
Christianity
Islam
African American history
LGBT culture
Counties
Collin
Dallas
Denton
Ellis
Hood
Hunt
Johnson
Kaufman
Parker
Rockwall
Somervell
Tarrant
Wise
Major cities
Dallas
Fort Worth
Arlington
Cities and towns100k–300k
Allen
Carrollton
Denton
Frisco
Garland
Grand Prairie
Irving
Lewisville
McKinney
Mesquite
Plano
Richardson
Cities and towns25k–99k
Balch Springs
Bedford
Burleson
Cedar Hill
Cleburne
Colleyville
The Colony
Coppell
DeSoto
Duncanville
Euless
Farmers Branch
Flower Mound
Grapevine
Greenville
Haltom City
Hurst
Keller
Lancaster
Little Elm
Mansfield
Midlothian
North Richland Hills
Prosper
Rockwall
Rowlett
Sachse
Southlake
University Park
Waxahachie
Weatherford
Wylie
Cities and towns10k–25k
Addison
Anna
Azle
Benbrook
Celina
Corinth
Crowley
Ennis
Fairview
Fate
Forest Hill
Forney
Glenn Heights
Granbury
Highland Village
Melissa
Murphy
Princeton
Red Oak
Rendon
Royse City
Saginaw
Seagoville
Terrell
Trophy Club
Watauga
White Settlement
vteMunicipalities and communities of Collin County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: McKinneyCities
Allen
Anna
Blue Ridge
Carrollton‡
Celina‡
Dallas‡
Farmersville
Frisco‡
Garland‡
Josephine‡
Lavon
Lowry Crossing
Lucas
McKinney
Melissa
Murphy
Nevada
Parker
Plano‡
Princeton
Richardson‡
Royse City‡
Sachse‡
Van Alstyne‡
Weston
Wylie‡
Collin County mapTowns
Fairview
Hebron‡
New Hope
Prosper‡
St. Paul
CDPs
Seis Lagos
Westminster
Othercommunities
Altoga
Arnold
Beverly Hill
Bloomdale
Branch
Buckner
Chambersville
Chambliss
Clear Lake
Climax
Collin
Copeville
Cowley
Culleoka
Desert
Fayburg
Forest Grove
Frognot
Kelly
Lavon Beach Estates
Little Ridge
Marilee
Milligan
Millwood
New Mesquite
Pebble Beach Sunset Acres
Pike
Rhea Mills
Rockhill
Roland
Sedalia
Snow Hill
Trinity Park
Valdasta
Verona
Walnut Grove
Wetsel
Winningkoff
Yucote Acres
Historicalcommunities
Lebanon
Lolaville
Renner
Shepton
Ghost towns
Biggers
Nickelville
Parris
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Texas portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McAllen, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex"},{"link_name":"2020 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"downtown Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex"}],"text":"City in North Texas, United StatesNot to be confused with McAllen, Texas, a city in Hidalgo County.City in TexasAllen is a city in Collin County in the U.S. state of Texas, and a northern suburb in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. According to the 2020 U.S. census its population was 104,627, up from 84,246 in 2010.[6] Allen is located approximately twenty miles (32 km) north of downtown Dallas and is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.","title":"Allen, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allen,_Texas_Train_Water_Station.JPG"},{"link_name":"Allen Water Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Water_Station"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityHistory-7"},{"link_name":"Houston and Texas Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Allen_(Texas_politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityHistory-7"},{"link_name":"Sam Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Bass_(outlaw)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-8"},{"link_name":"interurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban"},{"link_name":"Denison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75"},{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Plano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityHistory-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-8"},{"link_name":"a mass shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Allen,_Texas_outlet_mall_shooting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNDeaths-10"}],"text":"Allen Water Station was built for the railroad in 1874.The Allen area was previously home to the Caddo, Comanche, and other indigenous peoples. The first immigrants from the United States and Europe arrived in the early 1840s.[7] The town was established by the Houston and Texas Central Railway and named in 1872 for Ebenezer Allen, a state politician and railroad promoter.[8] The railroad allowed sale of crops across the country before they rotted, causing a shift from the previous cattle-based agriculture.[9] On February 22, 1878,[7] a gang led by Sam Bass committed in Allen what is said to be Texas's first train robbery.[8]From 1908 through 1948, Allen was a stop along the Texas Traction Company's interurban line from Denison to Dallas. Allen was a small town of a few hundred residents when it was incorporated in 1953. Since this time, it has grown dramatically due to the construction of U.S. Route 75, the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, and the development of nearby Dallas and Plano.[7][8] Among the more recent developments is the Shaddock Park neighborhood.On May 6, 2023, a mass shooting occurred at the Allen Premium Outlets mall.[10] Eight were killed, along with the shooter, and seven were injured.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"According to the City of Allen, the city has a total area of 27.1 square miles (70 km2), all land, except the small ponds scattered throughout the city.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tornado2019-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Allen has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification), with long hot summers and cool winters.In 2008, an EF-1 tornado touched down in Allen, damaging approximately 50 homes.[11] In 2019, an EF-0 tornado touched down in west Allen.[12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"non-Hispanic or non-Latino white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites"},{"link_name":"Black or African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"American Indian and Alaska Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"two or more races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans"},{"link_name":"Hispanic and Latino American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"}],"text":"Per the 2020 United States census, there were 104,627 people, 33,649 households, and 26,878 families residing in the city.According to the 2019 American Community Survey, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 59.3% non-Hispanic or non-Latino white, 8.3% Black or African American, 0.1% American Indian and Alaska Native, 18.6% Asian, 1.4% two or more races, and 12.3% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.[16] At the 2010 census, the racial and ethnic makeup was 69.5% white (61.1% non-Hispanic white), 9.0% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 16.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3.5% from two or more races; Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race were 10.9% of the population.[17]In 2010, there were 14,205 households, out of which 55.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 11.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.35. In 2019, 96% of adults living in Allen had at least high school degree and 55% had at least a bachelor's degree.[18]In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.9% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 40.7% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 2.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.In 2019, 96% of adults living in Allen had at least a high school degree and 55% had at least a bachelor's degree. The average household income was $107,602. The city of Allen had 27,791 family units. The median age was 35.8 years. The median home value was $251,405. 59,620 of the population is currently registered to vote.[18]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Allen_EDC-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_Facts_and_Figures-20"},{"link_name":"MonkeySports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonkeySports"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"PFSweb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFSweb"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WatchGuard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchGuard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Boss Fight Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Fight_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"No Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Magic"},{"link_name":"Lyrick Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrick_Studios"},{"link_name":"WiQuest Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiQuest_Communications"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"HiT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiT_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Marriott Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Hotels"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Credit Union of Texas Event Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Union_of_Texas_Event_Center"},{"link_name":"Hyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt"},{"link_name":"Hilton Garden Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Garden_Inn"},{"link_name":"Courtyard by Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard_by_Marriott"},{"link_name":"Delta Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Hotels"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"In 1992, Allen citizens approved the creation of the Allen Economic Development Corporation, which is funded by a 0.5% sales tax.[19] According to the city government's 2014 facts & figures,[20] the top employers in the city were:Allen serves as the corporate headquarters for the following companies: MonkeySports, CVE Technology,[21] PFSweb,[22] WatchGuard Video,[23] PINSTACK,[24] Boss Fight Entertainment,[25] Brass Roots Technologies,[26] Cytracom,[27] No Magic, Lyrick Studios, WiQuest Communications, and Credit Union of Texas.[28] Lyrick Studios ceased to exist in 2001 when it was purchased and incorporated into HiT Entertainment.The city also has a 79,000-square-foot convention center (Watters Creek Convention Center) owned and operated by Marriott Hotels.[29] In addition, Allen also has a multi-purpose arena, the 7,500-seat Credit Union of Texas Event Center, owned and operated by the City of Allen. There are three major malls/shopping complexes in the city: Allen Premium Outlets, Watters Creek, and The Village at Allen. These shopping complexes attract many visitors to Allen, Texas on a daily basis.Allen also boasts many luxury hotels often used by visitors and business-people: Hyatt Place Dallas/Allen, Hilton Garden Inn Dallas-Allen, Courtyard by Marriott Dallas Allen at Allen Event Center, and Delta Hotels by Marriott Dallas Allen.[30]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pentatonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonix"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jeff Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jeff_Walker"},{"link_name":"Vince Vance & the Valiants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Vance_%26_the_Valiants"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(band)"},{"link_name":"James \"J.T.\" Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22J.T.%22_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Eddie Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Money"},{"link_name":"38 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Special_(band)"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodores"},{"link_name":"Michael McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lou Gramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gramm"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Allen has two major recreation centers: Joe Farmer Recreation Center and Don Rodenbaugh Natatorium. Don Rodenbaugh Natatorium boasts a large-scale indoor aquatic park with many swimming lanes, a rock-climbing wall, and a fitness center. Allen also boasts the Allen Community Ice Rink, Ford Pool, The Courses at Watters Creek, and Allen Senior Recreation Center. Most notably, Allen has The Edge Skate Park and Visitor Center, a 37,915-square-foot outdoor skate park making it one of the largest skate parks in Texas.[31]Allen is also home to 60 natural and man-made parks with over 1,188 acres of park land in total.[18] Some of the more notable parks are the following: Allen Station Park, Bethany Lakes Park, Celebration Park, Glendover Park, Spirit Park, Stacy Ridge, Twin Creeks Park, Waterford Park, and Windridge Park.[32]Every year, Allen hosts the Allen USA Celebration on the last Saturday of June, which usually falls on the Saturday preceding the Independence Day holiday. The celebration boasts a large assortment of food trucks/stalls, sports drills, music concerts, a car show, bounce houses, and a large fireworks display - regarded as one of the largest in Texas.[33] In previous years, there have been performances by Pentatonix, Jerry Jeff Walker, Vince Vance & the Valiants, Survivor, James \"J.T.\" Taylor, Eddie Money, 38 Special, Three Dog Night, Commodores, Michael McDonald, and Lou Gramm. Now, the event draws in around 100,000 people annually and is considered to be the largest event in Allen.[34]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakov_Novak_-_Allen_Americans.jpg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chase_Oak-35"},{"link_name":"Credit Union of Texas Event Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Union_of_Texas_Event_Center"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ECHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL"},{"link_name":"Allen Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Americans"},{"link_name":"North Texas Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_Bulls"},{"link_name":"National Arena League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arena_League"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dallas Sidekicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Sidekicks_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Major Arena Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"An Allen Americans hockey game at CUTX Event Center.In October 2004, the City of Allen purchased Chase Oaks Golf Club in Plano, Texas, adjacent to the southern city limits of the City of Allen. Chase Oaks, since renamed The Courses at Watters Creek, is a public golf course, and residents are entitled to discounted fees.[35]A multi-purpose arena, the 7,500-seat Credit Union of Texas Event Center, was completed in November 2009.[36] It is home to the ECHL's Allen Americans , The North Texas Bulls of the National Arena League[37] and the Dallas Sidekicks of the Major Arena Soccer League.[38][39]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_of_Allen_CAFR-40"},{"link_name":"North Central Texas Council of Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Texas_Council_of_Governments"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $160.9 million in revenues, $105.6 million in expenditures, $654.8 million in total assets, $125.6 million in total liabilities, and $42.5 million in cash and investments.[40]The city of Allen is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.The Allen City Council consists of the mayor and six council members, who are elected to serve three year terms. The council's responsibilities include planning and approving the budget, setting policy, enacting ordinances, establishing municipal law, regulating zoning, and appointing board and commission members. A professionally trained city manager manages day-to-day operations.[41]Appointments to City of Allen boards, commissions, and committees are typically two-year staggered terms, though some are three-year appointments.[42]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Allen, like the rest of Collin County, was solidly Republican throughout the early 2000s, but through demographic changes it has shifted significantly towards the Democratic Party in recent elections, culminating in Democrat Joe Biden's narrow victory in the city in 2020.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Senate, District 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Senate,_District_8"},{"link_name":"Angela Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Jeff Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Leach_(politician)"},{"link_name":"District 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_67th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"Candy Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Noble"},{"link_name":"District 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_89th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Ted Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz"},{"link_name":"John Cornyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn"},{"link_name":"Keith Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Self"},{"link_name":"Texas's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"State and federal representation","text":"The current state senator for Texas Senate, District 8 is Angela Paxton. Jeff Leach is the state representative for District 67 and Candy Noble is the state representative for District 89. Allen residents are represented in the United States Congress by Senators Ted Cruz and John Cornyn, and Representative Keith Self of Texas's 3rd congressional district.[44]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_College"},{"link_name":"Allen High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Collin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_College"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Allen hosts a campus of Collin College, which is located inside Allen High School and mainly serves dual-credit high school students. A separate Collin College Technical Campus, opened in 2020, is located in west Allen. The 340,000 square-foot facility serves more than 7,000 students when fully occupied and is dedicated to workforce education.[45]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allen_High_School,_Allen,_Texas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allen High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_High_School_(Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allen Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Lowery Freshman Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowery_Freshman_Center"},{"link_name":"Allen High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"STEAM center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Plano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Eagle Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Stadium_(Allen,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Allen High SchoolAllen High School's Eagle Stadium.The Allen Independent School District has 18 elementary schools, three middle schools, one freshman center (Lowery Freshman Center), an alternative education center, and a high school (Allen High School). Allen ISD serves almost all of Allen. Allen ISD opened a 111,000 square-foot STEAM center. It also serves as a location for elementary and middle school field trip experiences for enrichment on STEAM topics and experiences.[46]Small portions of the Allen city limits extend into Lovejoy, McKinney, and Plano ISDs. In the fall of 2006, new 9th grade high school students in the Lovejoy ISD boundaries began attending the newly opened Lovejoy High School.[47] The school became a full 4-year high school in the 2009–10 school year.Eagle Stadium opened on August 31, 2012, at a cost of $60 million and seats 18,000 people.[48]Allen High School offers advanced academic coursework through AP and IB courses. AP course enrollment is 53%.[49]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public libraries","text":"The city of Allen possesses one sole library located in Downtown Allen: Allen Public Library. As of the 2019 City of Allen Facts and Figures, Allen has 147,772 volumes and 406,595 people were said to have visited the library.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dallas Love Field Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field_Airport"}],"text":"Allen is served directly by several major roadways and freeways. Allen is bisected by U.S. Highway 75 and bordered to the west by Texas State Highway 121. Some of the major roadways in Allen are: Stacy Road, Exchange Parkway, McDermott Drive, Main Street, Alma Drive, Greenville Avenue, Ridgeview Drive, Allen Heights Drive, Angel Parkway, and Bethany Drive. Currently, with the large increase in its population and its ongoing retail and business development, traffic has become congested.Currently, the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) train system in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex does not extend into the City of Allen, though there has been ongoing discussion of possible expansion into Allen. Active Red Line service is unable to expand further north because Allen is currently unable to levy the 1% sales tax required for DART membership. Allen levies sales tax at the maximum rate of 8.25% set by Texas law. Redirecting 1% sales tax for DART membership would require scrapping funding for the Allen Economic Development Corporation and the Allen Community Development Corporation.[50][51]Allen is roughly 30 miles northeast of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, which is the primary airport serving Allen residents and visitors. It is also roughly 30 miles northeast of Dallas Love Field Airport.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Matt Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Barr"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Baskin-Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Baskin-Ball"},{"link_name":"George Benyola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benyola"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Evan Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Dan Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Reuben Chesang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Chesang"},{"link_name":"Chris Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Clements_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wood Crusius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting"},{"link_name":"2019 El Paso shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Casey Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Dick"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Amanda Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasWomen-54"},{"link_name":"Bobby Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Evans_(offensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Burton Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Jalen Guyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalen_Guyton"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Ray Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Hill_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_36"},{"link_name":"Tony Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hill_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_12"},{"link_name":"Hal Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hunter_(fullback)"},{"link_name":"Transylvania Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_Pioneers"},{"link_name":"Tejan Koroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejan_Koroma"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Candie Kung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie_Kung"},{"link_name":"Brad Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Leland"},{"link_name":"Matt \"Zyos\" Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_%22Zyos%22_Leto"},{"link_name":"Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Greg Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Little_(offensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Pat McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McCarty"},{"link_name":"Kyler Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyler_Murray"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Julie McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_McCullough"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Bo Nickal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Nickal"},{"link_name":"MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_wrestling"},{"link_name":"wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NCAA Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Wrestling_Championships"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Uzoma Nwachukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzoma_Nwachukwu"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Cedric Ogbuehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Ogbuehi"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Jim Parrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Parrack"},{"link_name":"Carly Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Olympic champion gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"USA Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Allison Ponthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Ponthier"},{"link_name":"Christian Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sam"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_53"},{"link_name":"Doug Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Skene"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Brian J. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_J._Smith"},{"link_name":"Steven Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Terrell"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Shawn Tolleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Tolleson"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Ava Verdeflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Verdeflor"},{"link_name":"Filipino-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino-American"},{"link_name":"J. D. Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Walton"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Williams_(running_back,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllenNFL-52"},{"link_name":"Alex Yarbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Yarbrough"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"}],"text":"Laura Bailey, voice actress\nMatt Barr, actor\nKathleen Baskin-Ball, preacher\nGeorge Benyola, former New York Giants player[52]\nEvan Bernstein, Israeli Olympic wrestler\nDan Buckner, former Arizona Cardinals, Tampa Bay Buccaneers player\nReuben Chesang, Kenyan gold-medal-winning long-distance runner\nChris Clements, American soccer player\nPatrick Wood Crusius, domestic terrorist in the 2019 El Paso shooting[53]\nCasey Dick, former college football quarterback at University of Arkansas\nAmanda Dunbar, artist, member of Texas Women's Hall of Fame[54]\nBobby Evans, Los Angeles Rams player[52]\nBurton Gilliam, actor\nJalen Guyton, current NFL player\nRay Hill, former NFL player, Super Bowl 36 champion\nTony Hill, former Dallas Cowboys player, Super Bowl 12 champion\nHal Hunter, fullback for the Transylvania Pioneers\nTejan Koroma, former Kansas City Chiefs player\nCandie Kung, golfer\nBrad Leland, actor\nMatt \"Zyos\" Leto, retired professional Halo player and game designer\nGreg Little, Carolina Panthers offensive lineman[52]\nPat McCarty, former professional cyclist\nKyler Murray, 2018 Heisman Trophy winner, 2019 first overall NFL draft pick, Arizona Cardinals player\nJulie McCullough, model and actress[55]\nBo Nickal, MMA fighter, former Penn State wrestler, three-time Big Ten Champion and three-time NCAA Wrestling Champion[56]\nUzoma Nwachukwu, current NFL player\nCedric Ogbuehi, current NFL player, formerly with the Cincinnati Bengals, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and currently with the Seattle Seahawks[57]\nJim Parrack, actor\nCarly Patterson, Olympic champion gymnast, member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame\nAllison Ponthier, singer\nChristian Sam, current NFL player, Super Bowl 53 champion\nDoug Skene, former New England Patriots player[52]\nBrian J. Smith, actor\nSteven Terrell, current NFL player[58]\nShawn Tolleson, former Los Angeles Dodgers, Texas Rangers player\nAva Verdeflor, Filipino-American artistic gymnast\nJ. D. Walton, former Denver Broncos, Washington Redskins, San Diego Chargers player[52]\nJonathan Williams, Washington Commanders running back[52]\nAlex Yarbrough, former Miami Marlins player","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Allen Water Station was built for the railroad in 1874.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Allen%2C_Texas_Train_Water_Station.JPG/220px-Allen%2C_Texas_Train_Water_Station.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Allen Americans hockey game at CUTX Event Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jakov_Novak_-_Allen_Americans.jpg/220px-Jakov_Novak_-_Allen_Americans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allen High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Allen_High_School%2C_Allen%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Allen_High_School%2C_Allen%2C_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allen High School's Eagle Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eagle_Stadium.jpg/220px-Eagle_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collin County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Collin_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Collin_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212210916/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P2&prodType=table","url_text":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P2&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"QuickFacts: Allen city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2021/08/11/americans-make-use-of-their-religious-freedom/","url_text":"\"QuickFacts: Allen city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210811133234/https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2021/08/11/americans-make-use-of-their-religious-freedom/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". City of Allen. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185522/http://www.cityofallen.org/living_here/history.htm","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofallen.org/living_here/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Minor, David. \"Allen, TX\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfa04","url_text":"\"Allen, TX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas","url_text":"Handbook of Texas"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715182212/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfa04","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilliam, Burton (narrator); Keener, Tom (history compiler); Kaufmann, Mark (director and editor) (2003). \"A Short History of Allen, Texas\". Tales of Allen. Event occurs at 4:01–4:42. Allen City Television. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025753/http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/public_media_relations/allen_city_television/","url_text":"\"A Short History of Allen, Texas\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/public_media_relations/allen_city_television/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nine dead after Allen shooting\". CNN. May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/allen-texas-mall-shooting-05-06-23/h_f3e25338cf6b8320f7ba94098a3b8815","url_text":"\"Nine dead after Allen shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=88755","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado Summary October 20, 2019\". Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/images/fwd/graphicast/image7.jpg?d9d4de1be4be7a28794fa92c52bf7032","url_text":"\"Tornado Summary October 20, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4801924&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4801924&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Allen%20city,%20Texas%20demographic%20and%20housing%20estimates&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05","url_text":"\"2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021225430/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Allen%20city,%20Texas%20demographic%20and%20housing%20estimates&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Population, U.S. Census, 2010 - Allen city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/allencitytexas/PST045218","url_text":"\"Population, U.S. Census, 2010 - Allen city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Allen Facts and Figures\". City of Allen. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231214046/https://www.cityofallen.org/FACTSANDFIGURES","url_text":"\"2019 Allen Facts and Figures\""},{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/FACTSANDFIGURES","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Allen EDC\". Allen Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012004541/http://allentx.com/About-Allen-EDC","url_text":"\"About Allen EDC\""},{"url":"http://allentx.com/About-Allen-EDC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facts & Figures 2014\" (PDF). City of Allen. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022094629/http://allentx.com/images/docs/CityofAllen_FactsandFigures2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Facts & Figures 2014\""},{"url":"http://allentx.com/images/docs/CityofAllen_FactsandFigures2014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Allen Growth Curve\". Site Selection. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://siteselection.com/cc/texas/2016/allen-texas.cfm","url_text":"\"The Allen Growth Curve\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALLEN, TX NAMED NEW SITE FOR PFSWEB CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS\". PFSweb. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.pfsweb.com/news-releases/news-release-details/allen-tx-named-new-site-pfsweb-corporate-headquarters","url_text":"\"ALLEN, TX NAMED NEW SITE FOR PFSWEB CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"WatchGuard Video opens new headquarters in Allen\". Allen American. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://starlocalmedia.com/allenamerican/news/watchguard-video-opens-new-headquarters-in-allen/article_124900d8-74b8-11e8-9486-6fac7cabc3f3.html","url_text":"\"WatchGuard Video opens new headquarters in Allen\""}]},{"reference":"\"PINSTACK headquarters and office locations\". Craft. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://craft.co/pinstack/locations","url_text":"\"PINSTACK headquarters and office locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"oss Fight announces new corporate offices\". Boss Fight Entertainment. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bossfightentertainment.com/articles/boss-fight-announces-new-corporate-office","url_text":"\"oss Fight announces new corporate offices\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRT Headquarters\". Brass Roots Technologies. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228194509/https://brassrootstech.com/tags/brt-headquarters","url_text":"\"BRT Headquarters\""},{"url":"https://brassrootstech.com/tags/brt-headquarters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cytracom Opens New Corporate Headquarters\". Cytracom. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cytracom.com/post/cytracom-opens-new-corporate-headquarters","url_text":"\"Cytracom Opens New Corporate Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"\"CUTX Relocates Headquarters to Allen, Texas\". Business Wire. October 15, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191015005070/en/CUTX-Relocates-Headquarters-Allen-Texas","url_text":"\"CUTX Relocates Headquarters to Allen, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watters Creek Convention Center\". Allen EDC. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228234826/https://allenedc.com/portfolio-item/watters-creek-convention-center/","url_text":"\"Watters Creek Convention Center\""},{"url":"https://allenedc.com/portfolio-item/watters-creek-convention-center/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Hotels in Allen, TX\". Hotels.com. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotels.com/de1452035/hotels-allen-texas/","url_text":"\"Top 10 Hotels in Allen, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks and Recreation\". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/902/Parks-Recreation","url_text":"\"Parks and Recreation\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Allen Facility Directory\". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/Facilities?clear=False","url_text":"\"City of Allen Facility Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allen USA Celebration\". Allen Special Events. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allenspecialevents.org/154/Allen-USA","url_text":"\"Allen USA Celebration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating 20 years of Allen USA\". Allen Image. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228215357/http://www.allenimage.com/celebrating-20-years-of-allen-usa/","url_text":"\"Celebrating 20 years of Allen USA\""},{"url":"http://www.allenimage.com/celebrating-20-years-of-allen-usa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chase Oaks Golf Club\". City of Allen Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090102041735/http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/parks_recreation/recreation/chaseoaks.htm","url_text":"\"Chase Oaks Golf Club\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/parks_recreation/recreation/chaseoaks.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hageland, Kevin (November 5, 2009). \"There is no S in Allen Event Center\". Allen American. Retrieved June 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scntx.com/articles/2009/11/05/sports/sports_blogs/blogosaurus/059.txt","url_text":"\"There is no S in Allen Event Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"News: North Texas Bulls Announce Move to Allen Event Center to Accommodate Growing Fan Base - North Texas Bulls Arena Football Team\". www.northtexasbulls.com. November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northtexasbulls.com/news/north-texas-bulls-announce-move-to-allen-event-cen","url_text":"\"News: North Texas Bulls Announce Move to Allen Event Center to Accommodate Growing Fan Base - North Texas Bulls Arena Football Team\""}]},{"reference":"Stoler, Steve (August 16, 2010). \"City leaders: Allen Event Center not generating enough events\". WFAA-TV. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101012002528/http://www.wfaa.com/news/City-leaders-say-Allen-Event-Center-not-generating-enough-events-100812944.html","url_text":"\"City leaders: Allen Event Center not generating enough events\""},{"url":"http://www.wfaa.com/news/City-leaders-say-Allen-Event-Center-not-generating-enough-events-100812944.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carlisle, Candace (May 3, 2011). \"Allen Wranglers to announce new ownership\". Dallas Business Journal. Retrieved June 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2011/05/03/allen-wranglers-has-new-ownership.html","url_text":"\"Allen Wranglers to announce new ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council\". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/917/City-Council","url_text":"\"City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boards & Commissions\". City of Allen. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/955/Boards-Commissions","url_text":"\"Boards & Commissions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collin County Election Results Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collincountytx.gov/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx","url_text":"\"Collin County Election Results Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government\". City of Allen. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228230206/https://www.cityofallen.org/883/Local-Government","url_text":"\"Local Government\""},{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/883/Local-Government","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collin College Technical Campus\". Collin College. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collin.edu/campuses/technical/","url_text":"\"Collin College Technical Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Allen ISD STEAM Center\". Allen ISD. Retrieved December 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allenisd.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=5041&ModuleInstanceID=66686&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=100399&PageID=54990","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Allen ISD STEAM Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Morning News | News for Dallas, Texas | Latest News\". www.dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820111431/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/081406dnccowakelandopen.23cd566.html","url_text":"\"Dallas Morning News | News for Dallas, Texas | Latest News\""},{"url":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/081406dnccowakelandopen.23cd566.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allen HS facility cost $60 million\". ESPN. August 31, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/dallas/story/_/id/8323104/allen-texas-high-school-ready-unveil-60m-football-facility","url_text":"\"Allen HS facility cost $60 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"DART Rail Service\". cityofallen.org. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofallen.org/1045/DART-Rail-Service","url_text":"\"DART Rail Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ: Texas Sales Tax\". Window.state.tx.us. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/sales/faq_collect.html","url_text":"\"FAQ: Texas Sales Tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"FORMER EAGLES SOAR IN NFL DRAFT\". Allen ISD. Retrieved June 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allenisd.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=1&ModuleInstanceID=5753&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=104931&PageID=1","url_text":"\"FORMER EAGLES SOAR IN NFL DRAFT\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Robert (January 21, 2023). \"Gunman accused in El Paso Walmart shooting to plead guilty\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2023/01/21/gunman-accused-in-el-paso-walmart-shooting-to-plead-guilty/","url_text":"\"Gunman accused in El Paso Walmart shooting to plead guilty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Women's Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222128/http://www.twu.edu/TWHF/tw-dunbar.asp","url_text":"\"Texas Women's Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.twu.edu/twhf/tw-dunbar.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Growing Pains's Julie McCullough Tries to Bury Her Bare-All Past\". Retrieved February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/growing-painss-julie-mccullough-tries-to-bury-her-bare-all-past-vol-32-no-18/","url_text":"\"Growing Pains's Julie McCullough Tries to Bury Her Bare-All Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Allen star Bo Nickal finishes Penn State career by Winning Wrestling's Heisman, the Hodge Trophy\". Dallas News. April 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/2019/04/01/former-allen-star-bo-nickal-finishes-penn-state-career-by-winning-wrestling-s-heisman-the-hodge-trophy/","url_text":"\"Former Allen star Bo Nickal finishes Penn State career by Winning Wrestling's Heisman, the Hodge Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cedric Ogbuehi profile\". Cincinnati Bengals. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182037/http://www.bengals.com/team/roster/Cedric-Ogbuehi/eb5c2e5f-606e-4f3d-8463-a18ed4f099b3","url_text":"\"Cedric Ogbuehi profile\""},{"url":"http://www.bengals.com/team/roster/Cedric-Ogbuehi/eb5c2e5f-606e-4f3d-8463-a18ed4f099b3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steven Terrell profile\". Seattle Seahawks. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320080342/http://www.seahawks.com/team/roster/Steven-Terrell/e7eb0595-fcd4-4b7d-8aa6-185bc2bf54fd","url_text":"\"Steven Terrell profile\""},{"url":"http://www.seahawks.com/team/roster/Steven-Terrell/e7eb0595-fcd4-4b7d-8aa6-185bc2bf54fd","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allen,_Texas¶ms=33_05_59_N_96_39_47_W_region:US-TX_type:city(43554)","external_links_name":"33°05′59″N 96°39′47″W / 33.09972°N 96.66306°W / 33.09972; -96.66306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allen,_Texas¶ms=33_05_59_N_96_39_47_W_region:US-TX_type:city(43554)","external_links_name":"33°05′59″N 96°39′47″W / 33.09972°N 96.66306°W / 33.09972; -96.66306"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/","external_links_name":"City of Allen official website"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212210916/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P2&prodType=table","external_links_name":"\"HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P2&prodType=table","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2021/08/11/americans-make-use-of-their-religious-freedom/","external_links_name":"\"QuickFacts: Allen city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210811133234/https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2021/08/11/americans-make-use-of-their-religious-freedom/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185522/http://www.cityofallen.org/living_here/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/living_here/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfa04","external_links_name":"\"Allen, TX\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715182212/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfa04","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025753/http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/public_media_relations/allen_city_television/","external_links_name":"\"A Short History of Allen, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/public_media_relations/allen_city_television/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/allen-texas-mall-shooting-05-06-23/h_f3e25338cf6b8320f7ba94098a3b8815","external_links_name":"\"Nine dead after Allen shooting\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=88755","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/images/fwd/graphicast/image7.jpg?d9d4de1be4be7a28794fa92c52bf7032","external_links_name":"\"Tornado Summary October 20, 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4801924&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","external_links_name":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4801924&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Allen city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Allen%20city,%20Texas%20demographic%20and%20housing%20estimates&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05","external_links_name":"\"2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021225430/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Allen%20city,%20Texas%20demographic%20and%20housing%20estimates&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/allencitytexas/PST045218","external_links_name":"\"Population, U.S. Census, 2010 - Allen city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231214046/https://www.cityofallen.org/FACTSANDFIGURES","external_links_name":"\"2019 Allen Facts and Figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/FACTSANDFIGURES","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012004541/http://allentx.com/About-Allen-EDC","external_links_name":"\"About Allen EDC\""},{"Link":"http://allentx.com/About-Allen-EDC","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022094629/http://allentx.com/images/docs/CityofAllen_FactsandFigures2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Facts & Figures 2014\""},{"Link":"http://allentx.com/images/docs/CityofAllen_FactsandFigures2014.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://siteselection.com/cc/texas/2016/allen-texas.cfm","external_links_name":"\"The Allen Growth Curve\""},{"Link":"http://ir.pfsweb.com/news-releases/news-release-details/allen-tx-named-new-site-pfsweb-corporate-headquarters","external_links_name":"\"ALLEN, TX NAMED NEW SITE FOR PFSWEB CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS\""},{"Link":"https://starlocalmedia.com/allenamerican/news/watchguard-video-opens-new-headquarters-in-allen/article_124900d8-74b8-11e8-9486-6fac7cabc3f3.html","external_links_name":"\"WatchGuard Video opens new headquarters in Allen\""},{"Link":"https://craft.co/pinstack/locations","external_links_name":"\"PINSTACK headquarters and office locations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bossfightentertainment.com/articles/boss-fight-announces-new-corporate-office","external_links_name":"\"oss Fight announces new corporate offices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228194509/https://brassrootstech.com/tags/brt-headquarters","external_links_name":"\"BRT Headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://brassrootstech.com/tags/brt-headquarters","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cytracom.com/post/cytracom-opens-new-corporate-headquarters","external_links_name":"\"Cytracom Opens New Corporate Headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191015005070/en/CUTX-Relocates-Headquarters-Allen-Texas","external_links_name":"\"CUTX Relocates Headquarters to Allen, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228234826/https://allenedc.com/portfolio-item/watters-creek-convention-center/","external_links_name":"\"Watters Creek Convention Center\""},{"Link":"https://allenedc.com/portfolio-item/watters-creek-convention-center/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hotels.com/de1452035/hotels-allen-texas/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Hotels in Allen, TX\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/902/Parks-Recreation","external_links_name":"\"Parks and Recreation\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/Facilities?clear=False","external_links_name":"\"City of Allen Facility Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.allenspecialevents.org/154/Allen-USA","external_links_name":"\"Allen USA Celebration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228215357/http://www.allenimage.com/celebrating-20-years-of-allen-usa/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating 20 years of Allen USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.allenimage.com/celebrating-20-years-of-allen-usa/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090102041735/http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/parks_recreation/recreation/chaseoaks.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chase Oaks Golf Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/departments/parks_recreation/recreation/chaseoaks.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scntx.com/articles/2009/11/05/sports/sports_blogs/blogosaurus/059.txt","external_links_name":"\"There is no S in Allen Event Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.northtexasbulls.com/news/north-texas-bulls-announce-move-to-allen-event-cen","external_links_name":"\"News: North Texas Bulls Announce Move to Allen Event Center to Accommodate Growing Fan Base - North Texas Bulls Arena Football Team\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101012002528/http://www.wfaa.com/news/City-leaders-say-Allen-Event-Center-not-generating-enough-events-100812944.html","external_links_name":"\"City leaders: Allen Event Center not generating enough events\""},{"Link":"http://www.wfaa.com/news/City-leaders-say-Allen-Event-Center-not-generating-enough-events-100812944.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2011/05/03/allen-wranglers-has-new-ownership.html","external_links_name":"\"Allen Wranglers to announce new ownership\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/SiteContent/56/documents/Finance/2008_CAFR.pdf","external_links_name":"City of Allen CAFR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091116230122/http://www.cityofallen.org/SiteContent/56/documents/Finance/2008_CAFR.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/917/City-Council","external_links_name":"\"City Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/955/Boards-Commissions","external_links_name":"\"Boards & Commissions\""},{"Link":"https://www.collincountytx.gov/elections/election_results/Pages/result_archive.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Collin County Election Results Archive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228230206/https://www.cityofallen.org/883/Local-Government","external_links_name":"\"Local Government\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/883/Local-Government","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.collin.edu/campuses/technical/","external_links_name":"\"Collin College Technical Campus\""},{"Link":"https://www.allenisd.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=5041&ModuleInstanceID=66686&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=100399&PageID=54990","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Allen ISD STEAM Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820111431/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/081406dnccowakelandopen.23cd566.html","external_links_name":"\"Dallas Morning News | News for Dallas, Texas | Latest News\""},{"Link":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/081406dnccowakelandopen.23cd566.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/dallas/story/_/id/8323104/allen-texas-high-school-ready-unveil-60m-football-facility","external_links_name":"\"Allen HS facility cost $60 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/texas/districts/allen-independent-school-district/allen-high-school-18562.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.cityofallen.org/1045/DART-Rail-Service","external_links_name":"\"DART Rail Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/sales/faq_collect.html","external_links_name":"\"FAQ: Texas Sales Tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.allenisd.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=1&ModuleInstanceID=5753&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=104931&PageID=1","external_links_name":"\"FORMER EAGLES SOAR IN NFL DRAFT\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2023/01/21/gunman-accused-in-el-paso-walmart-shooting-to-plead-guilty/","external_links_name":"\"Gunman accused in El Paso Walmart shooting to plead guilty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222128/http://www.twu.edu/TWHF/tw-dunbar.asp","external_links_name":"\"Texas Women's Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.twu.edu/twhf/tw-dunbar.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/growing-painss-julie-mccullough-tries-to-bury-her-bare-all-past-vol-32-no-18/","external_links_name":"\"Growing Pains's Julie McCullough Tries to Bury Her Bare-All Past\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/2019/04/01/former-allen-star-bo-nickal-finishes-penn-state-career-by-winning-wrestling-s-heisman-the-hodge-trophy/","external_links_name":"\"Former Allen star Bo Nickal finishes Penn State career by Winning Wrestling's Heisman, the Hodge Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182037/http://www.bengals.com/team/roster/Cedric-Ogbuehi/eb5c2e5f-606e-4f3d-8463-a18ed4f099b3","external_links_name":"\"Cedric Ogbuehi profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.bengals.com/team/roster/Cedric-Ogbuehi/eb5c2e5f-606e-4f3d-8463-a18ed4f099b3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320080342/http://www.seahawks.com/team/roster/Steven-Terrell/e7eb0595-fcd4-4b7d-8aa6-185bc2bf54fd","external_links_name":"\"Steven Terrell profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.seahawks.com/team/roster/Steven-Terrell/e7eb0595-fcd4-4b7d-8aa6-185bc2bf54fd","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofallen.org/","external_links_name":"City of Allen official website"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfa04","external_links_name":"Allen, TX"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151302061","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559987805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82251779","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/5ff1ca46-37ed-45a1-bd2e-2cff163d5093","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Creek,_Ohio
|
Stone Creek, Ohio
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Transportation","4 Demographics","4.1 2020 census","4.2 2010 census","4.3 2000 census","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889
Village in Ohio, United StatesStone Creek, OhioVillageMotto: "A Small Town With A Big HeartLocation of Stone Creek, OhioLocation of Stone Creek in Tuscarawas CountyCoordinates: 40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyTuscarawasTownshipJeffersonFounded byPhillip LeonhardtGovernment • MayorLeslie Kissinger boe.Ohio.gov • Council PresidentRusty Kinnsey boe.Ohio.govArea • Total0.43 sq mi (1.10 km2) • Land0.42 sq mi (1.10 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation942 ft (287 m)Population (2020) • Total153 • Density360.00/sq mi (138.94/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code43840Area code330FIPS code39-74804GNIS feature ID1058048
Stone Creek is a village in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 153 at the 2020 census.
Stone Creek has a youth baseball league called the Stone Creek Panthers, based on the name of mascot of the former high school.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1827, the first settlers purchased land in the area that would become the village of Stone Creek. A resident by the name of Philip Burrier hauled many loads of stone to create a passage across the swampy creek for horses and wagons to cross, so when a post office was established on the property of Michael Harmon in 1840, it was named Stone Creek. However, when the town was laid out by Phillip Leonhardt in 1854, he bestowed himself the honor of calling it Phillipsburg.
Stone Creek Jefferson School
In 1904, village council members, Charlie Kughler and Fred Haas took the a train from the village to Akron to file incorporation papers for the village, only to discover that another Phillipsburg already existed in Ohio near Dayton. It was then they decided to name the village after the post office that had already been established there.
The Stone Creek Volunteer Fire Department was officially established in 1949. Before that, citizens of the village would come together to put out their neighbor's fires.
Stone Creek had a school called Stone Creek Jefferson School. The building was built in 1927 and closed in 1974. It operated as an independent school until 1965 when the school consolidated with the neighboring New Philadelphia City School District. The building was demolished on October 17, 1979.
Geography
Stone Creek is located at 40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889 (40.397391, -81.558933).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.43 square miles (1.11 km2), all land.
Transportation
Interstate 77 intersects Stone Creek, while SR 751 starts here.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910144—1920133−7.6%193022569.2%1940214−4.9%19502255.1%19602260.4%1970171−24.3%1980150−12.3%199018120.7%20001841.7%2010177−3.8%2020153−13.6%2021 (est.)151−1.3%U.S. Decennial Census
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 153 people and 62 households living in the village. The population density was 411.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.9/km2). There were 71 housing units at an average density of 160.5 per square mile (62.0/km2).
2010 census
Town hall
As of the census of 2010, there were 177 people, 65 households, and 54 families living in the village. The population density was 411.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.9/km2). There were 69 housing units at an average density of 160.5 per square mile (62.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.7% White, 0.6% African American, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.
There were 65 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.9% were non-families. 12.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 2.96.
The median age in the village was 35.5 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 184 people, 66 households, and 55 families living in the village. The population density was 426.9 inhabitants per square mile (164.8/km2). There were 70 housing units at an average density of 162.4 per square mile (62.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.
There were 66 households, out of which 47.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 12.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $30,625, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,308. About 10.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.5% of those 65 or over.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ https://ohiomemory.org/ . Ohio Memory Retrieved May 26, 2022.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: New PhiladelphiaCities
Dover
New Philadelphia
Uhrichsville
Map of Ohio highlighting Tuscarawas CountyVillages
Baltic‡
Barnhill
Bolivar
Dennison
Gnadenhutten
Midvale
Mineral City
Newcomerstown
Parral
Port Washington
Roswell
Stone Creek
Strasburg
Sugarcreek
Tuscarawas
Zoar
Townships
Auburn
Bucks
Clay
Dover
Fairfield
Franklin
Goshen
Jefferson
Lawrence
Mill
Oxford
Perry
Rush
Salem
Sandy
Sugar Creek
Union
Warren
Warwick
Washington
Wayne
York
CDPs
Dundee
Sandyville
Wilkshire Hills
Unincorporatedcommunities
Barrs Mills
Bernice
Blackband
Columbia
Eastport
Gilmore
Glasgow
Goshen
Hartwood
Lock Seventeen
Mount Tabor
New Cumberland
Newport
Peoli
Postboy
Ragersville
Rockford
Somerdale
Stillwater
Wainwright
West Chester
Winfield
Wolf
Yorktown
Zoarville
Ghost town
Three Legs Town
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Ohio portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Tuscarawas County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Village in Ohio, United StatesStone Creek is a village in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 153 at the 2020 census.Stone Creek has a youth baseball league called the Stone Creek Panthers, based on the name of mascot of the former high school.[citation needed]","title":"Stone Creek, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Creek_School_2.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1827, the first settlers purchased land in the area that would become the village of Stone Creek. A resident by the name of Philip Burrier hauled many loads of stone to create a passage across the swampy creek for horses and wagons to cross, so when a post office was established on the property of Michael Harmon in 1840, it was named Stone Creek. However, when the town was laid out by Phillip Leonhardt in 1854, he bestowed himself the honor of calling it Phillipsburg.Stone Creek Jefferson SchoolIn 1904, village council members, Charlie Kughler and Fred Haas took the a train from the village to Akron to file incorporation papers for the village, only to discover that another Phillipsburg already existed in Ohio near Dayton. It was then they decided to name the village after the post office that had already been established there.The Stone Creek Volunteer Fire Department was officially established in 1949. Before that, citizens of the village would come together to put out their neighbor's fires.Stone Creek had a school called Stone Creek Jefferson School. The building was built in 1927 and closed in 1974. It operated as an independent school until 1965 when the school consolidated with the neighboring New Philadelphia City School District. The building was demolished on October 17, 1979.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stone_Creek,_Ohio¶ms=40_23_51_N_81_33_32_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-6"}],"text":"Stone Creek is located at 40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889 (40.397391, -81.558933).[5]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.43 square miles (1.11 km2), all land.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77"},{"link_name":"SR 751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_751_(Ohio)"}],"text":"Interstate 77 intersects Stone Creek, while SR 751 starts here.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census.gov-9"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2020, there were 153 people and 62 households living in the village. The population density was 411.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.9/km2). There were 71 housing units at an average density of 160.5 per square mile (62.0/km2).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Creek_Ohio_Town_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"Town hallAs of the census[10] of 2010, there were 177 people, 65 households, and 54 families living in the village. The population density was 411.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.9/km2). There were 69 housing units at an average density of 160.5 per square mile (62.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.7% White, 0.6% African American, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.There were 65 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.9% were non-families. 12.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 2.96.The median age in the village was 35.5 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 184 people, 66 households, and 55 families living in the village. The population density was 426.9 inhabitants per square mile (164.8/km2). There were 70 housing units at an average density of 162.4 per square mile (62.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.There were 66 households, out of which 47.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 12.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.05.In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.The median income for a household in the village was $30,625, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,308. About 10.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.5% of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Stone Creek Jefferson School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Stone_Creek_School_2.png/220px-Stone_Creek_School_2.png"},{"image_text":"Town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stone_Creek_Ohio_Town_Hall.JPG/220px-Stone_Creek_Ohio_Town_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Tuscarawas County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Tuscarawas_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Tuscarawas_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3974804","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stone_Creek,_Ohio¶ms=40_23_51_N_81_33_32_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stone_Creek,_Ohio¶ms=40_23_51_N_81_33_32_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Creek,_Ohio&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stone_Creek,_Ohio¶ms=40_23_51_N_81_33_32_W_type:city","external_links_name":"40°23′51″N 81°33′32″W / 40.39750°N 81.55889°W / 40.39750; -81.55889"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://ohiomemory.org/","external_links_name":"https://ohiomemory.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3974804","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139922487","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006065494","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orekhov,_Republic_of_Adygea
|
Orekhov, Republic of Adygea
|
["1 Geography","2 References"]
|
Khutor in Adygea, RussiaOrekhov
ОреховKhutorOrekhovShow map of Republic of AdygeaOrekhovShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 44°59′N 39°56′E / 44.983°N 39.933°E / 44.983; 39.933CountryRussiaRegionAdygeaDistrictShovgenovsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Orekhov (Russian: Оре́хов) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dukmasovskoye Rural Settlement of Shovgenovsky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 133 as of 2018. There are three streets.
Geography
Orekhov is located 27 km (17 mi) west of Khakurinokhabl (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokronazarov is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Карта хутора Орехов в республике Адыгея
^ "Численность постоянного населения по МО и населенным пунктам Республики Адыгея по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года". krsdstat.gks.ru. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
^ Расстояние от Орехова до Хакуринохабля
vteRural localities in Shovgenovsky District
Chernyshev
Chikalov
Doroshenko
Dukmasov
Dzherokay
Kabekhabl
Kasatkin
Kelemetov
Khakurinokhabl
Khapachev
Khatazhukay
Kirov
Leskhozny
Leyboabazov
Mamatsev
Mamkheg
Mikhaylov
Mokronazarov
Novorusov
Orekhov
Pentyukhov
Pikalin
Pshicho
Pshizov
Semyono-Makarensky
Svobodny Trud
Tikhonov
Ulsky
Vesyoly
Zadunayevsky
Zarevo
This Adygea location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"khutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Shovgenovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovgenovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Republic of Adygea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygea"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krsdstat-2"}],"text":"Orekhov (Russian: Оре́хов) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dukmasovskoye Rural Settlement of Shovgenovsky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 133 as of 2018.[2] There are three streets.","title":"Orekhov, Republic of Adygea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khakurinokhabl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakurinokhabl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Orekhov is located 27 km (17 mi) west of Khakurinokhabl (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokronazarov is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Численность постоянного населения по МО и населенным пунктам Республики Адыгея по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года\". krsdstat.gks.ru. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125531/http://krsdstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krsdstat/resources/3ca4e38044dfe71585cbafde4cdebdf4/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.doc","url_text":"\"Численность постоянного населения по МО и населенным пунктам Республики Адыгея по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"url":"http://krsdstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krsdstat/resources/3ca4e38044dfe71585cbafde4cdebdf4/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.doc","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orekhov,_Republic_of_Adygea¶ms=44_59_N_39_56_E_type:city_region:RU-AD","external_links_name":"44°59′N 39°56′E / 44.983°N 39.933°E / 44.983; 39.933"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/adigeya/shovgenovskiy-rayon/hutor-orehov/","external_links_name":"Карта хутора Орехов в республике Адыгея"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125531/http://krsdstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krsdstat/resources/3ca4e38044dfe71585cbafde4cdebdf4/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.doc","external_links_name":"\"Численность постоянного населения по МО и населенным пунктам Республики Адыгея по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://krsdstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krsdstat/resources/3ca4e38044dfe71585cbafde4cdebdf4/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_orehov_hakurinohabl","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Орехова до Хакуринохабля"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orekhov,_Republic_of_Adygea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_Island,_Queensland
|
Possession Island (Queensland)
|
["1 History","1.1 James Cook's claim of possession","2 Commemorative painting","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 10°43′36″S 142°23′49″E / 10.72667°S 142.39694°E / -10.72667; 142.39694Island of the Torres Strait Islands near Australia
Possession IslandGeographyLocationNorthern AustraliaCoordinates10°43′36″S 142°23′49″E / 10.72667°S 142.39694°E / -10.72667; 142.39694Area5.5 km2 (2.1 sq mi)AdministrationAustraliaStateQueenslandShireShire of Torres
Captain Cook raises the Union Flag on Possession Island, 22 August 1770
Possession Island (Kalaw Lagaw Ya: Bedanug or Bedhan Lag) is a small island in the Torres Strait Islands group off the coast of far northern Queensland, Australia. It is inhabited by a group of Torres Strait Islanders, the Kaurareg, though the Ankamuti were also indigenous to the island.
Possession Island is included in Possession Island National Park, an area of 5.10 square kilometres (1.97 sq mi) which includes Eborac Island. The park was established as a Protected Area in 1977 and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.
History
James Cook's claim of possession
In 1770, the British navigator Lieutenant James Cook sailed northward along the east coast of Australia in the Endeavour, anchoring for a week at Botany Bay. Three months later, at Possession Island in Queensland, he claimed possession of the entire east coast he had explored for Britain. In his journal, Cook wrote: "I now once more hoisted English Coulers and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third took possession of the whole Eastern Coast... by the name New South Wales, together with all the Bays, Harbours Rivers and Islands situate upon the said coast".
In 2001, the Kaurareg people successfully claimed native title rights over the island (and other nearby islands).
Commemorative painting
In 1857, artist John Gilfillan exhibited in Melbourne an idyllic tableau painting commemorating the annexation titled Captain Cook taking possession of the Australian continent on behalf of the British crown 1770.
References
^ "Local History page". Torres Shire Council.
^ "About - Possession Island National Park". Parks and forests. Department of Environment and Science, Queensland. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ Cook, James. Journal of HMS Endeavour, 1769–1771. National Library of Australia, Manuscripts Collection, MS 1, 22 August 1770.
^ Kaurareg People v State of Queensland FCA 657, Federal Court.
^ nla.obj-135699884. National Library of Australia: Canberra.
Queensland portal
vteAustralian places named on the First voyage of James Cook in 1770Victoria
19 April: Point Hicks
Ram Head
20: Cape Howe
New South Wales
21 April: Mount Dromedary
Batemans Bay
22 April: Pigeon House
25 April: Red Point
28 April: Botany Bay*
6 May: Port Jackson
Broken Bay
11 May: Point Stephens
Port Stephens
Cape Hawke
12 May: The Three Brothers
13 May: Smoky Cape
15 May: Solitary Isles
Cape Byron
16 May: Mount Warning
Queensland
16 May: Point Danger
17 May: Point Lookout
Cape Moreton
Moreton Bay
The Glass Houses
18 May: Double Island Point
Wide Bay
19 May: Indian Head
Sandy Cape
21 May: Hervey Bay
Breaksea Spit
23 May: Bustard Bay*
25 May: Cape Capricorn
26 May: Keppel Isles
27 May: Keppel Bay
Cape Manyfold
28 May: Shoalwater Bay
Northumberland Isles
31 May: Pier Head
1 June: Long Isle
Broad Sound
2 June: Slade Point
Cape Hillsborough
3 June: Cape Conway
Repulse Bay
4 June: Whitsundays Passage
Pentecost Island
Cape Gloucester
Edgecumbe Bay
Cumberland Islands
5 June: Cape Upstart
6 June: Magnetical Island
Palm Isles
Cleveland Bay
8 June: Halifax Bay
Rockingham Bay
Dunk Island
Hillock Point
Double Point
9 June: Frankland Islands
Fitzroy Island
Cape Grafton
10 June: Green Isle
Trinity Bay
Cape Tribulation
Low Isles
13 June: Hope Islands
14 June – 4 August: Endeavour River
Cape Bedford
10 August: Cape Flattery
11 August: Lizard Island*
Eagle Island*
19 August: Cape Grenville
Forbes Islands
Bolt Head
20 August: Bird Isles
Sir Charles Hardy Islands
21 August: York Cape
22 August: Possession Island*
Prince of Wales' Isles
23 August: Booby Island*
*Places where Cook landed
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Cook_takes_formal_possession_of_New_South_Wales_1770.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalaw Lagaw Ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander"},{"link_name":"Kaurareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurareg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ankamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankamuti"},{"link_name":"Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-park-2"}],"text":"Island of the Torres Strait Islands near AustraliaCaptain Cook raises the Union Flag on Possession Island, 22 August 1770Possession Island (Kalaw Lagaw Ya: Bedanug or Bedhan Lag) is a small island in the Torres Strait Islands group off the coast of far northern Queensland, Australia. It is inhabited by a group of Torres Strait Islanders, the Kaurareg,[1] though the Ankamuti were also indigenous to the island.Possession Island is included in Possession Island National Park, an area of 5.10 square kilometres (1.97 sq mi) which includes Eborac Island. The park was established as a Protected Area in 1977 and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.[2]","title":"Possession Island (Queensland)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"Endeavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour"},{"link_name":"Botany Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bay"},{"link_name":"King George the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"native title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"James Cook's claim of possession","text":"In 1770, the British navigator Lieutenant James Cook sailed northward along the east coast of Australia in the Endeavour, anchoring for a week at Botany Bay. Three months later, at Possession Island in Queensland, he claimed possession of the entire east coast he had explored for Britain. In his journal, Cook wrote: \"I now once more hoisted English Coulers and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third took possession of the whole Eastern Coast... by the name New South Wales, together with all the Bays, Harbours Rivers and Islands situate upon the said coast\".[3]In 2001, the Kaurareg people successfully claimed native title rights over the island (and other nearby islands).[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1857, artist John Gilfillan exhibited in Melbourne an idyllic tableau painting commemorating the annexation titled Captain Cook taking possession of the Australian continent on behalf of the British crown 1770.[5]","title":"Commemorative painting"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Captain Cook raises the Union Flag on Possession Island, 22 August 1770","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Captain_Cook_takes_formal_possession_of_New_South_Wales_1770.jpg/220px-Captain_Cook_takes_formal_possession_of_New_South_Wales_1770.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Local History page\". Torres Shire Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.torres.qld.gov.au/council/about-the-shire/history","url_text":"\"Local History page\""}]},{"reference":"\"About - Possession Island National Park\". Parks and forests. Department of Environment and Science, Queensland. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/possession-island/about","url_text":"\"About - Possession Island National Park\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, James. Journal of HMS Endeavour, 1769–1771. National Library of Australia, Manuscripts Collection, MS 1, 22 August 1770.","urls":[]},{"reference":"nla.obj-135699884. National Library of Australia: Canberra.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Possession_Island_(Queensland)¶ms=10_43_36_S_142_23_49_E_type:landmark_region:AU","external_links_name":"10°43′36″S 142°23′49″E / 10.72667°S 142.39694°E / -10.72667; 142.39694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Possession_Island_(Queensland)¶ms=10_43_36_S_142_23_49_E_type:landmark_region:AU","external_links_name":"10°43′36″S 142°23′49″E / 10.72667°S 142.39694°E / -10.72667; 142.39694"},{"Link":"https://www.torres.qld.gov.au/council/about-the-shire/history","external_links_name":"\"Local History page\""},{"Link":"https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/possession-island/about","external_links_name":"\"About - Possession Island National Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2001/657.html","external_links_name":"[2001] FCA 657"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess,_West_Virginia
|
Marquess, West Virginia
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 39°17′54″N 79°51′3″W / 39.29833°N 79.85083°W / 39.29833; -79.85083
Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesMarquessUnincorporated communityMarquessLocation within the state of West VirginiaShow map of West VirginiaMarquessMarquess (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°17′54″N 79°51′3″W / 39.29833°N 79.85083°W / 39.29833; -79.85083CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyPrestonElevation1,332 ft (406 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)GNIS ID1549809
Marquess is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marquess, West Virginia
vteMunicipalities and communities of Preston County, West Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: KingwoodCity
Kingwood
Map of West Virginia highlighting Preston CountyTowns
Albright
Brandonville
Bruceton Mills
Masontown
Newburg
Reedsville
Rowlesburg
Terra Alta
Tunnelton
CDPs
Arthurdale
Aurora
Othercommunities
Afton
Alpine Lake
Amboy
Austen
Borgman
Bretz
Brookside
Browns Mill
Bull Run
Carmel
Cascade
Clifton Mills
Colebank
Corinth
Cranesville
Cuzzart
Denver
Eglon
Etam
Evansville
Fellowsville
Glade Farms
Gladesville
Guseman
Hazelton
Herring
Hiorra
Hiram
Hopemont
Hopewell
Horse Shoe Run
Howesville
Independence
Lenox
Little Sandy
Macomber
Manown
Mount Nebo
Mount Olivet
Mountain View (north)
Mountain View (south)
Orr
Pisgah
Pleasantdale
Preston
Rockville
Rohr
Ruthbelle
Saint Joe
Scotch Hill
Sell
Silver Lake
Sinclair
Snider
Stevensburg
Sugar Valley
Threefork Bridge
Turner Douglass
Valley Point
Victoria
West End
White Oak Springs
Zevely
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
West Virginia portal
United States portal
This article about a location in Preston County, West Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Preston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesMarquess is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia.","title":"Marquess, West Virginia"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of West Virginia highlighting Preston County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Preston_County.svg/180px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Preston_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marquess,_West_Virginia¶ms=39_17_54_N_79_51_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"39°17′54″N 79°51′3″W / 39.29833°N 79.85083°W / 39.29833; -79.85083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marquess,_West_Virginia¶ms=39_17_54_N_79_51_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"39°17′54″N 79°51′3″W / 39.29833°N 79.85083°W / 39.29833; -79.85083"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1549809","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marquess, West Virginia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess,_West_Virginia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Duke_of_Newcastle
|
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle
|
["1 Personal details","2 Career","3 Restoration","4 Works by William Cavendish","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
|
17th-century English soldier, courtier, and arts patron
His GraceThe Duke of Newcastle upon TyneKG KB PCPortrait by William Larkin, c. 1610Lord Lieutenant of NottinghamshireIn office1660–1676Lord Lieutenant of DerbyshireIn office1628–1638MP for East RetfordIn office1614–1620
Personal detailsBornc. 16 December 1593Handsworth, South Yorkshire, EnglandDied25 December 1676(1676-12-25) (aged 83)Welbeck, Nottinghamshire, EnglandResting placeWestminster AbbeySpouse(s)Elizabeth Howard (1599–1643) Margaret Lucas (1623–1673)RelationsWilliam, Earl of Devonshire (1590–1628) Sir Charles Cavendish (1594–1654)ChildrenJane (1621–1669) Charles (1626–1659) Elizabeth (1626–1663) Henry, 2nd Duke of Newcastle (1630–1691) FrancesParent(s)Sir Charles and Lady Catherine CavendishAlma materSt John's College, CambridgeOccupationCourtier, arts patron, soldierMilitary serviceAllegiance RoyalistsYears of service1642—1644CommandsRoyalist commander for the NorthBattles/wars
First English Civil War
Battle of Adwalton Moor
Siege of Hull
Battle of Marston Moor
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, KG, KB, PC (c. 16 December 1593 – 25 December 1676), who after 1665 styled himself as Prince William Cavendish, was an English courtier and supporter of the arts. He was a renowned horse breeder, as well as being patron of the playwright Ben Jonson and the intellectual group known as the Welbeck Circle.
Despite spending the then enormous sum of £15,000 entertaining Charles I in 1634, he failed to gain a significant political post. In the early stages of the First English Civil War, he was appointed Royalist Captain-General in Northern England; he financed much of the war effort himself, later claiming this totalled in excess of £1,000,000. After the defeat at Marston Moor in July 1644, a battle fought against his advice, he went into exile in Europe.
He returned to England after the Stuart Restoration in 1660, and although created Duke of Newcastle in 1665, he remained on the fringes of the court and became critical of Charles II. He died in 1676 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Personal details
William Cavendish was born at Handsworth, South Yorkshire, the eldest surviving son of Sir Charles Cavendish and Catherine Ogle, descended from the Barons Ogle. He was a grandson of Bess of Hardwick and courtier William Cavendish. He had a younger brother, Charles (1594–1654), and the two remained close friends throughout their lives.
In 1618, Cavendish married Elizabeth Howard (1599–1643), with whom he had five children – Jane (1621–1669), Charles (1626–1659), Elizabeth (1626–1663), Henry, 2nd Duke of Newcastle (1630–1691), and Frances. Encouraged by their father, Jane and Elizabeth became minor poets and writers. In 1645, he married Margaret Lucas, a natural philosopher and writer. With his help and support, she became a popular writer of plays, poetry, and fiction, and was known as "mad Madge" for her extravagant style and affected manner.
Career
Created a Knight of the Bath in 1610, he was elected Member of Parliament for East Retford in the 1614 "Addled Parliament" and succeeded his father in 1617. Cavendish was created 'Viscount Mansfield' in 1620 and 'Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne' in 1628 but failed to achieve high office, despite spending the enormous sum of £15,000 entertaining Charles I in 1634. However, in 1638 he was appointed governor of the Prince of Wales, then made a Privy Counsellor. When the Bishops' Wars began in 1639, he provided the king with a loan of £10,000 and a troop of volunteer horse. He was appointed Gentleman of the Robes in 1641, but was implicated in the Army Plot, and withdrew for a time from the court.
ChesterHullYorkWincebyNewcastleMarston MoorLeedsBridlingtonSelbyNewarkDurhamScarboroughclass=notpageimage| Northern England 1642-1644
As tension increased, both Charles and Parliament tried to secure key ports and weapons; an attempt by Newcastle to capture Hull in July failed. When Charles formally declared war in August, Newcastle was given command of the four northern counties, largely because he was willing to pay for his own troops. In November 1642, he advanced into Yorkshire, raised the siege of York, and forced Lord Fairfax to retire after attacking him at Tadcaster.
Fighting continued during the winter, as Newcastle tried to secure a landing place for an arms convoy organised by Henrietta Maria, who was in the Dutch Republic purchasing weapons. He had insufficient troops to hold the entire area, and Parliamentary forces under Lord Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas, retained key towns like Hull, and Leeds. In late February 1643, a convoy with Henrietta Maria and weapons landed at Bridlington, and was escorted to Oxford. This success, combined with a victory at Adwalton Moor near Leeds in June, caused Newcastle to be created 'Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne'.
The 1643 Solemn League and Covenant had created a Committee of Both Kingdoms, which for the first time co-ordinated Parliamentary strategy in all three war zones, England, Scotland and Ireland. In February 1644, the Scots under Leven besieged Newcastle, closing the major import point for Royalist war supplies. They made little progress, with the Marquess-based nearby at Durham.
Two weeks later, the Earl of Manchester defeated a Royalist force at Selby. Newcastle had to leave Durham, and garrison York, which city was besieged by the Scots, Sir Thomas Fairfax, and Manchester's Army of the Eastern Association. In May, Prince Rupert left Shrewsbury and marched north; on 29 June he arrived at Knaresborough, 30 kilometres from York, to find he was faced by a superior force. Despite Newcastle's opposition, the largest battle of the war took place on 2 July at Marston Moor. The result was a decisive Royalist defeat that lost them the North, while York surrendered on 16 July.
Newcastle served as Royalist Captain-General from 1642 to 1644.
As a military commander, Lord Clarendon described Newcastle as "fit to be a general as a bishop". However, Marston Moor was fought against his advice, while he was also intelligent enough to understand his limits, and recruited reliable subordinates. After Marston Moor, Newcastle left England for Hamburg, accompanied by his two sons and his brother Charles; in April 1645 they moved to Paris, where he met and married his second wife Margaret, maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria. While there, Newcastle continued his feud with Prince Rupert, suggesting to the Queen he should be removed from command.
The new Marchioness was a dramatist and romancer, and had been maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria. Their marriage appears to have been a very happy one, and she later wrote a biography of him. His love and admiration for his wife is best expressed in the fine sonnet he wrote as an introduction to her masterpiece The Blazing World.
Newcastle left in 1648 for Rotterdam with the intention of joining the Prince of Wales in command of the rebellious navy, and finally took up his abode at Antwerp, where he remained till the Restoration. In April 1650 he was appointed a member of Charles II's privy council, and in opposition to Edward Hyde advocated the agreement with the Scots. In Antwerp he lived in the Rubenshuis (the house where the painter Peter Paul Rubens had lived from 1610 till his death in 1640) and established his famous riding-school, exercised "the art of manège" (High School riding), and published his first work on horsemanship, Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux in 1658. This work had an influence on one of the greatest French riding masters, François Robichon de La Guérinière, as well as a more controversial figure in dressage, Baucher. He is also said to be the inventor of draw reins.
Restoration
United Kingdom legislationRestoration of Marquis of Newcastle Act 1660Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for restoring unto William Marquis of Newcastle, all his Honours, Manors, Lands, and Tenements, in England, whereof he was in Possession on the 20th Day of May, 1640, or at any Time since.Citation12 Cha. 2. c. 4DatesRoyal assent13 September 1660
After the 1660 Stuart Restoration, Newcastle returned to England and succeeded in regaining the greater part of his estates, though burdened with debts, his wife estimating his total losses in the war at the enormous sum of £941,303. He was reinstated in the offices he had filled under Charles I and appointed a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. He was invested in 1661 with the Order of the Garter which had been bestowed upon him in 1650, and was advanced to a dukedom (of Newcastle-on-Tyne) on 16 March 1665.
He retired, however, from politics and occupied himself with his estate and with his favourite pursuit of training horses. He established a racecourse near Welbeck, and in this period his grace composed his second work on horsemanship, a sequel to his previous work. Relying on the historical truth that dukedoms were originally the preserve of royalty, Newcastle and his wife began to refer to themselves as Prince and Princess respectively. This assumed title appears in the full title of his second work of literature. In his later years, he suffered from Parkinson's disease, and the sudden death of his second wife was a blow from which he never recovered. With John Dryden's assistance he translated Molière's L'Etourdi as Sir Martin Mar-all (1688). He contributed scenes to his wife's plays, and poems of his composition are to be found among her works.
Cavendish was the patron of, among others, Jonson, Shirley, Davenant, Dryden, Shadwell and Flecknoe, and of Hobbes, Gassendi and Descartes. During their stay in Antwerp, the Cavendishes had a music chapel of 5 musicians. They were acquainted with several of the contemporary English composers, and Newcastle's library contained a substantial collection of music of these composers.
The department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham holds a number of papers relating to the 1st Duke: the Cavendish Papers (Pw 1), part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection, includes some of his personal papers; the Portland Literary Collection (Pw V), also part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection, contains many of his literary papers; and the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection (Ne) includes some estate papers from the time of the 1st Duke, for example, relating to his purchase of Nottingham Castle.
Works by William Cavendish
Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux (1658)
A New Method and Extraordinary Invention to Dress Horses and Work them according to Nature... (1667)
(in French) La methode et inuention nouuelle de dresser les cheuaux par le tres-noble, haut, et tres-puissant prince Guillaume marquis et comte de Newcastle ..., 1658.
Plays:
The Country Captain, or Captain Underwit (printed 1649)
The Varietie (printed 1649)
The Humorous Lovers (performed 1667, printed 1677)
The Triumphant Widow (performed 1674, printed 1677)
References
^ Stanley, A.P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 242.
^ a b c Hulse 2011.
^ Team, Project Vox. "Cavendish (1623-1673)". Project Vox. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ "CAVENDISH, Sir William II (1593-1676), of Welbeck Abbey, Notts. and Clerkenwell, Mdx". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 470.
^ Royle 2004, p. 275.
^ Royle 2004, p. 283.
^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 308.
^ Royle 2004, pp. 289–290.
^ Royle 2004, pp. 295–299.
^ Royle 2004, pp. 264–265.
^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 407.
^ Vorstelijke vluchtelingen William en Margaret Cavendish, 1648–1660 Archived 9 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine ("Noble fugitives William en Margaret Cavendish, 1648–1660"), announcement of a 2006 exposition in the agenda of the Rubenshuis museum Archived 6 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Exposition catalogue: Royalist Refugees: William and Margaret Cavendish in the Rubenshuis (1648–1660), ISBN 90-8586-014-8, October 2006.
^ Cavendish, Margaret (1886), The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, New York: Scribner & Welford, p. 150
^ Hattersley 2013, p. 139.
^ Amorous in Music: William Cavendish in Antwerp (1648–1660), Klara CD No. 34, KTC 4019 (2006)
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470–471.
Hattersley, Roy (2013). The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and a Nation (2013 ed.). Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701186241. biography
Hulse, Lynn (2011). "Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4946. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1.
Trease, Geoffrey (1979). Portrait of a Cavalier: William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33322-760-2. biography
Wedgwood, CV (1958). The King's War, 1641-1647 (2001 ed.). Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0141390727.
Worsley, Lucy (2007). Cavalier: A Tale of Chivalry, Passion and Great Houses (2007 ed.). Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571227037. biography
External links
Cavendish Plays Online. Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Biography of William Cavendish, with links to online catalogues, from the website of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
La methode et inuention nouuelle de dresser les cheuaux par le tres-noble, haut, et tres-puissant prince Guillaume marquis et comte de Newcastle ..., 1658.
Works by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Political offices
VacantTitle last held byThe Earl of Shrewsbury
Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 1626–1642
English Interregnum
Preceded bySir Ralph Delaval
Custos Rotulorum of Northumberland 1628–1632
Succeeded bySir William Widdrington
Preceded byThe Earl of Devonshire
Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire 1628–1638
Succeeded byThe Earl of Devonshire
Preceded byThe Earl of Exeter
Custos Rotulorum of Nottinghamshire 1640–1646
English Interregnum
Honorary titles
English Interregnum
Custos Rotulorum of Derbyshire 1660–1676
Succeeded byThe Duke of Newcastle
Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Nottinghamshire 1660–1676
Preceded byThe Earl of Northumberland
Lord Lieutenant of Northumberlandjointly with Earl of Ogle 1670–1676
Legal offices
Preceded byThe Earl of Rutland
Justice in Eyrenorth of the Trent 1661–1676
Succeeded byThe Duke of Newcastle
Peerage of England
New creation
Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1665–1676
Succeeded byHenry Cavendish
Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1643–1676
Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1628–1676
Viscount Mansfield 1620–1676
Preceded byCatherine Ogle
Baron Ogle 1629–1676
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Artists
MusicBrainz
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
RISM
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Welbeck Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Academy"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"First English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Marston Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor"},{"link_name":"Stuart Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Duke of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, KG, KB, PC (c. 16 December 1593 – 25 December 1676), who after 1665 styled himself as Prince William Cavendish, was an English courtier and supporter of the arts. He was a renowned horse breeder, as well as being patron of the playwright Ben Jonson and the intellectual group known as the Welbeck Circle.Despite spending the then enormous sum of £15,000 entertaining Charles I in 1634, he failed to gain a significant political post. In the early stages of the First English Civil War, he was appointed Royalist Captain-General in Northern England; he financed much of the war effort himself, later claiming this totalled in excess of £1,000,000. After the defeat at Marston Moor in July 1644, a battle fought against his advice, he went into exile in Europe.He returned to England after the Stuart Restoration in 1660, and although created Duke of Newcastle in 1665, he remained on the fringes of the court and became critical of Charles II. He died in 1676 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[1]","title":"William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handsworth, South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cavendish_(died_1617)"},{"link_name":"Barons Ogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ogle"},{"link_name":"Bess of Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bess_of_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"William Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cavendish_(Nottingham_MP)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulse2011-2"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cavendish,_Viscount_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Egerton"},{"link_name":"Henry, 2nd Duke of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulse2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"William Cavendish was born at Handsworth, South Yorkshire, the eldest surviving son of Sir Charles Cavendish and Catherine Ogle, descended from the Barons Ogle. He was a grandson of Bess of Hardwick and courtier William Cavendish. He had a younger brother, Charles (1594–1654), and the two remained close friends throughout their lives.[2]In 1618, Cavendish married Elizabeth Howard (1599–1643), with whom he had five children – Jane (1621–1669), Charles (1626–1659), Elizabeth (1626–1663), Henry, 2nd Duke of Newcastle (1630–1691), and Frances. Encouraged by their father, Jane and Elizabeth became minor poets and writers. In 1645, he married Margaret Lucas, a natural philosopher and writer.[2] With his help and support, she became a popular writer of plays, poetry, and fiction, and was known as \"mad Madge\" for her extravagant style and affected manner.[3]","title":"Personal details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"East Retford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Retford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Addled Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addled_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bishops' Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars"},{"link_name":"Army Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Plots_(1641)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_England_location_map.PNG"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_England_location_map.PNG"},{"link_name":"capture Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hull_(1642)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"siege of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_York"},{"link_name":"Lord Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lord Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Bridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington"},{"link_name":"Adwalton Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adwalton_Moor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004275-6"},{"link_name":"Solemn League and Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Committee of Both Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Both_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven"},{"link_name":"besieged Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004283-7"},{"link_name":"Earl of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Selby"},{"link_name":"city was besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_York"},{"link_name":"Army of the Eastern Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958308-8"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Knaresborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaresborough"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004289%E2%80%93290-9"},{"link_name":"Marston Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004295%E2%80%93299-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Cavendish,_1st_duke_of_Newcastle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004264%E2%80%93265-11"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"maid of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_honour"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1958407-12"},{"link_name":"dramatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatist"},{"link_name":"maid of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_honour"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France"},{"link_name":"The Blazing World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blazing_World"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"privy council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edward Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"Rubenshuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubenshuis"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulse2011-2"},{"link_name":"François Robichon de La Guérinière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Robichon_de_La_Gu%C3%A9rini%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Baucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucher"},{"link_name":"draw reins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_reins"}],"text":"Created a Knight of the Bath in 1610, he was elected Member of Parliament for East Retford in the 1614 \"Addled Parliament\" and succeeded his father in 1617.[4] Cavendish was created 'Viscount Mansfield' in 1620 and 'Earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne' in 1628 but failed to achieve high office, despite spending the enormous sum of £15,000 entertaining Charles I in 1634. However, in 1638 he was appointed governor of the Prince of Wales, then made a Privy Counsellor. When the Bishops' Wars began in 1639, he provided the king with a loan of £10,000 and a troop of volunteer horse. He was appointed Gentleman of the Robes in 1641, but was implicated in the Army Plot, and withdrew for a time from the court.[5]ChesterHullYorkWincebyNewcastleMarston MoorLeedsBridlingtonSelbyNewarkDurhamScarboroughclass=notpageimage| Northern England 1642-1644As tension increased, both Charles and Parliament tried to secure key ports and weapons; an attempt by Newcastle to capture Hull in July failed. When Charles formally declared war in August, Newcastle was given command of the four northern counties, largely because he was willing to pay for his own troops. In November 1642, he advanced into Yorkshire, raised the siege of York, and forced Lord Fairfax to retire after attacking him at Tadcaster.[5]Fighting continued during the winter, as Newcastle tried to secure a landing place for an arms convoy organised by Henrietta Maria, who was in the Dutch Republic purchasing weapons. He had insufficient troops to hold the entire area, and Parliamentary forces under Lord Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas, retained key towns like Hull, and Leeds. In late February 1643, a convoy with Henrietta Maria and weapons landed at Bridlington, and was escorted to Oxford. This success, combined with a victory at Adwalton Moor near Leeds in June, caused Newcastle to be created 'Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne'.[6]The 1643 Solemn League and Covenant had created a Committee of Both Kingdoms, which for the first time co-ordinated Parliamentary strategy in all three war zones, England, Scotland and Ireland. In February 1644, the Scots under Leven besieged Newcastle, closing the major import point for Royalist war supplies. They made little progress, with the Marquess-based nearby at Durham.[7]Two weeks later, the Earl of Manchester defeated a Royalist force at Selby. Newcastle had to leave Durham, and garrison York, which city was besieged by the Scots, Sir Thomas Fairfax, and Manchester's Army of the Eastern Association.[8] In May, Prince Rupert left Shrewsbury and marched north; on 29 June he arrived at Knaresborough, 30 kilometres from York, to find he was faced by a superior force.[9] Despite Newcastle's opposition, the largest battle of the war took place on 2 July at Marston Moor. The result was a decisive Royalist defeat that lost them the North, while York surrendered on 16 July.[10]Newcastle served as Royalist Captain-General from 1642 to 1644.As a military commander, Lord Clarendon described Newcastle as \"fit to be a general as a bishop\". However, Marston Moor was fought against his advice, while he was also intelligent enough to understand his limits, and recruited reliable subordinates.[11] After Marston Moor, Newcastle left England for Hamburg, accompanied by his two sons and his brother Charles; in April 1645 they moved to Paris, where he met and married his second wife Margaret, maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria. While there, Newcastle continued his feud with Prince Rupert, suggesting to the Queen he should be removed from command.[12]The new Marchioness was a dramatist and romancer, and had been maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria. Their marriage appears to have been a very happy one, and she later wrote a biography of him. His love and admiration for his wife is best expressed in the fine sonnet he wrote as an introduction to her masterpiece The Blazing World.Newcastle left in 1648 for Rotterdam with the intention of joining the Prince of Wales in command of the rebellious navy, and finally took up his abode at Antwerp, where he remained till the Restoration. In April 1650 he was appointed a member of Charles II's privy council, and in opposition to Edward Hyde advocated the agreement with the Scots. In Antwerp he lived in the Rubenshuis (the house where the painter Peter Paul Rubens had lived from 1610 till his death in 1640)[13] and established his famous riding-school, exercised \"the art of manège\" (High School riding), and published his first work on horsemanship, Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux in 1658.[5][2] This work had an influence on one of the greatest French riding masters, François Robichon de La Guérinière, as well as a more controversial figure in dressage, Baucher. He is also said to be the inventor of draw reins.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuart Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gentleman of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattersley2013139-15"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Sir Martin Mar-all","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Martin_Mar-all"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"link_name":"Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shirley"},{"link_name":"Davenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davenant"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Flecknoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Flecknoe"},{"link_name":"Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes"},{"link_name":"Gassendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi"},{"link_name":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911470-5"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripts_and_Special_Collections,_The_University_of_Nottingham"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationAfter the 1660 Stuart Restoration, Newcastle returned to England and succeeded in regaining the greater part of his estates, though burdened with debts, his wife estimating his total losses in the war at the enormous sum of £941,303.[14] He was reinstated in the offices he had filled under Charles I and appointed a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. He was invested in 1661 with the Order of the Garter which had been bestowed upon him in 1650, and was advanced to a dukedom (of Newcastle-on-Tyne) on 16 March 1665.[5]He retired, however, from politics and occupied himself with his estate and with his favourite pursuit of training horses. He established a racecourse near Welbeck, and in this period his grace composed his second work on horsemanship, a sequel to his previous work. Relying on the historical truth that dukedoms were originally the preserve of royalty, Newcastle and his wife began to refer to themselves as Prince and Princess respectively. This assumed title appears in the full title of his second work of literature.[15] In his later years, he suffered from Parkinson's disease, and the sudden death of his second wife was a blow from which he never recovered. With John Dryden's assistance he translated Molière's L'Etourdi as Sir Martin Mar-all (1688). He contributed scenes to his wife's plays, and poems of his composition are to be found among her works.[5]Cavendish was the patron of, among others, Jonson, Shirley, Davenant, Dryden, Shadwell and Flecknoe, and of Hobbes, Gassendi and Descartes.[5] During their stay in Antwerp, the Cavendishes had a music chapel of 5 musicians. They were acquainted with several of the contemporary English composers, and Newcastle's library contained a substantial collection of music of these composers.[16]The department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham holds a number of papers relating to the 1st Duke: the Cavendish Papers (Pw 1), part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection, includes some of his personal papers; the Portland Literary Collection (Pw V), also part of the Portland (Welbeck) Collection, contains many of his literary papers; and the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection (Ne) includes some estate papers from the time of the 1st Duke, for example, relating to his purchase of Nottingham Castle.","title":"Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Country Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Captain"}],"text":"Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux (1658)\nA New Method and Extraordinary Invention to Dress Horses and Work them according to Nature... (1667)\n(in French) La methode et inuention nouuelle de dresser les cheuaux par le tres-noble, haut, et tres-puissant prince Guillaume marquis et comte de Newcastle ..., 1658.Plays:The Country Captain, or Captain Underwit (printed 1649)\nThe Varietie (printed 1649)\nThe Humorous Lovers (performed 1667, printed 1677)\nThe Triumphant Widow (performed 1674, printed 1677)","title":"Works by William Cavendish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newcastle,_Dukes_of"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Hattersley, Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hattersley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780701186241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701186241"},{"link_name":"\"Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/4946"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4946"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-349-11564-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11564-1"},{"link_name":"Trease, Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Trease"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-33322-760-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33322-760-2"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood, CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0141390727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141390727"},{"link_name":"Worsley, Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Worsley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0571227037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571227037"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470–471.\nHattersley, Roy (2013). The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and a Nation (2013 ed.). Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701186241. biography\nHulse, Lynn (2011). \"Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4946. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nRoyle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1.\nTrease, Geoffrey (1979). Portrait of a Cavalier: William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33322-760-2. biography\nWedgwood, CV (1958). The King's War, 1641-1647 (2001 ed.). Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0141390727.\nWorsley, Lucy (2007). Cavalier: A Tale of Chivalry, Passion and Great Houses (2007 ed.). Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571227037. biography","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Newcastle served as Royalist Captain-General from 1642 to 1644.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_duke_of_Newcastle.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Team, Project Vox. \"Cavendish (1623-1673)\". Project Vox. Retrieved 8 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://projectvox.org/cavendish-1623-1673/","url_text":"\"Cavendish (1623-1673)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAVENDISH, Sir William II (1593-1676), of Welbeck Abbey, Notts. and Clerkenwell, Mdx\". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 17 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/cavendish-sir-william-ii-1593-1676","url_text":"\"CAVENDISH, Sir William II (1593-1676), of Welbeck Abbey, Notts. and Clerkenwell, Mdx\""}]},{"reference":"Cavendish, Margaret (1886), The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, New York: Scribner & Welford, p. 150","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lifewilliamcave00firtgoog#page/n236/mode/2up","url_text":"The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470–471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newcastle,_Dukes_of","url_text":"Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Hattersley, Roy (2013). The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and a Nation (2013 ed.). Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701186241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hattersley","url_text":"Hattersley, Roy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701186241","url_text":"9780701186241"}]},{"reference":"Hulse, Lynn (2011). \"Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4946.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/4946","url_text":"\"Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4946","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4946"}]},{"reference":"Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11564-1","url_text":"978-0-349-11564-1"}]},{"reference":"Trease, Geoffrey (1979). Portrait of a Cavalier: William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33322-760-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Trease","url_text":"Trease, Geoffrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33322-760-2","url_text":"978-0-33322-760-2"}]},{"reference":"Wedgwood, CV (1958). The King's War, 1641-1647 (2001 ed.). Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0141390727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood","url_text":"Wedgwood, CV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141390727","url_text":"978-0141390727"}]},{"reference":"Worsley, Lucy (2007). Cavalier: A Tale of Chivalry, Passion and Great Houses (2007 ed.). Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571227037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Worsley","url_text":"Worsley, Lucy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571227037","url_text":"978-0571227037"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://projectvox.org/cavendish-1623-1673/","external_links_name":"\"Cavendish (1623-1673)\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/cavendish-sir-william-ii-1593-1676","external_links_name":"\"CAVENDISH, Sir William II (1593-1676), of Welbeck Abbey, Notts. and Clerkenwell, Mdx\""},{"Link":"http://museum.antwerpen.be/rubenshuis/agenda.html","external_links_name":"Vorstelijke vluchtelingen William en Margaret Cavendish, 1648–1660"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309141403/http://museum.antwerpen.be/rubenshuis/agenda.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://museum.antwerpen.be/rubenshuis/index_eng.html","external_links_name":"Rubenshuis museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060906215345/http://museum.antwerpen.be/rubenshuis/index_eng.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lifewilliamcave00firtgoog#page/n236/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle"},{"Link":"http://www.klara.be/html/klara_cds.html","external_links_name":"Amorous in Music: William Cavendish in Antwerp (1648–1660)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/4946","external_links_name":"\"Cavendish, William, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4946","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4946"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/eprosed/eprosed-idx?type=boolean;layer=2;rgn1=period;q1=Jac&size=100&slice=1","external_links_name":"Cavendish Plays Online."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312030636/http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/eprosed/eprosed-idx?type=boolean;layer=2;rgn1=period;q1=Jac&size=100&slice=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/newcastle/biographies/biographyofwilliamcavendish,1stdukeofnewcastleupontyne(1593-1676).aspx","external_links_name":"Biography of William Cavendish, with links to online catalogues, from the website of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham"},{"Link":"http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=54","external_links_name":"La methode et inuention nouuelle de dresser les cheuaux par le tres-noble, haut, et tres-puissant prince Guillaume marquis et comte de Newcastle ..."},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/13785","external_links_name":"Works by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47203/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119479830","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29550101","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90313350","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1531426","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034856v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034856v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120785307","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265925505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14631792","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79144652","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt7bh55f3q1p71w","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009533108&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35852217","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071030689","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654093905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1768511","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/234887","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/43547ed1-7b2d-4bb1-a57a-05f403d32180","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500275878","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120785307.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1116153","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30026617","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67h24pj","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028531108","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)
|
Buck O'Neil Bridge
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 39°06′45″N 94°35′23″W / 39.112475°N 94.589647°W / 39.112475; -94.589647Bridge in Missouri to North Kansas City, MissouriBuck O'Neil BridgeCoordinates39°06′45″N 94°35′23″W / 39.112475°N 94.589647°W / 39.112475; -94.589647Carries US 169CrossesMissouri RiverLocaleKansas City, Missouri to North Kansas City, MissouriOfficial nameBuck O'Neil BridgeOther name(s)Broadway BridgeCharacteristicsDesignThrough arch bridgeHistoryOpenedSeptember 9, 1956Location
The Buck O'Neil Bridge is a triple arch bridge that spans the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States. It first opened for traffic September 9, 1956 as the Broadway Bridge. It was built at a cost of $12 million. It was a toll bridge until 1991.
It replaced the Second Hannibal Bridge just to its east which had handled auto traffic on its upper level.
It provides access from downtown Kansas City to the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport and to the city of Riverside, Missouri.
U.S. Route 169, which the bridge carries across the river, never enters North Kansas City, Missouri, but skirts the western border.
On June 24, 2016 the Bridge was officially renamed from the Broadway Bridge to the Buck O'Neil Bridge named after the Kansas City Monarchs player and manager John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil.
On January 29, 2024, the new Buck O'Neil Bridge opened to northbound traffic. Major demolition of the original 1956 bridge began on February 15, 2024, with the northern span being brought down with explosives.
Buck O'Neil Bridge in Kansas City.
See also
Transport portal
Engineering portal
United States portal
List of crossings of the Missouri River
References
^ Lynch, Andrew (2016-06-24). "A dream come true: Broadway Bridge renamed for Monarchs legend Buck O'Neil". FOX 4 Kansas City. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
^ Schmidt, Heidi (January 26, 2024). "Buck O'Neil traffic shifts onto new bridge next week". KCTV. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ Hawley-Bates, Savannah (January 28, 2024). "After 3 years, Kansas City welcomes the first drivers over the new Buck O'Neil bridge". KCUR. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ Wagner, Nick (February 16, 2024). "Blast brings down section of triple-arch Buck O'Neil Bridge as major demolition begins". Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buck O'Neil Bridge.
Broadway (Hwy 169) Missouri River Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri
Crossings of the Missouri River
UpstreamPlatte Purchase Bridge(demolished)
Buck O'Neil Bridge
DownstreamSecond Hannibal Bridge
This article about a bridge in Missouri is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Second Hannibal Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hannibal_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Wheeler_Downtown_Airport"},{"link_name":"Riverside, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"North Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"John Jordan \"Buck\" O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidt_2024-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawley-Bates_2024-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner_2024-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Bridge_Kansas_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"}],"text":"Bridge in Missouri to North Kansas City, MissouriThe Buck O'Neil Bridge is a triple arch bridge that spans the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States. It first opened for traffic September 9, 1956 as the Broadway Bridge. It was built at a cost of $12 million. It was a toll bridge until 1991.It replaced the Second Hannibal Bridge just to its east which had handled auto traffic on its upper level.It provides access from downtown Kansas City to the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport and to the city of Riverside, Missouri.U.S. Route 169, which the bridge carries across the river, never enters North Kansas City, Missouri, but skirts the western border.On June 24, 2016 the Bridge was officially renamed from the Broadway Bridge to the Buck O'Neil Bridge named after the Kansas City Monarchs player and manager John Jordan \"Buck\" O'Neil.[1]On January 29, 2024, the new Buck O'Neil Bridge opened to northbound traffic.[2][3] Major demolition of the original 1956 bridge began on February 15, 2024, with the northern span being brought down with explosives.[4]Buck O'Neil Bridge in Kansas City.","title":"Buck O'Neil Bridge"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Buck O'Neil Bridge in Kansas City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Broadway_Bridge_Kansas_City.jpg/220px-Broadway_Bridge_Kansas_City.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg"},{"title":"Engineering portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Engineering"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Missouri_River"}]
|
[{"reference":"Lynch, Andrew (2016-06-24). \"A dream come true: Broadway Bridge renamed for Monarchs legend Buck O'Neil\". FOX 4 Kansas City. Retrieved 2016-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://fox4kc.com/2016/06/24/a-dream-come-true-broadway-bridge-renamed-for-monarchs-legend-buck-oneil/","url_text":"\"A dream come true: Broadway Bridge renamed for Monarchs legend Buck O'Neil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDAF-TV","url_text":"FOX 4 Kansas City"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Heidi (January 26, 2024). \"Buck O'Neil traffic shifts onto new bridge next week\". KCTV. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kctv5.com/2024/01/26/buck-oneil-traffic-shifts-onto-new-bridge-next-week/","url_text":"\"Buck O'Neil traffic shifts onto new bridge next week\""}]},{"reference":"Hawley-Bates, Savannah (January 28, 2024). \"After 3 years, Kansas City welcomes the first drivers over the new Buck O'Neil bridge\". KCUR. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2024-01-28/after-3-years-kansas-city-welcomes-the-first-drivers-over-the-new-buck-oneil-bridge","url_text":"\"After 3 years, Kansas City welcomes the first drivers over the new Buck O'Neil bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Nick (February 16, 2024). \"Blast brings down section of triple-arch Buck O'Neil Bridge as major demolition begins\". Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article285466897.html","url_text":"\"Blast brings down section of triple-arch Buck O'Neil Bridge as major demolition begins\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buck_O%27Neil_Bridge¶ms=39.112475_N_94.589647_W_","external_links_name":"39°06′45″N 94°35′23″W / 39.112475°N 94.589647°W / 39.112475; -94.589647"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buck_O%27Neil_Bridge¶ms=39.112475_N_94.589647_W_","external_links_name":"39°06′45″N 94°35′23″W / 39.112475°N 94.589647°W / 39.112475; -94.589647"},{"Link":"http://fox4kc.com/2016/06/24/a-dream-come-true-broadway-bridge-renamed-for-monarchs-legend-buck-oneil/","external_links_name":"\"A dream come true: Broadway Bridge renamed for Monarchs legend Buck O'Neil\""},{"Link":"https://www.kctv5.com/2024/01/26/buck-oneil-traffic-shifts-onto-new-bridge-next-week/","external_links_name":"\"Buck O'Neil traffic shifts onto new bridge next week\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2024-01-28/after-3-years-kansas-city-welcomes-the-first-drivers-over-the-new-buck-oneil-bridge","external_links_name":"\"After 3 years, Kansas City welcomes the first drivers over the new Buck O'Neil bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article285466897.html","external_links_name":"\"Blast brings down section of triple-arch Buck O'Neil Bridge as major demolition begins\""},{"Link":"http://www.brenthugh.com/kcmoriverbridges/broadwaybridge/","external_links_name":"Broadway (Hwy 169) Missouri River Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck_O%27Neil_Bridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_syndrome,_type_2A
|
Usher syndrome
|
["1 Types","1.1 Usher syndrome I","1.2 Usher syndrome II","1.3 Usher syndrome III","2 Symptoms and signs","3 Cause","4 Pathophysiology","5 Diagnosis","5.1 Classification","6 Treatment","7 Epidemiology","8 History","9 Notable cases","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
|
Recessive genetic disorder causing deafblindness
Medical conditionUsher syndromeOther namesUsher–Hallgren syndromeUsher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The genes implicated in Usher syndrome are described below.SpecialtyOphthalmology
Usher syndrome, also known as Hallgren syndrome, Usher–Hallgren syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa–dysacusis syndrome or dystrophia retinae dysacusis syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in any one of at least 11 genes resulting in a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment. It is a major cause of deafblindness and is at present incurable.
Usher syndrome is classed into three subtypes (I, II and III) according to the genes responsible and the onset of deafness. All three subtypes are caused by mutations in genes involved in the function of the inner ear and retina. These mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
The occurrence of Usher syndrome varies across the world and across the different syndrome types, with rates as high as 1 in 12,500 in Germany to as low as 1 in 28,000 in Norway. Type I is most common in Ashkenazi Jewish and Acadian populations, and type III is rarely found outside Ashkenazi Jewish and Finnish populations. Usher syndrome is named after Scottish ophthalmologist Charles Usher, who examined the pathology and transmission of the syndrome in 1914.
Types
Usher syndrome I
People with Usher I are born profoundly deaf and begin to lose their vision in the first decade of life. They also exhibit balance difficulties and learn to walk slowly as children, due to problems in their vestibular system.
Usher syndrome type I can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes: CDH23, MYO7A, PCDH15, USH1C and USH1G. These genes function in the development and maintenance of inner ear structures such as hair cells (stereocilia), which transmit sound and motion signals to the brain. Alterations in these genes can cause an inability to maintain balance (vestibular dysfunction) and hearing loss. The genes also play a role in the development and stability of the retina by influencing the structure and function of both the rod photoreceptor cells and supporting cells called the retinal pigmented epithelium. Mutations that affect the normal function of these genes can result in retinitis pigmentosa and resultant vision loss.
Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of Usher syndrome type I is 3 to 6 per 100,000 people in the general population. Type I has been found to be more common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (central and eastern European) and in the French-Acadian populations (Louisiana). Among Acadians, research into haplotype data is consistent with one single mutation being responsible for all cases of Usher syndrome type I.
Usher syndrome II
People with Usher II are not born deaf and are generally hard-of-hearing rather than deaf, and their hearing does not degrade over time; moreover, they do not seem to have noticeable problems with balance. They also begin to lose their vision later (in the second decade of life) and may preserve some vision even into middle age.
Usher syndrome type II may be caused by mutations in any of three different genes: USH2A, GPR98 and DFNB31. The protein encoded by the USH2A gene, usherin, is located in the supportive tissue in the inner ear and retina. Usherin is critical for the proper development and maintenance of these structures, which may help explain its role in hearing and vision loss. The location and function of the other two proteins are not yet known.
Usher syndrome type II occurs at least as frequently as type I, but because type II may be underdiagnosed or more difficult to detect, it could be up to three times as common as type I.
Usher syndrome III
People with Usher syndrome III are not born deaf but experience a progressive loss of hearing, and roughly half have balance difficulties.
Mutations in only one gene, CLRN1, have been linked to Usher syndrome type III. CLRN1 encodes clarin-1, a protein important for the development and maintenance of the inner ear and retina. However, the protein's function in these structures, and how its mutation causes hearing and vision loss, is still poorly understood.
The frequency of Usher syndrome type III is significant only in the Finnish population as well as the population of Birmingham, UK, and individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. It has been noted rarely in a few other ethnic groups.
Symptoms and signs
Usher syndrome is characterized by hearing loss and a gradual visual impairment. The hearing loss is caused by a defective inner ear, whereas the vision loss results from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degeneration of the retinal cells. Usually, the rod cells of the retina are affected first, leading to early night blindness (nyctalopia) and the gradual loss of peripheral vision. In other cases, early degeneration of the cone cells in the macula occurs, leading to a loss of central acuity. In some cases, the foveal vision is spared, leading to "doughnut vision"; central and peripheral vision are intact, but an annulus exists around the central region in which vision is impaired.
Cause
Table 1: Genes linked to Usher syndrome
Type I Type II Type III
Type
Freq
Gene locus
Gene
Protein
Function
Size (AA)
UniProt
OMIM
USH1B
39–55%
11q13.5
MYO7A
Myosin VIIA
Motor protein
2215
Q13402
276900
USH1C
6–7%
11p15.1-p14
USH1C
Harmonin
PDZ-domain protein
552
Q9Y6N9
276904
USH1D
19–35%
10q21-q22
CDH23
Cadherin 23
Cell adhesion
3354
Q9H251
601067
USH1E
rare
21q21
?
?
?
?
?
602097
USH1F
11–19%
10q11.2-q21
PCDH15
Protocadherin 15
Cell adhesion
1955
Q96QU1
602083
USH1G
7%
17q24-q25
USH1G
SANS
Scaffold protein
461
Q495M9
606943
USH2A
80%
1q41
USH2A
Usherin
Transmembrane linkage
5202
O75445
276901
USH2C
15%
5q14.3-q21.1
GPR98
VLGR1b
Very large GPCR
6307
Q8WXG9
605472
USH2D
5%
9q32-q34
DFNB31
Whirlin
PDZ-domain protein
907
Q9P202
611383
USH3A
100%
3q21-q25
CLRN1
Clarin-1
Synaptic shaping
232
P58418
276902
Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Several genes have been associated with Usher syndrome using linkage analysis of patient families (Table 1) and DNA sequencing of the identified loci. A mutation in any one of these genes is likely to result in Usher syndrome.
The clinical subtypes Usher I and II are associated with mutations in any one of six (USH1B-G) and three (USH2A, C-D) genes, respectively, whereas only one gene, USH3A, has been linked to Usher III so far. Two other genes, USH1A and USH2B, were initially associated with Usher syndrome, but USH2B has not been verified and USH1A was incorrectly determined and does not exist. Research in this area is ongoing.
Using interaction analysis techniques, the identified gene products could be shown to interact with one another in one or more larger protein complexes. If one of the components is missing, this protein complex cannot fulfil its function in the living cell, and it probably comes to the degeneration the same. The function of this protein complex has been suggested to participate in the signal transduction or in the cell adhesion of sensory cells.
A study shows that three proteins related to Usher syndrome genes (PCDH15, CDH23, GPR98) are also involved in auditory cortex development, in mouse and macaque. Their lack of expression induces a decrease in the number of parvalbumin interneurons. Patients with mutations for these genes could have consequently auditory cortex defects.
Pathophysiology
The progressive blindness of Usher syndrome results from retinitis pigmentosa. The photoreceptor cells usually start to degenerate from the outer periphery to the center of the retina, including the macula. The degeneration is usually first noticed as night blindness (nyctalopia); peripheral vision is gradually lost, restricting the visual field (tunnel vision), which generally progresses to complete blindness. The qualifier pigmentosa reflects the fact that clumps of pigment may be visible by an ophthalmoscope in advanced stages of degeneration.
The hearing impairment associated with Usher syndrome is caused by damaged hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear inhibiting electrical impulses from reaching the brain. It is a form of dysacusis.
Diagnosis
Since Usher syndrome is incurable at present, it is helpful to diagnose children well before they develop the characteristic night blindness. Some preliminary studies have suggested as many as 10% of children with congenital severe to profound deafness may have Usher syndrome. However, a misdiagnosis can have bad consequences.
The simplest approach to diagnosing Usher syndrome is to test for the characteristic chromosomal mutations. An alternative approach is electroretinography, although this is often disfavored for children, since its discomfort can also make the results unreliable. Parental consanguinity is a significant factor in diagnosis. Usher syndrome I may be indicated if the child is profoundly deaf from birth and especially slow in walking.
Thirteen other syndromes may exhibit signs similar to Usher syndrome, including Alport syndrome, Alström syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Flynn–Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hurler syndrome (MPS-1), Kearns–Sayre syndrome (CPEO), Norrie syndrome, osteopetrosis (Albers–Schonberg disease), Refsum disease (phytanic acid storage disease) and Zellweger syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome).
Classification
Although Usher syndrome has been classified clinically in several ways, the prevailing approach is to classify it into three clinical sub-types called Usher I, II and III in order of decreasing severity of deafness. Although it was previously believed that there was an Usher syndrome type IV, researchers at the University of Iowa recently confirmed that there is no USH type IV. As described below, these clinical subtypes may be further subdivided by the particular gene mutated; people with Usher I and II may have any one of six and three genes mutated, respectively, whereas only one gene has been associated with Usher III. The function of these genes is still poorly understood.
Usher syndrome is a variable condition; the degree of severity is not tightly linked to whether it is Usher I, II or III. For example, someone with type III may be unaffected in childhood but go on to develop a profound hearing loss and a very significant loss of sight by early-to-mid adulthood. Similarly, someone with type I, who is therefore profoundly deaf from birth, may keep good central vision until the sixth decade of life or even beyond. People with type II, who have useful hearing with a hearing aid, can experience a wide range of severity of the RP. Some may maintain good reading vision into their 60s, while others cannot see to read while still in their 40s.
Since Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, both males and females are equally likely to inherit it. Consanguinity of the parents is a risk factor.
Treatment
Since Usher syndrome results from the loss of a gene, gene therapy that adds the proper protein back ("gene replacement") may alleviate it, provided the added protein becomes functional. Recent studies of mouse models have shown one form of the disease—that associated with a mutation in myosin VIIa—can be alleviated by replacing the mutant gene using a lentivirus. However, some of the mutated genes associated with Usher syndrome encode very large proteins—most notably, the USH2A and GPR98 proteins, which have roughly 6000 amino-acid residues. Gene replacement therapy for such large proteins may be difficult.
Epidemiology
Usher syndrome is responsible for the majority of deafblindness. It occurs in roughly 1 in 23,000 people in the United States, 1 in 28,000 in Norway, and 1 in 12,500 in Germany. People with Usher syndrome represent roughly one-sixth of people with retinitis pigmentosa.
History
Usher syndrome is named after the Scottish ophthalmologist Charles Usher, who examined the pathology and transmission of this illness in 1914 on the basis of 69 cases. However, it was first described in 1858 by Albrecht von Gräfe, a pioneer of modern ophthalmology. He reported the case of a deaf patient with retinitis pigmentosa, who had two brothers with the same symptoms. Three years later, one of his students, Richard Liebreich, examined the population of Berlin for disease pattern of deafness with retinitis pigmentosa. Liebreich noted Usher syndrome to be recessive, since the cases of blind-deafness combinations occurred particularly in the siblings of blood-related marriages or in families with patients in different generations. His observations supplied the first proofs for the coupled transmission of blindness and deafness, since no isolated cases of either could be found in the family trees.
Animal models of this human disease (such as knockout mice and zebrafish) have been developed recently to study the effects of these gene mutations and to test potential cures for Usher syndrome.
Notable cases
Rebecca Alexander, a psychotherapist, author, and recipient of the Helen Keller Achievement Award.
Christine "Coco" Roschaert, director of the Nepal Deafblind Project, kick-off speaker for Deaf Awareness Week at the University of Vermont, and participant in the Gallaudet United Now Movement.
Catherine Fischer wrote her autobiography of growing up with Usher syndrome in Louisiana, entitled Orchid of the Bayou.
Vendon Wright has written two books describing his life with Usher syndrome, I was blind but now I can see and Through my eyes.
Christian Markovic, and blind-deaf illustrator and designer; Fuzzy Wuzzy Designs.
John Tracy, the son of actor Spencer Tracy and namesake of the oralist John Tracy Clinic.
James D. Watson, DNA helix co-discoverer and Nobel laureate, has homozygous USH1B mutations, according to his published genome. It is not clear why he did not develop the syndrome. This lack of genetic penetrance argues that expression of the phenotype of Usher syndrome may be more complex than originally assumed.
The Israeli Nalaga'at (do touch) Deaf-blind Acting Ensemble consists of 11 deaf-blind actors, most of whom are diagnosed with Usher syndrome. The theater group has put on several productions and appeared both locally in Israel and abroad in London and Broadway.
Katie Kelly, a gold medal-winning paralympian.
Teigan Van Roosmalen, paraolympian.
Cyril Axelrod, Catholic priest.
Robert Tarango, first deafblind person to star in a movie, in the role of Artie in the Oscar-nominated short film Feeling Through.
References
^ a b c Mets MB, Young NM, Pass A, Lasky JB (2000). "Early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 98: 237–45. PMC 1298229. PMID 11190026.
^ a b Otterstedde CR, Spandau U, Blankenagel A, Kimberling WJ, Reisser C (2001). "A new clinical classification for Usher's syndrome based on a new subtype of Usher's syndrome type I". Laryngoscope. 111 (1): 84–86. doi:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00014. PMID 11192904. S2CID 41124463.
^ a b Grøndahl J (1987). "Estimation of prognosis and prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome in Norway". Clin. Genet. 31 (4): 255–264. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x. PMID 3594933. S2CID 26853136.
^ a b Pakarinen L, Tuppurainen K, Laipapala P, Mäntyjärvi M, Puhakka H (1996). "The ophthalmological course of Usher syndrome type III". International Ophthalmology. 19 (5): 307–311. doi:10.1007/BF00130927. PMID 8864816. S2CID 26501078.
^ a b Keats, Bronya J.B.; Corey, David P. (25 October 2002). "The Usher syndromes". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 89 (3): 158–166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3<158::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 10704190. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^ Reisser, CFV; Kimberling, WJ; Otterstedde, CR (2002). "Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome Type II is Nonprogressive". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 111 (12): 1108–1111. doi:10.1177/000348940211101208. PMID 12498372. S2CID 43346043. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^ Sadeghi, Mehdi; Cohn, Edward S.; Kelly, William J.; Kimberling, William J.; Tranebjoerg, Lisbeth; Möller, Claes (2004). "Audiological findings in Usher syndrome types IIa and II (non-IIa)". International Journal of Audiology. 43 (3): 136–143. doi:10.1080/14992020400050019. PMID 15198377. S2CID 40248505.
^ Hope CI, Bundey S, Proops D, Fielder AR (1997). "Usher syndrome in the city of Birmingham — prevalence and clinical classification". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 81 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1136/bjo.81.1.46. PMC 1721995. PMID 9135408.
^ Roux AF, Faugere V, Le Guedard S, Pallares-Ruiz N, Vielle A, Chambert S, Marlin S, Hamel C, Gilbert B, Malcolm S, Claustres M (2006). "Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%". J Med Genet. 43 (9): 763–768. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.041954. PMC 2564578. PMID 16679490.Ouyang XM, Yan D, Du LL, Hejtmancik JF, Jacobson SG, Nance WE, Li AR, Angeli S, Kaiser M, Newton V, Brown SD, Balkany T, Liu XZ (2005). "Characterization of Usher syndrome type I gene mutations in an Usher syndrome patient population". Hum Genet. 116 (4): 292–299. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1227-2. PMID 15660226. S2CID 22812718.
^ Petit, C (2001). "Usher syndrome: from genetics to pathogenesis" (PDF). Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2: 271–97. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.271. PMID 11701652. S2CID 505750. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-03.
^ a b Reiners, J; Nagel-Wolfrum, K; Jürgens, K; Märker, T; Wolfrum, U (2006). "Molecular basis of human Usher syndrome: deciphering the meshes of the Usher protein network provides insights into the pathomechanisms of the Usher disease" (PDF). Experimental Eye Research. 83 (1): 97–119. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.11.010. PMID 16545802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-03.
^ Gerber, S; Bonneau, D; Gilbert, B; Munnich, A; Dufier, JL; Rozet, JM; Kaplan, J (2006). "USH1A: chronicle of a slow death". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 357–9. doi:10.1086/500275. PMC 1380243. PMID 16400615.
^ Libé-Philippot, Baptiste; Michel, Vincent; Monvel, Jacques Boutet de; Gal, Sébastien Le; Dupont, Typhaine; Avan, Paul; Métin, Christine; Michalski, Nicolas; Petit, Christine (2017-07-25). "Auditory cortex interneuron development requires cadherins operating hair-cell mechanoelectrical transduction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (30): 7765–7774. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.7765L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703408114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5544301. PMID 28705869.
^ a b Smith RJ, Berlin CI, Hejtmancik JF, Keats BJ, Kimberling WJ, Lewis RA, et al. (1994). "Clinical diagnosis of the Usher syndromes. Usher Syndrome Consortium". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 50 (1): 32–38. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320500107. PMID 8160750.
^ a b Fishman GA, Kumar A, Joseph ME, Torok N, Andersonj RJ (1983). "Usher's syndrome: ophthalmic and neuro-otologic findings suggesting genetic heterogeneity". Archives of Ophthalmology. 101 (9): 1367–1374. doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020369005. PMID 6604514.
^ a b c Williams DS (2007). "Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy". Vision Research. 48 (3): 433–41. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.015. PMC 2680226. PMID 17936325.
^
Hammerschlag V (1907). "Zur Kenntnis der hereditaer-degenerativen Taubstummen und ihre differential diagnostische Bedeutung". Z. Ohrenheilk. 54: 18–36.
Bell J (1933). Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.
Hallgren B (1959). "Retinitis pigmentosa combined with congenital deafness with vestibulo-cerebellar ataxia and mental abnormality in a proportion of cases: Clinical and geneto-statistical survey". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 34 (138): 9–101. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x. PMID 14399116. S2CID 221393918.
Merin S, Auerbach E (1976). "Retinitis pigmentosa". Surv. Ophthalmol. 20 (5): 303–345. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90001-6. PMID 817406.
Davenport S, Omenn G (1977). The Heterogeneity of Usher Syndrome (volume 426 ed.). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.
Gorlin R, Tilsner T, Feinstein S, Duvall AJ (1979). "Usher syndrome type III". Arch. Otolaryngol. 105 (6): 353–354. doi:10.1001/archotol.1979.00790180051011. PMID 454290.
^ Sankila EM, Pakarinen H, Kääriäinen H, Aittomäki K, Karjalainen S, Sistonen P, de la Chapelle A (1995). "Assignment of Usher syndrome type III (USH3) gene to chromosome 3q". Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.1.93. PMID 7711740.
^ Hashimoto T, Gibbs D, Lillo C, Azarian SM, Legacki E, Zhang XM, Yang XJ, Williams DS (2007). "Lentiviral gene replacement therapy of retinas in a mouse model for Usher syndrome type 1B". Gene Therapy. 14 (7): 584–594. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302897. PMC 9307148. PMID 17268537.
^ Vernon M (1969). "Usher's syndrome — deafness and progressive blindness. Clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 22 (3): 133–151. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(69)90055-1. PMID 4897966.
^ Boughman J, Vernon M, Shaver K (1983). "Usher syndrome: Definition and estimate of prevalence from two high-risk populations". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 36 (8): 595–603. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(83)90147-9. PMID 6885960.
^ Usher C (1914). "On the inheritance of Retinitis pigmentosa with notes of cases". Roy. Lond. Ophthalmol. Hosp. Rep. 19: 130–236.
^ von Gräfe A (1858). "Exceptionelles Verhalten des Gesichtsfeldes bei Pigmententartung der Netzhaut". Archiv für Ophthalmologie. 4: 250–253.
^ Liebreich R (1861). "Abkunft aus Ehen unter Blutsverwandten als Grund von Retinitis pigmentosa". Dtsch. Klin. 13: 53.
^ "Tactile The World". Tactile The World.
^ Carroll C, Fischer CH (2001). Orchid of the Bayou: A Deaf Woman Faces Blindness. Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-104-2.
^ Wright V (2007). I was blind but now I can see. Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4208-9101-0.
^ Wright V (2007). Through my eyes. Pipers' Ash Ltd. ISBN 978-1-904494-86-7.
^ "Who's Fuzzy". Fuzzy Wuzzy Design. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
^ Green RC, Annas GJ (2008). "The Genetic Privacy of Presidential Candidates". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (21): 2192–2193. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0808100. PMC 2925179. PMID 19020322.
^ "Nalagaat Center | Home". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
Further reading
Stiefel SH, Lewis RA (1991). The Madness of Usher's: Coping With Vision and Hearing Loss/Usher Syndrome Type II. Business of Living Publications. ISBN 978-1-879518-06-3.
Duncan E, Prickett HT (1988). Usher's Syndrome: What It Is, How to Cope, and How to Help. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-05481-6.
Vernon M (1986). Answers to your questions about Usher's syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa with hearing loss). Foundation Fighting Blindness. ASIN B00071QLJ6.
Vernon M (1969). Usher's syndrome: Deafness and progressive blindness : clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey. Pergamon Press. ASIN B0007JHOJ4.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: H35.53OMIM: 276900 276901MeSH: D052245DiseasesDB: 13611SNOMED CT: 57838006External resourcesOrphanet: 886
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Usher Syndrome Type I
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Usher Syndrome Type II
NCBI Genetic Testing Registry
General overview from the NIH
Usher Syndrome Information from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD).
vteDisorders of hearing and balanceHearingSymptoms
Hearing loss
Excessive response
Tinnitus
Hyperacusis
Phonophobia
DiseaseLoss
Conductive hearing loss
Otosclerosis
Superior canal dehiscence
Sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycusis
Cortical deafness
Nonsyndromic deafness
Other
Deafblindness
Wolfram syndrome
Usher syndrome
Auditory processing disorder
Spatial hearing loss
Tests
Hearing test
Rinne test
Tone decay test
Weber test
Audiometry
pure tone
visual reinforcement
BalanceSymptoms
Vertigo
nystagmus
Disease
Balance disorder
Peripheral
Ménière's disease
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthine fistula
Tests
Dix–Hallpike test
Unterberger test
Romberg's test
Vestibulo–ocular reflex
vteCytoskeletal defectsMicrofilamentsMyofilamentActin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA
DFNA20
Nemaline myopathy 3
Myosin
Elejalde syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 8, 10
Usher syndrome 1B
Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
DFN A3, 4, 11, 17, 22; B2, 30, 37, 48
May–Hegglin anomaly
Troponin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7, 2
Nemaline myopathy 4, 5
Tropomyosin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3
Nemaline myopathy 1
Titin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9
Other
Fibrillin
Marfan syndrome
Weill–Marchesani syndrome
Filamin
FG syndrome 2
Boomerang dysplasia
Larsen syndrome
Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects
IF1/2
Keratinopathy (keratosis, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis): KRT1
Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 3
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
IHCM
KRT2E (Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens)
KRT3 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
KRT4 (White sponge nevus)
KRT5 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
KRT8 (Familial cirrhosis)
KRT10 (Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis)
KRT12 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
KRT13 (White sponge nevus)
KRT14 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
KRT17 (Steatocystoma multiplex)
KRT18 (Familial cirrhosis)
KRT81/KRT83/KRT86 (Monilethrix)
Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
3
Desmin: Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1I
GFAP: Alexander disease
Peripherin: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4
Neurofilament: Parkinson's disease
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F, 2E
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5
Laminopathy: LMNA
Mandibuloacral dysplasia
Dunnigan Familial partial lipodystrophy
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1
LMNB
Barraquer–Simons syndrome
LEMD3
Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
Osteopoikilosis
LBR
Pelger–Huet anomaly
Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
MicrotubulesKinesin
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A
Hereditary spastic paraplegia 10
Dynein
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3
Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3
Other
Tauopathy
Cavernous venous malformation
Membrane
Spectrin: Spinocerebellar ataxia 5
Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3
Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3
Ankyrin: Long QT syndrome 4
Hereditary spherocytosis 1
Catenin
APC
Gardner's syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis
plakoglobin (Naxos syndrome)
GAN (Giant axonal neuropathy)
Other
desmoplakin: Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 2
Carvajal syndrome
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8
plectin: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna
plakophilin: Skin fragility syndrome
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9
centrosome: PCNT (Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II)
Related topics: Cytoskeletal proteins
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mets_2000-1"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"hearing loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss"},{"link_name":"visual impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment"},{"link_name":"deafblindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafblindness"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"autosomal recessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics_of_Jews"},{"link_name":"Acadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_heritage_disease"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Usher"}],"text":"Medical conditionUsher syndrome, also known as Hallgren syndrome, Usher–Hallgren syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa–dysacusis syndrome or dystrophia retinae dysacusis syndrome,[1] is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in any one of at least 11 genes resulting in a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment. It is a major cause of deafblindness and is at present incurable.Usher syndrome is classed into three subtypes (I, II and III) according to the genes responsible and the onset of deafness. All three subtypes are caused by mutations in genes involved in the function of the inner ear and retina. These mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.The occurrence of Usher syndrome varies across the world and across the different syndrome types, with rates as high as 1 in 12,500 in Germany[2] to as low as 1 in 28,000 in Norway.[3] Type I is most common in Ashkenazi Jewish and Acadian populations, and type III is rarely found outside Ashkenazi Jewish and Finnish[4] populations. Usher syndrome is named after Scottish ophthalmologist Charles Usher, who examined the pathology and transmission of the syndrome in 1914.","title":"Usher syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception"},{"link_name":"balance difficulties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_disorder"},{"link_name":"vestibular system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CDH23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH23"},{"link_name":"MYO7A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYO7A"},{"link_name":"PCDH15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDH15"},{"link_name":"USH1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH1C"},{"link_name":"USH1G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH1G"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"stereocilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocilia"},{"link_name":"retinal pigmented epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_pigmented_epithelium"},{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Acadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keatscorey-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keatscorey-5"}],"sub_title":"Usher syndrome I","text":"People with Usher I are born profoundly deaf and begin to lose their vision in the first decade of life. They also exhibit balance difficulties and learn to walk slowly as children, due to problems in their vestibular system.[citation needed]Usher syndrome type I can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes: CDH23, MYO7A, PCDH15, USH1C and USH1G. These genes function in the development and maintenance of inner ear structures such as hair cells (stereocilia), which transmit sound and motion signals to the brain. Alterations in these genes can cause an inability to maintain balance (vestibular dysfunction) and hearing loss. The genes also play a role in the development and stability of the retina by influencing the structure and function of both the rod photoreceptor cells and supporting cells called the retinal pigmented epithelium. Mutations that affect the normal function of these genes can result in retinitis pigmentosa and resultant vision loss.[citation needed]Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of Usher syndrome type I is 3 to 6 per 100,000 people in the general population. Type I has been found to be more common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (central and eastern European) and in the French-Acadian populations (Louisiana).[5] Among Acadians, research into haplotype data is consistent with one single mutation being responsible for all cases of Usher syndrome type I.[5]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard-of-hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-of-hearing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"USH2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH2A"},{"link_name":"GPR98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR98"},{"link_name":"DFNB31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFNB31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Usher syndrome II","text":"People with Usher II are not born deaf and are generally hard-of-hearing rather than deaf, and their hearing does not degrade over time;[6] moreover, they do not seem to have noticeable problems with balance.[7] They also begin to lose their vision later (in the second decade of life) and may preserve some vision even into middle age.[citation needed]Usher syndrome type II may be caused by mutations in any of three different genes: USH2A, GPR98 and DFNB31. The protein encoded by the USH2A gene, usherin, is located in the supportive tissue in the inner ear and retina. Usherin is critical for the proper development and maintenance of these structures, which may help explain its role in hearing and vision loss. The location and function of the other two proteins are not yet known.[citation needed]Usher syndrome type II occurs at least as frequently as type I, but because type II may be underdiagnosed or more difficult to detect, it could be up to three times as common as type I.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CLRN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLRN1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Finnish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_UK"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Usher syndrome III","text":"People with Usher syndrome III are not born deaf but experience a progressive loss of hearing, and roughly half have balance difficulties.[citation needed]Mutations in only one gene, CLRN1, have been linked to Usher syndrome type III. CLRN1 encodes clarin-1, a protein important for the development and maintenance of the inner ear and retina. However, the protein's function in these structures, and how its mutation causes hearing and vision loss, is still poorly understood.[citation needed]The frequency of Usher syndrome type III is significant only in the Finnish population[4] as well as the population of Birmingham, UK,[8] and individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. It has been noted rarely in a few other ethnic groups.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hearing loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss"},{"link_name":"visual impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"rod cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cell"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"nyctalopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopia"},{"link_name":"peripheral vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision"},{"link_name":"cone cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell"},{"link_name":"macula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula"},{"link_name":"central acuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity"},{"link_name":"foveal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis"},{"link_name":"annulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vision is impaired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Usher syndrome is characterized by hearing loss and a gradual visual impairment. The hearing loss is caused by a defective inner ear, whereas the vision loss results from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degeneration of the retinal cells. Usually, the rod cells of the retina are affected first, leading to early night blindness (nyctalopia) and the gradual loss of peripheral vision. In other cases, early degeneration of the cone cells in the macula occurs, leading to a loss of central acuity. In some cases, the foveal vision is spared, leading to \"doughnut vision\"; central and peripheral vision are intact, but an annulus exists around the central region in which vision is impaired.[citation needed]","title":"Symptoms and signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autosomal recessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive"},{"link_name":"linkage analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_analysis"},{"link_name":"DNA sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing"},{"link_name":"loci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiners-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"USH1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH1B"},{"link_name":"USH2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH2A"},{"link_name":"USH3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH3A"},{"link_name":"USH2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USH2B"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"protein complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complex"},{"link_name":"degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"cell adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiners-11"},{"link_name":"PCDH15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDH15"},{"link_name":"CDH23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH23"},{"link_name":"GPR98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR98"},{"link_name":"auditory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_cortex"},{"link_name":"parvalbumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin"},{"link_name":"interneurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Several genes have been associated with Usher syndrome using linkage analysis of patient families (Table 1) and DNA sequencing of the identified loci.[10][11] A mutation in any one of these genes is likely to result in Usher syndrome.[citation needed]The clinical subtypes Usher I and II are associated with mutations in any one of six (USH1B-G) and three (USH2A, C-D) genes, respectively, whereas only one gene, USH3A, has been linked to Usher III so far. Two other genes, USH1A and USH2B, were initially associated with Usher syndrome, but USH2B has not been verified and USH1A was incorrectly determined and does not exist.[12] Research in this area is ongoing.Using interaction analysis techniques, the identified gene products could be shown to interact with one another in one or more larger protein complexes. If one of the components is missing, this protein complex cannot fulfil its function in the living cell, and it probably comes to the degeneration the same. The function of this protein complex has been suggested to participate in the signal transduction or in the cell adhesion of sensory cells.[11]A study shows that three proteins related to Usher syndrome genes (PCDH15, CDH23, GPR98) are also involved in auditory cortex development, in mouse and macaque. Their lack of expression induces a decrease in the number of parvalbumin interneurons. Patients with mutations for these genes could have consequently auditory cortex defects.[13]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith_1994-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6604514-15"},{"link_name":"photoreceptor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"macula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula"},{"link_name":"nyctalopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalopia"},{"link_name":"tunnel vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_vision"},{"link_name":"ophthalmoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoscope"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_2007-16"},{"link_name":"cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"dysacusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysacusis"}],"text":"The progressive blindness of Usher syndrome results from retinitis pigmentosa.[14][15] The photoreceptor cells usually start to degenerate from the outer periphery to the center of the retina, including the macula. The degeneration is usually first noticed as night blindness (nyctalopia); peripheral vision is gradually lost, restricting the visual field (tunnel vision), which generally progresses to complete blindness. The qualifier pigmentosa reflects the fact that clumps of pigment may be visible by an ophthalmoscope in advanced stages of degeneration.[16]The hearing impairment associated with Usher syndrome is caused by damaged hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear inhibiting electrical impulses from reaching the brain. It is a form of dysacusis.","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mets_2000-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"chromosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"electroretinography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroretinography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mets_2000-1"},{"link_name":"Alport syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alport_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Alström syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstr%C3%B6m_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Bardet–Biedl syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardet%E2%80%93Biedl_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cockayne syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome"},{"link_name":"spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia_congenita"},{"link_name":"Flynn–Aird syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn%E2%80%93Aird_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Friedreich ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich_ataxia"},{"link_name":"Hurler syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Kearns–Sayre syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearns%E2%80%93Sayre_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Norrie syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrie_syndrome"},{"link_name":"osteopetrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopetrosis"},{"link_name":"Refsum disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refsum_disease"},{"link_name":"Zellweger syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellweger_syndrome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since Usher syndrome is incurable at present, it is helpful to diagnose children well before they develop the characteristic night blindness. Some preliminary studies have suggested as many as 10% of children with congenital severe to profound deafness may have Usher syndrome.[1] However, a misdiagnosis can have bad consequences.[citation needed]The simplest approach to diagnosing Usher syndrome is to test for the characteristic chromosomal mutations. An alternative approach is electroretinography, although this is often disfavored for children, since its discomfort can also make the results unreliable.[1] Parental consanguinity is a significant factor in diagnosis. Usher syndrome I may be indicated if the child is profoundly deaf from birth and especially slow in walking.Thirteen other syndromes may exhibit signs similar to Usher syndrome, including Alport syndrome, Alström syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Flynn–Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hurler syndrome (MPS-1), Kearns–Sayre syndrome (CPEO), Norrie syndrome, osteopetrosis (Albers–Schonberg disease), Refsum disease (phytanic acid storage disease) and Zellweger syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome).[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6604514-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith_1994-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_2007-16"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"autosomal recessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive"},{"link_name":"Consanguinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Although Usher syndrome has been classified clinically in several ways,[17][15][18] the prevailing approach is to classify it into three clinical sub-types called Usher I, II and III in order of decreasing severity of deafness.[14][16] Although it was previously believed that there was an Usher syndrome type IV, researchers at the University of Iowa recently[when?] confirmed that there is no USH type IV.[citation needed] As described below, these clinical subtypes may be further subdivided by the particular gene mutated; people with Usher I and II may have any one of six and three genes mutated, respectively, whereas only one gene has been associated with Usher III. The function of these genes is still poorly understood.[citation needed]Usher syndrome is a variable condition; the degree of severity is not tightly linked to whether it is Usher I, II or III. For example, someone with type III may be unaffected in childhood but go on to develop a profound hearing loss and a very significant loss of sight by early-to-mid adulthood. Similarly, someone with type I, who is therefore profoundly deaf from birth, may keep good central vision until the sixth decade of life or even beyond. People with type II, who have useful hearing with a hearing aid, can experience a wide range of severity of the RP. Some may maintain good reading vision into their 60s, while others cannot see to read while still in their 40s.[citation needed]Since Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, both males and females are equally likely to inherit it. Consanguinity of the parents is a risk factor.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"mouse models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"lentivirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hashimoto_2007-19"},{"link_name":"encode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"amino-acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since Usher syndrome results from the loss of a gene, gene therapy that adds the proper protein back (\"gene replacement\") may alleviate it, provided the added protein becomes functional. Recent studies of mouse models have shown one form of the disease—that associated with a mutation in myosin VIIa—can be alleviated by replacing the mutant gene using a lentivirus.[19] However, some of the mutated genes associated with Usher syndrome encode very large proteins—most notably, the USH2A and GPR98 proteins, which have roughly 6000 amino-acid residues. Gene replacement therapy for such large proteins may be difficult.[citation needed]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deafblindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafblindness"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_2007-16"}],"text":"Usher syndrome is responsible for the majority of deafblindness.[20] It occurs in roughly 1 in 23,000 people in the United States,[21] 1 in 28,000 in Norway,[3] and 1 in 12,500 in Germany.[2] People with Usher syndrome represent roughly one-sixth of people with retinitis pigmentosa.[16]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Usher"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Usher-22"},{"link_name":"Albrecht von Gräfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Graefe_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graefe-23"},{"link_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"Richard Liebreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liebreich"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liebreich-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"knockout mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse"},{"link_name":"zebrafish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Usher syndrome is named after the Scottish ophthalmologist Charles Usher, who examined the pathology and transmission of this illness in 1914 on the basis of 69 cases.[22] However, it was first described in 1858 by Albrecht von Gräfe, a pioneer of modern ophthalmology.[23] He reported the case of a deaf patient with retinitis pigmentosa, who had two brothers with the same symptoms. Three years later, one of his students, Richard Liebreich, examined the population of Berlin for disease pattern of deafness with retinitis pigmentosa.[24] Liebreich noted Usher syndrome to be recessive, since the cases of blind-deafness combinations occurred particularly in the siblings of blood-related marriages or in families with patients in different generations. His observations supplied the first proofs for the coupled transmission of blindness and deafness, since no isolated cases of either could be found in the family trees.[citation needed]Animal models of this human disease (such as knockout mice and zebrafish) have been developed recently[when?] to study the effects of these gene mutations and to test potential cures for Usher syndrome.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebecca Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Alexander"},{"link_name":"psychotherapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Gallaudet United Now Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaudet_United_Now_Movement"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Catherine Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Spencer Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Tracy"},{"link_name":"John Tracy Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tracy_Clinic"},{"link_name":"James D. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"genetic penetrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_penetrance"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"Nalaga'at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalaga%27at"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Katie Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Kelly_(paratriathlete)"},{"link_name":"Teigan Van Roosmalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teigan_Van_Roosmalen"},{"link_name":"Cyril Axelrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Axelrod"},{"link_name":"Feeling Through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling_Through"}],"text":"Rebecca Alexander, a psychotherapist, author, and recipient of the Helen Keller Achievement Award.\nChristine \"Coco\" Roschaert, director of the Nepal Deafblind Project, kick-off speaker for Deaf Awareness Week at the University of Vermont, and participant in the Gallaudet United Now Movement.[25]\nCatherine Fischer wrote her autobiography of growing up with Usher syndrome in Louisiana, entitled Orchid of the Bayou.[26]\nVendon Wright has written two books describing his life with Usher syndrome, I was blind but now I can see[27] and Through my eyes.[28]\nChristian Markovic, and blind-deaf illustrator and designer; Fuzzy Wuzzy Designs.[29]\nJohn Tracy, the son of actor Spencer Tracy and namesake of the oralist John Tracy Clinic.\nJames D. Watson, DNA helix co-discoverer and Nobel laureate, has homozygous USH1B mutations, according to his published genome.[30] It is not clear why he did not develop the syndrome. This lack of genetic penetrance argues that expression of the phenotype of Usher syndrome may be more complex than originally assumed.\nThe Israeli Nalaga'at (do touch) Deaf-blind Acting Ensemble consists of 11 deaf-blind actors, most of whom are diagnosed with Usher syndrome. The theater group has put on several productions and appeared both locally in Israel and abroad in London and Broadway.[31]\nKatie Kelly, a gold medal-winning paralympian.\nTeigan Van Roosmalen, paraolympian.\nCyril Axelrod, Catholic priest.\nRobert Tarango, first deafblind person to star in a movie, in the role of Artie in the Oscar-nominated short film Feeling Through.","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-879518-06-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879518-06-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-398-05481-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05481-6"}],"text":"Stiefel SH, Lewis RA (1991). The Madness of Usher's: Coping With Vision and Hearing Loss/Usher Syndrome Type II. Business of Living Publications. ISBN 978-1-879518-06-3.\nDuncan E, Prickett HT (1988). Usher's Syndrome: What It Is, How to Cope, and How to Help. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-05481-6.\nVernon M (1986). Answers to your questions about Usher's syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa with hearing loss). Foundation Fighting Blindness. ASIN B00071QLJ6.\nVernon M (1969). Usher's syndrome: Deafness and progressive blindness : clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey. Pergamon Press. ASIN B0007JHOJ4.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mets MB, Young NM, Pass A, Lasky JB (2000). \"Early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children\". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 98: 237–45. PMC 1298229. PMID 11190026.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298229","url_text":"\"Early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298229","url_text":"1298229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11190026","url_text":"11190026"}]},{"reference":"Otterstedde CR, Spandau U, Blankenagel A, Kimberling WJ, Reisser C (2001). \"A new clinical classification for Usher's syndrome based on a new subtype of Usher's syndrome type I\". Laryngoscope. 111 (1): 84–86. doi:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00014. PMID 11192904. S2CID 41124463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005537-200101000-00014","url_text":"10.1097/00005537-200101000-00014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11192904","url_text":"11192904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41124463","url_text":"41124463"}]},{"reference":"Grøndahl J (1987). \"Estimation of prognosis and prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome in Norway\". Clin. Genet. 31 (4): 255–264. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x. PMID 3594933. S2CID 26853136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3594933","url_text":"3594933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26853136","url_text":"26853136"}]},{"reference":"Pakarinen L, Tuppurainen K, Laipapala P, Mäntyjärvi M, Puhakka H (1996). \"The ophthalmological course of Usher syndrome type III\". International Ophthalmology. 19 (5): 307–311. doi:10.1007/BF00130927. PMID 8864816. S2CID 26501078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00130927","url_text":"10.1007/BF00130927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8864816","url_text":"8864816"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26501078","url_text":"26501078"}]},{"reference":"Keats, Bronya J.B.; Corey, David P. (25 October 2002). \"The Usher syndromes\". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 89 (3): 158–166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3<158::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 10704190. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3%3C158%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23","url_text":"\"The Usher syndromes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990924%2989%3A3%3C158%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3<158::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10704190","url_text":"10704190"}]},{"reference":"Reisser, CFV; Kimberling, WJ; Otterstedde, CR (2002). \"Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome Type II is Nonprogressive\". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 111 (12): 1108–1111. doi:10.1177/000348940211101208. PMID 12498372. S2CID 43346043. Retrieved 4 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000348940211101208","url_text":"\"Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome Type II is Nonprogressive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000348940211101208","url_text":"10.1177/000348940211101208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12498372","url_text":"12498372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43346043","url_text":"43346043"}]},{"reference":"Sadeghi, Mehdi; Cohn, Edward S.; Kelly, William J.; Kimberling, William J.; Tranebjoerg, Lisbeth; Möller, Claes (2004). \"Audiological findings in Usher syndrome types IIa and II (non-IIa)\". International Journal of Audiology. 43 (3): 136–143. doi:10.1080/14992020400050019. PMID 15198377. S2CID 40248505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14992020400050019","url_text":"10.1080/14992020400050019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15198377","url_text":"15198377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40248505","url_text":"40248505"}]},{"reference":"Hope CI, Bundey S, Proops D, Fielder AR (1997). \"Usher syndrome in the city of Birmingham — prevalence and clinical classification\". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 81 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1136/bjo.81.1.46. PMC 1721995. PMID 9135408.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721995","url_text":"\"Usher syndrome in the city of Birmingham — prevalence and clinical classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.81.1.46","url_text":"10.1136/bjo.81.1.46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721995","url_text":"1721995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9135408","url_text":"9135408"}]},{"reference":"Roux AF, Faugere V, Le Guedard S, Pallares-Ruiz N, Vielle A, Chambert S, Marlin S, Hamel C, Gilbert B, Malcolm S, Claustres M (2006). \"Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%\". J Med Genet. 43 (9): 763–768. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.041954. PMC 2564578. PMID 16679490.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564578","url_text":"\"Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.2006.041954","url_text":"10.1136/jmg.2006.041954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564578","url_text":"2564578"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679490","url_text":"16679490"}]},{"reference":"Ouyang XM, Yan D, Du LL, Hejtmancik JF, Jacobson SG, Nance WE, Li AR, Angeli S, Kaiser M, Newton V, Brown SD, Balkany T, Liu XZ (2005). \"Characterization of Usher syndrome type I gene mutations in an Usher syndrome patient population\". Hum Genet. 116 (4): 292–299. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1227-2. PMID 15660226. S2CID 22812718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1227-2","url_text":"10.1007/s00439-004-1227-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15660226","url_text":"15660226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22812718","url_text":"22812718"}]},{"reference":"Petit, C (2001). \"Usher syndrome: from genetics to pathogenesis\" (PDF). Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2: 271–97. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.271. PMID 11701652. S2CID 505750. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503103254/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2027/153c2f19cd88f7f2a753b99c646433de805e.pdf","url_text":"\"Usher syndrome: from genetics to pathogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.2.1.271","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701652","url_text":"11701652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:505750","url_text":"505750"},{"url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2027/153c2f19cd88f7f2a753b99c646433de805e.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reiners, J; Nagel-Wolfrum, K; Jürgens, K; Märker, T; Wolfrum, U (2006). \"Molecular basis of human Usher syndrome: deciphering the meshes of the Usher protein network provides insights into the pathomechanisms of the Usher disease\" (PDF). Experimental Eye Research. 83 (1): 97–119. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.11.010. PMID 16545802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503103839/https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb10-ag-wolfrum/files/2019/01/Reiners_et_al_2006_USH_Rev_ExpEyeRes.pdf","url_text":"\"Molecular basis of human Usher syndrome: deciphering the meshes of the Usher protein network provides insights into the pathomechanisms of the Usher disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exer.2005.11.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.exer.2005.11.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545802","url_text":"16545802"},{"url":"https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb10-ag-wolfrum/files/2019/01/Reiners_et_al_2006_USH_Rev_ExpEyeRes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gerber, S; Bonneau, D; Gilbert, B; Munnich, A; Dufier, JL; Rozet, JM; Kaplan, J (2006). \"USH1A: chronicle of a slow death\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 357–9. doi:10.1086/500275. PMC 1380243. PMID 16400615.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380243","url_text":"\"USH1A: chronicle of a slow death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F500275","url_text":"10.1086/500275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380243","url_text":"1380243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400615","url_text":"16400615"}]},{"reference":"Libé-Philippot, Baptiste; Michel, Vincent; Monvel, Jacques Boutet de; Gal, Sébastien Le; Dupont, Typhaine; Avan, Paul; Métin, Christine; Michalski, Nicolas; Petit, Christine (2017-07-25). \"Auditory cortex interneuron development requires cadherins operating hair-cell mechanoelectrical transduction\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (30): 7765–7774. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.7765L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703408114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5544301. PMID 28705869.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544301","url_text":"\"Auditory cortex interneuron development requires cadherins operating hair-cell mechanoelectrical transduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.7765L","url_text":"2017PNAS..114.7765L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1703408114","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1703408114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544301","url_text":"5544301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28705869","url_text":"28705869"}]},{"reference":"Smith RJ, Berlin CI, Hejtmancik JF, Keats BJ, Kimberling WJ, Lewis RA, et al. (1994). \"Clinical diagnosis of the Usher syndromes. Usher Syndrome Consortium\". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 50 (1): 32–38. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320500107. PMID 8160750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320500107","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.1320500107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8160750","url_text":"8160750"}]},{"reference":"Fishman GA, Kumar A, Joseph ME, Torok N, Andersonj RJ (1983). \"Usher's syndrome: ophthalmic and neuro-otologic findings suggesting genetic heterogeneity\". Archives of Ophthalmology. 101 (9): 1367–1374. doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020369005. PMID 6604514.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1983.01040020369005","url_text":"10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020369005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6604514","url_text":"6604514"}]},{"reference":"Williams DS (2007). \"Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy\". Vision Research. 48 (3): 433–41. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.015. PMC 2680226. PMID 17936325.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680226","url_text":"\"Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2007.08.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680226","url_text":"2680226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17936325","url_text":"17936325"}]},{"reference":"Hammerschlag V (1907). \"Zur Kenntnis der hereditaer-degenerativen Taubstummen und ihre differential diagnostische Bedeutung\". Z. Ohrenheilk. 54: 18–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bell J (1933). Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hallgren B (1959). \"Retinitis pigmentosa combined with congenital deafness with vestibulo-cerebellar ataxia and mental abnormality in a proportion of cases: Clinical and geneto-statistical survey\". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 34 (138): 9–101. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x. PMID 14399116. S2CID 221393918.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Psychiatr_Scand_Suppl","url_text":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14399116","url_text":"14399116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221393918","url_text":"221393918"}]},{"reference":"Merin S, Auerbach E (1976). \"Retinitis pigmentosa\". Surv. Ophthalmol. 20 (5): 303–345. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90001-6. PMID 817406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-6257%2896%2990001-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90001-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/817406","url_text":"817406"}]},{"reference":"Davenport S, Omenn G (1977). The Heterogeneity of Usher Syndrome (volume 426 ed.). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gorlin R, Tilsner T, Feinstein S, Duvall AJ (1979). \"Usher syndrome type III\". Arch. Otolaryngol. 105 (6): 353–354. doi:10.1001/archotol.1979.00790180051011. PMID 454290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchotol.1979.00790180051011","url_text":"10.1001/archotol.1979.00790180051011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/454290","url_text":"454290"}]},{"reference":"Sankila EM, Pakarinen H, Kääriäinen H, Aittomäki K, Karjalainen S, Sistonen P, de la Chapelle A (1995). \"Assignment of Usher syndrome type III (USH3) gene to chromosome 3q\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.1.93. PMID 7711740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F4.1.93","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/4.1.93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7711740","url_text":"7711740"}]},{"reference":"Hashimoto T, Gibbs D, Lillo C, Azarian SM, Legacki E, Zhang XM, Yang XJ, Williams DS (2007). \"Lentiviral gene replacement therapy of retinas in a mouse model for Usher syndrome type 1B\". Gene Therapy. 14 (7): 584–594. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302897. PMC 9307148. PMID 17268537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9307148","url_text":"\"Lentiviral gene replacement therapy of retinas in a mouse model for Usher syndrome type 1B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.gt.3302897","url_text":"10.1038/sj.gt.3302897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9307148","url_text":"9307148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268537","url_text":"17268537"}]},{"reference":"Vernon M (1969). \"Usher's syndrome — deafness and progressive blindness. Clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey\". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 22 (3): 133–151. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(69)90055-1. PMID 4897966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2869%2990055-1","url_text":"10.1016/0021-9681(69)90055-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4897966","url_text":"4897966"}]},{"reference":"Boughman J, Vernon M, Shaver K (1983). \"Usher syndrome: Definition and estimate of prevalence from two high-risk populations\". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 36 (8): 595–603. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(83)90147-9. PMID 6885960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2883%2990147-9","url_text":"10.1016/0021-9681(83)90147-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6885960","url_text":"6885960"}]},{"reference":"Usher C (1914). \"On the inheritance of Retinitis pigmentosa with notes of cases\". Roy. Lond. Ophthalmol. Hosp. Rep. 19: 130–236.","urls":[]},{"reference":"von Gräfe A (1858). \"Exceptionelles Verhalten des Gesichtsfeldes bei Pigmententartung der Netzhaut\". Archiv für Ophthalmologie. 4: 250–253.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Liebreich R (1861). \"Abkunft aus Ehen unter Blutsverwandten als Grund von Retinitis pigmentosa\". Dtsch. Klin. 13: 53.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tactile The World\". Tactile The World.","urls":[{"url":"https://tactiletheworld.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Tactile The World\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll C, Fischer CH (2001). Orchid of the Bayou: A Deaf Woman Faces Blindness. Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-104-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-104-2","url_text":"978-1-56368-104-2"}]},{"reference":"Wright V (2007). I was blind but now I can see. Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4208-9101-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4208-9101-0","url_text":"978-1-4208-9101-0"}]},{"reference":"Wright V (2007). Through my eyes. Pipers' Ash Ltd. ISBN 978-1-904494-86-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904494-86-7","url_text":"978-1-904494-86-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Fuzzy\". Fuzzy Wuzzy Design. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210629022455/https://fuzzywuzzydesign.com/about/","url_text":"\"Who's Fuzzy\""},{"url":"http://www.fuzzywuzzydesign.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Green RC, Annas GJ (2008). \"The Genetic Privacy of Presidential Candidates\". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (21): 2192–2193. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0808100. PMC 2925179. PMID 19020322.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925179","url_text":"\"The Genetic Privacy of Presidential Candidates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp0808100","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMp0808100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925179","url_text":"2925179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19020322","url_text":"19020322"}]},{"reference":"\"Nalagaat Center | Home\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124062124/http://www.nalagaat.org.il/home.php","url_text":"\"Nalagaat Center | Home\""},{"url":"http://www.nalagaat.org.il/home.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stiefel SH, Lewis RA (1991). The Madness of Usher's: Coping With Vision and Hearing Loss/Usher Syndrome Type II. Business of Living Publications. ISBN 978-1-879518-06-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879518-06-3","url_text":"978-1-879518-06-3"}]},{"reference":"Duncan E, Prickett HT (1988). Usher's Syndrome: What It Is, How to Cope, and How to Help. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-05481-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05481-6","url_text":"978-0-398-05481-6"}]},{"reference":"Vernon M (1986). Answers to your questions about Usher's syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa with hearing loss). Foundation Fighting Blindness. ASIN B00071QLJ6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vernon M (1969). Usher's syndrome: Deafness and progressive blindness : clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey. Pergamon Press. ASIN B0007JHOJ4.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q13402","external_links_name":"Q13402"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276900","external_links_name":"276900"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y6N9","external_links_name":"Q9Y6N9"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276904","external_links_name":"276904"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H251","external_links_name":"Q9H251"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/601067","external_links_name":"601067"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/602097","external_links_name":"602097"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96QU1","external_links_name":"Q96QU1"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/602083","external_links_name":"602083"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q495M9","external_links_name":"Q495M9"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/606943","external_links_name":"606943"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O75445","external_links_name":"O75445"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276901","external_links_name":"276901"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8WXG9","external_links_name":"Q8WXG9"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/605472","external_links_name":"605472"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9P202","external_links_name":"Q9P202"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/611383","external_links_name":"611383"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P58418","external_links_name":"P58418"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276902","external_links_name":"276902"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298229","external_links_name":"\"Early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1298229","external_links_name":"1298229"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11190026","external_links_name":"11190026"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005537-200101000-00014","external_links_name":"10.1097/00005537-200101000-00014"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11192904","external_links_name":"11192904"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41124463","external_links_name":"41124463"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb02804.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3594933","external_links_name":"3594933"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26853136","external_links_name":"26853136"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00130927","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00130927"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8864816","external_links_name":"8864816"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26501078","external_links_name":"26501078"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3%3C158%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23","external_links_name":"\"The Usher syndromes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990924%2989%3A3%3C158%3A%3AAID-AJMG6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23","external_links_name":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990924)89:3<158::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10704190","external_links_name":"10704190"},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000348940211101208","external_links_name":"\"Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome Type II is Nonprogressive\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000348940211101208","external_links_name":"10.1177/000348940211101208"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12498372","external_links_name":"12498372"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43346043","external_links_name":"43346043"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14992020400050019","external_links_name":"10.1080/14992020400050019"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15198377","external_links_name":"15198377"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40248505","external_links_name":"40248505"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721995","external_links_name":"\"Usher syndrome in the city of Birmingham — prevalence and clinical classification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.81.1.46","external_links_name":"10.1136/bjo.81.1.46"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721995","external_links_name":"1721995"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9135408","external_links_name":"9135408"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564578","external_links_name":"\"Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.2006.041954","external_links_name":"10.1136/jmg.2006.041954"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564578","external_links_name":"2564578"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679490","external_links_name":"16679490"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1227-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00439-004-1227-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15660226","external_links_name":"15660226"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22812718","external_links_name":"22812718"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503103254/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2027/153c2f19cd88f7f2a753b99c646433de805e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Usher syndrome: from genetics to pathogenesis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.2.1.271","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.271"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701652","external_links_name":"11701652"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:505750","external_links_name":"505750"},{"Link":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2027/153c2f19cd88f7f2a753b99c646433de805e.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503103839/https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb10-ag-wolfrum/files/2019/01/Reiners_et_al_2006_USH_Rev_ExpEyeRes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Molecular basis of human Usher syndrome: deciphering the meshes of the Usher protein network provides insights into the pathomechanisms of the Usher disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exer.2005.11.010","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.exer.2005.11.010"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545802","external_links_name":"16545802"},{"Link":"https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb10-ag-wolfrum/files/2019/01/Reiners_et_al_2006_USH_Rev_ExpEyeRes.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380243","external_links_name":"\"USH1A: chronicle of a slow death\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F500275","external_links_name":"10.1086/500275"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380243","external_links_name":"1380243"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400615","external_links_name":"16400615"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544301","external_links_name":"\"Auditory cortex interneuron development requires cadherins operating hair-cell mechanoelectrical transduction\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.7765L","external_links_name":"2017PNAS..114.7765L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1703408114","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1703408114"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","external_links_name":"0027-8424"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544301","external_links_name":"5544301"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28705869","external_links_name":"28705869"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320500107","external_links_name":"10.1002/ajmg.1320500107"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8160750","external_links_name":"8160750"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1983.01040020369005","external_links_name":"10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020369005"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6604514","external_links_name":"6604514"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680226","external_links_name":"\"Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2007.08.015","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.015"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680226","external_links_name":"2680226"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17936325","external_links_name":"17936325"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.1959.tb08605.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14399116","external_links_name":"14399116"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221393918","external_links_name":"221393918"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-6257%2896%2990001-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90001-6"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/817406","external_links_name":"817406"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchotol.1979.00790180051011","external_links_name":"10.1001/archotol.1979.00790180051011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/454290","external_links_name":"454290"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F4.1.93","external_links_name":"10.1093/hmg/4.1.93"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7711740","external_links_name":"7711740"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9307148","external_links_name":"\"Lentiviral gene replacement therapy of retinas in a mouse model for Usher syndrome type 1B\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.gt.3302897","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.gt.3302897"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9307148","external_links_name":"9307148"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17268537","external_links_name":"17268537"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2869%2990055-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-9681(69)90055-1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4897966","external_links_name":"4897966"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2883%2990147-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-9681(83)90147-9"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6885960","external_links_name":"6885960"},{"Link":"https://tactiletheworld.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"Tactile The World\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210629022455/https://fuzzywuzzydesign.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"Who's Fuzzy\""},{"Link":"http://www.fuzzywuzzydesign.com/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925179","external_links_name":"\"The Genetic Privacy of Presidential Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp0808100","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJMp0808100"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925179","external_links_name":"2925179"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19020322","external_links_name":"19020322"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124062124/http://www.nalagaat.org.il/home.php","external_links_name":"\"Nalagaat Center | Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.nalagaat.org.il/home.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276900","external_links_name":"276900"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/276901","external_links_name":"276901"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D052245","external_links_name":"D052245"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13611.htm","external_links_name":"13611"},{"Link":"http://snomed.info/id/57838006","external_links_name":"57838006"},{"Link":"https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=886","external_links_name":"886"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1265/","external_links_name":"GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Usher Syndrome Type I"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1341/","external_links_name":"GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Usher Syndrome Type II"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=usher/","external_links_name":"NCBI Genetic Testing Registry"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/usher-syndrome/","external_links_name":"General overview from the NIH"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060416083222/http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/usher.htm","external_links_name":"Usher Syndrome"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529645305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141557","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph769657&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen
|
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen
|
["1 Early life","2 Early military career","3 Second Boer War","4 Later military career","5 Family","6 Decorations","7 Arms","8 Notes","9 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
|
19/20th-century British Army officer
The Lord MethuenBorn(1845-09-01)1 September 1845Corsham Court, WiltshireDied30 October 1932(1932-10-30) (aged 87)Corsham Court, WiltshireAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1864–1912RankField MarshalUnitScots GuardsCommands heldMaltaNatalSouth Africa1st DivisionEastern CommandHome DistrictBattles/warsThird Anglo-Ashanti WarSecond Boer WarAwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the BathKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeKnight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian OrderMentioned in Despatches
Field Marshal Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, DL (1 September 1845 – 30 October 1932), was a British Army officer. He served in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War in 1873 and then in the expedition of Sir Charles Warren to Bechuanaland in the mid-1880s. He took a prominent role as General Officer Commanding the 1st Division in the Second Boer War. He suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Magersfontein, during which he failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance and accordingly his artillery bombarded the wrong place leading to the Highland Brigade taking heavy casualties. He was later captured by the Boers at Tweebosch. After the war, he became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in South Africa in 1908, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal in 1910 and then Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta in 1915.
Early life
Paul Sanford Methuen was born at Corsham Court, Wiltshire, the eldest of three sons of Frederick Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen, and his wife Anna Horatia Caroline Methuen (née Sanford).
Early military career
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen
Educated at Eton College, Methuen served two years as a cornet in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry and then joined the Scots Fusilier Guards as an ensign in the regiment and lieutenant in the army on 22 November 1864. He was promoted to lieutenant in the regiment and captain in the army on 25 December 1867, and became adjutant of the 1st battalion in 1868. He became brigade major, Home District in 1871 and saw active duty on the staff of Sir Garnet Wolseley at Amoaful in 1873 during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War. Promoted to captain in the regiment and lieutenant colonel in the army on 15 July 1876, he became assistant military secretary in Ireland in 1877, military attaché in Berlin in 1878 and quartermaster-general at the Home District in April 1881, before being promoted to colonel on 1 July. He was the commandant of headquarters in Egypt for three months in 1882, being present at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. On return to the UK he became assistant-adjutant and quartermaster-general for the Home District again. He was promoted to major in the regiment on 25 October 1882.
Methuen served in the expedition of Sir Charles Warren to Bechuanaland from 1884 to 1885, where he commanded Methuen's Horse, a corps of mounted rifles. He became deputy adjutant-general, in South Africa in 1888, and having been promoted to major general on 21 May 1890, he succeeded his father as 3rd baron in 1891. He became Major-General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding the Home District in April 1892 and then served as press censor at headquarters on the Tirah expedition in 1897. Promoted to lieutenant general on 1 April 1898, he was given the command of the 1st Division on the outbreak of the Second Boer War.
Second Boer War
Field Marshal Lord Methuen by Leslie Ward.
Methuen was a perfect Christian knight – there could not be a nobler gentleman
Koos de la Rey
Methuen reached South Africa in November 1899 with orders to relieve Kimberley but initially just expelled the Boers from Belmont and Graspan. He was slightly wounded at the Battle of Modder River. He suffered both defeats and successes during the war. His greatest defeat was at the Battle of Magersfontein, during which he failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance and accordingly his artillery bombarded the wrong place leading to the Highland Brigade taking heavy casualties. The battle was regarded as one of the three British disasters in "Black Week" that led to the despatch of Lord Roberts to South Africa.
After Magersfontein, Methuen remained in the Kimberley–Boshof area trying to capture Boer General Christiaan de Wet. Methuen was himself captured by the Boers at Tweebosch on 7 March 1902. He had been wounded in the battle when he broke his leg after his horse fell on him. Boer General Koos de la Rey released him due to the severity of his injuries, providing his personal cart to take Methuen to the hospital in Klerksdorp. The two allegedly became lifelong friends as a result of this action. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town with other invalids and convalescents on board the SS Assaye, arriving in Southampton the following month, still walking with crutches.
In his final despatch from South Africa in June 1902, Lord Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of the forces during the latter part of the war, described the effort of his brother officer the following way:
Lieutenant-General Lord Methuen has done more than most Officers towards maintaining throughout this campaign the high standard for personal courage, modesty and humanity which characterize the British Army. I share his own deep regret that his wounds have prevented him from remaining in the field until the conclusion of peace.
For his war service, he received the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps and was promoted to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1901 South Africa Honours list (the order was dated to 29 November 1900, and he was only invested as such after his return home, by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902) He was further promoted to a Knight Grand Cross in the Order (GCB) in the October 1902 South Africa Honours list, and invested with the insignia by the King at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.
Later military career
Despite visible setbacks on the battlefield during the Boer War, Methuen continued to be well-regarded and was given more responsibilities. Appointed colonel of the Scots Guards on 1 May 1904 and promoted to full general on 26 May, he was given the command of the IV Army Corps in June 1904, before it was reconstituted as Eastern Command in June 1905. He was also invited to become a board member of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in August 1905. He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in South Africa in April 1908 and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal in January 1910 before being promoted to field marshal on 19 June 1911.
Methuen helped raise the standards of training of the British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta in February 1915, a post he held until he retired in May 1919.
In retirement Methuen was appointed Constable of the Tower late in 1919 and deputy lieutenant of Wiltshire in 1921. He devoted himself to the interests of the Brigade of Guards and died at Corsham Court on 30 October 1932.
Family
The Battle of Magersfontein, at which Methuen suffered a serious defeat, during the Second Boer War
Lord Methuen was married twice, first to Evelyn, the eldest daughter of Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, of Clarendon Park, Wiltshire. They were married in 1878 until her death in 1879. He then married in 1884, his cousin Mary Ethel, the second daughter of William Ayshford Sanford, of Nynehead Court. They had three sons and two daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the painter and zoologist Paul Ayshford Methuen, 4th Baron Methuen. A portrait painting of Methuen by his son from 1920 is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Decorations
British
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 22 August 1902 (KCB – 29 November 1900; CB – 17 November 1882)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George – 3 June 1919 (CMG – 1886)
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order – 1910 (KCVO – 30 June 1897)
Foreign
Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy) – 31 August 1917
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France) – 17 August 1918
Arms
Coat of arms of Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen
Escutcheon
Argent three wolves’ heads erased Proper on the breast of an eagle with two heads displayed Sable.
Supporters
On either side two fiery lynxes reguardant Proper collared having a line passing between their forelegs reflexed over their backs Or.
Motto
Virtus Invidiae Scopus
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h "Methuen, Paul Sanford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35003. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "No. 22914". The London Gazette. 22 November 1864. p. 5606.
^ "No. 23336". The London Gazette. 24 December 1867. p. 7008.
^ a b c d e f Heathcote 1999, p. 205.
^ "No. 24353". The London Gazette. 11 August 1876. p. 4479.
^ "No. 24943". The London Gazette. 1 March 1881. p. 920.
^ "No. 24999". The London Gazette. 26 July 1881. p. 3676.
^ "No. 25134". The London Gazette. 1 August 1882. p. 3581.
^ "No. 25168". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5108.
^ "No. 25168". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5107.
^ "No. 26057". The London Gazette. 30 May 1890. p. 3072.
^ a b c d Heathcote 1999, p. 206.
^ "No. 26268". The London Gazette. 15 March 1892. p. 1514.
^ "No. 26958". The London Gazette. 19 April 1898. p. 2439.
^ "No. 27126". The London Gazette. 13 October 1899. p. 6179.
^ Spender 1919, p. 85.
^ Wills 1900, p. 35.
^ Creswicke 1900, p. 185.
^ Jeppe, p. 243
^ "The Army in SA - Arrival Home of Lord Methuen". The Times. No. 36816. London. 10 July 1902. p. 10.
^ "No. 27459". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. pp. 4835–4836.
^ a b "No. 27306". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2695.
^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36908. London. 25 October 1902. p. 8.
^ a b "No. 27490". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6897.
^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36955. London. 19 December 1902. p. 4.
^ "No. 27672". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 May 1904. p. 2837.
^ "No. 27680". The London Gazette. 27 May 1904. p. 3413.
^ "No. 27684". The London Gazette. 10 June 1904. p. 3711.
^ "No. 27822". The London Gazette. 28 July 1905. p. 5223.
^ "No. 27830". The London Gazette. 25 August 1905. p. 5838.
^ "No. 28127". The London Gazette. 10 April 1908. p. 2756.
^ "No. 28326". The London Gazette. 7 January 1910. p. 143.
^ "No. 28505". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1911. p. 4597.
^ Heathcote 1999, p. 207.
^ "No. 32515". The London Gazette. 11 November 1921. p. 8942.
^ "Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen". National Portrait Gallery, London. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "No. 25169". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5166.
^ "No. 31597". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 1919. p. 12651.
^ "No. 26871". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3819.
^ "No. 30263". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 August 1917. p. 9101.
^ "No. 30848". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 August 1918. p. 9649.
^ Burke's Peerage. 1959.
Sources
Creswicke, Louis (1900). "XVII – Transvaal (West)". South Africa and the Transvaal war. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack.
Heathcote, T. A. (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.
Jeppe, Carl (1906). The kaleidoscopic Transvaal. Cape Town: J. C. Juta and co. ISBN 978-1458886484.
Spender, Harold (1919). General Botha. London: Constable. ASIN B009S1VFBU.
British commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900. Bristol: W. D. & H. O. Wills. 1900.
Further reading
Miller, Stephen M. (1999). Lord Methuen and the British Army. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4904-X.
Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1901). With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900. Harmsworth Brothers.
Methuen (3rd Baron Methuen), Paul Sandford (1886). With Methuen's Irregular Horse in Bechuanaland. By One of the Force. W.H. Allen & Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen.
A biography at Scottsboro
Boer War cartoons
Military offices
Preceded byPhilip Smith
GOC Home District 1892–1897
Succeeded bySir Henry Trotter
Preceded byThe Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Colonel of the Scots Guards 1904–1932
Succeeded byThe Duke of York
Preceded byThe Lord Grenfell
GOC IV Army Corps(GOC-in-C Eastern Command from 1905) 1904–1908
Succeeded bySir Arthur Paget
Government offices
Preceded bySir Leslie Rundle
Governor of Malta 1915–1919
Succeeded byLord Plumer
Honorary titles
Preceded bySir Evelyn Wood
Constable of the Tower of London 1920–1932
Succeeded byLord Milne
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded byFrederick Henry Paul Methuen
Baron Methuen 1891–1932
Succeeded byPaul Ayshford Methuen
vteCivil commissioners, governors and governors-general of MaltaCivil commissioners (1799–1813)
Ball
Pigot
Cameron
Ball
Oakes
Governors (1813–1964)
Maitland
Rawdon-Hastings
Ponsonby
Bouverie
Stuart
More O'Ferrall
Reid
Le Marchant
Storks
Grant
Straubenzee
Borton
Simmons
Torrens
Smyth
Lyon Fremantle
Grenfell
Clarke
Grant
Rundle
Methuen
Plumer
Congreve
Du Cane
Campbell
Bonham-Carter
Dobbie
Gort
Schreiber
Douglas
Creasy
Laycock
Grantham
Dorman
Governors-general (1964–1974)
Dorman
Mamo
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"GCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Ashanti War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars#Third_Anglo-Ashanti_War"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warren"},{"link_name":"Bechuanaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland"},{"link_name":"General Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Magersfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein"},{"link_name":"Highland Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tweebosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tweebosch"},{"link_name":"Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Malta"}],"text":"Field Marshal Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, DL (1 September 1845 – 30 October 1932), was a British Army officer. He served in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War in 1873 and then in the expedition of Sir Charles Warren to Bechuanaland in the mid-1880s. He took a prominent role as General Officer Commanding the 1st Division in the Second Boer War. He suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Magersfontein, during which he failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance and accordingly his artillery bombarded the wrong place leading to the Highland Brigade taking heavy casualties. He was later captured by the Boers at Tweebosch. After the war, he became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in South Africa in 1908, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal in 1910 and then Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta in 1915.","title":"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corsham Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham_Court"},{"link_name":"Frederick Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Methuen,_2nd_Baron_Methuen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"Paul Sanford Methuen was born at Corsham Court, Wiltshire, the eldest of three sons of Frederick Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen, and his wife Anna Horatia Caroline Methuen (née Sanford).[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen.png"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wiltshire_Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Scots Fusilier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Guards"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Garnet Wolseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Ashanti War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars#Third_Anglo-Ashanti_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tel el-Kebir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warren"},{"link_name":"Bechuanaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206-12"},{"link_name":"Major-General commanding the Brigade of Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General_commanding_the_Household_Division"},{"link_name":"General Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"Home District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_District_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"censor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Tirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206-12"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron MethuenEducated at Eton College, Methuen served two years as a cornet in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry and then joined the Scots Fusilier Guards as an ensign in the regiment and lieutenant in the army on 22 November 1864.[2] He was promoted to lieutenant in the regiment and captain in the army on 25 December 1867,[3] and became adjutant of the 1st battalion in 1868.[4] He became brigade major, Home District in 1871 and saw active duty on the staff of Sir Garnet Wolseley at Amoaful in 1873 during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War.[4] Promoted to captain in the regiment and lieutenant colonel in the army on 15 July 1876,[5] he became assistant military secretary in Ireland in 1877, military attaché in Berlin in 1878 and quartermaster-general at the Home District in April 1881,[6] before being promoted to colonel on 1 July.[7] He was the commandant of headquarters in Egypt for three months in 1882,[8] being present at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir.[4] On return to the UK he became assistant-adjutant and quartermaster-general for the Home District again.[9] He was promoted to major in the regiment on 25 October 1882.[10]Methuen served in the expedition of Sir Charles Warren to Bechuanaland from 1884 to 1885, where he commanded Methuen's Horse, a corps of mounted rifles.[4] He became deputy adjutant-general, in South Africa in 1888, and having been promoted to major general on 21 May 1890,[11] he succeeded his father as 3rd baron in 1891.[12] He became Major-General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding the Home District in April 1892[13] and then served as press censor at headquarters on the Tirah expedition in 1897.[12] Promoted to lieutenant general on 1 April 1898,[14] he was given the command of the 1st Division on the outbreak of the Second Boer War.[15]","title":"Early military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Methuen.png"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Koos de la Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpender191985-16"},{"link_name":"Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boers"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Graspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Graspan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206-12"},{"link_name":"Battle of Modder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills190035-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of Magersfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein"},{"link_name":"Highland Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Black Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Week"},{"link_name":"Lord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206-12"},{"link_name":"Christiaan de Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Tweebosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tweebosch"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreswicke1900185-18"},{"link_name":"Koos de la Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeppe-243-19"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"despatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches"},{"link_name":"Lord Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Queen's South Africa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27306-22"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27490-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Field Marshal Lord Methuen by Leslie Ward.Methuen was a perfect Christian knight – there could not be a nobler gentleman\n\n\nKoos de la Rey[16]Methuen reached South Africa in November 1899 with orders to relieve Kimberley but initially just expelled the Boers from Belmont and Graspan.[12] He was slightly wounded at the Battle of Modder River.[17] He suffered both defeats and successes during the war. His greatest defeat was at the Battle of Magersfontein, during which he failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance and accordingly his artillery bombarded the wrong place leading to the Highland Brigade taking heavy casualties.[1] The battle was regarded as one of the three British disasters in \"Black Week\" that led to the despatch of Lord Roberts to South Africa.[12]After Magersfontein, Methuen remained in the Kimberley–Boshof area trying to capture Boer General Christiaan de Wet.[1] Methuen was himself captured by the Boers at Tweebosch on 7 March 1902.[18] He had been wounded in the battle when he broke his leg after his horse fell on him. Boer General Koos de la Rey released him due to the severity of his injuries, providing his personal cart to take Methuen to the hospital in Klerksdorp. The two allegedly became lifelong friends as a result of this action.[19] Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town with other invalids and convalescents on board the SS Assaye, arriving in Southampton the following month, still walking with crutches.[20]In his final despatch from South Africa in June 1902, Lord Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of the forces during the latter part of the war, described the effort of his brother officer the following way:Lieutenant-General Lord Methuen has done more than most Officers towards maintaining throughout this campaign the high standard for personal courage, modesty and humanity which characterize the British Army. I share his own deep regret that his wounds have prevented him from remaining in the field until the conclusion of peace.[21]For his war service, he received the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps and was promoted to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1901 South Africa Honours list (the order was dated to 29 November 1900,[22] and he was only invested as such after his return home, by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902[23]) He was further promoted to a Knight Grand Cross in the Order (GCB) in the October 1902 South Africa Honours list,[24] and invested with the insignia by the King at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.[25]","title":"Second Boer War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Scots Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Guards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Eastern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Command_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Patriotic_Fund_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"General Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999207-34"},{"link_name":"Constable of the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"deputy lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Brigade of Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_of_Guards"},{"link_name":"Corsham Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"Despite visible setbacks on the battlefield during the Boer War, Methuen continued to be well-regarded and was given more responsibilities. Appointed colonel of the Scots Guards on 1 May 1904[26] and promoted to full general on 26 May,[27] he was given the command of the IV Army Corps in June 1904,[28] before it was reconstituted as Eastern Command in June 1905.[29] He was also invited to become a board member of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in August 1905.[30] He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in South Africa in April 1908[31] and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal in January 1910[32] before being promoted to field marshal on 19 June 1911.[33]Methuen helped raise the standards of training of the British Expeditionary Force in 1914[1] and was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta in February 1915, a post he held until he retired in May 1919.[34]In retirement Methuen was appointed Constable of the Tower late in 1919 and deputy lieutenant of Wiltshire in 1921.[35] He devoted himself to the interests of the Brigade of Guards and died at Corsham Court on 30 October 1932.[1]","title":"Later military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Magersfontein_USLoC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Hervey-Bathurst,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Park, Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Park,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205-4"},{"link_name":"Nynehead Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynehead_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"Paul Ayshford Methuen, 4th Baron Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ayshford_Methuen,_4th_Baron_Methuen"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The Battle of Magersfontein, at which Methuen suffered a serious defeat, during the Second Boer WarLord Methuen was married twice, first to Evelyn, the eldest daughter of Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, of Clarendon Park, Wiltshire.[4] They were married in 1878 until her death in 1879.[4] He then married in 1884, his cousin Mary Ethel, the second daughter of William Ayshford Sanford, of Nynehead Court. They had three sons and two daughters.[1] He was succeeded by his eldest son, the painter and zoologist Paul Ayshford Methuen, 4th Baron Methuen. A portrait painting of Methuen by his son from 1920 is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.[36]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27490-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27306-22"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"BritishKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 22 August 1902[24] (KCB – 29 November 1900;[22] CB – 17 November 1882[37])\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George – 3 June 1919[38] (CMG – 1886[1])\nKnight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order – 1910[1] (KCVO – 30 June 1897[39])ForeignGrand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy) – 31 August 1917[40]\nGrand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France) – 17 August 1918[41]","title":"Decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/35003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35003"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"No. 22914\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22914/page/5606"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"No. 23336\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23336/page/7008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999205_4-5"},{"link_name":"Heathcote 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeathcote1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"No. 24353\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24353/page/4479"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"No. 24943\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24943/page/920"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"No. 24999\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24999/page/3676"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"No. 25134\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25134/page/3581"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"No. 25168\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"No. 25168\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26057\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26057/page/3072"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999206_12-3"},{"link_name":"Heathcote 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeathcote1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26268\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26268/page/1514"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26958\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26958/page/2439"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27126\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27126/page/6179"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpender191985_16-0"},{"link_name":"Spender 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpender1919"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills190035_17-0"},{"link_name":"Wills 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWills1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreswicke1900185_18-0"},{"link_name":"Creswicke 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreswicke1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jeppe-243_19-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27459\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27459/page/4835"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LG27306_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LG27306_22-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27306\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27306/page/2695"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LG27490_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LG27490_24-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27490\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27490/page/6897"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27672\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27672/supplement/2837"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27680\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27680/page/3413"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27684\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27684/page/3711"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27822\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27822/page/5223"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27830\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27830/page/5838"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"No. 28127\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28127/page/2756"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"No. 28326\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28326/page/143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"No. 28505\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28505/supplement/4597"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999207_34-0"},{"link_name":"Heathcote 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeathcote1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"No. 32515\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32515/page/8942"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04384/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"No. 25169\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25169/page/5166"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"No. 31597\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31597/supplement/12651"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"No. 26871\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26871/page/3819"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"No. 30263\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30263/supplement/9101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"No. 30848\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30848/supplement/9649"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h \"Methuen, Paul Sanford\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35003. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"No. 22914\". The London Gazette. 22 November 1864. p. 5606.\n\n^ \"No. 23336\". The London Gazette. 24 December 1867. p. 7008.\n\n^ a b c d e f Heathcote 1999, p. 205.\n\n^ \"No. 24353\". The London Gazette. 11 August 1876. p. 4479.\n\n^ \"No. 24943\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1881. p. 920.\n\n^ \"No. 24999\". The London Gazette. 26 July 1881. p. 3676.\n\n^ \"No. 25134\". The London Gazette. 1 August 1882. p. 3581.\n\n^ \"No. 25168\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5108.\n\n^ \"No. 25168\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5107.\n\n^ \"No. 26057\". The London Gazette. 30 May 1890. p. 3072.\n\n^ a b c d Heathcote 1999, p. 206.\n\n^ \"No. 26268\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1892. p. 1514.\n\n^ \"No. 26958\". The London Gazette. 19 April 1898. p. 2439.\n\n^ \"No. 27126\". The London Gazette. 13 October 1899. p. 6179.\n\n^ Spender 1919, p. 85.\n\n^ Wills 1900, p. 35.\n\n^ Creswicke 1900, p. 185.\n\n^ Jeppe, p. 243\n\n^ \"The Army in SA - Arrival Home of Lord Methuen\". The Times. No. 36816. London. 10 July 1902. p. 10.\n\n^ \"No. 27459\". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. pp. 4835–4836.\n\n^ a b \"No. 27306\". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2695.\n\n^ \"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36908. London. 25 October 1902. p. 8.\n\n^ a b \"No. 27490\". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6897.\n\n^ \"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36955. London. 19 December 1902. p. 4.\n\n^ \"No. 27672\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 May 1904. p. 2837.\n\n^ \"No. 27680\". The London Gazette. 27 May 1904. p. 3413.\n\n^ \"No. 27684\". The London Gazette. 10 June 1904. p. 3711.\n\n^ \"No. 27822\". The London Gazette. 28 July 1905. p. 5223.\n\n^ \"No. 27830\". The London Gazette. 25 August 1905. p. 5838.\n\n^ \"No. 28127\". The London Gazette. 10 April 1908. p. 2756.\n\n^ \"No. 28326\". The London Gazette. 7 January 1910. p. 143.\n\n^ \"No. 28505\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1911. p. 4597.\n\n^ Heathcote 1999, p. 207.\n\n^ \"No. 32515\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1921. p. 8942.\n\n^ \"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\". National Portrait Gallery, London. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 1 May 2020.\n\n^ \"No. 25169\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5166.\n\n^ \"No. 31597\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 1919. p. 12651.\n\n^ \"No. 26871\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3819.\n\n^ \"No. 30263\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 August 1917. p. 9101.\n\n^ \"No. 30848\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 August 1918. p. 9649.\n\n^ Burke's Peerage. 1959.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"XVII – Transvaal (West)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/southafricatrans07cres#page/185/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HokUAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85052-696-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-696-7"},{"link_name":"The kaleidoscopic Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/kaleidoscopictra00jeppiala#page/243/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1458886484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1458886484"},{"link_name":"General Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/generalbotha00spenuoft#page/84/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B009S1VFBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B009S1VFBU"},{"link_name":"British commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/britishcommander00wdhoiala#page/n13"}],"text":"Creswicke, Louis (1900). \"XVII – Transvaal (West)\". South Africa and the Transvaal war. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack.\nHeathcote, T. A. (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.\nJeppe, Carl (1906). The kaleidoscopic Transvaal. Cape Town: J. C. Juta and co. ISBN 978-1458886484.\nSpender, Harold (1919). General Botha. London: Constable. ASIN B009S1VFBU.\nBritish commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900. Bristol: W. D. & H. O. Wills. 1900.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Methuen and the British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kRjryHqRiygC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7146-4904-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4904-X"},{"link_name":"With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48534"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Miller, Stephen M. (1999). Lord Methuen and the British Army. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4904-X.\nWilson, Herbert Wrigley (1901). With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900. Harmsworth Brothers.\nMethuen (3rd Baron Methuen), Paul Sandford (1886). With Methuen's Irregular Horse in Bechuanaland. By One of the Force. W.H. Allen & Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen.png/175px-Paul_Methuen%2C_3rd_Baron_Methuen.png"},{"image_text":"Field Marshal Lord Methuen by Leslie Ward.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lord_Methuen.png/200px-Lord_Methuen.png"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Magersfontein, at which Methuen suffered a serious defeat, during the Second Boer War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Battle_of_Magersfontein_USLoC.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Magersfontein_USLoC.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Methuen_Escutcheon.png/200px-Methuen_Escutcheon.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Methuen, Paul Sanford\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35003","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/35003"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22914\". The London Gazette. 22 November 1864. p. 5606.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22914/page/5606","url_text":"\"No. 22914\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23336\". The London Gazette. 24 December 1867. p. 7008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23336/page/7008","url_text":"\"No. 23336\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24353\". The London Gazette. 11 August 1876. p. 4479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24353/page/4479","url_text":"\"No. 24353\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24943\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1881. p. 920.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24943/page/920","url_text":"\"No. 24943\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24999\". The London Gazette. 26 July 1881. p. 3676.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24999/page/3676","url_text":"\"No. 24999\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25134\". The London Gazette. 1 August 1882. p. 3581.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25134/page/3581","url_text":"\"No. 25134\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25168\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5108.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5108","url_text":"\"No. 25168\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25168\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5107.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5107","url_text":"\"No. 25168\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26057\". The London Gazette. 30 May 1890. p. 3072.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26057/page/3072","url_text":"\"No. 26057\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26268\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1892. p. 1514.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26268/page/1514","url_text":"\"No. 26268\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26958\". The London Gazette. 19 April 1898. p. 2439.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26958/page/2439","url_text":"\"No. 26958\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27126\". The London Gazette. 13 October 1899. p. 6179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27126/page/6179","url_text":"\"No. 27126\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Army in SA - Arrival Home of Lord Methuen\". The Times. No. 36816. London. 10 July 1902. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27459\". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. pp. 4835–4836.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27459/page/4835","url_text":"\"No. 27459\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27306\". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2695.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27306/page/2695","url_text":"\"No. 27306\""}]},{"reference":"\"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36908. London. 25 October 1902. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27490\". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27490/page/6897","url_text":"\"No. 27490\""}]},{"reference":"\"Court Circular\". The Times. No. 36955. London. 19 December 1902. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27672\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 May 1904. p. 2837.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27672/supplement/2837","url_text":"\"No. 27672\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27680\". The London Gazette. 27 May 1904. p. 3413.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27680/page/3413","url_text":"\"No. 27680\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27684\". The London Gazette. 10 June 1904. p. 3711.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27684/page/3711","url_text":"\"No. 27684\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27822\". The London Gazette. 28 July 1905. p. 5223.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27822/page/5223","url_text":"\"No. 27822\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27830\". The London Gazette. 25 August 1905. p. 5838.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27830/page/5838","url_text":"\"No. 27830\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28127\". The London Gazette. 10 April 1908. p. 2756.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28127/page/2756","url_text":"\"No. 28127\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28326\". The London Gazette. 7 January 1910. p. 143.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28326/page/143","url_text":"\"No. 28326\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28505\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1911. p. 4597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28505/supplement/4597","url_text":"\"No. 28505\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32515\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1921. p. 8942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32515/page/8942","url_text":"\"No. 32515\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\". National Portrait Gallery, London. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04384/","url_text":"\"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25169\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25169/page/5166","url_text":"\"No. 25169\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31597\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 October 1919. p. 12651.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31597/supplement/12651","url_text":"\"No. 31597\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26871\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3819.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26871/page/3819","url_text":"\"No. 26871\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30263\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 August 1917. p. 9101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30263/supplement/9101","url_text":"\"No. 30263\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30848\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 August 1918. p. 9649.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30848/supplement/9649","url_text":"\"No. 30848\""}]},{"reference":"Burke's Peerage. 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Creswicke, Louis (1900). \"XVII – Transvaal (West)\". South Africa and the Transvaal war. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/southafricatrans07cres#page/185/mode/1up","url_text":"\"XVII – Transvaal (West)\""}]},{"reference":"Heathcote, T. A. (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HokUAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-696-7","url_text":"978-0-85052-696-7"}]},{"reference":"Jeppe, Carl (1906). The kaleidoscopic Transvaal. Cape Town: J. C. Juta and co. ISBN 978-1458886484.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/kaleidoscopictra00jeppiala#page/243/mode/1up","url_text":"The kaleidoscopic Transvaal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1458886484","url_text":"978-1458886484"}]},{"reference":"Spender, Harold (1919). General Botha. London: Constable. ASIN B009S1VFBU.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/generalbotha00spenuoft#page/84/mode/2up","url_text":"General Botha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B009S1VFBU","url_text":"B009S1VFBU"}]},{"reference":"British commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900. Bristol: W. D. & H. O. Wills. 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/britishcommander00wdhoiala#page/n13","url_text":"British commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stephen M. (1999). Lord Methuen and the British Army. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4904-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kRjryHqRiygC","url_text":"Lord Methuen and the British Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4904-X","url_text":"0-7146-4904-X"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1901). With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900. Harmsworth Brothers.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48534","url_text":"With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900"}]},{"reference":"Methuen (3rd Baron Methuen), Paul Sandford (1886). With Methuen's Irregular Horse in Bechuanaland. By One of the Force. W.H. Allen & Company.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35003","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/35003"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22914/page/5606","external_links_name":"\"No. 22914\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23336/page/7008","external_links_name":"\"No. 23336\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24353/page/4479","external_links_name":"\"No. 24353\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24943/page/920","external_links_name":"\"No. 24943\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24999/page/3676","external_links_name":"\"No. 24999\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25134/page/3581","external_links_name":"\"No. 25134\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5108","external_links_name":"\"No. 25168\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5107","external_links_name":"\"No. 25168\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26057/page/3072","external_links_name":"\"No. 26057\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26268/page/1514","external_links_name":"\"No. 26268\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26958/page/2439","external_links_name":"\"No. 26958\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27126/page/6179","external_links_name":"\"No. 27126\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27459/page/4835","external_links_name":"\"No. 27459\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27306/page/2695","external_links_name":"\"No. 27306\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27490/page/6897","external_links_name":"\"No. 27490\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27672/supplement/2837","external_links_name":"\"No. 27672\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27680/page/3413","external_links_name":"\"No. 27680\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27684/page/3711","external_links_name":"\"No. 27684\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27822/page/5223","external_links_name":"\"No. 27822\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27830/page/5838","external_links_name":"\"No. 27830\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28127/page/2756","external_links_name":"\"No. 28127\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28326/page/143","external_links_name":"\"No. 28326\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28505/supplement/4597","external_links_name":"\"No. 28505\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32515/page/8942","external_links_name":"\"No. 32515\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04384/","external_links_name":"\"Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25169/page/5166","external_links_name":"\"No. 25169\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31597/supplement/12651","external_links_name":"\"No. 31597\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26871/page/3819","external_links_name":"\"No. 26871\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30263/supplement/9101","external_links_name":"\"No. 30263\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30848/supplement/9649","external_links_name":"\"No. 30848\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/southafricatrans07cres#page/185/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"XVII – Transvaal (West)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HokUAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The British Field Marshals, 1763–1997: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/kaleidoscopictra00jeppiala#page/243/mode/1up","external_links_name":"The kaleidoscopic Transvaal"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/generalbotha00spenuoft#page/84/mode/2up","external_links_name":"General Botha"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B009S1VFBU","external_links_name":"B009S1VFBU"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/britishcommander00wdhoiala#page/n13","external_links_name":"British commanders in the Transvaal War, 1899–1900"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kRjryHqRiygC","external_links_name":"Lord Methuen and the British Army"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48534","external_links_name":"With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899-1900"},{"Link":"http://www.scottsboro.org/~piercedc/lordpaulsanfordmethuen.html","external_links_name":"A biography at Scottsboro"},{"Link":"http://www.griffioen-grafiek.nl/expositiesbw3.htm","external_links_name":"Boer War cartoons"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/416992/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037299588","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9160137","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449792t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449792t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1074004027","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007432731705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98040793","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p183766881","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/140152741","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de%27_Medici
|
Eleanor de' Medici
|
["1 Early life","2 Duchess of Mantua","2.1 Wedding and Celebrations","2.2 Duchess consort of Mantua","2.3 Death and funeral","3 Ancestry","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]
|
Duchess of Mantua
Eleanor de' MediciDuchess consort of Mantua and MontferratTenure14 August 1587 – 9 September 1611Born28 February 1567Florence, Republic of Florence (now in Italy)Died9 September 1611(1611-09-09) (aged 44)Cavriana, Duchy of Mantua (now in Italy)SpouseVincenzo I GonzagaIssueFrancesco IV, Duke of MantuaFerdinando I, Duke of MantuaMargherita, Duchess of LorraineVincenzo II, Duke of MantuaEleonora, Holy Roman EmpressNamesEleonora di Francesco de' MediciHouseMediciFatherFrancesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of TuscanyMotherJoanna of Austria
Eleanor de' Medici (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611) was a Duchess of Mantua by marriage to Vincenzo I Gonzaga. She served as regent of Mantua 1595, 1597 and 1601, when Vincenzo served in the Austrian campaign in Hungary, and in 1602, when he left for Flanders for medical treatment. She was a daughter of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria and the sister of Marie de' Medici, Queen of France.
Early life
Eleanor, born Eleonora, was born in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, on 28 February 1567, as the eldest child of Francesco I de' Medici and his first wife Archduchess Joanna. Her baptism took place the same year and was attended by Cardinal Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte an adoptive nephew of Pope Julius III. Cardinal Spinello de' Benci performed the ceremony on behalf of Pope Pius V. The baptism was celebrated also with hunting excursions and parties.
It was at first believed Eleanor would marry Francis, Duke of Anjou, son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. In 1570 it was feared Eleanor had contracted smallpox but this was not the case, she had only a fever from which she recovered. Her parents and grandfather Cosimo sent her flasks of holy water as she recovered from her illness.
In 1574 when Eleanor was seven years of age, her grandfather Cosimo died so her father became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1578, when Eleanor was eleven her mother died, and her father later married Bianca Cappello. Medici was one of seven children; one of her sisters, Marie de' Medici became queen of France and was the mother of Louis XIII of France. Another sister, Anna, died at the age of 14; Eleanor wrote to her father on behalf of the dying Anna, who wished to see her father, but Anna died the same day. The rest of Eleanor and Marie's siblings also died during childhood.
Duchess of Mantua
Wedding and Celebrations
Marriage of Eleanor de' Medici and Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga
Medici married Vincenzo I Gonzaga on 29 April 1584, as his second wife after he divorced Margherita Farnese. Celebrations for the signing of the marriage contract on 4 April 1584 took place in Mantua, including bells ringing and fireworks being set off. Eight days after the celebrations, the couple traveled to Florence to meet Eleanor's father Grand Duke Francesco and her stepmother Bianca Cappello. At this point Vincenzo kept a portrait of Eleanor by his bed. On 10 April, Francesco sent a letter to Philip II of Spain asking for permission for Eleanor and Vincenzo to be married, although Francesco also wished for proof of his son-in-law's fertility before concluding marriage negotiations.
On 3 May 1584, Eleanor arrived in Mantua. After arriving by boat, Eleanor disembarked at Miglioretto (the shores of the Mincio river immediately downstream from Mantua) and was accompanied to Palazzo Te by Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, her husband Vincenzo, and many noblemen and women from Piacenza, Parma, and Mantua. After resting at Palazzo Te, Eleanor changed into a jewelled silver-brocade dress and made her entry into the city to salvos of arquebuses and artillery while riding in a semi-covered gilded carriage pulled by four white horses and accompanied by the Mantuan military, mounted arquebusiers, light cavalry, noblemen and women in carriages. After arriving at the Castello di San Giorgio she proceeded to the palatine church of Santa Barbara and the Ducal Palace where she was greeted at the foot of the stairs by Duke and Duchess of Mantua, Guglielmo Gonzaga and Eleanor of Austria. After a meal she was accompanied by Cardinals Gianfrancesco Gambara and Giovanni Vincenzo Gonzaga di Guastalla by boat to Palazzo Te, where she was visited by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Duke of Parma.
Duchess consort of Mantua
Eleanor initially had several portraits commissioned to be made of her deceased mother Joanna as well as her deceased siblings Anna and Filippo, but was unhappy with the length of time taken to paint the portraits. On 7 May 1586, Eleanor gave birth to her first child, a son named Francesco; during the pregnancy her father sent her a present of some plums. The following year, Eleanor's father-in-law Guglielmo died, Vincenzo becoming Duke of Mantua whilst Eleanor served as his Duchess consort. The same year, she gave birth to a second son, Ferdinando, after a difficult pregnancy. In the following years, Eleanor had further children: firstly a son, Guglielmo Domenico in 1589, who died young, then in 1591 a daughter, Margherita, who married Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, followed by a son, Vincenzo in 1594, who succeeded his older brothers. She then suffered a miscarriage in 1596, four months into pregnancy, and in 1598 she gave birth to a second daughter, also named Eleanor, who married Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
In October 1600, Eleanor attended the wedding of her sister Marie to Henry IV of France. In 1601, Queen Marie gave birth to her first child and son, the future Louis XIII of France; Marie made her sister Eleanor the godmother of the child.
In 1602, Vincenzo traveled to Flanders in search of medical treatment, leaving Eleanor in control of the duchy. She sent the news of her post to Ferdinando I de' Medici, in a letter also containing a list of men condemned to the galleys.
During the winter of 1603–1604, Galileo visited the Mantuan court in an effort to obtain a position there, and was offered a salary, but could not agree on the terms with Vincenzo, who instead presented Galileo with a gold chain and two silver dishes. In 1606, Eleanor accompanied her daughter Margherita to Lorraine for her marriage to Duke Henry.
Death and funeral
Eleanor fell ill in the first quarter of 1611 with a prolonged illness, but seemed to recover by April. She retired for two months to the Palazzo di Porto in Porto Mantovano, "one mile from the city and beautiful for its gardens and fresh water." With the arrival of hotter weather, Eleanor moved north to the hill-top fortified villa at Cavriana. There, on the day after the Feast of the Birth of the Virgin, her health rapidly declined and died on 9 September 1611, aged forty four. At the time of her death, her husband Duke Vincenzo was in Casale Monferrato; he outlived her by only one year, dying in 1612.
After her death, Eleanor's body was placed in a "lead casket" (which in turn was placed inside a wooden casket sealed with pitch and draped with a black velvet cloth), and accompanied by "numerous priests from the outlying towns" to the parish church of Cavriana, where she lay in state for two days. Next her body was transported to Mantua on a "cart draped with black fabric" and pulled by six horses caparisoned in black and accompanied by twelve "priests on horseback" and twelve "foot attendants bearing burning torches" and followed by twelve carriages carrying members of the Gonzaga family and twelve carts, also covered in black. Eleanor's body was then taken to the Corte Vecchia where her body was deposited to await the return of Vincenzo.
When Duke Vincenzo returned to Mantua on 3 October 1611, plans were made for Eleanor's funeral to be held on the Feast of Saint Francesco (it was then delayed by a few days so that preparations in Sant'Andrea could be finished). During this interim period, her body was placed upon a "beautiful catafalque resplendant with many candles" that had been specially constructed in the aforementioned oratory and accompanied by priests from Santa Barbara and tertiary nuns from the city's major churches. The funerary functions were performed by the Bishop of Casale, since the bishop of Mantua, Annibale ("Francesco") Gonzaga di Bozzolo, was ill. The procession on foot that accompanied Eleanor's body from the oratory in the Corte Vecchia to Sant'Andrea was led by the "gonfalone" of the principal church and followed in order by members of the city's various civic and religious institutions, including: the misericordia, the city's various hospitals, schools, and churches (including the abbots of each).
Ancestry
Ancestors of Eleanor de' Medici 8. Giovanni dalle Bande Nere 4. Cosimo I de' Medici 9. Maria Salviati 2. Francesco I de' Medici 10. Pedro Álvarez de Toledo 5. Eleonora of Toledo 11. Maria Osorio 1. Eleanor de' Medici 12. Philip I of Castile 6. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 13. Joanna of Castile 3. Joanna of Austria 14. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary 7. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 15. Anna of Foix-Candale
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eleonora de' Medici.
Descendants of Cosimo I de Medici
Marie de' Medici
House of Medici
The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity
References
^ Carter & Goldthwaite 2013, p. 22.
^ Cornelison 2012, p. 121.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ Yan, Wang (3 August 2007). "Murder-riddle Medici princess found". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
^ Mari, Francesco; Polettini, Aldo; Lippi, Donatella; Polettini, Elisabetta Bertol (17 June 2006). "The mysterious death of Francesco I de' Medici and Bianca Cappello: an arsenic murder?" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 333 (7582): 1299–301. doi:10.1136/bmj.38996.682234.AE. PMC 1761188. PMID 17185715. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ John Cardinal (10 March 2007). "Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duca di Mantova". thePeerage.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
^ G.F.영 <메디치 가문 이야기> 현대지성 2020.7.9, p627
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ James, Ralph N. (1897). Painters and Their Works. University of Michigan. p. 421. ASIN B000Z6GQ0C.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
^ Pellizzer, Sonia (1993). "ELEONORA de' Medici, duchessa di Mantova". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 42.
^ "Vincenzo I Gonzaga". The Medici Archive Project. September 2001. Archived from the original on 15 March 2002. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
^ "Bia - The Medici Archive Project". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
^ a b c d "The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2006.
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 6. p. 290 – via Wikisource.
^ a b Cesati, Franco (1999). Medici. Firenze: La Mandragora. p. 75. ISBN 88-85957-36-6.
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ a b Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). Dracula. Brill. p. 204.
Sources
Cornelison, Sally J. (2012). Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence. Ashgate Publishing.
Carter, Tim; Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2013). Orpheus in the Marketplace: Jacopo Peri and the Economy of Late Renaissance Florence. Harvard University Press.
vteTuscan princesses by birth1st generation
Princess Maria
Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano
Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara
Virginia, Duchess of Modena^
2nd generation
Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua
Princess Anna
Marie, Queen of France
Princess Maria Maddalena
Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria
3rd generation
Princess Maria Cristina
Margherita, Duchess of Parma
Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria
Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat
4th generation
none
5th generation
Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
6th generation
none
7th generation
Princess Maria Anna*
Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen*
Princess Maria Elisabeth*
Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma*
Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela*
Princess Maria Josepha*
Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily*
Maria Antonia, Queen of France*
8th generation
Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony*
Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria*
9th generation
Princess Maria Luisa*
Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia*
10th generation
Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria*
Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani*
Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen*
11th generation
Princess Maria Antonietta*
Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony*
Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria*
Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha*
12th generation
Helena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg*
Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg*
Princess Dolores*
Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri*
Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio*
Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez*
* also an archduchess of Austria^did not have a royal or noble birth
vteDuchesses of Mantua
Margaret Paleologa (1531–40)
Archduchess Catherine of Austria (1549–50)
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1561–87)
Eleanor de' Medici (1587–1611)
Princess Margaret of Savoy (1612)
Catherine de' Medici (1617–26)
Isabella Gonzaga (1626–27)
Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria (1649–65)
Anna Isabella Gonzaga (1670–1703)
Suzanne Henriette of Lorraine (1704–08)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
3
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
2
Artists
RKD Artists
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchess of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mantuan_consorts"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo I Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_I_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Francesco I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_France"}],"text":"Duchess of MantuaEleanor de' Medici (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611) was a Duchess of Mantua by marriage to Vincenzo I Gonzaga. She served as regent of Mantua 1595, 1597 and 1601, when Vincenzo served in the Austrian campaign in Hungary, and in 1602, when he left for Flanders for medical treatment. She was a daughter of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria and the sister of Marie de' Medici, Queen of France.","title":"Eleanor de' Medici"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterGoldthwaite201322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelison2012121-2"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenzo_Ciocchi_Del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Spinello de' Benci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinello_de%27_Benci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Francis, Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bianca Cappello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Cappello"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1569%E2%80%931584)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Eleanor, born Eleonora, was born in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, on 28 February 1567, as the eldest child of Francesco I de' Medici and his first wife Archduchess Joanna.[1][2] Her baptism took place the same year and was attended by Cardinal Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte an adoptive nephew of Pope Julius III.[3] Cardinal Spinello de' Benci performed the ceremony on behalf of Pope Pius V.[4] The baptism was celebrated also with hunting excursions and parties.[5]It was at first believed Eleanor would marry Francis, Duke of Anjou,[6] son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. In 1570 it was feared Eleanor had contracted smallpox but this was not the case, she had only a fever from which she recovered.[7][8] Her parents and grandfather Cosimo sent her flasks of holy water as she recovered from her illness.[9]In 1574 when Eleanor was seven years of age, her grandfather Cosimo died so her father became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1578, when Eleanor was eleven her mother died,[10] and her father later married Bianca Cappello.[11] Medici was one of seven children; one of her sisters, Marie de' Medici became queen of France and was the mother of Louis XIII of France. Another sister, Anna, died at the age of 14; Eleanor wrote to her father on behalf of the dying Anna, who wished to see her father, but Anna died the same day.[12] The rest of Eleanor and Marie's siblings also died during childhood.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duchess of Mantua"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matrimonio_di_Eleonora_de_Medici_e_Vincenzo_Gonzaga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo I Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_I_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo I Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_I_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Margherita Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Farnese"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Miglioretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miglioretto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Gianfrancesco Gambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Gambara"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Wedding and Celebrations","text":"Marriage of Eleanor de' Medici and Duke Vincenzo I GonzagaMedici married Vincenzo I Gonzaga on 29 April 1584,[13][14] as his second wife after he divorced Margherita Farnese. Celebrations for the signing of the marriage contract on 4 April 1584 took place in Mantua, including bells ringing and fireworks being set off. Eight days after the celebrations, the couple traveled to Florence to meet Eleanor's father Grand Duke Francesco and her stepmother Bianca Cappello. At this point Vincenzo kept a portrait of Eleanor by his bed.[15] On 10 April, Francesco sent a letter to Philip II of Spain asking for permission for Eleanor and Vincenzo to be married,[16] although Francesco also wished for proof of his son-in-law's fertility before concluding marriage negotiations.[17]On 3 May 1584, Eleanor arrived in Mantua. After arriving by boat, Eleanor disembarked at Miglioretto (the shores of the Mincio river immediately downstream from Mantua) and was accompanied to Palazzo Te by Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, her husband Vincenzo, and many noblemen and women from Piacenza, Parma, and Mantua. After resting at Palazzo Te, Eleanor changed into a jewelled silver-brocade dress and made her entry into the city to salvos of arquebuses and artillery while riding in a semi-covered gilded carriage pulled by four white horses and accompanied by the Mantuan military, mounted arquebusiers, light cavalry, noblemen and women in carriages. After arriving at the Castello di San Giorgio she proceeded to the palatine church of Santa Barbara and the Ducal Palace where she was greeted at the foot of the stairs by Duke and Duchess of Mantua, Guglielmo Gonzaga and Eleanor of Austria. After a meal she was accompanied by Cardinals Gianfrancesco Gambara and Giovanni Vincenzo Gonzaga di Guastalla by boat to Palazzo Te, where she was visited by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Duke of Parma.[18]","title":"Duchess of Mantua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Francesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_IV_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"plums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Margherita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Gonzaga,_Duchess_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Henry II, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"godmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Duchess consort of Mantua","text":"Eleanor initially had several portraits commissioned to be made of her deceased mother Joanna as well as her deceased siblings Anna and Filippo, but was unhappy with the length of time taken to paint the portraits.[19] On 7 May 1586, Eleanor gave birth to her first child, a son named Francesco; during the pregnancy her father sent her a present of some plums.[20] The following year, Eleanor's father-in-law Guglielmo died, Vincenzo becoming Duke of Mantua whilst Eleanor served as his Duchess consort. The same year, she gave birth to a second son, Ferdinando, after a difficult pregnancy.[21] In the following years, Eleanor had further children: firstly a son, Guglielmo Domenico in 1589, who died young, then in 1591 a daughter, Margherita, who married Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, followed by a son, Vincenzo in 1594, who succeeded his older brothers. She then suffered a miscarriage in 1596, four months into pregnancy,[22] and in 1598 she gave birth to a second daughter, also named Eleanor, who married Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.In October 1600, Eleanor attended the wedding of her sister Marie to Henry IV of France. In 1601, Queen Marie gave birth to her first child and son, the future Louis XIII of France; Marie made her sister Eleanor the godmother of the child.[23]In 1602, Vincenzo traveled to Flanders in search of medical treatment, leaving Eleanor in control of the duchy.[24] She sent the news of her post to Ferdinando I de' Medici, in a letter also containing a list of men condemned to the galleys.[25]\nDuring the winter of 1603–1604, Galileo visited the Mantuan court in an effort to obtain a position there, and was offered a salary, but could not agree on the terms with Vincenzo, who instead presented Galileo with a gold chain and two silver dishes. In 1606, Eleanor accompanied her daughter Margherita to Lorraine for her marriage to Duke Henry.[26]","title":"Duchess of Mantua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Porto Mantovano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Mantovano"},{"link_name":"Cavriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavriana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Casale Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casale_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sant'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Andrea,_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Casale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Casale"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Death and funeral","text":"Eleanor fell ill in the first quarter of 1611 with a prolonged illness, but seemed to recover by April.[27] She retired for two months to the Palazzo di Porto in Porto Mantovano, \"one mile from the city and beautiful for its gardens and fresh water.\" With the arrival of hotter weather, Eleanor moved north to the hill-top fortified villa at Cavriana. There, on the day after the Feast of the Birth of the Virgin, her health rapidly declined and died on 9 September 1611, aged forty four.[28] At the time of her death, her husband Duke Vincenzo was in Casale Monferrato; he outlived her by only one year, dying in 1612.[29]After her death, Eleanor's body was placed in a \"lead casket\" (which in turn was placed inside a wooden casket sealed with pitch and draped with a black velvet cloth), and accompanied by \"numerous priests from the outlying towns\" to the parish church of Cavriana, where she lay in state for two days. Next her body was transported to Mantua on a \"cart draped with black fabric\" and pulled by six horses caparisoned in black and accompanied by twelve \"priests on horseback\" and twelve \"foot attendants bearing burning torches\" and followed by twelve carriages carrying members of the Gonzaga family and twelve carts, also covered in black. Eleanor's body was then taken to the Corte Vecchia where her body was deposited to await the return of Vincenzo. [citation needed]When Duke Vincenzo returned to Mantua on 3 October 1611, plans were made for Eleanor's funeral to be held on the Feast of Saint Francesco (it was then delayed by a few days so that preparations in Sant'Andrea could be finished). During this interim period, her body was placed upon a \"beautiful catafalque resplendant with many candles\" that had been specially constructed in the aforementioned oratory and accompanied by priests from Santa Barbara and tertiary nuns from the city's major churches. The funerary functions were performed by the Bishop of Casale, since the bishop of Mantua, Annibale (\"Francesco\") Gonzaga di Bozzolo, was ill. The procession on foot that accompanied Eleanor's body from the oratory in the Corte Vecchia to Sant'Andrea was led by the \"gonfalone\" of the principal church and followed in order by members of the city's various civic and religious institutions, including: the misericordia, the city's various hospitals, schools, and churches (including the abbots of each).[30]","title":"Duchess of Mantua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni dalle Bande Nere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_dalle_Bande_Nere"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medici-31"},{"link_name":"Cosimo I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medici-31"},{"link_name":"Maria Salviati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Salviati"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medici-31"},{"link_name":"Francesco I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Pedro Álvarez de Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesati-33"},{"link_name":"Eleonora of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medici-31"},{"link_name":"Maria Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Osorio"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesati-33"},{"link_name":"Philip I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-34"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Johanna-32"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-Joanna-34"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazacu-35"},{"link_name":"Anna of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Johanna-32"},{"link_name":"Anna of Foix-Candale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Foix-Candale"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazacu-35"}],"text":"Ancestors of Eleanor de' Medici 8. Giovanni dalle Bande Nere[31] 4. Cosimo I de' Medici[31] 9. Maria Salviati[31] 2. Francesco I de' Medici 10. Pedro Álvarez de Toledo[33] 5. Eleonora of Toledo[31] 11. Maria Osorio[33] 1. Eleanor de' Medici 12. Philip I of Castile[34] 6. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[32] 13. Joanna of Castile[34] 3. Joanna of Austria 14. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary[35] 7. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary[32] 15. Anna of Foix-Candale[35]","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tuscan_princesses"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tuscan_princesses"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuscan_princesses"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de%27_Medici_(1540%E2%80%931557)"},{"link_name":"Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_de%27_Medici,_Duchess_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Virginia, Duchess of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Princess Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1569%E2%80%931584)"},{"link_name":"Marie, Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Maddalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Maddalena_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Cristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Margherita, Duchess of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici,_Governor_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Josepha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonia, Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)"},{"link_name":"Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Luisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Antonietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)"},{"link_name":"Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)"},{"link_name":"Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Helena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ducal_consorts_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ducal_consorts_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ducal_consorts_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Duchesses of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mantuan_consorts"},{"link_name":"Margaret Paleologa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Paleologa"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Catherine of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Eleanor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici,_Governor_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Isabella Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_Clara_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Anna Isabella Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Isabella_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Henriette of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Henriette_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1991420#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1649643/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000078214448"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/815020"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/208966614"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/307202265"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4qcjGbbk9ymtyyv9FKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119125552"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV474591"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006056499"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p291480748"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810606312505606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/180083"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/154950"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/445159"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eleonora-de-medici-duchessa-di-mantova_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119125552.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dp4qw9"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/093595263"}],"text":"Cornelison, Sally J. (2012). Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence. Ashgate Publishing.\nCarter, Tim; Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2013). Orpheus in the Marketplace: Jacopo Peri and the Economy of Late Renaissance Florence. Harvard University Press.vteTuscan princesses by birth1st generation\nPrincess Maria\nIsabella, Duchess of Bracciano\nLucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara\nVirginia, Duchess of Modena^\n2nd generation\nEleonora, Duchess of Mantua\nPrincess Anna\nMarie, Queen of France\nPrincess Maria Maddalena\nClaudia, Archduchess of Further Austria\n3rd generation\nPrincess Maria Cristina\nMargherita, Duchess of Parma\nAnna, Archduchess of Further Austria\nCatherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat\n4th generation\nnone\n5th generation\nAnna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine\n6th generation\nnone\n7th generation\nPrincess Maria Anna*\nMaria Christina, Duchess of Teschen*\nPrincess Maria Elisabeth*\nMaria Amalia, Duchess of Parma*\nPrincess Maria Johanna Gabriela*\nPrincess Maria Josepha*\nMaria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily*\nMaria Antonia, Queen of France*\n8th generation\nMaria Theresia, Queen of Saxony*\nMaria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria*\n9th generation\nPrincess Maria Luisa*\nMaria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia*\n10th generation\nAuguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria*\nMaria Isabella, Countess of Trapani*\nMaria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen*\n11th generation\nPrincess Maria Antonietta*\nLouise, Crown Princess of Saxony*\nMaria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria*\nKaroline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha*\n12th generation\nHelena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg*\nRosa, Duchess of Württemberg*\nPrincess Dolores*\nMaria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri*\nMargarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio*\nPrincess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez*\n* also an archduchess of Austria^did not have a royal or noble birthvteDuchesses of Mantua\nMargaret Paleologa (1531–40)\nArchduchess Catherine of Austria (1549–50)\nArchduchess Eleanor of Austria (1561–87)\nEleanor de' Medici (1587–1611)\nPrincess Margaret of Savoy (1612)\nCatherine de' Medici (1617–26)\nIsabella Gonzaga (1626–27)\nArchduchess Isabella Clara of Austria (1649–65)\nAnna Isabella Gonzaga (1670–1703)\nSuzanne Henriette of Lorraine (1704–08)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\n3\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nItaly\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\n2\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Marriage of Eleanor de' Medici and Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Matrimonio_di_Eleonora_de_Medici_e_Vincenzo_Gonzaga.jpg/220px-Matrimonio_di_Eleonora_de_Medici_e_Vincenzo_Gonzaga.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Eleonora de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_de%27_Medici"},{"title":"Descendants of Cosimo I de Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Cosimo_I_de_Medici"},{"title":"Marie de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"title":"House of Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici"},{"title":"The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gonzaga_Family_in_Adoration_of_the_Holy_Trinity"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015446/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22199&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22199&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013125/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22214&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22214&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013933/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21576&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21576&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015349/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5071&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5071&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031341/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15582&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15582&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015504/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15585&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15585&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015502/http://documents.medici.org/document_search_results.cfm?orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday&is_search=1&result_id=10","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_search_results.cfm?orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday&is_search=1&result_id=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yan, Wang (3 August 2007). \"Murder-riddle Medici princess found\". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102123029/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/03/content_6469505.htm","url_text":"\"Murder-riddle Medici princess found\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/03/content_6469505.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mari, Francesco; Polettini, Aldo; Lippi, Donatella; Polettini, Elisabetta Bertol (17 June 2006). \"The mysterious death of Francesco I de' Medici and Bianca Cappello: an arsenic murder?\" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 333 (7582): 1299–301. doi:10.1136/bmj.38996.682234.AE. PMC 1761188. PMID 17185715. Retrieved 27 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/333/7582/1299.pdf","url_text":"\"The mysterious death of Francesco I de' Medici and Bianca Cappello: an arsenic murder?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal","url_text":"British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38996.682234.AE","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.38996.682234.AE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761188","url_text":"1761188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17185715","url_text":"17185715"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031354/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21770&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21770&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Cardinal (10 March 2007). \"Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duca di Mantova\". thePeerage.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p11205.htm#i112050","url_text":"\"Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duca di Mantova\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043752/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4400&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4400&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015457/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16078&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16078&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122556/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16148&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16148&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213023719/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5839&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5839&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015630/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4525&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4525&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122401/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4514&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4514&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015502/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16389&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=60","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16389&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=60","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201549/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4968&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=130","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4968&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=130","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James, Ralph N. (1897). Painters and Their Works. University of Michigan. p. 421. ASIN B000Z6GQ0C.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LoSQhHjfwpoC","url_text":"Painters and Their Works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000Z6GQ0C","url_text":"B000Z6GQ0C"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222542/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5011&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5011&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060233/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16223&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16223&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060200/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5058&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=190","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5058&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=190","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031346/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5204&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5204&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pellizzer, Sonia (1993). \"ELEONORA de' Medici, duchessa di Mantova\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eleonora-de-medici-duchessa-di-mantova_(Dizionario-Biografico)","url_text":"\"ELEONORA de' Medici, duchessa di Mantova\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vincenzo I Gonzaga\". The Medici Archive Project. September 2001. Archived from the original on 15 March 2002. Retrieved 30 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020315084502/http://www.medici.org/news/dom/dom092001.html","url_text":"\"Vincenzo I Gonzaga\""},{"url":"http://www.medici.org/news/dom/dom092001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015441/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5209&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","url_text":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5209&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project\" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060115213538/http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf","url_text":"\"The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project\""},{"url":"http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). \"Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)\" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 290 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach","url_text":"Wurzbach, Constantin von"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Johanna_von_Oesterreich_(Tochter_des_Kaisers_Ferdinand_I.)","url_text":"\"Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich","url_text":"Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Cesati, Franco (1999). Medici. Firenze: La Mandragora. p. 75. ISBN 88-85957-36-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75","url_text":"Medici"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75","url_text":"75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85957-36-6","url_text":"88-85957-36-6"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Joanna\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna","url_text":"\"Joanna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). Dracula. Brill. p. 204.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cornelison, Sally J. (2012). Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence. Ashgate Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carter, Tim; Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2013). Orpheus in the Marketplace: Jacopo Peri and the Economy of Late Renaissance Florence. Harvard University Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015446/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22199&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22199&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013125/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22214&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=22214&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013933/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21576&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21576&returnstr=orderby=SendName@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015349/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5071&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5071&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031341/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15582&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15582&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015504/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15585&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=15585&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015502/http://documents.medici.org/document_search_results.cfm?orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday&is_search=1&result_id=10","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_search_results.cfm?orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday&is_search=1&result_id=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102123029/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/03/content_6469505.htm","external_links_name":"\"Murder-riddle Medici princess found\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/03/content_6469505.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/333/7582/1299.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The mysterious death of Francesco I de' Medici and Bianca Cappello: an arsenic murder?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38996.682234.AE","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.38996.682234.AE"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761188","external_links_name":"1761188"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17185715","external_links_name":"17185715"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031354/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21770&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=21770&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p11205.htm#i112050","external_links_name":"\"Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duca di Mantova\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043752/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4400&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4400&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015457/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16078&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16078&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122556/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16148&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16148&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213023719/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5839&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5839&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015630/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4525&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4525&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122401/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4514&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4514&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=50","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015502/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16389&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=60","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16389&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=60","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201549/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4968&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=130","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=4968&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=130","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LoSQhHjfwpoC","external_links_name":"Painters and Their Works"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000Z6GQ0C","external_links_name":"B000Z6GQ0C"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222542/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5011&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5011&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060233/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16223&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=16223&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=170","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060200/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5058&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=190","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5058&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=190","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031346/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5204&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5204&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eleonora-de-medici-duchessa-di-mantova_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"\"ELEONORA de' Medici, duchessa di Mantova\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020315084502/http://www.medici.org/news/dom/dom092001.html","external_links_name":"\"Vincenzo I Gonzaga\""},{"Link":"http://www.medici.org/news/dom/dom092001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015441/http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5209&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","external_links_name":"\"Bia - The Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://documents.medici.org/document_details.cfm?entryid=5209&returnstr=orderby=yearmodern,docmonthnum,docday@is_search=1@result_id=230","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060115213538/http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Johanna_von_Oesterreich_(Tochter_des_Kaisers_Ferdinand_I.)","external_links_name":"\"Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75","external_links_name":"Medici"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imedicistoriadiu0000cesa/page/75","external_links_name":"75"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna","external_links_name":"\"Joanna\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1649643/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078214448","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/815020","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/208966614","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/307202265","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4qcjGbbk9ymtyyv9FKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119125552","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV474591","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006056499","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p291480748","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810606312505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/180083","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/154950","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/445159","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eleonora-de-medici-duchessa-di-mantova_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119125552.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dp4qw9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/093595263","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eric_Sidney_Thompson
|
J. Eric S. Thompson
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Education","1.3 Early career","1.4 Field work","1.5 Professional career","1.6 Post-professional life","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
|
English Mesoamerican archaeologist (1898–1975)
For other persons named Eric Thompson, see Eric Thompson (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "J. Eric S. Thompson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sir J. Eric S. Thompson
Sir John Eric Sidney Thompson KBE (31 December 1898 – 9 September 1975) was a leading English Mesoamerican archaeologist, ethnohistorian, and epigrapher. While working in the United States, he dominated Maya studies and particularly the study of the Maya script until well into the 1960s.
Biography
Early life
Thompson was born on 31 December 1898 to George Thompson, a distinguished surgeon and fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Thompson was raised in the family home on Harley Street in London. At the age of 14, he was sent to Winchester College to receive an independent education.
In 1915, shortly after the beginning of World War I, Thompson used the assumed name "Neil Winslow" to join the British Army while underage. A year into service, he was wounded and sent home to recover, first in Huddersfield, then in Seaford. He continued to serve in the Coldstream Guards until the end of the war, ending his service as a commissioned officer.
After the war Thompson left for Argentina to work as a gaucho on a family cattle farm. When he returned to England in the early 1920s, he published his first article, on his experience in Argentina, in the Southwark Diocesan Gazette: "A Cowboy's Experience: Cattle Branding in the Argentine".
Education
Thompson first considered a medical or political career. However, he later decided to study anthropology at Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge under A.C. Haddon. With the completion of his degree in 1925 Thompson wrote to Sylvanus G Morley, the head of the Carnegie Institution's project at Chichen Itza, to ask for a job, inquiring about a field position. Morley accepted Thompson, most likely due to the fact that Thompson had previously taught himself to read Maya hieroglyphic dates, an accomplishment that was highly valued by Morley who also had a passion for Maya hieroglyphics.
Early career
In 1926 Thompson arrived in the Yucatan of Mexico under the direction of Morley to work at Chichen Itza. Here he started working on the friezes of the Temple of the Warriors. In his autobiography, Maya Archaeologist (1936), Thompson referred to the friezes as "a sort of giant jigsaw puzzle made worse by the fact the stones had been carved before being placed in position" accurately describing his first field experience.
Later that year Morley sent Thompson to report on the site of Coba, located to the east of Chichen Itza. During the first field season at Coba, Thompson deciphered the dates on the Macanxoc stela. Morley, the foremost epigrapher, did not originally agree with the readings of the dates. It was not until a return trip to Coba that Morley was persuaded by Thompson's readings, marking his emergence as a prominent scholar in the field of Maya epigraphy. Within the next year, Thompson took post as the Assistant Curator at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He would work there until 1935 when he left for a position at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C.
In 1926, while employed by the Field Museum, Thompson, under the supervision of Thomas A. Joyce and the British Museum, took part in an expedition to Lubaantun in British Honduras. It was the fieldwork at Lubaantun that led Thompson to disagree with Joyce's argument for the early "megalith" and "in-and-out" style of architectural stratigraphy. Thompson argued that the "in-and-out" constructions were due to root action. This root action disturbed the construction by pushing the rocks out in the fashion of the "in-and out" construction that invalidated Joyce's argument.
Field work
Toward the end of the first season at Lubaantun, the site of Pusilha was discovered and Thompson was sent to investigate with his guide, Faustino Bol. Thompson's subsequent interactions with his guide, who was a Mopan Maya, would later shed light on how Thompson viewed the ancient Maya and their culture. As a result of their long conversations, Thompson concluded that it "was clear that archaeological excavations were not the only means of learning about the ancient ways." This led to his first monograph, Ethnology of the Mayas of Southern and Central British Honduras (1930) which gave insight into the problems of Maya archaeological and epigraphic through the use of ethnographic and ethno-historic data.
In 1931, Thompson and Thomas Gann teamed up to publish The History of the Maya from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Additionally, Thompson started on a new field project at the site of San Jose in (now) Belize. Here his research was focused at an "average" Maya center in which the stratigraphy produced a ceramic sequence from the Preclassic Period to the Terminal Classic Period. The field report, published in 1939, contained Anna O. Shepard's appendix on the temporal changes in ceramic material, which was the first use of "archaeological sciences".
Thompson was able to produce ceramic sequences at the sites of Tzimin Kax, San Jose, and Xunantunich. These sequences allowed for sites which lacked inscribed monuments traditionally used for dating, to produce a tentative date. The patterns presented by the data from the Petén region and Uaxactun allowed for these sites to fit within the cultural development of the Maya lowlands. In 1938, Thompson added to ceramic sequence, the discovery of the site of La Milpa. This sequence would hold strong until Gordon Willey's research at Barton Ramie, which would lead to a sequence. The field season at La Milpa would be one of the last ones for Thompson, though he was not aware of this at the time of his publication of Maya Archaeologist.
Professional career
While Thompson continued to publish on chronology, during the 1940s his main goal was to decipher the non-calendric hieroglyphs which composed the majority of the unread texts. Of the eight papers he published in 1943, half were on epigraphic research. Thompson's particular epigraphic focus was on the fish symbol and directional glyphs. Additionally, outside of epigraphy, Thompson investigated tattooing and tobacco use by the ancient Maya.
In The Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, Arthur Demarest characterizes Thompson as engendering a traditional view of Maya society or essentially one of "gentlemen scholars" of the earlier part of the 20th century. This perspective stems from an elitist tradition is biased since it presents the Maya myopically. Additionally Thompson presented the Maya as practicing slash and burn agriculture since it fit well into models which presented the Maya as dispersed people. Thompson depicted the Maya public life as being solely centered on "theocratic" ceremonial centers dedicated to worship of great cycles of time and celestial bodies; a view that is now considered an oversimplification. With the help of Dr. A.V. Kidder, Thompson (1943) wrote, A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area, describing sites, such as; Kaminaljuyui, Miraflores, and Copan. The article by Thompson assumes that the Maya were ultimately "peaceful" people since they lacked apparent defenses. He again stresses the widespread abandonment of ceremonial centers. He refers to the decline in arts and architecture as "Balkanization," a period which he views as experiencing political disintegration. He is also responsible for the long-held belief that the Aztecs, a "highly war-like" society according to the text, were directly involved in overthrowing what he thought were priest-rulers.
Thompson was an accomplished author, publishing text books and findings in academic journals all over the United States. In his article, A Survey of the North Maya Area, Thompson (1945) describes how researchers ought to employ a historical framework in archaeological studies. Additionally he details his finds in the Northern Maya region whilst making suggestions as to which types of ceramics were adopted. He identified phases: the formative period, the Initial Series, transition period, Mexican period, and Mexican absorption period, in Maya development which set a precedent for the field in a number of ways.
He theorized that the formative period began prior to A.D. 325 and was characterized by monochrome pottery in Chicanel style as well as giant pyramids. However he believed that the Maya did not have any carved stelae during this point in history. Currently, it is believed that the Preclassic period actually occurred earlier than Thompson originally surmised. The Initial Series period is prostrated as the Classic phase in Maya ceramic styles. He grouped them into two halves. The first half 325 A.D. to 625 is characterized by basal flange bowls, and hieroglyphic stelae and lintels in mostly centralized areas. The second half 625 A.D. to 900 is indicative of Z fine orange ware, and slate wares. In addition, Puuc, Chenes, and Rio Bec began to develop distinct styles. The Transition period 900 A.D. to 987 the Mayanist felt that there were no identifiable pottery types, he remarked on the fall of Chichen Itza, the abandonment of Puuc/Chenes/Rio Bec, and how Mexican influences were becoming stronger. According to Thompson, the Mexican period marked a decline in Maya civilization and ceramic styles due to conflict between Mesoamerican polities. He postulated that this era saw an end to hieroglyphic texts and increased worship of Mexican cosmology in place of Maya deities. The architectural styles were a mix of Tula and Maya features. He also claimed that the Mexican Absorption Period 1204 A.D. to 1540 was characterized by the abandonment of most major cities, and that artistic innovation only were produced at low levels.
Although Thompson has contributed a considerable amount of research to Mesoamerican studies, some of his interpretations have proven to be flawed, or inconsistent with new investigations. He maintained a venerable air of dissent in the archaeological community. Archaeologist Jeremiah Epstein posed that Thompson was wrong in his characterization of the Maya water transportation. He may have based his analysis of misinterpreted Spanish translations of the Motul Maya word for sail. "Bub" is a 16th-century Spanish interpretation, but may characterize Spanish vessels as opposed to Maya. Sails are not represented in prehistoric Mesoamerican iconography or texts, instead, it is theorized that canoes were used as a primary mode of water transportation for the ancient Maya. In fact, the only place where sails allegedly appear to be represented in prehistoric contexts are in graffiti at Tikal, however, further research poses that the illustration does not depicts sails since there is no supplemental evidence of marine life or water sources (191). In addition, Maya numerous texts make no historical references to sails; they may not have been very utilitarian for the Maya, instead, the overwhelming majority of sources refer to canoes. It appears that Thompson did not consider a Post Conquest context for sails.
Another author Matthew Watson portrays Thompson as a significant figure in Mesoamerican studies, however, in conjunction with Bruno Latour, the author believes that the famous Mayanist, along with Merle Greene Robertson, and Linda Schele used specific techniques known as "mechanical objectivity" and "trained judgement" which essentially reduces the diversity of Maya artistic traditions to that of modernist texts. This approach ignores a context-driven archaeological empiricism, adding to Thompson's many biased assumptions about how the ancient Maya lived.
Moreover, archaeologist Traci Ardren feels that Thompson appeared to have made the mistake of conflating, or merging several cosmological entities into one. He famously misinterpreted the Maya Moon Goddess Ix Chel, basing his research again on mistranslated Spanish texts. He believed as modern Maya do now that the Moon Goddess is the wife of the Sun God. Ardren's article claims, "Thompson interpreted the different glyphic phrases or names associated with the younger set as various tides for the same goddess, a deity he had already assumed to represent the moon". Ardren recognizes that the concept an all-encompassing, unifying female entity is directly influenced by western philosophical movements and androcentric bias.
In tandem with other critics, Marshall J. Becker (1979) reviews Thompson's assumptions about Classic Maya settlement patterns and social structure and how his influence affected later theories regarding complexity in Mesoamerican culture. His article describes scholars; such as Gann, who critiqued Thompson's work. Gann and Thompson would later coauthor a text in which "Thompson stated...his popularized idea that the Maya lived in small agricultural settlements while the religious centers were uninhabited, while Gann suggested just the opposite. This divergence from the complex model, however, only appeared in Thompson's popular work." Furthermore, Becker characterizes more modern research as integrative, enabling studies to connect emerging insights about Maya urbanization/complexity with supportive archaeological evidence. Becker concludes that Thompson's research was both incomplete and incorrect, however, contemporary research is fighting to correct false claims in conjunction with other disciplines. The article distinguishes between two major theoretical concepts that dominated Maya archaeology for decades; Thompson's "priest-peasant" hypothesis and Borgheyi's concept of ranked social classes. Becker deconstructs Thompson's biased narratives, considering them to be a product of Thompson's English heritage and socio-political orientation which he later projected on to his research. Borgheyi's hypothesis is considered as more indicative of what Maya society might actually be like as opposed to Thompson whose claims were generally viewed as unfounded. Additionally, Becker mentions how defining "limits" often creates interpretive issues for scholars, it is an important observation in a whole range of archaeological settings; still affecting research today.
Unfortunately, Thompson's assumptions about Maya elites were misguided. Husband and wife archaeologist team Chase and Chase discusses the significance of the Caracol Archaeological Project which celebrated its 30th consecutive year of field research in 2014. Their research reveals the inconsistent interpretations of past Mayanists like Thompson. Thompson proposed that the Maya socially organized themselves around a two-tiered class system; a view prostrated by Harvard academic traditions. As of current, Caracol is recognized as being essential to evaluating urbanization and large-scale organization of Maya cities. Representing the Penn State academic tradition, Chase and Chase specifically describe how, upon their initial arrival at the site, two theoretical framework purported by Thompson and Borgheyi dominated Caracol, but were later rejected because of evidence stemming from long-term research. The authors found that divisions between elites and lower classes were not as stark or simply as previously suggested, moreover, there is evidence for a prominent middle-class which Thompson did not consider. Ultimately, Thompson did not have access to accurate population estimates or entire maps of settlement patterns, making it difficult for him to assess realistic organizational principles of the Maya.
Nonetheless, the Mayanist knew the limitations of archaeological research. One of Thompson's later articles Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors for population estimates of the ancient Maya. Determining population sizes is still an issue that plagues archaeologists (214). He draws attention to the ancient Maya tendency to "abandon" a hut after the death of its owner which may invariably skew population estimates. Additionally, Thompson writes about the mobilizing capabilities of the ancient Maya and their long-standing tradition of moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources. Using the modern Maya as an example, he urged other archaeologists to consider hut-abandonment, and movement as major issues. In fact, determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied is still a huge part of archaeological limits today. Moreover, Thompson contends that house-moving was not a major issues for the Maya since building materials were abundant (215). In his conclusion he feels that mounds also may be an indication of decreased population sizes and a time of "growing unrest."
Thompson's focus on the non-calendric hieroglyphs produced the monumental Carnegie monograph Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: Introduction. Thompson did groundbreaking work in the deciphering of Maya hieroglyphics. Notably, his contributions to the field of Maya epigraphic studies included advancements in our understanding of the calendar and astronomy, the identification of new nouns, and the development of a numerical cataloguing system for the glyphs (the T-number system), which are still used today. His attempted decipherments were based on ideographic rather than linguistic principles, and he was a staunch critic of all attempts to propose phonetic readings. In his later years, he resisted the notion that the glyphs have a phonetic component, as put forward by Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov. Thompson forcefully criticised Knorozov's research, which discouraged the majority of the field from taking the latter's work seriously.
Thompson wrote about hieroglyphic writing in great detail. In Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them, the famed Mayanist critiqued some of the historical inconsistencies associated with Diego de Landa's informants. He warned other archaeologists that the translation may be inaccurate since the informant through personal agency may have intentionally deceived the Spaniards or the informant did not supply material for reading Maya texts using syllabic systems because "none existed" at the time. He also scathingly claimed that Knorozov overwhelmingly misidentified Landa's hieroglyphs, adding to confusion. However it was later proven that many of Knorozov's speculations that the Maya language was phonetic and ideographic were accurate. Further discussed are Nahuatl language and writing where he again reasserted that the Maya did not have a phonetic language system, instead, he thought they only identified specific places and people (352). He thought that their writing had strong implications between good and bad. Furthermore, he characterized the preconquest Mexican codices as having a form of "rebus" writing (352-353). Thompson also expressed interest in the "divinatory" significance of the Dresden and Madrid codices (357).
Thompson supported Morley's contention that the inscriptions were purely esoteric and religious texts, with no elements of history or politics, until the early 1960s, when the work of Tatiana Proskouriakoff on the inscriptions of Piedras Negras made him realise that his view had been "completely mistaken."
Thompson continued to work with epigraphic and ethnohistoric problems until the end of his career. As he himself noted, he belonged to the last generation of "generalists", engaging in activities ranging from finding and mapping new sites and excavation to the study of Maya ceramics, art, iconography, epigraphy, and ethnology (on the side). Thompson sought to present the Maya to the general public with publications such as the Rise and fall of the Maya Civilization (1954) and Maya Hieroglyphs without Tears (1972).
Post-professional life
Thompson's grave at Ashdon, Essex.
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Thompson was awarded four honorary doctorates in three different countries, along with being awarded the Order of Isabel la Catolica by Spain, the Aztec Eagle by Mexico in 1965 and the Order of the Quetzal by Guatemala during his last trip to the Maya lands with the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1975. Thompson was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1975 a few days after his 76th birthday, becoming the first New World archaeologist to receive this honoured distinction. He died nine months later on 9 September 1975 in Cambridge, and was laid to rest in Ashdon, Essex, England.
See also
Madrid Codex (Maya)
Yuri Knorozov
Tatiana Proskouriakoff
Maya civilisation
Chichen Itza
David Stuart (Mayanist)
Notes
^ "Sir J. Eric S. Thompson". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ a b c d e Norman Hammond 1977
^ a b c J Eric Thompson 1963
^ Michael D. Coe 1992
^ Demarest, Arthur (2004). The Ancient Maya The Rise and Fall of Rainforest Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-521-53390-4.
^ Thompson, John (1943). "A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area". American Antiquity. 9 (1): 106–134. doi:10.2307/275456. JSTOR 275456. S2CID 163470642.
^ Thompson, John (1945). "A Survey of the Northern Maya Area". American Antiquity. 11 (1): 2–24. doi:10.2307/275524. JSTOR 275524. S2CID 164127117.
^ Epstein, Jeremiah (1990). "Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Reevaluating Thompson's Argument". American Archaeology.
^ Watson, Matthew (1990). "Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic Image and Objectivity". Journal of Social Archaeology.
^ Ardren, Traci (2006). "Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the invention of the Modern Pop Goddess". Antiquity. 80 (307): 25–37. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093236. S2CID 54685202.
^ Becker, Marshall (1979). "Priest, Peasants and Ceremonial centers: The Intellectual History of a Model". Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory: 3–20. doi:10.7560/750401-004. ISBN 9780292762565. S2CID 222342895.
^ Chase, Arlen; Chase (2015). "Thirty Years of Archaeology at Caracol, Belize: Retrospective and Prospective". Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology.
^ Thompson, John (1971). "Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors". Society for American Archaeology.
^ Houston, Stephen D.; Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Fernando; Stuart, David (2001). The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. University of Oklahoma Press.
^ John Ferguson Harris, Stephen K. Stearns. 1997. Understanding Maya Inscriptions: A Hieroglyph Handbook. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, p. 9-10
^ « There is no alphabetic or true syllabic writing in preconquest Mexican codices ; this would easily be spotted had it existed because the glyphs are mainly of identifiable places and persons. There is a certain use of rebus writing to our European way of thinking the spoken syllabes reverse the arrangement of the drawing ; we would read it downwards Under Spanish influence Nahuatl writing showed a great increase of rebus writing the various glyphs which form the phrase are in line, just as in Landa's Maya sentence, but they are still pictographic, ideographic, or rebus writing This form of rebus writing — for example, pater noster was written as a flag (pantli), a stone (tetl, for there is no r in nahuatl), a prickly pear (nochtli) and again a stone (tetl) — is arranged, European fashion, in straight lines like the phrases in Codex Xolotl and in Landa's illustrative material. »
^ Thompson, John (1959). "Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them". Society for American Archaeology.
References
Ardren, Traci (2006). "Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of the Modern Pop Goddess". Antiquity. 80 (307). Antiquity Publication Ltd.: 30–35. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093236. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 54685202.
Becker, Marshall J. 1979 Priests, Peasants, and Ceremonial Centers: The Intellectual History of a Model. Texas University of Austin Press
Chase, Arlen and Chase, Diane. 2015 Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Thirty Years of Archaeology at Caracol, Belize: Retrospective and Prospective. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 12(1):13-14 |
Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. OCLC 26605966.
Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
Coe, Michael D.; Mark van Stone (2005). Reading the Maya Glyphs (2nd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28553-4. OCLC 60532227.
Demarest, Arthur (2004). Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53390-4.
Epstein, Jeremiah F. (1990). "Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Reevaluating Thompson's Argument". American Anthropologist. 92 (1). Wiley Blackwell: 187–192. doi:10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00140. hdl:2152/10306. ISSN 0002-7294.
Freidel, David A.; Linda Schele; Joy Parker (1993). Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-10081-3. OCLC 27430287.
Hammond, Norman (1977). Social process in Maya prehistory : studies in honour of Sir Eric Thompson. London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-322050-5.
Harris, John F.; Stephen K. Stearns (1997). Understanding Maya Inscriptions: A Hieroglyph Handbook (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University Museum Publications, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-41-3. OCLC 34077021.
Houston, Stephen D. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0-7141-8069-6. OCLC 18814390.
Houston, Stephen D. (1992). "Classic Maya Politics". In Elin C. Danien; Robert J. Sharer (eds.). New Theories on the Ancient Maya. University Museum Monograph series, no. 77. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 65–70. ISBN 0-924171-13-8. OCLC 25510312.
Houston, Stephen D.; David Stuart; Karl Taube (2006). The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience Among the Classic Maya. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71294-2. OCLC 61660268.
Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-46158-7. OCLC 42692203.
Schele, Linda; David Freidel (1992). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (pbk reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-11204-8. OCLC 145324300.
Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4816-0. OCLC 28067148.
Stuart, George E. (1992). "Quest for Decipherment: A Historical and Biographical Survey of Maya Hieroglyphic Investigation". In Elin C. Danien; Robert J. Sharer (eds.). New Theories on the Ancient Maya. University Museum Monograph series, no. 77. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 1–64. ISBN 0-924171-13-8. OCLC 25510312.
Stuart, George E. (1994). "The end of the beginning in Maya scholarship". Antiquity. 68 (261). University of York: 867. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047608. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162482322.
Roberts, David; Wolfgang Kaehler; Anne Bolen (July 2004). "Secrets of the Maya: Deciphering Tikal". Smithsonian. 35 (4). Smithsonian Magazine: 42–48. ISSN 0037-7333.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1963). Maya Archaeologist. USA: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1206-9.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1945). "A Survey of the Northern Maya Area". American Antiquity. 1 (2): 1–24. doi:10.2307/275524. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 275524. S2CID 164127117.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1943). "A Trial Survey of Southern Maya Area". American Antiquity. 9 (1): 131–132. doi:10.2307/275456. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 275456. S2CID 163470642.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1971). "Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors". American Antiquity. 1 (36). Humanities and Social Sciences Index Retrospective.: 214–216. doi:10.2307/278679. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 278679. S2CID 164112991.
Thompson, J. Eric S. (1959). "Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them". Society for American Archaeology. 24 (4). JSTOR Journals.: 214–216. doi:10.2307/276597. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 276597. S2CID 163337656.
Watson, Matthew (2013). "Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic Imaging and Objectivity". Journal of Social Archaeology. 13 (2). Alternative Press Index.: 177–196. doi:10.1177/1469605313483913. ISSN 1469-6053. S2CID 145451900.
External links
Cracking the Maya Code – PBS website
Hieroglyph Catalog
BBC Archive – The lost world of the Maya
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
zbMATH
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Thompson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Thompson_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Eric_Sidney_Thompson_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-1"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology"},{"link_name":"ethnohistorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnohistorian"},{"link_name":"epigrapher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"Maya script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_script"}],"text":"For other persons named Eric Thompson, see Eric Thompson (disambiguation).Sir J. Eric S. ThompsonSir John Eric Sidney Thompson KBE (31 December 1898 – 9 September 1975[1]) was a leading English Mesoamerican archaeologist, ethnohistorian, and epigrapher. While working in the United States, he dominated Maya studies and particularly the study of the Maya script until well into the 1960s.","title":"J. Eric S. Thompson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Harley Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Coldstream Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Guards"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucho"},{"link_name":"Southwark Diocesan Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_magazines"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Thompson was born on 31 December 1898 to George Thompson, a distinguished surgeon and fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Thompson was raised in the family home on Harley Street in London.[2] At the age of 14, he was sent to Winchester College to receive an independent education.In 1915, shortly after the beginning of World War I, Thompson used the assumed name \"Neil Winslow\" to join the British Army while underage. A year into service, he was wounded and sent home to recover, first in Huddersfield, then in Seaford. He continued to serve in the Coldstream Guards until the end of the war, ending his service as a commissioned officer.After the war Thompson left for Argentina to work as a gaucho on a family cattle farm. When he returned to England in the early 1920s, he published his first article, on his experience in Argentina, in the Southwark Diocesan Gazette: \"A Cowboy's Experience: Cattle Branding in the Argentine\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"A.C. Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon"},{"link_name":"Sylvanus G Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanus_Morley"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science"},{"link_name":"Chichen Itza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Thompson first considered a medical or political career. However, he later decided to study anthropology at Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge under A.C. Haddon. With the completion of his degree in 1925 Thompson wrote to Sylvanus G Morley, the head of the Carnegie Institution's project at Chichen Itza, to ask for a job, inquiring about a field position.[3] Morley accepted Thompson, most likely due to the fact that Thompson had previously taught himself to read Maya hieroglyphic dates, an accomplishment that was highly valued by Morley who also had a passion for Maya hieroglyphics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yucatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatan"},{"link_name":"friezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Coba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coba"},{"link_name":"stela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Field Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Athol_Joyce"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lubaantun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubaantun"},{"link_name":"British Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honduras"},{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1926 Thompson arrived in the Yucatan of Mexico under the direction of Morley to work at Chichen Itza. Here he started working on the friezes of the Temple of the Warriors. In his autobiography, Maya Archaeologist (1936), Thompson referred to the friezes as \"a sort of giant jigsaw puzzle made worse by the fact the stones had been carved before being placed in position\" accurately describing his first field experience.[3]Later that year Morley sent Thompson to report on the site of Coba, located to the east of Chichen Itza. During the first field season at Coba, Thompson deciphered the dates on the Macanxoc stela. Morley, the foremost epigrapher, did not originally agree with the readings of the dates. It was not until a return trip to Coba that Morley was persuaded by Thompson's readings, marking his emergence as a prominent scholar in the field of Maya epigraphy.[4] Within the next year, Thompson took post as the Assistant Curator at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He would work there until 1935 when he left for a position at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C.In 1926, while employed by the Field Museum, Thompson, under the supervision of Thomas A. Joyce and the British Museum, took part in an expedition to Lubaantun in British Honduras. It was the fieldwork at Lubaantun that led Thompson to disagree with Joyce's argument for the early \"megalith\" and \"in-and-out\" style of architectural stratigraphy. Thompson argued that the \"in-and-out\" constructions were due to root action.[2] This root action disturbed the construction by pushing the rocks out in the fashion of the \"in-and out\" construction that invalidated Joyce's argument.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pusilha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusilha"},{"link_name":"Mopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopan_people"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gann"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Succotz"},{"link_name":"Preclassic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclassic_Maya"},{"link_name":"Anna O. Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_O._Shepard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Xunantunich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunantunich"},{"link_name":"Petén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)"},{"link_name":"Uaxactun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaxactun"},{"link_name":"Gordon Willey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Willey"}],"sub_title":"Field work","text":"Toward the end of the first season at Lubaantun, the site of Pusilha was discovered and Thompson was sent to investigate with his guide, Faustino Bol. Thompson's subsequent interactions with his guide, who was a Mopan Maya, would later shed light on how Thompson viewed the ancient Maya and their culture. As a result of their long conversations, Thompson concluded that it \"was clear that archaeological excavations were not the only means of learning about the ancient ways.\" This led to his first monograph, Ethnology of the Mayas of Southern and Central British Honduras (1930) which gave insight into the problems of Maya archaeological and epigraphic through the use of ethnographic and ethno-historic data.In 1931, Thompson and Thomas Gann teamed up to publish The History of the Maya from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Additionally, Thompson started on a new field project at the site of San Jose in (now) Belize. Here his research was focused at an \"average\" Maya center in which the stratigraphy produced a ceramic sequence from the Preclassic Period to the Terminal Classic Period. The field report, published in 1939, contained Anna O. Shepard's appendix on the temporal changes in ceramic material, which was the first use of \"archaeological sciences\".[2]Thompson was able to produce ceramic sequences at the sites of Tzimin Kax, San Jose, and Xunantunich. These sequences allowed for sites which lacked inscribed monuments traditionally used for dating, to produce a tentative date. The patterns presented by the data from the Petén region and Uaxactun allowed for these sites to fit within the cultural development of the Maya lowlands. In 1938, Thompson added to ceramic sequence, the discovery of the site of La Milpa. This sequence would hold strong until Gordon Willey's research at Barton Ramie, which would lead to a sequence. The field season at La Milpa would be one of the last ones for Thompson, though he was not aware of this at the time of his publication of Maya Archaeologist.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Demarest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Demarest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A.V. Kidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Merle Greene Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Greene_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Linda Schele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Schele"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ix Chel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ix_Chel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlen_F._Chase"},{"link_name":"Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Zaino_Chase"},{"link_name":"Caracol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracol"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yuri Knorozov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Knorozov"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Diego de Landa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Landa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Codex"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Proskouriakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Proskouriakoff"},{"link_name":"Piedras Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"While Thompson continued to publish on chronology, during the 1940s his main goal was to decipher the non-calendric hieroglyphs which composed the majority of the unread texts. Of the eight papers he published in 1943, half were on epigraphic research. Thompson's particular epigraphic focus was on the fish symbol and directional glyphs. Additionally, outside of epigraphy, Thompson investigated tattooing and tobacco use by the ancient Maya.In The Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, Arthur Demarest characterizes Thompson as engendering a traditional view of Maya society or essentially one of \"gentlemen scholars\" of the earlier part of the 20th century. This perspective stems from an elitist tradition is biased since it presents the Maya myopically. Additionally Thompson presented the Maya as practicing slash and burn agriculture since it fit well into models which presented the Maya as dispersed people. Thompson depicted the Maya public life as being solely centered on \"theocratic\" ceremonial centers dedicated to worship of great cycles of time and celestial bodies; a view that is now considered an oversimplification.[5] With the help of Dr. A.V. Kidder, Thompson (1943) wrote, A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area, describing sites, such as; Kaminaljuyui, Miraflores, and Copan. The article by Thompson assumes that the Maya were ultimately \"peaceful\" people since they lacked apparent defenses. He again stresses the widespread abandonment of ceremonial centers. He refers to the decline in arts and architecture as \"Balkanization,\" a period which he views as experiencing political disintegration. He is also responsible for the long-held belief that the Aztecs, a \"highly war-like\" society according to the text, were directly involved in overthrowing what he thought were priest-rulers.[6]Thompson was an accomplished author, publishing text books and findings in academic journals all over the United States. In his article, A Survey of the North Maya Area, Thompson (1945) describes how researchers ought to employ a historical framework in archaeological studies. Additionally he details his finds in the Northern Maya region whilst making suggestions as to which types of ceramics were adopted. He identified phases: the formative period, the Initial Series, transition period, Mexican period, and Mexican absorption period, in Maya development which set a precedent for the field in a number of ways.He theorized that the formative period began prior to A.D. 325 and was characterized by monochrome pottery in Chicanel style as well as giant pyramids. However he believed that the Maya did not have any carved stelae during this point in history. Currently, it is believed that the Preclassic period actually occurred earlier than Thompson originally surmised. The Initial Series period is prostrated as the Classic phase in Maya ceramic styles. He grouped them into two halves. The first half 325 A.D. to 625 is characterized by basal flange bowls, and hieroglyphic stelae and lintels in mostly centralized areas. The second half 625 A.D. to 900 is indicative of Z fine orange ware, and slate wares. In addition, Puuc, Chenes, and Rio Bec began to develop distinct styles. The Transition period 900 A.D. to 987 the Mayanist felt that there were no identifiable pottery types, he remarked on the fall of Chichen Itza, the abandonment of Puuc/Chenes/Rio Bec, and how Mexican influences were becoming stronger. According to Thompson, the Mexican period marked a decline in Maya civilization and ceramic styles due to conflict between Mesoamerican polities. He postulated that this era saw an end to hieroglyphic texts and increased worship of Mexican cosmology in place of Maya deities. The architectural styles were a mix of Tula and Maya features. He also claimed that the Mexican Absorption Period 1204 A.D. to 1540 was characterized by the abandonment of most major cities, and that artistic innovation only were produced at low levels.[7]Although Thompson has contributed a considerable amount of research to Mesoamerican studies, some of his interpretations have proven to be flawed, or inconsistent with new investigations. He maintained a venerable air of dissent in the archaeological community. Archaeologist Jeremiah Epstein posed that Thompson was wrong in his characterization of the Maya water transportation. He may have based his analysis of misinterpreted Spanish translations of the Motul Maya word for sail. \"Bub\" is a 16th-century Spanish interpretation, but may characterize Spanish vessels as opposed to Maya. Sails are not represented in prehistoric Mesoamerican iconography or texts, instead, it is theorized that canoes were used as a primary mode of water transportation for the ancient Maya. In fact, the only place where sails allegedly appear to be represented in prehistoric contexts are in graffiti at Tikal, however, further research poses that the illustration does not depicts sails since there is no supplemental evidence of marine life or water sources (191). In addition, Maya numerous texts make no historical references to sails; they may not have been very utilitarian for the Maya, instead, the overwhelming majority of sources refer to canoes. It appears that Thompson did not consider a Post Conquest context for sails.[8]Another author Matthew Watson portrays Thompson as a significant figure in Mesoamerican studies, however, in conjunction with Bruno Latour, the author believes that the famous Mayanist, along with Merle Greene Robertson, and Linda Schele used specific techniques known as \"mechanical objectivity\" and \"trained judgement\" which essentially reduces the diversity of Maya artistic traditions to that of modernist texts. This approach ignores a context-driven archaeological empiricism, adding to Thompson's many biased assumptions about how the ancient Maya lived.[9]Moreover, archaeologist Traci Ardren feels that Thompson appeared to have made the mistake of conflating, or merging several cosmological entities into one. He famously misinterpreted the Maya Moon Goddess Ix Chel, basing his research again on mistranslated Spanish texts. He believed as modern Maya do now that the Moon Goddess is the wife of the Sun God. Ardren's article claims, \"Thompson interpreted the different glyphic phrases or names associated with the younger set as various tides for the same goddess, a deity he had already assumed to represent the moon\". Ardren recognizes that the concept an all-encompassing, unifying female entity is directly influenced by western philosophical movements and androcentric bias.[10]In tandem with other critics, Marshall J. Becker (1979) reviews Thompson's assumptions about Classic Maya settlement patterns and social structure and how his influence affected later theories regarding complexity in Mesoamerican culture. His article describes scholars; such as Gann, who critiqued Thompson's work. Gann and Thompson would later coauthor a text in which \"Thompson stated...his popularized idea that the Maya lived in small agricultural settlements while the religious centers were uninhabited, while Gann suggested just the opposite. This divergence from the complex model, however, only appeared in Thompson's popular work.\" Furthermore, Becker characterizes more modern research as integrative, enabling studies to connect emerging insights about Maya urbanization/complexity with supportive archaeological evidence. Becker concludes that Thompson's research was both incomplete and incorrect, however, contemporary research is fighting to correct false claims in conjunction with other disciplines. The article distinguishes between two major theoretical concepts that dominated Maya archaeology for decades; Thompson's \"priest-peasant\" hypothesis and Borgheyi's concept of ranked social classes. Becker deconstructs Thompson's biased narratives, considering them to be a product of Thompson's English heritage and socio-political orientation which he later projected on to his research. Borgheyi's hypothesis is considered as more indicative of what Maya society might actually be like as opposed to Thompson whose claims were generally viewed as unfounded. Additionally, Becker mentions how defining \"limits\" often creates interpretive issues for scholars, it is an important observation in a whole range of archaeological settings; still affecting research today.[11]Unfortunately, Thompson's assumptions about Maya elites were misguided. Husband and wife archaeologist team Chase and Chase discusses the significance of the Caracol Archaeological Project which celebrated its 30th consecutive year of field research in 2014. Their research reveals the inconsistent interpretations of past Mayanists like Thompson. Thompson proposed that the Maya socially organized themselves around a two-tiered class system; a view prostrated by Harvard academic traditions. As of current, Caracol is recognized as being essential to evaluating urbanization and large-scale organization of Maya cities. Representing the Penn State academic tradition, Chase and Chase specifically describe how, upon their initial arrival at the site, two theoretical framework purported by Thompson and Borgheyi dominated Caracol, but were later rejected because of evidence stemming from long-term research. The authors found that divisions between elites and lower classes were not as stark or simply as previously suggested, moreover, there is evidence for a prominent middle-class which Thompson did not consider. Ultimately, Thompson did not have access to accurate population estimates or entire maps of settlement patterns, making it difficult for him to assess realistic organizational principles of the Maya.[12]Nonetheless, the Mayanist knew the limitations of archaeological research. One of Thompson's later articles Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors for population estimates of the ancient Maya. Determining population sizes is still an issue that plagues archaeologists (214). He draws attention to the ancient Maya tendency to \"abandon\" a hut after the death of its owner which may invariably skew population estimates. Additionally, Thompson writes about the mobilizing capabilities of the ancient Maya and their long-standing tradition of moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources. Using the modern Maya as an example, he urged other archaeologists to consider hut-abandonment, and movement as major issues. In fact, determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied is still a huge part of archaeological limits today. Moreover, Thompson contends that house-moving was not a major issues for the Maya since building materials were abundant (215). In his conclusion he feels that mounds also may be an indication of decreased population sizes and a time of \"growing unrest.\"[13]Thompson's focus on the non-calendric hieroglyphs produced the monumental Carnegie monograph Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: Introduction.[2] Thompson did groundbreaking work in the deciphering of Maya hieroglyphics. Notably, his contributions to the field of Maya epigraphic studies included advancements in our understanding of the calendar and astronomy, the identification of new nouns, and the development of a numerical cataloguing system for the glyphs (the T-number system), which are still used today.[citation needed] His attempted decipherments were based on ideographic rather than linguistic principles, and he was a staunch critic of all attempts to propose phonetic readings.[14] In his later years, he resisted the notion that the glyphs have a phonetic component, as put forward by Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov. Thompson forcefully criticised Knorozov's research, which discouraged the majority of the field from taking the latter's work seriously.[15]Thompson wrote about hieroglyphic writing in great detail. In Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them, the famed Mayanist critiqued some of the historical inconsistencies associated with Diego de Landa's informants. He warned other archaeologists that the translation may be inaccurate since the informant through personal agency may have intentionally deceived the Spaniards or the informant did not supply material for reading Maya texts using syllabic systems because \"none existed\" at the time. He also scathingly claimed that Knorozov overwhelmingly misidentified Landa's hieroglyphs, adding to confusion. However it was later proven that many of Knorozov's speculations that the Maya language was phonetic and ideographic were accurate. Further discussed are Nahuatl language and writing where he again reasserted that the Maya did not have a phonetic language system, instead, he thought they only identified specific places and people (352). He thought that their writing had strong implications between good and bad. Furthermore, he characterized the preconquest Mexican codices as having a form of \"rebus\" writing (352-353).[16] Thompson also expressed interest in the \"divinatory\" significance of the Dresden and Madrid codices (357).[17]Thompson supported Morley's contention that the inscriptions were purely esoteric and religious texts, with no elements of history or politics, until the early 1960s, when the work of Tatiana Proskouriakoff on the inscriptions of Piedras Negras made him realise that his view had been \"completely mistaken.\"[2][3]Thompson continued to work with epigraphic and ethnohistoric problems until the end of his career. As he himself noted, he belonged to the last generation of \"generalists\", engaging in activities ranging from finding and mapping new sites and excavation to the study of Maya ceramics, art, iconography, epigraphy, and ethnology (on the side). Thompson sought to present the Maya to the general public with publications such as the Rise and fall of the Maya Civilization (1954) and Maya Hieroglyphs without Tears (1972).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Eric_Thompson_(Christian_Prager,_2015).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdon"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabel la Catolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Aztec Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Order of the Quetzal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Quetzal"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Ashdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdon"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"}],"sub_title":"Post-professional life","text":"Thompson's grave at Ashdon, Essex.Thompson was awarded four honorary doctorates in three different countries, along with being awarded the Order of Isabel la Catolica by Spain, the Aztec Eagle by Mexico in 1965 and the Order of the Quetzal by Guatemala during his last trip to the Maya lands with the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1975. Thompson was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1975 a few days after his 76th birthday, becoming the first New World archaeologist to receive this honoured distinction. He died nine months later on 9 September 1975 in Cambridge, and was laid to rest in Ashdon, Essex, England.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/J-Eric-S-Thompson"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-53390-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53390-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/275456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F275456"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"275456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/275456"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163470642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163470642"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/275524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F275524"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"275524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/275524"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"164127117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00093236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093236"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"54685202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54685202"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.7560/750401-004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.7560%2F750401-004"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780292762565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292762565"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"222342895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222342895"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ \"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 June 2020.\n\n^ a b c d e Norman Hammond 1977\n\n^ a b c J Eric Thompson 1963\n\n^ Michael D. Coe 1992\n\n^ Demarest, Arthur (2004). The Ancient Maya The Rise and Fall of Rainforest Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-521-53390-4.\n\n^ Thompson, John (1943). \"A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 9 (1): 106–134. doi:10.2307/275456. JSTOR 275456. S2CID 163470642.\n\n^ Thompson, John (1945). \"A Survey of the Northern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 11 (1): 2–24. doi:10.2307/275524. JSTOR 275524. S2CID 164127117.\n\n^ Epstein, Jeremiah (1990). \"Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Reevaluating Thompson's Argument\". American Archaeology.\n\n^ Watson, Matthew (1990). \"Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic Image and Objectivity\". Journal of Social Archaeology.\n\n^ Ardren, Traci (2006). \"Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the invention of the Modern Pop Goddess\". Antiquity. 80 (307): 25–37. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093236. S2CID 54685202.\n\n^ Becker, Marshall (1979). \"Priest, Peasants and Ceremonial centers: The Intellectual History of a Model\". Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory: 3–20. doi:10.7560/750401-004. ISBN 9780292762565. S2CID 222342895.\n\n^ Chase, Arlen; Chase (2015). \"Thirty Years of Archaeology at Caracol, Belize: Retrospective and Prospective\". Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology.\n\n^ Thompson, John (1971). \"Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors\". Society for American Archaeology.\n\n^ Houston, Stephen D.; Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Fernando; Stuart, David (2001). The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. University of Oklahoma Press.\n\n^ John Ferguson Harris, Stephen K. Stearns. 1997. Understanding Maya Inscriptions: A Hieroglyph Handbook. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, p. 9-10\n\n^ « There is no alphabetic or true syllabic writing in preconquest Mexican codices ; this would easily be spotted had it existed because the glyphs are mainly of identifiable places and persons. There is a certain use of rebus writing [...] to our European way of thinking the spoken syllabes reverse the arrangement of the drawing ; we would read it downwards [...] Under Spanish influence Nahuatl writing showed a great increase of rebus writing [...] the various glyphs which form the phrase are in line, just as in Landa's Maya sentence, but they are still pictographic, ideographic, or rebus writing [...] This form of rebus writing — for example, pater noster was written as a flag (pantli), a stone (tetl, for there is no r in nahuatl), a prickly pear (nochtli) and again a stone (tetl) — is arranged, European fashion, in straight lines like the phrases in Codex Xolotl and in Landa's illustrative material. »\n\n^ Thompson, John (1959). \"Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them\". Society for American Archaeology.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/John_Eric_Sidney_Thompson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Eric_Sidney_Thompson_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thompson's grave at Ashdon, Essex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tombstone_of_Eric_Thompson_%28Christian_Prager%2C_2015%29.jpg/220px-Tombstone_of_Eric_Thompson_%28Christian_Prager%2C_2015%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Madrid Codex (Maya)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)"},{"title":"Yuri Knorozov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Knorozov"},{"title":"Tatiana Proskouriakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Proskouriakoff"},{"title":"Maya civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilisation"},{"title":"Chichen Itza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza"},{"title":"David Stuart (Mayanist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-Eric-S-Thompson","url_text":"\"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson\""}]},{"reference":"Demarest, Arthur (2004). The Ancient Maya The Rise and Fall of Rainforest Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-521-53390-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53390-4","url_text":"978-0-521-53390-4"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, John (1943). \"A Trial Survey of the Southern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 9 (1): 106–134. doi:10.2307/275456. JSTOR 275456. S2CID 163470642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275456","url_text":"10.2307/275456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275456","url_text":"275456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163470642","url_text":"163470642"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, John (1945). \"A Survey of the Northern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 11 (1): 2–24. doi:10.2307/275524. JSTOR 275524. S2CID 164127117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275524","url_text":"10.2307/275524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275524","url_text":"275524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127117","url_text":"164127117"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Jeremiah (1990). \"Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Reevaluating Thompson's Argument\". American Archaeology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Watson, Matthew (1990). \"Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic Image and Objectivity\". Journal of Social Archaeology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ardren, Traci (2006). \"Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the invention of the Modern Pop Goddess\". Antiquity. 80 (307): 25–37. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093236. S2CID 54685202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093236","url_text":"10.1017/S0003598X00093236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54685202","url_text":"54685202"}]},{"reference":"Becker, Marshall (1979). \"Priest, Peasants and Ceremonial centers: The Intellectual History of a Model\". Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory: 3–20. doi:10.7560/750401-004. ISBN 9780292762565. S2CID 222342895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7560%2F750401-004","url_text":"10.7560/750401-004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292762565","url_text":"9780292762565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222342895","url_text":"222342895"}]},{"reference":"Chase, Arlen; Chase (2015). \"Thirty Years of Archaeology at Caracol, Belize: Retrospective and Prospective\". Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, John (1971). \"Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors\". Society for American Archaeology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Houston, Stephen D.; Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Fernando; Stuart, David (2001). The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. University of Oklahoma Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, John (1959). \"Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them\". Society for American Archaeology.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ardren, Traci (2006). \"Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of the Modern Pop Goddess\". Antiquity. 80 (307). Antiquity Publication Ltd.: 30–35. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00093236. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 54685202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093236","url_text":"10.1017/S0003598X00093236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X","url_text":"0003-598X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54685202","url_text":"54685202"}]},{"reference":"Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. OCLC 26605966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coe","url_text":"Coe, Michael D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0","url_text":"Breaking the Maya Code"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9","url_text":"0-500-05061-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26605966","url_text":"26605966"}]},{"reference":"Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coe","url_text":"Coe, Michael D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5","url_text":"0-500-28066-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59432778","url_text":"59432778"}]},{"reference":"Coe, Michael D.; Mark van Stone (2005). Reading the Maya Glyphs (2nd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28553-4. OCLC 60532227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coe","url_text":"Coe, Michael D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingmayaglyph0000coem","url_text":"Reading the Maya Glyphs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28553-4","url_text":"978-0-500-28553-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60532227","url_text":"60532227"}]},{"reference":"Demarest, Arthur (2004). Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53390-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Demarest","url_text":"Demarest, Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53390-4","url_text":"978-0-521-53390-4"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Jeremiah F. (1990). \"Sails in Aboriginal Mesoamerica: Reevaluating Thompson's Argument\". American Anthropologist. 92 (1). Wiley Blackwell: 187–192. doi:10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00140. hdl:2152/10306. ISSN 0002-7294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1990.92.1.02a00140","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F10306","url_text":"2152/10306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294","url_text":"0002-7294"}]},{"reference":"Freidel, David A.; Linda Schele; Joy Parker (1993). Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-10081-3. OCLC 27430287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Freidel","url_text":"Freidel, David A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Schele","url_text":"Linda Schele"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_%26_Co.","url_text":"William Morrow & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-10081-3","url_text":"0-688-10081-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27430287","url_text":"27430287"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Norman (1977). Social process in Maya prehistory : studies in honour of Sir Eric Thompson. London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-322050-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hammond","url_text":"Hammond, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-322050-5","url_text":"0-12-322050-5"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John F.; Stephen K. Stearns (1997). Understanding Maya Inscriptions: A Hieroglyph Handbook (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University Museum Publications, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-41-3. OCLC 34077021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924171-41-3","url_text":"0-924171-41-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34077021","url_text":"34077021"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Stephen D. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0-7141-8069-6. OCLC 18814390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston","url_text":"Houston, Stephen D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Publications","url_text":"British Museum Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-8069-6","url_text":"0-7141-8069-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18814390","url_text":"18814390"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Stephen D. (1992). \"Classic Maya Politics\". In Elin C. Danien; Robert J. Sharer (eds.). New Theories on the Ancient Maya. University Museum Monograph series, no. 77. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 65–70. ISBN 0-924171-13-8. OCLC 25510312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston","url_text":"Houston, Stephen D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/65","url_text":"\"Classic Maya Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_C._Danien","url_text":"Elin C. Danien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Sharer","url_text":"Robert J. Sharer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/65","url_text":"65–70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924171-13-8","url_text":"0-924171-13-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25510312","url_text":"25510312"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Stephen D.; David Stuart; Karl Taube (2006). The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience Among the Classic Maya. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71294-2. OCLC 61660268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston","url_text":"Houston, Stephen D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)","url_text":"David Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Taube","url_text":"Karl Taube"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoryofbonesbod0000hous","url_text":"The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience Among the Classic Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71294-2","url_text":"978-0-292-71294-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61660268","url_text":"61660268"}]},{"reference":"Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-46158-7. OCLC 42692203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluwer_Academic","url_text":"Kluwer Academic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenum_Publishers","url_text":"Plenum Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46158-7","url_text":"0-306-46158-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42692203","url_text":"42692203"}]},{"reference":"Schele, Linda; David Freidel (1992). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (pbk reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-11204-8. OCLC 145324300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Schele","url_text":"Schele, Linda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Freidel","url_text":"David Freidel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche","url_text":"A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial","url_text":"Harper Perennial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8","url_text":"0-688-11204-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145324300","url_text":"145324300"}]},{"reference":"Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4816-0. OCLC 28067148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sharer","url_text":"Sharer, Robert J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar","url_text":"The Ancient Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4816-0","url_text":"0-8047-4816-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28067148","url_text":"28067148"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, George E. (1992). \"Quest for Decipherment: A Historical and Biographical Survey of Maya Hieroglyphic Investigation\". In Elin C. Danien; Robert J. Sharer (eds.). New Theories on the Ancient Maya. University Museum Monograph series, no. 77. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 1–64. ISBN 0-924171-13-8. OCLC 25510312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_C._Danien","url_text":"Elin C. Danien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Sharer","url_text":"Robert J. Sharer"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/1","url_text":"New Theories on the Ancient Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/1","url_text":"1–64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924171-13-8","url_text":"0-924171-13-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25510312","url_text":"25510312"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, George E. (1994). \"The end of the beginning in Maya scholarship\". Antiquity. 68 (261). University of York: 867. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047608. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162482322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00047608","url_text":"10.1017/S0003598X00047608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X","url_text":"0003-598X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162482322","url_text":"162482322"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David; Wolfgang Kaehler; Anne Bolen (July 2004). \"Secrets of the Maya: Deciphering Tikal\". Smithsonian. 35 (4). Smithsonian Magazine: 42–48. ISSN 0037-7333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333","url_text":"0037-7333"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, J. Eric S. (1963). Maya Archaeologist. USA: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1206-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mayaarchaeologis00thom","url_text":"Maya Archaeologist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1206-9","url_text":"0-8061-1206-9"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, J. Eric S. (1945). \"A Survey of the Northern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 1 (2): 1–24. doi:10.2307/275524. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 275524. S2CID 164127117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275524","url_text":"10.2307/275524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","url_text":"0002-7316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275524","url_text":"275524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127117","url_text":"164127117"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, J. Eric S. (1943). \"A Trial Survey of Southern Maya Area\". American Antiquity. 9 (1): 131–132. doi:10.2307/275456. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 275456. S2CID 163470642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275456","url_text":"10.2307/275456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","url_text":"0002-7316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275456","url_text":"275456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163470642","url_text":"163470642"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, J. Eric S. (1971). \"Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors\". American Antiquity. 1 (36). Humanities and Social Sciences Index Retrospective.: 214–216. doi:10.2307/278679. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 278679. S2CID 164112991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F278679","url_text":"10.2307/278679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","url_text":"0002-7316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/278679","url_text":"278679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164112991","url_text":"164112991"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, J. Eric S. (1959). \"Systems of Hieroglyphic Writing in Middle America and Methods of Deciphering Them\". Society for American Archaeology. 24 (4). JSTOR Journals.: 214–216. doi:10.2307/276597. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 276597. S2CID 163337656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F276597","url_text":"10.2307/276597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","url_text":"0002-7316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/276597","url_text":"276597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163337656","url_text":"163337656"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Matthew (2013). \"Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic Imaging and Objectivity\". Journal of Social Archaeology. 13 (2). Alternative Press Index.: 177–196. doi:10.1177/1469605313483913. ISSN 1469-6053. S2CID 145451900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469605313483913","url_text":"10.1177/1469605313483913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-6053","url_text":"1469-6053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145451900","url_text":"145451900"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22","external_links_name":"\"J. Eric S. Thompson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22J.+Eric+S.+Thompson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-Eric-S-Thompson","external_links_name":"\"Sir J. Eric S. Thompson\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275456","external_links_name":"10.2307/275456"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275456","external_links_name":"275456"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163470642","external_links_name":"163470642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275524","external_links_name":"10.2307/275524"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275524","external_links_name":"275524"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127117","external_links_name":"164127117"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093236","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00093236"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54685202","external_links_name":"54685202"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7560%2F750401-004","external_links_name":"10.7560/750401-004"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222342895","external_links_name":"222342895"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093236","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00093236"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X","external_links_name":"0003-598X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54685202","external_links_name":"54685202"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0","external_links_name":"Breaking the Maya Code"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26605966","external_links_name":"26605966"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59432778","external_links_name":"59432778"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingmayaglyph0000coem","external_links_name":"Reading the Maya Glyphs"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60532227","external_links_name":"60532227"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1990.92.1.02a00140","external_links_name":"10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00140"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F10306","external_links_name":"2152/10306"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294","external_links_name":"0002-7294"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27430287","external_links_name":"27430287"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34077021","external_links_name":"34077021"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18814390","external_links_name":"18814390"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/65","external_links_name":"\"Classic Maya Politics\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/65","external_links_name":"65–70"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25510312","external_links_name":"25510312"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memoryofbonesbod0000hous","external_links_name":"The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience Among the Classic Maya"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61660268","external_links_name":"61660268"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42692203","external_links_name":"42692203"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche","external_links_name":"A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145324300","external_links_name":"145324300"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar","external_links_name":"The Ancient Maya"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28067148","external_links_name":"28067148"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/1","external_links_name":"New Theories on the Ancient Maya"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newtheoriesonanc0000unse/page/1","external_links_name":"1–64"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25510312","external_links_name":"25510312"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00047608","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00047608"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X","external_links_name":"0003-598X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162482322","external_links_name":"162482322"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333","external_links_name":"0037-7333"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mayaarchaeologis00thom","external_links_name":"Maya Archaeologist"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275524","external_links_name":"10.2307/275524"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","external_links_name":"0002-7316"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275524","external_links_name":"275524"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127117","external_links_name":"164127117"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F275456","external_links_name":"10.2307/275456"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","external_links_name":"0002-7316"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/275456","external_links_name":"275456"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163470642","external_links_name":"163470642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F278679","external_links_name":"10.2307/278679"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","external_links_name":"0002-7316"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/278679","external_links_name":"278679"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164112991","external_links_name":"164112991"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F276597","external_links_name":"10.2307/276597"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316","external_links_name":"0002-7316"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/276597","external_links_name":"276597"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163337656","external_links_name":"163337656"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469605313483913","external_links_name":"10.1177/1469605313483913"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-6053","external_links_name":"1469-6053"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145451900","external_links_name":"145451900"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mayacode/","external_links_name":"Cracking the Maya Code"},{"Link":"http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/thompson/","external_links_name":"Hieroglyph Catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/chronicle/8620.shtml","external_links_name":"BBC Archive – The lost world of the Maya"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1733507/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109152439","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73869482","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtFwJvwJRCYVMyW4BHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90331046","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1136232","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035193c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035193c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519896706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124278760","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278242705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50057284","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011596&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01148818","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020726040&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36055748","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record155993","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07135834X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811500550305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/421991","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263326","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00699978?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:thompson.john-eric-s","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1203495","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x06z3d","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028535391","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bykhaw
|
Bykhaw
|
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 53°31′N 30°15′E / 53.517°N 30.250°E / 53.517; 30.250Town in Mogilev Region, Belarus
Town in Mogilev Region, BelarusBykhaw
Быхаў (Belarusian)Быхов (Russian)BykhovTown
FlagCoat of armsBykhawLocation of Bykhaw in BelarusCoordinates: 53°31′N 30°15′E / 53.517°N 30.250°E / 53.517; 30.250CountryBelarusRegionMogilev RegionDistrictBykhaw DistrictFirst mentioned14th centuryPopulation (2024) • Total16,349Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)License plate6
Bykhaw or Bykhov (Belarusian: Быхаў, romanized: Bychaŭ, IPA: ; Russian: Быхов; Polish: Bychów; Yiddish: ביחאָוו, romanized: Bihov; Lithuanian: Bychavas) is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus. It is located 44 kilometres (27 mi) south of Mogilev, and serves as the administrative center of Bykhaw District. In 2009, its population was 17,031. As of 2024, it has a population of 16,349.
History
Synagogue
The settlement was first mentioned in the 14th century. It was a private town of the Chodkiewicz and Sapieha families, located within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1619, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz erected the Catholic church of the Immaculate Conception of Blessed Virgin Mary, rebuilt by the Sapiehas in 1765. The synagogue was built in the 1640s. The town was an important fortress known for hard battles. It withstood several sieges until its capture by the Russians in 1659, who then committed a massacre of its Jewish residents. It was recaptured by Stefan Czarniecki in 1660. The town was annexed by Russia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In the late 19th century the town hosted two annual fairs. Residents traded in grain, hemp, flax, honey, wax and wood.
During World War II, Bychaw was occupied by the German Army from 5 July 1941 until 28 June 1944 and placed under the administration of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland. The Jews of Bykhov were killed in two mass shootings in September and November 1941. According to the German and Soviet archives, there were 4,600 Jews from Bykhaw who were shot in Voronino.
Bykhov-1, Heroes Plaza, former Officer House, now House of Culture
There is an abandoned military airfield, Bykhov airfield inside a military town called Bykhov-1 , which is now a microdistrict of Bykhaw.
Notes
^ Official transliteration.
References
^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ a b Gaponenko, Irina Olegovna (2010). Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць. Minsk: Тэхналогія. p. 88. ISBN 978-985-458-159-0.
^ Численность населения областей и районов: Могилевская (PDF) (in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ a b c d e "The history of Bykhov - private Minsk tours, day trips, city tours, military tours".
^ a b c d Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I (in Polish). Warszawa. 1880. p. 489.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Yahad - in Unum".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bykhaw.
Bykhaw. Synagogues Archived 2020-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
Places of interest and photos of Bykhaw on Radzima.org
Jewish Encyclopedia
The murder of the Jews of Bykhaw during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
vteSubdivisions of Mogilev Region, BelarusDistricts(raiony)
Asipovichy
Byalynichy
Babruysk
Bykhaw
Chavusy
Cherykaw
Hlusk
Horki
Drybin
Khotsimsk
Kirawsk
Klimavichy
Klichaw
Krasnapollye
Krychaw
Kruhlaye
Kastsyukovichy
Mogilev
Mstsislaw
Slawharad
Shklow
Cities and towns
Asipovichy
Babruysk
Bykhaw
Byalynichy
Cherykaw
Chavusy
Hlusk
Horki
Kastsyukovichy
Kirawsk
Klichaw
Klimavichy
Kruhlaye
Krychaw
Mogilev
Mstsislaw
Slawharad
Shklow
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[ˈbɨxaʊ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Region"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Bykhaw District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bykhaw_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"}],"text":"Town in Mogilev Region, BelarusTown in Mogilev Region, BelarusBykhaw or Bykhov (Belarusian: Быхаў, romanized: Bychaŭ,[a] IPA: [ˈbɨxaʊ]; Russian: Быхов; Polish: Bychów; Yiddish: ביחאָוו, romanized: Bihov; Lithuanian: Bychavas) is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus.[2] It is located 44 kilometres (27 mi) south of Mogilev, and serves as the administrative center of Bykhaw District.[2][1] In 2009, its population was 17,031.[3] As of 2024, it has a population of 16,349.[1]","title":"Bykhaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bycha%C5%AD,_synagoga_(2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-5"},{"link_name":"private town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_town"},{"link_name":"Chodkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgk-6"},{"link_name":"Jan Karol Chodkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgk-6"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-5"},{"link_name":"Stefan Czarniecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-5"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgk-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgk-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Generalbezirk Weißruthenien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalbezirk_Weissruthenien"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ostland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bykhov-1_Heroes_Square_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Officer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_House"},{"link_name":"House of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Bykhov airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bykhov_airfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC)"},{"link_name":"Bykhov-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bykhov-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2-1"},{"link_name":"microdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdistrict"}],"text":"SynagogueThe settlement was first mentioned in the 14th century.[4] It was a private town of the Chodkiewicz and Sapieha families, located within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[5] In 1619, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz erected the Catholic church of the Immaculate Conception of Blessed Virgin Mary, rebuilt by the Sapiehas in 1765.[5] The synagogue was built in the 1640s.[4] The town was an important fortress known for hard battles.[4] It withstood several sieges until its capture by the Russians in 1659, who then committed a massacre of its Jewish residents.[4] It was recaptured by Stefan Czarniecki in 1660. The town was annexed by Russia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772.[4] In the late 19th century the town hosted two annual fairs.[5] Residents traded in grain, hemp, flax, honey, wax and wood.[5]During World War II, Bychaw was occupied by the German Army from 5 July 1941 until 28 June 1944 and placed under the administration of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland. The Jews of Bykhov were killed in two mass shootings in September and November 1941. According to the German and Soviet archives, there were 4,600 Jews from Bykhaw who were shot in Voronino.[6]Bykhov-1, Heroes Plaza, former Officer House, now House of CultureThere is an abandoned military airfield, Bykhov airfield [ru] inside a military town called Bykhov-1 [uk], which is now a microdistrict of Bykhaw.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Official transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script"}],"text":"^ Official transliteration.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Synagogue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bycha%C5%AD%2C_synagoga_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Bycha%C5%AD%2C_synagoga_%282007%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bykhov-1, Heroes Plaza, former Officer House, now House of Culture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bykhov-1_Heroes_Square_01.jpg/220px-Bykhov-1_Heroes_Square_01.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"url":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gaponenko, Irina Olegovna (2010). Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць. Minsk: Тэхналогія. p. 88. ISBN 978-985-458-159-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-458-159-0","url_text":"978-985-458-159-0"}]},{"reference":"Численность населения областей и районов: Могилевская (PDF) (in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918181854/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/1.2-7.pdf","url_text":"Численность населения областей и районов: Могилевская"},{"url":"http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/1.2-7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of Bykhov - private Minsk tours, day trips, city tours, military tours\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minsktours.by/about_belarus/bykhov-mogilev.html","url_text":"\"The history of Bykhov - private Minsk tours, day trips, city tours, military tours\""}]},{"reference":"Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I (in Polish). Warszawa. 1880. p. 489.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Yahad - in Unum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://yahadmap.org/#village/bykhov-mogilev-belarus.672","url_text":"\"Yahad - in Unum\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bykhaw¶ms=53_31_N_30_15_E_region:BY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°31′N 30°15′E / 53.517°N 30.250°E / 53.517; 30.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bykhaw¶ms=53_31_N_30_15_E_region:BY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°31′N 30°15′E / 53.517°N 30.250°E / 53.517; 30.250"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","external_links_name":"\"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа\""},{"Link":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918181854/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/1.2-7.pdf","external_links_name":"Численность населения областей и районов: Могилевская"},{"Link":"http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/1.2-7.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.minsktours.by/about_belarus/bykhov-mogilev.html","external_links_name":"\"The history of Bykhov - private Minsk tours, day trips, city tours, military tours\""},{"Link":"http://yahadmap.org/#village/bykhov-mogilev-belarus.672","external_links_name":"\"Yahad - in Unum\""},{"Link":"http://jhrgbelarus.org/Heritage_Synagogues.php?pid=&lang=en&city_id=2&type=1","external_links_name":"Bykhaw. Synagogues"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112073341/http://jhrgbelarus.org/Heritage_Synagogues.php?pid=&lang=en&city_id=2&type=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.radzima.org/eng/town/byhau.html","external_links_name":"Places of interest and photos of Bykhaw on Radzima.org"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1640&letter=B","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=350","external_links_name":"The murder of the Jews of Bykhaw"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316603065","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528337605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_F._Anderson
|
Steve F. Anderson
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American academic
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Steve F. Anderson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Steve F. AndersonBorn1963 (age 60–61)NationalityAmericanAcademic backgroundAlma materUSC School of Cinematic Arts,California Institute of the ArtsAcademic workDisciplineDigital MediaInstitutionsUCLA School of Theater, Film and Television
Websitewww.tft.ucla.edu/faculty/steve-anderson/
Steve F. Anderson is an American academic. He is a professor of digital media at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. He was previously an associate professor in the USC Interactive Media & Games Division.
Career
Anderson received his Master of Fine Arts in Film and Video from CalArts in 1990 and his Ph.D. in 2001 from the Film, Literature & Culture program at the University of Southern California under the direction of Professors David E. James, Marita Sturken, and Leo Braudy.
Anderson known for his contributions to the fields of digital humanities, scholarly electronic publishing, fair use advocacy and technocultural studies.
He served as founding director of the Ph.D. program in Media Arts and Practice at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. He co-edits the interdisciplinary electronic journal Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular and is the founder of Critical Commons, an online media archive and fair use advocacy network. He is author of the books Technologies of Vision: The War Between Data and Images (MIT 2018) and Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past (Dartmouth 2011). With Christie Milliken he is co-editor of the anthology Reclaiming Popular Documentary (Indiana University Press 2021), which won the award for Best Edited Collection from the Popular Culture Association in 2022.
Technologies of History marks an intervention in the academic sub-field of Film and History, which has largely focused on the accuracy and verifiability of cinematic and televisual history, especially in the genres of documentary and historical epics. Anderson's book advocates consideration of the historiographical value of non-traditional (what he terms "eccentric") forms of visual history including experimental film and video, fake documentary, found footage, science fiction time travel and digital games. D. L. LeMahieu's book review in the journal Film & History notes that "Anderson’s validation of the idiosyncratic and experimental opens new areas of research and analysis for historians."
In 2007, Anderson and Holly Willis won a HASTAC/MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning grant to create CriticalCommons.org, public media archive.
In 2014-15 he received a prestigious Digital Innovation Fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) to support his project "Technologies of Cinema: A Critical Digital Archive and Multimodal History of the American Technocultural Imaginary."
References
^ Popular Culture Association "The winner of the Browne Best Edited Collection is Christie Milliken and Steve F. Anderson!"
^ Steve F. Anderson "Introduction to Technologies of History (Dartmouth College Press 2011)"]
^ D. L. LeMahieu. "Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema by Allan Cameron, and: Abandoned Images: Film and Film's End by Stephen Barber, and: Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past by Steve F. Anderson"
^ Grant, Sheryl (December 1, 2008). "Critical Commons: Advocacy, Knowledge Networking and Media-sharing Tools for Educators". HASTAC. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.
^ American Council of Learned Societies "ACLS Awards 2014 Digital Innovation Fellowships to Seven Scholars"
External links
Technologies of Vision: The War Between Data and Images
Critical Commons
Vectors Journal
Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past
Reclaiming Popular Documentary
Biography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Theater,_Film_and_Television"},{"link_name":"USC Interactive Media & Games Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Interactive_Media_%26_Games_Division"}],"text":"Steve F. Anderson is an American academic. He is a professor of digital media at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. He was previously an associate professor in the USC Interactive Media & Games Division.","title":"Steve F. Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"CalArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalArts"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Marita Sturken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marita_Sturken"},{"link_name":"Leo Braudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Braudy_(academic)"},{"link_name":"digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"Media Arts and Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Arts_and_Practice"},{"link_name":"USC School of Cinematic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_School_of_Cinematic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectors_Journal_of_Culture_and_Technology_in_a_Dynamic_Vernacular"},{"link_name":"Critical Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Commons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CPCA%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechnocinemaIntroduction-2"},{"link_name":"Film & History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%26_History"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechnocinemaReview-3"},{"link_name":"Holly Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Willis"},{"link_name":"HASTAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HASTAC"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DML-4"},{"link_name":"American Council of Learned Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACLS-5"}],"text":"Anderson received his Master of Fine Arts in Film and Video from CalArts in 1990 and his Ph.D. in 2001 from the Film, Literature & Culture program at the University of Southern California under the direction of Professors David E. James, Marita Sturken, and Leo Braudy.Anderson known for his contributions to the fields of digital humanities, scholarly electronic publishing, fair use advocacy and technocultural studies.He served as founding director of the Ph.D. program in Media Arts and Practice at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. He co-edits the interdisciplinary electronic journal Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular and is the founder of Critical Commons, an online media archive and fair use advocacy network. He is author of the books Technologies of Vision: The War Between Data and Images (MIT 2018) and Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past (Dartmouth 2011). With Christie Milliken he is co-editor of the anthology Reclaiming Popular Documentary (Indiana University Press 2021), which won the award for Best Edited Collection from the Popular Culture Association in 2022.[1]Technologies of History marks an intervention in the academic sub-field of Film and History, which has largely focused on the accuracy and verifiability of cinematic and televisual history, especially in the genres of documentary and historical epics.[2] Anderson's book advocates consideration of the historiographical value of non-traditional (what he terms \"eccentric\") forms of visual history including experimental film and video, fake documentary, found footage, science fiction time travel and digital games. D. L. LeMahieu's book review in the journal Film & History notes that \"Anderson’s validation of the idiosyncratic and experimental opens new areas of research and analysis for historians.\"[3]In 2007, Anderson and Holly Willis won a HASTAC/MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning grant to create CriticalCommons.org, public media archive.[4]In 2014-15 he received a prestigious Digital Innovation Fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) to support his project \"Technologies of Cinema: A Critical Digital Archive and Multimodal History of the American Technocultural Imaginary.\"[5]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Grant, Sheryl (December 1, 2008). \"Critical Commons: Advocacy, Knowledge Networking and Media-sharing Tools for Educators\". HASTAC. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220010132/http://www.hastac.org/blogs/slgrant/critical-commons-advocacy-knowledge-networking-and-media-sharing-tools-educators","url_text":"\"Critical Commons: Advocacy, Knowledge Networking and Media-sharing Tools for Educators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HASTAC","url_text":"HASTAC"},{"url":"http://www.hastac.org/blogs/slgrant/critical-commons-advocacy-knowledge-networking-and-media-sharing-tools-educators","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"\"Steve F. Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Steve+F.+Anderson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.tft.ucla.edu/faculty/steve-anderson/","external_links_name":"www.tft.ucla.edu/faculty/steve-anderson/"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pcaaca/photos/a.724405657578673/5226224157396778/","external_links_name":"\"The winner of the Browne Best Edited Collection is Christie Milliken and Steve F. Anderson!\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AndersonTechnohistoryIntro","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2967275461/modular-narratives-in-contemporary-cinema-abandoned","external_links_name":"\"Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema by Allan Cameron, and: Abandoned Images: Film and Film's End by Stephen Barber, and: Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past by Steve F. Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220010132/http://www.hastac.org/blogs/slgrant/critical-commons-advocacy-knowledge-networking-and-media-sharing-tools-educators","external_links_name":"\"Critical Commons: Advocacy, Knowledge Networking and Media-sharing Tools for Educators\""},{"Link":"http://www.hastac.org/blogs/slgrant/critical-commons-advocacy-knowledge-networking-and-media-sharing-tools-educators","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.acls.org/03-04-2014/","external_links_name":"\"ACLS Awards 2014 Digital Innovation Fellowships to Seven Scholars\""},{"Link":"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/technologies-vision","external_links_name":"Technologies of Vision: The War Between Data and Images"},{"Link":"http://www.criticalcommons.org/","external_links_name":"Critical Commons"},{"Link":"http://vectors.usc.edu/","external_links_name":"Vectors Journal"},{"Link":"http://www.upne.com/1584659013.html","external_links_name":"Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past"},{"Link":"https://iupress.org/9780253056887/reclaiming-popular-documentary/","external_links_name":"Reclaiming Popular Documentary"},{"Link":"https://www.tft.ucla.edu/faculty/steve-anderson/","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000097617197","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7159149296168980670007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165649267","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165649267","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347687405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010071116","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p340987944","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/165240989","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscrea_Castle
|
Roscrea Castle
|
["1 History","2 Design and construction","3 Damer House","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Coordinates: 52°57′18″N 7°47′52″W / 52.95494°N 7.79788°W / 52.95494; -7.79788
Building in Roscrea, IrelandRoscrea CastleThe gate building of Roscrea CastleLocation within IrelandGeneral informationAddressCastle StreetTown or cityRoscreaCountryIrelandCoordinates52°57′18″N 7°47′52″W / 52.95494°N 7.79788°W / 52.95494; -7.79788Elevation9 metres (30 ft)Opened1213; 811 years ago (1213)
Plan of Roscrea Castle
Roscrea Castle is a 13th-century motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Roscrea, Ireland. The castle consists of a walled courtyard, gate block, and angled towers. Along with 18th century Damer House and gardens, the castle forms part of Roscrea Heritage Centre.
History
The south-eastern tower is sometimes known as King John's Castle as its erection is attributed to John, King of England. While the current stone castle was built after his death, there is evidence that John ordered a "motam et bretagium" (motte and tower) to be built on the site in 1213. At the time of construction the land was owned by the Bishop of Killaloe. Construction was overseen by the Justiciar, Henry of London, and formed part of John's efforts to solidify his conquest of Ireland, particularly the midlands and southern counties. In 1315, the castle was granted to the Butlers of Ormond who held it until the 18th century. In 1646, the castle and town were stormed by Owen Roe O'Neill during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The castle fell to Cromwell in 1650 and was used for a short period by Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton. In 1703, the castle was sold to the Royal Hospital Kilmainham by the Duke of Ormonde. It was purchased by local merchant John Damer in 1722 and later passed down to the Earl of Portarlington. It was used as a barracks from 1798, housing 350 soldiers, and later served as a school, library, and tuberculosis sanatorium. The castle fell into disrepair in the 19th century, with a roof collapse which necessitated extensive repairs in the 1850s. It was named a national monument in 1892 and is registered as National Monument number 211.
Design and construction
The original wooden castle was destroyed in the late 13th century and replaced with the current stone structure. More than £875 was spent on works from 1274 to 1295, overseen by John de Lydyard. The current structure consists of a 40-metre-wide courtyard enclosed by curtain walls and a ditch. The walls are up to 2.5 metres thick in parts. The castle was originally surrounded by a river to the east and a moat on the other sides. While it does not have a keep, the main residence is a three-storey rectangular gate building to the north, complemented by two three-quarter round towers, one to the southwest and one to the southeast. The south-western tower, known as the Ormond Tower, contains a first floor room with a fireplace on the north wall and a 17th-century plasterwork coat of arms. The south-eastern tower, referred to as King John's Castle, is taller, with 3 storeys. The original gate building is dated to around 1280 but the current stone structure was built by the 4th Earl of Ormond in the 15th century. The gate building is approximately 27 metres high and originally included a bascule bridge and portcullis. The entrance has a barrel vault ceiling. Below the gate tower is a basement prison which was accessible by trapdoor. In the 17th century, a second floor living area was added to the building including a pointed groined vault, three bays, lancet windows, a garderobe, a chimney stack, a large hooded dog-tooth capital fireplace on the southern wall, and crow-stepped gables. The drawbridge was operated from this floor. A spiral staircase in the eastern corner of the building gives access to the upper floors. The slate roof dates from the 18th century. The building was further renovated in the 19th century. The courtyard includes buildings from the 18th century and some modern structures. The southern castle wall is no longer intact. Some examples of plaster decorations from the 1640s survive.
Damer House
In 1728, John Damer built a large Georgian house on the grounds of the castle. Designed in Queen Anne style, the three-storey-over-basement house features 9 bay windows and one of only 2 Queen Anne style staircases in Ireland. Although recognised as one of the few examples of pre-Palladian architecture in Ireland, Damer House was due to be demolished in the 1960s, with suggestions that it be replaced by a swimming pool or a bacon factory. It was eventually saved after a campaign by Desmond Guinness and the Irish Georgian Society, which took out a lease on the house in 1973. The house was restored initially by the Irish Georgian Society from 1980 to 1983 and opened to the public. The lease was then transferred to the Roscrea Heritage Society. Restoration was completed in the 1990s by the national heritage service Dúchas with additional funding from Bord Fáilte and £100,000 from the Government Policy for Architecture. More than £1.3 million was spent on the project, allowing many original period features to be maintained. The house, which is owned by Tipperary County Council and managed with Roscrea Heritage Society, is listed on the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage as being of special social, historical, archaeological, artistic and architectural interest. In 2012, artists Patricia Hurl and Therry Rudin established the Damer House Gallery.
Awards
European Museum of the Year Award special award
Irish Museums Trust Award
See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
References
^ McNeill, Tom (2000). Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books. ISBN 9780415228534. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ "Roscrea Castle, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary". Castles Uncovered. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Seán Duffy. King John's Expedition to Ireland, 1210: The Evidence Reconsidered. Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 30, No. 117 (May 1996), pp. 1-24
^ H. G. Leask. Irish Castles: 1180 to 1310. Archaeological Journal Vol. 93 , Iss. 1, 1936.
^ "Full text of "The early Norman castles of the British Isles"". Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ a b T. E. Mcneill (2011) Mountains or Molehills? Different Uses for Mottes in the Lordships of Eastern Ireland, Archaeological Journal, 168:1, 227-271, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2011.11020835
^ Sergeant 1913, p. 145, line 21: "For some reason, when the rebel leader Owen O'Neill took Roscrea, Tipperary, the home of the Hamiltons, in September 1646, and put the inhabitants to the sword, he spared Lady Hamilton and her young children ..."
^ a b "The Standing Stone: Roscrea Castle, Co. Tipperary". Thestandingstone.ie. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ theirishaesthete (23 September 2013). "Bon anniversaire « The Irish Aesthete". Theirishaesthete.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ a b Kate Donovan (16 April 1998). "Roscrea confronts 'disgrace' of Damer House". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Cunningham, George. Roscrea and District: Illustrated Guide, Monuments and Antiquities. Roscrea, Ireland: Parkmore Press, 1976.
^ "Tipperary North" (PDF). National Monuments in State Care: Ownership & Guardianship. National Monuments Service. 4 March 2009.
^ G. Cunningham. The Anglo-Norman Advance into the South-west Midlands of Ireland, Roscrea: Parkmore Press. 1987
^ McNeill, Tom (2000). Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books. ISBN 9780415228534. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Claughton P, Rondelez P. Early silver mining in western Europe: an Irish perspective. Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland. 2013: 13; 1-8.
^ Gleeson, Hist. Terr. Ely O'Carroll, pp. 380 ff.
^ Jane Fenlon. The Decorative Plasterwork at Ormond Castle: A Unique Survival. Architectural History, Vol. 41 (1998), pp. 67-81.
^ "Damer House, Castle Street, TOWNPARKS (ROSCREA PR), Roscrea, TIPPERARY NORTH".
^ https://www.damerhousegallery.com/about
Sergeant, Phillip (1913), Little Jennings and Fighting Dick Talbot: A Life of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnel, vol. 1, London: Hutchinson
vteHistoric Irish houses and castlesConnacht
Ashford Castle
Aughnanure Castle
Ballymore Castle
Ballymote Castle
Ballynahinch Castle
Castle Hackett
Classiebawn Castle
Clifden Castle
Clonalis House
Dunguaire Castle
Dunsandle Castle
Eyrecourt Castle
Fiddaun Castle
Hazelwood House
Glanleam House
Kilronan Castle
Lissadell House
Markree Castle
Menlo Castle
Parke's Castle
Strokestown House
Tyrone House
Westport House
Dublin
Abbeville, Dublin
Aldborough House
Áras an Uachtaráin
Ardgillan Castle
Ashtown Castle
Baggotrath Castle
Carrickmines Castle
Castleknock Castle
Chichester House
Clontarf Castle
Deerfield
Drimnagh Castle
Dublin Castle
Farmleigh
Frescati House
Hillcourt
Howth Castle
Iveagh House
Leinster House
Lucan Manor
Luttrellstown Castle
Malahide Castle
Manderley Castle
Manresa House
Mansion House
Merrion Castle
Mornington House
Rathfarnham Castle
Roebuck, Dublin
Sutton Castle
Swords Castle
Rest of Leinster
Allenstown House
Altamont House
Ardbraccan House
Athlone Castle
Athclare Castle
Athlumney Castle
Avondale House
Ballinlough Castle
Barberstown Castle
Bargy Castle
Beaulieu House
Bellinter House
Belvedere House
Bellevue House
Birr Castle
Butler House
Carton House
Castle Durrow
Castlemartin House and Estate
Castle Roche
Castletown House
Charleville Castle
Dangan Castle
Dardistown Castle
Darver Castle
Duckett's Grove
Dunsany Castle
Durhamstown Castle
Emo Court
Enniscorthy Castle
Foulksrath Castle
Gloster House
Humewood Castle
Huntington Castle
Kilkea Castle
Killeen Castle, Dunsany
Kilkenny Castle
Killruddery House
Kinnitty Castle
Leap Castle
Leixlip Castle
Lisnavagh House
Loftus Hall
Luggala Lodge
Lyons Demesne
Maynooth Castle
Marlfield House
Middleton Park House
Mount Loftus
Portlick Castle
Powerscourt House
Rock of Dunamase
Russborough House
Slane Castle
Stradbally Hall
Straffan House
Summerhill House
Tallaght Castle
Townley Hall
Trim Castle
Munster
Abbeville, Tipperary
Adare Manor
Ardfinnan Castle
Ballinalacken Castle
Ballinskelligs Castle
Ballycarbery Castle
Ballyhannon Castle
Bantry House
Barryscourt Castle
Black Castle
Blarney Castle
Bourchier's Castle
Bunratty Castle
Bowen's Court
Cahir Castle
Cappoquin House
Castle Conway
Castle Donovan
Castle Gurteen de la Poer
Castle Maine
Castle Oliver
Castle Otway
Craggaunowen Castle
Croom Castle
Curraghmore
Damer House
Derreen House
Derryquin Castle
Desmond Castle, Kinsale
Doonagore Castle
Dough Castle
Dromoland Castle
Dromore Castle
Dunasead Castle
Dunboy Castle
Dunkerron Castle
Dunlough Castle
Ennistymon House
Fota House
Gallarus Castle
Kenmare House
Kilcash Castle
Killagha Abbey
Killarney House
Kiltinan Castle
King John's Castle
Knappogue Castle
Leamaneh Castle
Lismore Castle
Listowel Castle
Macroom Castle
Moorstown Castle
Mount Congreve
Mount Trenchard House
Muckross House
Newhall House
Newtown Castle
O'Dea Castle
Ormonde Castle
Parkavonear Castle
Red House
Redwood Castle
Rock of Cashel
Roscrea Castle
Ross Castle
Shanmuckinish Castle
Slevoir House
Strancally Castle
Tarbert House
Vernon Mount
Waterford Castle
Woodhouse
Woodstown House
Ulster
Altinaghree Castle
Archbishop's Palace, Armagh
Arthur Cottage
Bailieborough Castle
Ballymoyer House
Bangor Castle
Baronscourt
Belfast Castle
Bellamont House
Blessingbourne House
Burt Castle
Carrickfergus Castle
Castle Caulfield
Castle Coole
Castle Leslie
Castle Saunderson
Clandeboye House
Cloughoughter Castle
Crom Castle
Dartrey Forest
Derrymore House
Doe Castle
Donegal Castle
Dundrum Castle
Dungannon Castle
Dunluce Castle
Florence Court
Glenarm Castle
Glenveagh Castle
Gosford Castle
Grianan of Aileach
Hillsborough Castle
Hope Castle
Inch Castle
Lissan House
Lough Eske Castle
Monellan Castle
Mongavlin Castle
Mount Stewart
Parkanaur House
Richhill Castle
Rossmore Castle
Springhill House
Tynan Abbey
See also
Historic houses in Northern Ireland
Historic houses in the Republic of Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roscrea_Castle_Plan_norm.png"},{"link_name":"motte-and-bailey castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle"},{"link_name":"Roscrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscrea"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Building in Roscrea, IrelandPlan of Roscrea CastleRoscrea Castle is a 13th-century motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Roscrea, Ireland. The castle consists of a walled courtyard, gate block, and angled towers. Along with 18th century Damer House and gardens, the castle forms part of Roscrea Heritage Centre.[1][2]","title":"Roscrea Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John, King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Killaloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Killaloe"},{"link_name":"Justiciar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Henry of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Loundres"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaeological1936-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaeological2-6"},{"link_name":"Butlers of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Owen Roe O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roe_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergeant1913[httpsarchiveorgdetailslittlejenningsfi01sergpage145_145,_line_21]-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Ireton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ireton"},{"link_name":"Royal Hospital Kilmainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Kilmainham"},{"link_name":"Duke of Ormonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde"},{"link_name":"Earl of Portarlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Portarlington"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestandingstone1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The south-eastern tower is sometimes known as King John's Castle as its erection is attributed to John, King of England. While the current stone castle was built after his death,[3] there is evidence that John ordered a \"motam et bretagium\" (motte and tower) to be built on the site in 1213. At the time of construction the land was owned by the Bishop of Killaloe. Construction was overseen by the Justiciar, Henry of London, and formed part of John's efforts to solidify his conquest of Ireland, particularly the midlands and southern counties.[4][5][6] In 1315, the castle was granted to the Butlers of Ormond who held it until the 18th century. In 1646, the castle and town were stormed by Owen Roe O'Neill during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.[7] The castle fell to Cromwell in 1650 and was used for a short period by Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton. In 1703, the castle was sold to the Royal Hospital Kilmainham by the Duke of Ormonde. It was purchased by local merchant John Damer in 1722 and later passed down to the Earl of Portarlington. It was used as a barracks from 1798, housing 350 soldiers, and later served as a school, library, and tuberculosis sanatorium. The castle fell into disrepair in the 19th century, with a roof collapse which necessitated extensive repairs in the 1850s. It was named a national monument in 1892 and is registered as National Monument number 211.[8][9][10][11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaeological2-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"three-quarter round towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_tower_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"plasterwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"the 4th Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_4th_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge"},{"link_name":"portcullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis"},{"link_name":"barrel vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault"},{"link_name":"lancet windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_window"},{"link_name":"garderobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garderobe"},{"link_name":"dog-tooth capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"crow-stepped gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestandingstone1-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The original wooden castle was destroyed in the late 13th century and replaced with the current stone structure. More than £875 was spent on works from 1274 to 1295, overseen by John de Lydyard.[6][13][14][15] The current structure consists of a 40-metre-wide courtyard enclosed by curtain walls and a ditch. The walls are up to 2.5 metres thick in parts. The castle was originally surrounded by a river to the east and a moat on the other sides. While it does not have a keep, the main residence is a three-storey rectangular gate building to the north, complemented by two three-quarter round towers, one to the southwest and one to the southeast. The south-western tower, known as the Ormond Tower, contains a first floor room with a fireplace on the north wall and a 17th-century plasterwork coat of arms. The south-eastern tower, referred to as King John's Castle, is taller, with 3 storeys. The original gate building is dated to around 1280 but the current stone structure was built by the 4th Earl of Ormond in the 15th century. The gate building is approximately 27 metres high and originally included a bascule bridge and portcullis. The entrance has a barrel vault ceiling. Below the gate tower is a basement prison which was accessible by trapdoor. In the 17th century, a second floor living area was added to the building including a pointed groined vault, three bays, lancet windows, a garderobe, a chimney stack, a large hooded dog-tooth capital fireplace on the southern wall, and crow-stepped gables. The drawbridge was operated from this floor. A spiral staircase in the eastern corner of the building gives access to the upper floors. The slate roof dates from the 18th century. The building was further renovated in the 19th century. The courtyard includes buildings from the 18th century and some modern structures. The southern castle wall is no longer intact.[16][8] Some examples of plaster decorations from the 1640s survive.[17]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Desmond Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Guinness"},{"link_name":"Irish Georgian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Georgian_Society"},{"link_name":"Dúchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAchas"},{"link_name":"Bord Fáilte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ilte_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tipperary County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_County_Council"},{"link_name":"National Inventory of Architectural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventory_of_Architectural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes1-10"},{"link_name":"Patricia Hurl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Hurl"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 1728, John Damer built a large Georgian house on the grounds of the castle. Designed in Queen Anne style, the three-storey-over-basement house features 9 bay windows and one of only 2 Queen Anne style staircases in Ireland. Although recognised as one of the few examples of pre-Palladian architecture in Ireland, Damer House was due to be demolished in the 1960s, with suggestions that it be replaced by a swimming pool or a bacon factory. It was eventually saved after a campaign by Desmond Guinness and the Irish Georgian Society, which took out a lease on the house in 1973. The house was restored initially by the Irish Georgian Society from 1980 to 1983 and opened to the public. The lease was then transferred to the Roscrea Heritage Society. Restoration was completed in the 1990s by the national heritage service Dúchas with additional funding from Bord Fáilte and £100,000 from the Government Policy for Architecture. More than £1.3 million was spent on the project, allowing many original period features to be maintained. The house, which is owned by Tipperary County Council and managed with Roscrea Heritage Society, is listed on the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage as being of special social, historical, archaeological, artistic and architectural interest.[18][10] In 2012, artists Patricia Hurl and Therry Rudin established the Damer House Gallery.[19]","title":"Damer House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Museum of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Museum_of_the_Year_Award"}],"text":"European Museum of the Year Award special award\nIrish Museums Trust Award","title":"Awards"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Plan of Roscrea Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Roscrea_Castle_Plan_norm.png/220px-Roscrea_Castle_Plan_norm.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Castles in Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"}]
|
[{"reference":"McNeill, Tom (2000). Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books. ISBN 9780415228534. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcLdpW7iU5EC&q=roscrea&pg=PA146","url_text":"Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415228534","url_text":"9780415228534"}]},{"reference":"\"Roscrea Castle, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary\". Castles Uncovered. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.castlesuncovered.com/ireland/roscreacastle.html","url_text":"\"Roscrea Castle, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"The early Norman castles of the British Isles\"\". Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/earlynormancast00armigoog/earlynormancast00armigoog_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"The early Norman castles of the British Isles\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Standing Stone: Roscrea Castle, Co. Tipperary\". Thestandingstone.ie. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestandingstone.ie/2009/12/roscrea-castle-co-tipperary.html","url_text":"\"The Standing Stone: Roscrea Castle, Co. Tipperary\""}]},{"reference":"theirishaesthete (23 September 2013). \"Bon anniversaire « The Irish Aesthete\". Theirishaesthete.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://theirishaesthete.com/2013/09/23/bon-anniversaire/","url_text":"\"Bon anniversaire « The Irish Aesthete\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Donovan (16 April 1998). \"Roscrea confronts 'disgrace' of Damer House\". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/roscrea-confronts-disgrace-of-damer-house-1.142461","url_text":"\"Roscrea confronts 'disgrace' of Damer House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tipperary North\" (PDF). National Monuments in State Care: Ownership & Guardianship. National Monuments Service. 4 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-tipperary-north.pdf","url_text":"\"Tipperary North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monuments_Service","url_text":"National Monuments Service"}]},{"reference":"McNeill, Tom (2000). Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books. ISBN 9780415228534. Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcLdpW7iU5EC&q=roscrea&pg=PR10","url_text":"Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415228534","url_text":"9780415228534"}]},{"reference":"\"Damer House, Castle Street, TOWNPARKS (ROSCREA PR), Roscrea, TIPPERARY NORTH\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TN®no=22303058","url_text":"\"Damer House, Castle Street, TOWNPARKS (ROSCREA PR), Roscrea, TIPPERARY NORTH\""}]},{"reference":"Sergeant, Phillip (1913), Little Jennings and Fighting Dick Talbot: A Life of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnel, vol. 1, London: Hutchinson","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/littlejenningsfi01serg","url_text":"Little Jennings and Fighting Dick Talbot: A Life of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnel"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roscrea_Castle¶ms=52.95494_N_7.79788_W_type:landmark_region:IE","external_links_name":"52°57′18″N 7°47′52″W / 52.95494°N 7.79788°W / 52.95494; -7.79788"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roscrea_Castle¶ms=52.95494_N_7.79788_W_type:landmark_region:IE","external_links_name":"52°57′18″N 7°47′52″W / 52.95494°N 7.79788°W / 52.95494; -7.79788"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcLdpW7iU5EC&q=roscrea&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.castlesuncovered.com/ireland/roscreacastle.html","external_links_name":"\"Roscrea Castle, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/earlynormancast00armigoog/earlynormancast00armigoog_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Full text of \"The early Norman castles of the British Isles\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/littlejenningsfi01serg/page/145","external_links_name":"145, line 21"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandingstone.ie/2009/12/roscrea-castle-co-tipperary.html","external_links_name":"\"The Standing Stone: Roscrea Castle, Co. Tipperary\""},{"Link":"https://theirishaesthete.com/2013/09/23/bon-anniversaire/","external_links_name":"\"Bon anniversaire « The Irish Aesthete\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/roscrea-confronts-disgrace-of-damer-house-1.142461","external_links_name":"\"Roscrea confronts 'disgrace' of Damer House\""},{"Link":"https://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-tipperary-north.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tipperary North\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcLdpW7iU5EC&q=roscrea&pg=PR10","external_links_name":"Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World - Tom McNeill - Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TN®no=22303058","external_links_name":"\"Damer House, Castle Street, TOWNPARKS (ROSCREA PR), Roscrea, TIPPERARY NORTH\""},{"Link":"https://www.damerhousegallery.com/about","external_links_name":"https://www.damerhousegallery.com/about"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/littlejenningsfi01serg","external_links_name":"Little Jennings and Fighting Dick Talbot: A Life of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carline
|
John Carline
|
["1 Life","2 John Carline (son)","2.1 Works","3 John Carline (grandson)","3.1 Works","4 Thomas Carline (grandson)","5 Recognition","6 References"]
|
English bridge-builder
St Alkmund's in Shrewsbury
John Carline (1730–2 March 1793) was an 18th-century English bridge-builder. Both his son (1758-1834) and grandson (1792-1862) continued the name - the former focussing on churches and church monuments but also building bridges.
Life
The Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury
Montford Bridge
St Chad's in Shrewsbury
The Claremont Buildings in Shrewsbury
He was born at Carline Place in Lincoln in 1730. He trained as a stonemason and around 1765 he went into partnership with a John Tilly or Tilley in Shrewsbury and together they built several bridges. In Shrewsbury he lived in a large self-built house at Abbey Foregate.
In 1771 they built the arched stone bridge at Coleham Head over the Rea Brook. Finding a quantity of potential work he bought an area of open land in Shrewsbury to use as a mason's yard and this became known as Carline's Field. In 1774 they built the five arch English Bridge in Shrewsbury. In 1788 they built a new entrance portico for Adderley Hall.
In 1788 he won a contract for a new jail and workhouse in Shrewsbury.
In 1790 they built the three arch Montford Bridge over the River Severn under a commission from Thomas Telford completing this in 1794.
In 1790 they built the magnificent St Alkmund's Church in Shrewsbury - still a major landmark with its tall stone spire. At the same time they built a fine row of Georgian houses known as the Claremont Buildings. By this stage a great deal of the work was being done by his son, who added an artistic flair.
He died on 2 March 1793 back in Lincoln.
John Carline (son)
St Andrew's Church, Shifnal
John Carline the second was born in Lincoln on 6 May 1758 the son of John Carline and Anne Hayward. He was trained as a stonemason by his father, but showed greater skill in terms of sculpture. He moved with his father to Shrewsbury in 1765. Around 1788 he appears to have set up on his own, specialising in churches and church memorials. He continued to work with John Tilley after his father died until Tilley himself died in 1795. From 1801 to 1803 he was briefly in partnership with Henry Linnell before bring his own son in to create J & J Carline.
He died in Shrewsbury on 8 December 1834 aged 76.
Works
Carvings on the Shirehall in Shrewsbury (1785)
Tomb of Francis Cunliffe in Llanyblodwell (1789)
Tomb of Catherine Baldwyn in Kinlet (1790)
Tomb of Hester Bright in North Lydbury (1791)
St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury (1790-1792)
The Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury (1790-1795) based on his father's English Bridge.
Spire of St Alkmund's Church in Shrewsbury (1792-1794)
Completion of Montford Bridge (1792-1795)
Tomb of R W Lloyd in Oswestry (1794)
Temporary wooden bridge at Meole Brace (1801)
Tomb of William Kinaston in Ruyton (1806)
Tomb of Robert Laurence in St Julian's Church, Shrewsbury (1806)
St Andrews Church in Shifnal (1808) as "architect"
Tomb of Sir Richard Hill in Hodnet (1808)
Tomb of Lucy Minor in Shawbury (1808)
Tomb of Richard Phillips in St Martin's, Shropshire (1810)
Tomb of John Oakley in Bishops Castle (1811)
House in Shadwell for William Botfield (1812)
Tomb of Mary Corbet in Moreton Corbet (1813)
tomb of Stephen Leake in Chester Cathedral (1813)
Tomb of Maurice Lloyd in Llanfair Caereinion (1813)
Tomb of John Hill in Hodnet (1814)
Tomb of Charles Groby in Market Drayton (1814)
Memorial to John Simpson in St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury (1815)
Tomb of John Corbet in Battlefield, Shropshire (1817)
Monument to Edward Poore in Salisbury Cathedral (1817)
Four lions at base of Lord Hill's Column in Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury (1817)
Rebuilding the bridge at Cound (1818)
Rebuilding of Manor Lane Bridge in Halesowen (1818)
Pell Wall House near Market Drayton (1822-1828) with his son
Major rebuilding of St Michael's Church in Shrewsbury (1829-1830)
John Carline (grandson)
Born in Shrewsbury in 1792 the son of John Carline and Mary Cotton, he became a Freeman of the Company of Masons in 1817. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1825. From 1820 he took over the majority of the work in his father's firm. He did little work after 1840 and no known work after 1844 possibly indicating an injury or infirmity.
He retired to Skellingthorpe in or before 1853 and died in 1862 in Lincoln.
The house at Abbey Foregate was thereafter inhabited by a Richard Carline.
Works
Tomb of Elizabeth Clive (granddaughter of Clive of India) in Moreton Say (1822)
Tomb of Sir Corbet Corbet in Adderley (1823)
Tomb of William Childe in Kinlet (1824)
tomb of Joseph South in Wellington, Herefordshire (1827)
Memorial to Rev J B Blakeway in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury (1828)
Tomb of Baron Forester in Willey, Shropshire (1828)
Tomb of Sir Thomas Jones in St Alkmund's in Shrewsbury (1829)
Tomb of Mary Heber at Hodnet (1834)
Grinshill Church (1839)
Shrewsbury House of Industry (1840) as "architect"
Tomb with bust to William Hazledine in St Chad's Church in Shrewsbury (1841)
Tomb of Rev John Basnett in Baschurch (1844)
Thomas Carline (grandson)
Born in Shrewsbury in 1799 the second son of John Carline and Mary Cotton he had more formal education but less success. He attended the Royal Academy Schools in London in 1821. He exhibited at the Royal Academy 1825 to 1828 but only had one public work of note: the panels on the monument to Sir John Hill in Prees (1826).
He trained at least three other sculptors: John Hall, John Mucklestone and William Burr.
He died in 1868.
Recognition
Carline Crescent in Shrewsbury and Carline Place and Carline Road in Lincoln are named after the family.
References
^ "Search results".
^ "Carline Crescent – Shrewsbury Local History".
^ "Search results".
^ a b Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis
^ "John Carline (2) - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Search results". Shropshire Archives.
^ "Search results".
^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis: Thomas Carline
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Alkmund,_Shrewsbury_1.jpg"}],"text":"St Alkmund's in ShrewsburyJohn Carline (1730–2 March 1793) was an 18th-century English bridge-builder. Both his son (1758-1834) and grandson (1792-1862) continued the name - the former focussing on churches and church monuments but also building bridges.","title":"John Carline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welsh_Bridge,_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montford_bridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Chad%27s_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claremont_Buildings,_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Coleham Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleham"},{"link_name":"Rea Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea_Brook"},{"link_name":"Adderley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Montford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"Thomas Telford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"}],"text":"The Welsh Bridge in ShrewsburyMontford BridgeSt Chad's in ShrewsburyThe Claremont Buildings in ShrewsburyHe was born at Carline Place in Lincoln in 1730. He trained as a stonemason and around 1765 he went into partnership with a John Tilly or Tilley in Shrewsbury and together they built several bridges. In Shrewsbury he lived in a large self-built house at Abbey Foregate.[1]In 1771 they built the arched stone bridge at Coleham Head over the Rea Brook. Finding a quantity of potential work he bought an area of open land in Shrewsbury to use as a mason's yard and this became known as Carline's Field. In 1774 they built the five arch English Bridge in Shrewsbury. In 1788 they built a new entrance portico for Adderley Hall.[2]In 1788 he won a contract for a new jail and workhouse in Shrewsbury.[3]In 1790 they built the three arch Montford Bridge over the River Severn under a commission from Thomas Telford completing this in 1794.In 1790 they built the magnificent St Alkmund's Church in Shrewsbury - still a major landmark with its tall stone spire. At the same time they built a fine row of Georgian houses known as the Claremont Buildings. By this stage a great deal of the work was being done by his son, who added an artistic flair.[4]He died on 2 March 1793 back in Lincoln.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Shifnal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"St Andrew's Church, ShifnalJohn Carline the second was born in Lincoln on 6 May 1758 the son of John Carline and Anne Hayward. He was trained as a stonemason by his father, but showed greater skill in terms of sculpture. He moved with his father to Shrewsbury in 1765. Around 1788 he appears to have set up on his own, specialising in churches and church memorials. He continued to work with John Tilley after his father died until Tilley himself died in 1795. From 1801 to 1803 he was briefly in partnership with Henry Linnell before bring his own son in to create J & J Carline.[5]He died in Shrewsbury on 8 December 1834 aged 76.","title":"John Carline (son)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Cunliffe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llanyblodwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanyblodwell"},{"link_name":"Kinlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet"},{"link_name":"North Lydbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydbury_North"},{"link_name":"St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Church,_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Welsh Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Montford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry"},{"link_name":"Meole Brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meole_Brace"},{"link_name":"Ruyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyton"},{"link_name":"Robert Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Laurence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shifnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hill,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Hodnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet"},{"link_name":"Shawbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawbury"},{"link_name":"St Martin's, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bishops Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Castle"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"Mary Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"Moreton Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Corbet"},{"link_name":"Chester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Llanfair Caereinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfair_Caereinion"},{"link_name":"Charles Groby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Groby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Battlefield, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Poore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Poore"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Lord Hill's Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Hill%27s_Column"},{"link_name":"Cound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cound"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Halesowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesowen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"Pell Wall House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pell_Wall_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Drayton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"sub_title":"Works","text":"Carvings on the Shirehall in Shrewsbury (1785)\nTomb of Francis Cunliffe in Llanyblodwell (1789)\nTomb of Catherine Baldwyn in Kinlet (1790)\nTomb of Hester Bright in North Lydbury (1791)\nSt Chad's Church, Shrewsbury (1790-1792)\nThe Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury (1790-1795) based on his father's English Bridge.\nSpire of St Alkmund's Church in Shrewsbury (1792-1794)\nCompletion of Montford Bridge (1792-1795)\nTomb of R W Lloyd in Oswestry (1794)\nTemporary wooden bridge at Meole Brace (1801)\nTomb of William Kinaston in Ruyton (1806)\nTomb of Robert Laurence in St Julian's Church, Shrewsbury (1806)\nSt Andrews Church in Shifnal (1808) as \"architect\"[6]\nTomb of Sir Richard Hill in Hodnet (1808)\nTomb of Lucy Minor in Shawbury (1808)\nTomb of Richard Phillips in St Martin's, Shropshire (1810)\nTomb of John Oakley in Bishops Castle (1811)\nHouse in Shadwell for William Botfield (1812)[6]\nTomb of Mary Corbet in Moreton Corbet (1813)\ntomb of Stephen Leake in Chester Cathedral (1813)\nTomb of Maurice Lloyd in Llanfair Caereinion (1813)\nTomb of John Hill in Hodnet (1814)\nTomb of Charles Groby in Market Drayton (1814)\nMemorial to John Simpson in St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury (1815)\nTomb of John Corbet in Battlefield, Shropshire (1817)[6]\nMonument to Edward Poore in Salisbury Cathedral (1817)\nFour lions at base of Lord Hill's Column in Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury (1817)\nRebuilding the bridge at Cound (1818)[7]\nRebuilding of Manor Lane Bridge in Halesowen (1818)[6]\nPell Wall House near Market Drayton (1822-1828) with his son\nMajor rebuilding of St Michael's Church in Shrewsbury (1829-1830)[6]","title":"John Carline (son)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Skellingthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellingthorpe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"text":"Born in Shrewsbury in 1792 the son of John Carline and Mary Cotton, he became a Freeman of the Company of Masons in 1817. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1825. From 1820 he took over the majority of the work in his father's firm. He did little work after 1840 and no known work after 1844 possibly indicating an injury or infirmity.[4]He retired to Skellingthorpe in or before 1853 and died in 1862 in Lincoln.[6]The house at Abbey Foregate was thereafter inhabited by a Richard Carline.[6]","title":"John Carline (grandson)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clive of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_of_India"},{"link_name":"Moreton Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Say"},{"link_name":"Sir Corbet Corbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbet_baronets"},{"link_name":"Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderley"},{"link_name":"Kinlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet"},{"link_name":"Joseph South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_South&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wellington, Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"J B Blakeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brickdale_Blakeway"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Baron Forester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Weld-Forester,_1st_Baron_Forester"},{"link_name":"Willey, Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willey,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Hodnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet"},{"link_name":"Grinshill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinshill"},{"link_name":"House of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"William Hazledine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hazledine"},{"link_name":"Baschurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch"}],"sub_title":"Works","text":"Tomb of Elizabeth Clive (granddaughter of Clive of India) in Moreton Say (1822)\nTomb of Sir Corbet Corbet in Adderley (1823)\nTomb of William Childe in Kinlet (1824)\ntomb of Joseph South in Wellington, Herefordshire (1827)\nMemorial to Rev J B Blakeway in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury (1828)\nTomb of Baron Forester in Willey, Shropshire (1828)\nTomb of Sir Thomas Jones in St Alkmund's in Shrewsbury (1829)\nTomb of Mary Heber at Hodnet (1834)\nGrinshill Church (1839)\nShrewsbury House of Industry (1840) as \"architect\"[6]\nTomb with bust to William Hazledine in St Chad's Church in Shrewsbury (1841)\nTomb of Rev John Basnett in Baschurch (1844)","title":"John Carline (grandson)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Academy Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_Schools"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Prees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prees"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"text":"Born in Shrewsbury in 1799 the second son of John Carline and Mary Cotton he had more formal education but less success. He attended the Royal Academy Schools in London in 1821. He exhibited at the Royal Academy 1825 to 1828 but only had one public work of note: the panels on the monument to Sir John Hill in Prees (1826).[8]He trained at least three other sculptors: John Hall, John Mucklestone and William Burr.[6]He died in 1868.","title":"Thomas Carline (grandson)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"}],"text":"Carline Crescent in Shrewsbury and Carline Place and Carline Road in Lincoln are named after the family.","title":"Recognition"}]
|
[{"image_text":"St Alkmund's in Shrewsbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St_Alkmund%2C_Shrewsbury_1.jpg/220px-St_Alkmund%2C_Shrewsbury_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Welsh_Bridge%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg/330px-Welsh_Bridge%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"image_text":"Montford Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Montford_bridge.jpg/220px-Montford_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Chad's in Shrewsbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/St_Chad%27s_Shrewsbury.jpg/330px-St_Chad%27s_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Claremont Buildings in Shrewsbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Claremont_Buildings%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg/220px-Claremont_Buildings%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Andrew's Church, Shifnal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Andrews_Shifnal.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_Shifnal.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Search results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_X6000_15_8_14932","url_text":"\"Search results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carline Crescent – Shrewsbury Local History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://shrewsburylocalhistory.org.uk/street-names/carline-crescent","url_text":"\"Carline Crescent – Shrewsbury Local History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_XQ_A_11_1_13","url_text":"\"Search results\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Carline (2) - Graces Guide\". www.gracesguide.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/John_Carline_(2)","url_text":"\"John Carline (2) - Graces Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results\". Shropshire Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/index.php?","url_text":"\"Search results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_XSTO_3_4_R318272","url_text":"\"Search results\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_X6000_15_8_14932","external_links_name":"\"Search results\""},{"Link":"https://shrewsburylocalhistory.org.uk/street-names/carline-crescent","external_links_name":"\"Carline Crescent – Shrewsbury Local History\""},{"Link":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_XQ_A_11_1_13","external_links_name":"\"Search results\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/John_Carline_(2)","external_links_name":"\"John Carline (2) - Graces Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/index.php?","external_links_name":"\"Search results\""},{"Link":"https://www.shropshirearchives.org.uk/collections/getrecord/CCA_XSTO_3_4_R318272","external_links_name":"\"Search results\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)
|
Siege of Barcelona (1651)
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 41°24′07″N 2°10′00″E / 41.4019°N 2.1667°E / 41.4019; 2.1667For other sieges of the city, see Siege of Barcelona (disambiguation).
Siege of Barcelona (1651)Part of Reapers' War and theFranco-Spanish War (1635–59)Siege of BarcelonaDateJuly 1651 – October 1652LocationBarcelona, Principality of CataloniaResult
Spanish victoryBelligerents
Kingdom of France Principality of Catalonia
SpainCommanders and leaders
Philippe de La Mothe Jean de Marsin Francesc de Mostarós
John of Austria
vteReapers' War
Cambrils
Martorell
Montjuïc
1st Tarragona
2nd Tarragona
Montmeló
Perpignan
1st Barcelona
1st Lleida
3rd Tarragona
2nd Lleida
Montblanc
2nd Barcelona
Part of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)
vteFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Flanders and Northern France
Les Avins
Leuven
Hirson
Le Catelet
La Capelle
Somme
1st Corbie
1st Landrecies
1st Saint Omer
1st Thionville
Charlemont
1st Arras
Aire-sur-la-Lys
La Marfée
Honnecourt
Rocroi
2nd Thionville
1st Gravelines
Béthune
2nd Saint Omer
1st Lens
Bergues
1st Mardyck
Furnes
1st Dunkirk
Armentières
Nieuwpoort
Commines
2nd Landrecies
Diksmuide
Ypres
2nd Lens
Rethel
Mouzon
2nd Arras
3rd Landrecies
Valenciennes
2nd Mardyck
2nd Dunkirk
The Dunes
2nd Gravelines
Bergues
Northern Spain and Southern France
Leucate
Fuenterrabía
1st Salses
Ille-sur-Têt
Montjuïc
1st Tarragona
Almenar
Montmeló
La Granada
Monzón
Collioure
1st Tortosa
Perpignan
1st Roses
2nd Salses
1st Lleida
Miravet
Monzón
2nd Lleida
4th Tarragona
2nd Roses
San Lorenzo de Mongay
Balaguer
3rd Lleida
4th Lleida
2nd Tortosa
Montblanc
3rd Tortosa
2nd Barcelona
Castelló d'Empúries
Girona
Villefranche-de-Conflent
Cadaqués
Solsona
Berga
Castellfollit
Camprodon
Italy
1st Valenza
Morbegno
Tornavento
Marbegno
Breme
Vercelli
Chieri
Casale
Turin
2nd Valenza
1st Cremona
Proh
Naples
2nd Cremona
Pavia
3rd Valenza
France hinterland
The Fronde
Franche-Comté and Germany
Dole
Martignat
Savigny
Arbent
Cornod
Saint-Amour
Sainte-Agnès
Lons-le-Saunier
Bletterans
1st Poligny
2nd Poligny
Pontarlier
Jonvelle
Maynal
Tuttlingen
Caribbean
Tortuga
Naval battles
1st Lérins Islands
Sardinia
2nd Lérins Islands
3rd Lérins Islands
Genoa
Getaria
Laredo · Santoña
Île de Ré
Cádiz
2nd Tarragona
3rd Tarragona
1st Barcelona
Cartagena
Orbetello
Castellammare
Piombino · Porto Longone
Cambrils
Formentera
Sant Feliu
Bordeaux
3rd Barcelona
The siege of Barcelona took place between July 1651 and October 1652 during the Reapers' War when a large Spanish army descended on Barcelona and besieged the garrison made up of Catalans and French troops under Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt.
The fifteen-month siege eventually ended with a Spanish victory, and the effective defeat of the Catalan Revolt which had lasted since 1640, being the Principality of Catalonia reincorporated into the Monarchy of Spain. Although French troops remained in parts of Catalonia for another seven years, no serious fighting took place, and in 1659 the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed bringing a formal end to the conflict.
References
^ Parrott, David (2020-08-06). "The Cost of Civil War". 1652. pp. 171–214. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198797463.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-879746-3.
41°24′07″N 2°10′00″E / 41.4019°N 2.1667°E / 41.4019; 2.1667
This article about a siege is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Barcelona (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"Reapers' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"Cambrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils"},{"link_name":"Martorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Martorell"},{"link_name":"Montjuïc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)"},{"link_name":"1st Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Tarragona_(July_1641)"},{"link_name":"2nd Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarragona_(August_1641)"},{"link_name":"Montmeló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montmel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1642)"},{"link_name":"1st Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barcelona_(1642)"},{"link_name":"1st Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lleida_(1642)"},{"link_name":"3rd Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lleida_(1644)"},{"link_name":"Montblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Montblanc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%9359)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"Franco-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"Les Avins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Hirson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hirson"},{"link_name":"Le Catelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1636)"},{"link_name":"La Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Capelle"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"1st Corbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Siege_of_Corbie"},{"link_name":"1st Landrecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Saint Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer"},{"link_name":"1st Thionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville"},{"link_name":"Charlemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charlemont_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Arras_(1640)"},{"link_name":"Aire-sur-la-Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Aire-sur-la-Lys_(1641&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Marfée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Honnecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt"},{"link_name":"Rocroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi"},{"link_name":"2nd Thionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Thionville_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gravelines_(1644)"},{"link_name":"Béthune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_B%C3%A9thune_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Saint Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Omer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bergues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Mardyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Furnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Furnes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armentières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Armenti%C3%A8res_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nieuwpoort_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Commines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Commines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Landrecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Diksmuide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ypres_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lens"},{"link_name":"Rethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rethel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0"},{"link_name":"Mouzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mouzon"},{"link_name":"2nd Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1654)"},{"link_name":"3rd Landrecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)"},{"link_name":"2nd Mardyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1658)"},{"link_name":"The Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)"},{"link_name":"2nd Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gravelines_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bergues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leucate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leucate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuenterrabía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)"},{"link_name":"1st Salses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Salses"},{"link_name":"Ille-sur-Têt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ille-sur-T%C3%AAt_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montjuïc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)"},{"link_name":"1st Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Almenar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Almenar_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montmeló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montmel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"La Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Granada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Collioure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Collioure_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1642)"},{"link_name":"1st Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Salses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Salses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lleida_(1642)"},{"link_name":"Miravet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Miravet_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lleida_(1644)"},{"link_name":"4th Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo de Mongay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Lorenzo_de_Mongay_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Balaguer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Montblanc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Castelló d'Empúries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castell%C3%B3_d%27Emp%C3%BAries_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Girona_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villefranche-de-Conflent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Villefranche-de-Conflent_(1654)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cadaqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cadaqu%C3%A9s_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castellfollit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camprodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camprod%C3%B3n_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Valenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morbegno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Morbegno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tornavento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento"},{"link_name":"Marbegno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marbegno_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Breme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breme_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vercelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Vercelli_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chieri_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Casale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Casale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%96%A9%E8%90%8A%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Turin_(1640)"},{"link_name":"2nd Valenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cremona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Proh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Proh_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)"},{"link_name":"2nd Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cremona_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Valenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1656)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Fronde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fronde"},{"link_name":"Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dole_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martignat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martignat_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Savigny_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Arbent_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cornod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cornod_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Amour_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Agnès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sainte-Agn%C3%A8s_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lons-le-Saunier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lons-le-Saunier_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bletterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bletterans_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Poligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Poligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontarlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pontarlier_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonvelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jonvelle_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maynal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maynal_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuttlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen"},{"link_name":"Tortuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher"},{"link_name":"1st Lérins Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Sardinia_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Lérins Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Lérins Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Genoa_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Getaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Getaria"},{"link_name":"Laredo · Santoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Laredo_and_Santo%C3%B1a_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Île de Ré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%8Ele_de_R%C3%A9_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1640)"},{"link_name":"2nd Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Tarragona_(July_1641)"},{"link_name":"3rd Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarragona_(August_1641)"},{"link_name":"1st Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1643)"},{"link_name":"Orbetello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orbetello"},{"link_name":"Castellammare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Castellammare_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piombino · Porto Longone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Piombino_and_Porto_Longone_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_November_1650"},{"link_name":"Formentera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_galleon_Lion_Couronn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sant Feliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Sant_Feliu_(1651)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bordeaux_(1653)"},{"link_name":"3rd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Barcelona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reapers' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_people"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_La_Mothe-Houdancourt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Principality of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of the Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees"}],"text":"For other sieges of the city, see Siege of Barcelona (disambiguation).vteReapers' War\nCambrils\nMartorell\nMontjuïc\n1st Tarragona\n2nd Tarragona\nMontmeló\nPerpignan\n1st Barcelona\n1st Lleida\n3rd Tarragona\n2nd Lleida\nMontblanc\n2nd Barcelona\nPart of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)vteFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)\nFlanders and Northern France\nLes Avins\nLeuven\nHirson\nLe Catelet\nLa Capelle\nSomme\n1st Corbie\n1st Landrecies\n1st Saint Omer\n1st Thionville\nCharlemont\n1st Arras\nAire-sur-la-Lys\nLa Marfée\nHonnecourt\nRocroi\n2nd Thionville\n1st Gravelines\nBéthune\n2nd Saint Omer\n1st Lens\nBergues\n1st Mardyck\nFurnes\n1st Dunkirk\nArmentières\nNieuwpoort\nCommines\n2nd Landrecies\nDiksmuide\nYpres\n2nd Lens\nRethel [zh]\nMouzon\n2nd Arras\n3rd Landrecies\nValenciennes\n2nd Mardyck\n2nd Dunkirk\nThe Dunes\n2nd Gravelines\nBergues\nNorthern Spain and Southern France\nLeucate\nFuenterrabía\n1st Salses\nIlle-sur-Têt\nMontjuïc\n1st Tarragona\nAlmenar\nMontmeló\nLa Granada\nMonzón\nCollioure\n1st Tortosa\nPerpignan\n1st Roses\n2nd Salses\n1st Lleida\nMiravet\nMonzón\n2nd Lleida\n4th Tarragona\n2nd Roses\nSan Lorenzo de Mongay\nBalaguer\n3rd Lleida\n4th Lleida\n2nd Tortosa\nMontblanc\n3rd Tortosa\n2nd Barcelona\nCastelló d'Empúries\nGirona\nVillefranche-de-Conflent\nCadaqués\nSolsona\nBerga\nCastellfollit\nCamprodon\nItaly\n1st Valenza\nMorbegno\nTornavento\nMarbegno\nBreme\nVercelli\nChieri\nCasale [zh]\nTurin\n2nd Valenza\n1st Cremona\nProh\nNaples\n2nd Cremona\nPavia\n3rd Valenza\nFrance hinterland\nThe Fronde\nFranche-Comté and Germany\nDole\nMartignat\nSavigny\nArbent\nCornod\nSaint-Amour\nSainte-Agnès\nLons-le-Saunier\nBletterans\n1st Poligny\n2nd Poligny\nPontarlier\nJonvelle\nMaynal\nTuttlingen\nCaribbean\nTortuga\nNaval battles\n1st Lérins Islands\nSardinia\n2nd Lérins Islands\n3rd Lérins Islands\nGenoa\nGetaria\nLaredo · Santoña\nÎle de Ré\nCádiz\n2nd Tarragona\n3rd Tarragona\n1st Barcelona\nCartagena\nOrbetello\nCastellammare\nPiombino · Porto Longone\nCambrils\nFormentera\nSant Feliu\nBordeaux\n3rd BarcelonaThe siege of Barcelona took place between July 1651 and October 1652 during the Reapers' War when a large Spanish army descended on Barcelona and besieged the garrison made up of Catalans and French troops under Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt.[1]The fifteen-month siege eventually ended with a Spanish victory, and the effective defeat of the Catalan Revolt which had lasted since 1640, being the Principality of Catalonia reincorporated into the Monarchy of Spain. Although French troops remained in parts of Catalonia for another seven years, no serious fighting took place, and in 1659 the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed bringing a formal end to the conflict.","title":"Siege of Barcelona (1651)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Parrott, David (2020-08-06). \"The Cost of Civil War\". 1652. pp. 171–214. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198797463.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-879746-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/33734/chapter/288375552","url_text":"\"The Cost of Civil War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198797463.003.0005","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780198797463.003.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879746-3","url_text":"978-0-19-879746-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)¶ms=41.4019_N_2.1667_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°24′07″N 2°10′00″E / 41.4019°N 2.1667°E / 41.4019; 2.1667"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/book/33734/chapter/288375552","external_links_name":"\"The Cost of Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198797463.003.0005","external_links_name":"10.1093/oso/9780198797463.003.0005"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)¶ms=41.4019_N_2.1667_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°24′07″N 2°10′00″E / 41.4019°N 2.1667°E / 41.4019; 2.1667"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kline
|
Richard Kline
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Selected filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American actor and television director (born 1944)
For other people named Richard Kline, see Richard Kline (disambiguation).
Richard KlineKline at the New York Comic Con in Manhattan, October 10, 2010Born (1944-04-29) April 29, 1944 (age 80)Queens, New York City, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, directorYears active1971–presentWebsitewww.richardkline.tv
Richard Kline (born April 29, 1944) is an American actor and television director. His roles include Larry Dallas on the sitcom Three's Company, Richie in the later seasons of It's a Living and Jeff Beznick in Noah Knows Best.
Early life
Kline was born on April 29, 1944 in New York City. He was raised in Queens by parents who practiced Reform Judaism. He attended Queens College and has a Master of Fine Arts degree in theater from Northwestern University. After graduation, he joined the United States Army and served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War as a lieutenant.
Career
Kline became involved in theater and made his professional debut in 1971 as part of the Lincoln Center Repertory Company. Regional theater productions during this period included Chemin de Fer (in Chicago with actor Dennis Franz), Death of a Salesman, and Love's Labour's Lost. A classically trained singer, Kline made his Broadway career debut in the 1989 musical City of Angels.
On Three's Company, Kline played Larry Dallas, a sleezy playboy neighbor, used car salesman, and best friend to John Ritter's Jack Tripper. Kline appeared in 110 episodes of Three's Company from 1977 to 1984, also reprised the character in the spin-off shows The Ropers (1979) and Three's a Crowd (1985). Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on Three's Company and both of its spin-offs.
In addition to his television and big screen appearances, Kline has hosted two game show pilots, Jumble in 1988 and To Tell the Truth in 1990. The show's rights were then sold to NBC with Gordon Elliott, then Lynn Swann and Alex Trebek later hosting. Kline's TTTT pilot did air on the East Coast as a mistake on September 3, 1990, the day the show debuted. He also subbed for Charles Nelson Reilly as a guest panelist on Sweethearts for a week of shows in December 1988. His game show celebrity appearances included both The $25,000 Pyramid and The $100,000 Pyramid, Super Password, and multiple appearances on the Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour. Kline told SitcomsOnline.com he would like to compete on Jeopardy!, joking, "but I'm afraid I would take all their money!"
In February 2010, he was cast as the Wizard in the first national tour of Wicked.
Kline was seen next in October 2011 in It Shoulda Been You, directed by David Hyde Pierce and starring Tyne Daly. In 2016, Kline appeared in a movie directed by and starring Mike Birbiglia called Don't Think Twice.
Kline reunited with Three's Company cast members Joyce DeWitt, Jenilee Harrison and Priscilla Barnes in September 2016 at "The Hollywood Show" in suburban Chicago, an autograph and memorabilia event, meeting fans and signing autographs.
Kline played Kid Twist in the Paper Mill Playhouse world premiere production of The Sting starring Harry Connick Jr. which ran April 8–29, 2018. In December 2018, he joined the national tour of the musical Waitress through August 2019. He reprised the role in the Broadway cast in summer 2019.
Selected filmography
Executive Suite (TV) (1976) Herb Lavin
Serpico (TV) (1976) - Herschel
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (TV) (1976) - Prosecutor
Eight Is Enough (TV) (1977) - Mr. Corelli
Fernwood 2 Night (TV) (2 episodes, 1977) - Dr. Stanley Turnbull
Seventh Avenue (TV) (1977) - Horton
Maude (TV) (3 episodes, 1977–78) - Tuggy McKenna
Three's Company (TV) (110 episodes, 1977–84) - Larry Dallas
America 2 Night (TV) (1978) - Dr. Stanley Turnbull
The Ropers (TV) (1979) - Larry Dallas
Whew! (TV) (1979, 1980) - Himself
The Love Boat (TV) (1981)
Peter-No-Tail (1981) - Bill (US version)
Three's a Crowd (TV) (1985) - Larry Dallas
Hotel (TV) (1985) - Gerald Phelps
It's a Living (TV) (9 episodes, 1985–88) - Richie Gray
You Again? (TV) (1986) Geraldo
Murder, She Wrote (TV) (1986) - Larry Kinkaid
Hill Street Blues (TV) (1987) - Arnold Resnick
The Law & Harry McGraw (TV) (1987) - Stanley Kaufman
St. Elsewhere (TV) (1987) - Michael
Hunter (TV) (1987) - Michael Edleton
Matlock (TV) (1988) - The Umpire
Problem Child (1990) - Additional Voice (voice)
Father Dowling Mysteries (TV) (1991) - Harold Berman
NYPD Blue (TV) (1993)
L.A. Law (TV) (1994) - Mr. Pembrook
Family Matters (TV) (1995) - Mr. Fleming
Step by Step (TV) (1995) - Mr. Sloan
The Bold and the Beautiful (TV) (1995–96) - Dr. Mark Benson
Married... with Children (TV) (1996) - Flint Guccione
Beverly Hills Ninja (1997) - Driver
The Nanny (TV) (1997) - Guest Appearance in Episode 04/24
Treehouse Hostage (1999) - Principal Ott
Liberty Heights (1999) - Charlie, Nate's Assistant
That '70s Show (TV) (1999) - Ted
Warm Blooded Killers (1999) - Ush
Noah Knows Best (TV) (13 episodes, 2000) - Jeff Beznick
Saving Silverman (2001) - Acrobat Announcer (voice, uncredited)
Judging Amy (TV) (2001) - Daryl Hoeller
Inside Schwartz (TV) (2002) - Gene Schwartz
Gilmore Girls (TV) (2002) - Miles Hahn
Jane White Is Sick & Twisted (2002) - Anchor Chris Jobin
ER (TV) (2004) - Risk Assessment Expert
NYPD Blue (TV) (2004) - Barry Driscoll
Karroll's Christmas (2004) - Bradley Carchet
To Kill a Mockumentary (TV) (2006)
Knight to F4 (2005) - Truman Fetcher
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007) - Mr. Auerbach
Jack and Jill (2011) - Theatergoer #1
The Americans (2013-2016) three episodes - Bill Hanson
Don't Think Twice (2016) - Mr. Coughlin
Blue Bloods (TV) two episodes (2020, 2022) - Judge
The Resident (TV) (2021) - George Criforth
Around the Sun (2022-23) - MJ / Daniel
References
^ a b Lee, Nick (April 2, 2022). "Whatever Happened To Richard Kline aka Larry From 'Three's Company'? (2022 Update)". Ned Hardy. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
^ Richard Kline profile, Film Reference. Accessed April 30, 2014.
^ Rackham, Anne (January 27, 2013). "Richard Kline gets back to his Jewish roots; but first, Fagin". Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
^ "Kline, Richard 1944–". Encyclopedia.com. 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "Seven Questions with Richard Kline of Three's Company; NBC Fall 2011 Premiere Dates". Sitcomsonline.com. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
^ Spears, Steve (February 4, 2010). "'Wicked' returns to Tampa with Richard Kline of TV's 'Three's Company' as the Wizard". Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Tampa Bay Times.
^ "'The Hollywood Show' Autograph Event". Book Signing Central. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
^ Gans, Andrew (April 8, 2018). "Harry Connick Jr.-Led The Sting Musical Opens April 8 at the Paper Mill Playhouse". Playbill. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
^ Beifuss, John (January 11, 2019). "'Three's Company' star part of 'Waitress' musical coming to Memphis". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis.
^ McPhee, Ryan (July 24, 2019). "Richard Kline Joins Broadway Company of Waitress". Playbill. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
External links
Official website
Richard Kline at IMDb
Richard Kline at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Kline (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kline_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Larry Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Three's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"It's a Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Living"},{"link_name":"Noah Knows Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Knows_Best"}],"text":"For other people named Richard Kline, see Richard Kline (disambiguation).Richard Kline (born April 29, 1944) is an American actor and television director. His roles include Larry Dallas on the sitcom Three's Company, Richie in the later seasons of It's a Living and Jeff Beznick in Noah Knows Best.","title":"Richard Kline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NedHardy-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Reform Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rackham-3"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kline was born on April 29, 1944[1] in New York City.[2] He was raised in Queens by parents who practiced Reform Judaism.[3] He attended Queens College and has a Master of Fine Arts degree in theater from Northwestern University. After graduation, he joined the United States Army and served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War as a lieutenant.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Center Repertory Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Regional theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dennis Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Franz"},{"link_name":"Death of a Salesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman"},{"link_name":"Love's Labour's Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"City of Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Angels_(musical)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Three's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"John Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Jack Tripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tripper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NedHardy-1"},{"link_name":"The Ropers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ropers"},{"link_name":"Three's a Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_a_Crowd"},{"link_name":"To Tell the Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth"},{"link_name":"Gordon Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Elliott_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Swann"},{"link_name":"Alex Trebek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Trebek"},{"link_name":"Charles Nelson Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Sweethearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethearts_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"The $25,000 Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Super Password","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_Plus_and_Super_Password"},{"link_name":"Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_Game-Hollywood_Squares_Hour"},{"link_name":"Jeopardy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sitcoms-5"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"It Shoulda Been You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Shoulda_Been_You"},{"link_name":"David Hyde Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sitcoms-5"},{"link_name":"Mike Birbiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Birbiglia"},{"link_name":"Don't Think Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_Twice"},{"link_name":"Joyce DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_DeWitt"},{"link_name":"Jenilee Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenilee_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paper Mill Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"The Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sting"},{"link_name":"Harry Connick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Waitress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitress_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kline became involved in theater and made his professional debut in 1971 as part of the Lincoln Center Repertory Company. Regional theater productions during this period included Chemin de Fer (in Chicago with actor Dennis Franz), Death of a Salesman, and Love's Labour's Lost. A classically trained singer, Kline made his Broadway career debut in the 1989 musical City of Angels.[citation needed]On Three's Company, Kline played Larry Dallas, a sleezy playboy neighbor, used car salesman, and best friend to John Ritter's Jack Tripper.[1] Kline appeared in 110 episodes of Three's Company from 1977 to 1984, also reprised the character in the spin-off shows The Ropers (1979) and Three's a Crowd (1985). Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on Three's Company and both of its spin-offs.In addition to his television and big screen appearances, Kline has hosted two game show pilots, Jumble in 1988 and To Tell the Truth in 1990. The show's rights were then sold to NBC with Gordon Elliott, then Lynn Swann and Alex Trebek later hosting. Kline's TTTT pilot did air on the East Coast as a mistake on September 3, 1990, the day the show debuted. He also subbed for Charles Nelson Reilly as a guest panelist on Sweethearts for a week of shows in December 1988. His game show celebrity appearances included both The $25,000 Pyramid and The $100,000 Pyramid, Super Password, and multiple appearances on the Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour. Kline told SitcomsOnline.com he would like to compete on Jeopardy!, joking, \"but I'm afraid I would take all their money!\"[5]In February 2010, he was cast as the Wizard in the first national tour of Wicked.[6]Kline was seen next in October 2011 in It Shoulda Been You, directed by David Hyde Pierce and starring Tyne Daly.[5] In 2016, Kline appeared in a movie directed by and starring Mike Birbiglia called Don't Think Twice.Kline reunited with Three's Company cast members Joyce DeWitt, Jenilee Harrison and Priscilla Barnes in September 2016 at \"The Hollywood Show\" in suburban Chicago, an autograph and memorabilia event, meeting fans and signing autographs.[7]Kline played Kid Twist in the Paper Mill Playhouse world premiere production of The Sting starring Harry Connick Jr. which ran April 8–29, 2018.[8] In December 2018, he joined the national tour of the musical Waitress through August 2019.[9] He reprised the role in the Broadway cast in summer 2019.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Suite_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Serpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpico_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"Eight Is Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Is_Enough"},{"link_name":"Fernwood 2 Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernwood_2_Night"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Three's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"Larry Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Three%27s_Company_characters#Larry_Dallas"},{"link_name":"America 2 Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_2_Night"},{"link_name":"The Ropers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ropers"},{"link_name":"Whew!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whew!"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"Peter-No-Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter-No-Tail_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Three's a Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_a_Crowd"},{"link_name":"Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"It's a Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Living"},{"link_name":"You Again?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Again%3F"},{"link_name":"Murder, She Wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote"},{"link_name":"Hill Street Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Law & Harry McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_%26_Harry_McGraw"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_(1984_American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Problem Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_Child_(film)"},{"link_name":"Father Dowling Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Dowling_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"L.A. Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Law"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"Step by Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bold and the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Married... with Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married..._with_Children"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Ninja"},{"link_name":"The Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nanny"},{"link_name":"Treehouse Hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_Hostage"},{"link_name":"Liberty Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Heights"},{"link_name":"That '70s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show"},{"link_name":"Noah Knows Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Knows_Best"},{"link_name":"Saving Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Silverman"},{"link_name":"Judging Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judging_Amy"},{"link_name":"Inside Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Jane White Is Sick & Twisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_White_Is_Sick_%26_Twisted"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"Karroll's Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karroll%27s_Christmas"},{"link_name":"I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Now_Pronounce_You_Chuck_%26_Larry"},{"link_name":"Jack and Jill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"The Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americans"},{"link_name":"Don't Think Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_Twice"},{"link_name":"Blue Bloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bloods_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resident_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Around the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_Sun_(audio_drama)"}],"text":"Executive Suite (TV) (1976) Herb Lavin\nSerpico (TV) (1976) - Herschel\nThe Mary Tyler Moore Show (TV) (1976) - Prosecutor\nEight Is Enough (TV) (1977) - Mr. Corelli\nFernwood 2 Night (TV) (2 episodes, 1977) - Dr. Stanley Turnbull\nSeventh Avenue (TV) (1977) - Horton\nMaude (TV) (3 episodes, 1977–78) - Tuggy McKenna\nThree's Company (TV) (110 episodes, 1977–84) - Larry Dallas\nAmerica 2 Night (TV) (1978) - Dr. Stanley Turnbull\nThe Ropers (TV) (1979) - Larry Dallas\nWhew! (TV) (1979, 1980) - Himself\nThe Love Boat (TV) (1981)\nPeter-No-Tail (1981) - Bill (US version)\nThree's a Crowd (TV) (1985) - Larry Dallas\nHotel (TV) (1985) - Gerald Phelps\nIt's a Living (TV) (9 episodes, 1985–88) - Richie Gray\nYou Again? (TV) (1986) Geraldo\nMurder, She Wrote (TV) (1986) - Larry Kinkaid\nHill Street Blues (TV) (1987) - Arnold Resnick\nThe Law & Harry McGraw (TV) (1987) - Stanley Kaufman\nSt. Elsewhere (TV) (1987) - Michael\nHunter (TV) (1987) - Michael Edleton\nMatlock (TV) (1988) - The Umpire\nProblem Child (1990) - Additional Voice (voice)\nFather Dowling Mysteries (TV) (1991) - Harold Berman\nNYPD Blue (TV) (1993)\nL.A. Law (TV) (1994) - Mr. Pembrook\nFamily Matters (TV) (1995) - Mr. Fleming\nStep by Step (TV) (1995) - Mr. Sloan\nThe Bold and the Beautiful (TV) (1995–96) - Dr. Mark Benson\nMarried... with Children (TV) (1996) - Flint Guccione\nBeverly Hills Ninja (1997) - Driver\nThe Nanny (TV) (1997) - Guest Appearance in Episode 04/24\nTreehouse Hostage (1999) - Principal Ott\nLiberty Heights (1999) - Charlie, Nate's Assistant\nThat '70s Show (TV) (1999) - Ted\nWarm Blooded Killers (1999) - Ush\nNoah Knows Best (TV) (13 episodes, 2000) - Jeff Beznick\nSaving Silverman (2001) - Acrobat Announcer (voice, uncredited)\nJudging Amy (TV) (2001) - Daryl Hoeller\nInside Schwartz (TV) (2002) - Gene Schwartz\nGilmore Girls (TV) (2002) - Miles Hahn\nJane White Is Sick & Twisted (2002) - Anchor Chris Jobin\nER (TV) (2004) - Risk Assessment Expert\nNYPD Blue (TV) (2004) - Barry Driscoll\nKarroll's Christmas (2004) - Bradley Carchet\nTo Kill a Mockumentary (TV) (2006)\nKnight to F4 (2005) - Truman Fetcher\nI Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007) - Mr. Auerbach\nJack and Jill (2011) - Theatergoer #1\nThe Americans (2013-2016) three episodes - Bill Hanson\nDon't Think Twice (2016) - Mr. Coughlin\nBlue Bloods (TV) two episodes (2020, 2022) - Judge\nThe Resident (TV) (2021) - George Criforth\nAround the Sun (2022-23) - MJ / Daniel","title":"Selected filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lee, Nick (April 2, 2022). \"Whatever Happened To Richard Kline aka Larry From 'Three's Company'? (2022 Update)\". Ned Hardy. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nedhardy.com/2022/04/02/richard-kline/","url_text":"\"Whatever Happened To Richard Kline aka Larry From 'Three's Company'? (2022 Update)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705153024/https://nedhardy.com/2022/04/02/richard-kline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rackham, Anne (January 27, 2013). \"Richard Kline gets back to his Jewish roots; but first, Fagin\". Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130127230022/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970905/kline.shtml","url_text":"\"Richard Kline gets back to his Jewish roots; but first, Fagin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_News_of_Greater_Phoenix","url_text":"Jewish News of Greater Phoenix"},{"url":"http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970905/kline.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kline, Richard 1944–\". Encyclopedia.com. 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/kline-richard-1944","url_text":"\"Kline, Richard 1944–\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220108071301/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/kline-richard-1944","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven Questions with Richard Kline of Three's Company; NBC Fall 2011 Premiere Dates\". Sitcomsonline.com. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.sitcomsonline.com/2011/07/seven-questions-with-richard-kline-of.html","url_text":"\"Seven Questions with Richard Kline of Three's Company; NBC Fall 2011 Premiere Dates\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Hollywood Show' Autograph Event\". Book Signing Central. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksigningcentral.com/2016/09/08/the-hollywood-show-autograph-event/","url_text":"\"'The Hollywood Show' Autograph Event\""}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (April 8, 2018). \"Harry Connick Jr.-Led The Sting Musical Opens April 8 at the Paper Mill Playhouse\". Playbill. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/harry-connick-jr-led-the-sting-musical-opens-april-8-at-the-paper-mill-playhouse","url_text":"\"Harry Connick Jr.-Led The Sting Musical Opens April 8 at the Paper Mill Playhouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"}]},{"reference":"Beifuss, John (January 11, 2019). \"'Three's Company' star part of 'Waitress' musical coming to Memphis\". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2019/01/11/waitress-musical-threes-company-star-richard-kline-orpheum-memphis/2536888002/","url_text":"\"'Three's Company' star part of 'Waitress' musical coming to Memphis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee","url_text":"Memphis"}]},{"reference":"McPhee, Ryan (July 24, 2019). \"Richard Kline Joins Broadway Company of Waitress\". Playbill. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/richard-kline-joins-broadway-company-of-waitress","url_text":"\"Richard Kline Joins Broadway Company of Waitress\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.richardkline.tv/","external_links_name":"www.richardkline.tv"},{"Link":"https://nedhardy.com/2022/04/02/richard-kline/","external_links_name":"\"Whatever Happened To Richard Kline aka Larry From 'Three's Company'? (2022 Update)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705153024/https://nedhardy.com/2022/04/02/richard-kline/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/92/Richard-Kline.html","external_links_name":"Richard Kline profile"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130127230022/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970905/kline.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Richard Kline gets back to his Jewish roots; but first, Fagin\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970905/kline.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/kline-richard-1944","external_links_name":"\"Kline, Richard 1944–\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220108071301/https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/kline-richard-1944","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.sitcomsonline.com/2011/07/seven-questions-with-richard-kline-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Seven Questions with Richard Kline of Three's Company; NBC Fall 2011 Premiere Dates\""},{"Link":"http://www.tampabay.com/features/performingarts/wicked-returns-to-tampa-with-richard-kline-of-tvs-threes-company-as-the/1070198","external_links_name":"\"'Wicked' returns to Tampa with Richard Kline of TV's 'Three's Company' as the Wizard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100209050056/http://www.tampabay.com/features/performingarts/wicked-returns-to-tampa-with-richard-kline-of-tvs-threes-company-as-the/1070198","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.booksigningcentral.com/2016/09/08/the-hollywood-show-autograph-event/","external_links_name":"\"'The Hollywood Show' Autograph Event\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/harry-connick-jr-led-the-sting-musical-opens-april-8-at-the-paper-mill-playhouse","external_links_name":"\"Harry Connick Jr.-Led The Sting Musical Opens April 8 at the Paper Mill Playhouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/entertainment/2019/01/11/waitress-musical-threes-company-star-richard-kline-orpheum-memphis/2536888002/","external_links_name":"\"'Three's Company' star part of 'Waitress' musical coming to Memphis\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/richard-kline-joins-broadway-company-of-waitress","external_links_name":"\"Richard Kline Joins Broadway Company of Waitress\""},{"Link":"http://www.richardkline.tv/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0459658/","external_links_name":"Richard Kline"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/94871","external_links_name":"Richard Kline"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38146937801413831937","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hdHjyTk7jrD9b7TmBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016081913","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road
|
Old Kent Road
|
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 St Thomas-a-Watering","2.2 Rolls family","2.3 Industrial development","2.4 Public services","2.5 Urban Redevelopment","3 Cultural references","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°29′02″N 0°03′59″W / 51.48390°N 0.06635°W / 51.48390; -0.06635Road in South East London, England
For the closed railway station, see Old Kent Road railway station. For the proposed tube stations, see Bakerloo line extension.
Old Kent RoadLooking south along Old Kent Road from the Bricklayers ArmsLocation within South East LondonFormer name(s)Watling StreetPart ofA2Maintained byTransport for LondonLength1.8 mi (2.9 km)LocationSouthwark, South East LondonPostal codeSE1; SE15Nearest Transport for London stationBermondsey via St James's RoadElephant & Castle tube station via New Kent RoadElephant & Castle railway station via New Kent RoadNew Cross Gate via New Cross RoadSouth Bermondsey via Ilderton RoadQueen's Road Peckham via Asylum RoadCoordinates51°29′02″N 0°03′59″W / 51.48390°N 0.06635°W / 51.48390; -0.06635OtherKnown forBricklayers ArmsBurgess ParkLivesey Museum for Children
Old Kent Road is a major thoroughfare in South East London, England, passing through the London Borough of Southwark. It was originally part of an ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and used by the Anglo-Saxons who named it Wæcelinga Stræt (Watling Street). It is now part of the A2, a major road from London to Dover. The road was important in Roman times linking London to the coast at Richborough and Dover via Canterbury. It was a route for pilgrims in the Middle Ages as portrayed in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, when Old Kent Road was known as Kent Street. The route was used by soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt.
In the 16th century, St Thomas-a-Watering on Old Kent Road was a place where religious dissenters and those found guilty of treason were publicly hanged. The road was rural in nature and several coaching inns were built alongside it. In the 19th century, it acquired the name Old Kent Road and several industrial premises were set up to close to the Surrey Canal and a major business, the Metropolitan Gas Works was developed. In the 20th century, older property was demolished for redevelopment and Burgess Park was created. The Camberwell Public Baths in Old Kent Road opened in 1905 with Russian and Victorian-style Turkish baths. In the 21st century, several retail parks and premises typical of out-of-town development have been built beside it while public houses have been redeveloped for other purposes.
The road is celebrated in the music hall song "Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road", describing working-class London life. It is the first property, and one of the two cheapest, on the London Monopoly board and the only one south of the River Thames.
Geography
The road begins at the Bricklayers Arms roundabout, where it meets the New Kent Road, Tower Bridge Road, and Great Dover Street. It runs southeast past Burgess Park, Christ Church, Peckham and the railway line from Peckham Rye to South Bermondsey.
Just east of the railway bridge, the road crosses the boundary between the London boroughs of Southwark and Lewisham, where the road ahead becomes New Cross Road. The road appears on a map to form a boundary between Walworth, and Peckham to the south and Bermondsey to the north, although the Bermondsey boundary runs along Rolls Road.
History
Old Kent Road, one of the oldest roads in England, was part of a Celtic ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and recorded as Inter III on the Antonine Itinerary. The Anglo-Saxons named it "Wæcelinga Stræt" (Watling Street). It joined Stane Street, another ancient and Roman road, at Southwark before crossing the Thames at London Bridge. The Inter III was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain, linking London with Canterbury and the Channel ports at Richborough (Rutupiae); Dover (Dubris) and Lympne (Lemanis). Pilgrims, as documented in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, travelled along the road from London and Southwark on their way to Canterbury. In 1415, the road was a scene of celebrations for soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt heading towards London. John Rocque's Map of London, published in 1746, shows hedgerows along its course. The Kentish Drovers public house opened in 1840 and was so named because the road was a thoroughfare for market traffic. The road was mainly rural in nature, surrounded by fields and windmills and the occasional tavern until the 19th century. The name Old Kent Road came into use in the early 19th century, with the section from Borough High Street to the Bricklayers Arms junction retaining the name Kent Street until it was renamed Tabard Street in 1877.
St Thomas-a-Watering
The Thomas A'Becket pub was an important landmark on Old Kent Road. The building became the Nolias Gallery in 2005-2009 and now (2022) houses a Vietnamese restaurant.
The bridge at St Thomas-a-Watering over the River Neckinger was at the junction with what is now Old Kent Road and Shorncliffe Road (previously Thomas Street), and marked the boundary of the Archbishop of Canterbury's authority over the manors of Southwark and Walworth. It was the limit of the City of London's authority in 1550, having been ratified in several charters and marked by a boundary stone set into the wall of the old fire station that marked the first resting place for pilgrims while travelling to Canterbury. A nearby public house, the Thomas a Becket, at the corner of Albany Road was named after this. Henry V met soldiers returning from Agincourt at this location in 1415. Charles II's journey along the road on his way to reclaim the throne in May 1660 was described by contemporary writer and diarist John Evelyn as "a triumph of about 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their swords and shouting with inexpressible joy".
St Thomas-a-Watering became a place of execution for criminals whose bodies were left hanging from the gibbets on the principal route from the southeast to London. On 8 July 1539, Griffith Clerke, Vicar of Wandsworth was hanged and quartered here along with his chaplain and two others, for not acknowledging the royal supremacy of Henry VIII. The Welsh Protestant martyr John Penry was also executed here on 6 April 1593; a small side street nearby is named after him. The Catholic martyrs John Jones and John Rigby were executed in 1598 and 1600 respectively.
Rolls family
A Southwark street commemorating Michael Searles in its name
In the early-18th century, the Rolls family of The Grange in nearby Bermondsey acquired a significant amount of land around Old Kent Road. It included residential development that is now Surrey Square and the Paragon, which were designed by Michael Searles in 1788. The main road route gave rise to ribbon development because of the increasing urbanisation of the expanding metropolitan area. In the early-20th century, social housing was built on land previously held by the family who gave away their interests for public benefit including the library at Wells Way in Burgess Park, the girls grammar school at Bricklayers Arms (St Saviour's and St Olave's School) and the Peabody Estate (Dover Flats and Waleran Flats). The last significant remnant of their involvement is the detached White House between the Peabody Estate buildings, built by Searles in the 1790s. The original railings and ironwork survive in the current development at No. 155. The house was later occupied by Searles and became the management office of the Rolls family trust estates. The last of the male Rolls's was the Hon Charles Stewart Rolls who was the pioneer motorist and aviator who formed the Rolls-Royce partnership with Henry Royce.
Industrial development
The opening of the Surrey Canal in 1811 changed the character of the road from rural to industrial. Tanneries were established along it and a soap processing plant was built. Older properties occupied by the upper and middle classes were converted into flats for the emerging working class population. By the time Bricklayers Arms goods station opened in 1845, the road was entirely built up and Old Kent Road had one of the highest population densities in Europe, with an average of 280 residents per acre. Sections along the road were commercial with various market stalls and sellers until the construction of the tramway in 1871. Camberwell Public Library No. 1, which later became the Livesey Museum for Children was designed by Sir George Livesey in 1890. The road's southern section remained residential throughout the 19th century. Nos. 864, 866 and 880–884 were constructed by John Lamb in 1815, and feature Ammonite capitals, ornamental features resembling fossils, a feature also used in contemporary architecture in Brighton.
The Licensed Victuallers' National Asylum (now Caroline Gardens), an extensive almshouse estate off Old Kent Road at Asylum Road, opened in 1827. Its first patron was Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex who was followed by Prince Albert and Prince Edward.
The Metropolitan Gas Works, identifiable by its large gasometers, was founded in 1833. It serviced an area of more than 13 square miles (34 km2), including parts of Southwark, Croydon, Newington, Lambeth and Streatham. Expansion of the gas works in 1868 required the demolition of Christ Church, Camberwell, which was built in 1838 and rebuilt on the opposite side of the road by Livesey. The gas works was managed by Livesey from 1840 until his death in 1908. A statue of him was sited in the rear courtyard of Livesey Museum, opposite the works.
During the 19th and 20th century, the industrial and working class makeup of Old Kent Road made it a haven for organised crime and violence. The notorious Richardson Gang operated in the area, and boxing clubs became popular. Lennox Lewis' manager Frank Maloney grew up in the area and recalled, "If you weren't into crime, people thought you were a pansy". Henry Cooper trained in the boxing club above the Thomas a Becket pub from 1954 to 1968; he unveiled a local blue plaque there in 2007. Draining the Surrey Canal in 1971 uncovered a number of cracked and blown safes that had been thrown in the water.
Public services
Old Kent Road railway station at the southern end of the road opened in 1866 and closed in 1917. The London City Fire Brigade opened a fire station on the road around 1868. It was subsumed into the London Fire Brigade from its formation and in 1904 was replaced by a new station which was in turn replaced by another on the corner of Coopers Road. The station was demolished for redevelopment in 2014 and reopened the following year.
When the Old Kent Road baths were opened in 1905, the then independent Borough of Camberwell became the first London borough to provide municipal Victorian-style Turkish baths in addition to the more usual Russian vapour baths. The building was designed to include two swimming pools, each measuring 75 feet (23 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m). In 1913–4, they were used by 188,336 private bathers, 14,687 of whom used its Russian, Turkish, or special electric baths. The 1923 Municipal Year Book noted the "great success" of the Turkish and Russian baths. The baths were destroyed in the Blitz just before the end of World War II.
Urban Redevelopment
Panoramic view of Old Kent Road at Dunton Road; from far left to far right: the 'Thomas a Becket', the old Fire Station, a range of ribbon properties dating from 1784, the old Green Man and the Old Dun Cow
Unlike many places in London, the Old Kent Road area did not suffer significant bomb damage during World War II. In 1968, a flyover opened at the northern end allowing access to New Kent Road which catered for the main flow of traffic. During the 1970s, run-down Victorian properties on and around Old Kent Road were demolished to make way for new housing estates. Burgess Park was created as part of the County of London Plan in 1943, which recommended new parkland in the area. Several tower blocks were built along the road, although some earlier 19th-century buildings, such as Nos. 360–386, survived.
Public houses on Old Kent Road have been closing since the 1980s. At one point, there were 39 pubs. The Dun Cow at No. 279 opened in 1856 and was well known as a gin palace, and later became a champagne bar and featured DJs such as Steve Walsh and Robbie Vincent. The premises closed in 2004 to become a surgery. The World Turned Upside Down had been on the Old Kent Road since the 17th century, and may have been named after the discovery of Australia, Van Diemen's Land, or Tierra del Fuego in South America. The pub became a music venue in the 20th century and is where Long John Baldrey gave his first live performance in 1958. It closed in 2009 and is now a branch of Domino's Pizza. The Duke of Kent was converted into a mosque in 1999; in 2021 the building was demolished for a purpose built mosque. The Livesey Museum for Children closed in 2008 owing to council budget cuts and is now used for short term accommodation.
Southwark Borough Council do not consider Old Kent Road to fit the characteristics of an urban town centre, and consequently large retail parks more in character with out-of-town schemes have been developed including a large Asda superstore, B&Q store, Halfords, Magnet and PC World. Southwark Council have begun consultations on plans to redevelop much of the area, known as the Old Kent Road Area Action Plan. This master plan would mimic similar regeneration projects in other London neighbourhoods such as Elephant & Castle, Nine Elms and Canada Water. The consultations centre on a vision to open four new Bakerloo line London Underground stations along the road route, beginning at Bricklayers Arms, as well as 20,000 new homes, a further education college, a health centre and a number of primary and secondary schools. Officials have also suggested the development of a "green spine" of parks and green spaces along the mostly disused Surrey Canal.
Cultural references
Income TaxPay £200
Whitechapel Road£60
Community Chest
Old Kent Road£60
Collect£200 SalaryAs You PassGO
A segment of a British Monopoly board, showing Old Kent Road and Whitechapel Road
Old Kent Road is the first property square on the British Monopoly board, priced at £60 and forming the brown set along with the similarly working-class Whitechapel Road. It is the only square on the board in South London and south of the Thames.
The road makes several appearances in literature. In Charles Dickens' David Copperfield, the titular character runs down the road trying to escape from London to Dover, though in the narrative the street is still partly rural in nature. A public garden on the New Kent Road is named David Copperfield's Garden to mark a spot where the character stopped on his journey and a quote from his aunt is inlaid on the path through the park. In 1985, the BBC arts series Arena included a documentary about the road.
The road is mentioned in the title of the music hall song "Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road". It was written in 1891 by Albert Chevalier, who was the lyricist and original performer; the music was written by his brother Charles Ingle. The song was popularised by Shirley Temple's performance in the 1939 film A Little Princess The street is mentioned multiple times in the Madness song "Calling Cards", a song about running an illegitimate business "in a sorting office in the Old Kent Road". It is featured in the chorus of the Levellers' song "Cardboard Box City", which criticises the slow action on helping the homeless in London, specifically Old Kent Road being infrequently visited by the wealthy due to its being south of the Thames. British girl group Girls Aloud refer to running down the road in the lyrics to their 2005 single "Long Hot Summer".
References
Notes
^ Though official maps refer to "Old Kent Road", some print media uses "the Old Kent Road".
^ The prologue, which reads "And forth we ridden a litel more than pas; Unto the watering of Seint Thomas; And then our host began his hors arrest" refers to the stop along the road.
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i Walford, Edward (1878). "The Old Kent Road". Old and New London. Vol. 6. London. pp. 248–255. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Gordon & Inglis 2009, p. 111.
^ a b "London South" (Map). 1:25 000 Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 2015. 161.
^ a b Thomas Reynolds (1799). Iter Britanniarum. J. Burges. pp. 66–67.
^ a b M.C. Bishop (28 February 2014). The Secret History of the Roman Roads of Britain. Pen and Sword. p. 41. ISBN 9781473837256. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ English Heritage 2009, p. 9.
^ a b c Moore 2003, p. 309.
^ English Heritage 2009, p. 108.
^ a b c Darlington, Ida (1955). "Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road". Survey of London. 25, St George's Fields (The Parishes of St. George the Martyr Southwark and St. Mary Newington). London: 121–126. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ A. D. Mills (11 March 2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-956678-5.
^ Johnson, David (1969). Southwark and the City. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
^ Wheatley, Henry (1904). The Story of London. M. Dent & Co.
^ Walford, Edward (1878). "Wandsworth". Old and New London. 6: 479–489. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ "Pilgrim Fathers". London Borough of Southwark. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
^ Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1995). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Vol. 7. A&C Black. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-860-12256-2.
^ Butler, Alban (1981). Butler's Lives of the saints. Vol. 3. Christian Classics. p. 87.
^ Cherry & Pevsner 1983, p. 596.
^ a b c English Heritage 2009, p. 8.
^ Moore 2003, p. 310.
^ A New British Atlas: Comprising a Series of 54 Maps, Constructed from the Most Recent Surveys and Engraved by Sidney Hall. Chapman V. Hall. 1836. p. 208.
^ a b Moore 2003, p. 311.
^ The Volta Review. Volta Bureau. 1927. p. 36.
^ "Metropolitan Tramways". The Railway News. 17. London: 511–512. June 1872. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
^ a b Weinreb et al 2008, p. 600.
^ a b English Heritage 2009, p. 107.
^ Mills, Mary (January 2004). "The Gas Workers Strike in South London". Greenwich Industrial History. 7 (1). Goldsmiths College, London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2004. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ Moore 2003, p. 317.
^ Nadal 2006, p. 67.
^ Nadal 2006, p. 104.
^ "Old Kent Road's new fire station opens as rebuild work begins at Dockhead fire station". London Fire Brigade News. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ 'New baths for Camberwell' Daily Telegraph (19 Oct 1905) p.12
^ The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer. 1904. p. 850.
^ "VICTORIAN TURKISH BATHS: Camberwell Turkish Baths: the cooling-room, 1905". Victorianturkishbath.org. 17 April 2001. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
^ Skoski 2000, p. 165.
^ The Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom. Municipal Journal. 1923. p. 214. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Moore 2003, p. 323.
^ Moore 2003, p. 324.
^ "New Kent Road/Old Kent Road, London: flyover at Bricklayers Arms intersection". The National Archives. 1968. MT 118/409. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ Platt 2015, p. 43.
^ English Heritage 2009, p. 48.
^ Lock & Baxter 2014, p. 157.
^ Frame 1999, p. 94.
^ Lock & Baxter 2014, p. 156.
^ Livesey Building FAQs (Report). London Borough of Southwark Council. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
^ Retail Background Paper (Report). Southwark London Borough Council. March 2010. p. 39. CDB5. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ "Home". Old Kent Road. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ "Elephant & Castle Partnership". Elephant and Castle. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ "Would you like a new town in Old Kent Road?". South London News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ https://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/buying/new-homes/where-to-buy-a-home-near-southeast-londons-bakerloo-line-extension-a116716.html Archived 6 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Get the inside track: where to buy a home near south-east London's Bakerloo extension – Evening Standard
^ Moore 2003, p. 291.
^ "Inventory Site Record". Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
^ "Old Kent Road (Arena)". London Screen Archives. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ Bratton 1986, p. 19.
^ Constable 2007, p. 110.
^ "Calling Cards". Madness (official website). Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ "Cardboard Box City". Levellers Tabs. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Girls Aloud – Long Hot Summer, archived from the original on 30 June 2020, retrieved 30 June 2020
Sources
Bratton, Jacqueline S. (January 1986). Music Hall: Performance and Style. Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-15131-8.
Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1983). London 2: South. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09651-4.
Constable, John (28 May 2007). Secret Bankside: Walks in the Outlaw Borough. Oberon Books. ISBN 978-1-84943-869-8.
Frame, Pete (1999). Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-711-96973-5.
Gordon, Ian; Inglis, Simon (2009). Great lengths: the historic indoor swimming pools of Britain. English Heritage. ISBN 978 190562 4522.
Lock, Darren; Baxter, Mark (2014). Walworth Through Time. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-63198-1.
Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-43386-6.
Nadal, John (2006). London's Fire Stations. Jeremy Mills Publishing. ISBN 978-0-954-64847-3.
Platt, Geoff (2015). The London Underground Serial Killer. Wharncliffe. ISBN 978-1-473-85830-5.
Skoski, Joseph R. (2000). Public Baths and Washhouses in Victorian Britain, 1842–1914. Indiana University.
Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
Old Kent Road Survey (Report). English Heritage / Southwark Borough Council. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Old Kent Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bakerloo line extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerloo_line_extension"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"ancient trackway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_trackway"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Richborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"Battle of Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"coaching inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"Surrey Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Canal"},{"link_name":"Burgess Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Park"},{"link_name":"Victorian-style Turkish baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonInglis2009111-3"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocked_%27em_in_the_Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"}],"text":"Road in South East London, EnglandFor the closed railway station, see Old Kent Road railway station. For the proposed tube stations, see Bakerloo line extension.Old Kent Road[a] is a major thoroughfare in South East London, England, passing through the London Borough of Southwark. It was originally part of an ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and used by the Anglo-Saxons who named it Wæcelinga Stræt (Watling Street). It is now part of the A2, a major road from London to Dover. The road was important in Roman times linking London to the coast at Richborough and Dover via Canterbury. It was a route for pilgrims in the Middle Ages as portrayed in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, when Old Kent Road was known as Kent Street. The route was used by soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt.In the 16th century, St Thomas-a-Watering on Old Kent Road was a place where religious dissenters and those found guilty of treason were publicly hanged. The road was rural in nature and several coaching inns were built alongside it. In the 19th century, it acquired the name Old Kent Road and several industrial premises were set up to close to the Surrey Canal and a major business, the Metropolitan Gas Works was developed. In the 20th century, older property was demolished for redevelopment and Burgess Park was created. The Camberwell Public Baths in Old Kent Road opened in 1905 with Russian and Victorian-style Turkish baths.[2] In the 21st century, several retail parks and premises typical of out-of-town development have been built beside it while public houses have been redeveloped for other purposes.The road is celebrated in the music hall song \"Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road\", describing working-class London life. It is the first property, and one of the two cheapest, on the London Monopoly board and the only one south of the River Thames.","title":"Old Kent Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bricklayers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms"},{"link_name":"New Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge_Road"},{"link_name":"Great Dover Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dover_Street"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ_Church,_Peckham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peckham Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham_Rye_station"},{"link_name":"South Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bermondsey_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"London boroughs of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walworth,_London"},{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"}],"text":"The road begins at the Bricklayers Arms roundabout, where it meets the New Kent Road, Tower Bridge Road, and Great Dover Street. It runs southeast past Burgess Park, Christ Church, Peckham and the railway line from Peckham Rye to South Bermondsey.[3]Just east of the railway bridge, the road crosses the boundary between the London boroughs of Southwark and Lewisham, where the road ahead becomes New Cross Road. The road appears on a map to form a boundary between Walworth, and Peckham to the south and Bermondsey to the north, although the Bermondsey boundary runs along Rolls Road.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"ancient trackway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_trackway"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Antonine Itinerary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-6"},{"link_name":"Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"Stane Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stane_Street_(Chichester)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-6"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Richborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough"},{"link_name":"Lympne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-5"},{"link_name":"Pilgrims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003309-9"},{"link_name":"John Rocque's Map of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rocque%27s_Map_of_London,_1746"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage2009108-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003309-9"},{"link_name":"Borough High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_High_Street"},{"link_name":"Bricklayers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms"},{"link_name":"Tabard Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabard_Street"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington-11"}],"text":"Old Kent Road, one of the oldest roads in England, was part of a Celtic ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and recorded as Inter III on the Antonine Itinerary.[4][5] The Anglo-Saxons named it \"Wæcelinga Stræt\" (Watling Street). It joined Stane Street, another ancient and Roman road, at Southwark before crossing the Thames at London Bridge.[5] The Inter III was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain, linking London with Canterbury and the Channel ports at Richborough (Rutupiae); Dover (Dubris) and Lympne (Lemanis).[4] Pilgrims, as documented in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, travelled along the road from London and Southwark on their way to Canterbury.[1][b] In 1415, the road was a scene of celebrations for soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt heading towards London.[7] John Rocque's Map of London, published in 1746, shows hedgerows along its course.[1] The Kentish Drovers public house opened in 1840 and was so named because the road was a thoroughfare for market traffic.[8] The road was mainly rural in nature, surrounded by fields and windmills and the occasional tavern until the 19th century.[7] The name Old Kent Road came into use in the early 19th century, with the section from Borough High Street to the Bricklayers Arms junction retaining the name Kent Street until it was renamed Tabard Street in 1877.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formerly_the_Thomas_A%27Becket_Public_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1597384.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Neckinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Neckinger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills2010-12"},{"link_name":"Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walworth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Evelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evelyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"gibbets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbet"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"John Penry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jones_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"John Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rigby_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"St Thomas-a-Watering","text":"The Thomas A'Becket pub was an important landmark on Old Kent Road. The building became the Nolias Gallery in 2005-2009 and now (2022) houses a Vietnamese restaurant.The bridge at St Thomas-a-Watering over the River Neckinger was at the junction with what is now Old Kent Road and Shorncliffe Road (previously Thomas Street),[10] and marked the boundary of the Archbishop of Canterbury's authority over the manors of Southwark and Walworth.[1] It was the limit of the City of London's authority in 1550, having been ratified in several charters and marked by a boundary stone set into the wall of the old fire station[11] that marked the first resting place for pilgrims while travelling to Canterbury. A nearby public house, the Thomas a Becket, at the corner of Albany Road was named after this.[1] Henry V met soldiers returning from Agincourt at this location in 1415.[12] Charles II's journey along the road on his way to reclaim the throne in May 1660 was described by contemporary writer and diarist John Evelyn as \"a triumph of about 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their swords and shouting with inexpressible joy\".[1]St Thomas-a-Watering became a place of execution for criminals whose bodies were left hanging from the gibbets on the principal route from the southeast to London. On 8 July 1539, Griffith Clerke, Vicar of Wandsworth was hanged and quartered here along with his chaplain and two others, for not acknowledging the royal supremacy of Henry VIII.[13] The Welsh Protestant martyr John Penry was also executed here on 6 April 1593;[14] a small side street nearby is named after him. The Catholic martyrs John Jones and John Rigby were executed in 1598 and 1600 respectively.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searles_Road_street_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rolls family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolls_Family,_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington-11"},{"link_name":"Surrey Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Square"},{"link_name":"Michael Searles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Searles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherryPevsner1983596-19"},{"link_name":"ribbon development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_development"},{"link_name":"St Saviour's and St Olave's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Saviour%27s_and_St_Olave%27s_School"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage20098-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage20098-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington-11"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Henry Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Royce"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003310-21"}],"sub_title":"Rolls family","text":"A Southwark street commemorating Michael Searles in its nameIn the early-18th century, the Rolls family of The Grange in nearby Bermondsey acquired a significant amount of land around Old Kent Road.[9] It included residential development that is now Surrey Square and the Paragon, which were designed by Michael Searles in 1788.[17] The main road route gave rise to ribbon development because of the increasing urbanisation of the expanding metropolitan area. In the early-20th century, social housing was built on land previously held by the family who gave away their interests for public benefit including the library at Wells Way in Burgess Park, the girls grammar school at Bricklayers Arms (St Saviour's and St Olave's School) and the Peabody Estate (Dover Flats and Waleran Flats).[18] The last significant remnant of their involvement is the detached White House between the Peabody Estate buildings, built by Searles in the 1790s. The original railings and ironwork survive in the current development at No. 155.[18] The house was later occupied by Searles and became the management office of the Rolls family trust estates.[9] The last of the male Rolls's was the Hon Charles Stewart Rolls who was the pioneer motorist and aviator who formed the Rolls-Royce partnership with Henry Royce.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surrey Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Canal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tanneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003311-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003311-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage20098-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Livesey Museum for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livesey_Museum_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Sir George Livesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Livesey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinreb_et_al2008600-26"},{"link_name":"Ammonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonite_Order"},{"link_name":"capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage2009107-27"},{"link_name":"Victuallers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victualler"},{"link_name":"almshouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse"},{"link_name":"Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"gasometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometers"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington,_London"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"organised crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime"},{"link_name":"Richardson Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Gang"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Lennox Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Frank Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Maloney"},{"link_name":"Henry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cooper"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003317-29"}],"sub_title":"Industrial development","text":"The opening of the Surrey Canal in 1811[20] changed the character of the road from rural to industrial. Tanneries were established along it and a soap processing plant was built.[21][22] Older properties occupied by the upper and middle classes were converted into flats for the emerging working class population. By the time Bricklayers Arms goods station opened in 1845, the road was entirely built up and Old Kent Road had one of the highest population densities in Europe, with an average of 280 residents per acre.[21] Sections along the road were commercial with various market stalls and sellers until the construction of the tramway in 1871.[18][23] Camberwell Public Library No. 1, which later became the Livesey Museum for Children was designed by Sir George Livesey in 1890.[24] The road's southern section remained residential throughout the 19th century. Nos. 864, 866 and 880–884 were constructed by John Lamb in 1815, and feature Ammonite capitals, ornamental features resembling fossils, a feature also used in contemporary architecture in Brighton.[25]The Licensed Victuallers' National Asylum (now Caroline Gardens), an extensive almshouse estate off Old Kent Road at Asylum Road, opened in 1827. Its first patron was Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex who was followed by Prince Albert and Prince Edward.[1]The Metropolitan Gas Works, identifiable by its large gasometers, was founded in 1833. It serviced an area of more than 13 square miles (34 km2), including parts of Southwark, Croydon, Newington, Lambeth and Streatham. Expansion of the gas works in 1868 required the demolition of Christ Church, Camberwell, which was built in 1838 and rebuilt on the opposite side of the road by Livesey.[1] The gas works was managed by Livesey from 1840 until his death in 1908. A statue of him was sited in the rear courtyard of Livesey Museum, opposite the works.[26]During the 19th and 20th century, the industrial and working class makeup of Old Kent Road made it a haven for organised crime and violence. The notorious Richardson Gang operated in the area, and boxing clubs became popular. Lennox Lewis' manager Frank Maloney grew up in the area and recalled, \"If you weren't into crime, people thought you were a pansy\". Henry Cooper trained in the boxing club above the Thomas a Becket pub from 1954 to 1968; he unveiled a local blue plaque there in 2007. Draining the Surrey Canal in 1971 uncovered a number of cracked and blown safes that had been thrown in the water.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Kent Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage2009107-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadal200667-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadal2006104-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkoski2000165-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Public services","text":"Old Kent Road railway station at the southern end of the road opened in 1866 and closed in 1917.[25] The London City Fire Brigade opened a fire station on the road around 1868.[28] It was subsumed into the London Fire Brigade from its formation and in 1904 was replaced by a new station[29] which was in turn replaced by another on the corner of Coopers Road. The station was demolished for redevelopment in 2014 and reopened the following year.[30]When the Old Kent Road baths were opened in 1905, the then independent Borough of Camberwell became the first London borough to provide municipal Victorian-style Turkish baths in addition to the more usual Russian vapour baths.[31] The building was designed to include two swimming pools, each measuring 75 feet (23 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m).[32] In 1913–4, they were used by 188,336 private bathers, 14,687 of whom used its Russian, Turkish,[33] or special electric baths.[34] The 1923 Municipal Year Book noted the \"great success\" of the Turkish and Russian baths.[35] The baths were destroyed in the Blitz just before the end of World War II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OKRScan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OKRScan.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003323-38"},{"link_name":"New Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003324-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatt201543-41"},{"link_name":"Burgess Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Park"},{"link_name":"County of London Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_London_Plan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish_Heritage200948-42"},{"link_name":"gin palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_palace"},{"link_name":"champagne bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bar"},{"link_name":"Steve Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Walsh_(disc_jockey)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Vincent"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockBaxter2014157-43"},{"link_name":"Van Diemen's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-1"},{"link_name":"Long John Baldrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Baldrey"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame199994-44"},{"link_name":"Domino's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockBaxter2014156-45"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"B&Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26Q"},{"link_name":"Halfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfords"},{"link_name":"Magnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Kitchens"},{"link_name":"PC World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Nine Elms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Elms"},{"link_name":"Canada Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Water"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Urban Redevelopment","text":"Panoramic view of Old Kent Road at Dunton Road; from far left to far right: the 'Thomas a Becket', the old Fire Station, a range of ribbon properties dating from 1784, the old Green Man and the Old Dun CowUnlike many places in London, the Old Kent Road area did not suffer significant bomb damage during World War II.[36] In 1968, a flyover opened at the northern end allowing access to New Kent Road which catered for the main flow of traffic.[37][38] During the 1970s, run-down Victorian properties on and around Old Kent Road were demolished to make way for new housing estates.[39] Burgess Park was created as part of the County of London Plan in 1943, which recommended new parkland in the area. Several tower blocks were built along the road, although some earlier 19th-century buildings, such as Nos. 360–386, survived.[40]Public houses on Old Kent Road have been closing since the 1980s. At one point, there were 39 pubs. The Dun Cow at No. 279 opened in 1856 and was well known as a gin palace, and later became a champagne bar and featured DJs such as Steve Walsh and Robbie Vincent. The premises closed in 2004 to become a surgery.[41] The World Turned Upside Down had been on the Old Kent Road since the 17th century, and may have been named after the discovery of Australia, Van Diemen's Land, or Tierra del Fuego in South America.[1] The pub became a music venue in the 20th century and is where Long John Baldrey gave his first live performance in 1958.[42] It closed in 2009 and is now a branch of Domino's Pizza.[43] The Duke of Kent was converted into a mosque in 1999; in 2021 the building was demolished for a purpose built mosque. The Livesey Museum for Children closed in 2008 owing to council budget cuts and is now used for short term accommodation.[44]Southwark Borough Council do not consider Old Kent Road to fit the characteristics of an urban town centre, and consequently large retail parks more in character with out-of-town schemes have been developed including a large Asda superstore, B&Q store, Halfords, Magnet and PC World.[45] Southwark Council have begun consultations on plans to redevelop much of the area, known as the Old Kent Road Area Action Plan.[46] This master plan would mimic similar regeneration projects in other London neighbourhoods such as Elephant & Castle,[47] Nine Elms and Canada Water. The consultations centre on a vision to open four new Bakerloo line London Underground stations along the road route, beginning at Bricklayers Arms, as well as 20,000 new homes, a further education college, a health centre and a number of primary and secondary schools.[48] Officials have also suggested the development of a \"green spine\" of parks and green spaces along the mostly disused Surrey Canal.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monopoly_Go_Arrow.png"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Road"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Road"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinreb_et_al2008600-26"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003291-52"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003309-9"},{"link_name":"New Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocked_%27em_in_the_Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Albert Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Charles Ingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ingle"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratton198619-55"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple"},{"link_name":"A Little Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Princess_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable2007110-56"},{"link_name":"Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(band)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Levellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers_(band)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"Long Hot Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Hot_Summer_(Girls_Aloud_song)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Income TaxPay £200\n\nWhitechapel Road£60\n\nCommunity Chest\n\nOld Kent Road£60\n\nCollect£200 SalaryAs You PassGO\n\nA segment of a British Monopoly board, showing Old Kent Road and Whitechapel RoadOld Kent Road is the first property square on the British Monopoly board, priced at £60 and forming the brown set along with the similarly working-class Whitechapel Road. It is the only square on the board in South London and south of the Thames.[24][50]The road makes several appearances in literature. In Charles Dickens' David Copperfield, the titular character runs down the road trying to escape from London to Dover, though in the narrative the street is still partly rural in nature.[7] A public garden on the New Kent Road is named David Copperfield's Garden to mark a spot where the character stopped on his journey[51] and a quote from his aunt is inlaid on the path through the park. In 1985, the BBC arts series Arena included a documentary about the road.[52]The road is mentioned in the title of the music hall song \"Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road\". It was written in 1891 by Albert Chevalier, who was the lyricist and original performer; the music was written by his brother Charles Ingle.[53] The song was popularised by Shirley Temple's performance in the 1939 film A Little Princess[54] The street is mentioned multiple times in the Madness song \"Calling Cards\", a song about running an illegitimate business \"in a sorting office in the Old Kent Road\".[55] It is featured in the chorus of the Levellers' song \"Cardboard Box City\", which criticises the slow action on helping the homeless in London, specifically Old Kent Road being infrequently visited by the wealthy due to its being south of the Thames.[56] British girl group Girls Aloud refer to running down the road in the lyrics to their 2005 single \"Long Hot Summer\".[57]","title":"Cultural references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Thomas A'Becket pub was an important landmark on Old Kent Road. The building became the Nolias Gallery in 2005-2009 and now (2022) houses a Vietnamese restaurant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Formerly_the_Thomas_A%27Becket_Public_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1597384.jpg/220px-Formerly_the_Thomas_A%27Becket_Public_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1597384.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Southwark street commemorating Michael Searles in its name","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Searles_Road_street_sign.jpg/220px-Searles_Road_street_sign.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Walford, Edward (1878). \"The Old Kent Road\". Old and New London. Vol. 6. London. pp. 248–255. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp248-255","url_text":"\"The Old Kent Road\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704090132/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp248-255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"London South\" (Map). 1:25 000 Explorer. Ordnance Survey. 2015. 161.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas Reynolds (1799). Iter Britanniarum. J. Burges. pp. 66–67.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog","url_text":"Iter Britanniarum"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog/page/n106","url_text":"66"}]},{"reference":"M.C. Bishop (28 February 2014). The Secret History of the Roman Roads of Britain. Pen and Sword. p. 41. ISBN 9781473837256. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","url_text":"The Secret History of the Roman Roads of Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473837256","url_text":"9781473837256"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115004718/https://books.google.com/books?id=DNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Darlington, Ida (1955). \"Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road\". Survey of London. 25, St George's Fields (The Parishes of St. George the Martyr Southwark and St. Mary Newington). London: 121–126. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol25/pp121-126","url_text":"\"Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417131145/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol25/pp121-126","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A. D. Mills (11 March 2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-956678-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UWKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173","url_text":"A Dictionary of London Place-Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956678-5","url_text":"978-0-19-956678-5"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, David (1969). Southwark and the City. Oxford University Press. p. 118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wheatley, Henry (1904). The Story of London. M. Dent & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/storylondon01wheagoog/storylondon01wheagoog_djvu.txt","url_text":"The Story of London"}]},{"reference":"Walford, Edward (1878). \"Wandsworth\". Old and New London. 6: 479–489. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp479-489","url_text":"\"Wandsworth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210701020654/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp479-489","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilgrim Fathers\". London Borough of Southwark. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104250/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200159/history_of_southwark/1015/pilgrim_fathers","url_text":"\"Pilgrim Fathers\""},{"url":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200159/history_of_southwark/1015/pilgrim_fathers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1995). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Vol. 7. A&C Black. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-860-12256-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-860-12256-2","url_text":"978-0-860-12256-2"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Alban (1981). Butler's Lives of the saints. Vol. 3. Christian Classics. p. 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A New British Atlas: Comprising a Series of 54 Maps, Constructed from the Most Recent Surveys and Engraved by Sidney Hall. Chapman V. Hall. 1836. p. 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRMQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT208","url_text":"A New British Atlas: Comprising a Series of 54 Maps, Constructed from the Most Recent Surveys and Engraved by Sidney Hall"}]},{"reference":"The Volta Review. Volta Bureau. 1927. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eFo4AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Volta Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Metropolitan Tramways\". The Railway News. 17. London: 511–512. June 1872. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OuY0AQAAIAAJ&q=%22old+kent+road%22+tramway+1871&pg=PA512","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Tramways\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, Mary (January 2004). \"The Gas Workers Strike in South London\". Greenwich Industrial History. 7 (1). Goldsmiths College, London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2004. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040512004802/http://gihs.gold.ac.uk/gihs35.html","url_text":"\"The Gas Workers Strike in South London\""},{"url":"http://gihs.gold.ac.uk/gihs35.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Kent Road's new fire station opens as rebuild work begins at Dockhead fire station\". London Fire Brigade News. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_OldKentRoadsnewfirestationopensasrebuildworkbeginsatDockheadfirestation.asp#.VciNCPlVhHw","url_text":"\"Old Kent Road's new fire station opens as rebuild work begins at Dockhead fire station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729065007/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_OldKentRoadsnewfirestationopensasrebuildworkbeginsatDockheadfirestation.asp#.VciNCPlVhHw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer. 1904. p. 850.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Y9AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer"}]},{"reference":"\"VICTORIAN TURKISH BATHS: Camberwell Turkish Baths: the cooling-room, 1905\". Victorianturkishbath.org. 17 April 2001. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorianturkishbath.org/0PIXMONTHLY/pix/2008/0808Camberwell_w.htm","url_text":"\"VICTORIAN TURKISH BATHS: Camberwell Turkish Baths: the cooling-room, 1905\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210023841/http://www.victorianturkishbath.org/0PIXMONTHLY/pix/2008/0808Camberwell_w.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom. Municipal Journal. 1923. p. 214. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wwbiAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115004714/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwbiAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Kent Road/Old Kent Road, London: flyover at Bricklayers Arms intersection\". The National Archives. 1968. MT 118/409. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3884955","url_text":"\"New Kent Road/Old Kent Road, London: flyover at Bricklayers Arms intersection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065139/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3884955","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Livesey Building FAQs (Report). London Borough of Southwark Council. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/8279/livesey_building_faqs","url_text":"Livesey Building FAQs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104203/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/8279/livesey_building_faqs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Retail Background Paper (Report). Southwark London Borough Council. March 2010. p. 39. CDB5. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114316/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3815/retail_background_paper","url_text":"Retail Background Paper"},{"url":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3815/retail_background_paper","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Old Kent Road. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://oldkentroad.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164218/https://oldkentroad.org.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elephant & Castle Partnership\". Elephant and Castle. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elephantandcastle.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Elephant & Castle Partnership\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164440/https://elephantandcastle.org.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Would you like a new town in Old Kent Road?\". South London News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/would-you-like-a-new-town-in-old-kent-road/","url_text":"\"Would you like a new town in Old Kent Road?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181202112708/https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/would-you-like-a-new-town-in-old-kent-road/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Inventory Site Record\". Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://londongardenstrust.org/conservation/inventory/site-record/","url_text":"\"Inventory Site Record\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092531/https://londongardenstrust.org/conservation/inventory/site-record/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Kent Road (Arena)\". London Screen Archives. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/public/details.php?id=3375","url_text":"\"Old Kent Road (Arena)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204141450/https://www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/public/details.php?id=3375","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calling Cards\". Madness (official website). Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.madness.co.uk/songs/calling-cards/","url_text":"\"Calling Cards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151129152759/http://www.madness.co.uk/songs/calling-cards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardboard Box City\". Levellers Tabs. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.levtabs.org.uk/cbcity.htm","url_text":"\"Cardboard Box City\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127173122/http://www.levtabs.org.uk/cbcity.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Girls Aloud – Long Hot Summer, archived from the original on 30 June 2020, retrieved 30 June 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Girls-aloud-long-hot-summer-lyrics","url_text":"Girls Aloud – Long Hot Summer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150401/https://genius.com/Girls-aloud-long-hot-summer-lyrics","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bratton, Jacqueline S. (January 1986). Music Hall: Performance and Style. Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-15131-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7ImAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Music Hall: Performance and Style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-15131-8","url_text":"978-0-335-15131-8"}]},{"reference":"Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1983). London 2: South. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09651-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09651-4","url_text":"978-0-300-09651-4"}]},{"reference":"Constable, John (28 May 2007). Secret Bankside: Walks in the Outlaw Borough. Oberon Books. ISBN 978-1-84943-869-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZqsbMksTAC&pg=PA110","url_text":"Secret Bankside: Walks in the Outlaw Borough"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84943-869-8","url_text":"978-1-84943-869-8"}]},{"reference":"Frame, Pete (1999). Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-711-96973-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Frame","url_text":"Frame, Pete"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peteframesrockin0000fram","url_text":"Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-711-96973-5","url_text":"978-0-711-96973-5"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Ian; Inglis, Simon (2009). Great lengths: the historic indoor swimming pools of Britain. English Heritage. ISBN 978 190562 4522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_190562_4522","url_text":"978 190562 4522"}]},{"reference":"Lock, Darren; Baxter, Mark (2014). Walworth Through Time. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-63198-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley_Publishing","url_text":"Amberley Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-445-63198-1","url_text":"978-1-445-63198-1"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-43386-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-43386-6","url_text":"978-0-099-43386-6"}]},{"reference":"Nadal, John (2006). London's Fire Stations. Jeremy Mills Publishing. ISBN 978-0-954-64847-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-954-64847-3","url_text":"978-0-954-64847-3"}]},{"reference":"Platt, Geoff (2015). The London Underground Serial Killer. Wharncliffe. ISBN 978-1-473-85830-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-473-85830-5","url_text":"978-1-473-85830-5"}]},{"reference":"Skoski, Joseph R. (2000). Public Baths and Washhouses in Victorian Britain, 1842–1914. Indiana University.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oD8eAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Public Baths and Washhouses in Victorian Britain, 1842–1914"}]},{"reference":"Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4924-5","url_text":"978-1-4050-4924-5"}]},{"reference":"Old Kent Road Survey (Report). English Heritage / Southwark Borough Council. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191712/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11935/english_heritage_old_kent_road_survey","url_text":"Old Kent Road Survey"},{"url":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11935/english_heritage_old_kent_road_survey","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Kent_Road¶ms=51.4839_N_0.06635_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°29′02″N 0°03′59″W / 51.48390°N 0.06635°W / 51.48390; -0.06635"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Kent_Road¶ms=51.4839_N_0.06635_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°29′02″N 0°03′59″W / 51.48390°N 0.06635°W / 51.48390; -0.06635"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp248-255","external_links_name":"\"The Old Kent Road\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704090132/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp248-255","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog","external_links_name":"Iter Britanniarum"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/iterbritanniaru00reyngoog/page/n106","external_links_name":"66"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"The Secret History of the Roman Roads of Britain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115004718/https://books.google.com/books?id=DNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol25/pp121-126","external_links_name":"\"Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417131145/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol25/pp121-126","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UWKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of London Place-Names"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/storylondon01wheagoog/storylondon01wheagoog_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"The Story of London"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp479-489","external_links_name":"\"Wandsworth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210701020654/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp479-489","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104250/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200159/history_of_southwark/1015/pilgrim_fathers","external_links_name":"\"Pilgrim Fathers\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200159/history_of_southwark/1015/pilgrim_fathers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRMQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT208","external_links_name":"A New British Atlas: Comprising a Series of 54 Maps, Constructed from the Most Recent Surveys and Engraved by Sidney Hall"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eFo4AQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Volta Review"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OuY0AQAAIAAJ&q=%22old+kent+road%22+tramway+1871&pg=PA512","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Tramways\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040512004802/http://gihs.gold.ac.uk/gihs35.html","external_links_name":"\"The Gas Workers Strike in South London\""},{"Link":"http://gihs.gold.ac.uk/gihs35.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_OldKentRoadsnewfirestationopensasrebuildworkbeginsatDockheadfirestation.asp#.VciNCPlVhHw","external_links_name":"\"Old Kent Road's new fire station opens as rebuild work begins at Dockhead fire station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729065007/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_OldKentRoadsnewfirestationopensasrebuildworkbeginsatDockheadfirestation.asp#.VciNCPlVhHw","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Y9AQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianturkishbath.org/0PIXMONTHLY/pix/2008/0808Camberwell_w.htm","external_links_name":"\"VICTORIAN TURKISH BATHS: Camberwell Turkish Baths: the cooling-room, 1905\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210023841/http://www.victorianturkishbath.org/0PIXMONTHLY/pix/2008/0808Camberwell_w.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wwbiAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115004714/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwbiAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3884955","external_links_name":"\"New Kent Road/Old Kent Road, London: flyover at Bricklayers Arms intersection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065139/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3884955","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/8279/livesey_building_faqs","external_links_name":"Livesey Building FAQs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104203/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/8279/livesey_building_faqs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114316/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3815/retail_background_paper","external_links_name":"Retail Background Paper"},{"Link":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3815/retail_background_paper","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://oldkentroad.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164218/https://oldkentroad.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://elephantandcastle.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Elephant & Castle Partnership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164440/https://elephantandcastle.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/would-you-like-a-new-town-in-old-kent-road/","external_links_name":"\"Would you like a new town in Old Kent Road?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181202112708/https://www.londonnewsonline.co.uk/would-you-like-a-new-town-in-old-kent-road/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/buying/new-homes/where-to-buy-a-home-near-southeast-londons-bakerloo-line-extension-a116716.html","external_links_name":"https://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/buying/new-homes/where-to-buy-a-home-near-southeast-londons-bakerloo-line-extension-a116716.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190251/https://www.homesandproperty.co.uk/property-news/buying/new-homes/where-to-buy-a-home-near-southeast-londons-bakerloo-line-extension-a116716.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://londongardenstrust.org/conservation/inventory/site-record/","external_links_name":"\"Inventory Site Record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092531/https://londongardenstrust.org/conservation/inventory/site-record/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/public/details.php?id=3375","external_links_name":"\"Old Kent Road (Arena)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204141450/https://www.londonsscreenarchives.org.uk/public/details.php?id=3375","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.madness.co.uk/songs/calling-cards/","external_links_name":"\"Calling Cards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151129152759/http://www.madness.co.uk/songs/calling-cards/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.levtabs.org.uk/cbcity.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cardboard Box City\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127173122/http://www.levtabs.org.uk/cbcity.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Girls-aloud-long-hot-summer-lyrics","external_links_name":"Girls Aloud – Long Hot Summer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150401/https://genius.com/Girls-aloud-long-hot-summer-lyrics","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7ImAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Music Hall: Performance and Style"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgZqsbMksTAC&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"Secret Bankside: Walks in the Outlaw Borough"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/peteframesrockin0000fram","external_links_name":"Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oD8eAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Public Baths and Washhouses in Victorian Britain, 1842–1914"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191712/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11935/english_heritage_old_kent_road_survey","external_links_name":"Old Kent Road Survey"},{"Link":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/11935/english_heritage_old_kent_road_survey","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planate
|
Planate
|
[]
|
Soft redirect to Wiktionary
Wikipedia does not have an article on "planate", but its sister project Wiktionary does:
Read the Wiktionary entry "planate"
You can also:
Search for Planate in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings.
Start the Planate article, using the Article Wizard if you wish, or add a request for it; but please remember that Wikipedia is not a dictionary.wiktionary:Special:Search/planate
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Planate"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/planate","external_links_name":"Read the Wiktionary entry \"planate\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Planate&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"Search for Planate in Wikipedia"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines
|
Ambos Camarines
|
["1 History","1.1 Creation","1.2 Ambos Camarines","1.3 Present","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Former province of the Philippines
"Camarines" redirects here. For the current provinces, see Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ambos Camarines" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ambos CamarinesCamarinesProvince of the Philippines1579–18291854–18571893–1919Location of the historical province of Ambos Camarines.CapitalNueva CaceresHistorical eraSpanish Colonial PeriodAmerican Colonial Period• Established 1579• First reunification 1854–1857• Second reunification 1893–1917• Disestablished 1919
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ibalon
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Today part of · Camarines Norte · Camarines Sur ·
Albay De facto ·
Ambos Camarines (Spanish: ambos, meaning "both"; commonly known as Camarines), officially the Province of Ambos Camarines, was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. It now exists as two separate provinces: Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
The province was founded in 1579 and was split into two, Camarines Norte and Sur in 1829. They were reunited under Ambos Camarines in 1854, but split again after three years. In 1893, they were reunited until March 10, 1917, when Act No. 2711 formed most of the present-day provinces, including Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ambos Camarines" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Creation
In 1569, Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, with Augustinian friar Alonzo Jiménez, reached the present town of Camalig, then a ranchería. They found the townsfolk living in thatched houses called kamaligs (rice granaries). Andrez de Ibarra, while in search of provisions, followed the route taken by de Guzmán and reached Kalilingo and Búa (the present towns of Bato and Nabua) in 1570.
In 1573, Miguel López de Legazpi dispatched his grandson Juan de Salcedo to explore the region as far as Paracale in search of gold and other precious stones. A year later, Salcedo cruised the Bicol River and reached Bato Lake. Hence, the first recorded account of the discovery of the place.
In 1574, at the height of the Spanish colonization of the islands, Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris mentioned in his letter to the King of Spain, the land of Los Camarines – apparently referring to the area of what is now Camalig, Albay, where rice storehouses and granaries or camarin abound. Thus, the name "Camarines" was coined and somehow stuck. Spanish colonizers later denominated the area into two distinct regions.
Later, a Spanish garrison under Captain Pedro de Chávez was set up in present-day Naga, a prosperous ranchería. In 1575, de Guzmán founded the City of Nueva Cáceres (present-day city of Naga) named after the birthplace of Governor-General Francisco de Sande in Cáceres, Spain.
On May 27, 1579, Governor-General de Sande issued a decree which led to the establishment of a settlement in Camarines where Spanish colonists were urged to reside.
In 1636, Ibalon was split into two: Partido de Ibalon (comprising what is now Albay, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Masbate, and the islands of Ticao and Burias) and Partido de Camarines (all towns north of present-day Camalig, Albay). By the end of the 1700s, Camarines had 19,686 native families and 154 Spanish Filipino families.: 539 : 31, 54, 113
Ambos Camarines
Partido de Camarines was further divided into Camarines Sur and Norte in 1829. From 1864 until 1893, Camarines Norte and Sur (collectively called Ambos Camarines) underwent a series of confusing geo-political division, fusion, re-division, and re-fusion, until in 1919 when the first Philippine Legislature finally separated Norte and Sur into two provinces. Camarines Norte's capital is Daet while Camarines Sur's capital town was Naga, the city once called "Nueva Cáceres" – namesake of a province in Spain and among the original five royal cities of the colony.
The Philippine Revolution started in Ambos Camarines on September 17, 1898, when Elías Ángeles and Félix Plazo, Filipino corporals in the Spanish Army, sided with revolutionists and fought the local Spanish forces. With the arrival of General Vicente Lucbán, the revolutionary government in Bicol was established.
American forces occupied the Bicol Peninsula in January 1900. In March of the same year, General John M. Bell was made military governor of Southern Luzon. Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.
In March 1919, the Philippine Legislature issued an Act authorizing the Governor General to partition the province into Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
On April 15, 1920, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte was created from Ambos Camarines.
Present
Naga City was the capital of Camarines Sur until June 6, 1955, when Pili, the adjoining town, was declared the Provincial Capital by virtue of R. A. 1336. The province celebrated its foundation anniversary, the 419th, for the very first time on May 27, 1998.
See also
Legislative districts of Ambos Camarines
References
^ Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. (1906). The Philippines Under Spanish and American Rules. J. C. Winston Company. p. 45. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ Philippines, United States Congress Senate Committee on the (1902). Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 35. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ "ACT NO. 2711 AN ACT AMENDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. March 10, 1917. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
^ "Camarines Norte holds Bantayog fest". Inquirer Lifestyle. April 15, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
vteFormer Philippine provinces, sub-provinces, and citiesProvinces
Agusan
Ambos Camarines
Cotabato
Davao
Ilocos
Kalinga-Apayao
Lanao
Lepanto-Bontoc
Manila
Maguindanao
Mindoro
Misamis
Moro Province
Morong
Negros
Negros del Norte
Samar
Shariff Kabunsuan
Surigao
Zamboanga
Sub-provinces*
Abra (1905–1917)1
Amburayan (1902–1920)2
Apayao (1907–1995)1
Aurora (1951–1979)1
Batanes (1907–1909)1
Benguet (1908–1966)1
Biliran (1959–1992)1
Bontoc (1902–1966)3
Bukidnon (1907–1914)1
Butuan (1907–1914)4
Camiguin (1956–1966)1
Catanduanes (1905–1945)1
Guimaras (1966–1992)1
Ifugao (1908–1966)1
Kalinga (1907–1995)1
Lepanto (1902–1920)2
Marinduque (1907–1920)1
Masbate (1906–1920)1
Quirino (1966–1971)1
Romblon (1907–1917)1
Siquijor (1907–1971)1
Cities
Basilan5
Jaro
Greater Manila
Legazpi6
Nueva Cáceres
Nueva Segovia
* All sub-provinces were temporarily abolished during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945).
1 Converted to full-fledged province.
2 Dissolved and divided between neighboring (sub-)provinces.
3 Became the only sub-province left comprising Mountain Province in 1966, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province.
4 Became the only sub-province left comprising Agusan in 1914, and therefore assumed the name of the mother province.
5 Delimited to the downtown area of present-day Isabela City in 1973; dissolved in 1975.
6 Legazpi City from 1948 to 1954 consisted of the present-day territories of Legazpi City and Daraga; this city was dissolved in 1954 into its two former constituent municipalities. Legazpi became a city on its own in 1959.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camarines Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Norte"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Bicol Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Camarines Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Norte"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Camarines\" redirects here. For the current provinces, see Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.Ambos Camarines (Spanish: ambos, meaning \"both\";[2] commonly known as Camarines), officially the Province of Ambos Camarines, was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. It now exists as two separate provinces: Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.The province was founded in 1579 and was split into two, Camarines Norte and Sur in 1829. They were reunited under Ambos Camarines in 1854, but split again after three years.[citation needed] In 1893, they were reunited until March 10, 1917, when Act No. 2711[3] formed most of the present-day provinces, including Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.","title":"Ambos Camarines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camalig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camalig"},{"link_name":"ranchería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Miguel López de Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi"},{"link_name":"Juan de Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Paracale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracale"},{"link_name":"Bicol River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_River"},{"link_name":"Bato Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_Lake"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Guido de Lavezaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_de_Lavezaris"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"City of Nueva Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_de_Nueva_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Sande"},{"link_name":"Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Partido de Ibalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_Ibalon"},{"link_name":"Partido de Camarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_de_Camarines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish Filipino families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estadismo1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estadismo2-5"}],"sub_title":"Creation","text":"In 1569, Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, with Augustinian friar Alonzo Jiménez, reached the present town of Camalig, then a ranchería. They found the townsfolk living in thatched houses called kamaligs (rice granaries). Andrez de Ibarra, while in search of provisions, followed the route taken by de Guzmán and reached Kalilingo and Búa (the present towns of Bato and Nabua) in 1570.In 1573, Miguel López de Legazpi dispatched his grandson Juan de Salcedo to explore the region as far as Paracale in search of gold and other precious stones. A year later, Salcedo cruised the Bicol River and reached Bato Lake. Hence, the first recorded account of the discovery of the place.In 1574, at the height of the Spanish colonization of the islands, Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris mentioned in his letter to the King of Spain, the land of Los Camarines – apparently referring to the area of what is now Camalig, Albay, where rice storehouses and granaries or camarin abound. Thus, the name \"Camarines\" was coined and somehow stuck. Spanish colonizers later denominated the area into two distinct regions.Later, a Spanish garrison under Captain Pedro de Chávez was set up in present-day Naga, a prosperous ranchería. In 1575, de Guzmán founded the City of Nueva Cáceres (present-day city of Naga) named after the birthplace of Governor-General Francisco de Sande in Cáceres, Spain.On May 27, 1579, Governor-General de Sande issued a decree which led to the establishment of a settlement in Camarines where Spanish colonists were urged to reside.In 1636, Ibalon was split into two: Partido de Ibalon (comprising what is now Albay, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Masbate, and the islands of Ticao and Burias) and Partido de Camarines (all towns north of present-day Camalig, Albay). By the end of the 1700s, Camarines had 19,686 native families and 154 Spanish Filipino families.[4]: 539 [5]: 31, 54, 113","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first Philippine Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Philippine_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Daet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daet"},{"link_name":"Philippine Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Vicente Lucbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Lukb%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Ambos Camarines","text":"Partido de Camarines was further divided into Camarines Sur and Norte in 1829. From 1864 until 1893, Camarines Norte and Sur (collectively called Ambos Camarines) underwent a series of confusing geo-political division, fusion, re-division, and re-fusion, until in 1919 when the first Philippine Legislature finally separated Norte and Sur into two provinces. Camarines Norte's capital is Daet while Camarines Sur's capital town was Naga, the city once called \"Nueva Cáceres\" – namesake of a province in Spain and among the original five royal cities of the colony.The Philippine Revolution started in Ambos Camarines on September 17, 1898, when Elías Ángeles and Félix Plazo, Filipino corporals in the Spanish Army, sided with revolutionists and fought the local Spanish forces. With the arrival of General Vicente Lucbán, the revolutionary government in Bicol was established.American forces occupied the Bicol Peninsula in January 1900. In March of the same year, General John M. Bell was made military governor of Southern Luzon. Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.In March 1919, the Philippine Legislature issued an Act authorizing the Governor General to partition the province into Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.On April 15, 1920, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte was created from Ambos Camarines.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Present","text":"Naga City was the capital of Camarines Sur until June 6, 1955, when Pili, the adjoining town, was declared the Provincial Capital by virtue of R. A. 1336. The province celebrated its foundation anniversary, the 419th, for the very first time on May 27, 1998.[citation needed]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Legislative districts of Ambos Camarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Ambos_Camarines"}]
|
[{"reference":"Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. (1906). The Philippines Under Spanish and American Rules. J. C. Winston Company. p. 45. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NVoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45","url_text":"The Philippines Under Spanish and American Rules"}]},{"reference":"Philippines, United States Congress Senate Committee on the (1902). Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 35. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35","url_text":"Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines, United States Senate"}]},{"reference":"\"ACT NO. 2711 AN ACT AMENDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE\". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. March 10, 1917. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1917/03/10/act-no-2711/","url_text":"\"ACT NO. 2711 AN ACT AMENDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camarines Norte holds Bantayog fest\". Inquirer Lifestyle. April 15, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/98993/camarines-norte-holds-bantayog-fest/","url_text":"\"Camarines Norte holds Bantayog fest\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22","external_links_name":"\"Ambos Camarines\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ambos+Camarines%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22","external_links_name":"\"Ambos Camarines\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ambos+Camarines%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ambos+Camarines%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NVoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"The Philippines Under Spanish and American Rules"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines, United States Senate"},{"Link":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1917/03/10/act-no-2711/","external_links_name":"\"ACT NO. 2711 AN ACT AMENDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE\""},{"Link":"http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf","external_links_name":"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf","external_links_name":"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/98993/camarines-norte-holds-bantayog-fest/","external_links_name":"\"Camarines Norte holds Bantayog fest\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa_and_Rhodesia
|
1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa
|
["1 Touring party","2 Match summary","3 Match details","3.1 First Test","3.2 Second Test","3.3 Third Test","3.4 Fourth Test","3.5 Fifth Test","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
|
1933 Australia rugby union tour of South AfricaSummaryP
W
D
L
Total23
11
01
11Test match05
02
00
03OpponentP
W
D
L
South Africa5
2
0
3
The 1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa and Rhodesia was a series of 23 rugby union matches played by the Australia national team in 1933.
Australia played a total of 23 matches, with a 5-Test series v South Africa, who won three of the five games.
Touring party
The tour manager was Dr. W. F. ('Wally') Matthews, who had previously been the team manager for the AIF rugby team which played in The King's Cup in 1919. A squad of 29 players was selected for the tour – 15 from New South Wales, 11 from Queensland, and 3 from Victoria.
With exception of two of the Victorians, the team departed Sydney aboard the "Ulysses" on Anzac Day, 25 April 1933. The remaining two players, O. J. Bridle and D. Cowper joined the vessel at Melbourne after the Wallabies had played a match against a Victorian team.
The Wallabies touring party consisted of:
Manager: Dr. W. F. Matthews (NSW)
Playing squad:
Captain: Dr. A. W. Ross (NSW)
Vice-captain: S. J. Malcolm (NSW)
F. McPhillips (NSW)
B. A. Grace (NSW)
J. Kelaher (NSW)
J. Young (NSW)
R. Biilmann (NSW)
C. Campbell (NSW)
R. B. Louden (NSW)
W. Mackney (NSW)
A. Hodgson (NSW)
G. V. Bland (NSW)
W. H. Cerutti (NSW)
E. W. Love (NSW)
M. F. Morton (NSW)
D. McLean Jr. (QLD)
W. Warlow (QLD)
J. Steggall (QLD)
G Bennett (QLD)
J. Clark (QLD)
M. White (QLD)
W. G. White (QLD)
G. Cooke (QLD)
J. Ritter (QLD)
B. Doneley (QLD)
E. Bonis (QLD)
G. S. Sturtridge (VIC)
D. Cowper (VIC)
O. J. Bridle (VIC)
Match summary
Scores and results list Australia's points tally first.
Danie Craven scoring a try for South Africa in the first test v Australia on 8 July
Opposing Team
For
Against
Date
Venue
Status
Natal
14
3
3 June 1933
Durban
Tour match
Western Transvaal
20
3
7 June 1933
Potchefstroom
Tour match
Witwatersrand
6
13
10 June 1933
Ellis Park, Johannesburg
Tour match
Combined Pretoria XV
8
13
14 June 1933
Pretoria
Tour match
Griqualand West
9
14
17 June 1933
Kimberley
Tour match
Rhodesia
24
5
20 June 1933
Salisbury
Tour match
Rhodesia
31
0
24 June 1933
Bulawayo
Tour match
Northern District
8
16
28 June 1933
Kimberley
Tour match
Western Province
9
13
1 July 1933
Cape Town
Tour match
South Africa
3
17
8 July 1933
Cape Town
Test Match
North East District
31
11
12 July 1933
Aliwal North
Tour match
Orange Free State
8
9
15 July 1933
Bloemfontein
Tour match
South Africa
21
6
22 July 1933
Durban
Test Match
Border
24
5
29 July 1933
East London
Tour match
Border
13
6
2 August 1933
Queenstown
Tour match
Transvaal
9
11
7 August 1933
Ellis Park, Johannesburg
Tour match
South Africa
3
12
12 August 1933
Ellis Park, Johannesburg
Test Match
Western Districts
21
14
16 August 1933
Oudtshoorn
Tour match
Eastern Province
18
3
19 August 1933
Port Elizabeth
Tour match
South Africa
0
11
26 August 1933
Port Elizabeth
Test Match
South Africa
15
4
2 September 1933
Bloemfontein
Test Match
Combined University
3
3
6 September 1933
Cape Town
Tour match
Western Province
0
4
9 September 1933
Cape Town
Tour match
Match details
First Test
8 JulySouth Africa 17–3 AustraliaTry: Bergh (2), Craven, OslerCon: BrandPen: BrandReportPen: BiilmannNewlands Stadium, Cape TownAttendance: 20,000Referee: V.H. Neser
Team details
South Africa
Australia
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Pat Lyster, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler (c), Danie Craven; Paul Vissler, Bert Kipling, Joe Nykamp; Boy Louw, Manie Geere; Fanie Louw, Lappies Hattingh, Ferdie Bergh
Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis,
Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Aub Hodgson, Geoff Bland
Australia played in sky blue to avoid clash with South Africa.
Second Test
22 JulySouth Africa 6–21 AustraliaTry: WaringPen: BrandReportTry: Bennett, Cerutti, Loudon, SturtridgeCon: Biilmann (3)Pen: BiilmanKingsmead Cricket Ground, DurbanAttendance: 17,500Referee: V.H. Neser
Team details
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Jack Gage, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Boy Louw, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw;
Flip Nel (c), Manie Geere; Fronie Froneman, George d'Alton, Ferdie Bergh
Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis,
Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Jim Clark, Geoff Bland, Wal Mackney
Third Test
12 AugustSouth Africa 12–3 AustraliaTry: MM Louw, TurnerCon: BrandDrop: OslerReportTry: CowperEllis Park, JohannesburgAttendance: 40,000Referee: V.H. Neser
Team details
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Floors Venter, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Boy Louw, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw;
Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Manie Geere, Ginger Clark, Fred Smollan
Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis,
Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Aub Hodgson
Fourth Test
26 AugustSouth Africa 11–0 AustraliaTry: SC Louw, WhiteCon: OslerPen: BrandReportCrusader's Ground, Port ElizabethAttendance: 20,000Referee: A.W. van der Horst
Team details
South Africa: Bunny Reid; Jimmy White, Franky Waring, Danie Craven, Gerry Brand; Bennie Osler, Pierie de Villiers; Manie Geere, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Boy Louw, Fred Smollan, John Apsey
Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper, Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Syd Malcom (c); Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Geoff Bland; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Aub Hodgson
Fifth Test
2 SeptemberSouth Africa 4–15 AustraliaDrop: BrandReportTry: Bridle, Kelaher, SteggallCon: RossDrop: CowperSpringbok Park, BloemfonteinAttendance: 12,000Referee: V.H. Neser
Team details
South Africa: Jimmy White; Pat Lyster, Franky Waring, Geoff Gray, Gerry Brand; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Manie Geere, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Boy Louw, Fred Smollan, John Apsey
Australia: Alec Ross (c); Doug McLean, Jack Steggall, Dave Cowper, Jack Kelaher; Gordon Sturtridge, Syd Malcom; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Wal Mackney
Bibliography
Vivian Jenkins, ed. (1979). Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1979–80. Rothmans Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-354-09087-9.
The Sydney Morning Herald
Monday 26 April 1933 p 13
Monday 5 June 1933 p 7
Friday 9 June 1933 p 11
Monday 12 June 1933 p 6
Tuesday 15 June 1933 p 13
Monday 19 June 1933 p 6
Thursday 22 June 1933 p 10
Tuesday 29 June 1933 p 10
Thursday 17 August 1933 p 10
The Brisbane Courier
Monday 26 June 1933 p 10
Monday 3 July 1933 p 7
Monday 10 July 1933 p 7
Thursday 13 July 1933 p 12
Monday 24 July 1933 p 7
Monday 31 July 1933 p 7
Thursday 3 August 1933 p 16
Wednesday 9 August 1933 p 4
Monday 14 August 1933 p 7
Monday 21 August 1933 p 7
Monday 28 August 1933 p 11
The Courier-Mail
Monday 4 September 1933 p 6
Thursday 7 September 1933 p 6
Monday 11 September 1933 p 8
References
^ The great history of Green and Gold: The Wallabies and Springboks jerseys by Harry Jones on The Roar, 7 Sep 2016
^ a b c National Library of Australia
vteAustralia national rugby union team
Rugby Australia
History
Records
Players
All Players
Captains
Team of the Decade
Giteau's law
Tries by David Campese
Tries by Israel Folau
Home stadium
Stadium Australia
Competitions and trophies
Rugby World Cup
The Rugby Championship
Bledisloe Cup
James Bevan Trophy
Ella-Mobbs Trophy
Hopetoun Cup
Lansdowne Cup
Mandela Challenge Plate
Puma Trophy
Tom Richards Cup
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Related teams
ANZAC XV
Sevens
Australia A
U21s
U20s
U19s
Schoolboys
MatchesWorld Cup finals
1991
1999
2003
2015
By opponent
Argentina
Barbarians
British & Irish Lions
England
Fiji
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
ToursArgentina
1979
1987
1997
2002
New Zealand
1905
1913
1921
1923
1925
1928
1931
1936
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1962
1964
1967
1972
1978
1982
1986
1990
1991
South Africa
1933
1953
1961
1963
1969
1992
Europe
1908–09
1927–28
1939–40
1947–48
1957–58
1966–67
1968
1971
1973
1975–76
1976
1981–82
1983
1984
1988
1989
1992
1993
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
2009
2013
Oceania
1972
1980
1984
North America
1909
1912
1928
1948
1958
1967
1976
1989
1993
Asia
2000
2008
2009
2010
See also
Wally
vteRugby union tours of South AfricaBritish & Irish Lions
1891
1896
1903
1910
1924
1938
1955
1962
1968
1974
1980
1997
2009
2021
New Zealand
1928
1949
1960
1970
1976
1992
1996
Australia
1933
1953
1961
1963
1969
1992
Argentina
1965 (no test)
1971 (no test)
1994
2002
2003
England
1972
1984
1994
1998
2000
2007
2012
2018
France
1958
1964
1967
1971
1975
1980
1993
2001
2005
2006
2017
Ireland
1961
1981
1998
2004
2016
Italy
1973 (no test)
1999
2001
2008
Scotland
1960
1999 (no test)
2003
2006
Wales
1964
1995
1998
2002
2004
2008
2014
2022
Fiji
1996
Samoa
2003 (no test)
2007
Tonga
1997
Various selections
1978 ((American Cougars)
1980 (Sudamérica XV)
1982 (Sudamérica XV)
1985 (Cavaliers)
1987 (South Sea Barbarians)
1989 (World XV)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"}],"text":"The 1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa and Rhodesia was a series of 23 rugby union matches played by the Australia national team in 1933.Australia played a total of 23 matches, with a 5-Test series v South Africa, who won three of the five games.","title":"1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The King's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_rugby_team_of_1919#The_King's_Cup"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Dr. A. W. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"S. J. Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"B. A. Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Grace"},{"link_name":"J. Kelaher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kelaher"},{"link_name":"R. Biilmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Biilmann"},{"link_name":"R. B. Louden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Loudon"},{"link_name":"W. Mackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal_Mackney"},{"link_name":"A. Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aub_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"G. V. Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Bland"},{"link_name":"W. H. Cerutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cerutti"},{"link_name":"E. W. Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Love"},{"link_name":"D. McLean Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_McLean_Jr."},{"link_name":"J. Steggall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steggall"},{"link_name":"G Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bennett_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"J. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Clark_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"M. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_White_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"W. G. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_White_(rugby_union,_born_1913)"},{"link_name":"G. Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cooke_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"E. Bonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bonis"},{"link_name":"G. S. Sturtridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Sturtridge_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"D. Cowper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cowper"},{"link_name":"O. J. Bridle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Bridle"}],"text":"The tour manager was Dr. W. F. ('Wally') Matthews, who had previously been the team manager for the AIF rugby team which played in The King's Cup in 1919. A squad of 29 players was selected for the tour – 15 from New South Wales, 11 from Queensland, and 3 from Victoria.With exception of two of the Victorians, the team departed Sydney aboard the \"Ulysses\" on Anzac Day, 25 April 1933. The remaining two players, O. J. Bridle and D. Cowper joined the vessel at Melbourne after the Wallabies had played a match against a Victorian team.The Wallabies touring party consisted of:Manager: Dr. W. F. Matthews (NSW)Playing squad:Captain: Dr. A. W. Ross (NSW)\nVice-captain: S. J. Malcolm (NSW)\nF. McPhillips (NSW)\nB. A. Grace (NSW)\nJ. Kelaher (NSW)\nJ. Young (NSW)\nR. Biilmann (NSW)\nC. Campbell (NSW)\nR. B. Louden (NSW)\nW. Mackney (NSW)\nA. Hodgson (NSW)\nG. V. Bland (NSW)\nW. H. Cerutti (NSW)\nE. W. Love (NSW)\nM. F. Morton (NSW)\nD. McLean Jr. (QLD)\nW. Warlow (QLD)\nJ. Steggall (QLD)\nG Bennett (QLD)\nJ. Clark (QLD)\nM. White (QLD)\nW. G. White (QLD)\nG. Cooke (QLD)\nJ. Ritter (QLD)\nB. Doneley (QLD)\nE. Bonis (QLD)\nG. S. Sturtridge (VIC)\nD. Cowper (VIC)\nO. J. Bridle (VIC)","title":"Touring party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_africa_v_australia_newlands.jpg"}],"text":"Scores and results list Australia's points tally first.Danie Craven scoring a try for South Africa in the first test v Australia on 8 July","title":"Match summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19467.html"},{"link_name":"Newlands Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"}],"sub_title":"First Test","text":"8 JulySouth Africa 17–3 AustraliaTry: Bergh (2), Craven, OslerCon: BrandPen: BrandReportPen: BiilmannNewlands Stadium, Cape TownAttendance: 20,000Referee: V.H. Neser","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19468.html"},{"link_name":"Kingsmead Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmead_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"}],"sub_title":"Second Test","text":"22 JulySouth Africa 6–21 AustraliaTry: WaringPen: BrandReportTry: Bennett, Cerutti, Loudon, SturtridgeCon: Biilmann (3)Pen: BiilmanKingsmead Cricket Ground, DurbanAttendance: 17,500Referee: V.H. Neser","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19469.html"},{"link_name":"Ellis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"}],"sub_title":"Third Test","text":"12 AugustSouth Africa 12–3 AustraliaTry: MM Louw, TurnerCon: BrandDrop: OslerReportTry: CowperEllis Park, JohannesburgAttendance: 40,000Referee: V.H. Neser","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19470.html"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"}],"sub_title":"Fourth Test","text":"26 AugustSouth Africa 11–0 AustraliaTry: SC Louw, WhiteCon: OslerPen: BrandReportCrusader's Ground, Port ElizabethAttendance: 20,000Referee: A.W. van der Horst","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19471.html"},{"link_name":"Springbok Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Park"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"}],"sub_title":"Fifth Test","text":"2 SeptemberSouth Africa 4–15 AustraliaDrop: BrandReportTry: Bridle, Kelaher, SteggallCon: RossDrop: CowperSpringbok Park, BloemfonteinAttendance: 12,000Referee: V.H. Neser","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-354-09087-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-09087-9"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove-2"},{"link_name":"The Brisbane Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove-2"},{"link_name":"The Courier-Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove-2"}],"text":"Vivian Jenkins, ed. (1979). Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1979–80. Rothmans Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-354-09087-9.The Sydney Morning Herald [2]\nMonday 26 April 1933 p 13\nMonday 5 June 1933 p 7\nFriday 9 June 1933 p 11\nMonday 12 June 1933 p 6\nTuesday 15 June 1933 p 13\nMonday 19 June 1933 p 6\nThursday 22 June 1933 p 10\nTuesday 29 June 1933 p 10\nThursday 17 August 1933 p 10\n\n\nThe Brisbane Courier [2]\nMonday 26 June 1933 p 10\nMonday 3 July 1933 p 7\nMonday 10 July 1933 p 7\nThursday 13 July 1933 p 12\nMonday 24 July 1933 p 7\nMonday 31 July 1933 p 7\nThursday 3 August 1933 p 16\nWednesday 9 August 1933 p 4\nMonday 14 August 1933 p 7\nMonday 21 August 1933 p 7\nMonday 28 August 1933 p 11\n\n\nThe Courier-Mail [2]\nMonday 4 September 1933 p 6\nThursday 7 September 1933 p 6\nMonday 11 September 1933 p 8","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Danie Craven scoring a try for South Africa in the first test v Australia on 8 July","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/South_africa_v_australia_newlands.jpg/250px-South_africa_v_australia_newlands.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Vivian Jenkins, ed. (1979). Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1979–80. Rothmans Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-354-09087-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-09087-9","url_text":"0-354-09087-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19467.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19468.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19469.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19470.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19471.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.theroar.com.au/2016/09/08/great-history-green-gold-wallabies-springboks-jerseys/","external_links_name":"The great history of Green and Gold: The Wallabies and Springboks jerseys"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/result?q=Rugby&exactPhrase=&anyWords=¬Words=&l-textSearchScope=*ignore*%7C*ignore*&fromdd=25&frommm=04&fromyyyy=1933&todd=01&tomm=10&toyyyy=1933&l-word=*ignore*%7C*ignore*&sortby=","external_links_name":"National Library of Australia"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_and_Cheshire_Lines_Extension_Railway
|
Southport and Cheshire Lines Extension Railway
|
["1 History","2 Route","3 Closure","4 The route today","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Southport and CheshireLines Extension RailwayOverviewLocaleLancashireMerseysideTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Route map
Legend
North Liverpool Extension Line
Liverpool, Ormskirk & Preston Rly
Orrell Park
Aintree Central
Aintree
Old Roan
Liverpool, Ormskirk & Preston Rly
Sefton and Maghull
Lydiate
Altcar and Hillhouse
Barton
Liverpool, Southport andPreston Junction Railway
Mossbridge
Freshfield
Woodvale
Liverpool, Crosby & Southport Rly
Ainsdale
Ainsdale Beach
Birkdale Palace
Southport Lord Street
This diagram: viewtalkedit
The Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway was an early British railway company operating in the then county of Lancashire. It was constructed to link the Cheshire Lines Committee railway at Aintree to Southport. It operated from 1884 to 1952.
History
The Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway was authorised by two Acts of Parliament, 11 August 1881 and 18 August 1882, the first authorising the line as far as Birkdale and the second the remaining section to Southport Lord Street. It was promoted by the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) and was a natural extension of their North Liverpool Extension Line to Southport.
The 14 miles 3 chains (22.6 km) line was built as a double track railway opening on 1 September 1884. The line was worked by the CLC under arrangements made in its Acts of Parliament, these Acts were ratified and amended in 1889 to allow working with other companies.
The railway remained independent until nationalisation in 1948.
Route
North Liverpool Extension Line
Aintree Central, Aintree. 13 July 1880 – 7 November 1960.
Southport Junction
Junction with Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway
Sefton and Maghull, Maghull. 1884–1952.
Lydiate, Lydiate. 1884–1952.
Altcar and Hillhouse, Altcar 1884–1952.
Junction with Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway 1884.
Mossbridge 1884–1917.
Woodvale, Woodvale. 1884–1952.
Ainsdale Beach, Ainsdale. 1901–1952.
Birkdale Palace, Birkdale. 1884–1952.
Southport Lord Street, Southport. 1884–1952.
Closure
Passenger services ended 7 January 1952 and goods six months later. The line remained in intermittent use from Aintree to Altcar and Hillhouse to provide access to private sidings until May 1960, when the line was finally lifted.
The route today
The trackbed forms part of National Cycle Network Route 62, the Trans Pennine Trail. From Woodvale northwards the trail is joined by the Southport Coastal Road.
In January 2019, the Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying the line which was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).
The Trans-Pennine Trail at Maghull
Cycle Path
Trans-Pennine Trail
Cheshire Lines path, near Lydiate
Cheshire Lines Cycle-way
References
Footnotes
^ Griffiths & Goode 1978, pp. 17 & 53.
^ Bolger 1984, pp. 5–9.
^ Dow 1962, pp. 140–2.
^ a b c Awdry 1990, p. 238.
^ p.42
Sources
Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.
Bolger, Paul (1984). An Illustrated History of the Cheshire Lines Committee. Merseyside: Heyday Publishing Company. ISBN 0-947562-00-1.
Dow, George (1962). Great Central, Volume Two: Dominion of Watkin, 1864–1899. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1469-8.
Griffiths, R. Prys; Goode, C.T. (1978). The Cheshire Lines Railway (Revised edition (1947) with additional notes ed.). St Albans: The Oakwood Press.
External links
Historic map of railways in Liverpool
Childwall railway station
The line and mileages via Railwaycodes
This England rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This British trail or long-distance path-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Lines Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee"}],"text":"The Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway was an early British railway company operating in the then county of Lancashire. It was constructed to link the Cheshire Lines Committee railway at Aintree to Southport. It operated from 1884 to 1952.","title":"Southport and Cheshire Lines Extension Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsGoode197817_&_53-1"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Lines Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee"},{"link_name":"North Liverpool Extension Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Liverpool_Extension_Line"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolger19845%E2%80%939-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow1962140%E2%80%932-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwdry1990238-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwdry1990238-4"}],"text":"The Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Railway was authorised by two Acts of Parliament, 11 August 1881 and 18 August 1882, the first authorising the line as far as Birkdale and the second the remaining section to Southport Lord Street.[1] It was promoted by the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) and was a natural extension of their North Liverpool Extension Line to Southport.[2][3]The 14 miles 3 chains (22.6 km) line was built as a double track railway opening on 1 September 1884. The line was worked by the CLC under arrangements made in its Acts of Parliament, these Acts were ratified and amended in 1889 to allow working with other companies.[4]The railway remained independent until nationalisation in 1948.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Liverpool Extension Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Liverpool_Extension_Line"},{"link_name":"Aintree Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Aintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree"},{"link_name":"Southport Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southport_Junction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_Ormskirk_and_Preston_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sefton and Maghull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefton_and_Maghull_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maghull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghull"},{"link_name":"Lydiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiate_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lydiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiate"},{"link_name":"Altcar and Hillhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altcar_and_Hillhouse_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Altcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Altcar"},{"link_name":"Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_Southport_and_Preston_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mossbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossbridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Woodvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodvale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Woodvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodvale,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Ainsdale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainsdale_Beach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ainsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainsdale"},{"link_name":"Birkdale Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkdale_Palace_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Birkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkdale"},{"link_name":"Southport Lord Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_Lord_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"}],"text":"North Liverpool Extension Line\nAintree Central, Aintree. 13 July 1880 – 7 November 1960.\nSouthport Junction\nJunction with Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway\nSefton and Maghull, Maghull. 1884–1952.\nLydiate, Lydiate. 1884–1952.\nAltcar and Hillhouse, Altcar 1884–1952.\nJunction with Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway 1884.\nMossbridge 1884–1917.\nWoodvale, Woodvale. 1884–1952.\nAinsdale Beach, Ainsdale. 1901–1952.\nBirkdale Palace, Birkdale. 1884–1952.\nSouthport Lord Street, Southport. 1884–1952.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwdry1990238-4"},{"link_name":"Altcar and Hillhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altcar_and_Hillhouse_railway_station"}],"text":"Passenger services ended 7 January 1952 and goods six months later.[4] The line remained in intermittent use from Aintree to Altcar and Hillhouse to provide access to private sidings until May 1960, when the line was finally lifted.","title":"Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Cycle Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Network"},{"link_name":"Trans Pennine Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Pennine_Trail"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Better Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Better_Transport_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Trans-Pennine_Trail_at_Maghull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_531080.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Into_the_wilderness_-_geograph.org.uk_-_81407.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trans-Pennine_Trail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829849.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheshire_Lines_path,_near_Lydiate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411677.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheshire_Lines_Cycle-way_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114549.jpg"}],"text":"The trackbed forms part of National Cycle Network Route 62, the Trans Pennine Trail. From Woodvale northwards the trail is joined by the Southport Coastal Road.In January 2019, the Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying the line which was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).[5]The Trans-Pennine Trail at MaghullCycle PathTrans-Pennine TrailCheshire Lines path, near LydiateCheshire Lines Cycle-way","title":"The route today"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Trans-Pennine Trail at Maghull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Trans-Pennine_Trail_at_Maghull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_531080.jpg/220px-The_Trans-Pennine_Trail_at_Maghull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_531080.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cycle Path","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Into_the_wilderness_-_geograph.org.uk_-_81407.jpg/220px-Into_the_wilderness_-_geograph.org.uk_-_81407.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trans-Pennine Trail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trans-Pennine_Trail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829849.jpg/220px-Trans-Pennine_Trail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_829849.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheshire Lines path, near Lydiate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cheshire_Lines_path%2C_near_Lydiate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411677.jpg/220px-Cheshire_Lines_path%2C_near_Lydiate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1411677.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheshire Lines Cycle-way","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cheshire_Lines_Cycle-way_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114549.jpg/220px-Cheshire_Lines_Cycle-way_-_geograph.org.uk_-_114549.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Awdry","url_text":"Awdry, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8526-0049-7","url_text":"1-8526-0049-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","url_text":"19514063"}]},{"reference":"Bolger, Paul (1984). An Illustrated History of the Cheshire Lines Committee. Merseyside: Heyday Publishing Company. ISBN 0-947562-00-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947562-00-1","url_text":"0-947562-00-1"}]},{"reference":"Dow, George (1962). Great Central, Volume Two: Dominion of Watkin, 1864–1899. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1469-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dow","url_text":"Dow, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1469-8","url_text":"0-7110-1469-8"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, R. Prys; Goode, C.T. (1978). The Cheshire Lines Railway (Revised edition (1947) with additional notes ed.). St Albans: The Oakwood Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://bettertransport.org.uk/sites/default/files/research-files/case-for-expanding-rail-network.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","external_links_name":"19514063"},{"Link":"http://www.lenpentin.20fr.com/local%20rail%20map.htm","external_links_name":"Historic map of railways in Liverpool"},{"Link":"http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/c/childwall/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Childwall railway station"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaycodes.org.uk/elrs/_mileages/h/hts.shtm","external_links_name":"The line and mileages via Railwaycodes"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southport_and_Cheshire_Lines_Extension_Railway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southport_and_Cheshire_Lines_Extension_Railway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.