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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_teal
Ringed teal
["1 Description","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of bird Ringed teal Male ringed teal Female ringed teal Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Genus: CallonettaDelacour, 1936 Species: C. leucophrys Binomial name Callonetta leucophrys(Vieillot, 1816) Callonetta leucophrys - MHNT The ringed teal (Callonetta leucophrys) is a small duck of South American forests. It is the only species of the genus Callonetta. Usually placed with the dabbling ducks (Anatinae), this species may actually be closer to shelducks and belong in the subfamily Tadorninae; its closest relative is possibly the maned duck. Description The male and female remain colourful throughout the year, lacking an eclipse plumage. The drake has a rich chestnut back, pale grey flanks, and a salmon-coloured breast speckled in black. A black band runs from the top of its head down to the nape. Females have an olive-brownish back, a head blotched and striated in white, and pencilled barring on a pale chest and belly. Both males and females have a dark tail, a contrasting pale rump, and a distinctive white patch on the wing. Bills are grey and legs and feet are pink in both sexes. Pairs easily bond. Their contact calls are a cat-like mee-oowing in ducks and a lingering peewoo in drakes. Most ringed teals average 14–15 inches (36–38 cm) long, with a 28-inch (71 cm) wingspan. Individuals typically weigh 11–12 ounces (310–340 g). Ringed teals also have webbed toes with long, pointed claws that specialize in allowing the birds to sit on tree branches. These specialized toes are unique, as most waterfowl cannot easily remain perched on tree branches. The ringed teal breeds in north-west Argentina and Paraguay, also occurring in Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay. Upon reaching sexual maturity, ringed teals form strong pair bonds. These pair bonds typically last a single breeding season but can last for the lifetime of a pair. A pair bond begins with the male courting the female. In general, courting consists of large amounts of preening, flashing the iridescent green speculum, and swimming in figure eights around the female of interest while vocalizing. Once a pair bond is solidified, mating occurs in the water. Nests are usually created out of hollow holes in tree cavities. The nests are lined with down, and the female tends to be the defender of the nest. The male will defend the female against other males and potential predators throughout their pair bond. Females typically lay 6-12 eggs that are white in colour. The eggs are incubated for an average of 29 days. Both male and female participate incubating the eggs, but one captive study shows that the females were solely responsible for incubation. Hatched chicks are precocial, having a layer of down and effectively walking, functioning, and feeding themselves. Although the chicks hatch with a layer of feather down, it is not immediately waterproof. Until their own oil glands are fully developed, chicks receive their waterproofing oils from contact with their parents' feathers. Both the male and female play a large role in raising and defending the chicks until fledging at 50–55 days old. The male tends to be the most invested and will often be seen following behind separated or slower chicks. Until fledging, the chicks stay in a close group and learn quickly from their parents how to forage, swim efficiently, and avoid predators. The bonded pair is often able to produce two groups of offspring in one breeding season. The male will continue to care for the first group of chicks while the female incubates the second group of eggs. The ringed teal's pair bonding behaviour makes reproduction very efficient. It is possible for a bonded pair to have laid and hatched up to 24 offspring by the end of a breeding season. Their habitats include tropical, swampy forests and marshy clearings in well-wooded lowlands, as well as secluded pools and small streams. As a predominantly aquatic species, ringed teals eat a variety of aquatic plants and invertebrates, as well as any seeds that can be found. Ringed teals are classified as “dabblers” as opposed to “divers”. Dabblers tend to feed on plant and insect material near the surface of the water, where as divers feed on plants, invertebrates, and fish deeper under the water's surface. Although dabblers may submerge their heads and upper torso while putting their tails up in the air, also known as “up-ending”, they rarely completely submerge themselves and stay under for periods of time, such as the divers do. Ringed teals can live up to 15 years in captivity, however, an average life span is not known for wild individuals. Gallery Pair of ringed teal References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Callonetta leucophrys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680101A92843247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680101A92843247.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ Johnson, Kevin P; Sorenson, Michael D (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Callonetta leucophrys. Ringed Teal rotschulterenten.de vteGenera of waterfowl and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Neognathae Superorder: Galloanserae Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see Maniraptora Anserimorphae see below↓ AnserimorphaeAnserimorphae †Conflicto †Gastornis? †Dromornithidae? †Pelagornithidae? †Vegaviidae? †Presbyornithidae Bumbalavis Headonornis? Murgonornis Presbyornis Proherodius Telmabates Teviornis Wilaru †Anachronornithidae Anachronornis Danielsavis? Anseriformessensu stricto †Agnopterus? †Eonessa †"Headonornis"? †Naranbulagornis †Palaeopapia †Peioa †Petropluvialis? †Proherodius? †Wunketru Anhimae †Chaunoides Anhimidae Anhima †Chainkanas Chauna AnseresAnseranatoidea †Anatalavis? Anseranatidae Anseranas †Anserpica †Eoanseranas Anatoidea†Paranyrocidae Paranyroca Anatidae See below ↓ AnatidaeAnatidae †Aldabranas? †Allgoviachen †Ankonetta? †Awengkere †Bambolinetta? †Caerulonettion †Cayaoa? †Chelychelynechen? †Cousteauvia †Cygnopterus? †Eonerornis? †Eutelornis? †Garganornis? †Helonetta? †Heteroanser? †Lavanttalornis †Loxornis? †Mioquerquedula? †Nogusunna? †Notochen †Proanser? †Protomelanitta? †Ptaiochen? †Selenonetta †Sharganetta? †Sinanas? †Tagayanetta †Talpanas? †Teleornis? †Thambetochen? †Wasonaka? †Romainvillinae Paracygnopterus Romainvillia Saintandrea Dendrocygninae Dendrocygna Thalassornis †Dendrocheninae Dendrochen Manuherikia Mionetta Stictonettinae Stictonetta Anserinae †Afrocygnus †Annakacygna Anser †Anserobranta †Asiavis †Bonibernicla Branta Cereopsis †"Chenopis" †Cnemiornis Coscoroba †Cygnavus Cygnus †Cygnopterus †Eremochen †Megalodytes †Paracygnus †Presbychen Tadorninae Alopochen †Australotadorna †Brantadorna Cairina †Centrornis Chloephaga Cyanochen Hymenolaimus †Kaikenia Merganetta †Miotadorna †Nannonetta Neochen Plectropterus †Pleistoanser Radjah Sarkidiornis Tachyeres Tadorna †Tamtamia Anatinae Aix Amazonetta †Anabernicula Asarcornis Biziura Callonetta †Chenoanas? Chenonetta †Dunstanetta †Eoneornis? †Lavadytis Lophonetta Malacorhynchus Marmaronetta Netta Nettapus †Pinpanetta Pteronetta †?Rhodonessa Salvadorina Speculanas Oxyurini Heteronetta Nomonyx Oxyura †Tirarinetta Mergini Bucephala †Camptorhynchus †Chendytes Clangula Histrionicus Lophodytes Melanitta Mergellus Mergus Polysticta †Shiriyanetta Somateria Anatini Anas Mareca †Matanas Sibirionetta Spatula Aythyini Aythya Taxon identifiersCallonetta leucophrys Wikidata: Q829675 Wikispecies: Callonetta leucophrys Avibase: 45C1096F9E2AFD6D BirdLife: 22680101 BOLD: 88969 BOW: rintea1 CoL: PVJX eBird: rintea1 EoL: 1048543 EURING: 25700 GBIF: 2498384 iNaturalist: 7188 IRMNG: 10857958 ITIS: 553914 IUCN: 22680101 NBN: NHMSYS0001689435 NCBI: 75871 Neotropical: rintea1 Observation.org: 18575 Open Tree of Life: 552044 TSA: 3197 Xeno-canto: Callonetta-leucophrys
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callonetta_leucophrys_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.17.6.jpg"},{"link_name":"MHNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT"},{"link_name":"duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"dabbling ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbling_duck"},{"link_name":"shelducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelduck"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Tadorninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadorninae"},{"link_name":"maned duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_duck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnsonSorenson-2"}],"text":"Callonetta leucophrys - MHNTThe ringed teal (Callonetta leucophrys) is a small duck of South American forests. It is the only species of the genus Callonetta. Usually placed with the dabbling ducks (Anatinae), this species may actually be closer to shelducks and belong in the subfamily Tadorninae; its closest relative is possibly the maned duck.[2]","title":"Ringed teal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eclipse plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_plumage"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"speculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_feathers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"precocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precociality_and_altriciality"},{"link_name":"down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_feather"},{"link_name":"oil glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropygial_gland"}],"text":"The male and female remain colourful throughout the year, lacking an eclipse plumage. The drake has a rich chestnut back, pale grey flanks, and a salmon-coloured breast speckled in black. A black band runs from the top of its head down to the nape. Females have an olive-brownish back, a head blotched and striated in white, and pencilled barring on a pale chest and belly. Both males and females have a dark tail, a contrasting pale rump, and a distinctive white patch on the wing. Bills are grey and legs and feet are pink in both sexes. Pairs easily bond. Their contact calls are a cat-like mee-oowing in ducks and a lingering peewoo in drakes. Most ringed teals average 14–15 inches (36–38 cm) long, with a 28-inch (71 cm) wingspan. Individuals typically weigh 11–12 ounces (310–340 g). Ringed teals also have webbed toes with long, pointed claws that specialize in allowing the birds to sit on tree branches. These specialized toes are unique, as most waterfowl cannot easily remain perched on tree branches.The ringed teal breeds in north-west Argentina and Paraguay, also occurring in Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay. Upon reaching sexual maturity, ringed teals form strong pair bonds. These pair bonds typically last a single breeding season but can last for the lifetime of a pair. A pair bond begins with the male courting the female. In general, courting consists of large amounts of preening, flashing the iridescent green speculum, and swimming in figure eights around the female of interest while vocalizing. Once a pair bond is solidified, mating occurs in the water. Nests are usually created out of hollow holes in tree cavities. The nests are lined with down, and the female tends to be the defender of the nest. The male will defend the female against other males and potential predators throughout their pair bond. Females typically lay 6-12 eggs that are white in colour. The eggs are incubated for an average of 29 days. Both male and female participate incubating the eggs, but one captive study shows that the females were solely responsible for incubation.[citation needed] Hatched chicks are precocial, having a layer of down and effectively walking, functioning, and feeding themselves. Although the chicks hatch with a layer of feather down, it is not immediately waterproof. Until their own oil glands are fully developed, chicks receive their waterproofing oils from contact with their parents' feathers. Both the male and female play a large role in raising and defending the chicks until fledging at 50–55 days old. The male tends to be the most invested and will often be seen following behind separated or slower chicks. Until fledging, the chicks stay in a close group and learn quickly from their parents how to forage, swim efficiently, and avoid predators. The bonded pair is often able to produce two groups of offspring in one breeding season. The male will continue to care for the first group of chicks while the female incubates the second group of eggs. The ringed teal's pair bonding behaviour makes reproduction very efficient. It is possible for a bonded pair to have laid and hatched up to 24 offspring by the end of a breeding season.Their habitats include tropical, swampy forests and marshy clearings in well-wooded lowlands, as well as secluded pools and small streams. As a predominantly aquatic species, ringed teals eat a variety of aquatic plants and invertebrates, as well as any seeds that can be found. Ringed teals are classified as “dabblers” as opposed to “divers”. Dabblers tend to feed on plant and insect material near the surface of the water, where as divers feed on plants, invertebrates, and fish deeper under the water's surface. Although dabblers may submerge their heads and upper torso while putting their tails up in the air, also known as “up-ending”, they rarely completely submerge themselves and stay under for periods of time, such as the divers do.Ringed teals can live up to 15 years in captivity, however, an average life span is not known for wild individuals.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ringed_teal.gif"}],"text":"Pair of ringed teal","title":"Gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kuang_exercises
Han Kuang Exercise
["1 Overview","2 History","2.1 1984","2.2 2000","2.3 2001","2.4 2006","2.5 2008","2.6 2011","2.7 2012","2.8 2013","2.9 2014","2.10 2015","2.11 2016","2.12 2017","2.13 2018","2.14 2019","2.15 2020","3 Criticism","4 See also","5 References"]
Military exercise in Taiwan Republic of China Air Force aircraft during the Han Kuang Exercise. The Han Kuang Exercise (Chinese: 漢光演習; pinyin: Hànguāng Yǎnxí) is the annual military exercise of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu for combat readiness in the event of an attack from the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. Overview The exercise is divided into two phases, which are the Command Post Exercise (CPX) and the computer-simulated war gaming followed by Field Training Exercises (FTX). Since at least 2017 the exercise has been fully bilingual with both Mandarin and English being used. History 2016 Han Kuang Exercise 1984 The exercise was first held by Army General Hau Pei-tsun (the then Chief of the General Staff) on 23 April 1984. 2000 The 2000 exercise was held on August, focusing on anti-missile, anti-landing, anti-airborne landing and anti-air raid. 2001 The 2001 exercise was held from 26 March until 28 April. 2006 The 2006 exercise was held at the coastal area of Yilan County, attended by President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu and involving around 13,000 servicemen. It was the first time the Patriot-II missiles were deployed. 2008 The 2008 exercise was held on 23–27 June for the computer-simulated war gaming, while the field training exercises were held on 22–26 September. 2011 The 2011 exercise was held on 11–15 April in Taichung City and Pingtung County. 2012 In the 2012 exercise, President Ma Ying-jeou was out of Taiwan during the drill due to his diplomatic visits to three African countries, making the first time of the exercise with the absence of the president. 2013 The 2013 5-day exercise was held in April 2013 in Penghu. 2014 The 2014 exercise was held in Chiayi County and Penghu County. Civilian airplanes were used for the first time for personnel transport, carrying military officers and reservists from Kaohsiung to Penghu. 2015 The 2015 exercise consisted of two stages. The first stage was held on 4–8 May 2015, designed to test the military's combat capabilities after undergoing streamlining processes at the end of 2014. The second stage was held from 7–11 September 2015 simulating an attack from the People's Liberation Army. New weapon systems of Lockheed P-3 Orion marine patrol aircraft, Tuo Jiang stealth missile corvette, Pan Shi supply vessel, Cloud Leopard armored vehicle and remote-controlled aerial vehicles were deployed. The exercise was held at a military base in northern Hsinchu County. 2016 2016 Han Kuang Exercise The 2016 exercise was held on 22–26 August 2016. The exercise saw the National Airborne Service Corps involved for the first time. There were in total 1,072 tests performed during the exercise. 2017 2017 Han Kuang Exercise The 2017 exercise consisted of two stages. The first stage was held on 1–5 May 2017. The exercise included scenario when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) deploys three aircraft carriers, stealth aircraft and missiles. It focused on preserving combat capability using the collected information and surveillance data and countering the blockades and landings in Taiwan. The second stage was held on 22–26 May 2017. It included simulations of attacks on Ching Chuan Kang Air Base by the PLA to test the ROC armed forces combat and defense capabilities on the coordinated response to simulated threats from the PLA. The exercise included locations such as Penghu and Taiping Island. 2018 The 2018 exercise was held on 4 June 2018 for five days. It was proceeded with computer-aided war games on 30 April to 5 May. The exercise consists of several main points, which are joint air-sea combat operation, anti-landing operations and joint anti-airborne combat operations. This exercise was also the first one to include civilian resources in its drill. On the first day of the exercise, an F-16 fighter jet with tail number 6648 went missing at 1:43 p.m. over northern Taiwan after taking off at 1:09 p.m. The aircraft was subsequently found crashed at 4:18 p.m. by fire fighters after receiving initial reports from a hiker at 3:22 p.m. The air force then ordered to temporarily grounded all of F-16 aircraft until further notice pending investigation. 2019 The 2019 exercise started with computer-aided war games between 22 and 26 April 2019. It then continued with live-fire drills on 27–21 May 2019. The live exercise featured the takeoff and landing exercise of the Republic of China Air Force aircraft on the Huatan section of National freeway 1 in Changhua County. 2020 The 2020 exercise saw the participation of the National Police Agency’s Thunder Squad and the Coast Guard Administration’s Special Task Unit for the first time. They participated alongside military special forces units in anti-decapitation drills. During the 2020 exercise a Ching Chiang-class patrol ships with special electronic warfare equipment was used to interfere with the signals collection of Chinese spy ships operating off Orchid Island. Criticism The exercises have been criticized as being more focused on public relations than actual warfighting capability. See also Republic of China Armed Forces Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China) References ^ "Taiwan Begins Largest Military Drills Since 2008". voanews.com. Retrieved 2014-09-18. ^ "Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008-2010 | The Jamestown Foundation". jamestown.org. Retrieved 2014-09-18. ^ Yu, Matt; Yeh, Joseph. "Annual Han Kuang computer war games all bilingual: MND report". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b "Ma has full grasp of Han Kuang drills: MND - The China Post". chinapost.com.tw. Retrieved 2014-09-18. ^ a b c "Taiwan's Military Exercises Are Aimed at the Mainland". ^ "Chen speaks out for strong defense at Han Kuang 22 military exercises". Taiwan Today. 28 July 2006. ^ "Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008-2010". The Jamestown Foundation. ^ "Military holds Han Kuang war games". taipeitimes.com. ^ "Taiwan Begins Largest Military Drills Since 2008". VOA. ^ "Taiwan's annual Han Kuang military exercises begin | Politics | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 2014-09-18. ^ "Military exercise to focus on emergency response". taipeitimes.com. ^ "Han Kuang to simulate Chinese attack". taipeitimes.com. ^ "Annual Han Kuang live-fire drills simulating China attack kick off". focustaiwan.tw. ^ "Despite improved ties with China, Taiwan won't let guard down: Ma". ^ "Despite improved ties with China, Taiwan won't let guard down: Ma - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw. ^ "Anti-landing drill held in Taichung as part of Han Kuang exercises - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw. ^ "Han Kuang military exercises end with completion of 1,072 tests - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw. ^ Hsieh, Chia-chen; Wu, Lilian (1 May 2017). "Computerized war games kick off Han Kuang military exercises". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ Lu, Hsin-hui; Kao, Evelyn (14 May 2017). "Live-fire Han Kuang exercises simulating Chinese attack to begin". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ Huang, Tzu-ti; Everington, Keoni (16 April 2018). "Taiwan to hold Han Kuang military exercise to counter PLA live fire drill". Taiwan News. Retrieved 30 May 2018. ^ Yu, Kai-hsiang; Hsu, Elizabeth (3 June 2018). "Taiwan to kick off biggest military exercise with live-fire drills". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ Yu, Tai-lang; Lo, Tien-pin; Wu, Sheng-ju; Chin, Jonathan (5 June 2018). "F-16 pilot confirmed killed in crash". Taipei Times. Retrieved 5 June 2018. ^ Yeh, Joseph (22 April 2019). "Han Kuang military drill kicks off with computer-aided war games". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 22 April 2019. ^ Sung, Brian. "Han Kuang showcases progress". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 August 2020. ^ Strong, Matthew. "Taiwan Navy chases Chinese spy ships away during war games". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 15 July 2020. ^ https://scholars-stage.org/why-i-fear-for-taiwan/ ^ https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/15/china-threat-invasion-conscription-taiwans-military-is-a-hollow-shell/ Wikimedia Commons has media related to Han Kuang exercises. vte Republic of China (Taiwan) Armed ForcesBranches Army Navy Marine Corps Naval Aviation Air Force Military Police Organizations Army Academy Air Force Academy Department of Conscription Administration National Security Bureau Military Academy Ministry of National Defense Armaments Bureau All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve National Defense University Fu Hsing Kang College National Defense Medical Center Naval Academy UnitsHistorical Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) Flying Tigers Soviet Volunteer Group Technical Air Intelligence Unit Current 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion 21st Fighter Squadron ARPU ASSC Black Bat Squadron Black Cat Squadron MPSSC Thunder Tiger Aerobatics Team Equipment Sky Horse Sky Spear Sky Bow I / II / III Sky Sword I Sky Sword II Wan Chien Hsiung Feng I / II / IIE / III Yun Feng IDF Ching-kuo CM-32 Type 64 tank T65 assault rifle T74 machine gun T75 light machine gun T75 pistol T77 submachine gun T86 assault rifle T91 assault rifle T112 assault rifle T93 sniper rifle XT-97 assault rifle Kestrel XTR-101/102 CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye Chien Hsiang Cardinal Albatross Issues Conscription Taiwan Strait crises 1955 1958 1996) 2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan Other topics Civil defense Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan) Special Task Unit Defense industry of Taiwan Forward Alliance Han Kuang Exercise Heng Shan Military Command Center Ranks Kuma Academy List of military accidents in Taiwan Military history of Taiwan National Airborne Service Corps National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction Thunder Squad Ship and Ocean Industries R&D Center Veterans Affairs Council
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16_Block20_from_VOA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"military exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voanews-1"}],"text":"Republic of China Air Force aircraft during the Han Kuang Exercise.The Han Kuang Exercise (Chinese: 漢光演習; pinyin: Hànguāng Yǎnxí) is the annual military exercise of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu for combat readiness in the event of an attack from the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.[1]","title":"Han Kuang Exercise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jamestown-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The exercise is divided into two phases, which are the Command Post Exercise (CPX) and the computer-simulated war gaming followed by Field Training Exercises (FTX).[2]Since at least 2017 the exercise has been fully bilingual with both Mandarin and English being used.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_(28612996393).jpg"}],"text":"2016 Han Kuang Exercise","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hau Pei-tsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinapost-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.cn-5"}],"sub_title":"1984","text":"The exercise was first held by Army General Hau Pei-tsun (the then Chief of the General Staff) on 23 April 1984.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_defense"},{"link_name":"air raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.cn-5"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"The 2000 exercise was held on August, focusing on anti-missile, anti-landing, anti-airborne landing and anti-air raid.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.cn-5"}],"sub_title":"2001","text":"The 2001 exercise was held from 26 March until 28 April.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yilan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chen Shui-bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian"},{"link_name":"Annette Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Lu"},{"link_name":"Patriot-II missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"The 2006 exercise was held at the coastal area of Yilan County, attended by President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu and involving around 13,000 servicemen. It was the first time the Patriot-II missiles were deployed.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"The 2008 exercise was held on 23–27 June for the computer-simulated war gaming, while the field training exercises were held on 22–26 September.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taichung City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_City"},{"link_name":"Pingtung County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtung_County"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"The 2011 exercise was held on 11–15 April in Taichung City and Pingtung County.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Ying-jeou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinapost-4"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"In the 2012 exercise, President Ma Ying-jeou was out of Taiwan during the drill due to his diplomatic visits to three African countries, making the first time of the exercise with the absence of the president.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"The 2013 5-day exercise was held in April 2013 in Penghu.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiayi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_County"},{"link_name":"Penghu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_County"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focustaiwan-10"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"The 2014 exercise was held in Chiayi County and Penghu County. Civilian airplanes were used for the first time for personnel transport, carrying military officers and reservists from Kaohsiung to Penghu.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"Hsinchu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_County"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The 2015 exercise consisted of two stages. The first stage was held on 4–8 May 2015, designed to test the military's combat capabilities after undergoing streamlining processes at the end of 2014.[11] The second stage was held from 7–11 September 2015 simulating an attack from the People's Liberation Army. New weapon systems of Lockheed P-3 Orion marine patrol aircraft, Tuo Jiang stealth missile corvette, Pan Shi supply vessel, Cloud Leopard armored vehicle and remote-controlled aerial vehicles were deployed. The exercise was held at a military base in northern Hsinchu County.[12][13][14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_(28612998173).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Airborne Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Airborne_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"2016 Han Kuang ExerciseThe 2016 exercise was held on 22–26 August 2016. The exercise saw the National Airborne Service Corps involved for the first time.[16] There were in total 1,072 tests performed during the exercise.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:05.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8933%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_(34494278910).jpg"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"stealth aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft"},{"link_name":"blockades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ching Chuan Kang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching_Chuan_Kang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu"},{"link_name":"Taiping Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Island"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"2017 Han Kuang ExerciseThe 2017 exercise consisted of two stages. The first stage was held on 1–5 May 2017. The exercise included scenario when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) deploys three aircraft carriers, stealth aircraft and missiles. It focused on preserving combat capability using the collected information and surveillance data and countering the blockades and landings in Taiwan.[18]The second stage was held on 22–26 May 2017. It included simulations of attacks on Ching Chuan Kang Air Base by the PLA to test the ROC armed forces combat and defense capabilities on the coordinated response to simulated threats from the PLA. The exercise included locations such as Penghu and Taiping Island.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"F-16 fighter jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"fire fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Agency"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"The 2018 exercise was held on 4 June 2018 for five days.[20] It was proceeded with computer-aided war games on 30 April to 5 May. The exercise consists of several main points, which are joint air-sea combat operation, anti-landing operations and joint anti-airborne combat operations. This exercise was also the first one to include civilian resources in its drill.[21] On the first day of the exercise, an F-16 fighter jet with tail number 6648 went missing at 1:43 p.m. over northern Taiwan after taking off at 1:09 p.m. The aircraft was subsequently found crashed at 4:18 p.m. by fire fighters after receiving initial reports from a hiker at 3:22 p.m. The air force then ordered to temporarily grounded all of F-16 aircraft until further notice pending investigation.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Huatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huatan"},{"link_name":"National freeway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_freeway_1"},{"link_name":"Changhua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua_County"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"The 2019 exercise started with computer-aided war games between 22 and 26 April 2019. It then continued with live-fire drills on 27–21 May 2019. The live exercise featured the takeoff and landing exercise of the Republic of China Air Force aircraft on the Huatan section of National freeway 1 in Changhua County.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Police Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Squad"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Administration"},{"link_name":"Special Task Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Task_Unit"},{"link_name":"anti-decapitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation_strike"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ching Chiang-class patrol ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching_Chiang-class_patrol_ship"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Orchid Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_Island"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 exercise saw the participation of the National Police Agency’s Thunder Squad and the Coast Guard Administration’s Special Task Unit for the first time. They participated alongside military special forces units in anti-decapitation drills.[24]During the 2020 exercise a Ching Chiang-class patrol ships with special electronic warfare equipment was used to interfere with the signals collection of Chinese spy ships operating off Orchid Island.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The exercises have been criticized as being more focused on public relations than actual warfighting capability.[26][27]","title":"Criticism"}]
[{"image_text":"Republic of China Air Force aircraft during the Han Kuang Exercise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/F-16_Block20_from_VOA.jpg/220px-F-16_Block20_from_VOA.jpg"},{"image_text":"2016 Han Kuang Exercise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2828612996393%29.jpg/220px-08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2828612996393%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"2016 Han Kuang Exercise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2828612998173%29.jpg/220px-08.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8932%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2828612998173%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"2017 Han Kuang Exercise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/05.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8933%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2834494278910%29.jpg/220px-05.25_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8933%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92_%2834494278910%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Republic of China Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan-begins-largest-military-drills-since-2008/1643028.html","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan Begins Largest Military Drills Since 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=25&cHash=f49d7ce582#.VBsc5JRmO7g","external_links_name":"\"Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008-2010 | The Jamestown Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202104280015","external_links_name":"\"Annual Han Kuang computer war games all bilingual: MND report\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2012/04/17/338096/Ma-has.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ma has full grasp of Han Kuang drills: MND - The China Post\""},{"Link":"http://en.people.cn/english/200109/13/eng20010913_80155.html","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan's Military Exercises Are Aimed at the Mainland\""},{"Link":"http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=22924&CtNode=427","external_links_name":"\"Chen speaks out for strong defense at Han Kuang 22 military exercises\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&cHash=8ea655c34e#.Ve6l6hGqpBc","external_links_name":"\"Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008-2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/04/15/2003500789","external_links_name":"\"Military holds Han Kuang war games\""},{"Link":"http://www.voanews.com/content/taiwan-begins-largest-military-drills-since-2008/1643028.html","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan Begins Largest Military Drills Since 2008\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201409150009.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan's annual Han Kuang military exercises begin | Politics | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/05/04/2003617428","external_links_name":"\"Military exercise to focus on emergency response\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/08/19/2003625711","external_links_name":"\"Han Kuang to simulate Chinese attack\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201509070018.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Annual Han Kuang live-fire drills simulating China attack kick off\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2015/09/10/445510/Despite-improved.htm","external_links_name":"\"Despite improved ties with China, Taiwan won't let guard down: Ma\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201509100013.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Despite improved ties with China, Taiwan won't let guard down: Ma - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608230022.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Anti-landing drill held in Taichung as part of Han Kuang exercises - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608290030.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Han Kuang military exercises end with completion of 1,072 tests - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201705010020.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Computerized war games kick off Han Kuang military exercises\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201705140009.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Live-fire Han Kuang exercises simulating Chinese attack to begin\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3406471","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan to hold Han Kuang military exercise to counter PLA live fire drill\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201806030009.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan to kick off biggest military exercise with live-fire drills\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/06/05/2003694341/1","external_links_name":"\"F-16 pilot confirmed killed in crash\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201904220014.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Han Kuang military drill kicks off with computer-aided war games\""},{"Link":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2020/08/06/2003741193","external_links_name":"\"Han Kuang showcases progress\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3967201","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan Navy chases Chinese spy ships away during war games\""},{"Link":"https://scholars-stage.org/why-i-fear-for-taiwan/","external_links_name":"https://scholars-stage.org/why-i-fear-for-taiwan/"},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/15/china-threat-invasion-conscription-taiwans-military-is-a-hollow-shell/","external_links_name":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/15/china-threat-invasion-conscription-taiwans-military-is-a-hollow-shell/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumrah:_End_of_Innocence
Gumrah: End of Innocence
["1 Plot","2 Series overview","3 Cast","4 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian television series Gumrah: End of InnocenceCreated byVikas GuptaWritten byAmit Senchoudhary Juhi Shekhar Nishchal Shome Neeraj Udhwani Vikas Gupta Dharam Dhiman Nihar Mehta DialoguesAparna NadigDirected byAapar Gupta Kushal ZaveriSuyash VadhavkarVikram RaiCreative directorsKaran AgarwalMitali MitraPresented byKaran Kundra (2012–2014)Abhay Deol (2014)Karanvir Bohra (2014–2015)Karan Patel (2015–2016) Country of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons5No. of episodes269ProductionExecutive producersSuyash VadhavkarVikram RaiVatsalJigarProducersEkta Kapoor Shobha KapoorProduction locationMumbai, MaharashtraEditorSandeep BhattCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time45 minutesProduction companyBalaji TelefilmsOriginal releaseNetworkChannel V IndiaRelease11 March 2012 (2012-03-11) –26 June 2016 (2016-06-26) Gumrah: End of Innocence (transl. Astray) is an Indian crime television series that started airing from March 2012 on Channel V India. The show presents crime-related incidents committed by young people. The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. The show went on air on Channel V India on 11 March 2012 airing weekly with rebroadcasts on Channel V India, StarPlus. Episodes in the second season aired daily. Season 3 started airing from 7 July 2013. The opening episode was co-anchored by Chitrangada Singh and Karan Kundra. Season 4 was hosted by Abhay Deol who was replaced by Karanvir Bohra. Season 5 started on 22 March 2015, Last episode was aired on 26 June 2016. Plot The show explores and suggests the right measures to avert crimes, narrating real-life stories revolving around harassment, kidnapping, murders, etc. committed by teenagers. Series overview Season No. ofepisodes Originally aired Hosts Ref Season premiere Season finale 1 16 11 March 2012 1 July 2012 Karan Kundra 2 112 9 July 2012 18 November 2012 3 32 7 July 2013 9 February 2014 4 42 31 August 2014 15 March 2015 Abhay Deol (8 Episodes)Karanvir Bohra (Rest of the season) 5 67 22 March 2015 26 June 2016 Karan Patel Cast Ashish Dixit as Neeraj Karan Kundra as Host Abhay Deol as Host Karanvir Bohra as Host Ritwika Gupta as Payal Rachana Parulkar as Kanak Dagar Rocky Verma as Father / Village's Subedar (1 Episode - 2013) Kurush Deboo as Porous Batliwala (1 Episode - 2012) Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Rishi in Season 5 Episode 25 (2015) Teeshay Shah (2 Episodes 2014–2015) Sakshma Srivastav as Taani & Megha (2 Episodes, Season 3 Episode 6 & Season 4. Karan Patel as Current Host (March 2015 - June 2016) Mohak Meet From (2012 to 2015) Ayush Mamodia On (6 May 2012) Jigyasa Singh Namita Dubey as Shreya Amitayushya Mishra as Shridhar (Episode 4, Season 3) Jaswinder Gardner Ashi Singh on (season 5 2015) Raj Anadkat as Romi Nabeel Ahmed Mirajkar as Manav, Rishab and Dhruv (3 episodes) Accolades The show won Best Crime/Thriller Show at 12th Indian Television Academy Awards. The show was nominated as Favorite TV Crime Drama People's Choice Awards India. The show has secured 10 nominations at the Indian Telly Awards 2013 References ^ a b Karanvir Bohra Takes Over Channel V’s Gumrah Replacing Abhay Deol. Fuzion Productions. 18 October 2014. ^ "Crime is the next big space on TV: Ekta Kapoor". India Today. 7 September 2012. ^ "Gumraah back with Season 2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. ^ "Watch Gumrah TV Serial Episode 67 - Boyfriend or Pervert? Full Episode on Hotstar". Hotstar. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ "TV shows that have created hysteria in 2012 - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Channel brings brand new season of 'Gumrah'". www.bestmediaifo.com. ^ "Gumrah 3 on the floors, Karan to host! - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Abhay Deol to host Channel V's 'Gumrah - End Of Innocence'". DNA India. ^ "Channel V's 'Gumrah' aims to make 1 pm a destination slot". Indian Television Dot Com. 27 August 2014. ^ Mehta, Ankita (13 March 2015). "'Gumrah' Season 5: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Actor Karan Patel Replaces Karanvir Bohra as New Host". www.ibtimes.co.in. ^ "Karan Patel to take over as host - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Winners of 12th Indian Television Academy Awards,2012". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. ^ "Winners of People's Choice Awards,2012". Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. ^ "Nominees of 12th Indian Telly Awards, 2013". External links Official website Official Page for Season 1 on BalajiTelefilms.com Official Page for Season 2 on BalajiTelefilms.com Official Page for Season 4 on BalajiTelefilms.com vteChannel V India showsBroadcasts See the full list here vteBalaji TelefilmsKey individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Entertainment ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions2001-10 Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta (2001) Kucch To Hai (2003) Krishna Cottage (2004) Kyaa Kool Hai Hum (2005) Koi Aap Sa (2005) Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007) Mission Istanbul (2008) C Kkompany (2008) EMI – Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega (2008) Love Sex aur Dhokha (2010) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010) 2011-20 Taryanche Bait (2011) Shor in the City (2011) Ragini MMS (2011) The Dirty Picture (2011) Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum (2012) Ek Thi Daayan (2013) Shootout at Wadala (2013) Lootera (2013) Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara! (2013) Shaadi Ke Side Effects (2014) Ragini MMS 2 (2014) Main Tera Hero (2014) Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi (2014) Ek Villain (2014) Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 (2016) Azhar (2016) Udta Punjab (2016) Great Grand Masti (2016) Flying Jat (2016) Half Girlfriend (2017) Super Singh (2017) Lipstick Under My Burkha (2017) Veere Di Wedding (2018) Laila Majnu (2018) Judgementall Hai Kya (2019) Jabariya Jodi (2019) Dream Girl (2019) Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare (2020) 2021-present Pagglait (2021) Ek Villain Returns (2022) KTina (Upcoming) Present TV showsZee TV Kumkum Bhagya (2014–) Kundali Bhagya (2017–) Bhagya Lakshmi (2021–) Star Plus Yeh Hai Chahatein (2019–) Colors Parineetii (2022–) Sony TV Barsatein - Mausam Pyaar Ka (2023–) Past TV showsStar Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Qayamat Ki Raat Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Zee TV Brahmarakshas Brahmarakshas (season 2) Haivaan Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kitne Kool Hai Hum Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3 Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Dil Hi Toh Hai Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Kkusum Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors TV Bairi Piya Bekaboo Bepannah Pyaar Box Cricket League 2 Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se Kavach... Maha Shivratri Koi Aane Ko Hai Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Molkki Molkki - Rishton Ki Agnipariksha Naagin (seasons 1–6) Parichay - Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Pavitra Bhagya Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 1) Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2) Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah: End of Innocence Gumrah (Season 2) Gumrah (Season 3) Gumrah (Season 4) Gumrah (Season 5) V The Serial MTV India Box Cricket League 3, 2018 Box Cricket League 4, 2019 MTV Webbed (season 1) MTV Webbed (season 2) Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Itihaas Karma Mayavi Nagri Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Yeh Dil Mannge More STAR One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kosmiic Chat Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Bandhan Captain House Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kavita Kundali Padosan Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Daayan Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Hungama TV Kaarthika Sun TV Kudumbbam Kulaa Villaakku Pasamalargal Kelunga Mamiyare Kanavarukaaha Kasthuri Kanmaneeya Naagini Jaya TV Kalki SAB TV Karam Dangal TV Prem Bandhan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel V India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V_India"},{"link_name":"Ekta Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekta_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Balaji Telefilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaji_Telefilms"},{"link_name":"Channel V India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V_India"},{"link_name":"Channel V India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V_India"},{"link_name":"StarPlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarPlus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abhay Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_Deol"},{"link_name":"Karanvir Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanvir_Bohra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gs4-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gumrah: End of Innocence (transl. Astray) is an Indian crime television series that started airing from March 2012 on Channel V India. The show presents crime-related incidents committed by young people. The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor[2] under her banner Balaji Telefilms.The show went on air on Channel V India on 11 March 2012 airing weekly with rebroadcasts on Channel V India, StarPlus. Episodes in the second season aired daily.[3] Season 3 started airing from 7 July 2013. The opening episode was co-anchored by Chitrangada Singh and Karan Kundra. Season 4 was hosted by Abhay Deol who was replaced by Karanvir Bohra.[1] Season 5 started on 22 March 2015, Last episode was aired on 26 June 2016.[4]","title":"Gumrah: End of Innocence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The show explores and suggests the right measures to avert crimes, narrating real-life stories revolving around harassment, kidnapping, murders, etc. committed by teenagers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashish Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Dixit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karan Kundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Kundra"},{"link_name":"Abhay Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_Deol"},{"link_name":"Karanvir Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanvir_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Rachana Parulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachana_Parulkar"},{"link_name":"Kurush Deboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurush_Deboo"},{"link_name":"Shabaaz Abdullah Badi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaaz_Abdullah_Badi"},{"link_name":"Teeshay Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeshay_Shah"},{"link_name":"Karan Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Patel"},{"link_name":"Jigyasa Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigyasa_Singh"},{"link_name":"Namita Dubey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namita_Dubey"},{"link_name":"Ashi Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashi_Singh"},{"link_name":"Nabeel Ahmed Mirajkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabeel_Ahmed_Mirajkar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ashish Dixit as Neeraj\nKaran Kundra as Host\nAbhay Deol as Host\nKaranvir Bohra as Host\nRitwika Gupta as Payal\nRachana Parulkar as Kanak Dagar\nRocky Verma as Father / Village's Subedar (1 Episode - 2013)\nKurush Deboo as Porous Batliwala (1 Episode - 2012)\nShabaaz Abdullah Badi as Rishi in Season 5 Episode 25 (2015)\nTeeshay Shah (2 Episodes 2014–2015)\nSakshma Srivastav as Taani & Megha (2 Episodes, Season 3 Episode 6 & Season 4.\nKaran Patel as Current Host (March 2015 - June 2016)\nMohak Meet From (2012 to 2015)\nAyush Mamodia On (6 May 2012)\nJigyasa Singh\nNamita Dubey as Shreya\nAmitayushya Mishra as Shridhar (Episode 4, Season 3)\nJaswinder Gardner\nAshi Singh on (season 5 2015)\nRaj Anadkat as Romi\nNabeel Ahmed Mirajkar as Manav, Rishab and Dhruv (3 episodes)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12th Indian Television Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Television_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards_India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The show won Best Crime/Thriller Show at 12th Indian Television Academy Awards.[12]\nThe show was nominated as Favorite TV Crime Drama People's Choice Awards India.[13]\nThe show has secured 10 nominations at the Indian Telly Awards 2013 [14]","title":"Accolades"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Summer:_Greatest_Hits
Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits
["1 Track listings","1.1 US edition","1.2 EU edition","1.3 France edition (Greatest Hits)","2 Charts and certifications","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Certifications and sales","3 References"]
This article is about the Donna Summer album. For other uses, see Endless Summer (disambiguation). 1994 greatest hits album by Donna SummerEndless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest HitsGreatest hits album by Donna SummerReleasedNovember 8, 1994GenrePopdancesoulR&BdiscorockLabelMercury/PolyGramProducerGiorgio MoroderPete BellotteGary KleinQuincy JonesMichael OmartianMike StockMatt AitkenPete WatermanDonna SummerDonna Summer chronology Christmas Spirit(1994) Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits(1994) Live & More Encore(1999) Alternative coverFrance release Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicCash Box(favorable)Robert ChristgauA Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer, released on November 8, 1994. It contains many of Summer's best known songs, from her 1970s breakthrough to the release of the album. Unlike 1993's The Donna Summer Anthology, which contains the majority of the songs in their original longer forms, Endless Summer generally includes single versions of the songs. However, the version sold in the United Kingdom uses the album version of the track "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt", (from Another Place and Time), not the more club-oriented mix released as a single there. Endless Summer also features two new tracks, the first of which, "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)", became a moderate hit when released as a single, reaching number one on the US dance charts. Summer was given production credits on the track, which she had written with Robert Clivillés and David Cole of C+C Music Factory. The other new track and second single was the soulful ballad "Any Way at All", which Summer had written with her husband Bruce Sudano. This song was produced by Michael Omartian, who had produced some of Summer's work in the 1980s. For many years, Endless Summer was regarded as the "definitive" Donna Summer hits CD, as it was the last international non-budget compilation to be released until 2003. A video album with music videos and some live performances was also released simultaneously, in VHS and LD format. Track listings The track listing of Endless Summer varied from nation to nation as some of Summer's hits were more popular in certain places than others. For example, "Heaven Knows" and "The Wanderer", big hits in the US, are not featured on the European edition of the album and are replaced with a couple of her 1980s hits that were less successful in the US. In France however, the compilation was not released until the following year and contains the 1995 remix of her 1977 hit "I Feel Love" as a bonus track. US edition No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)"Joe Carrano, Robert Clivillés, David Cole, Donna SummerD. Summer, Welcome Productions4:162."Love to Love You Baby"Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder, D. SummerP. Bellotte3:213."Could It Be Magic"Adrienne Anderson, Barry ManilowG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:554."I Feel Love"G. Moroder, P. BellotteG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:465."Last Dance"Paul JabaraG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:186."MacArthur Park"Jimmy WebbG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:557."Heaven Knows"P. Bellotte, Greg Mathieson, G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:228."Hot Stuff"P. Bellotte, Harold Faltermeyer, Keith ForseyG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:509."Bad Girls"Joe Esposito, Eddie Hokenson, Bruce Sudano, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:5410."Dim All The Lights"D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte4:0411."No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" (Featuring Barbra Streisand)P. Jabara, Bruce RobertsGary Klein4:4812."On the Radio"G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder4:0313."The Wanderer"G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:4514."Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)"Quincy Jones, Merria Ross, Rod TempertonQ. Jones4:1915."State of Independence"Jon Anderson, VangelisQ. Jones4:2516."She Works Hard for the Money"Michael Omartian, D. SummerM. Omartian4:3317."This Time I Know It's for Real"Matt Aitken, Mike Stock, D. Summer, Pete WatermanM. Aitken, M. Stock, P. Waterman3:3618."Any Way at All"Eric Silver, B. Sudano, D. SummerM. Omartian4:16 EU edition "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" (Carrano, Clivillés, Cole, Summer) – 4:16 "Love to Love You Baby" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:21 "Could It Be Magic" (Anderson, Manilow) – 3:55 "I Feel Love" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:46 "Love's Unkind" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 4:26 "I Love You" (Bellote, Moroder, Summer) – 3:19 "Last Dance" (Jabara) – 3:18 "MacArthur Park"(Webb) – 3:55 "Hot Stuff" (Bellotte, Faltermeyer, Forsey) – 3:50 "Bad Girls" (Esposito, Hokenson, Sudano, Summer) – 3:54 "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" – duet with Barbra Streisand (Jabara, Roberts) – 4:48 "On the Radio" (Moroder, Summer) – 4:03 "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)" (Jones, Ross, Temperton) – 4:19 "State of Independence" (Anderson, Vangelis) – 4:25 "She Works Hard for the Money" (Omartian, Summer) – 4:33 "Unconditional Love" (Omartian, Summer) – 3:57 "This Time I Know It's for Real" (Aitken, Stock, Summer, Waterman) – 3:36 "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (Aitken, Stock, Waterman) – 3:26 "Any Way at All" (Silver, Sudano, Summer) – 4:16 France edition (Greatest Hits) "I Feel Love" ('95 Remix) (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:50 "Love to Love You Baby" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:21 "Could It Be Magic" (Anderson, Manilow) – 3:55 "Love's Unkind" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 4:26 "I Love You" (Bellote, Moroder, Summer) – 3:19 "Last Dance" (Jabara) – 3:18 "MacArthur Park"(Webb) – 3:55 "Hot Stuff" (Bellotte, Faltermeyer, Forsey) – 3:50 "Bad Girls" (Esposito, Hokenson, Sudano, Summer) – 3:54 "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" – duet with Barbra Streisand (Jabara, Roberts) – 4:48 "On the Radio" (Moroder, Summer) – 4:03 "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)" (Jones, Ross, Temperton) – 4:19 "State of Independence" (Anderson, Vangelis) – 4:25 "She Works Hard for the Money" (Omartian, Summer) – 4:33 "Unconditional Love" (Omartian, Summer) – 3:57 "This Time I Know It's for Real" (Aitken, Stock, Summer, Waterman) – 3:36 "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (Aitken, Stock, Waterman) – 3:26 "I Feel Love" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:46 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart (1994) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 93 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 75 French Albums (SNEP) 166 Italian Albums (FIMI) 84 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 10 UK Albums (OCC) 37 US Billboard 200 90 Single Year Single Chart Position 1994 "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" United Kingdom 21 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units/sales France (SNEP) Gold 100,000* United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000^ United States — 469,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Henderson, Alex. "Endless Summer: Greatest Hits > Review" at AllMusic. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ Baltin, Steve (24 December 1994). "Pop Albums — Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ Christgau, Robert. "Endless Summer: Greatest Hits > Review". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 24 September 2011. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 271. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Donna Summer's Greatest Hits" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Lescharts.com – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Donna Summer's Greatest Hits". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Donna Summer's Greatest Hits". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Charts.nz – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Donna Summer's Greatest Hits". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Donna Summer | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Donna Summer Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "French album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. ^ "British album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Greatest Hits". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "Answers to readers' questions about Roxette, Donna Summer and Jack Ingram". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved 2016-09-14. vteDonna Summer Discography Awards Studio albums Lady of the Night (1974) Love to Love You Baby (1975) A Love Trilogy (1976) Four Seasons of Love (1976) I Remember Yesterday (1977) Once Upon a Time (1977) Bad Girls (1979) The Wanderer (1980) I'm a Rainbow (rec. 1981, rel. 1996) Donna Summer (1982) She Works Hard for the Money (1983) Cats Without Claws (1984) All Systems Go (1987) Another Place and Time (1989) Mistaken Identity (1991) Christmas Spirit (1994) Crayons (2008) Live albums Live and More (1978) Live & More Encore (1999) Compilations On the Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes I & II (1979) Walk Away: Collector's Edition (The Best of 1977–1980) (1980) The Summer Collection: Greatest Hits (1985) The Dance Collection: A Compilation of Twelve Inch Singles (1987) The Donna Summer Anthology (1993) Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits (1994) The Ultimate Collection (2003) The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer (2003) Gold (2005) Singles... Driven by the Music (2015) The Ultimate Collection (2016) Remix albumsLove to Love You Donna (2013)Singles "The Hostage" (1974) "Lady of the Night" (1974) "Virgin Mary" (1975) "Love to Love You Baby" (1975) "Could It Be Magic (1976) "Try Me, I Know We Can Make It (1976) "Spring Affair (1976) "Winter Melody (1977) "Can't We Just Sit Down (And Talk It Over)" (1977) "I Feel Love" (1977) "Shut Out" (1977) "Down Deep Inside" (1977) "I Remember Yesterday" (1977) "Love's Unkind" (1977) "I Love You" (1977) "Rumour Has It" (1978) "Last Dance" (1978) "Back in Love Again" (1978) "MacArthur Park" (1978) "Heaven Knows" (1978) "Hot Stuff" (1979) "Bad Girls" (1979) "Dim All the Lights" (1979) "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" (1979) "On the Radio" (1979) "Sunset People" (1980) "Walk Away" (1980) "The Wanderer" (1980) "Cold Love" (1980) "Who Do You Think You're Foolin'" (1981) "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)" (1982) "State of Independence" (1982) "I Feel Love (Patrick Cowley Remix)" (1982) "The Woman in Me" (1983) "Protection" (1983) "She Works Hard for the Money" (1983) "Unconditional Love" (1983) "Love Has a Mind of Its Own" (1984) "There Goes My Baby" (1984) "Supernatural Love" (1984) "Eyes" (1984) "Dinner with Gershwin" (1987) "Only the Fool Survives" (1987) "This Time I Know It's for Real" (1989) "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (1989) "Love's About to Change My Heart" (1989) "Breakaway" (1989) "When Love Takes Over You" (1989) "State of Independence (New Bass Remix)" (1990) "When Love Cries" (1991) "Work That Magic" (1991) "Carry On" (1992) "La Vie en rose" (1994) "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" (1994) "Any Way at All" (1994) "I Feel Love (Remix)" (1995) "Whenever There Is Love" (1996) "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)" (1999) "Love Is the Healer" (1999) "The Power of One" (2000) "You're So Beautiful" (2003) "Dream-A-Lot's Theme (I Will Live for Love)" (2004) "I Got Your Love" (2005) "I'm a Fire" (2008) "Stamp Your Feet" (2008) "It's Only Love" (2008) "Fame (The Game)" (2008) "To Paris with Love" (2010) Related topics Brooklyn Dreams Pete Bellotte Joe "Bean" Esposito Giorgio Moroder Bruce Sudano Neil Bogart Paul Jabara Sunshine "Down Deep Inside" Love to Love You, Donna Summer (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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For other uses, see Endless Summer (disambiguation).1994 greatest hits album by Donna SummerEndless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer, released on November 8, 1994. It contains many of Summer's best known songs, from her 1970s breakthrough to the release of the album. Unlike 1993's The Donna Summer Anthology, which contains the majority of the songs in their original longer forms, Endless Summer generally includes single versions of the songs. However, the version sold in the United Kingdom uses the album version of the track \"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt\", (from Another Place and Time), not the more club-oriented mix released as a single there.Endless Summer also features two new tracks, the first of which, \"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)\", became a moderate hit when released as a single, reaching number one on the US dance charts. Summer was given production credits on the track, which she had written with Robert Clivillés and David Cole of C+C Music Factory. The other new track and second single was the soulful ballad \"Any Way at All\", which Summer had written with her husband Bruce Sudano. This song was produced by Michael Omartian, who had produced some of Summer's work in the 1980s.For many years, Endless Summer was regarded as the \"definitive\" Donna Summer hits CD, as it was the last international non-budget compilation to be released until 2003. A video album with music videos and some live performances was also released simultaneously, in VHS and LD format.","title":"Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heaven Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Knows_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"The Wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"I Feel Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Love"}],"text":"The track listing of Endless Summer varied from nation to nation as some of Summer's hits were more popular in certain places than others. For example, \"Heaven Knows\" and \"The Wanderer\", big hits in the US, are not featured on the European edition of the album and are replaced with a couple of her 1980s hits that were less successful in the US. In France however, the compilation was not released until the following year and contains the 1995 remix of her 1977 hit \"I Feel Love\" as a bonus track.","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_Love_(Wanna_Be_Loved)"},{"link_name":"Robert Clivillés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clivill%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"David Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cole_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Love to Love You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pete Bellotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Bellotte"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Moroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder"},{"link_name":"Could It Be Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Could_It_Be_Magic"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"I Feel Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Love"},{"link_name":"Last Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Dance_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Paul Jabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jabara"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Webb"},{"link_name":"Heaven Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Knows_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Stuff_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Harold Faltermeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Faltermeyer"},{"link_name":"Keith Forsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Forsey"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Joe Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Esposito_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Sudano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sudano"},{"link_name":"Dim All The Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_All_The_Lights"},{"link_name":"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Tears_(Enough_Is_Enough)"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Bruce Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Roberts_(singer)"},{"link_name":"On the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Radio_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"The Wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_in_Control_(Finger_on_the_Trigger)"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rod Temperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Temperton"},{"link_name":"State of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Jon Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Vangelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis"},{"link_name":"She Works Hard for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Michael Omartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Omartian"},{"link_name":"This Time I Know It's for Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_I_Know_It%27s_for_Real"},{"link_name":"Matt Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Aitken"},{"link_name":"Mike Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stock_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pete Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Waterman"},{"link_name":"Any Way at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Way_at_All"}],"sub_title":"US edition","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)\"Joe Carrano, Robert Clivillés, David Cole, Donna SummerD. Summer, Welcome Productions4:162.\"Love to Love You Baby\"Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder, D. SummerP. Bellotte3:213.\"Could It Be Magic\"Adrienne Anderson, Barry ManilowG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:554.\"I Feel Love\"G. Moroder, P. BellotteG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:465.\"Last Dance\"Paul JabaraG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:186.\"MacArthur Park\"Jimmy WebbG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:557.\"Heaven Knows\"P. Bellotte, Greg Mathieson, G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:228.\"Hot Stuff\"P. Bellotte, Harold Faltermeyer, Keith ForseyG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:509.\"Bad Girls\"Joe Esposito, Eddie Hokenson, Bruce Sudano, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:5410.\"Dim All The Lights\"D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte4:0411.\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" (Featuring Barbra Streisand)P. Jabara, Bruce RobertsGary Klein4:4812.\"On the Radio\"G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder4:0313.\"The Wanderer\"G. Moroder, D. SummerG. Moroder, P. Bellotte3:4514.\"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)\"Quincy Jones, Merria Ross, Rod TempertonQ. Jones4:1915.\"State of Independence\"Jon Anderson, VangelisQ. Jones4:2516.\"She Works Hard for the Money\"Michael Omartian, D. SummerM. Omartian4:3317.\"This Time I Know It's for Real\"Matt Aitken, Mike Stock, D. Summer, Pete WatermanM. Aitken, M. Stock, P. Waterman3:3618.\"Any Way at All\"Eric Silver, B. Sudano, D. SummerM. Omartian4:16","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_Love_(Wanna_Be_Loved)"},{"link_name":"Love to Love You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"Could It Be Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Could_It_Be_Magic"},{"link_name":"I Feel Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Love"},{"link_name":"Love's Unkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Unkind"},{"link_name":"I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_You_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Last Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Dance_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hot Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Stuff_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Tears_(Enough_Is_Enough)"},{"link_name":"On the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Radio_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_in_Control_(Finger_on_the_Trigger)"},{"link_name":"State of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"She Works Hard for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Unconditional Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_Love_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"This Time I Know It's for Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_I_Know_It%27s_for_Real"},{"link_name":"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Wanna_Get_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Any Way at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Way_at_All"}],"sub_title":"EU edition","text":"\"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)\" (Carrano, Clivillés, Cole, Summer) – 4:16\n\"Love to Love You Baby\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:21\n\"Could It Be Magic\" (Anderson, Manilow) – 3:55\n\"I Feel Love\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:46\n\"Love's Unkind\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 4:26\n\"I Love You\" (Bellote, Moroder, Summer) – 3:19\n\"Last Dance\" (Jabara) – 3:18\n\"MacArthur Park\"(Webb) – 3:55\n\"Hot Stuff\" (Bellotte, Faltermeyer, Forsey) – 3:50\n\"Bad Girls\" (Esposito, Hokenson, Sudano, Summer) – 3:54\n\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" – duet with Barbra Streisand (Jabara, Roberts) – 4:48\n\"On the Radio\" (Moroder, Summer) – 4:03\n\"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)\" (Jones, Ross, Temperton) – 4:19\n\"State of Independence\" (Anderson, Vangelis) – 4:25\n\"She Works Hard for the Money\" (Omartian, Summer) – 4:33\n\"Unconditional Love\" (Omartian, Summer) – 3:57\n\"This Time I Know It's for Real\" (Aitken, Stock, Summer, Waterman) – 3:36\n\"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt\" (Aitken, Stock, Waterman) – 3:26\n\"Any Way at All\" (Silver, Sudano, Summer) – 4:16","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Feel Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Love"},{"link_name":"Love to Love You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"Could It Be Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Could_It_Be_Magic"},{"link_name":"Love's Unkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Unkind"},{"link_name":"I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_You_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Last Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Dance_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hot Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Stuff_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Tears_(Enough_Is_Enough)"},{"link_name":"On the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Radio_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_in_Control_(Finger_on_the_Trigger)"},{"link_name":"State of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"She Works Hard for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Unconditional Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_Love_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"This Time I Know It's for Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_I_Know_It%27s_for_Real"},{"link_name":"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Wanna_Get_Hurt"},{"link_name":"I Feel Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Love"}],"sub_title":"France edition (Greatest Hits)","text":"\"I Feel Love\" ('95 Remix) (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:50\n\"Love to Love You Baby\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:21\n\"Could It Be Magic\" (Anderson, Manilow) – 3:55\n\"Love's Unkind\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 4:26\n\"I Love You\" (Bellote, Moroder, Summer) – 3:19\n\"Last Dance\" (Jabara) – 3:18\n\"MacArthur Park\"(Webb) – 3:55\n\"Hot Stuff\" (Bellotte, Faltermeyer, Forsey) – 3:50\n\"Bad Girls\" (Esposito, Hokenson, Sudano, Summer) – 3:54\n\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" – duet with Barbra Streisand (Jabara, Roberts) – 4:48\n\"On the Radio\" (Moroder, Summer) – 4:03\n\"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)\" (Jones, Ross, Temperton) – 4:19\n\"State of Independence\" (Anderson, Vangelis) – 4:25\n\"She Works Hard for the Money\" (Omartian, Summer) – 4:33\n\"Unconditional Love\" (Omartian, Summer) – 3:57\n\"This Time I Know It's for Real\" (Aitken, Stock, Summer, Waterman) – 3:36\n\"I Don't Wanna Get Hurt\" (Aitken, Stock, Waterman) – 3:26\n\"I Feel Love\" (Bellotte, Moroder, Summer) – 3:46","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endless_Summer:_Donna_Summer%27s_Greatest_Hits&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Donna_Summer-5"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Donna_Summer-6"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_Donna_Summer-7"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Donna_Summer-8"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Donna_Summer-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Donna_Summer-10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endless_Summer:_Donna_Summer%27s_Greatest_Hits&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Certified units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FranceDonna_SummerEndless_SummeralbumCertRef-11"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_KingdomDonna_SummerEndless_Summer_%E2%80%93_Greatest_HitsalbumCertRef-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[4]\n\n93\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[5]\n\n75\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[6]\n\n166\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[7]\n\n84\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[8]\n\n10\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[9]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[10]\n\n90\n\n\nSingle\n\n\nYear\n\nSingle\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\n1994\n\n\"Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)\"\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n21\n\n\n\nCertifications and sales[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRegion\n\nCertification\nCertified units/sales\n\n\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[11]\n\nGold\n\n100,000*\n\n\n\nUnited Kingdom (BPI)[12]\n\nGold\n\n100,000^\n\n\n\nUnited States\n\n—\n\n469,000[13]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.","title":"Charts and certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Baltin, Steve (24 December 1994). \"Pop Albums — Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1994/CB-1994-12-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Pop Albums — Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert. \"Endless Summer: Greatest Hits > Review\". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 24 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=6016","url_text":"\"Endless Summer: Greatest Hits > Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Robert Christgau"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Donna+Summer&titre=Endless+Summer","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Greatest Hits\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9941-2947-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Donna Summer – Endless Summer – Greatest Hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Answers to readers' questions about Roxette, Donna Summer and Jack Ingram\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved 2016-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140918052206/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57571/ask-billboard","url_text":"\"Answers to readers' questions about Roxette, Donna Summer and Jack Ingram\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/57571/ask-billboard","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_of_Calabria
Berthold of Calabria
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
French crusader SaintBerthold of Mount CarmelBornLimoges, FranceDied1195 ADVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchFeastMarch 29 Berthold of Calabria (French: Berthold de Malifaye; Latin: Bertoldus Calabriensis; died 1195) was a crusader and saint who established a hermit colony on Mount Carmel in 1185. He was introduced into Carmelite literature around the 15th century as Saint Berthold of Mount Carmel and is said to have been a general of the Order before Brocard. Berthold was a son of the Count of Limoges and was born in Malifaye in southwest France. The label "Calabrian" was a contemporary euphemism for "Westerner." Berthold was a nephew of Aymeric of Malifaye, the Latin patriarch of Antioch. Berthold went to the Holy Land as part of the Crusades and was in Antioch when it was besieged by the Saracens. During this time he had a vision of Christ denouncing the soldiers' evil methods. At the time, hermits from the West were scattered throughout Palestine. Some accounts hold that in 1185 he came to Mount Carmel, built a small chapel there and gathered a community of hermits who would live at his side in imitation of the prophet Elijah. This community was believed to have given rise to the Order of the Carmelites, but this is not supported by evidence and is discounted by historians of the Order. Berthold lived out his days on Mount Carmel, ruling the community he had founded for forty-five years until his death in 1195. Tradition holds that he was accepted as leader of the hermits by Brocard. His feast day is celebrated on March 29. See also Hermit Discalced Carmelites Carmelite Rule of St. Albert Book of the First Monks Constitutions of the Carmelite Order Dialogues of the Carmelites References ^ The medieval and Reformation church Hubert Jedin, John Patrick Dolan, David Larrimore Holland - 1993 - Page 104 "In 1247 Innocent IV included the Carmelites among the mendicant orders. Simon Stock became their first general (1247-65) but their origins go back to the twelfth century, to a hermit colony, which the crusader, Berthold of Calabria (d. 1195) had instituted on Mount Carmel in 1185. ." ^ Philip Schaff History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. 1966 "Our first trustworthy notice is derived from Phocas, a Greek monk, who visited Mt. Carmel in 1185. Berthold of Calabria, a Crusader, made a vow under the walls of Antioch that in case the Christians were victorious over Zenki, he would devote himself to the monastic life. The prayer was answered, and Berthold with ten companions ..." ^ "Staring, Adrian. "Brocard", carmelnet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-20. ^ Peter-Thomas Rohrbach Journey to Carith: The Sources and Story of the Discalced ... 2007- Page 37 "He was a Calabrian, a literary euphemism for “Western,” and tradition claims that he was a Frenchman from Malifaye in ... He was a nephew of Aymeric of Malifaye, the Latin patriarch of Antioch, a man to whom the Carmelite writers of the .. ^ Juniper B. Carol Mariology 1961 "About 1155, a Crusader from Calabria, Berthold of Malifaye, son of the Count of Limoges, with ten companions retired to Mt. Carmel and began living there as a hermit." ^ a b c Stevens, Clifford. The One Year Book of Saints, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, Indiana External links Carmelite Spirituality and Vocation "Sayings of Light and Love" - Spiritual Maxims of John of the Cross Portals: Saints Biography Catholicism France
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_friars
Trinitarians
["1 Background","2 History","3 The Trinitarian Family","3.1 Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity","4 Charism","5 Our Lady of Good Remedy","6 Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]
Catholic religious order This article is about the Catholic religious order. For other uses, see Trinitarian (disambiguation). "Order of the Holy Trinity" redirects here. For the Ethiopian house order, see Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia). TrinitariansOrder of the Most Holy Trinity and of the CaptivesLatin: Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et CaptivorumFlag of the TrinitariansMosaic of Jesus Christ used as the emblem of the TrinitariansAbbreviationOSsTNicknameTrinitariansFormation17 December 1198; 825 years ago (17 December 1198)FoundersJohn of Matha and Felix of ValoisTypeMendicant orderPurposeTo ransom Christian captivesHeadquartersRome, ItalyMembership (2018) 610 (415 priests)Minister GeneralLuigi Buccarello, OSsTParent organizationCatholic ChurchWebsitetrinitari.org The Trinitarians, formally known as the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives (Latin: Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum; abbreviated OSsT), is a mendicant order of the Catholic Church for men founded in Cerfroid, outside Paris, in the late 12th century. From the very outset, a special dedication to the mystery of the Holy Trinity has been a constitutive element of the order's life. Papal documents refer to the founder only as Brother John, but tradition identifies him as John de Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December. The founding-intention for the order was the ransom of Christians held captive by Muslims, a consequence of crusading and of piracy along the Mediterranean coast of Europe. Background 14th century Trinitarian cross at St Robert's Church, Pannal Between the eighth and the fifteenth centuries medieval Europe was in a state of intermittent warfare between the Christian kingdoms of southern Europe and the Muslim polities of North Africa, Southern France, Sicily and portions of Spain. According to James W. Brodman, the threat of capture, whether by pirates or coastal raiders, or during one of the region's intermittent wars, was a continuous threat to residents of Catalonia, Languedoc, and the other coastal provinces of medieval Christian Europe. Raids by militias, bands, and armies from both sides was an almost annual occurrence. The redemption of captives is listed among the corporal works of mercy. The period of the Crusades, when so many Christians were in danger of falling into the hands of Muslims, witnessed the rise of religious orders vowed exclusively to this pious work. History Juan Carreño de Miranda. Founding of Trinitarian Order (Mass of St John of Matha) Main article: John of Matha The Order of the Trinitarians (Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives) was founded by St. John de Matha after his vision of Christ with two captives around 1193. Pope Innocent III granted the order and its rule approval with his letter Operante divine dispositionis clementia, issued on 17 December 1198. Soon after papal approbation, the Trinitarian ministry to Christian captives was incorporated into the Order's title: Order of the Holy Trinity and of Captives. In addition to the Order's purpose of ransoming Christian captives, each local community of Trinitarians served the people of its area. And so, their ministry included hospitality, care of the sick and poor, churches, education, etc. Eventually, the Trinitarians also assumed the work of evangelization. Brother John's founding intention expanded quickly beyond the three initial foundations (Cerfroid, Planels, Bourg-la-Reine) into a considerable network of houses committed to the ransom of Christian captives and the works of mercy conducted in their locales. Trinitarian tradition considers St. Felix of Valois co-founder of the Order and companion of John of Matha at Cerfroid, near Paris. In Cerfroid the first Trinitarian community was established and it is considered the mother house of the whole Order. Among the earliest recruits were some Englishmen, and the first to go on the special mission of the order were two English friars, who in 1200 went to Morocco and returned to France with 186 liberated Christian captives. The first generation of Trinitarians could count some fifty foundations. In northern France, the Trinitarians were known as "Mathurins" because they were based in the church of Saint-Mathurin in Paris from 1228 onwards. Ransoming captives required economic resources. Fundraising and economic expertise constituted important aspects of the Order's life. The Rule's requirement of "the tertia pars", or setting aside one-third of all income for the ransom of Christian captives, became a noted characteristic of the Order. Louis IX installed a house of their order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades. The Master of the Trinity was taken captive together with Louis IX after the Battle of Al Mansurah. The rule initially was the Augustinian, supplemented by regulations of an austere character. The habit was white, with the red and blue cross depicted above on the breast. Through the centuries, the Trinitarian Rule underwent several revisions, notably in 1267 and in 1631. It has been complemented by statutes and constitutions. The thirteenth century was a time of vitality, whereas the following centuries brought periods of difficulty and even decline in some areas. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) was a major turning-point in the life of the Catholic Church. Its twenty-fifth session dealt with regulars and nuns and the reform of religious orders. Reforming interests and energies manifested themselves among Trinitarians in France with the foundation at Pontoise, north of Paris, during the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Reform-minded Trinitarians in Spain first established the movement known as the Recollection and then, under the leadership of St. John Baptist of the Conception, a movement at Valdepeñas (Ciudad Real) known as the Spanish Discalced Trinitarians at the very end of the sixteenth century. Far-reaching periods of growth and development followed this rebirth, and at the beginning of the 18th century there were still 250 houses. Stone shield of the Trinitarian Order on the façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638–1641) in Rome. In succeeding centuries, European events such as revolution, government suppression and civil war had very serious consequences for the Trinitarian Order and it declined significantly. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, the Trinitarians began to grow slowly in Italy and Spain. Its members dedicated themselves to fostering and promoting devotion to the Holy Trinity, evangelising non-Christians, assisting immigrants, educating the young, and to parish work. The Trinitarian Family Today the Trinitarian family is composed of priests, brothers, women (cloistered nuns and active sisters) as well as committed laity. Members of the Trinitarian family include the Trinitarian religious; the Trinitarian contemplative nuns; the Trinitarian Sisters of Valence; the Trinitarian Sisters of Rome, Valencia, Madrid, Mallorca, and Seville; the Oblates of the Most Holy Trinity; the Third Order Secular (tertiaries) and other Trinitarian laity. All are distinguished by the cross of red and blue which dates from the origins of the Order. Trinitarians are found throughout Europe and in the Americas as well as in Africa, India, Korea and the Philippines. Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity In 2000 the Vatican Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life approved "The Trinitarian Way" rule of life which would guide all the lay groups associated with the Trinitarians: the Third Order Secular, the Trinitarian Movement, Confraternities, etc. There have been tertiaries of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives since the beginnings of the Order though they were not known by that name. Lay confreres were admitted already in 1198 by the permission of Pope Innocent III. Statutes attributed to William the Scotsman, the third Minister General of the Order (1217–1222), give some idea of the primitive organization of the Trinitarian Fraternity. In the 1203 contract between the Bishop of Arles and St. John de Matha, reference is made to affiliates of the convent. There were Trinitarian Confraternities, of the Redemption, and of Our Lady of Remedy aggregated to the Order. The first known Statutes of the Trinitarian Third Order were published in 1584, and were approved by the General of the Order, Father Bernard Dominici. The first Rule of Life for the Third Order attached to the Discalced Trinitarians was approved by Pope Leo XII on 6 June 1828. Charism The Glory of the Most Holy Trinity and the ransom of Christian Captives. Along with the Order's mission of ransoming Christian captives, each Trinitarian Community served the people of its area by performing works of mercy; redemption and mercy are at the center of the Trinitarian charism. Our Lady of Good Remedy Our Lady of Good Remedy is the patroness of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. Devotion to Mary under this ancient title is widely known in Europe and Latin America. Her feast day is celebrated on 8 October. Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity Part of a series onScapularsof the Catholic ChurchSacramental garments General Saint Simon Stock Our Lady of Mount Carmel Rosary and scapular Sabbatine Privilege Specific scapulars   Most Precious Blood   Mount Carmel Fivefold Scapular   Passion   Passion   Saint Benedict   Saint Dominic   Help of the Sick   Holy Face   Saint Joseph   Seven Sorrows of Mary    Saint Michael the Archangel   Good Counsel   Sacred Heart of Jesus   Immaculate Heart of Mary   Immaculate Conception   Green Scapular   Our Lady of Good Counsel   Our Lady of Ransom   Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary   Most Blessed Trinity Catholicism portalvte The Scapular of the Holy Trinity is a devotional scapular associated with the Confraternity of The Holy Trinity and the Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity. It is a white scapular with a cross of which the transverse shaft is blue and the longitudinal shaft red. It is worn by Tertiaries as well as members of the Confraternity of the Blessed Trinity (or other Trinitarian associations that make use of the scapular) after investment with this scapular. It is a sign of consecration to the Holy Trinity and of fraternity. See also Angelo Buccarello DeMatha Catholic High School, the only college preparatory and secondary educational school in the Americas run by the Trinitarian Order. Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy San Tommaso in Formis, the Trinitarian church in Rome San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome List of Ministers General of the Trinitarian Order References ^ "Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives (O.SS.T.)". GCatholic. ^ a b c d "About the Trinitarians: Our Roots". www.trinitarians.org. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ Brodman, James William. "Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain:The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Retrieved 2021-10-05. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, ed. Paul Casanova and Henri Pérès, trans. William MacGuckin, baron de Slane (Paris, 1925–56), 3: 116-17 ^ a b c "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Order of Trinitarians". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ Henry Charles Lea, 2002, A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church, Adamant Media Corp. ISBN 1-4021-6108-5 page 497 ^ The Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives: Andrew Witko 2008 ^ a b c "Welcome into the Home Page of Trinitari.org". www.trinitari.org. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ a b c Butler 1911. ^ Alban Butler, Paul Burns, Butler's Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 5. ^ Jean de Joinville Memoirs of Louis IX ^ "THE TRINITARIAN WAY". www.trinitari.org. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ "Trinitarian laity", Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives ^ "Our Lady Of Good Remedy". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scapular". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2017-06-19. Sources  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). "Trinitarians". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 286. Witko, Andrew. The Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives, 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trinitarian Order. 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For other uses, see Trinitarian (disambiguation).\"Order of the Holy Trinity\" redirects here. For the Ethiopian house order, see Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia).The Trinitarians, formally known as the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives (Latin: Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum; abbreviated OSsT), is a mendicant order of the Catholic Church for men founded in Cerfroid, outside Paris, in the late 12th century. From the very outset, a special dedication to the mystery of the Holy Trinity has been a constitutive element of the order's life.Papal documents refer to the founder only as Brother John, but tradition identifies him as John de Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December. The founding-intention for the order was the ransom of Christians held captive by Muslims, a consequence of crusading and of piracy along the Mediterranean coast of Europe.[2]","title":"Trinitarians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Roberts,_Trinitarian_window004.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Robert's Church, Pannal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Robert%27s_Church,_Pannal"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brodman-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moeller-5"}],"text":"14th century Trinitarian cross at St Robert's Church, PannalBetween the eighth and the fifteenth centuries medieval Europe was in a state of intermittent warfare between the Christian kingdoms of southern Europe and the Muslim polities of North Africa, Southern France, Sicily and portions of Spain. According to James W. Brodman, the threat of capture, whether by pirates or coastal raiders, or during one of the region's intermittent wars, was a continuous threat to residents of Catalonia, Languedoc, and the other coastal provinces of medieval Christian Europe.[3] Raids by militias, bands, and armies from both sides was an almost annual occurrence.[4]The redemption of captives is listed among the corporal works of mercy. The period of the Crusades, when so many Christians were in danger of falling into the hands of Muslims, witnessed the rise of religious orders vowed exclusively to this pious work.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carreno-de-miranda_Orden_de_los_Trinitarios.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan Carreño de Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carre%C3%B1o_de_Miranda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_rule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitarians-2"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ministry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitarians-2"},{"link_name":"evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Bourg-la-Reine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourg-la-Reine"},{"link_name":"Felix of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitari-8"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moeller-5"},{"link_name":"Battle of Al Mansurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Augustine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moeller-5"},{"link_name":"statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes"},{"link_name":"constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutions"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"regulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_clergy"},{"link_name":"nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"religious orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pontoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoise"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitari-8"},{"link_name":"Valdepeñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdepe%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_Trinitarian_Order_Rome.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishes"}],"text":"Juan Carreño de Miranda. Founding of Trinitarian Order (Mass of St John of Matha)The Order of the Trinitarians (Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives) was founded by St. John de Matha after his vision of Christ with two captives around 1193.[6][7] Pope Innocent III granted the order and its rule approval with his letter Operante divine dispositionis clementia, issued on 17 December 1198.[2] Soon after papal approbation, the Trinitarian ministry to Christian captives was incorporated into the Order's title: Order of the Holy Trinity and of Captives. In addition to the Order's purpose of ransoming Christian captives, each local community of Trinitarians served the people of its area. And so, their ministry included hospitality, care of the sick and poor, churches, education, etc.[2] Eventually, the Trinitarians also assumed the work of evangelization.Brother John's founding intention expanded quickly beyond the three initial foundations (Cerfroid, Planels, Bourg-la-Reine) into a considerable network of houses committed to the ransom of Christian captives and the works of mercy conducted in their locales. Trinitarian tradition considers St. Felix of Valois co-founder of the Order and companion of John of Matha at Cerfroid, near Paris. In Cerfroid the first Trinitarian community was established and it is considered the mother house of the whole Order.[8] Among the earliest recruits were some Englishmen, and the first to go on the special mission of the order were two English friars, who in 1200 went to Morocco and returned to France with 186 liberated Christian captives.[9]The first generation of Trinitarians could count some fifty foundations. In northern France, the Trinitarians were known as \"Mathurins\" because they were based in the church of Saint-Mathurin in Paris from 1228 onwards.[10] Ransoming captives required economic resources. Fundraising and economic expertise constituted important aspects of the Order's life. The Rule's requirement of \"the tertia pars\", or setting aside one-third of all income for the ransom of Christian captives, became a noted characteristic of the Order.Louis IX installed a house of their order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades.[5] The Master of the Trinity was taken captive together with Louis IX after the Battle of Al Mansurah.[11]The rule initially was the Augustinian, supplemented by regulations of an austere character. The habit was white, with the red and blue cross depicted above on the breast.[9] Through the centuries, the Trinitarian Rule underwent several revisions,[5] notably in 1267 and in 1631. It has been complemented by statutes and constitutions. The thirteenth century was a time of vitality, whereas the following centuries brought periods of difficulty and even decline in some areas. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) was a major turning-point in the life of the Catholic Church. Its twenty-fifth session dealt with regulars and nuns and the reform of religious orders. Reforming interests and energies manifested themselves among Trinitarians in France with the foundation at Pontoise, north of Paris, during the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Reform-minded Trinitarians in Spain first established the movement known as the Recollection and then, under the leadership of St. John Baptist of the Conception,[8] a movement at Valdepeñas (Ciudad Real) known as the Spanish Discalced Trinitarians at the very end of the sixteenth century. Far-reaching periods of growth and development followed this rebirth, and at the beginning of the 18th century there were still 250 houses.[9]Stone shield of the Trinitarian Order on the façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638–1641) in Rome.In succeeding centuries, European events such as revolution, government suppression and civil war had very serious consequences for the Trinitarian Order and it declined significantly. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, the Trinitarians began to grow slowly in Italy and Spain. Its members dedicated themselves to fostering and promoting devotion to the Holy Trinity, evangelising non-Christians, assisting immigrants, educating the young, and to parish work.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian Sisters of Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_Sisters_of_Valence"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian Sisters of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitari-8"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"Today the Trinitarian family is composed of priests, brothers, women (cloistered nuns and active sisters) as well as committed laity. Members of the Trinitarian family include the Trinitarian religious; the Trinitarian contemplative nuns; the Trinitarian Sisters of Valence; the Trinitarian Sisters of Rome, Valencia, Madrid, Mallorca, and Seville; the Oblates of the Most Holy Trinity; the Third Order Secular (tertiaries) and other Trinitarian laity.[8] All are distinguished by the cross of red and blue which dates from the origins of the Order. Trinitarians are found throughout Europe and in the Americas as well as in Africa, India, Korea and the Philippines.","title":"The Trinitarian Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity","text":"In 2000 the Vatican Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life approved \"The Trinitarian Way\" rule of life which would guide all the lay groups associated with the Trinitarians: the Third Order Secular, the Trinitarian Movement, Confraternities, etc.[12]There have been tertiaries of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives since the beginnings of the Order though they were not known by that name. Lay confreres were admitted already in 1198 by the permission of Pope Innocent III. Statutes attributed to William the Scotsman, the third Minister General of the Order (1217–1222), give some idea of the primitive organization of the Trinitarian Fraternity. In the 1203 contract between the Bishop of Arles and St. John de Matha, reference is made to affiliates of the convent.[13] There were Trinitarian Confraternities, of the Redemption, and of Our Lady of Remedy aggregated to the Order.The first known Statutes of the Trinitarian Third Order were published in 1584, and were approved by the General of the Order, Father Bernard Dominici. The first Rule of Life for the Third Order attached to the Discalced Trinitarians was approved by Pope Leo XII on 6 June 1828.","title":"The Trinitarian Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinitarians-2"}],"text":"The Glory of the Most Holy Trinity and the ransom of Christian Captives. Along with the Order's mission of ransoming Christian captives, each Trinitarian Community served the people of its area by performing works of mercy; redemption and mercy are at the center of the Trinitarian charism.[2]","title":"Charism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Good Remedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_of_Los_Remedios"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Our Lady of Good Remedy is the patroness of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. Devotion to Mary under this ancient title is widely known in Europe and Latin America. Her feast day is celebrated on 8 October.[14]","title":"Our Lady of Good Remedy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"devotional scapular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional_scapular"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilgers-15"}],"text":"The Scapular of the Holy Trinity is a devotional scapular associated with the Confraternity of The Holy Trinity and the Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity. It is a white scapular with a cross of which the transverse shaft is blue and the longitudinal shaft red.[15] It is worn by Tertiaries as well as members of the Confraternity of the Blessed Trinity (or other Trinitarian associations that make use of the scapular) after investment with this scapular. It is a sign of consecration to the Holy Trinity and of fraternity.","title":"Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Butler, Edward Cuthbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cuthbert_Butler"},{"link_name":"Trinitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trinitarians"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). \"Trinitarians\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 286.\nWitko, Andrew. The Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives, 2008","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"14th century Trinitarian cross at St Robert's Church, Pannal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/St_Roberts%2C_Trinitarian_window004.jpg/250px-St_Roberts%2C_Trinitarian_window004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Juan Carreño de Miranda. Founding of Trinitarian Order (Mass of St John of Matha)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Carreno-de-miranda_Orden_de_los_Trinitarios.jpg/250px-Carreno-de-miranda_Orden_de_los_Trinitarios.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stone shield of the Trinitarian Order on the façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638–1641) in Rome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Emblem_Trinitarian_Order_Rome.jpg/250px-Emblem_Trinitarian_Order_Rome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Vatican City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Angelo Buccarello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Buccarello"},{"title":"DeMatha Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School"},{"title":"Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy"},{"title":"San Tommaso in Formis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Tommaso_in_Formis"},{"title":"San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane"},{"title":"List of Ministers General of the Trinitarian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_General_of_the_Trinitarian_Order"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Police
Brandenburg Police
["1 Organisation","2 References"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Polizei Brandenburg}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. State police for the German state of Brandenburg Law enforcement agency Polizei BrandenburgAgency overviewEmployees8,000+ (2020) Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionGermanyLocation of Brandenburg shown in GermanySize29,476 km2 Population2.5 million Governing bodyMinistry of the Interior and Local AffairsGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureHeadquartersPotsdam, BrandenburgAgency executiveOliver Stepien (Chief of Police) , PolizeipräsidentWebsiteOfficial website The Brandenburg police is the German Landespolizei force for the German state of Brandenburg. Organisation Under the Police Headquarters there are four regional headquarters (North, East, South, West), as well as the State Office of Criminal Investigation and the Directorate of Special Services. The four police directorates report to 16 police inspectorates, 9 water police stations and 5 motorway police stations. The 16 police inspectorates are divided into the headquarters of the police inspectorate and a further 33 police stations. The police headquarters is headed by Oliver Stepien (Polizeipräsident) as police president. References ^ "The Brandenburg police". Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b "Police Department of Brandenburg". Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Oliver Stepien becomes Brandenburg's new police chief". Retrieved 9 July 2020. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about government in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landespolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"}],"text":"State police for the German state of BrandenburgLaw enforcement agencyThe Brandenburg police is the German Landespolizei force for the German state of Brandenburg.","title":"Brandenburg Police"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Under the Police Headquarters there are four regional headquarters (North, East, South, West), as well as the State Office of Criminal Investigation and the Directorate of Special Services. The four police directorates report to 16 police inspectorates, 9 water police stations and 5 motorway police stations. The 16 police inspectorates are divided into the headquarters of the police inspectorate and a further 33 police stations.The police headquarters is headed by Oliver Stepien (Polizeipräsident) as police president.","title":"Organisation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Brandenburg police\". Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mik.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/863718","url_text":"\"The Brandenburg police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police Department of Brandenburg\". Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://polizei.brandenburg.de/seite/polizeipraesidium/60741","url_text":"\"Police Department of Brandenburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oliver Stepien becomes Brandenburg's new police chief\". Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://polizei.brandenburg.de/pressemeldung/oliver-stepien-wird-brandenburgs-neuer-p/1928328","url_text":"\"Oliver Stepien becomes Brandenburg's new police chief\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golriz_Ghahraman
Golriz Ghahraman
["1 Early life and education","2 Professional life","3 Political career","3.1 Electoral reform","3.2 Shoplifting and resignation","4 Views and positions","4.1 David Seymour controversy","4.2 Human rights","4.3 Israel–Palestine","4.4 Religious beliefs","5 Personal life","6 Bibliography","6.1 Non-fiction","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
New Zealand politician Golriz Ghahramanگلریز قهرمانGhahraman in 2017Member of the New Zealand Parliamentfor Green party listIn office7 October 2017 – 18 January 2024Succeeded byCelia Wade-Brown Personal detailsBorn1981 (age 42–43)Mashhad, IranPolitical partyGreenDomestic partnerGuy Williams (2016–2020)Alma materUniversity of OxfordUniversity of AucklandProfessionBarrister, politicianWebsiteNew Zealand Parliament profile Golriz Ghahraman (Persian: گلریز قهرمان; born 1981) is a former New Zealand politician, lawyer and writer. The former United Nations lawyer was a child asylum seeker, and became the first refugee elected to New Zealand's Parliament. Ghahraman was a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for the Green Party from 2017 to 2024, when she resigned amid shoplifting allegations. Early life and education Ghahraman was born in Iran in 1981. Her family lived in Mashhad, Iran's second largest city, where her father, an agricultural engineer, worked for the Ministry of Agriculture on the research and development of plant-based alternative fuels. Her mother studied as a child psychologist but was ethically opposed to "psychologists having to pledge allegiance to a religion" so refused to sit the Islamic examinations required for her to practice and never worked as such. Her father was Shia and her mother a Kurdish Sunni, though neither parent was religious. In 1990, following the end of the Iran–Iraq War, nine-year-old Ghahraman and her family left Iran for Malaysia, ostensibly for a holiday. From Malaysia they booked flights to Fiji, with a stopover in Auckland, where they sought political asylum and were accepted as refugees. Her parents later set up a restaurant and a gift shop in Auckland and did not work in their earlier areas of expertise. Ghahraman attended Auckland Girls' Grammar School. She has a Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts in history from the University of Auckland, and a Master of Studies (MSt) degree in International Human Rights Law with Distinction from the University of Oxford. Professional life Ghahraman entered legal practice in New Zealand working as a junior barrister specialising in criminal defence, describing it as "the most frontline human rights area of law you can work in practice in in New Zealand; every day you are applying the Bill of Rights Act and you're dealing with unlawful detention, searches and discrimination." Ghahraman worked as a lawyer for the United Nations as part of both the defence and prosecution teams with the tribunals in Rwanda, Cambodia and The Hague. She had worked on tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, volunteering as an intern; and was assigned to the defence team. Her work on the defence teams of accused and convicted war criminals such as Radovan Karadžić and Simon Bikindi, has caused her controversy, although she has claimed transparency throughout. Ghahraman returned to New Zealand in 2012 and worked as a barrister, specialising in human rights law and criminal defence. She appeared before the Supreme Court of New Zealand in a case which ultimately led to the police overhauling their rules about undercover operations. Political career New Zealand Parliament Years Term Electorate List Party 2017–2020 52nd List 8 Green 2020–2023 53rd List 7 Green 2023–2024 54th List 7 Green Ghahraman was selected as a Green party list candidate in January 2017 for the 2017 general election. She was ranked at eight on the Green party list and contested the Te Atatū electorate, where she won 1,413 votes and placed fourth. On the provisional results on election night the Greens did not attain a high enough party vote for Ghahraman to enter Parliament, though a slight increase for the Greens in the special vote saw her allocated a seat. After the Greens gained 0.5% of the vote in special votes she was duly elected to Parliament, in so doing becoming New Zealand's first refugee MP. Her maiden speech, delivered on 15 November 2017, detailed Ghahraman's refugee story and subsequent career as a human rights lawyer. In November 2017, it was revealed that, along with prosecuting war criminals, Ghahraman had also volunteered as an intern for the legal defence team of accused war criminals such as Radovan Karadžić, as part of her work with the United Nations. She defended her role in this work, claiming that her role was necessary to "maintaining a fair and robust trial process," that she was "proud to have been involved in that tradition of fair and transparent international justice," and that, given the choice, she would "do it again". Ghahraman was re-elected a Green Party list MP at the 2020 New Zealand election and 2023 New Zealand general election, ranked seventh on the list each time. She contested, unsuccessfully, the Mount Roskill electorate in 2020 and the Kelston electorate in 2023, placing third in each behind their Labour Party incumbents. Ghahraman's portfolio responsibilities within the Green Party included foreign affairs, defence, and justice; she held those roles from 2017 to 2024. She also held responsibility for immigration (2017–2020), customs (2018–2020), ethnic communities (2020–2024) and refugees (2020–2024). She sat on the foreign affairs, defence, and trade committee during her entire parliamentary career. Electoral reform Ghahraman was outspoken on electoral reform issues. In early March 2019, she submitted a member's bill, the Electoral (Strengthening Democracy) Amendment Bill, that proposed reforms to seven areas of the Electoral Act 1993 including lowering the country's mixed member proportional (MMP) threshold from 5% to 4%, giving prisoners the right to vote, limiting the total amount of donations to political parties, banning foreign donations to political parties, allowing Māori voters to switch electoral rolls at any time, and lowering the voting age to 16 years. Deputy prime minister Winston Peters and Opposition leader Simon Bridges criticised Ghahraman's bill as opportunistic. The Strengthening Democracy bill was drawn from the ballot in mid-May 2022. That August, Attorney-General David Parker expressed concern that the bill's proposed donation cap could potentially breach the right to free speech. The bill was defeated at its first reading in September 2022. Nonetheless, much of the proposals in the bill were progressed. The Labour–New Zealand First coalition government banned foreign donations in 2019 and re-enfranchised of short-term prisoners in 2020; the Labour majority government reformed the Māori electoral option in 2022 and introduced, but did not complete, legislation to lower the voting age for local government elections. Shoplifting and resignation On 10 January 2024, Ghahraman stood aside from her portfolios after being accused of shoplifting at Scottie's Boutique in Ponsonby. On 12 January, a second shoplifting allegation at Scottie's Boutique against Ghahraman was reported. Police later confirmed that they were investigating the first shoplifting incident, which occurred in late December 2023. Green co-leaders James Shaw and Marama Davidson said the party was aware of the shoplifting allegations. On 15 January, a Green party spokesperson said that Ghahraman had returned from an overseas trip to New Zealand that day. That same day, police said they were investigating a third shoplifting allegation involving Ghahraman at the Wellington-based boutique store Cre8iveworx in October 2023. On 16 January 2024, Ghahraman announced her resignation as a member of parliament for the Green Party, effective 18 January. In her statement, Ghahraman said a mental health evaluation found that her behaviour was "not rational in any way" due to "an extreme stress response ... relating to previously unrecognised trauma." She said, "I am not trying to excuse my actions, but I do want to explain them. People should, rightly, expect the highest standards of behaviour from their elected representatives. I fell short. I’m sorry". Her place in Parliament was filled by Celia Wade-Brown, a former Mayor of Wellington, who was the next candidate on the Green Party's list at the 2023 election. On 17 January, Police said Ghahraman had been charged with two counts of shoplifting and that investigations into the allegations were continuing. Ghahraman is due to appear in the Auckland District Court on 1 February 2024. On 23 January, Police announced a third shoplifting charge, relating to alleged offending at a Wellington retailer on 22 October 2023. On 29 January, fellow Green MP Chlöe Swarbrick rejected an online conspiracy theory that she had appeared in CCTV footage of Ghahraman shoplifting at Scottie's Boutique. In total, she is accused of stealing $9978 worth of items under the first three charges. On 27 February, Newshub reported that Ghahraman was facing a fourth shoplifting charge in relation to the theft of a cardigan valued at NZ$389 from Newmarket retailer Standard Issue. On 13 March she pleaded guilty to all four charges. Views and positions David Seymour controversy In mid-May 2019, ACT Party leader David Seymour sparked controversy with comments made during a radio interview, where he referred to Ghahraman as a "menace to freedom in " and likened her views on hate speech to tactics used by Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler to "gain power through the suppression of free expression". The statement drew immediate responses from all political sides of the New Zealand Parliament. Human rights Ghahraman spoke out against United States President Donald Trump's travel ban, saying in 2017: "I wouldn't travel to America right now. I wouldn't want to face what people are facing – held in handcuffs and being interrogated by security forces, I wouldn't want that for anyone." She believes representation for women and minorities in politics is important: "Ultimately the sinister face of populism is what really pushed me over the edge to run as a candidate. The hate speech became scary. I knew that representation is important. I knew that to stop the very real attacks against minorities and women, we had to get really active, to support each other, and forge paths. We have to become leaders ourselves." In early March 2019, Ghahraman suggested that the New Zealand Government cooperate with any potential Kurdish and United Nations process to bring home captured New Zealand Jihadist Mark John Taylor, who had joined the Islamic State in 2014. She was one of four women MPs from different political parties who co-sponsored legislation banning female genital mutilation in New Zealand in 2020. Israel–Palestine In mid-July 2019, Ghahraman was accused of anti-Semitism by New Zealand Jewish Council spokesperson Juliet Moses after she published a tweet on 11 July describing Mary and Joseph as Palestinian refugees. Moses alleged that Ghahraman was denying the Jewish connection to the land by not recognising Jesus was Jewish. Ghahraman apologised that her comments had offended the Jewish community, thanking the Jewish community for their support for refugees. A Green Party spokesperson responded that Golriz had apologised for her "poorly worded remarks" and said that Ghahraman was going to work with Jewish communities to improve dialogue. In response, left-wing blogger Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury defended Ghahraman and the Green Party from accusations of anti-Semitism, arguing that this was an attempt to deflect from Israel's occupation of Palestinian land. In December 2020, Ghahraman joined fellow Green MP Teanau Tuiono and Labour MP Ibrahim Omer in pledging to form a new parliamentary Palestine friendship group to "raise the voices of Palestinian peoples in the New Zealand Parliament" during an event organised by the Wellington Palestine advocacy group to mark "International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinians". In response to the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Ghahraman criticised what she regarded as the New Zealand Government's slow response in issuing a statement on the conflict. She also criticised Israel for encouraging "very violent systemic attacks" on the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem and bombarding Gaza. In response, the New Zealand Jewish Council accused Ghahraman of misrepresenting the Sheikh Jarrah dispute and ignoring Hamas' rocket attacks on Israelis, which in their view made her unfit to serve as the Greens' foreign affairs spokesperson. On 19 May, Ghahraman sponsored a motion calling for members of parliament to recognise the right of Palestinians to self-determination and statehood. The motion was supported by the Greens and the Māori Party but was opposed by the centre-right National and ACT parties. The governing Labour Party also declined to support the Greens' motion with the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard criticising Ghahraman for sponsoring the motion despite knowing that it was going to be voted down. In response to criticism by ACT Party deputy leader Brooke Van Velden, Ghahraman also defended fellow Green MP Ricardo Menéndez March's tweet that said: "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free!" Ghahraman claimed that March was defending the rights of both Arabs and Jews to having equal rights in their homeland. In response to the Israel–Hamas war, Ghahraman described the "scenes in Israel" as "heartbreaking". She stated that "Nothing justifies targeting or harming civilians. Palestinian armed groups and Israeli forces must make every effort to protect civilians now." Religious beliefs Ghahraman describes herself as "agnostic—some days I would say atheist", noting that "It was important for me to get up and say I'm actually not religious at all, because the Middle East also has diversity within it". Personal life Ghahraman has multiple sclerosis. She was in a relationship with comedian Guy Williams, which ended in late 2020. In June 2021, Ghahraman wrote that she was getting her first Kurdish deq tattoos, stating, "I could not be more excited to help revive this beautiful indigenous tradition and connect with the incredible proud elders I remember wearing theirs back home. They represent a pre-Islamic culture of strength, nature and the night sky." Bibliography Non-fiction Know Your Place (2020) ISBN 9781775541424 Notes ^ Normally, list MPs do not have individual predecessors or successors, but Ghahraman resigned during a sitting parliament and therefore was succeeded by Wade-Brown. References ^ a b Johnston, Kirsty (7 October 2017). "Meet Golriz Ghahraman, the Green Party's newest Member of Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ a b Morton, Francis (29 June 2017). "Barrister and Green Party candidate Golriz Ghahraman". Metro. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ a b c d Small, Vernon (17 January 2017). "Green lawyer hopes to be first refugee to win a seat in Parliament". Stuff. Retrieved 22 January 2017. ^ Mann, Britt (5 August 2017). "A day in the life of Green Party candidate Golriz Ghahraman". Stuff. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ McClure, Tess; Taylor, Laura (10 October 2017). ""We Can't Rely on Majority Rule": Meet NZ's First Refugee MP". Vice. Retrieved 30 March 2018. Golriz Ghahraman on how escaping Iran's oppressive regime and defending war criminals in international courts has shaped her politics. ^ "Auckland Girls' Grammar School Newsletter Issue 09/16" (PDF). aggs.school.nz. Auckland Girls' Grammar School. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ a b Stephen, Craig (3 November 2017). "Human rights lawyer vows to defend the defenceless". LawTalk. New Zealand Law Society. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ "Master's in International Human Rights Law – Master in International Human Rights Law (LLM alternative)". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Golriz Ghahraman – United Nations Consultant (International human rights, justice) – United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime – LinkedIn". LinkedIn. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ Dastgheib, Shabnam; van Beynen, Jack (13 September 2015). "Payback time: What refugees are really worth". The Sunday Star-Times. Retrieved 7 October 2017. ^ Kirk, Stacey (28 November 2017). "Golriz Ghahraman explains smiling photo with convicted genocide perpetrator". Stuff. Retrieved 8 October 2018. ^ "Green MP says voters not misled about her role defending alleged Rwandan war criminal". Stuff. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ Quin, Phil (28 November 2017). "The Green MP and the genocide hearings". Newsroom. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ "Drug convictions quashed by Supreme Court". Radio New Zealand. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017. ^ NZSC 189, 1 NZLR 705 (14 December 2015), Supreme Court of New Zealand ^ "Trevor John Momo Wilson v The Queen NZSC 189". Courts of New Zealand. 14 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "Official Count Results – Te Atatū". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ Tokalau, Torika (25 September 2017). "Greens rely on special votes to get Golriz Ghahraman into Parliament". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ Ainge Roy, Eleanor (7 October 2017). "New Zealand election: full results give Labour boost and nation its first refugee MP". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2017. ^ "Address in Reply; Golriz Ghahraman". New Zealand Parliament. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ a b "Green MP under scrutiny for role in Rwandan genocide trials". Radio New Zealand. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ "2020 General Election and Referendums – Official Result Successful Candidates". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ "Mt Roskill – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ "2023 General Election: Successful candidates". Electoral Commission. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "Kelston – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023. ^ a b "Ghahraman, Golriz". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ "Greens unveil portfolio spokespeople". 1 News. 29 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman urges scrutiny of 'who controls purse strings of bigger parties'". Radio New Zealand. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019. ^ "Jami-Lee Ross wants new rules around financial donations to political parties from foreigners". 1 News. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019. ^ "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman calls for voting age to be lowered to 16". Newshub. Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ Small, Zane (6 March 2019). "Golriz Ghahraman: 'We welcome waiting until after 2020 for any changes to MMP'". Newshub. Retrieved 12 March 2019. ^ Coughlan, Thomas (3 August 2022). "Government legal advice finds political donation caps may breach right to freedom of speech". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ "Electoral (Strengthening Democracy) Amendment Bill". New Zealand Parliament. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Scotcher, Katie (25 June 2020). "Prisoner voting bill passes in chaotic night at Parliament". RNZ. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "New Zealand bans foreign political donations amid interference concerns". the Guardian. 3 December 2019. ^ Neilson, Michael (15 November 2022). "Labour and National agree on Māori electoral law change". NZ Herald. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Corlett, Eva (16 January 2024). "New Zealand government rejects Ardern-era bid to lower voting age". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Crump, Philip (10 January 2024). "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman stands aside from portfolios after being accused of shoplifting". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024. ^ Crump, Philip (10 January 2024). "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman stands aside from portfolios after being accused of shoplifting". Newstalk ZB. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024. ^ "Further allegation of shoplifting at Scotties emerges against Golriz Ghahraman". Newshub. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman returns to NZ amid shoplifting claims". 1 News. TVNZ. 15 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ McConnell, Glenn (15 January 2024). "Police investigating Golriz Ghahraman allegation – this time in Wellington". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ McConnell, Glenn (16 January 2024). "Golriz Ghahraman resigns amid shoplifting accusations". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ "Notice of vacancy in seat in House of Representatives". New Zealand Gazette. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. ^ Ghahraman, Golriz (16 January 2024). "Statement from Golriz Ghahraman". Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ "Golriz Gharahman's replacement: Who is Celia Wade-Brown?". The New Zealand Herald. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Doyle, Trent; Mitchell, Travis (17 January 2024). "Golriz Ghahraman charged with two counts of shoplifting". Newshub. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ "Third charge laid after Golriz Ghahraman shoplifting claims". Stuff. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ Hewett, William (29 January 2024). "Green MP Chlöe Swarbrick dismisses social media claim about footage of Golriz Ghahraman allegedly shoplifting". Newshub. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ a b Hewett, William (27 February 2024). "Police reveal new shoplifting charge against ex-Green MP Golriz Ghahraman relates to new store". Newshub. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024. ^ Williams, Caroline (13 March 2024). "Former Green MP Golriz Ghahraman pleads guilty to shoplifting". Stuff. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "Act leader David Seymour taken to task for Golriz Ghahraman comments". The New Zealand Herald. 17 May 2019. ^ "'Don't go': Woman aiming to be NZ's first refugee MP too scared to go to US". Yahoo. 22 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017. ^ Golbakhsh, Ghazaleh. "How my friend Golriz is hoping to change the world". Villainesse. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017. ^ Forrester, Georgia (5 March 2019). "'Kiwi jihadi' Mark Taylor: Should NZ help to bring him home?". Stuff. Retrieved 12 March 2019. ^ "Crimes (Definition of Female Genital Mutilation) Amendment Bill". New Zealand Parliament. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Bhatia, Ripu (12 July 2019). "New Zealand Jewish Council accuses Green Party MP of 'antisemitism'". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ Bradbury, Martin (15 July 2019). "The Green Party are many things, antisemites are not one of them". The Daily Blog. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ "New Zealand MPs take pledge for Palestine". Palestine Post 24. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ Nixon, Jane (16 May 2021). "Golriz Ghahraman condemns NZ Govt, says international humanitarian laws have been breached in Gaza conflict". 1 News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ New Zealand Jewish Council (21 May 2021). "Green Party MPs Use Hamas Slogan". Scoop. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ a b "Green Party motion to call for recognition of Palestine's right to self-determination". Radio New Zealand. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ Manch, Thomas (19 May 2021). "Green Party's motion to declare Palestine a state fails in Parliament". Stuff. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ "NZ leaders respond to Gaza attacks". The Spinoff. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman reveals she has multiple sclerosis". Stuff. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ Mann, Britt (14 June 2020). "Golriz Ghahraman on growing up, Guy Williams, and the power of protest". Stuff. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ McConnell, Glenn (5 September 2021). "Hive life: Golriz Ghahraman and Nicola Willis open up about sacrifices and motiviations". Stuff. ^ Small, Zane (8 June 2021). "Green MP Golriz Ghahraman 'could not be more excited' about new tattoo embracing her Kurdish roots". Newshub. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Golriz Ghahraman: 'I feel such sorrow when I imagine my parents' fate'". The Guardian. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golriz Ghahraman. Green Party profile vteGreen Party of Aotearoa New ZealandParty co-leaders Rod Donald (1995–2005) Russel Norman (2006–2015) James Shaw (2015–2024) Chlöe Swarbrick (2024–present) Jeanette Fitzsimons (1995–2009) Metiria Turei (2009–2017) Marama Davidson (2018–present) Current Green Party caucusNames without electorates are list MPs Marama Davidson Chlöe Swarbrick (Auckland Central) Julie Anne Genter (Rongotai) Teanau Tuiono Lan Pham Ricardo Menéndez March Steve Abel Hūhana Lyndon Scott Willis Darleen Tana Kahurangi Carter Celia Wade-Brown Lawrence Xu-Nan Francisco Hernandez Tamatha Paul (Wellington Central) Former parliamentarians Sue Bradford Steffan Browning Phillida Bunkle David Clendon Barry Coates Efeso Collins Catherine Delahunty Rod Donald Ian Ewen-Street Jeanette Fitzsimons Golriz Ghahraman Kennedy Graham Kevin Hague Gareth Hughes Sue Kedgley Elizabeth Kerekere Keith Locke Jan Logie Mojo Mathers Russel Norman Denise Roche Eugenie Sage James Shaw Nándor Tánczos Metiria Turei Holly Walker Mike Ward Leadership elections 1995 2006 (male) 2009 (female) 2015 (male) 2018 (female) 2021 (male) 2022 2024 Related articles Young Greens of Aotearoa New Zealand Front Bench Values Party Agriculture in New Zealand Alliance Cannabis in New Zealand Corngate Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act Deforestation in New Zealand Environmental education in New Zealand Environmental movement in New Zealand Fifth Labour Government Sixth Labour Government Pollution in New Zealand Teal Deal New Zealand environmental law Wild Greens
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"asylum seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"New Zealand's Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-2"},{"link_name":"New Zealand House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Golriz Ghahraman (Persian: گلریز قهرمان; born 1981) is a former New Zealand politician, lawyer and writer. The former United Nations lawyer was a child asylum seeker, and became the first refugee elected to New Zealand's Parliament.[1] Ghahraman was a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for the Green Party from 2017 to 2024, when she resigned amid shoplifting allegations.","title":"Golriz Ghahraman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-3"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"alternative fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vernon-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-day_in_the_life-5"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vernon-4"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majorityrule-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vernon-4"},{"link_name":"Auckland Girls' Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Girls%27_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggs-7"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawtalk912-8"},{"link_name":"Master of Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ghahraman was born in Iran in 1981.[2] Her family lived in Mashhad, Iran's second largest city, where her father, an agricultural engineer, worked for the Ministry of Agriculture on the research and development of plant-based alternative fuels.[1] Her mother studied as a child psychologist but was ethically opposed to \"psychologists having to pledge allegiance to a religion\" so refused to sit the Islamic examinations required for her to practice and never worked as such.[3][4] Her father was Shia and her mother a Kurdish Sunni, though neither parent was religious.[3]In 1990, following the end of the Iran–Iraq War, nine-year-old Ghahraman and her family left Iran for Malaysia, ostensibly for a holiday.[5] From Malaysia they booked flights to Fiji, with a stopover in Auckland, where they sought political asylum and were accepted as refugees. Her parents later set up a restaurant and a gift shop in Auckland and did not work in their earlier areas of expertise.[3]Ghahraman attended Auckland Girls' Grammar School.[6] She has a Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts in history from the University of Auckland,[7] and a Master of Studies (MSt) degree in International Human Rights Law with Distinction from the University of Oxford.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junior barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawtalk912-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linkedin-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Simon Bikindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bikindi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quin-14"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZSC_189-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZSC_full_judgement-17"}],"text":"Ghahraman entered legal practice in New Zealand working as a junior barrister specialising in criminal defence, describing it as \"the most frontline human rights area of law you can work in practice in in New Zealand; every day you are applying the Bill of Rights Act and you're dealing with unlawful detention, searches and discrimination.\"[7][9]Ghahraman worked as a lawyer for the United Nations as part of both the defence and prosecution teams with the tribunals in Rwanda, Cambodia and The Hague.[10] She had worked on tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, volunteering as an intern; and was assigned to the defence team. Her work on the defence teams of accused and convicted war criminals such as Radovan Karadžić and Simon Bikindi, has caused her controversy, although she has claimed transparency throughout.[11][12][13]Ghahraman returned to New Zealand in 2012 and worked as a barrister, specialising in human rights law and criminal defence. She appeared before the Supreme Court of New Zealand in a case which ultimately led to the police overhauling their rules about undercover operations.[14][15][16]","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Te Atatū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Atat%C5%AB_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_Te_Atat%C5%AB-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special_votes-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"2020 New Zealand election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"2023 New Zealand general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Mount Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roskill_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Kelston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelston_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j822-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j822-27"}],"text":"Ghahraman was selected as a Green party list candidate in January 2017 for the 2017 general election. She was ranked at eight on the Green party list and contested the Te Atatū electorate, where she won 1,413 votes and placed fourth.[17] On the provisional results on election night the Greens did not attain a high enough party vote for Ghahraman to enter Parliament, though a slight increase for the Greens in the special vote saw her allocated a seat.[18] After the Greens gained 0.5% of the vote in special votes she was duly elected to Parliament, in so doing becoming New Zealand's first refugee MP.[19] Her maiden speech, delivered on 15 November 2017, detailed Ghahraman's refugee story and subsequent career as a human rights lawyer.[20]In November 2017, it was revealed that, along with prosecuting war criminals, Ghahraman had also volunteered as an intern for the legal defence team of accused war criminals such as Radovan Karadžić, as part of her work with the United Nations.[21] She defended her role in this work, claiming that her role was necessary to \"maintaining a fair and robust trial process,\" that she was \"proud to have been involved in that tradition of fair and transparent international justice,\" and that, given the choice, she would \"do it again\".[21]Ghahraman was re-elected a Green Party list MP at the 2020 New Zealand election and 2023 New Zealand general election, ranked seventh on the list each time. She contested, unsuccessfully, the Mount Roskill electorate in 2020 and the Kelston electorate in 2023, placing third in each behind their Labour Party incumbents.[22][23][24][25]Ghahraman's portfolio responsibilities within the Green Party included foreign affairs, defence, and justice; she held those roles from 2017 to 2024. She also held responsibility for immigration (2017–2020), customs (2018–2020), ethnic communities (2020–2024) and refugees (2020–2024).[26][27] She sat on the foreign affairs, defence, and trade committee during her entire parliamentary career.[26]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electoral Act 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Act_1993"},{"link_name":"mixed member proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"switch electoral rolls at any time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maori_Electoral_Option"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Winston Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Peters"},{"link_name":"Simon Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"David Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d973-34"},{"link_name":"Labour–New Zealand First coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"re-enfranchised of short-term prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_of_prisoners_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZ_2020-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z5422-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r232-38"}],"sub_title":"Electoral reform","text":"Ghahraman was outspoken on electoral reform issues. In early March 2019, she submitted a member's bill, the Electoral (Strengthening Democracy) Amendment Bill, that proposed reforms to seven areas of the Electoral Act 1993 including lowering the country's mixed member proportional (MMP) threshold from 5% to 4%, giving prisoners the right to vote, limiting the total amount of donations to political parties, banning foreign donations to political parties, allowing Māori voters to switch electoral rolls at any time, and lowering the voting age to 16 years.[28][29][30] Deputy prime minister Winston Peters and Opposition leader Simon Bridges criticised Ghahraman's bill as opportunistic.[31]The Strengthening Democracy bill was drawn from the ballot in mid-May 2022. That August, Attorney-General David Parker expressed concern that the bill's proposed donation cap could potentially breach the right to free speech.[32] The bill was defeated at its first reading in September 2022.[33] Nonetheless, much of the proposals in the bill were progressed. The Labour–New Zealand First coalition government banned foreign donations in 2019 and re-enfranchised of short-term prisoners in 2020;[34][35] the Labour majority government reformed the Māori electoral option in 2022 and introduced, but did not complete, legislation to lower the voting age for local government elections.[36][37]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponsonby,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"James Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shaw_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Marama Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marama_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Celia Wade-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Wade-Brown"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Chlöe Swarbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl%C3%B6e_Swarbrick"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newshub_4th_charge-51"},{"link_name":"Newshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshub"},{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newshub_4th_charge-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Shoplifting and resignation","text":"On 10 January 2024, Ghahraman stood aside from her portfolios after being accused of shoplifting at Scottie's Boutique in Ponsonby.[38][39] On 12 January, a second shoplifting allegation at Scottie's Boutique against Ghahraman was reported. Police later confirmed that they were investigating the first shoplifting incident, which occurred in late December 2023.[40] Green co-leaders James Shaw and Marama Davidson said the party was aware of the shoplifting allegations. On 15 January, a Green party spokesperson said that Ghahraman had returned from an overseas trip to New Zealand that day.[41] That same day, police said they were investigating a third shoplifting allegation involving Ghahraman at the Wellington-based boutique store Cre8iveworx in October 2023.[42]On 16 January 2024, Ghahraman announced her resignation as a member of parliament for the Green Party, effective 18 January.[43][44] In her statement, Ghahraman said a mental health evaluation found that her behaviour was \"not rational in any way\" due to \"an extreme stress response ... relating to previously unrecognised trauma.\" She said, \"I am not trying to excuse my actions, but I do want to explain them. People should, rightly, expect the highest standards of behaviour from their elected representatives. I fell short. I’m sorry\".[45] Her place in Parliament was filled by Celia Wade-Brown, a former Mayor of Wellington, who was the next candidate on the Green Party's list at the 2023 election.[46]On 17 January, Police said Ghahraman had been charged with two counts of shoplifting and that investigations into the allegations were continuing. Ghahraman is due to appear in the Auckland District Court on 1 February 2024.[47] On 23 January, Police announced a third shoplifting charge, relating to alleged offending at a Wellington retailer on 22 October 2023.[48] On 29 January, fellow Green MP Chlöe Swarbrick rejected an online conspiracy theory that she had appeared in CCTV footage of Ghahraman shoplifting at Scottie's Boutique.[49] In total, she is accused of stealing $9978 worth of items under the first three charges.[50]On 27 February, Newshub reported that Ghahraman was facing a fourth shoplifting charge in relation to the theft of a cardigan valued at NZ$389 from Newmarket retailer Standard Issue.[50] On 13 March she pleaded guilty to all four charges.[51]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Views and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACT Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"David Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seymour"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"free expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"David Seymour controversy","text":"In mid-May 2019, ACT Party leader David Seymour sparked controversy with comments made during a radio interview, where he referred to Ghahraman as a \"menace to freedom in [New Zealand]\" and likened her views on hate speech to tactics used by Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler to \"gain power through the suppression of free expression\". The statement drew immediate responses from all political sides of the New Zealand Parliament.[52]","title":"Views and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"travel ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Mark John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_John_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"female genital mutilation in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n775-57"}],"sub_title":"Human rights","text":"Ghahraman spoke out against United States President Donald Trump's travel ban, saying in 2017: \"I wouldn't travel to America right now. I wouldn't want to face what people are facing – held in handcuffs and being interrogated by security forces, [...] I wouldn't want that [border detention] for anyone.\"[53]She believes representation for women and minorities in politics is important: \"Ultimately the sinister face of populism is what really pushed me over the edge to run as a candidate. The hate speech became scary. I knew that representation is important. I knew that to stop the very real attacks against minorities and women, we had to get really active, to support each other, and forge paths. We have to become leaders ourselves.\"[54]In early March 2019, Ghahraman suggested that the New Zealand Government cooperate with any potential Kurdish and United Nations process to bring home captured New Zealand Jihadist Mark John Taylor, who had joined the Islamic State in 2014.[55]She was one of four women MPs from different political parties who co-sponsored legislation banning female genital mutilation in New Zealand in 2020.[56]","title":"Views and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Martyn \"Bomber\" Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_%22Bomber%22_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Israel's occupation of Palestinian land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Teanau Tuiono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanau_Tuiono"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Omer"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Jarrah dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah_controversy"},{"link_name":"Hamas' rocket attacks on Israelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Māori Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Trevor Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Mallard"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZ_Green_Party_motion-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff_Green_Party_motion-64"},{"link_name":"ACT Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Brooke Van Velden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Van_Velden"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Menéndez March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Men%C3%A9ndez_March"},{"link_name":"From the river to the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZ_Green_Party_motion-63"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Israel–Palestine","text":"In mid-July 2019, Ghahraman was accused of anti-Semitism by New Zealand Jewish Council spokesperson Juliet Moses after she published a tweet on 11 July describing Mary and Joseph as Palestinian refugees. Moses alleged that Ghahraman was denying the Jewish connection to the land by not recognising Jesus was Jewish. Ghahraman apologised that her comments had offended the Jewish community, thanking the Jewish community for their support for refugees. A Green Party spokesperson responded that Golriz had apologised for her \"poorly worded remarks\" and said that Ghahraman was going to work with Jewish communities to improve dialogue.[57] In response, left-wing blogger Martyn \"Bomber\" Bradbury defended Ghahraman and the Green Party from accusations of anti-Semitism, arguing that this was an attempt to deflect from Israel's occupation of Palestinian land.[58]In December 2020, Ghahraman joined fellow Green MP Teanau Tuiono and Labour MP Ibrahim Omer in pledging to form a new parliamentary Palestine friendship group to \"raise the voices of Palestinian peoples in the New Zealand Parliament\" during an event organised by the Wellington Palestine advocacy group to mark \"International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinians\".[59]In response to the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Ghahraman criticised what she regarded as the New Zealand Government's slow response in issuing a statement on the conflict. She also criticised Israel for encouraging \"very violent systemic attacks\" on the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem and bombarding Gaza.[60] In response, the New Zealand Jewish Council accused Ghahraman of misrepresenting the Sheikh Jarrah dispute and ignoring Hamas' rocket attacks on Israelis, which in their view made her unfit to serve as the Greens' foreign affairs spokesperson.[61]On 19 May, Ghahraman sponsored a motion calling for members of parliament to recognise the right of Palestinians to self-determination and statehood. The motion was supported by the Greens and the Māori Party but was opposed by the centre-right National and ACT parties. The governing Labour Party also declined to support the Greens' motion with the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard criticising Ghahraman for sponsoring the motion despite knowing that it was going to be voted down.[62][63]In response to criticism by ACT Party deputy leader Brooke Van Velden, Ghahraman also defended fellow Green MP Ricardo Menéndez March's tweet that said: \"From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free!\" Ghahraman claimed that March was defending the rights of both Arabs and Jews to having equal rights in their homeland.[62]In response to the Israel–Hamas war, Ghahraman described the \"scenes in Israel\" as \"heartbreaking\". She stated that \"Nothing justifies targeting or harming civilians. Palestinian armed groups and Israeli forces must make every effort to protect civilians now.\"[64]","title":"Views and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vernon-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-3"}],"sub_title":"Religious beliefs","text":"Ghahraman describes herself as \"agnostic—some days I would say atheist\", noting that \"It was important for me to get up and say I'm actually not religious at all, because the Middle East also has diversity within it\".[3][2]","title":"Views and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Guy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Williams_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"deq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deq_(tattoo)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deq-69"}],"text":"Ghahraman has multiple sclerosis.[65]She was in a relationship with comedian Guy Williams,[66] which ended in late 2020.[67]In June 2021, Ghahraman wrote that she was getting her first Kurdish deq tattoos, stating, \"I could not be more excited to help revive this beautiful indigenous tradition and connect with the incredible proud elders I remember wearing theirs back home. They represent a pre-Islamic culture of strength, nature and the night sky.\"[68]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781775541424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781775541424"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Know Your Place (2020) ISBN 9781775541424[69]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Normally, list MPs do not have individual predecessors or successors, but Ghahraman resigned during a sitting parliament and therefore was succeeded by Wade-Brown.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/300026616/golriz-ghahraman-on-growing-up-guy-williams-and-the-power-of-protest","url_text":"\"Golriz Ghahraman on growing up, Guy Williams, and the power of protest\""}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Glenn (5 September 2021). \"Hive life: Golriz Ghahraman and Nicola Willis open up about sacrifices and motiviations\". Stuff.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/sunday-magazine/people-ideas/300391970/hive-life-golriz-ghahraman-and-nicola-willis-open-up-about-sacrifices-and-motiviations","url_text":"\"Hive life: Golriz Ghahraman and Nicola Willis open up about sacrifices and motiviations\""}]},{"reference":"Small, Zane (8 June 2021). \"Green MP Golriz Ghahraman 'could not be more excited' about new tattoo embracing her Kurdish roots\". Newshub. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2021/06/green-mp-golriz-ghahraman-could-not-be-more-excited-about-new-tattoo-embracing-her-kurdish-roots.html","url_text":"\"Green MP Golriz Ghahraman 'could not be more excited' about new tattoo embracing her Kurdish roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshub","url_text":"Newshub"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925120049/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2021/06/green-mp-golriz-ghahraman-could-not-be-more-excited-about-new-tattoo-embracing-her-kurdish-roots.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Golriz Ghahraman: 'I feel such sorrow when I imagine my parents' fate'\". The Guardian. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/golriz-ghahraman-i-think-of-rage-when-i-imagine-my-parents-fate","url_text":"\"Golriz Ghahraman: 'I feel such sorrow when I imagine my parents' fate'\""}]}]
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Slogan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210520063535/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO2105/S00169/green-party-mps-use-hamas-slogan.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/442887/green-party-motion-to-call-for-recognition-of-palestine-s-right-to-self-determination","external_links_name":"\"Green Party motion to call for recognition of Palestine's right to self-determination\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210520003402/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/442887/green-party-motion-to-call-for-recognition-of-palestine-s-right-to-self-determination","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/125175638/green-partys-motion-to-declare-palestine-a-state-fails-in-parliament","external_links_name":"\"Green Party's motion to declare Palestine a state fails in Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053549/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/125175638/green-partys-motion-to-declare-palestine-a-state-fails-in-parliament","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thespinoff.co.nz/live-updates/08-10-2023/nz-leaders-respond-to-gaza-attacks","external_links_name":"\"NZ leaders respond to Gaza attacks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231008042537/https://thespinoff.co.nz/live-updates/08-10-2023/nz-leaders-respond-to-gaza-attacks","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/119838474/green-mp-golriz-ghahraman-reveals-she-has-multiple-sclerosis","external_links_name":"\"Green MP Golriz Ghahraman reveals she has multiple sclerosis\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/300026616/golriz-ghahraman-on-growing-up-guy-williams-and-the-power-of-protest","external_links_name":"\"Golriz Ghahraman on growing up, Guy Williams, and the power of protest\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/sunday-magazine/people-ideas/300391970/hive-life-golriz-ghahraman-and-nicola-willis-open-up-about-sacrifices-and-motiviations","external_links_name":"\"Hive life: Golriz Ghahraman and Nicola Willis open up about sacrifices and motiviations\""},{"Link":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2021/06/green-mp-golriz-ghahraman-could-not-be-more-excited-about-new-tattoo-embracing-her-kurdish-roots.html","external_links_name":"\"Green MP Golriz Ghahraman 'could not be more excited' about new tattoo embracing her Kurdish roots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925120049/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2021/06/green-mp-golriz-ghahraman-could-not-be-more-excited-about-new-tattoo-embracing-her-kurdish-roots.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/golriz-ghahraman-i-think-of-rage-when-i-imagine-my-parents-fate","external_links_name":"\"Golriz Ghahraman: 'I feel such sorrow when I imagine my parents' fate'\""},{"Link":"https://www.greens.org.nz/golriz_ghahraman","external_links_name":"Green Party profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingrove_Hillclimb
Collingrove Hillclimb
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°33′22″S 139°6′4″E / 34.55611°S 139.10111°E / -34.55611; 139.10111 Collingrove HillclimbLocationAngaston, South AustraliaTime zoneUTC+9.5 (UTC+10.5 DST)Coordinates34°33′22″S 139°6′4″E / 34.55611°S 139.10111°E / -34.55611; 139.10111Opened1952Major EventsAustralian Hillclimb Championship South Australian Hillclimb ChampionshipHill Length750 metres (820 yd)Turns9Hill Record27.25 (Brett Hayward, Hayward, 14 September 2014) Collingrove Hillclimb is a motor sport facility located in South Australia's Barossa Valley. It is situated approximately 7 km south of Angaston, off the Angaston — Mount Pleasant Road, and is owned and operated by the Sporting Car Club of South Australia. It has been in operation since 1952. The opening meeting was held on 15 March 1952 with J. F. Crouch in a Cooper Mark 5 setting a record for the course of 39.95 seconds. Collingrove has regularly held Australian Hillclimb Championships and attracted some of Australia's well known motor sport competitors including Eldred Norman, Peter Hollinger, Stan Keen, Norm Beechey and more. The outright hill record is currently held by Brett Hayward driving a Hayward. Other drivers who have previously held the track record include past Australian Hillclimb Champions Kym Rohrlach (VW special), Stan Keen (Elfin) and Peter Gumley (SCV). The track itself is 750 m of challenging asphalt, climbing nearly 70 m from the start line to the finish. The club has recently upgraded the return road with an asphalt surface. For spectators the track offers many vantage points and picnic areas. Each year there are Multiclub Events, the four round Wintercup series, Come & Try Days and the South Australian Hillclimb Championships. Collingrove was the venue of the 2017 Australian Hillclimb Championship. Commemorative plaque The startline (driver's view) The startline (spectator view) The Dip The Wall References ^ The First Public Meeting Retrieved on 15 October 2011 ^ a b c d e Collingrove Hillclimb Records, Official Programme, 2017 CAMS Applewood Distillery Australian Hillclimb Championships, Collingrove Hillclimb, South Australia, 27th-29th October 2017 ^ Pedr Davis, The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring, 1986, page 93 ^ 6,500 WATCH HILL CLIMBING, The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1954) Saturday 15 March 1952, Page 31 As archived at trove.nla.gov.au Collingrove Hillclimb Sporting Car Club of SA Inc External links Collingrove Hillclimb (unofficial site) Phil Williams Media & Marketing - Images from the 2010 Australian Hillclimb Championship
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior
Project Runway: Junior
["1 Contestants (Season 1)","2 Challenges","3 Episodes","3.1 Episode 1: Welcome to New York","3.2 Episode 2: An Unconventional Carwash!","3.3 Episode 3: Teamwork is Hard","3.4 Episode 4: OMG! That's Michelle Obama","3.5 Episode 5: Race to the Red Carpet","3.6 Episode 6: Superstar Clients","3.7 Episode 7: #OOTD","3.8 Episode 8: Make A Statement","3.9 Episode 9: Finale, Part 1","3.10 Episode 10: Finale Part 2","4 References","5 External links"]
Project Runway: JuniorGenreReality televisionPresented byTim Gunn Hannah Jeter (née Davis)JudgesChristian Siriano Kelly Osbourne Aya KanaiCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes20ProductionExecutive producersBob Weinstein Harvey Weinstein Patrick Reardon Barbara Schneeweiss Sara Rea Tim Gunn Jane Cha Desiree Gruber Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue David HillmanProduction locationLos Angeles Fashion Institute of Design & MerchandisingProduction companyThe Weinstein Company TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkLifetimeReleaseNovember 12, 2015 (2015-11-12) –February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23) Project Runway: Junior is an American reality television series that premiered on November 12, 2015 on Lifetime. It is the eighth direct spin-off series of another series, Project Runway, which airs on the same network. It featured twelve teen designers aged between 13 and 17. The designers were described by Tim Gunn as "kids have grown up watching this show" (Project Runway). The show was cohosted by Tim Gunn and Hannah Jeter, with Gunn also serving as the designers' workroom mentor. In his role as mentor, Tim Gunn had a "Tim Gunn Save" with which he could bring back an eliminated designer once during the season at his discretion. The three judges were fashion designer Christian Siriano (Project Runway Season 4's winner), fashion critic and designer Kelly Osbourne and Aya Kanai, Executive Fashion Director at Cosmopolitan and Seventeen magazines. Of note, unlike other versions of Project Runway, the only episode with a guest judge was the finale. According to Executive Producer Sara Rea, Project Runway: Junior is a re-creation of the original adult series with no concessions in the difficulty of challenges or critiques being made for the contestants' ages. The unconventional challenge featured items from a car wash and one challenge was introduced by First Lady Michelle Obama. The winner of Project Runway: Junior received a full scholarship to the prestigious Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in California, a complete home sewing and crafting studio provided by Brother, a feature in Seventeen Magazine and a $25,000 cash prize to help launch their line plus a Visionworks shopping spree. In May 2016, Lifetime renewed Project Runway: Junior for a second and third season in a deal with The Weinstein Company. Season of television series Project Runway: JuniorNo. of tasks10No. of contestants12WinnerMaya No. of episodes10ReleaseOriginal networkLifetimeOriginal releaseNovember 12, 2015 (2015-11-12) –February 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)Season chronologyNext →Season 2 Contestants (Season 1) Name Age Hometown Placement Sami 16 Westlake Village, California 12th Ysabel 17 Cerritos, California 11th Jesse 16 Swampscott, Massachusetts 9th/10th Victoria 17 Westlake, Ohio 9th/10th Matt 17 Manhattan Beach, California 8th Bridget 16 Brockton, Massachusetts 7th Jaxson 15 Minneapolis, Kansas 6th/5th Zach 16 Louisville, Kentucky 6th/5th Zachary 16 Berkeley, California 4th Peytie 15 Carlsbad, California 3rd Samantha 16 Queens, New York Runner-up Maya 14 Toledo, Ohio Winner Challenges Elimination Chart Designers 1 2 31 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eliminated Episode Maya HIGH IN LOW HIGH WIN LOW WIN WIN ADV WINNER 10 - Finale, Part 2 Samantha WIN HIGH LOW IN HIGH HIGH WIN LOW ADV RUNNER-UP Peytie IN HIGH LOW WIN WIN IN HIGH HIGH ADV 3RD PLACE Zachary IN WIN HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH SAFE ADV 4TH PLACE Jaxson HIGH IN HIGH LOW HIGH LOW OUT 7 - #OOTD Zach LOW IN HIGH IN HIGH WIN OUT Bridget IN IN WIN IN HIGH OUT 6 - Superstar Clients Matt IN LOW LOW IN OUT 5 - Race to the Red Carpet Victoria LOW IN HIGH OUT 4 - OMG! That's Michelle Obama Jesse IN HIGH LOW OUT Ysabel IN OUT 2 - Unconventional Car Wash Sami OUT 1 - Welcome to New York Results   The designer won Project Runway: Junior Season 1.   The designer advanced to Fashion Week.   The designer won that challenge.   The designer had the second highest score for that challenge.   The designer had one of the highest scores for that challenge, but did not win.   The designer had one of the lowest scores for that challenge, but was not eliminated.   The designer was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.   The designer lost and was eliminated.   The designer lost, but was brought back to the competition by Tim Gunn. ^Note 1 : Although on the losing team, Maya and Jesse received positive feedback about their designs. Episodes Episode 1: Welcome to New York Original airdate: November 12, 2015 The next generation of up-and-coming fashionistas, ages 13 to 17, will be mentored by Emmy® Award winner Tim Gunn, who cohosts alongside supermodel Hannah Davis. WINNER: Samantha ELIMINATED: Sami Episode 2: An Unconventional Carwash! Original airdate: November 19, 2015 In Project Runway: Junior's first ever unconventional challenge, the young designers must create garments out of materials found at a carwash. Who will be inspired by the microfiber, tubing and sponges and who will be washed out of the competition? WINNER: Zachary ELIMINATED: Ysabel Episode 3: Teamwork is Hard Original airdate: December 3, 2015 The designers are divided into two teams of five and must create cohesive mini collections inspired by the decades. When one team gets off to a bad start, they find themselves going back to the drawing board...more than once!!! WINNER: Bridget ELIMINATED: None Episode 4: OMG! That's Michelle Obama Original airdate: December 10, 2015 First Lady Michelle Obama surprises the designers with one of the most exciting challenges of the season when one winning design will be manufactured and sold on Land's End to benefit the Peace Corps' initiative, Let Girls Learn. WINNER: Peytie ELIMINATED: Jesse & Victoria Episode 5: Race to the Red Carpet Original airdate: December 17, 2015 The designers are tasked with creating a red carpet look in only five short hours. Tim brings in some talented surprise guests to help them get the job done! WINNERS: Maya & Peytie ELIMINATED: Matt Episode 6: Superstar Clients Original airdate: January 7, 2016 The designers get up close and personal with the Knicks City Dancers, who are their clients for this challenge. For some of the designers, working with clients for the first time proves to be harder than they thought. WINNER: Zach ELIMINATED: Bridget Episode 7: #OOTD Original airdate: January 14, 2016 The designers hit the streets of New York to find their muses. They must use their muses "Outfits of the Day" as their inspiration. All of the judges struggle with one of the most emotional eliminations of the season. WINNER: Maya & Samantha ELIMINATED: Jaxson & Zach Episode 8: Make A Statement Original airdate: January 21, 2016 In the final challenge, which determines who moves forward to compete during New York Fashion Week, the designers must create a look that makes a personal statement. The pressure gets to some of them as they realize how close they are to the finale. ADVANCE: Maya, Samantha and Peytie SAVE: Zachary Episode 9: Finale, Part 1 Original airdate: January 28, 2016 The final designers head home to create collections for New York fashion week. Tim brings them back to New York for a check in halfway through, and the judges give them last minute advice before the big show. ADVANCE: Maya, Samantha, Peytie, and Zachary ELIMINATED: No One Episode 10: Finale Part 2 Original airdate: February 4, 2016 The teen designers put the final touches on their collections and then show at New York Fashion week. The winner of the very first Project Runway: Junior is announced! WINNER: Maya RUNNER-UP: Samantha 3RD PLACE: Peytie 4TH PLACE: Zachary References ^ Whitney Friedlander (November 12, 2015). "'Project Runway Juniors': Tim Gunn Mentors 'Project Runway' Spinoff Show - Variety". Variety. Retrieved November 14, 2015. ^ a b "About Project Runway: Junior". Lifetime. Retrieved October 16, 2016. ^ Anne Easton (November 12, 2015). "'Project Runway Junior' E.P. Discusses the Fashion Comp's Inaugural Season". Observer. Retrieved November 14, 2015. ^ "'Project Runway' Renewed by Lifetime for 3 Seasons in Big Deal with Weinstein Co. That Includes 'All Stars', 'Jr' & 'Fashion Inc'". May 26, 2016. External links Project Runway: Junior Official Website Project Runway: Junior at IMDb Aya Kanai's website Let Girls Learn website vteProject RunwaySeasonsOriginal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 All Stars 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Junior 1 2 ContestantsWinnersOriginal Jay McCarroll Chloe Dao Jeffrey Sebelia Christian Siriano* Leanne Marshall Irina Shabayeva Seth Aaron Henderson Gretchen Jones Anya Ayoung-Chee* Dmitry Sholokhov Michelle Lesniak Dom Streater Sean Kelly Ashley Nell Tipton Erin Robertson Kentaro Kameyama Sebastian Grey Geoffrey Mac Shantall Lacayo Bishme Cromartie All Stars Mondo Guerra* Anthony Ryan Auld Seth Aaron Henderson Dmitry Sholokhov Dom Streater Anthony Williams Michelle Lesniak Junior Maya Chelsea Austin Scarlett* Bradon McDonald Candice Cuoco Carol Hannah Whitfield Chris March Christopher Straub* Daniel Franco Daniel Vosovic* Dexter Simmons Diana Eng Elena Slivnyak* Elisa Jimenez Emilio Sosa Garo Sparo Jack Mackenroth Kara Janx Kayne Gillaspie Keith Michael Kelli Martin Kevin Johnn Korto Momolu Laura Bennett Malan Breton Michael Costello Mila Hermanovski Mychael Knight* Nick Verreos Nicolas Putvinski Santino Rice Stephen "Suede" Baum Steven Rosengard Uli Herzner Wendy Pepper International Project Runway Algeria Designerspirene Muodin huipulle 1 2 Project Catwalk (Netherlands) Project Catwalk (UK) 1 2 3 Projeto Fashion (Brazil) Project Runway Australia 1 2 3 4 Project Runway Arab World Project Runway Canada 1 2 Project Runway Israel Project Runway Korea Project Runway Latin America Project Runway Malaysia 1 Project Runway New Zealand Project Runway Philippines 1 2 3 4 Project Runway Poland Projecto Moda (Portugal) Project Runway Thailand Project Runway Vietnam Spin-offs Project Runway: Fashion Startup Models of the Runway On the Road with Austin & Santino Project Accessory Project Runway: Threads Tim Gunn's Guide to Style Under the Gunn Starring Heidi Klum Tim Gunn Nina Garcia Michael Kors Zac Posen Rachel Roy Karlie Kloss Brandon Maxwell Christian Siriano Elaine Welteroth Italics indicate All Star contestants * Asterisk indicate Fan Favorite-voted contestants on their season vteLifetime original programmingCurrent Married at First Sight (since 2017) Former1980s-1990s debuts Lifetime Medical Television (1983–93) Dr. Ruth (1984–91) Attitudes (1985–92) The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd (1989–91) Supermarket Sweep (1990–95) Shop 'til You Drop (1991–94) Confessions of Crime (1991) Veronica Clare (1991) Born Lucky (1992–93) Intimate Portrait (1994–2005) Women of the House (1995) Debt (1996–98) Kids These Days (1996–98) Denise Austin's Daily Workout (1997–2008) WNBA on Lifetime (1997–2000) Any Day Now (1998–2002) Maggie (1998) Oh Baby (1998–2000) 2000s debuts Who Knows You Best? (2000–01) Strong Medicine (2000–06) The Division (2001–04) Unsolved Mysteries (2001–02) For the People (2002–03) What Should You Do? (2003–06) The Golden Girls: Their Greatest Moments (2003) The Designing Women Reunion (2003) Wild Card (2003–05) 1-800-Missing (2003–06) Missing (2003–06) How Clean Is Your House? (2004–05) I Married a Princess (2005) Beach Girls (2005) Cheerleader Nation (2006) Lovespring International (2006) Angela's Eyes (2006) Monarch Cove (2006) Blood Ties (2007) Get Married (2007) Army Wives (2007–13) Gay, Straight or Taken? (2007) Side Order of Life (2007) State of Mind (2007) America's Psychic Challenge (2007) How to Look Good Naked (2008) Rita Rocks (2008–09) Blush: The Search for the Next Great Makeup Artist (2008) DietTribe (2009) Project Runway (2009–17) Project Runway: All-Star Challenge (2009) Drop Dead Diva (2009–14) Models of the Runway (2009–10) Sherri (2009) 2010s debuts On the Road with Austin & Santino (2010) The Fairy Jobmother (2010) Marry Me (2010) Seriously Funny Kids (2011) Coming Home (2011–12) Four of a Kind (2011) Glamour Belles (2011) The Protector (2011) Roseanne's Nuts (2011) Against the Wall (2011) Picker Sisters (2011) Russian Dolls (2011) Project Accessory (2011) America's Supernanny (2011–13) America's Most Wanted (2011–12) Dance Moms (2011–19) Dance Moms: Miami (2012) The Client List (2012–13) Bristol Palin: Life's a Tripp (2012) The Week the Women Went (2012) Project Runway All Stars (2012–17) Prom Queens (2012) Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition (2012–13) My Life is a Lifetime Movie (2012) The Houstons: On Our Own (2012–13) Teen Trouble (2012–13) Double Divas (2013) Pretty Wicked Moms (2013) Devious Maids (2013–16) Supermarket Superstar (2013) Witches of East End (2013–14) Chasing Nashville (2013) Kim of Queens (2014–2015) Betty White's Off Their Rockers (2014–17) Under the Gunn (2014) True Tori (2014) The Lottery (2014) Raising Asia (2014) Project Runway: Threads (2014) The Sisterhood: Becoming Nuns (2014) Little Women: LA (2014–19) Child Genius (2015–16) The Lizzie Borden Chronicles (2015) Unreal (2015–18) Living with the Enemy (2015) Little Women: Atlanta (2016-21) Little Women: Dallas (2016–17) Little Women: NY (2015–16) Fashionably Late with Rachel Zoe (2015) Preachers' Daughters (2013–15) The Jacksons: Next Generation (2015) Pitch Slapped (2016) Mother/Daughter Experiment (2016) Project Runway: Fashion Startup (2016) American Beauty Star (2017-19) Hoarders (2016–17) Growing Up Supermodel (2017) Mary Kills People (2017–18) NWSL Game of the Week (2017–18) You (2018) Bring It! 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Project Runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Runway"},{"link_name":"designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_designer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tim Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Hannah Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Jeter"},{"link_name":"Christian Siriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Siriano"},{"link_name":"Project Runway Season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Aya Kanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Kanai"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Seventeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Design_%26_Merchandising"},{"link_name":"Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Industries"},{"link_name":"Visionworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionworks_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"The Weinstein Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Project Runway: Junior is an American reality television series that premiered on November 12, 2015 on Lifetime. It is the eighth direct spin-off series of another series, Project Runway, which airs on the same network. It featured twelve teen designers aged between 13 and 17. The designers were described by Tim Gunn as \"kids [who] have grown up watching this show\" (Project Runway).[1]The show was cohosted by Tim Gunn and Hannah Jeter, with Gunn also serving as the designers' workroom mentor. In his role as mentor, Tim Gunn had a \"Tim Gunn Save\" with which he could bring back an eliminated designer once during the season at his discretion. The three judges were fashion designer Christian Siriano (Project Runway Season 4's winner), fashion critic and designer Kelly Osbourne and Aya Kanai, Executive Fashion Director at Cosmopolitan and Seventeen magazines. Of note, unlike other versions of Project Runway, the only episode with a guest judge was the finale.[2]According to Executive Producer Sara Rea, Project Runway: Junior is a re-creation of the original adult series with no concessions in the difficulty of challenges or critiques being made for the contestants' ages. The unconventional challenge featured items from a car wash and one challenge was introduced by First Lady Michelle Obama.[3] The winner of Project Runway: Junior received a full scholarship to the prestigious Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in California, a complete home sewing and crafting studio provided by Brother, a feature in Seventeen Magazine and a $25,000 cash prize to help launch their line plus a Visionworks shopping spree.[2]In May 2016, Lifetime renewed Project Runway: Junior for a second and third season in a deal with The Weinstein Company.[4]Season of television series","title":"Project Runway: Junior"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contestants (Season 1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^Note 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"text":"Results\n  The designer won Project Runway: Junior Season 1.\n  The designer advanced to Fashion Week.\n  The designer won that challenge.\n  The designer had the second highest score for that challenge.\n  The designer had one of the highest scores for that challenge, but did not win.\n  The designer had one of the lowest scores for that challenge, but was not eliminated.\n  The designer was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.\n  The designer lost and was eliminated.\n  The designer lost, but was brought back to the competition by Tim Gunn.^Note 1 : Although on the losing team, Maya and Jesse received positive feedback about their designs.","title":"Challenges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 1: Welcome to New York","text":"Original airdate: November 12, 2015The next generation of up-and-coming fashionistas, ages 13 to 17, will be mentored by Emmy® Award winner Tim Gunn, who cohosts alongside supermodel Hannah Davis.WINNER: Samantha\nELIMINATED: Sami","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 2: An Unconventional Carwash!","text":"Original airdate: November 19, 2015In Project Runway: Junior's first ever unconventional challenge, the young designers must create garments out of materials found at a carwash. Who will be inspired by the microfiber, tubing and sponges and who will be washed out of the competition?WINNER: Zachary\nELIMINATED: Ysabel","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 3: Teamwork is Hard","text":"Original airdate: December 3, 2015The designers are divided into two teams of five and must create cohesive mini collections inspired by the decades. When one team gets off to a bad start, they find themselves going back to the drawing board...more than once!!!WINNER: Bridget\nELIMINATED: None","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Land's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Let Girls Learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Girls_Learn"}],"sub_title":"Episode 4: OMG! That's Michelle Obama","text":"Original airdate: December 10, 2015First Lady Michelle Obama surprises the designers with one of the most exciting challenges of the season when one winning design will be manufactured and sold on Land's End to benefit the Peace Corps' initiative, Let Girls Learn.WINNER: Peytie\nELIMINATED: Jesse & Victoria","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 5: Race to the Red Carpet","text":"Original airdate: December 17, 2015The designers are tasked with creating a red carpet look in only five short hours. Tim brings in some talented surprise guests to help them get the job done!WINNERS: Maya & Peytie\nELIMINATED: Matt","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 6: Superstar Clients","text":"Original airdate: January 7, 2016The designers get up close and personal with the Knicks City Dancers, who are their clients for this challenge. For some of the designers, working with clients for the first time proves to be harder than they thought.WINNER: Zach\nELIMINATED: Bridget","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 7: #OOTD","text":"Original airdate: January 14, 2016The designers hit the streets of New York to find their muses. They must use their muses \"Outfits of the Day\" as their inspiration. All of the judges struggle with one of the most emotional eliminations of the season.WINNER: Maya & Samantha\nELIMINATED: Jaxson & Zach","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 8: Make A Statement","text":"Original airdate: January 21, 2016In the final challenge, which determines who moves forward to compete during New York Fashion Week, the designers must create a look that makes a personal statement. The pressure gets to some of them as they realize how close they are to the finale.ADVANCE: Maya, Samantha and Peytie\nSAVE: Zachary","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 9: Finale, Part 1","text":"Original airdate: January 28, 2016The final designers head home to create collections for New York fashion week. Tim brings them back to New York for a check in halfway through, and the judges give them last minute advice before the big show.ADVANCE: Maya, Samantha, Peytie, and Zachary\nELIMINATED: No One","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 10: Finale Part 2","text":"Original airdate: February 4, 2016The teen designers put the final touches on their collections and then show at New York Fashion week. The winner of the very first Project Runway: Junior is announced!WINNER: Maya\nRUNNER-UP: Samantha\n3RD PLACE: Peytie\n4TH PLACE: Zachary","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_temperance_fountain
Henry D. Cogswell
["1 Life","2 Philanthropy","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
Henry D. CogswellHenry D. Cogswell, ca. 1850-52Born(1820-03-03)March 3, 1820Tolland, Connecticut, USDiedJuly 8, 1900(1900-07-08) (aged 80)OccupationDentistKnown forTemperance Henry Daniel Cogswell (March 3, 1820 – July 8, 1900) was an American dentist and a crusader in the temperance movement. Cogswell and his wife Caroline also founded Cogswell College in San Jose, California. Another campus in Everett, Washington was later dedicated in his honor. Life Born in Tolland, Connecticut, as a youth, he worked in the New England cotton mills and studied by night. He became a dentist in Providence, Rhode Island at age 26. When the California Gold Rush started, the Cogswell family decided to go west. They did not do any mining themselves. He offered dentistry services to miners and invested in real estate and mining stocks, becoming one of San Francisco's first millionaires. A pioneer in his field, Cogswell designed the vacuum method of securing dental plates and was the first in California to perform a dental operation using chloroform. Philanthropy Temperance fountains by Henry D. CogswellBoston Common, ca. 1890Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894Tompkins Square Park, New York CityPawtucket, Rhode IslandWashington, D.C. Cogswell believed that if people had access to cool drinking water they wouldn't consume alcoholic beverages. It was his dream to construct one temperance fountain for every 100 saloons across the United States, and many were built. These drinking fountains were elaborate structures built of granite that Cogswell designed himself. Cogswell's fountains are found in Washington, D.C., Tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then razed at: Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, (removed 1900) Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, San Jose, California, and San Francisco (California and Market Streets). The concept of providing drinking fountains as alternatives to saloons was later implemented by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. These grandiose statues were not well received by the communities where they were placed. Washington, DC's Temperance Fountain has been called "the city's ugliest statue" and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts. Along with this, many of the fountains were installed incorrectly leading to a hot, high velocity water jet rather than the cool slow stream promised by Cogswell. Many of the fountains were later found to have bacterial contamination and were subsequently shut down. Although the D.C. statue survived mostly unscathed, the San Francisco one was torn down by "a lynch party of self-professed art lovers" including Gelett Burgess (who was subsequently fired from his job at University of California at Berkeley) and one in Rockville, Connecticut, was thrown into Shenipsic Lake. In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell that sat in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900 and buried under the ground of a planned sidewalk. The next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. However, when new sidewalks were laid in the early 2000s, the statue was not found. All surviving fountains have since been disconnected. Death and legacy Cogswell's tomb in Oakland Cogswell also designed the statue for his own tomb, a 400-ton granite tower, complete with fountains and statues of Hope, Faith, Charity and Temperance. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. The diaries of Cogswell and his wife Caroline cover 37 years (1860–1897) and are an unusually long and consistent record of busy personal and financial life in the western United States. They are kept at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. References ^ "Historical Overview". Cogswell Polytechnical College. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007. ^ a b Foster, Lee (April 6, 2004). "Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved June 10, 2007. ^ "Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ CA000016 OR CA000029 - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System ^ "FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014. ^ "God's Free Gift to Man and Beast". Read the Plaque. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ Duffy, Kathrinne. "God's Free Gift to Man and Beast". Rhode Tour. Brown Center for Public Humanities and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Cogswell Fountain, (sculpture)". Save Outdoor Sculpture, Rhode Island survey. 1993. Retrieved August 9, 2011. ^ Elizabeth J. Johnson; James L. Wheaton; Susan L. Reed (2003). Pawtucket: Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7385-1287-7. ^ Monica Polanco (August 4, 2005). "Dr. Cogswell Returns To Central Park". The Hartford Courant. ^ Rowe, Jason (May 19, 2006). "Cogswell Fountain restoration earns RDA an award". Journal Inquirer. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ "Current News of the Fine Arts" (PDF). The New York Times. January 14, 1894. ^ Jane Holtz Kay (2006). Lost Boston. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-55849-527-2. cogswell fountain boston. ^ American architect and architecture. Vol. 41. 1893. p. 918. ^ Reports of proceedings ... Municipal Printing Office. 1901. ^ Kent Seavey (2005). Pacific Grove. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2964-6. ^ "Pacific Grove: The Chautauqua Years / Birdseye View of Pacific Grove". Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History. September 8, 2005. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ Carlson, Eric (June 20, 2005). "Statue of Yore". San Jose Inside. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ "Image Breakers: Dr. Cogswell's Stature Overturned Under Shadow of Night By a Silent Gang of Hoodlum Miscreants". San Francisco Call. January 3, 1894. p. 8. ^ "Temperance Water Fountain". Read the Plaque. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ Krinehart (March 28, 2013). "Petaluma and the WCTU". Sonoma County Library. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Weeding Out Bad Sculpture" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1894. ^ "...Toasted Temperance". Washington Post. September 21, 2003. pp. C02. Retrieved June 10, 2007. ^ Rash, Bryson (1983). Footnote Washington. EPM Publications. ISBN 0-914440-62-4. ^ "Many Thirsty Ones Suffer Disappointment at Cogswell Fountain". Fall River Daily Evening News. June 28, 1909. ^ Why Does Everybody Hate This Drinking Fountain?, retrieved February 1, 2024 ^ Kitsock, Greg (January 3, 1992). "Fountain of Hooch". Washington City Paper. Retrieved October 10, 2009. ^ Ciparelli, Jessica (November 1, 2005). "Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park". Rockville Reminder. Retrieved June 10, 2007. ^ "Monument Park". Geocaching.org. Retrieved June 10, 2007. ^ Cohn, Abby (January 5, 2001). "They're 6 Feet Under, But Pioneers Draw Crowds to Oakland". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 10, 2007. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry D. Cogswell. Cogswell Papers at the Bancroft Library Cogswell Family Association eccentric dentist from San Francisco who made a fortune from real estate and mining stocks, donated a life-sized zinc statue of himself holding a glass of water in one hand Frederick C. Moffatt, "The Intemperate Patronage of Henry D. Cogswell", Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 27, No. 2/3 (Summer - Autumn, 1992), pp. 123–143 Carol A. Grissom (2009). Zinc sculpture in America, 1850-1950. Associated University Presse. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-87413-031-7.
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Cogswell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolland, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"cotton mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_mill"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"dental plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plate"},{"link_name":"chloroform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-college-1"}],"text":"Born in Tolland, Connecticut, as a youth, he worked in the New England cotton mills and studied by night. He became a dentist in Providence, Rhode Island at age 26. When the California Gold Rush started, the Cogswell family decided to go west. They did not do any mining themselves. He offered dentistry services to miners and invested in real estate and mining stocks, becoming one of San Francisco's first millionaires. A pioneer in his field, Cogswell designed the vacuum method of securing dental plates and was the first in California to perform a dental operation using chloroform.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_Massachusetts._Boston_Common._Cogswell_drinking_fountain_Digital_Commonwealth_df65xs507.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cogswell_fountain_incident,_San_Francisco_Call.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temperance_Fountain_Tompkins_Sq_Park_from_north.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temperance_Fountain,_Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temperance_Fountain_(4aac9026-1fb8-417e-b41c-0a025fe5b774).jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Fountain,_Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"temperance fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_fountain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant-2"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Fountain,_Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"Tompkins Square Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Park"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Washington Square, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Square_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rockville, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pacific Grove, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"San Francisco (California and Market Streets)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Women's Christian Temperance Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC's Temperance Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Fountain,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Gelett Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelett_Burgess"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hooch-27"},{"link_name":"Rockville, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dubuque, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Washington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park,_Dubuque"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Temperance fountains by Henry D. CogswellBoston Common, ca. 1890Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894Tompkins Square Park, New York CityPawtucket, Rhode IslandWashington, D.C.Cogswell believed that if people had access to cool drinking water they wouldn't consume alcoholic beverages. It was his dream to construct one temperance fountain for every 100 saloons across the United States, and many were built.[2] These drinking fountains were elaborate structures built of granite that Cogswell designed himself.Cogswell's fountains are found in Washington, D.C., Tompkins Square Park New York City,[3] Washington Square, San Francisco[4][5] Pawtucket, Rhode Island,[6][7][8][9] and Rockville, Connecticut.[2][10][11]\nOther examples were erected and then razed at: Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common,[12][13][14] (removed 1900)[15] Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California,[16][17] San Jose, California,[18] and San Francisco (California and Market Streets).[19] The concept of providing drinking fountains as alternatives to saloons was later implemented by the Women's Christian Temperance Union.[20][21]These grandiose statues were not well received by the communities where they were placed.[22] Washington, DC's Temperance Fountain has been called \"the city's ugliest statue\"[23] and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts.[24] Along with this, many of the fountains were installed incorrectly leading to a hot, high velocity water jet rather than the cool slow stream promised by Cogswell.[25] Many of the fountains were later found to have bacterial contamination and were subsequently shut down.[26]Although the D.C. statue survived mostly unscathed, the San Francisco one was torn down by \"a lynch party of self-professed art lovers\" including Gelett Burgess (who was subsequently fired from his job at University of California at Berkeley)[27] and one in Rockville, Connecticut, was thrown into Shenipsic Lake.[28] In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell that sat in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900 and buried under the ground of a planned sidewalk. The next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. However, when new sidewalks were laid in the early 2000s, the statue was not found.[29] All surviving fountains have since been disconnected.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-Oakland-Mountain_View_Cemetery-Tomb_of_Henry_Daniel_and_Caroline_Cogswell-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mountain View Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_Cemetery_(Oakland,_California)"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bancroft Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Library"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"}],"text":"Cogswell's tomb in OaklandCogswell also designed the statue for his own tomb, a 400-ton granite tower, complete with fountains and statues of Hope, Faith, Charity and Temperance. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.[30]The diaries of Cogswell and his wife Caroline cover 37 years (1860–1897) and are an unusually long and consistent record of busy personal and financial life in the western United States. They are kept at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.","title":"Death and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Cogswell's tomb in Oakland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/USA-Oakland-Mountain_View_Cemetery-Tomb_of_Henry_Daniel_and_Caroline_Cogswell-2.jpg/150px-USA-Oakland-Mountain_View_Cemetery-Tomb_of_Henry_Daniel_and_Caroline_Cogswell-2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Historical Overview\". Cogswell Polytechnical College. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609130631/http://www.cogswell.edu/historicalOverview.html","url_text":"\"Historical Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.cogswell.edu/historicalOverview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Lee (April 6, 2004). \"Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project\". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockvillect.com/Cogswell/fountain.htm","url_text":"\"Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant","url_text":"The Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"\"Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain\". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/tompkinssquarepark/highlights/12753","url_text":"\"Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111419/http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000120.htm","url_text":"\"FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California\""},{"url":"http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000120.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\". Read the Plaque. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://readtheplaque.com/plaque/god-s-free-gift-to-man-and-beast","url_text":"\"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Kathrinne. \"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\". Rhode Tour. Brown Center for Public Humanities and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhodetour.org/items/show/31","url_text":"\"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University","url_text":"Brown Center for Public Humanities and Cultural Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"Cogswell Fountain, (sculpture)\". Save Outdoor Sculpture, Rhode Island survey. 1993. Retrieved August 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!313541~!4&ri=1&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Rhode+Island+--+Pawtucket&index=&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1#focus","url_text":"\"Cogswell Fountain, (sculpture)\""}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth J. Johnson; James L. Wheaton; Susan L. Reed (2003). Pawtucket: Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7385-1287-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X18rDYTIQzoC&q=cogswell+fountain+pawtucket&pg=PA78","url_text":"Pawtucket: Images of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-1287-7","url_text":"978-0-7385-1287-7"}]},{"reference":"Monica Polanco (August 4, 2005). \"Dr. Cogswell Returns To Central Park\". The Hartford Courant.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.courant.com/2005-08-04/news/0508040578_1_statue-fountain-temperance","url_text":"\"Dr. Cogswell Returns To Central Park\""}]},{"reference":"Rowe, Jason (May 19, 2006). \"Cogswell Fountain restoration earns RDA an award\". Journal Inquirer. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smartgrowthforvernon.org/vnews/2006/05-19-cogswell.html","url_text":"\"Cogswell Fountain restoration earns RDA an award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Inquirer","url_text":"Journal Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Current News of the Fine Arts\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 14, 1894.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/14/106093416.pdf","url_text":"\"Current News of the Fine Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Jane Holtz Kay (2006). Lost Boston. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-55849-527-2. cogswell fountain boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Holtz_Kay","url_text":"Jane Holtz Kay"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostboston0000kayj","url_text":"Lost Boston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press","url_text":"University of Massachusetts Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostboston0000kayj/page/n271","url_text":"254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-527-2","url_text":"978-1-55849-527-2"}]},{"reference":"American architect and architecture. Vol. 41. 1893. p. 918.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvgzAQAAIAAJ&q=cogswell+fountain&pg=PA61","url_text":"American architect and architecture"}]},{"reference":"Reports of proceedings ... Municipal Printing Office. 1901.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdc-AAAAYAAJ&q=cogswell+fountain+boston+-washington+-new+-york&pg=PA527","url_text":"Reports of proceedings ..."}]},{"reference":"Kent Seavey (2005). Pacific Grove. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2964-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6B_wTaed_-UC&q=cogswell+fountain&pg=PA75","url_text":"Pacific Grove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2964-6","url_text":"978-0-7385-2964-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Grove: The Chautauqua Years / Birdseye View of Pacific Grove\". Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History. September 8, 2005. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727173254/http://www.pgmuseum.org/archives/exhibit/birds~1.htm","url_text":"\"Pacific Grove: The Chautauqua Years / Birdseye View of Pacific Grove\""},{"url":"http://www.pgmuseum.org/archives/exhibit/birds~1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Eric (June 20, 2005). \"Statue of Yore\". San Jose Inside. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/statue_of_yore/","url_text":"\"Statue of Yore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image Breakers: Dr. Cogswell's Stature Overturned Under Shadow of Night By a Silent Gang of Hoodlum Miscreants\". San Francisco Call. January 3, 1894. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1894-01-03/ed-1/seq-8/","url_text":"\"Image Breakers: Dr. Cogswell's Stature Overturned Under Shadow of Night By a Silent Gang of Hoodlum Miscreants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temperance Water Fountain\". Read the Plaque. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://readtheplaque.com/plaque/petaluma-water-fountain","url_text":"\"Temperance Water Fountain\""}]},{"reference":"Krinehart (March 28, 2013). \"Petaluma and the WCTU\". Sonoma County Library. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sonomalibrary.org/blogs/history/petaluma-and-the-wctu","url_text":"\"Petaluma and the WCTU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weeding Out Bad Sculpture\" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1894.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/13/106096693.pdf","url_text":"\"Weeding Out Bad Sculpture\""}]},{"reference":"\"...Toasted Temperance\". Washington Post. September 21, 2003. pp. C02. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40962-2003Sep20.html","url_text":"\"...Toasted Temperance\""}]},{"reference":"Rash, Bryson (1983). Footnote Washington. EPM Publications. ISBN 0-914440-62-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Rash","url_text":"Rash, Bryson"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/footnotewashingt0000rash","url_text":"Footnote Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914440-62-4","url_text":"0-914440-62-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Many Thirsty Ones Suffer Disappointment at Cogswell Fountain\". Fall River Daily Evening News. June 28, 1909.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Why Does Everybody Hate This Drinking Fountain?, retrieved February 1, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GJ-gIov0k0","url_text":"Why Does Everybody Hate This Drinking Fountain?"}]},{"reference":"Kitsock, Greg (January 3, 1992). \"Fountain of Hooch\". Washington City Paper. Retrieved October 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://kakopa.com/geo/cogswell.htm","url_text":"\"Fountain of Hooch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper","url_text":"Washington City Paper"}]},{"reference":"Ciparelli, Jessica (November 1, 2005). \"Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park\". Rockville Reminder. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockvillect.com/Cogswell/dedication.htm","url_text":"\"Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monument Park\". Geocaching.org. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=ab8994ab-8201-4ca1-b9be-9e1f2eefd8da","url_text":"\"Monument Park\""}]},{"reference":"Cohn, Abby (January 5, 2001). \"They're 6 Feet Under, But Pioneers Draw Crowds to Oakland\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/01/05/NB181440.DTL","url_text":"\"They're 6 Feet Under, But Pioneers Draw Crowds to Oakland\""}]},{"reference":"Carol A. Grissom (2009). Zinc sculpture in America, 1850-1950. Associated University Presse. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-87413-031-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OY_o8YXKg8QC&q=cogswell+fountain+pawtucket&pg=PA460","url_text":"Zinc sculpture in America, 1850-1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-031-7","url_text":"978-0-87413-031-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609130631/http://www.cogswell.edu/historicalOverview.html","external_links_name":"\"Historical Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.cogswell.edu/historicalOverview.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rockvillect.com/Cogswell/fountain.htm","external_links_name":"\"Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/tompkinssquarepark/highlights/12753","external_links_name":"\"Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain\""},{"Link":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1K091S8190R05.4815&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=2&source=~!siartinventories&index=.NW&term=CA000016+OR+CA000029&x=0&y=0&aspect=Keyword","external_links_name":"CA000016 OR CA000029 - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111419/http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000120.htm","external_links_name":"\"FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000120.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://readtheplaque.com/plaque/god-s-free-gift-to-man-and-beast","external_links_name":"\"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhodetour.org/items/show/31","external_links_name":"\"God's Free Gift to Man and Beast\""},{"Link":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!313541~!4&ri=1&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Rhode+Island+--+Pawtucket&index=&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1#focus","external_links_name":"\"Cogswell Fountain, (sculpture)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X18rDYTIQzoC&q=cogswell+fountain+pawtucket&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"Pawtucket: Images of America"},{"Link":"http://articles.courant.com/2005-08-04/news/0508040578_1_statue-fountain-temperance","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Cogswell Returns To Central Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.smartgrowthforvernon.org/vnews/2006/05-19-cogswell.html","external_links_name":"\"Cogswell Fountain restoration earns RDA an award\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/14/106093416.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Current News of the Fine Arts\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lostboston0000kayj","external_links_name":"Lost Boston"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lostboston0000kayj/page/n271","external_links_name":"254"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvgzAQAAIAAJ&q=cogswell+fountain&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"American architect and architecture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdc-AAAAYAAJ&q=cogswell+fountain+boston+-washington+-new+-york&pg=PA527","external_links_name":"Reports of proceedings ..."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6B_wTaed_-UC&q=cogswell+fountain&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"Pacific Grove"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727173254/http://www.pgmuseum.org/archives/exhibit/birds~1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pacific Grove: The Chautauqua Years / Birdseye View of Pacific Grove\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgmuseum.org/archives/exhibit/birds~1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/entries/statue_of_yore/","external_links_name":"\"Statue of Yore\""},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1894-01-03/ed-1/seq-8/","external_links_name":"\"Image Breakers: Dr. Cogswell's Stature Overturned Under Shadow of Night By a Silent Gang of Hoodlum Miscreants\""},{"Link":"http://readtheplaque.com/plaque/petaluma-water-fountain","external_links_name":"\"Temperance Water Fountain\""},{"Link":"http://sonomalibrary.org/blogs/history/petaluma-and-the-wctu","external_links_name":"\"Petaluma and the WCTU\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/13/106096693.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Weeding Out Bad Sculpture\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40962-2003Sep20.html","external_links_name":"\"...Toasted Temperance\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/footnotewashingt0000rash","external_links_name":"Footnote Washington"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GJ-gIov0k0","external_links_name":"Why Does Everybody Hate This Drinking Fountain?"},{"Link":"http://kakopa.com/geo/cogswell.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fountain of Hooch\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockvillect.com/Cogswell/dedication.htm","external_links_name":"\"Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=ab8994ab-8201-4ca1-b9be-9e1f2eefd8da","external_links_name":"\"Monument Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/01/05/NB181440.DTL","external_links_name":"\"They're 6 Feet Under, But Pioneers Draw Crowds to Oakland\""},{"Link":"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf8k4006t6/","external_links_name":"Cogswell Papers at the Bancroft Library"},{"Link":"http://www.cogswell.org/","external_links_name":"Cogswell Family Association"},{"Link":"http://rockvillect.org/Cogswell/fountain.htm","external_links_name":"eccentric dentist from San Francisco who made a fortune from real estate and mining stocks, donated a life-sized zinc statue of himself holding a glass of water in one hand"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/1181369","external_links_name":"\"The Intemperate Patronage of Henry D. Cogswell\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OY_o8YXKg8QC&q=cogswell+fountain+pawtucket&pg=PA460","external_links_name":"Zinc sculpture in America, 1850-1950"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Lake
Alamo Lake State Park
["1 Alamo Lake","2 Climate","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278State park in Arizona, United States Alamo Lake State ParkAlamo Lake and Artillery PeakLocation of Alamo Lake State Park in ArizonaLocationLa Paz, Arizona, United StatesCoordinates34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278Area4,900 acres (20 km2)Elevation1,102 ft (336 m)Established1969 (1969)Administered byArizona State ParksVisitors67,092 (in 2022)LogoWebsiteazstateparks.com/alamo-lake Alamo LakeAlamo LakeLocationLa Paz / Mohave counties, ArizonaCoordinates34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278TypereservoirPrimary inflowsBill Williams RiverPrimary outflowsBill Williams River, evaporationBasin countriesUnited StatesMax. depth80 ft (24 m)Surface elevation1,237 ft (377 m) Alamo Lake State Park is a state park of Arizona, United States, centered on Alamo Lake, a flood control and recreational reservoir. The park is located in western Arizona about 38 miles (61 km) north of Wenden. It is accessed via a paved two-lane road off either U.S. Route 60 to the south or U.S. Route 93 to the east. Owing to its remoteness, the park is often considered one of the "best kept secrets" of the state park system. Alamo Lake State Park features camping facilities and attracts wildlife enthusiasts, as the park is home to numerous wildlife species including the bald eagle. The park's remoteness and distance from cities also makes it a destination for stargazing, as it is the darkest sky state park in Arizona. Alamo Lake Alamo Lake itself is formed by the Alamo Dam that is part of the Alamo Lake State Park administered by the Arizona State Parks. The lake impounds runoff from the Bill Williams River, an intermittent tributary of the Colorado River. The dam was constructed in 1968 by the Army Corps of Engineers, primarily for flood control purposes. The dam is an earthfill dam that rises 283 feet (86 m) from the streambed. While the Bill Williams River is often dry, heavy seasonal rains maintain the lake's depth. During extreme flood events, the reservoir can fill rapidly; the lake has been recorded to rise 11 feet (3.4 m) in a single night due to extreme flooding. Unusually high flows during the 1970s and 1980s increased the depth and size of the reservoir to unexpected levels, giving birth to recreational and fishing possibilities. Since then, the lake has been stocked with numerous fish species, including largemouth bass, crappie, sunfish, channel catfish, flathead catfish and tilapia. The lake is host to fishing tournaments and has been the location of at least one Arizona state fishing record. The park can be accessed by a paved road from Highway 60 at the Wenden turn-off to the north on Alamo Lake Road. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alamo Lake State Park has a hot desert climate, abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Alamo Lake State Park was 124 °F (51.1 °C) on July 29, 1995, while the coldest temperature recorded was 19 °F (−7.2 °C) on December 26, 1990, January 15, 2007, January 4–5, 2019, and January 22, 2023. Climate data for Alamo Dam, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1975–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 84(29) 90(32) 102(39) 107(42) 114(46) 123(51) 124(51) 121(49) 118(48) 110(43) 98(37) 84(29) 124(51) Mean maximum °F (°C) 76.4(24.7) 81.9(27.7) 90.6(32.6) 100.4(38.0) 107.3(41.8) 114.4(45.8) 117.1(47.3) 115.7(46.5) 111.2(44.0) 102.9(39.4) 89.3(31.8) 76.6(24.8) 118.3(47.9) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 65.6(18.7) 70.1(21.2) 77.2(25.1) 85.0(29.4) 94.3(34.6) 104.6(40.3) 108.1(42.3) 106.8(41.6) 101.3(38.5) 89.6(32.0) 75.8(24.3) 64.5(18.1) 86.9(30.5) Daily mean °F (°C) 48.8(9.3) 52.9(11.6) 59.3(15.2) 66.6(19.2) 75.7(24.3) 84.9(29.4) 90.8(32.7) 89.6(32.0) 82.9(28.3) 70.5(21.4) 57.7(14.3) 48.0(8.9) 69.0(20.6) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 31.9(−0.1) 35.6(2.0) 41.4(5.2) 48.3(9.1) 57.1(13.9) 65.2(18.4) 73.5(23.1) 72.5(22.5) 64.4(18.0) 51.3(10.7) 39.5(4.2) 31.4(−0.3) 51.0(10.6) Mean minimum °F (°C) 26.8(−2.9) 30.3(−0.9) 34.9(1.6) 41.0(5.0) 49.0(9.4) 57.4(14.1) 66.8(19.3) 66.5(19.2) 56.3(13.5) 43.9(6.6) 33.0(0.6) 26.1(−3.3) 24.5(−4.2) Record low °F (°C) 19(−7) 21(−6) 26(−3) 32(0) 33(1) 43(6) 58(14) 59(15) 37(3) 29(−2) 25(−4) 19(−7) 19(−7) Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.03(26) 1.13(29) 0.77(20) 0.24(6.1) 0.08(2.0) 0.06(1.5) 0.82(21) 1.18(30) 0.74(19) 0.55(14) 0.56(14) 0.66(17) 7.82(199.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.0 4.2 3.4 1.5 0.7 0.3 2.9 4.9 2.5 2.0 1.8 3.2 31.4 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service References ^ "Alamo Lake State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1984. Retrieved March 12, 2011. ^ "Monthly State Parks Visitation Report" (PDF). Arizona Office of Tourism. December 2022. ^ a b "Alamo Lake State Park". Arizona State Parks. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ R, Mike (August 24, 2021). "State Park Bortle 2 Scale Information In The US". CosmosPNW. Retrieved January 29, 2022. ^ "Southwestern Arizona". Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ "Arizona Fishing Records". Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Phoenix". National Weather Service. Retrieved March 26, 2023. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Alamo Dam, AZ". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 26, 2023. External links Official website Alamo Dam - United States Army Corps of Engineers Arizonan.com Article Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map Arizona Fishing Locations Map vte Protected areas of ArizonaFederalNational Parks Grand Canyon Petrified Forest Saguaro National Historical Parks,Historic Sites and Memorials Tumacácori NHP Fort Bowie NHS Hubbell Trading Post NHS Coronado NMem National Monuments National Park Service Canyon de Chelly Casa Grande Ruins Chiricahua Hohokam Pima Montezuma Castle Navajo Organ Pipe Cactus Pipe Spring Sunset Crater Tonto Tuzigoot Walnut Canyon Wupatki Bureau of Land Management Agua Fria Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon Grand Canyon–Parashant Ironwood Forest Sonoran Desert Vermilion Cliffs National Conservation Areas Gila Box Riparian Las Cienegas San Pedro Riparian National Recreation Areas Glen Canyon Lake Mead National Trails Arizona National Scenic Trail Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Old Spanish National Historic Trail National Forests Apache–Sitgreaves Coconino Elden Pueblo Honanki Heritage Site Palatki Heritage Site V Bar V Heritage Site Coronado Kaibab Prescott Tonto National Wildlife Refuges Bill Williams River Buenos Aires Cabeza Prieta Cibola Havasu Imperial Kofa Leslie Canyon San Bernardino Wilderness AreasSee List of Arizona Wilderness AreasWild and Scenic Rivers Fossil Creek Verde River StateState Parks Alamo Lake Boyce Thompson Arboretum Buckskin Mountain Catalina Cattail Cove Dankworth Pond Dead Horse Ranch Fool Hollow Lake Fort Verde Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial Homolovi Jerome Kartchner Caverns Lake Havasu Lost Dutchman Lyman Lake McFarland Oracle Patagonia Lake Picacho Peak Red Rock Riordan Mansion River Island Roper Lake San Rafael Slide Rock Sonoita Creek Tombstone Courthouse Tonto Natural Bridge Tubac Presidio Verde River Greenway Yuma Quartermaster Depot Yuma Territorial Prison Wildlife areas Becker Lake Cluff Ranch Luna Lake Mittry Lake Powers Butte Santa Rita White Mountain Grasslands Willcox Playa MunicipalNature parks Papago Park Phoenix Mountains Preserve South Mountain Park OtherNational Natural LandmarksSee List of National Natural Landmarks in ArizonaNational Historic LandmarksSee List of National Historic Landmarks in ArizonaHistoric PlacesSee National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona Arizona State Parks Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"flood control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Wenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenden,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azparks-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"bald eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"stargazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"State park in Arizona, United StatesAlamo Lake State Park is a state park of Arizona, United States, centered on Alamo Lake, a flood control and recreational reservoir. The park is located in western Arizona about 38 miles (61 km) north of Wenden. It is accessed via a paved two-lane road off either U.S. Route 60 to the south or U.S. Route 93 to the east. Owing to its remoteness, the park is often considered one of the \"best kept secrets\" of the state park system.[3][citation needed]Alamo Lake State Park features camping facilities and attracts wildlife enthusiasts, as the park is home to numerous wildlife species including the bald eagle. The park's remoteness and distance from cities also makes it a destination for stargazing, as it is the darkest sky state park in Arizona.[4]","title":"Alamo Lake State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Williams River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Williams_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azparks-3"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"largemouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largemouth_bass"},{"link_name":"crappie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crappie"},{"link_name":"sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrarchidae"},{"link_name":"channel catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_catfish"},{"link_name":"flathead catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_catfish"},{"link_name":"tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Alamo Lake itself is formed by the Alamo Dam that is part of the Alamo Lake State Park administered by the Arizona State Parks. The lake impounds runoff from the Bill Williams River, an intermittent tributary of the Colorado River. The dam was constructed in 1968 by the Army Corps of Engineers, primarily for flood control purposes. The dam is an earthfill dam that rises 283 feet (86 m) from the streambed.While the Bill Williams River is often dry, heavy seasonal rains maintain the lake's depth. During extreme flood events, the reservoir can fill rapidly; the lake has been recorded to rise 11 feet (3.4 m) in a single night due to extreme flooding.[3]Unusually high flows during the 1970s and 1980s increased the depth and size of the reservoir to unexpected levels, giving birth to recreational and fishing possibilities. Since then, the lake has been stocked with numerous fish species, including largemouth bass, crappie, sunfish, channel catfish, flathead catfish and tilapia.[5] The lake is host to fishing tournaments and has been the location of at least one Arizona state fishing record.[6]The park can be accessed by a paved road from Highway 60 at the Wenden turn-off to the north on Alamo Lake Road.","title":"Alamo Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-7"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-7"}],"text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alamo Lake State Park has a hot desert climate, abbreviated \"BWh\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Alamo Lake State Park was 124 °F (51.1 °C) on July 29, 1995, while the coldest temperature recorded was 19 °F (−7.2 °C) on December 26, 1990, January 15, 2007, January 4–5, 2019, and January 22, 2023.[7]Climate data for Alamo Dam, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1975–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n84(29)\n\n90(32)\n\n102(39)\n\n107(42)\n\n114(46)\n\n123(51)\n\n124(51)\n\n121(49)\n\n118(48)\n\n110(43)\n\n98(37)\n\n84(29)\n\n124(51)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n76.4(24.7)\n\n81.9(27.7)\n\n90.6(32.6)\n\n100.4(38.0)\n\n107.3(41.8)\n\n114.4(45.8)\n\n117.1(47.3)\n\n115.7(46.5)\n\n111.2(44.0)\n\n102.9(39.4)\n\n89.3(31.8)\n\n76.6(24.8)\n\n118.3(47.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n65.6(18.7)\n\n70.1(21.2)\n\n77.2(25.1)\n\n85.0(29.4)\n\n94.3(34.6)\n\n104.6(40.3)\n\n108.1(42.3)\n\n106.8(41.6)\n\n101.3(38.5)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n75.8(24.3)\n\n64.5(18.1)\n\n86.9(30.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n48.8(9.3)\n\n52.9(11.6)\n\n59.3(15.2)\n\n66.6(19.2)\n\n75.7(24.3)\n\n84.9(29.4)\n\n90.8(32.7)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n82.9(28.3)\n\n70.5(21.4)\n\n57.7(14.3)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n69.0(20.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n41.4(5.2)\n\n48.3(9.1)\n\n57.1(13.9)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n73.5(23.1)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n64.4(18.0)\n\n51.3(10.7)\n\n39.5(4.2)\n\n31.4(−0.3)\n\n51.0(10.6)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n26.8(−2.9)\n\n30.3(−0.9)\n\n34.9(1.6)\n\n41.0(5.0)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n66.8(19.3)\n\n66.5(19.2)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n43.9(6.6)\n\n33.0(0.6)\n\n26.1(−3.3)\n\n24.5(−4.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n19(−7)\n\n21(−6)\n\n26(−3)\n\n32(0)\n\n33(1)\n\n43(6)\n\n58(14)\n\n59(15)\n\n37(3)\n\n29(−2)\n\n25(−4)\n\n19(−7)\n\n19(−7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.03(26)\n\n1.13(29)\n\n0.77(20)\n\n0.24(6.1)\n\n0.08(2.0)\n\n0.06(1.5)\n\n0.82(21)\n\n1.18(30)\n\n0.74(19)\n\n0.55(14)\n\n0.56(14)\n\n0.66(17)\n\n7.82(199.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n4.0\n\n4.2\n\n3.4\n\n1.5\n\n0.7\n\n0.3\n\n2.9\n\n4.9\n\n2.5\n\n2.0\n\n1.8\n\n3.2\n\n31.4\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[8]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[7]","title":"Climate"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. June 27, 1984. Retrieved March 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/22733","url_text":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly State Parks Visitation Report\" (PDF). Arizona Office of Tourism. December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourism.az.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/State-Parks-December-2022.pdf","url_text":"\"Monthly State Parks Visitation Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\". Arizona State Parks. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080621041206/http://www.pr.state.az.us/PARKS/parkhtml/alamo.html","url_text":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\""},{"url":"http://www.pr.state.az.us/Parks/parkhtml/alamo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"R, Mike (August 24, 2021). \"State Park Bortle 2 Scale Information In The US\". CosmosPNW. Retrieved January 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cosmospnw.com/us-state-parks-bortle-2-information/","url_text":"\"State Park Bortle 2 Scale Information In The US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwestern Arizona\". Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/where_fish_southwest.shtml","url_text":"\"Southwestern Arizona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Game_and_Fish_Department","url_text":"Arizona Game and Fish Department"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610101147/http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/where_fish_southwest.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Fishing Records\". Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/state_records.shtml","url_text":"\"Arizona Fishing Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515172718/http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/state_records.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Phoenix\". National Weather Service. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=psr","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Phoenix\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Alamo Dam, AZ\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00020100&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Alamo Dam, AZ\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alamo_Lake_State_Park&params=34_13_56_N_113_36_10_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alamo_Lake_State_Park&params=34_13_56_N_113_36_10_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278"},{"Link":"https://azstateparks.com/alamo-lake","external_links_name":"azstateparks.com/alamo-lake"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alamo_Lake_State_Park&params=34_13_56_N_113_36_10_W_region:US-AZ_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"34°13′56″N 113°36′10″W / 34.23222°N 113.60278°W / 34.23222; -113.60278"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/22733","external_links_name":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\""},{"Link":"https://tourism.az.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/State-Parks-December-2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Monthly State Parks Visitation Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080621041206/http://www.pr.state.az.us/PARKS/parkhtml/alamo.html","external_links_name":"\"Alamo Lake State Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.pr.state.az.us/Parks/parkhtml/alamo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cosmospnw.com/us-state-parks-bortle-2-information/","external_links_name":"\"State Park Bortle 2 Scale Information In The US\""},{"Link":"http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/where_fish_southwest.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Southwestern Arizona\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610101147/http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/where_fish_southwest.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/state_records.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Fishing Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515172718/http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/state_records.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=psr","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Phoenix\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00020100&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Alamo Dam, AZ\""},{"Link":"https://azstateparks.com/alamo-lake","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Asset-Management/Alamo-Dam/","external_links_name":"Alamo Dam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061023065532/http://www.arizonan.com/attractions/AlamoLake.html","external_links_name":"Arizonan.com Article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716183043/http://www.azgfd.gov/outdoor_recreation/BoatingLocationsMap.shtml","external_links_name":"Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920171711/http://www.azgfd.gov/h_f/FishingLocationsMap.shtml","external_links_name":"Arizona Fishing Locations Map"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542015305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96001732","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Schwabe
Frank Schwabe
["1 Political career","2 Other activities","3 References","4 External links"]
Not to be confused with Frank Schwab. German politician Frank SchwabeSchwabe in 2014Member of the BundestagIncumbentAssumed office 2005 Personal detailsBorn (1970-11-12) 12 November 1970 (age 53)Waltrop, West Germany(now Germany)Political partySPDAlma materUniversity of Essen Frank Schwabe (born 12 November 1970) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2005. In addition to his parliamentary work, Schwabe has been serving as Commissioner for Global Freedom of Religion at the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development in the government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz since 2022. Political career Schwabe first became a member of the Bundestag after the 2005 German federal election, representing the Recklinghausen I district. In parliament, Schwabe first served on the Committee on Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety from 2005 to 2021. He has been a member of the Committee on Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid (since 2014), the Committee on Foreign Affairs (since 2021) and the Subcommittee on International Climate and Energy Policy (since 2022). He has been serving as his parliamentary group's spokesperson on human rights and humanitarian aid. Within the SPD parliamentary group, Schwabe belongs to the Parliamentary Left, a left-wing movement. In addition to his committee assignments, Schwabe has been a member of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) since 2014. In the Assembly, he serves on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy; the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by the Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee); the Committee on Rules of Procedure, Immunities, and Institutional Affairs; the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights; and the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons. In 2018, he was elected chairman of the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group. Since 2010, he has also been serving as the Assembly's rapporteur on human rights and the rule of law in the North Caucasus. In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the SPD, the Green Party and the Free Democrats (FDP) following the 2021 German elections, Schwabe was part of his party's delegation in the working group on migration and integration, co-chaired by Boris Pistorius, Luise Amtsberg and Joachim Stamp. Other activities German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR), Member of the Board of Trustees University of Hagen, Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board (since 2018) German Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation (BUND), Member IG BCE, Member FC Schalke 04, Member Brot für die Welt, Member of the Committee on Development and Humanitarian Aid (2014–2017) References ^ "Frank Schwabe | Abgeordnetenwatch". www.abgeordnetenwatch.de (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ Silke Kersting (5 Januar 2022), Bundesregierung: Das sind die neuen Beauftragten und Koordinatoren in wichtigen politischen Feldern Handelsblatt. ^ "Frank Schwabe, MdB". SPD-Bundestagsfraktion (in German). 27 June 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "German Bundestag – Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid". German Bundestag. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "German Bundestag – Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety". German Bundestag. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ Lisa Badum leitet Unterausschuss zur Klima- und Energiepolitik Bundestag, press release of 8 April 2022. ^ Members Parlamentarische Linke. ^ Frank Schwabe Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). ^ Britt-Marie Lakämper (October 21, 2021), SPD, Grüne, FDP: Diese Politiker verhandeln die Ampel-Koalition Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. ^ Board of Trustees Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR). ^ Frank Schwabe Bundestag. ^ Frank Schwabe Bundestag. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Schwabe. Official website (in German) Bundestag biography (in English) Links to related articles vte Members of the 16th Bundestag (2005–2009)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Angela Merkel and Volker Kauder CDU: Adam Albach Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Bauer Baumann Beck Bellmann Bergner Bernhardt Binninger Bismarck Bleser Blumenthal Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Brüning Brunnhuber Connemann Dautzenberg Deittert Dörflinger Dött Eymer Falk Faust Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fromme Fuchs Fuchtel Gehb Gienger Göbel Göhner Götz Granold Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grund Grütters Gutting Haibach Heinen Heller Hennrich Herrmann Heynemann Hintze Hochbaum Holzenkamp Hörster Hübinger Hüppe Jaffke Jahr Jordan Jung Jung Kammer Kampeter Kaster Kauder Kauder Klaeden Klimke Klöckner Koeppen Köhler Kolbe Königshofen Koschorrek Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Krummacher Kues Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf Liebing Lippold Lips Luther Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michalk Mißfelder Möllring Müller Müller Müller Neumann Nitzsche Noll Otte Pawelski Paziorek Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Rachel Rauen Rehberg Reiche Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Röring Röttgen Rzepka Schäfer Scharf Schäuble Schauerte Schavan Schiewerling Schindler Schirmbeck Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmitt Schockenhoff Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Sebastian Segner Siebert Spahn Steinbach Stetten Storjohann Storm Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tillmann Vaatz Vogel Voßhoff Wächter Wanderwitz Wegner Weinberg Weiß Weiß Wellenreuther Wellmann Widmann-Mauz Willsch Wimmer Winkelmeier-Becker Zylajew CSU: Aigner Blank Dobrindt Eichhorn Fahrenschon Frankenhauser Friedrich Gauweiler Geis Glos Göppel Götzer Guttenberg Hasselfeldt Hinsken Hofbauer Kalb Karl Koschyk Lehmer Lehrieder Lintner Mantel Mayer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oswald Raab Raidel Ramsauer Rossmanith Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Seehofer Silberhorn Singhammer Straubinger Uhl Wöhrl Zöller SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Franz Müntefering and Peter Struck Members: Akgün Amann Andres Annen Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartol Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Benneter Berg Berg Bierwirth Binding Blumentritt Bodewig Bollen Bollmann Botz Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Burkert Bürsch Carstensen Caspers-Merk Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Diller Dörmann Dressel Drobinski-Weiß Duin Dzembritzki Edathy Ehrmann Eichel Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Faße Ferner Fograscher Fornahl Frechen Freitag Friedrich Gabriel Gerster Gleicke Gloser Gradistanac Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Groneberg Großmann Grotthaus Gunkel Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartenbach Hartmann Hauer Heil Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heß Hiller-Ohm Hilsberg Hinz Höfer Hoffmann Hofmann Hovermann Hübner Humme Ibrügger Irber Jung Juratovic Kahrs Kasparick Kastner Kelber Kleiminger Klose Klug Kofler Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramer Kramme Kranz Kressl Kröning Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kucharczyk Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Küster Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lehn Lopez Lösekrug-Möller Manzewski Mark Marks Mast Mattheis Meckel Merkel Merten Miersch Mogg Mühlstein Müller Müller Multhaupt Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Oppermann Ortel Paula Pflug Poß Pries Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rawert Reiche Reichel Reichenbach Reimann Riemann-Hanewinckel Riester Rix Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Runde Rupprecht Schaaf Schäfer Scheelen Scheer Schieder Schily Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schneider Scholz Schreiner Schultz Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Steppuhn Stiegler Stöckel Strässer Struck Stünker Tabillion Teuchner Thierse Thießen Thönnes Uhl Veit Violka Vogelsänger Volkmer Wegener Weigel Weis Weißgerber Weisskirchen Wend Westrich Wetzel Wicklein Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wistuba Wodarg Wolff Wright Zapf Zöllmer Zypries FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt and Guido Westerwelle Members: Ackermann Addicks Ahrendt Bahr Barth Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Döring Dyckmans Essen Flach Fricke Friedhoff Friedrich Geisen Gerhardt Goldmann Gruß Günther Happach-Kasan Haustein Hoff Homburger Hoyer Kauch Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Kurth Lanfermann Laurischk Leibrecht Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Link Löning Meierhofer Meinhardt Mücke Müller-Sönksen Niebel Otto Parr Pieper Piltz Rohde Schäffler Schily Schuster Solms Stadler Stinner Thiele Toncar Waitz Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolff Zeil LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi and Oskar Lafontaine Members: Aydın Bartsch Binder Bisky Bluhm Bulling-Schröter Bunge Claus Dağdelen Dehm Dreibus Enkelmann Ernst Gehrcke-Reymann Golze Gysi Hänsel Heilmann Hill Hirsch Höger-Neuling Höll Hultsch Jelpke Jochimsen Keskin Kipping Knoche Korte Kunert Lafontaine Leutert Lötzer Lötzsch Maurer Menzner Möller Naumann Neskovic Paech Pau Ramelow Reinke Schäfer Schneider Schui Seifert Sitte Spieth Tackmann Tempel Troost Ulrich Winkelmeier Wunderlich Zimmermann GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Renate Künast and Fritz Kuhn Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Berninger Bonde Deligöz Dückert Eid Fell Fischer Gehring Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Haßelmann Hermann Hettlich Hinz Höfken Hofreiter Höhn Hoppe Koczy Kotting-Uhl Kuhn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Loske Lührmann Montag Müller Nachtwei Pothmer Roth Sager Scharfenberg Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schick Staffelt Steenblock Stokar von Neuforn Ströbele Terpe Trittin Wieland Winkler Wolf OTHERvteIndependent Members: Tauss List of members of the 16th Bundestag vte Members of the 17th Bundestag (2009–2013)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beck Behrens Bellmann Bergner Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Börnsen Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dautzenberg de Maizière Dörflinger Dött Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Götz Granold Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grütters Gutting Haibach Harbarth Hardt Heider Heiderich Heil Heinen-Esser Heinrich Henke Hennrich Herrmann Heveling Hintze Hirte Hochbaum Holzenkamp Hörster Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jasper Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kaster Kauder Kauder Kaufmann Kiesewetter von Klaeden Klamt Klein Klimke Klöckner Knoerig Koeppen Kolbe Koschorrek Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kruse Kudla Kues Lach Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf von der Leyen Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Luczak Luther Maag von der Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Müller Murmann Neumann Noll Otte Paul Pawelski Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Philipp Pofalla Poland Polenz Pols Puttrich Rachel Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riegert Riesenhuber Röring Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schindler Schipanski Schirmbeck Schnieder Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Schuster Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Spahn Stauche Steffel Steinbach von Stetten Stier Storjohann Strenz Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tauber Tillmann Vaatz Vogel Vogelsang Voßhoff Wadephul Wanderwitz Wegner Weinberg Weiss Weiß Wellenreuther Wellmann Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Zimmer Zylajew CSU: Aigner Aumer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Frankenhauser Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Geis Glos Göppel Götzer zu Guttenberg Hahn Hasselfeldt Hinsken Holmeier Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lehmer Lehrieder Mayer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oswald Raab Ramsauer Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stracke Straubinger Uhl Wöhrl Zöller SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Members: Arndt-Brauer Arnold Barchmann Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Burkert Crone Danckert Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Duin Edathy Egloff Ehrmand Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Ferner Fograscher Franke Freitag Friedrich Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Gloser Gottschalck Graf Griese Groneberg Groschek Groß Gunkel Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartmann Heil Hellmich Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hofmann Högl Humme Juratović Kaczmarek Kahrs Kastner Kelber Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Kolbe Körper Kramme Kressl Krüger-Leißner Kumpf Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lühmann Marks Mast Mattheis Merkel Meßmer Miersch Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nink Oppermann Ortel Özoğuz Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rix Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rupprecht Sawade Schaaf Schäfer Scheelen Scheer Schieder Schieder Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scholz Schreiner Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Schwartze Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Thierse Thönnes Tiefensee Veit Vogt Volkmer Wicklein Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wolff Zapf Ziegler Zöllmer Zypries FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Birgit Homburger and Rainer Brüderle Members: Ackermann Ahrendt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bahr Bernschneider Blumenthal Bögel Bracht-Bendt Breil Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Buschmann Canel Daub Deutschmann Djir-Sarai Döring Drexler Dyckmans Ehrenberg Erdel van Essen Flach Fricke Friedhoff Geisen Gerhardt Goldmann Golombeck Gruß Günther Happach-Kasan Haustein Höferlin Hoff Homburger Hoyer Kamp Kauch Knopek Kober Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Körber Krestel Kurth Lanfermann Laurischk Leibrecht Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lindemann Lindner Lindner Link Lotter Luksic Meierhofer Meinhardt Molitor Mücke Müller Müller-Sönksen Neumann Niebel Otto Pieper Piltz von Polheim Ratjen-Damerau Reinemund Reinhold Röhlinger Ruppert Sänger Schäffler Schnurr Schulz Schuster Schweickert Simmling Skudelny Solms Spatz Stadler Staffeldt Stinner Thiele Thomae Todtenhausen Toncar Tören Vogel Volk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolff LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Bockhahn Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Bunge Claus Dağdelen Dehm-Desoi Dittrich Dreibus Enkelmann Ernst Gehrcke-Reymann Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hänsel Hein Höger Höll Hunko Jelpke Jochimsen Kipping Koch Korte Krellmann Kunert Lafontaine Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzer Lötzsch Lutze Maurer Menzner Möhring Möller Movassat Naumann Nord Pau Petermann Pitterle Ploetz Remmers Schäfer Schlecht Schui Seifert Senger-Schäfer Sharma Sitte Stüber Süßmair Tackmann Tempel Troost Ulrich van Aken Vogler Voß Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wunderlich Zimmermann GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Bonde Deligöz Dörner Ebner Fell Gambke Gehring Göring-Eckardt Haßelmann Herlitzius Hermann Hinz Höfken-Deipenbrock Hofreiter Höhn Hönlinger Hoppe Kekeritz Keul Kieckbusch Kilic Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koczy Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Krumwiede Kuhn Kühn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Lindner Maisch Malczak Montag Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nestle Nouripour Ostendorff Ott Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Sager Sarrazin Scharfenberg Scheel Schick Schmidt Schneider Seiler Steiner Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin von Cramon-Taubadel von Notz Wagner Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wieland Wilms Winkler OTHERvteIndependent Members: Nešković List of members of the 17th Bundestag vte Members of the 18th Bundestag (2013–2017)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Albani Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beermann Behrens Bellmann Benning Berghegger Bergner Bertram Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dinges-Dierig Donth Dörflinger Dött Eckenbach Färber Feiler Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Frei Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Giousouf Grindel Groden-Kranich Gröhe Gröhler Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grundmann Grütters Gundelach Güntzler Gutting Haase Hajek Harbarth Hardt Hauer Hauptmann Heck Heider Heiderich Heil Heinrich Helfrich Heller Hellmuth Henke Hennrich Herdan Heveling Hintze Hinz Hirte Hirte Hochbaum Hoffmann Holzenkamp Hoppenstedt Horb Höschel Hornhues Huber Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jepsen Jörrißen Jung Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kanitz Karliczek Kaster Kauder Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Klimke Knoerig Koeppen Koob Körber Kovac Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Kruse Kudla Kühne Lach Lagosky Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf Leikert Lengsfeld Leyen Lezius Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Lorenz Lücking-Michel Luczak Maag Magwas Mahlberg Maizière Manderla Marschall Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Metzler Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Möring Mosblech Motschmann Müller Murmann Nick Noll Nowak Oellers Ostermann Otte Pahlmann Pantel Patzelt Pätzold Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pofalla Pols Rachel Radomski Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riesenhuber Ripsam Röring Rösel Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schimke Schindler Schipanski Schmelzle Schmidt Schnieder Schockenhoff Schön Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schulze Schummer Schuster Schwarzer Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Sorge Spahn Stauche Steffel Stegemann Stein Steineke Steiniger Stetten Stier Stockhofe Storjohann Strenz Stritzl Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Sütterlin-Waack Tauber Tillmann Timmermann-Fechter Uhl Vaatz Veith Viesehon Vietz Vogel Volmering Voßbeck-Kayser Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Wange Warken Wegner Weiler Weinberg Weiß Weiss Wellenreuther Wellmann Wendt Westermayer Whittaker Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Wiese Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wittke Woltmann Zertik Zimmer CSU: Albsteiger Auernhammer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Durz Eberl Fabritius Freudenstein Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Göppel Hahn Hasselfeldt Hoffmann Holmeier Irlstorfer Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lanzinger Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lerchenfeld Lindholz Ludwig Mayer Meier Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßner Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Strebl Uhl Ullrich Weisgerber Wöhrl Zech Zeulner Zollner SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Thomas Oppermann Members: Annen Arndt-Brauer Arnold Baehrens Bahr Bähr-Losse Barchmann Barley Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartke Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Blienert Brase Brunner Bulmahn Bülow Burkert Castellucci Coße Crone Daldrup De Ridder Diaby Dittmar Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Edathy Ehrmann Engelmeier-Heite Erler Ernstberger Esken Evers-Meyer Fechner Felgentreu Ferner Finckh-Krämer Flisek Fograscher Franke Freese Freitag Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Glöckner Gottschalck Griese Groneberg Groß Grötsch Gunkel Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hampel Hartmann Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heinrich Held Hellmich Hendricks Henn Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hitschler Högl Ilgen Jantz Jost Junge Juratovic Jurk Kaczmarek Kahrs Kampmann Kapschack Katzmarek Kelber Kermer Kiziltepe Klare Klingbeil Kofler Kolbe Kömpel Kramme Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kühn-Mengel Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lotze Lühmann Malecha-Nissen Marks Mast Mattheis Miersch Mindrup Mittag Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nissen Oppermann Özdemir Özoğuz Paschke Petry Pflugradt Pilger Poschmann Poß Post Post Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Raatz Rabanus Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rimkus Rix Rode-Bosse Rohde Rosemann Röspel Rossmann Roth Rüthrich Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Sawade Schabedoth Schäfer Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schlegel Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scho-Antwerpes Schulte Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Spiering Spinrath Stadler Stamm-Fibich Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Tausend Thews Thissen Thönnes Tiefensee Träger Veit Vogt Vöpel Weber Westphal Wicklein Wiese Wolff Yüksel Ziegler Zierke Zimmermann Zöllmer Zypries LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht Members: Aken Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Claus Dağdelen Dehm Ernst Gehrcke Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hahn Hänsel Hein Höger Hunko Hupach Jelpke Karawanskij Kassner Kipping Korte Krellmann Kunert Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzsch Lutze Menz Möhring Movassat Müller Neu Nord Pau Petzold Pitterle Renner Schlecht Sitte Steinke Tackmann Tank Tempel Troost Ulrich Vogler Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wöllert Wunderlich Zdebel Zimmermann Zimmermann GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter Members: Amtsberg Andreae Baerbock Beck Beck Brantner Brugger Deligöz Dörner Dröge Ebner Gambke Gastel Gehring Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Haßelmann Hinz Hofreiter Höhn Janecek Kekeritz Keul Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Kühn Kühn Künast Kurth Lazar Lemke Lindner Maisch Meiwald Mihalic Müller-Gemmeke Mutlu Notz Nouripour Ostendorff Özdemir Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Rüffer Sarrazin Scharfenberg Schauws Schick Schmidt Schulz-Asche Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin Verlinden Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wilms OTHERvteIndependent Members: Steinbach List of members of the 18th Bundestag vte Members of the 20th Bundestag (2021–2025)President Bärbel Bas (SPD)SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Rolf Mützenich Other members: Abdi Ahmetovic Alabali-Radovan Andres Annen Arlt Baehrens Bahr Baldy Baradari Bartol Bartz Bas Becker Berghahn Bergt Blankenburg Breymaier Brunner Budde Cademartori Castellucci Daldrup Demir De Ridder Diaby Diedenhofen Dieren Dilcher Dittmar Döring Droßmann Echeverria Eichwede Engelhardt Esdar Esken Fäscher Fechner Fiedler Franke Funke Gava Gerdes Gerster Glöckner Griese Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heiligenstadt Heinrich Hellmich Hennig Heselhaus Heubach Hitschler Hohmann Hostert Hubertz Hümpfer Junge Juratovic Kaczmarek Kaiser Karaahmetoǧlu Kasper Kassautzki Katzmarek Kersten Kleebank Klinck Klingbeil Klose Klüssendorf Kofler Koß Kramme Kreiser Kröber Kühnert Lahrkamp Larem Lauterbach Lehmann Leiser Licina-Bode Limbacher Lindh Lugk Lutze Machalet Mackensen-Geis Malottki Mann Martens Marvi Mascheck Mast Mehltretter Mehmet Ali Mende Mesarosch Michel Miersch Mieves Mittag Moll Möller Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nasr Nickholz Nietan Nürnberger Oehl Ortleb Özdemir Özoğuz Pantazis Papenbrock Papendieck Pawlik Peick Petry Plobner Poschmann Post Rabanus Rhie Rimkus Rinkert Rix Rohde Roloff Rosemann Rosenthal Roth Rudolph Rudolph Ruf Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Schäfer Schäfer Schamber Schätzl Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schierenbeck Schisanowski Schmid Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Schneider Scholz Schraps Schreider Schrodi Schulze Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Seitzl Stadler Stamm-Fibich Stegner Stein Sthamer Stüwe Tausend Thews Töns Träger Troff-Schaffarzyk Türk-Nachbaur Ullrich Völlers Vontz Vöpel Wagner Wallstein Walter Wegge Wegling Weingarten Werner Westphal Wiese Wollmann Yüksel Zierke Zimmermann Zorn Zschau CDU/CSUvte CDU, CSUSpeaker: Friedrich Merz CDU: Abraham Albani Altenkamp Amthor Aumer Bareiß Bernstein Beyer Biadacz Bilger Borchardt Brand Braun Breher Brehmer Breilmann Brinkhaus Brodesser Bröhr Bury Connemann Czaja Damerow Donth Färber Feiler Ferlemann Föhr Frei Gädechens Gebhart Gramling Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grütters Grund Grundmann Güler Güntzler Gutting Haase Hardt Hauer Heck Heil Heilmann Helfrich Henrichmann Heveling Hirte Hoppenstedt Hoppermann Hüppe Janssen Jarzombek Jung Karliczek Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Klein Klöckner Knoerig König Koeppen Körber Koob Krichbaum Krings Kuban Laschet Lehmann Leikert Linnemann Lips Luczak Mack Magwas Mannes Mayer-Lay Meister Merz Metzler Middelberg Mörseburg Monstadt Müller Müller Müller Müller Nacke Nicolaisen Oellers Oppelt Oster Otte Pahlmann Ploß Plum Rachel Radomski Rehbaum Reichel Rief Röttgen Röwekamp Rohwer Rouenhoff Rüddel Firnhaber Schenderlein Schimke Schnieder Schön Schreiner Seif Simon Sorge Spahn Stegemann Steiniger von Stetten Stier Stöcker Stumpp Tebroke Thies Throm Tillmann Timmermann-Fechter Uhl Ullrich Vieregge Vogt Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Warken Weiss Weiss Whittaker Widmann-Mauz Wiener Wiesmann Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wulf Ziemiak Zippelius CSU: Auernhammer Bär Brandl Brehm Dobrindt Durz Edelhäußer Engelhard Englhardt-Kopf Erndl Friedrich Frieser Geissler Hahn Hierl Hoffmann Irlstorfer Kießling Lange Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lindholz Loos Ludwig Mayer Müller Oßner Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Silberhorn Staffler Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Weisgerber Winkler Wittmann Zeulner GRÜNEvte GRÜNESpeaker: Claudia Roth Other members: Aeffner Amtsberg Audretsch Außendorf Bacherle Badum Bär Baerbock Banaszak Bayram Beck Benner Brantner Brugger Bsirske Christmann Dahmen Deligöz Detzer Dröge Düring Ebner Eckert Emmerich Fester Gambir Ganserer Gastel Gehring Gelbhaar Gesenhues Göring-Eckardt Grau Grützmacher Grundl Habeck Haßelmann Heitmann Henneberger Herrmann Hönel Hoffmann Hofreiter von Holtz Janecek Kaddor Kappert-Gonther Kellner Keul Khan Kindler Klein-Schmeink Kopf Krämer Kraft Kretz Krischer Krumwiede-Steiner Künast Kurth Lang Lehmann Lemke Liebert Limburg Lindner Loop Lucks Lührmann Mayer Menge Michaelsen Mihalic Mijatovič C. Müller S. Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nanni Nestle Nick von Notz Nouripour Özdemir Otte Pahlke Paus Piechotta Filiz Reinalter Rößner Rottmann Rüffer Sacher Taher Saleh J. Schäfer S. Schäfer Schauws Schmidt Schönberger Schröder Schulz-Asche Sekmen Slawik Spallek Spellerberg Steffen Steinmüller Strengmann-Kuhn Tesfaiesus Trittin Uhlig Verlinden N. Wagener R. Wagener Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Weishaupt Wenzel Winklmann FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Christian Dürr Other members: Abel Adler Al-Halak Alt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bartelt Bauer Beeck Bodtke Boginski J. Brandenburg M. Brandenburg Bubendorfer-Licht Buschmann Busen Cronenberg Djir-Sarai Dürr Faber Föst Funke-Kaiser Gassner-Herz Gerschau Gründer Hacker Hartewig Harzer Heidt Helling-Plahr Herbrand Herbst Hessel Hocker Höferlin Hoffmann Houben in der Beek Jensen Jurisch Klein Kluckert Kober Köhler Konrad Kruse Kubicki Kuhle Lambsdorff Lechte Lenders Lieb Lindner Link Lütke Luksic Mansmann Merten Meyer Mordhorst Müller Müller-Rosentritt Raffelhüschen Redder Reinhold Reuther Sauter Schäffler Schröder Schulz Seestern-Pauly Seiter Semet Skudelny Stark-Watzinger Stockmeier Strack-Zimmermann Strasser Teuteberg Teutrine Theurer Thomae Tippelt Todtenhausen Toncar Ullmann Ullrich Vogel Wagner Weeser Westig Willkomm Wissing AfDvte AfDSpeaker: Other members: Bachmann Baum Baumann Beckamp Bernhard Blerk Bochmann Boehringer Bollmann Brandes Brandner Braun Bühl Bystron Chrupalla Curio Dietz Ehrhorn Espendiller Felser Friedhoff Frömming Frohnmaier Gauland Glaser Gnauck Gottschalk Harder-Kühnel Haug Hess Hilse Höchst Holm Huy Jacobi Janich Jongen Malte Kaufmann Michael Kaufmann Keuter Kleinwächter König Komning Kotré Kraft Lenk Lucassen Moncsek Moosdorf Münzenmaier Naujok Nolte Otten Peterka Pohl Protschka Reichardt Renner Rinck Rothfuß Schattner Schielke-Ziesing E. Schmidt J. Schmidt Schneider Schulz Seitz Sichert Spaniel Springer Stöber von Storch Weidel Weyel Wiehle Wirth Wundrak Ziegler LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Other members: Akbulut Bartsch Birkwald Bünger Cezanne Domscheit-Berg Ferschl Gohlke Görke Gürpinar Gysi Hahn Hennig-Wellsow Korte Latendorf Lay Lenkert Lötzsch Möhring Nastić Pellmann Perlif Reichinnek Renner Riexinger Sitte Vogler Wissler OTHERvteNon-attached Members: Al-Dailami (BSW) Cotar (Independent) Dağdelen (BSW) Ernst (BSW) Hunko (BSW) Farle (Independent) Helferich (Independent) Huber (Independent) Leye (BSW) Mohamed Ali (BSW) Nastić (BSW) Tatti (BSW) Ulrich (BSW) Seidler (SSW) Wagenknecht (BSW) Witt (Independent) List of members of the 20th Bundestag vteMembers of the German Bundestag from North Rhine-WestphaliaSPD Ingrid Arndt-Brauer Nezahat Baradari Bärbel Bas Bernhard Daldrup Wiebke Esdar Dagmar Freitag Michael Gerdes Kerstin Griese Michael Groß Sebastian Hartmann Dirk Heidenblut Wolfgang Hellmich Barbara Hendricks Oliver Kaczmarek Ralf Kapschack Arno Klare Elvan Korkmaz Karl Lauterbach Helge Lindh Claudia Moll Michelle Müntefering Rolf Mützenich Dietmar Nietan Mahmut Özdemir Sabine Poschmann Achim Post Andreas Rimkus René Röspel Axel Schäfer Udo Schiefner Ulla Schmidt Ursula Schulte Martin Schulz Frank Schwabe Stefan Schwartze Michael Thews Markus Töns Dirk Vöpel Dirk Wiese Gülistan Yüksel CDU Sybille Benning Peter Beyer Ralph Brinkhaus Carsten Brodesser Marie-Luise Dött Hermann Gröhe Christian Haase Jürgen Hardt Matthias Hauer Matthias Heider Rudolf Henke Marc Henrichmann Ansgar Heveling Heribert Hirte Thomas Jarzombek Anja Karliczek Georg Kippels Volkmar Klein Günter Krings Carsten Linnemann Gisela Manderla Karsten Möring Michaela Noll Wilfried Oellers Tim Ostermann (from 1 May 2021) Sylvia Pantel Thomas Rachel Kerstin Radomski Johannes Röring Norbert Röttgen Stefan Rouenhoff Uwe Schummer Detlef Seif Reinhold Sendker Patrick Sensburg Jens Spahn Hermann-Josef Tebroke Hans-Jürgen Thies Kerstin Vieregge Sabine Weiss Elisabeth Winkelmeier-Becker Oliver Wittke (until 30 April 2021) Paul Ziemiak Greens Janosch Dahmen (from 12 November 2020) Dörner (until 31 October 2020) Katharina Dröge Kai Gehring Britta Haßelmann Maria Klein-Schmeink Oliver Krischer Markus Kurth Sven Lehmann Irene Mihalic Friedrich Ostendorff Ulle Schauws Frithjof Schmidt FDP Olaf in der Beek Marco Buschmann Karlheinz Busen Carl-Julius Cronenberg Bijan Djir-Sarai Otto Fricke Katrin Helling-Plahr Markus Herbrand Reinhard Houben Alexander Graf Lambsdorff Christian Lindner Roman Müller-Böhm Bernd Reuther Christian Sauter Frank Schäffler Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann Manfred Todtenhausen Johannes Vogel Nicole Westig Katharina Willkomm AfD Michael Espendiller Kay Gottschalk Berengar Elsner von Gronow Roland Hartwig Jochen Haug Udo Hemmelgarn Fabian Jacobi Stefan Keuter Rüdiger Lucassen Martin Renner Jörg Schneider Harald Weyel The Left Matthias Birkwald Sylvia Gabelmann Ulla Jelpke Niema Movassat Alexander Neu Ingrid Remmers Friedrich Straetmanns Kathrin Vogler Hubertus Zdebel Independent Marco Bülow Sevim Dağdelen Andrej Hunko Uwe Kamann Christian Leye Mario Mieruch Sahra Wagenknecht Uwe Witt Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This biography article about a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Schwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Schwab"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholz_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Olaf Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Frank Schwab.German politicianFrank Schwabe (born 12 November 1970) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2005.[1]In addition to his parliamentary work, Schwabe has been serving as Commissioner for Global Freedom of Religion at the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development in the government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz since 2022.[2]","title":"Frank Schwabe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 German federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Recklinghausen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklinghausen_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarische_Linke"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists,_Democrats_and_Greens_Group"},{"link_name":"rapporteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapporteur"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"traffic light coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"Free Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"2021 German elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Boris Pistorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pistorius"},{"link_name":"Luise Amtsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Amtsberg"},{"link_name":"Joachim Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Stamp"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Schwabe first became a member of the Bundestag after the 2005 German federal election, representing the Recklinghausen I district.[3]In parliament, Schwabe first served on the Committee on Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety from 2005 to 2021.[4][5] He has been a member of the Committee on Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid (since 2014), the Committee on Foreign Affairs (since 2021) and the Subcommittee on International Climate and Energy Policy (since 2022).[6] He has been serving as his parliamentary group's spokesperson on human rights and humanitarian aid.Within the SPD parliamentary group, Schwabe belongs to the Parliamentary Left, a left-wing movement.[7]In addition to his committee assignments, Schwabe has been a member of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) since 2014.[8] In the Assembly, he serves on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy; the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by the Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee); the Committee on Rules of Procedure, Immunities, and Institutional Affairs; the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights; and the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons. In 2018, he was elected chairman of the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group. Since 2010, he has also been serving as the Assembly's rapporteur on human rights and the rule of law in the North Caucasus.In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the SPD, the Green Party and the Free Democrats (FDP) following the 2021 German elections, Schwabe was part of his party's delegation in the working group on migration and integration, co-chaired by Boris Pistorius, Luise Amtsberg and Joachim Stamp.[9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"University of Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hagen"},{"link_name":"German Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_f%C3%BCr_Umwelt_und_Naturschutz_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IG BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Bergbau,_Chemie,_Energie"},{"link_name":"FC Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR), Member of the Board of Trustees[10]\nUniversity of Hagen, Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board (since 2018)\nGerman Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation (BUND), Member[11]\nIG BCE, Member\nFC Schalke 04, Member[12]\nBrot für die Welt, Member of the Committee on Development and Humanitarian Aid (2014–2017)","title":"Other activities"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Frank Schwabe | Abgeordnetenwatch\". www.abgeordnetenwatch.de (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/frank-schwabe","url_text":"\"Frank Schwabe | Abgeordnetenwatch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Schwabe, MdB\". SPD-Bundestagsfraktion (in German). 27 June 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spdfraktion.de/abgeordnete/schwabe","url_text":"\"Frank Schwabe, MdB\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Bundestag – Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid\". German Bundestag. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a17","url_text":"\"German Bundestag – Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Bundestag – Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety\". German Bundestag. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a16","url_text":"\"German Bundestag – Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/frank-schwabe","external_links_name":"\"Frank Schwabe | Abgeordnetenwatch\""},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/bundesregierung-das-sind-die-neuen-beauftragten-und-koordinatoren-in-wichtigen-politischen-feldern/27948442.html","external_links_name":"Bundesregierung: Das sind die neuen Beauftragten und Koordinatoren in wichtigen politischen Feldern"},{"Link":"https://www.spdfraktion.de/abgeordnete/schwabe","external_links_name":"\"Frank Schwabe, MdB\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a17","external_links_name":"\"German Bundestag – Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a16","external_links_name":"\"German Bundestag – Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/auswaertiges#url=L2Rva3VtZW50ZS90ZXh0YXJjaGl2LzIwMjIva3cxNC1wYS1rb25zdGl0dWllcnVuZy11YS1rbGltYXBvbGl0aWstODg5MDcw&mod=mod871644","external_links_name":"Lisa Badum leitet Unterausschuss zur Klima- und Energiepolitik"},{"Link":"http://www.parlamentarische-linke.de/unsere-mitglieder/","external_links_name":"Members"},{"Link":"https://pace.coe.int/en/members/6809?lang=EN","external_links_name":"Frank Schwabe"},{"Link":"https://www.waz.de/politik/koaltionsverhandlungen-spd-gruene-fdp-ampel-arbeitsgruppen-id233641303.html","external_links_name":"SPD, Grüne, FDP: Diese Politiker verhandeln die Ampel-Koalition"},{"Link":"https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/about-us/structure/board-of-trustees/","external_links_name":"Board of Trustees"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080159/https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/about-us/structure/board-of-trustees/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/abgeordnete/biografien/S/schwabe_frank-857980","external_links_name":"Frank Schwabe"},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/abgeordnete/biografien/S/schwabe_frank-857980","external_links_name":"Frank Schwabe"},{"Link":"https://www.frank-schwabe.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/schwabe_frank-523558","external_links_name":"Bundestag biography"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4736152200789314400003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1154717240","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Schwabe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Mantzius
Karl Mantzius
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Danish actor (1860–1921) Karl MantziusPortrait of Mantzius by Hansen & WellerBorn(1860-02-20)20 February 1860Copenhagen, DenmarkDied17 May 1921(1921-05-17) (aged 61)Frederiksberg, DenmarkOccupations actor stage and film director opera singer Karl Mantzius (20 February 1860 – 17 May 1921) was a Danish actor, stage and film director, theatre scholar, and operatic baritone. Life and career Mantzius was born in Copenhagen, the son of the actor Kristian Mantzius. At first he played small roles in amateur comedy plays at the Court Theatre in Copenhagen, including 'Vielgeschrey' in Den Stundesløse by Ludvig Holberg, which brought him so much success that the theatre manager Edvard Fallesen advised him to become an actor. He made his debut at the Royal Danish Theatre on 1 September 1883 as Jerome in Erasmus Montanus and became a regular presence at the theatre as both an actor and director. His later roles included Dr. Stern in En mand gik ned fra Jerusalem, Lieutenant von Buddinge in Jens Christian Hostrup's Gjenboerne and Falstaff in Henry IV. Although primarily a stage actor, he also appeared in two operas at the Royal Danish Theatre—as Beckmesser in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and as Jeronimus in the 1906 world premiere of Carl Nielsen's Maskarade. His last performance at the Royal Theatre was as Uncle Peter in Det gamle Hjem on 28 April 1921, less than a month before his death in Frederiksberg at the age of 61. Like his father, he was buried at the Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård. In 1904, Mantzius founded the Danish Actors' Association. Filmography Pavillоnens hemmelighed (1916) Mantzius became a director at Nordisk Film in 1914 and directed three films for the company: Penge (1914) Pavillonens hemmelighed (1916) Addys ægteskab (1916) He also appeared as an actor in the 1919 Swedish film Hans nåds testamente (His Lordship's Last Will) in the role of His Lordship. References ^ a b c Den Store Danske. "Karl Mantzius". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Denstoredanske.dk. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ^ a b Danske Film. "Karl Mantzius". Danskefilm.dk. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ^ "Dansk Skuespillerforbund". Den Store Danske. Gyldendal. Retrieved 21 February 2020. External links Works by or about Karl Mantzius at Internet Archive Karl Mantzius at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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[{"image_text":"Pavillоnens hemmelighed (1916)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invader_2
Astro Storm
["1 History","2 The ride","3 Theming","4 Incidents","5 References"]
Coordinates: 51°17′10″N 3°00′29″W / 51.286078°N 3.008076°W / 51.286078; -3.008076Roller coaster This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Astro Storm" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) Astro StormAn aerial overview shot of the Astro StormBrean Leisure ParkCoordinates51°17′10″N 3°00′29″W / 51.286078°N 3.008076°W / 51.286078; -3.008076StatusOperatingOpening date23 July 2011 (2011-07-23)Astro Storm at Brean Leisure Park at RCDBPleasure Beach BlackpoolCoordinates53°47′23″N 3°03′15″W / 53.789738°N 3.054250°W / 53.789738; -3.054250StatusRemovedOpening dateAugust 21, 1984 (1984-08-21)Closing dateSeptember 2008Astro Storm at Pleasure Beach Blackpool at RCDB General statisticsTypeSteel – EnclosedManufacturerZiererDesignerWerner StengelModelFour Man BobLift/launch systemChain Lift HillDrop59 ft (18 m)Length1,490 ft (450 m)Speed37 mph (60 km/h)Inversions0Duration1:30Max vertical angle36°G-force2.6Height restriction48 in (122 cm) Astro Storm is an enclosed, sit down roller coaster at Brean Leisure Park in Brean, England, created by German amusement ride manufacturer Zierer. It used to be located at Pleasure Beach Blackpool in Blackpool, England where it was known as Space Invader 2. History Space Invader opened on 21 August 1984, and was Blackpool Pleasure Beach's fourth steel roller coaster. The ride itself was constructed by Zierer, a German ride manufacturer. The original ride was similar to the ride as it is today. In 2000, a young boy died after reportedly unbuckling his safety belt from panic. It was refurbished in 2003 by Kumbak Coasters and reopened in 2004 as "Space Invader 2". In September 2008, the ride closed following a failed evacuation during operating hours. It was removed in June 2010 and announced to be sold to Brean Leisure Park in July 2010. The ride was refurbished and renamed 'Astro Storm' prior to its opening in 2011. The ride After leaving the station, cars make a 90° turn to the right and are carried to the top of a chain-lift hill; the cars then descend a 59ft drop in the dark, at an incline angle of 36°. The ride then has several drops, banked turns and helixes, before cars reach the brake run and return to the station to be unloaded. Astro Storm operates with single-car trains. Riders are arranged in three rows for a total of three riders per car with a T-bar restraint. Before 2003 (when it was the Space Invader at Blackpool), the ride used cars which were able to carry 4 people and riders were restrained by a seatbelt. Theming This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) When it was Space Invader 2, the ride was themed around a journey through space and was decorated with glow-in-the-dark pictures of stars, planets, and aliens. The queue and loading area were themed around a space station, with various signs telling riders the wait time to board their ride vehicles. Some parts of the queue were themed around the Star Wars films, such as a statue of Han Solo stuck in carbonite. Astro Storm however has a different approach with regard to theming. The queue area (which is now outside) is themed and has a queue line video. This video tells you that "Astro Tours" is going to take you on a journey through space. Once the train starts, riders proceed through a set of doors followed by a screen with a man exclaiming "Abort!". The shouting continues as riders continue up the chain lift. At the apex, the rider is met with strobe lights and sirens while the rest of the ride is in pitch black, except some slight lighting effects on the trim brakes. Incidents On 21 July 2000, 11-year-old Christopher Sharett died after he fell out of the ride vehicle. Authorities ruled his death as 'accidental' since he panicked and unbuckled his seatbelt before being hit by another cart. References ^ "Boy's rollercoaster death 'accidental'". BBC News. 30 October 2001. Retrieved 10 April 2008. vteBlackpool Pleasure Beach ridesRoller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper The Big One Blue Flyer Grand National Icon Infusion Nickelodeon Streak Revolution Steeplechase Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast: The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Red Arrows Sky Force Valhalla Wallace & Gromit's Thrill-O-Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Wild Mouse Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8
User talk:2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8
["1 Your submission at Articles for creation: DocuFreezer (April 21)","2 Draft:DocuFreezer concern","3 Your draft article, Draft:DocuFreezer"]
This is 2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8's talk page, where you can send them messages and comments. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed Your submission at Articles for creation: DocuFreezer (April 21) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by Dreamy Jazz were: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources.This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article—that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published, reliable, secondary sources that are independent of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of websites). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help and learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:DocuFreezer and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you now believe the draft cannot meet Wikipedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to Draft:DocuFreezer, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{db-self}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit. If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 17:40, 21 April 2019 (UTC) Hello, 2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8! Having an article declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 17:40, 21 April 2019 (UTC) Draft:DocuFreezer concern Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:DocuFreezer, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace. If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it. If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13. Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:25, 22 January 2020 (UTC) Your draft article, Draft:DocuFreezer Hello, 2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "DocuFreezer". In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. kingboyk (talk) 02:27, 23 February 2020 (UTC) This is the discussion page for an IP user, identified by the user's IP address. Many IP addresses change periodically, and are often shared by several users. If you are an IP user, you may create an account or log in to avoid future confusion with other IP users. Registering also hides your IP address. (WHOIS (alt • old) Geolocate (Alternate) Proxy Checker Current blocks XTools Global contributions) (RIRs: Africa America Asia-Pacific Europe Latin America/Caribbean)
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page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Dreamy_Jazz&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:DocuFreezer"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC_help_disclaimer"},{"link_name":"Dreamy Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dreamy_Jazz"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dreamy_Jazz"},{"link_name":"my contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dreamy_Jazz"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Draft:DocuFreezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:DocuFreezer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"HasteurBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"Draft:DocuFreezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:DocuFreezer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WP:REFUND/G13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFUND/G13"},{"link_name":"HasteurBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Draft:DocuFreezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:DocuFreezer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFC"},{"link_name":"Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts"},{"link_name":"DocuFreezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:DocuFreezer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mainspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace"},{"link_name":"this link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFUND/G13"},{"link_name":"kingboyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kingboyk"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kingboyk"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Your submission at Articles for creation: DocuFreezer (April 21)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! 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If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:25, 22 January 2020 (UTC)[reply]Your draft article, Draft:DocuFreezer[edit]Hello, 2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, \"DocuFreezer\".In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. kingboyk (talk) 02:27, 23 February 2020 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:2A00:1FA0:4893:8782:FCD0:B9B5:572E:EBD8"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_in_Pennsylvania
Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania
["1 Route description","1.1 Lebanon and Berks counties","1.2 Lehigh and Northampton counties","2 History","2.1 Interstate 178","2.2 Interstate 378","2.3 Improvements in Berks County","3 Exit list","4 See also","5 References"]
Route map: Highway in Pennsylvania, US This article is about the section of Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania. For the entire route, see Interstate 78. Interstate 78I-78 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by PennDOT and DRJTBCLength77.95 mi (125.45 km)Existed1957–presentHistoryCompleted in 1989NHSEntire routeMajor junctionsWest end I-81 in Union TownshipMajor intersections US 22 from Bethel Township to Upper Macungie Township PA 501 in Bethel PA 183 near Strausstown PA 61 near Hamburg PA 100 in Fogelsville PA 309 from Dorneyville to Summit Lawn US 222 / PA 222 near Dorneyville PA 29 near Allentown PA 33 in Lower Saucon Township East end I-78 at the New Jersey state line in Williams Township LocationCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountiesLebanon, Berks, Lehigh, Northampton Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Pennsylvania State Route System Interstate US State Scenic Legislative ← PA 77→ PA 78← PA 177I-178→ PA 178 Interstate 78 (I-78) is a major east–west Interstate Highway stretching from Union Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, in the west to the Holland Tunnel and New York City in the east. In Pennsylvania, I-78 runs for about 78 miles (126 km) from the western terminus at I-81 in Union Township east to the New Jersey state line near Easton in Northampton County. Much of I-78 west of Allentown predates the Interstate Highway System as a freeway upgrade of U.S. Route 22 (US 22), which runs concurrently with I-78 between Bethel Township and Upper Macungie Township. The Interstate, originally planned as Interstate 80N (I-80N), was supposed to continue its concurrency with US 22 to the New Jersey state line but was realigned to the south due to local opposition. Two auxiliary routes, Interstate 178 (I-178) and I-378, were also planned as spurs into Allentown and Bethlehem respectively, but I-178 was never built and I-378 became Pennsylvania Route 378 (PA 378) since it no longer connected to I-78. Improvement of the highway in Berks County is currently underway. Route description Lebanon and Berks counties I-78/US 22 eastbound past the Shartlesville exit I-78 begins at an interchange with I-81 in Union Township in Lebanon County, heading east as a four-lane freeway. In Lebanon County, I-78 is known as the 78th Division Highway. The road passes under PA 72 and turns northeast through a mix of farmland and woodland, crossing the Swatara Creek into Swatara Township. The freeway continues through agricultural areas with some trees, curving east and entering Bethel Township. I-78 passes north of Fredericksburg and comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with the northern terminus of PA 343. Following this, the freeway passes through more rural areas with some nearby development and reaches a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with US 22 (William Penn Highway). At this point, US 22 becomes concurrent with I-78 and the median of the freeway narrows from a grassy median to a Jersey barrier. I-78/US 22 enters Bethel Township in Berks County and heads east-northeast through agricultural areas to the south of the Blue Mountain ridge, coming to a diamond interchange with PA 645 north of Frystown. The road continues through farmland with some warehouses and reaches a diamond interchange with PA 501 north of Bethel. The freeway heads through a mix of farms and woods, passing to the south of Grimes Airport and coming to a right-in/right-out interchange with Court Street eastbound and Frantz Road westbound; this interchange has no access across the freeway. I-78/US 22 soon reaches a diamond interchange with Midway Road as it passes through more rural land, coming to a diamond interchange with PA 419 south of Schubert. Past this interchange, the road runs through a mix of farms and woods, crossing the Little Swatara Creek into Upper Tulpehocken Township. The freeway reaches a diamond interchange with PA 183 north of Strausstown and continues through agricultural areas with some woodland. I-78/US 22 crosses Northkill Creek into Upper Bern Township and comes to a diamond interchange with Mountain Road north of Shartlesville. At this point, I-78/US 22 becomes the CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway, in honor of Richard Etchberger. Following this interchange, the road heads northeast through farm fields with some trees and homes and crosses into Tilden Township. In Tilden Township, the freeway continues northeast and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 61 in a business area that includes a 250,000-square-foot (23,000 m2) Cabela's store. Past PA 61, I-78/US 22 comes to a bridge over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad's Reading Division line and the Schuylkill River. Upon crossing the river, I-78/US 22 enters the borough of Hamburg and passes through residential areas, coming to a diamond interchange at North 4th Street that serves Hamburg. The road leaves Hamburg for Windsor Township and heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes, curving to the east. Farther east, the parallel Blue Mountain ridge heads further north from the freeway. I-78/US 22 crosses into Greenwich Township and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 143 north of the borough of Lenhartsville. The CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway name for I-78/US 22 ends at this interchange. Past this interchange, the road crosses Maiden Creek and runs through a mix of farm fields and woodland. Farther east, the freeway reaches a diamond interchange with PA 737 south of Krumsville. The road continues east through rural land with some nearby development, passing through the northern corner of Maxatawny Township. Lehigh and Northampton counties I-78 eastbound at split with US 22 eastbound in Upper Macungie Township I-78/US 22 enters Weisenberg Township in Lehigh County, where the freeway becomes the Walter J. Dealtrey Memorial Highway and continues east through farms and woods in the Lehigh Valley, passing north of New Smithville. The road passes south of warehouses and comes to a diamond interchange with PA 863. Following this interchange, the freeway heads to the south of more warehouses and runs through more rural areas with some homes, crossing into Upper Macungie Township. I-78/US 22 runs between farm fields to the north and warehouses and industrial development to the south before it comes to a cloverleaf interchange with PA 100 in a business area in Fogelsville. After the PA 100 interchange, the freeway widens to six lanes and heads east through industrial areas, coming to a bridge over Norfolk Southern Railway's C&F Secondary railroad line before curving northeast. In Kuhnsville, US 22 splits from I-78 at an eastbound exit and westbound entrance by heading northeast on a freeway called the Lehigh Valley Thruway. From here, I-78 continues east-southeast as a four-lane freeway, passing residential subdivisions with some commercial development. The freeway continues southeast and passes over I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) before it comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with the PA 309 freeway. At this point, PA 309 becomes concurrent with I-78 and the freeway enters Lower Macungie Township, widening to six lanes and running past commercial development to the southwest of the Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom amusement park. The freeway reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of US 222 and the southern terminus of PA 222 at Hamilton Boulevard, which provides access to the cities of Allentown and Reading. Following this interchange, the road crosses into South Whitehall Township and heads east between residential areas to the north and farm fields to the south, before entering Salisbury Township and passing north of Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest. Past the hospital, I-78/PA 309 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of the southern section of PA 29 at Cedar Crest Boulevard before running between residential areas to the north and office buildings to the south. The freeway enters Allentown and runs through woodland, crossing Little Lehigh Creek before it passes through a small section of Salisbury Township. The road heads back into Allentown and runs near residential areas, passing south of Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport before it comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange at Lehigh Street. I-78/PA 309 runs near industrial areas and passes over Norfolk Southern Railway's Reading Line before coming to a westbound exit ramp serving Emaus Avenue. The freeway passes near neighborhoods before it leaves Allentown for Salisbury Township, where it ascends forested South Mountain. The highway comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with Rock Road that provides a connection to PA 145 in Summit Lawn, where it crosses into Upper Saucon Township. Following this, the freeway turns southeast and comes to an interchange with the southern terminus of PA 145 in Lanark, at which point PA 309 splits from I-78 by heading southeast on a surface road toward the borough of Quakertown. From here, I-78 turns northeast, narrowing to four lanes with the median changing from a Jersey barrier to a grassy median. The road heads between South Mountain to the northwest and a mix of farm fields, woods, and development to the southeast. I-78 westbound past the PA 412 interchange in Bethlehem I-78 enters Lower Saucon Township in Northampton County and passes over PA 378 as it curves north near residential development. The road turns to the east-northeast and runs between forested South Mountain to the north and farmland and homes to the south, entering Bethlehem. The freeway crosses the Saucon Creek and becomes the border between Bethlehem to the north and the borough of Hellertown to the south before it comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 412 that serves Bethlehem and Hellertown. Following this interchange, I-78 fully enters Bethlehem before it crosses back into Lower Saucon Township, turning to the northeast and running through wooded areas with some farm fields and homes, heading across the East Branch Saucon Creek. The road comes to a trumpet interchange with the southern terminus of the PA 33 freeway, which heads north toward the Pocono Mountains region. Past this interchange, the freeway crosses into Williams Township and continues through rural areas with some development, crossing into the borough of Glendon. I-78 turns east as it passes south of industrial areas, leaving Glendon for Williams Township. The road comes to a diamond interchange with Morgan Hill Road, which heads north into Easton and provides access to PA 611 via city streets. Past this interchange, the freeway widens to six lanes and passes near residential and commercial development, coming to a westbound welcome center and a westbound toll plaza for the Interstate 78 Toll Bridge. From here, I-78 runs through wooded areas and turns southeast, heading onto the Interstate 78 Toll Bridge, which carries the freeway over PA 611 and the Delaware Canal before crossing the Delaware River where I-78 enters New Jersey. History Construction of the freeway between Lebanon and Lehigh counties took place between 1950 and 1970, originally as an upgraded alignment of US 22. All of I-78 was completed by 1989. When the Interstate Highway System numbers were first assigned in 1957, the route was planned as I-80N. Prior to the late 1960s, I-78 was to be routed on the Lehigh Valley Thruway across to Phillipsburg, New Jersey, continuing the concurrency with US 22; however, because of heavy opposition by residents of Phillipsburg, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) opted to build the new southerly route I-78 follows today. Interstate 178 Interstate 178LocationAllentown, PennsylvaniaExisted1950s–1971 Interstate 178 (I-178) was a proposed spur from I-78 but was canceled because the Liberty Bell Museum, which had since closed, was in the path of the proposed expressway. Additionally, locals opposed the destruction of Sixth and Seventh Streets to accommodate the highway. The planned northern terminus would have been between the 15th Street and PA 145 interchanges. If built, I-178 would have connected US 22, formerly designated I-78, into Allentown. This route was shown in Rand McNally atlases in the late 1960s but was not included in the 1971 federal Interstate route log. The route was supposed to end near Muhlenberg College. Interstate 378 Main article: Interstate 378 Interstate 378LocationBethlehem, PennsylvaniaExisted1968–1971 I-378 was the designation for a spur route that would extend from I-78 into Bethlehem. At the time, I-78 was designated as the Lehigh Valley Thruway, concurrent with US 22. Unlike I-178, the route was built. When I-78 was later redirected south of this area, I-378 had no direct connection to I-78 and therefore was renumbered to PA 378. The route still remains, as a freeway with exits and their own numbers. When I-178 and I-378 were planned (and I-378 was built), I-78 ran the length of the Lehigh Valley Thruway. Later, I-78 was rerouted onto a bypass route south of the Thruway. This was due to opposition to continue the concurrency with the Lehigh Valley Thruway into New Jersey. Improvements in Berks County I-78/US 22 westbound at the PA 737 interchange in Krumsville In 2013, PennDOT announced plans to improve a portion of I-78 in eastern Berks County. The project will redesign the PA 737 interchange, add truck lanes, widen lanes and shoulders, and raise the height of three overpasses. Construction began in 2015 and is planned to be completed in 2025 at a cost of $412.6 million. In 2020, a project began to improve the section of I-78 in Hamburg by reconstructing and reconfiguring the PA 61 interchange and widening and rehabilitating the bridges over the Schuylkill River and Port Clinton Avenue. Construction on this project is planned to be completed in December 2025 at a cost of $125.4 million. Exit list CountyLocationmikmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes LebanonUnion Township0.000.001B I-81 south – HarrisburgExit 89 on I-81 0.550.891A I-81 north – Hazleton Bethel Township5.859.4116 PA 343 south – Lebanon, FredericksburgEastbound exit and westbound entrance; northern terminus of PA 343 7.9012.7118 US 22 west to PA 343 – Lebanon, FredericksburgWestern terminus of US 22 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance BerksBethel Township10.2116.43210 PA 645 – Frystown 12.6820.41313 PA 501 – Bethel 14.6723.61415GrimesRight-in/right-out; access via Court Street eastbound, Frantz Road westbound; no access across I-78/US 22; no tractor trailers 15.4024.78516MidwayAccess via Midway Road 16.5826.68617 PA 419 – RehrersburgAccess to Conrad Weiser Homestead Upper Tulpehocken Township18.6530.01719 PA 183 – Strausstown Upper Bern Township22.7136.55823ShartlesvilleAccess via Mountain Road Tilden Township29.11–29.3546.85–47.23929 PA 61 – Pottsville, Reading Hamburg30.1948.591030HamburgAccess via North 4th Street Greenwich Township35.2356.701135 PA 143 – Lenhartsville 40.2764.811240 PA 737 – Kutztown, KrumsvilleAccess to Kutztown University LehighWeisenberg Township44.9672.361345 PA 863 – Lynnport, New Smithville Upper Macungie Township49.26–49.5579.28–79.741449 PA 100 – Trexlertown, FogelsvilleSigned as exits 49A (south) and 49B (north) 50.8981.901551 US 22 east to I-476 Toll / Penna Turnpike NE Extension / PA 309 north – Lehigh Valley International AirportEastern terminus of US 22 concurrency; eastbound exit and westbound entrance Lower Macungie Township53.6786.3753 PA 309 north to I-476 Toll / Penna Turnpike NE Extension – TamaquaWestern terminus of PA 309 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance Lower Macungie–South Whitehalltownship line54.12–54.5187.10–87.731654 US 222 south / PA 222 north (Hamilton Boulevard)Signed as exits 54A (south) and 54B (north) westbound; northern terminus of US 222; southern terminus of PA 222; access to Reading, Allentown Center City, and Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Salisbury Township55.4189.171755 PA 29 south (Cedar Crest Boulevard)Northern terminus of southern segment of PA 29 Allentown57.2092.051857Lehigh Street 57.6392.7518B58Emaus Avenue southWestbound exit only Upper Saucon Township58.8394.681959 To PA 145 – Summit LawnEastbound exit and westbound entrance; access via Rock Road 59.9296.4320A60A PA 309 south – QuakertownEastern terminus of PA 309 concurrency; signed as exit 60 eastbound; access to DeSales University 60.3097.0420B60B PA 145 north (South 4th Street)Westbound exit only; southern terminus of PA 145; access to Allentown Center City NorthamptonBethlehem66.36106.802167 PA 412 – Hellertown, BethlehemAccess to Lehigh University and Wind Creek Bethlehem Lower Saucon Township71.04114.3371 PA 33 north to US 22 – StroudsburgSouthern terminus of PA 33; access to Pocono Mountains and Lehigh Valley International Airport Williams Township75.00120.702275 To PA 611 – Easton, PhiladelphiaAccess via Morgan Hill Road; access to Crayola Experience and Lafayette College Rest area and welcome center (westbound) Toll plaza (westbound only) Delaware River77.10124.08Interstate 78 Toll Bridge — I-78 east – New York CityContinuation into New Jersey 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access       Tolled See also U.S. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal References ^ Federal Highway Administration (December 31, 2021). "Table 1 - Main Routes". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Roxanne H. Jones Avenue, 78th Division, POW/MIA Remembrance and Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Highways and Arthur F. Detisch Memorial Bridge - Designations" (PDF). www.legis.state.pa.us. December 21, 1998. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g Google (October 16, 2019). "Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ Lebanon County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ a b c Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ "CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway - Designation" (PDF). www.legis.state.pa.us. May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ Steve Esack (January 30, 2004). "Section of I-78 named to honor businessman Walter J. Dealtrey - Morning Call". Articles.mcall.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. ^ a b Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ Northampton County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Map). American Association of State Highway Officials. August 14, 1957. Retrieved January 3, 2017. ^ "Interstate-Guide: Interstate 78". www.interstate-guide.com. Retrieved March 26, 2016. ^ "Pennsylvania's Dearly Departed Interstates". ^ "I-178 (cancelled) Pennsylvania". ^ "1963 Rand McNally". ^ "I-178 Map". ^ Devlin, Ron (January 18, 2013). "PennDOT unveils upgrade to Interstate 78". Reading Eagle. Retrieved January 18, 2013. ^ Winfrey, Katiera; Wivell, Dawn (March 7, 2019). "PennDOT, Berks Planning Commission provide update on I-78". 69 News. Retrieved March 16, 2019. ^ Lee, Christine (February 18, 2020). "Bridges on I-78, Route 61 to be upgraded, replaced". Republican Herald. Pottsville, PA. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ Calculated using DeLorme Street Atlas USA 2007 ^ a b "Pennsylvania Exit Numbering" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2007. vteAuxiliary routes of Interstate 78 Pennsylvania: 1781 3781 New Jersey 278 New York 278 4782 678 8782 1Former 2Unsigned Interstate 78 Previous state:Terminus Pennsylvania Next state:New Jersey KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Interstate 78 in PennsylvaniaKML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"Union Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Holland Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northampton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Bethel Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Macungie Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_378"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_378"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Highway in Pennsylvania, USThis article is about the section of Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania. For the entire route, see Interstate 78.Interstate 78 (I-78) is a major east–west Interstate Highway stretching from Union Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, in the west to the Holland Tunnel and New York City in the east. In Pennsylvania, I-78 runs for about 78 miles (126 km) from the western terminus at I-81 in Union Township east to the New Jersey state line near Easton in Northampton County.Much of I-78 west of Allentown predates the Interstate Highway System as a freeway upgrade of U.S. Route 22 (US 22), which runs concurrently with I-78 between Bethel Township and Upper Macungie Township. The Interstate, originally planned as Interstate 80N (I-80N), was supposed to continue its concurrency with US 22 to the New Jersey state line but was realigned to the south due to local opposition.Two auxiliary routes, Interstate 178 (I-178) and I-378, were also planned as spurs into Allentown and Bethlehem respectively, but I-178 was never built and I-378 became Pennsylvania Route 378 (PA 378) since it no longer connected to I-78. Improvement of the highway in Berks County is currently underway.","title":"Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-08-16_16_42_01_View_east_along_Interstate_78_and_U.S._Route_22_(William_Penn_Highway)_just_east_of_Exit_23_in_Upper_Bern_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Union Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lebanon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PA 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Swatara Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatara_Creek"},{"link_name":"Swatara Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatara_Township,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bethel Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_343"},{"link_name":"US 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"William Penn Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn_Highway"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Jersey barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_barrier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTLebanon-4"},{"link_name":"Bethel Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"PA 645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_645"},{"link_name":"Frystown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frystown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_501"},{"link_name":"Bethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Grimes Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_Airport"},{"link_name":"right-in/right-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-in/right-out"},{"link_name":"PA 419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_419"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Little Swatara Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Swatara_Creek"},{"link_name":"Upper Tulpehocken Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Tulpehocken_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_183"},{"link_name":"Strausstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strausstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northkill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northkill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Upper Bern Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bern_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Shartlesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shartlesville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTBerks-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Etchberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Etchberger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tilden Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilden_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTBerks-5"},{"link_name":"partial cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"PA 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_61"},{"link_name":"Cabela's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabela%27s"},{"link_name":"Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Blue_Mountain_and_Northern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Reading Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Division"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Windsor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_143"},{"link_name":"Lenhartsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenhartsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Maiden Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Creek"},{"link_name":"PA 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_737"},{"link_name":"Krumsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Maxatawny Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxatawny_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTBerks-5"}],"sub_title":"Lebanon and Berks counties","text":"I-78/US 22 eastbound past the Shartlesville exitI-78 begins at an interchange with I-81 in Union Township in Lebanon County, heading east as a four-lane freeway. In Lebanon County, I-78 is known as the 78th Division Highway.[2] The road passes under PA 72 and turns northeast through a mix of farmland and woodland, crossing the Swatara Creek into Swatara Township. The freeway continues through agricultural areas with some trees, curving east and entering Bethel Township. I-78 passes north of Fredericksburg and comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with the northern terminus of PA 343. Following this, the freeway passes through more rural areas with some nearby development and reaches a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with US 22 (William Penn Highway). At this point, US 22 becomes concurrent with I-78 and the median of the freeway narrows from a grassy median to a Jersey barrier.[3][4]I-78/US 22 enters Bethel Township in Berks County and heads east-northeast through agricultural areas to the south of the Blue Mountain ridge, coming to a diamond interchange with PA 645 north of Frystown. The road continues through farmland with some warehouses and reaches a diamond interchange with PA 501 north of Bethel. The freeway heads through a mix of farms and woods, passing to the south of Grimes Airport and coming to a right-in/right-out interchange with Court Street eastbound and Frantz Road westbound; this interchange has no access across the freeway. I-78/US 22 soon reaches a diamond interchange with Midway Road as it passes through more rural land, coming to a diamond interchange with PA 419 south of Schubert. Past this interchange, the road runs through a mix of farms and woods, crossing the Little Swatara Creek into Upper Tulpehocken Township. The freeway reaches a diamond interchange with PA 183 north of Strausstown and continues through agricultural areas with some woodland. I-78/US 22 crosses Northkill Creek into Upper Bern Township and comes to a diamond interchange with Mountain Road north of Shartlesville.[3][5] At this point, I-78/US 22 becomes the CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway, in honor of Richard Etchberger.[6] Following this interchange, the road heads northeast through farm fields with some trees and homes and crosses into Tilden Township.[3][5]In Tilden Township, the freeway continues northeast and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 61 in a business area that includes a 250,000-square-foot (23,000 m2) Cabela's store. Past PA 61, I-78/US 22 comes to a bridge over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad's Reading Division line and the Schuylkill River. Upon crossing the river, I-78/US 22 enters the borough of Hamburg and passes through residential areas, coming to a diamond interchange at North 4th Street that serves Hamburg. The road leaves Hamburg for Windsor Township and heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes, curving to the east. Farther east, the parallel Blue Mountain ridge heads further north from the freeway. I-78/US 22 crosses into Greenwich Township and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 143 north of the borough of Lenhartsville. The CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway name for I-78/US 22 ends at this interchange. Past this interchange, the road crosses Maiden Creek and runs through a mix of farm fields and woodland. Farther east, the freeway reaches a diamond interchange with PA 737 south of Krumsville. The road continues east through rural land with some nearby development, passing through the northern corner of Maxatawny Township.[3][5]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-08-16_17_26_22_View_east_along_Interstate_78_and_U.S._Route_22_at_Exit_51_(U.S._Route_22_EAST,_TO_Interstate_476,_TO_NORTH_State_Route_309,_PA_Turnpike,_LVI_Airport)_in_Upper_Macungie_Township,_Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Weisenberg Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisenberg_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"New Smithville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Smithville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_863"},{"link_name":"Upper Macungie Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"PA 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_100"},{"link_name":"Fogelsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogelsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"C&F Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26F_Secondary"},{"link_name":"Kuhnsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhnsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_476"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike_Northeast_Extension"},{"link_name":"PA 309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_309"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTLehigh-8"},{"link_name":"Lower Macungie Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney_Park_%26_Wildwater_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"US 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_222"},{"link_name":"PA 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_222"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"South Whitehall Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Township,_Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Hospital%E2%80%93Cedar_Crest"},{"link_name":"PA 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_29"},{"link_name":"Cedar Crest Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Crest_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Little Lehigh Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lehigh_Creek"},{"link_name":"Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown_Queen_City_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Street"},{"link_name":"Reading Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Line"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mountain_(Eastern_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"PA 145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_145"},{"link_name":"Summit Lawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Lawn,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Saucon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saucon_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Quakertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTLehigh-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-08-16_08_31_14_View_west_along_Interstate_78_just_west_of_Exit_67_in_Bethlehem,_Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lower Saucon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saucon_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northampton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_378"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Saucon Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucon_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hellertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_412"},{"link_name":"East Branch Saucon Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Saucon_Creek"},{"link_name":"trumpet interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_interchange"},{"link_name":"PA 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Pocono Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Williams Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Township,_Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Glendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendon,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_611"},{"link_name":"welcome center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_center"},{"link_name":"Interstate 78 Toll Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_Toll_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Delaware Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Canal"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTNorthampton-9"}],"sub_title":"Lehigh and Northampton counties","text":"I-78 eastbound at split with US 22 eastbound in Upper Macungie TownshipI-78/US 22 enters Weisenberg Township in Lehigh County, where the freeway becomes the Walter J. Dealtrey Memorial Highway[7] and continues east through farms and woods in the Lehigh Valley, passing north of New Smithville. The road passes south of warehouses and comes to a diamond interchange with PA 863.Following this interchange, the freeway heads to the south of more warehouses and runs through more rural areas with some homes, crossing into Upper Macungie Township. I-78/US 22 runs between farm fields to the north and warehouses and industrial development to the south before it comes to a cloverleaf interchange with PA 100 in a business area in Fogelsville. After the PA 100 interchange, the freeway widens to six lanes and heads east through industrial areas, coming to a bridge over Norfolk Southern Railway's C&F Secondary railroad line before curving northeast. In Kuhnsville, US 22 splits from I-78 at an eastbound exit and westbound entrance by heading northeast on a freeway called the Lehigh Valley Thruway. From here, I-78 continues east-southeast as a four-lane freeway, passing residential subdivisions with some commercial development. The freeway continues southeast and passes over I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) before it comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with the PA 309 freeway.[3][8]At this point, PA 309 becomes concurrent with I-78 and the freeway enters Lower Macungie Township, widening to six lanes and running past commercial development to the southwest of the Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom amusement park. The freeway reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of US 222 and the southern terminus of PA 222 at Hamilton Boulevard, which provides access to the cities of Allentown and Reading. Following this interchange, the road crosses into South Whitehall Township and heads east between residential areas to the north and farm fields to the south, before entering Salisbury Township and passing north of Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest. Past the hospital, I-78/PA 309 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of the southern section of PA 29 at Cedar Crest Boulevard before running between residential areas to the north and office buildings to the south. The freeway enters Allentown and runs through woodland, crossing Little Lehigh Creek before it passes through a small section of Salisbury Township. The road heads back into Allentown and runs near residential areas, passing south of Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport before it comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange at Lehigh Street. I-78/PA 309 runs near industrial areas and passes over Norfolk Southern Railway's Reading Line before coming to a westbound exit ramp serving Emaus Avenue. The freeway passes near neighborhoods before it leaves Allentown for Salisbury Township, where it ascends forested South Mountain. The highway comes to an eastbound exit and westbound entrance with Rock Road that provides a connection to PA 145 in Summit Lawn, where it crosses into Upper Saucon Township. Following this, the freeway turns southeast and comes to an interchange with the southern terminus of PA 145 in Lanark, at which point PA 309 splits from I-78 by heading southeast on a surface road toward the borough of Quakertown. From here, I-78 turns northeast, narrowing to four lanes with the median changing from a Jersey barrier to a grassy median. The road heads between South Mountain to the northwest and a mix of farm fields, woods, and development to the southeast.[3][8]I-78 westbound past the PA 412 interchange in BethlehemI-78 enters Lower Saucon Township in Northampton County and passes over PA 378 as it curves north near residential development. The road turns to the east-northeast and runs between forested South Mountain to the north and farmland and homes to the south, entering Bethlehem. The freeway crosses the Saucon Creek and becomes the border between Bethlehem to the north and the borough of Hellertown to the south before it comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 412 that serves Bethlehem and Hellertown. Following this interchange, I-78 fully enters Bethlehem before it crosses back into Lower Saucon Township, turning to the northeast and running through wooded areas with some farm fields and homes, heading across the East Branch Saucon Creek. The road comes to a trumpet interchange with the southern terminus of the PA 33 freeway, which heads north toward the Pocono Mountains region. Past this interchange, the freeway crosses into Williams Township and continues through rural areas with some development, crossing into the borough of Glendon. I-78 turns east as it passes south of industrial areas, leaving Glendon for Williams Township. The road comes to a diamond interchange with Morgan Hill Road, which heads north into Easton and provides access to PA 611 via city streets. Past this interchange, the freeway widens to six lanes and passes near residential and commercial development, coming to a westbound welcome center and a westbound toll plaza for the Interstate 78 Toll Bridge. From here, I-78 runs through wooded areas and turns southeast, heading onto the Interstate 78 Toll Bridge, which carries the freeway over PA 611 and the Delaware Canal before crossing the Delaware River where I-78 enters New Jersey.[3][9]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lehigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"US 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Thruway"},{"link_name":"Phillipsburg, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipsburg,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Construction of the freeway between Lebanon and Lehigh counties took place between 1950 and 1970, originally as an upgraded alignment of US 22. All of I-78 was completed by 1989. When the Interstate Highway System numbers were first assigned in 1957, the route was planned as I-80N.[10] Prior to the late 1960s, I-78 was to be routed on the Lehigh Valley Thruway across to Phillipsburg, New Jersey, continuing the concurrency with US 22; however, because of heavy opposition by residents of Phillipsburg, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) opted to build the new southerly route I-78 follows today.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Bell Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"US 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rand McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Muhlenberg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhlenberg_College"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Interstate 178","text":"Interstate 178 (I-178) was a proposed spur from I-78 but was canceled because the Liberty Bell Museum, which had since closed, was in the path of the proposed expressway. Additionally, locals opposed the destruction of Sixth and Seventh Streets to accommodate the highway. The planned northern terminus would have been between the 15th Street and PA 145 interchanges.[12] If built, I-178 would have connected US 22, formerly designated I-78, into Allentown.[13]This route was shown in Rand McNally atlases in the late 1960s but was not included in the 1971 federal Interstate route log.[14] The route was supposed to end near Muhlenberg College.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Interstate 378","text":"I-378 was the designation for a spur route that would extend from I-78 into Bethlehem. At the time, I-78 was designated as the Lehigh Valley Thruway, concurrent with US 22. Unlike I-178, the route was built. When I-78 was later redirected south of this area, I-378 had no direct connection to I-78 and therefore was renumbered to PA 378. The route still remains, as a freeway with exits and their own numbers.When I-178 and I-378 were planned (and I-378 was built), I-78 ran the length of the Lehigh Valley Thruway. Later, I-78 was rerouted onto a bypass route south of the Thruway. This was due to opposition to continue the concurrency with the Lehigh Valley Thruway into New Jersey.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-09-01_10_18_56_View_west_along_Interstate_78_and_U.S._Route_22_(William_Penn_Highway)_from_the_overpass_for_Pennsylvania_State_Route_737_(Krumsville_Road)_in_Greenwich_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Improvements in Berks County","text":"I-78/US 22 westbound at the PA 737 interchange in KrumsvilleIn 2013, PennDOT announced plans to improve a portion of I-78 in eastern Berks County. The project will redesign the PA 737 interchange, add truck lanes, widen lanes and shoulders, and raise the height of three overpasses.[16] Construction began in 2015 and is planned to be completed in 2025 at a cost of $412.6 million.[17] In 2020, a project began to improve the section of I-78 in Hamburg by reconstructing and reconfiguring the PA 61 interchange and widening and rehabilitating the bridges over the Schuylkill River and Port Clinton Avenue. Construction on this project is planned to be completed in December 2025 at a cost of $125.4 million.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]
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[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"}]
[{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (December 31, 2021). \"Table 1 - Main Routes\". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1 - Main Routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roxanne H. Jones Avenue, 78th Division, POW/MIA Remembrance and Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Highways and Arthur F. Detisch Memorial Bridge - Designations\" (PDF). www.legis.state.pa.us. December 21, 1998. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/US/PDF/1998/0/0139..PDF","url_text":"\"Roxanne H. Jones Avenue, 78th Division, POW/MIA Remembrance and Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Highways and Arthur F. Detisch Memorial Bridge - Designations\""}]},{"reference":"Google (October 16, 2019). \"Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/40.4250954,-76.5223815/40.6719516,-75.177959/@40.5533359,-76.4710648,152456m/am=t/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!4m1!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Lebanon County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/Lebanon_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Lebanon County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"}]},{"reference":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/Berks_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"}]},{"reference":"\"CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway - Designation\" (PDF). www.legis.state.pa.us. May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/US/PDF/2011/0/0004..PDF","url_text":"\"CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger Memorial Highway - Designation\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Esack (January 30, 2004). \"Section of I-78 named to honor businessman Walter J. Dealtrey - Morning Call\". Articles.mcall.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/2004-01-30/news/3525924_1_lehigh-valley-industrial-parks-mack-trucks-i-78","url_text":"\"Section of I-78 named to honor businessman Walter J. Dealtrey - Morning Call\""}]},{"reference":"Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lehigh_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"}]},{"reference":"Northampton County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/Northampton_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Northampton County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"PennDOT"}]},{"reference":"Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Map). American Association of State Highway Officials. August 14, 1957. Retrieved January 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate_Highway_plan_August_14,_1957.jpg","url_text":"Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways"}]},{"reference":"\"Interstate-Guide: Interstate 78\". www.interstate-guide.com. Retrieved March 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interstate-guide.com/i-078.html","url_text":"\"Interstate-Guide: Interstate 78\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania's Dearly Departed Interstates\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pahighways.com/interstates/pdi.html","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania's Dearly Departed Interstates\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-178 (cancelled) Pennsylvania\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/ix78.html#178pa","url_text":"\"I-178 (cancelled) Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"\"1963 Rand McNally\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/ix78.html#178pa","url_text":"\"1963 Rand McNally\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-178 Map\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pahighways.com/graphics/maps/I178map.jpg","url_text":"\"I-178 Map\""}]},{"reference":"Devlin, Ron (January 18, 2013). \"PennDOT unveils upgrade to Interstate 78\". Reading Eagle. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=444438","url_text":"\"PennDOT unveils upgrade to Interstate 78\""}]},{"reference":"Winfrey, Katiera; Wivell, Dawn (March 7, 2019). \"PennDOT, Berks Planning Commission provide update on I-78\". 69 News. Retrieved March 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wfmz.com/news/berks/penndot-berks-planning-commission-provide-update-on-i-78/1053118572","url_text":"\"PennDOT, Berks Planning Commission provide update on I-78\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Christine (February 18, 2020). \"Bridges on I-78, Route 61 to be upgraded, replaced\". Republican Herald. Pottsville, PA. Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.republicanherald.com/news/bridges-on-i-78-route-61-to-be-upgraded-replaced/collection_f8411a8b-db1e-5bb5-980b-b746288d9e14.html","url_text":"\"Bridges on I-78, Route 61 to be upgraded, replaced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania Exit Numbering\" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/mileageb.pdf","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Exit Numbering\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_D._Haas
Peter D. Haas
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 United States ambassador to Bangladesh","3 Personal life","4 References"]
American diplomat Peter D. HaasUnited States Ambassador to BangladeshIncumbentAssumed office March 15, 2022PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byEarl R. MillerAssistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business AffairsActingIn officeJanuary 20, 2021 – August 27, 2021PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byManisha SinghSucceeded byMatt MurrayConsul General of the United States, MumbaiIn office2011–2014 Personal detailsEducationIllinois Wesleyan University (BA)London School of Economics (MSc) Peter D. Haas is an American diplomat who has served as the United States ambassador to Bangladesh since March 2022. Haas previously served as acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs. Education Haas earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and international studies from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1988 and a Master of Science in economics from the London School of Economics. Career After joining the United States Foreign Service, Haas was first assigned to the U.S. embassy in Morocco as an economic officer. Haas also served as a desk officer for one year in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and was an economic officer in the Embassy of the United States, London. From 2011 to 2014, served as consul general of the United States, Mumbai. From 2014 to 2017, Haas worked for the United States mission to the OECD, including as acting permanent representative in 2017 and 2018. Haas then relocated to Washington, D.C., where he worked as acting deputy assistant secretary of state for trade policy and negotiations, deputy assistant secretary for trade policy and negotiations, and acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs. United States ambassador to Bangladesh Credential Ceremony On July 9, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Haas to be the next United States Ambassador to Bangladesh. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on his nomination on October 20, 2021. His nomination was favorably reported by the committee on November 3, 2021. Haas was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 2021, via voice vote. On March 15, 2022, he presented his credentials to the President of Bangladesh, Abdul Hamid. In December 2022, he had to cut short a visit to Maayer Daak, an advocacy group for victims of enforced disappearance, after pro-government mob tried to storm the venue. He oversaw the imposition of visa restrictions on Bangladeshi government officials and politicians in 2023 to ensure a fair general election in 2024. He had also warned that visa restrictions might be imposed on media personnel in Bangladesh. Haas and the United States call for fair election was not well received in India which supports the current Awami League government in Bangladesh led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Personal life Haas speaks French and German. References ^ "New US Ambassador Peter Haas arrives in Dhaka". The Daily Star. 1 March 2022. ^ "Peter Haas". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2021-10-15. ^ a b "President Biden Announces His Intent to Nominate Four Individuals to Serve as Ambassadors". The White House. 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-09. ^ Knutson, Jacob (9 July 2021). "Biden nominates Eric Garcetti as ambassador to India". Axios. Retrieved 2021-07-09. ^ "PN786 — Peter D. Haas — Department of State 117th Congress (2021-2022)". US Congress. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021. ^ @usembassydhaka (March 15, 2022). "Today, the new U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh, Peter Haas, presented his credentials to the President of Bangladesh, Md. Abdul Hamid" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Protesters Drive US Envoy from Meeting with Families of Missing Bangladeshis". VOA. 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ "Visa curbs apply to those trying to gag media: Peter Haas". The Business Standard. 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (2023-10-01). "গণমাধ্যমে মার্কিন ভিসা নীতি: ১৯০ বিশিষ্ট নাগরিকের নিন্দা". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ "Media to be included as well in visa restrictions policy: Peter Haas - National - observerbd.com". The Daily Observer. Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ "Is the US Coming Around to Backing India's Position in Bangladesh?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ Sharma, Pranay (2023-08-20). "If Sheikh Hasina loses January election, Bangladesh could face prolonged political and economic instability". Frontline. Retrieved 2023-10-01. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter D. Haas. Diplomatic posts Preceded byEarl R. Miller United States Ambassador to Bangladesh 2022–present Incumbent
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States ambassador to Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_and_Business_Affairs"}],"text":"Peter D. Haas is an American diplomat who has served as the United States ambassador to Bangladesh since March 2022.[1] Haas previously served as acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs.","title":"Peter D. Haas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Haas earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and international studies from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1988 and a Master of Science in economics from the London School of Economics.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office"},{"link_name":"Embassy of the United States, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London"},{"link_name":"consul general of the United States, Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_and_Business_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After joining the United States Foreign Service, Haas was first assigned to the U.S. embassy in Morocco as an economic officer. Haas also served as a desk officer for one year in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and was an economic officer in the Embassy of the United States, London. From 2011 to 2014, served as consul general of the United States, Mumbai. From 2014 to 2017, Haas worked for the United States mission to the OECD, including as acting permanent representative in 2017 and 2018. Haas then relocated to Washington, D.C., where he worked as acting deputy assistant secretary of state for trade policy and negotiations, deputy assistant secretary for trade policy and negotiations, and acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs.[3][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassador_Peter_Haas%27s_Credential_Ceremony_(51995601807).png"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH-3"},{"link_name":"Senate Foreign Relations Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"voice vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_vote"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Hamid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maayer Daak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Daak"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Awami League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"United States ambassador to Bangladesh","text":"Credential CeremonyOn July 9, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Haas to be the next United States Ambassador to Bangladesh.[3] The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on his nomination on October 20, 2021. His nomination was favorably reported by the committee on November 3, 2021. Haas was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 2021, via voice vote.[5]On March 15, 2022, he presented his credentials to the President of Bangladesh, Abdul Hamid.[6] In December 2022, he had to cut short a visit to Maayer Daak, an advocacy group for victims of enforced disappearance, after pro-government mob tried to storm the venue.[7] He oversaw the imposition of visa restrictions on Bangladeshi government officials and politicians in 2023 to ensure a fair general election in 2024.[8] He had also warned that visa restrictions might be imposed on media personnel in Bangladesh.[9][10] Haas and the United States call for fair election was not well received in India which supports the current Awami League government in Bangladesh led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.[11][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"Haas speaks French and German.","title":"Personal life"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest
["1 Non-participations","2 Participation overview","3 Songs by language","4 Awards","4.1 Marcel Bezençon Awards","5 Related involvement","5.1 Conductors","5.2 Commentators and spokespersons","5.2.1 Other shows","6 Photo gallery","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Works cited","9 External links"]
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest For the most recent participation, see Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest Participating broadcasterRadio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT)Participation summaryAppearances19 (18 finals)First appearance1993Last appearance2016Highest placement3rd: 2006 Participation history 1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 – 2024 External linksBosnia and Herzegovina's page at Eurovision.tv For the most recent participation seeBosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 19 times since making its debut in 1993, after coming second in the qualification round "Kvalifikacija za Millstreet". Prior to 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina's best result was in 2006, when Hari Mata Hari finished third with the song "Lejla". This remains the country's only top five result in the contest. The country also achieved five other top ten results: 1999 with Dino Merlin (seventh), 2004 with Deen (ninth), 2008 with Laka (tenth), 2009 with Regina (ninth), and 2011, again with Dino Merlin (sixth). Bosnia and Herzegovina returned to the contest for the first time since 2012 at the 2016 contest, where it failed to advance from the semi-finals for the first time. The country then withdrew once again from the contest and has yet to return. Non-participations Low average scores meant Bosnia and Herzegovina did not qualify for the contests in 1998 and 2000, and the country did not participate in the 2013 contest for financial reasons. BHRT had stated that it hoped to return to the contest in 2014, and on 18 November 2013, it submitted a preliminary application to compete in the 2014 contest. However, on 18 December 2013, it was announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not be returning for 2014. On 9 September 2014, BHRT announced that it had submitted an application to compete in the 2015 contest. On 30 October 2014, BHRT stated that participation was still in jeopardy due to financial difficulties. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) granted it a deadline extension until 14 November 2014 to make a final decision regarding its participation. On 17 November 2014, BHRT announced that it would not be competing in the 2015 contest, having not secured the necessary funds to finance its participation. On 29 September 2016, BHRT again announced its withdrawal from the competition in 2017, due to the difficult financial situation that the national broadcaster was currently facing. The following December, BHRT was sanctioned by the EBU due to unpaid debts, by restricting the broadcaster access to common resources. The Bosnian head of delegation, Lejla Babović, confirmed on 29 December 2018 that BHRT's current primary goal was to return to Eurovision, but its current financial situation and mounting debts with the EBU made a return in the near future highly unlikely. This was confirmed for the following years, with a statement in November 2023 that the broadcaster remains under sanctions and is unable to compete in EBU events. However, in its broadcasting plans for 2024, BHRT stated it was considering a return in 2025. Participation overview For contestants prior to 1993, see Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest. Prior to Yugoslavia's dissolution, artists from the Bosnian federal unit represented Yugoslavia in 1964, 1965, 1973, 1976, and 1981. Table key 2 Second place 3 Third place Year Artist Song Language Final Points Semi Points 1993 Fazla "Sva bol svijeta" Bosnian 16 27 2 52 1994 Alma and Dejan "Ostani kraj mene" Bosnian 15 39 No semi-finals 1995 Davor Popović "Dvadeset prvi vijek" Bosnian 19 14 1996 Amila Glamočak "Za našu ljubav" Bosnian 22 13 21 29 1997 Alma Čardžić "Goodbye" Bosnian 18 22 No semi-finals 1999 Dino and Béatrice "Putnici" Bosnian, French 7 86 2001 Nino "Hano" Bosnian, English 14 29 2002 Maja "Na jastuku za dvoje" (На јастуку за двоје) Serbian, English 13 33 2003 Mija Martina "Ne brini" Croatian, English 16 27 2004 Deen "In the Disco" English 9 91 7 133 2005 Feminnem "Call Me" English 14 79 Top 12 in 2004 final 2006 Hari Mata Hari "Lejla" Bosnian 3 229 2 267 2007 Marija Šestić "Rijeka bez imena" (Ријека без имена) Serbian 11 106 Top 10 in 2006 final 2008 Laka "Pokušaj" Bosnian 10 110 9 72 2009 Regina "Bistra voda" Bosnian 9 106 3 125 2010 Vukašin Brajić "Thunder and Lightning" English 17 51 8 59 2011 Dino Merlin "Love in Rewind" English 6 125 5 109 2012 Maya Sar "Korake ti znam" Bosnian 18 55 6 77 2016 Dalal and Deen feat. Ana Rucner and Jala "Ljubav je" Bosnian Failed to qualify 11 104 Songs by language   Bosnian (52.17%)  English (30.43%)  Serbian (8.69%)  Croatian (4.35%)  French (4.35%) Songs Language Years 12 Bosnian 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016 7 English 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011 2 Serbian 2002, 2007 1 Croatian 2003 1 French 1999 Awards Marcel Bezençon Awards Year Category Song Composer(s)lyrics (l) / music (m) Performer Final Points Host city Ref. 2006 Composer Award "Lejla" Željko Joksimović (m), Fahrudin Pecikoza (l), Dejan Ivanović (l) Hari Mata Hari 3 229 Athens 2009 "Bistra voda" Aleksandar Čović (m & l) Regina 9 106 Moscow Related involvement Conductors Year Conductor 1993 (KzM) Esad Arnautalić 1993 Noel Kelehan 1994 Sinan Alimanović 1995 1996 1997 Commentators and spokespersons For the show's broadcast on BHRT, various commentators have provided commentary on the contest in the Bosnian language. At the Eurovision Song Contest after all points are calculated, the presenters of the show call upon each voting country to invite each respective spokesperson to announce the results of their vote on-screen. From 1961 until 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina competed as part of Yugoslavia and broadcast the contest during its span of participation. Year Channel Commentator Spokesperson Ref. 1993 RTVBiH Unknown Dejan Zagorac 1994 Diana Grković-Foretić 1995 1996 Segmedina Srna 1997 1998 Did not participate 1999 Segmedina Srna 2000 Did not participate 2001 PBSBiH Dejan Kukrić Segmedina Srna 2002 PBSBiH, RTVFBiH (FTV1) 2003 Ana Vilenica  2004 BHTV 1, BH Radio 1 (all shows)FTV (final) Mija Martina 2005 BHT 1 (all shows) Ana Mirjana Račanović 2006 Vesna Andree-Zaimović 2007 2008 Melina Garibović 2009 BHT 1, BH Radio 1 (all shows) Elvir Laković Laka 2010 BHT 1 (all shows) Ivana Vidmar 2011 2012 Elvir Laković Laka 2013 BHT 1, BH Radio 1 (all shows) Did not participate 2014–2015 No broadcast 2016 BHT 1, BHT HD, BH Radio 1 (all shows) Dejan Kukrić Ivana Crnogorac 2017–2024 No broadcast Did not participate Other shows Show Commentator Channel Ref. Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Unknown BHT 1 Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light Maja Čengić Miralem Photo gallery Deen performing "In the Disco" in Istanbul (2004) Marija Šestić performing "Rijeka bez imena" in Helsinki (2007) Laka performing "Pokušaj" in Belgrade (2008) Vukašin Brajić performing "Thunder and Lightning" in Oslo (2010) Dino Merlin performing "Love in Rewind" in Düsseldorf (2011) Dalal and Deen performing "Ljubav je" in Stockholm (2016) Notes ^ a b Progressed through Kvalifikacija za Millstreet ^ a b According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the grand final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's grand final along with all countries ranked in the top ten. ^ All conductors are of Bosnian nationality unless otherwise noted. ^ The spokesperson from the prequalifying round was Ismeta Dervoz-Krvavac References ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (14 December 2012). "Bosnia and Herzegovina will not be in Malmö". ESCToday. Retrieved 14 December 2012. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (18 November 2013). "Bosnia Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Copenhagen". ESCToday. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (19 December 2013). "Eurovision 2014: Bosnia & Herzegovina will not compete in Copenhagen". ESCToday. Retrieved 19 December 2013. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (9 September 2014). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Eurovision 2015". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 9 September 2014. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (31 October 2014). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: Participation in Vienna uncertain; deadline extended". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 31 October 2014. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (17 November 2014). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT will not return to Eurovision in 2015". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (29 September 2016). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT will not participate in Eurovision 2017". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 29 September 2016. ^ a b Anthony, Granger (13 November 2023). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Remains Sanctioned by the EBU". Eurovoix. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina's "primary goal" is Eurovision comeback but 2020 return "difficult"". 29 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Considering Returning to Eurovision in 2025". Eurovoix. 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-04-18. ^ "Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019. ^ Klier, Marcus (18 May 2009). "The Eurovision 2009 Marcel Bezençon Awards". esctoday.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019. ^ Eurovision Song Contest 2019. Tel Aviv, Israel. 18 May 2019. ^ a b c d "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "The Eurovision Show '97: Television Coverage". Radio Telefís Éireann. Archived from the original on 23 April 1999. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest (Part 4)". Radio Telefís Éireann. Archived from the original on 12 October 1999. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Rules of the 43rd Eurovision Song Contest, 1998" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ "Rules of the 44th Eurovision Song Contest, 1999" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Rules of the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Vaš komentator već 13.godina: Dejan Kukrić :) Budite sa... ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – Copenhagen 2001". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "tv program". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia. 25 May 2002. p. 71. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 2003". European Broadcasting Union. 10 April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 August 2003. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "Pregled programa za subotu, 15.05.2004" (in Bosnian). RTVBiH. Archived from the original on 16 May 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ "Večeras finale Eurosonga 2004" (in Bosnian). klix.ba. Retrieved 14 May 2004. ^ "Ako Deen uđe u finale, bit će to uspjeh!" (in Bosnian). Ljiljan. 30 April 2004. ^ Philips, Roel (2005-05-17). "The 39 spokespersons!". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2005. ^ Royston, Benny (20 December 2006). "Exclusive: Bosnia Herzegovina – Song on 4th March". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ "Pregled programa BHT1". 19 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. ^ Ćorović, Alen (27 May 2006). "Šest oktana do boljijeh dana!" (in Bosnian). Oslobođenje. p. 22. ^ "Četvrtak, 10. maj 2007" . BHT1. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "Subota, 12. maj 2007" . BHT1. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ Horvat, Ivan (28 March 2008). "BHT ugošćuje sudionike Eurosonga; oba polufinala" (in Croatian). eurosong.hr. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ "Beograd: Takmičenje za Pjesmu Evrovizije 2008" (in Bosnian). BHRT. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ "Utorak, 12. maj 2009" . BHT1. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "Četvrtak, 14. maj 2009" . BHT1. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "Subota, 16. maj 2009" . BHT1. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "Utorak, 25. maj 2010". BHT1. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "Četvrtak, 27. maj 2010". BHT1. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "Subota, 29. maj 2010". BHT1. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "BHT1 broadcasting for Bosnia and Herzegovina" (in Bosnian). bhrt.ba. 15 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. ^ ""Douze points"". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "Eurosong 2012 – Baku". BHRT. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ^ "Malme: Takmičenje za Pjesmu Eurovizije 2013" (in Bosnian). BHRT. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013. ^ "Twitter / bheurosong: Večeras od 21h. na BHRT – FINALE 58. EUROSONGA!" (in Bosnian). Twitter. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Utorak, 14. maj 2013" . BHT1. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-14. ^ "Četvrtak, 16. maj 2013" . BHT1. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-14. ^ "Subota, 18. maj 2013" . BHT1. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-14. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: Will Not Show Eurovision Semi Finals". Eurovoix. 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "BH EUROSONG – Danas je važan dan za učesnike prvog polufinala na..." facebook.com (in Bosnian). BHRT. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ^ "ESC'16: 42 Spokespersons Revealed For Tonight". Eurovoix. 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: No Eurovision Broadcast on BHRT". Eurovoix. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Broadcast Eurovision 2018". Eurovoix. 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Unable To Cover Costs Of Eurovision 2019 Broadcast". Eurovoix. 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Broadcast Eurovision 2021". Eurovoix. 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Broadcast Eurovision 2022". Eurovoix. 2022-05-08. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Broadcast Eurovision 2023". Eurovoix. 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Broadcast Eurovision 2024". Eurovoix. 2024-05-05. Retrieved 2024-05-06. ^ "Europe Shine a Light, show program: Uživo". BHT1. Retrieved 2023-06-17. Works cited O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1. Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest. Bosnia and Herzegovina Official ESC Website vteBosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song ContestParticipation 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2016 Artists Béatrice Vukašin Brajić Alma Čardžić Dalal Deen Fazla Feminnem Amila Glamočak Hari Mata Hari Jala Laka Dejan Lazarević Dino Merlin Mija Martina Davorin Popović Nino Pršeš Regina Ana Rucner Maya Sar Marija Šestić Maja Tatić Songs "Bistra voda" "Call Me" "Dvadeset prvi vijek" "Goodbye" "Hano" "In the Disco" "Korake ti znam" "Lejla" "Ljubav je" "Love in Rewind" "Na jastuku za dvoje" "Ne brini" "Ostani kraj mene" "Pokušaj" "Putnici" "Rijeka bez imena" "Sva bol svijeta" "Thunder and Lightning" "Za našu ljubav" vteEurovision Song Contest Entries 1956–2003 2004–present History Host cities Languages LGBT visibility LGBT participants Political controversies Presenters Rules Voting Winners Discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 CountriesActive Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Hungary Monaco Montenegro Morocco North Macedonia Romania Slovakia Turkey Ineligible Belarus Russia Former Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Debut attempts Lebanon Liechtenstein Tunisia Relations Armenia–Azerbaijan Russia–Ukraine NationalselectionsCurrent Albania Denmark Estonia Finland Georgia Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Norway Portugal Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine Former Armenia Australia Georgia Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Israel Israel Song Festival Kdam Eurovision The X Factor Israel Malta Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Krajowe Eliminacje Szansa na Sukces Russia Serbia and Montenegro Serbia Slovakia Spain United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award (1997–2021) You're a Vision Award (2022–) Special showsEBU Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe (1981) Kvalifikacija za Millstreet (1993) Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest (2005) Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits (2015) EurovisionAgain (2020–2021) Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light (2020) National Die Grand Prix Hitliste (2006) Het Grote Songfestivalfeest (2019, 2022–) Der kleine Song Contest (2020) ESC 2020 – das deutsche Finale (2020) Eurovision: Come Together (2020) Sveriges 12:a (2020) Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz series
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993"},{"link_name":"Kvalifikacija za Millstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalifikacija_za_Millstreet"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006"},{"link_name":"Hari Mata Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Mata_Hari"},{"link_name":"Lejla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejla_(Hari_Mata_Hari_song)"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1999"},{"link_name":"Dino Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Merlin"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004"},{"link_name":"Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_(singer)"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008"},{"link_name":"Laka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvir_Lakovi%C4%87_Laka"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009"},{"link_name":"Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_band)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016"}],"text":"For the most recent participation, see Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016.Bosnia and Herzegovina has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 19 times since making its debut in 1993, after coming second in the qualification round \"Kvalifikacija za Millstreet\". Prior to 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Yugoslavia.Bosnia and Herzegovina's best result was in 2006, when Hari Mata Hari finished third with the song \"Lejla\". This remains the country's only top five result in the contest. The country also achieved five other top ten results: 1999 with Dino Merlin (seventh), 2004 with Deen (ninth), 2008 with Laka (tenth), 2009 with Regina (ninth), and 2011, again with Dino Merlin (sixth). Bosnia and Herzegovina returned to the contest for the first time since 2012 at the 2016 contest, where it failed to advance from the semi-finals for the first time. The country then withdrew once again from the contest and has yet to return.","title":"Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000"},{"link_name":"2013 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013"},{"link_name":"BHRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2014 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2014"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2015 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanctions-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanctions-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Low average scores meant Bosnia and Herzegovina did not qualify for the contests in 1998 and 2000, and the country did not participate in the 2013 contest for financial reasons. BHRT had stated that it hoped to return to the contest in 2014,[1] and on 18 November 2013, it submitted a preliminary application to compete in the 2014 contest.[2] However, on 18 December 2013, it was announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not be returning for 2014.[3]On 9 September 2014, BHRT announced that it had submitted an application to compete in the 2015 contest.[4] On 30 October 2014, BHRT stated that participation was still in jeopardy due to financial difficulties. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) granted it a deadline extension until 14 November 2014 to make a final decision regarding its participation.[5] On 17 November 2014, BHRT announced that it would not be competing in the 2015 contest, having not secured the necessary funds to finance its participation.[6]On 29 September 2016, BHRT again announced its withdrawal from the competition in 2017, due to the difficult financial situation that the national broadcaster was currently facing.[7] The following December, BHRT was sanctioned by the EBU due to unpaid debts, by restricting the broadcaster access to common resources.[8]The Bosnian head of delegation, Lejla Babović, confirmed on 29 December 2018 that BHRT's current primary goal was to return to Eurovision, but its current financial situation and mounting debts with the EBU made a return in the near future highly unlikely.[9] This was confirmed for the following years, with a statement in November 2023 that the broadcaster remains under sanctions and is unable to compete in EBU events.[8] However, in its broadcasting plans for 2024, BHRT stated it was considering a return in 2025.[10]","title":"Non-participations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Bosnian federal unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1965"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1976"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981"}],"text":"For contestants prior to 1993, see Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest.Prior to Yugoslavia's dissolution, artists from the Bosnian federal unit represented Yugoslavia in 1964, 1965, 1973, 1976, and 1981.","title":"Participation overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bosnian (52.17%)  English (30.43%)  Serbian (8.69%)  Croatian (4.35%)  French (4.35%)","title":"Songs by language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marcel Bezençon Awards","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related involvement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Conductors","title":"Related involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"}],"sub_title":"Commentators and spokespersons","text":"For the show's broadcast on BHRT, various commentators have provided commentary on the contest in the Bosnian language. At the Eurovision Song Contest after all points are calculated, the presenters of the show call upon each voting country to invite each respective spokesperson to announce the results of their vote on-screen.[13]From 1961 until 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina competed as part of Yugoslavia and broadcast the contest during its span of participation.","title":"Related involvement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commentators and spokespersons - Other shows","title":"Related involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deen_-_Bosnia_%26_Herzegovina_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_(singer)"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESC_2007_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_-_Maria_Sestic_-_Rijeka_bez_imena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marija Šestić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_%C5%A0esti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESC_2008_-_Bosnia_%26_Herzegovina_-_Laka,_1st_semifinal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvir_Lakovi%C4%87_Laka"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vukasin_Brajic_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vukašin Brajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_Braji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_at_ESC_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dino Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Merlin"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESC2016_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalal_Midhat-Talaki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_(singer)"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016"}],"text":"Deen performing \"In the Disco\" in Istanbul (2004)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarija Šestić performing \"Rijeka bez imena\" in Helsinki (2007)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaka performing \"Pokušaj\" in Belgrade (2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVukašin Brajić performing \"Thunder and Lightning\" in Oslo (2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDino Merlin performing \"Love in Rewind\" in Düsseldorf (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDalal and Deen performing \"Ljubav je\" in Stockholm (2016)","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KzM_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KzM_11-1"},{"link_name":"Kvalifikacija za Millstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalifikacija_za_Millstreet"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note2_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note2_12-1"},{"link_name":"then-Eurovision rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Eurovision)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"prequalifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalifikacija_za_Millstreet"}],"text":"^ a b Progressed through Kvalifikacija za Millstreet\n\n^ a b According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the grand final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's grand final along with all countries ranked in the top ten.\n\n^ All conductors are of Bosnian nationality unless otherwise noted.\n\n^ The spokesperson from the prequalifying round was Ismeta Dervoz-Krvavac","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jiandani, Sanjay (14 December 2012). \"Bosnia and Herzegovina will not be in Malmö\". ESCToday. Retrieved 14 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://esctoday.com/40002/bosnia-herzegovina-will-not-be-in-malmo/","url_text":"\"Bosnia and Herzegovina will not be in Malmö\""}]},{"reference":"Jiandani, Sanjay (18 November 2013). \"Bosnia Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Copenhagen\". ESCToday. Retrieved 18 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://esctoday.com/69860/bosnia-herzegovina-bhrt-publish/","url_text":"\"Bosnia Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Copenhagen\""}]},{"reference":"Jiandani, Sanjay (19 December 2013). \"Eurovision 2014: Bosnia & Herzegovina will not compete in Copenhagen\". ESCToday. Retrieved 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esctoday.com/72547/eurovision-2014-bosnia-herzegovina-will-compete-copenhagen/","url_text":"\"Eurovision 2014: Bosnia & Herzegovina will not compete in Copenhagen\""}]},{"reference":"Jiandani, Sanjay (9 September 2014). \"Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Eurovision 2015\". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 9 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://esctoday.com/86737/xx-xx-confirms-participation-eurovision-2015-5/","url_text":"\"Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT confirms participation in Eurovision 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Jiandani, Sanjay (31 October 2014). \"Bosnia & Herzegovina: Participation in Vienna uncertain; deadline extended\". esctoday.com. ESCToday. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Demos-Brown
Christopher Demos-Brown
["1 Education and career","2 Personal life","3 Honors and awards","4 References"]
Christopher Demos-Brown is a Miami trial lawyer and playwright. Christopher Demos-Brown is a Miami trial lawyer, and playwright with over a dozen full-length plays and screenplays to his credit. Several of his plays have earned multiple regional theater awards over the years but it wasn't until November 4, 2018 that American Son debuted as his first Broadway play, opening at the historic Booth Theatre. The play was directed by Kenny Leon, and starred Kerry Washington, Steven Pasquale, Jeremy Jordan and Eugene Lee. His film adaptation of the play, also titled American Son, premiered on Netflix in November 2019 as a television drama, and was nominated for a 2020 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie. Education and career Chris was born in Philadelphia, but by the time he was in the fourth grade had moved to Miami with his family. He attended Dartmouth College in the mid-1980s, majoring in Russian with a minor in history, with a potential goal of joining the United States Foreign Service. In 1992, he graduated from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and the University of Geneva. His interest in the performing arts became serious while he was attending Dartmouth. He acted in several stage productions and directed some short plays. Prior to attending law school, Chris spent two years in Los Angeles pursuing an acting career. When asked about acting during a 2018 interview with Broadway Buzz, he said, “I wanted to be an actor in the worst way, and I was an actor in the worst way, unfortunately.” He focused his efforts on being a playwright instead. Personal life After law school, Christopher Brown and Stephanie Demos were in training to be prosecutors when they met at the state attorney's office in Miami-Dade. After they married, Chris chose to keep both last names hyphenated as Demos-Brown. They work together as trial lawyers in Miami. In 2010, they and their close friends, (playwright/actor) McKeever] and (director/playwright/actor) Stuart Meltzer, co-founded Zoetic Stage, a professional theatre company at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. Stephanie serves as board president, and Chris is the company's literary manager. Honors and awards Year Production Honors/Awards Ref 2009 When The Sun Shone Brighter Carbonell Award for Best New Work in (2011) Silver Palm Award for Best New Work in (2011) 2011 Captiva Silver Palm Award for Best New Work 2013 American Hero (formerly Fear Up Harsh) 2014 Steinberg Citation from the American Theatre Crtitics Association Carbonell Award for Best New Work 2015 Stripped Silver Palm Award for Outstanding New Work Top Ten Plays of 2015 (Miami New Times) 2016 American Son Laurents/Hatcher Award (2016) Won 5 Berkshire Theatre Awards including Best Production and Best New Play (2016) 2018 Wrongful Death & Other Circus Acts Best South Florida Play of 2018 - Boca Magazine (John Thomason) Carbonell Award for Best New Work (2019) Silver Palm Award for Best New Work (2019) 2020 American Son (film adaptation, TV drama) 2020 Primetime Award Nomination for Outstanding Television Movie References ^ a b Stevens, Beth (2018-11-23). "American Son Playwright Christopher Demos-Brown on Tackling Big Issues and Attracting Bold Names with His Broadway Debut". Broadway.com. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ a b "Review: 'American Son' Puts Kerry Washington in a Maternal Nightmare". The New York Times. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ Keveney, Bill (2020-07-28). "Emmys 2020: The nominations list". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ a b c Hollands, Courtney (1945-08-09). "Writing the Wrong". Tufts Magazine. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ "Live Chat: Christopher Demos-Brown - AMERICAN SON". RDU on Stage. 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ a b Considine, Allison (2018-10-29). "Stephanie and Chris Demos-Brown, Partners in Law and Life". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2020-08-23. ^ "When The Sun Shone Brighter". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Captiva". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Captiva". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Stripped". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "American Son". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Wrongful Death & Other Circus Acts". Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Emmys 2020: The nominations list". USA Today. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_mat%C3%A9_a_Facundo
Yo maté a Facundo
["1 Cast","2 External links"]
1975 Argentine filmYo maté a FacundoDirected byHugo del CarrilRelease date 1975 (1975) Running time90 minutesCountryArgentinaLanguageSpanish Yo maté a Facundo is a 1975 Argentine drama film directed by Hugo del Carril. The plot is a fictional account about Argentine outlaw Santos Pérez, leader of the gang which murdered Rioja's caudillo Facundo Quiroga in 1835. Cast Federico Luppi as Santos Pérez José María Gutiérrez as Juncos Norma Sebre as Rosario Carlos Cores as Facundo Quiroga External links Yo maté a Facundo at IMDb vteFilms directed by Hugo del Carril A Story of the Nineties El Negro que tenía el alma blanca La Quintrala Dark River Beyond Oblivion Una Cita con la vida The White Land Culpable Amorina This Earth Is Mine Buenas noches, Buenos Aires La Calesita Yo maté a Facundo This article related to an Argentine film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugo del Carril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_del_Carril"},{"link_name":"Rioja's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rioja_Province,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Facundo Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga"}],"text":"Yo maté a Facundo is a 1975 Argentine drama film directed by Hugo del Carril. The plot is a fictional account about Argentine outlaw Santos Pérez, leader of the gang which murdered Rioja's caudillo Facundo Quiroga in 1835.","title":"Yo maté a Facundo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Luppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Luppi"},{"link_name":"José María Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Norma Sebre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norma_Sebre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cores"}],"text":"Federico Luppi as Santos Pérez\nJosé María Gutiérrez as Juncos\nNorma Sebre as Rosario\nCarlos Cores as Facundo Quiroga","title":"Cast"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186716/","external_links_name":"Yo maté a Facundo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yo_mat%C3%A9_a_Facundo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_College
Bolton College
["1 Notable alumni","2 References","3 External links"]
Bolton CollegeFormer namesBolton Community CollegeTypefurther educationPrincipalBill WebsterAddressBolton,Greater Manchester,England53°34′25.68″N 2°25′22.44″W / 53.5738000°N 2.4229000°W / 53.5738000; -2.4229000Websitehttp://www.boltoncollege.ac.uk Bolton College (previously known as Bolton Community College) is a further education college located in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. The college is primarily based in Bolton, but operates a number of Community Learning Centres in the surrounding area. The college provides a range of courses that include vocational education, work-based learning, ESOL courses, Diplomas, apprenticeships, Access courses and Higher Education courses. The college's most recent OFSTED report (March 2017) gave the college an overall grade of 'Good'. Notable alumni Amir Khan, Boxer Peter Kay, Comedian References ^ "Bolton College Inspection Report". reports.ofsted.gov.uk. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017. External links Bolton College homepage vteUniversities and colleges in North West EnglandUniversities Bolton BPP Central Lancashire Chester Cumbria Edge Hill Lancaster Law Liverpool Liverpool Hope Liverpool John Moores Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Manchester Manchester Metropolitan Salford University colleges UA92 Royal Northern College of Music Hugh Baird University Centre Further Education colleges Accrington & Rossendale Blackburn Blackpool & The Fylde Bolton Burnley Bury Carlisle Co-operative Furness Hopwood Hall Hugh Baird College Kendal Knowsley Lakes Lancaster & Morecambe Liverpool Macclesfield Manchester Mid Cheshire Myerscough Nelson & Colne Oldham Preston's Reaseheath Riverside Runshaw St Helens Salford South Cheshire Southport Stockport Tameside Trafford Warrington West Cheshire West Lancashire Wigan & Leigh Wirral Metropolitan Sixth form colleges Aquinas Ashton Barrow Birkenhead Blackpool Bolton Cardinal Newman Carmel Cheadle & Marple Clarendon Connell Holy Cross King George V LUSoM Loreto Oldham Priestley Rainford Rochdale Sir John Deane's St John Rigby St Mary's South Sefton Winstanley Xaverian vteSchools in the Metropolitan Borough of BoltonSecondary schools Bolton Muslim Girls' School Bolton St Catherine's Academy Canon Slade School Essa Academy Harper Green School Kearsley Academy Ladybridge High School Little Lever School Mount St Joseph School Rivington and Blackrod High School St James's CE High School St Joseph's RC High School Sharples School Smithills School Thornleigh Salesian College Turton School University Collegiate School Westhoughton High School Independent schools Bolton School Darul Uloom Bolton FE and sixth form colleges Bolton College Bolton Sixth Form College Defunct Bolton Wanderers Free School Authority control databases ISNI This Greater Manchester school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"ESOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_for_Speakers_of_Other_Languages"},{"link_name":"Diplomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E2%80%9319_Diploma"},{"link_name":"apprenticeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"Access courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_course"},{"link_name":"Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bolton College (previously known as Bolton Community College) is a further education college located in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England.The college is primarily based in Bolton, but operates a number of Community Learning Centres in the surrounding area. The college provides a range of courses that include vocational education, work-based learning, ESOL courses, Diplomas, apprenticeships, Access courses and Higher Education courses.The college's most recent OFSTED report (March 2017) gave the college an overall grade of 'Good'.[1]","title":"Bolton College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khan_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"}],"text":"Amir Khan, Boxer\nPeter Kay, Comedian","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Bolton College Inspection Report\". reports.ofsted.gov.uk. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/130495","url_text":"\"Bolton College Inspection Report\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Helder_Airport
De Kooy Airfield
["1 History","2 Future","3 Airlines and destinations","4 References","5 External links"]
Airport in Den Helder, NetherlandsDe Kooy AirfieldVliegveld De KooyDen Helder AirportMaritiem Vliegkamp De KooyIATA: DHRICAO: EHKDSummaryAirport typeMilitary/PublicOperatorRoyal Netherlands Navy / Den Helder Airport CVLocationDen Helder, NetherlandsElevation AMSL4 ft / 1 mCoordinates52°55′25″N 004°46′50″E / 52.92361°N 4.78056°E / 52.92361; 4.78056Websitewww.DenHelderAirport.nlRunways Direction Length Surface m ft 03/21 1,275 4,183 Concrete / asphalt Sources: Airport website, AIP OpenStreetMap of the airfield. A pilot next to his downed Fokker D.XXI at De Kooy in May 1940 during the Battle of the Netherlands De Kooy Airfield (Dutch: Vliegveld De Kooy) (IATA: DHR, ICAO: EHKD) is an airfield 2.9 NM (5.4 km; 3.3 mi) south of Den Helder, Netherlands, named after the nearby hamlet De Kooy. It serves as both a civilian airport under the name Den Helder Airport and a naval airport under the name Naval Air Station De Kooy (Dutch: Maritiem Vliegkamp De Kooy). Most movements on the De Kooy are made by helicopters, bringing workers to and from offshore oilrigs and naval helicopters such as the NH90 of the Naval Aviation Service of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Fixed-wing aircraft visit and operate from the airport alongside. Skyline Aviation operates from De Kooy, mainly operating business aircraft and also do airwork such as aerial photography for civilian and military contractors. Amongst its fleet of aircraft most noticeable are several Aero L-39 Albatros jets. History The airport was constructed in 1918 for the Royal Netherlands Navy, whose primary base was and still is located in Den Helder. A seaplane base already existed nearby on the south side of Texel however the navy required an airport for conventional aircraft as well. The base came under German control during the Second World War and was renamed Fliegerhorst De Kooy. It suffered heavy damage during the war, this despite the construction of heavy anti-aircraft defences in the area. After the war, the need for a naval air base in the area remained, and the airport was repaired. In 1960 a concrete runway was constructed, the base using a simple grass field prior to that. The retirement of the last aircraft carrier operated by the Dutch navy, the HNLMS Karel Doorman, in 1968, meant that the navy started to replace its fixed wing aircraft based at De Kooy with helicopters. In the 1980s, the need for offshore helicopter services for oilrigs in the North Sea resulted in the military sharing the base with civilian users. Future The oil fields in the North Sea will eventually be depleted and when that happens the airport would lose most of its helicopter movements and thus alternative markets are being looked at, such as business and holiday flights. Airlines and destinations There are currently no scheduled services to and from Den Helder. A service to Manchester and Norwich offered by Loganair was briefly operated in March 2013. This route was terminated after only two weeks of service due to weak demand. References ^ Den Helder Airport Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, official site ^ a b EHKD – DEN HELDER/De Kooy. AIP from AIS the Netherlands, effective 13 June 2024 ^ a b Ontdek Den Helder – Marine Vliegkamp De Kooy (1) Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, article retrieved 14 December 2014. ^ Nationaal Comité 4 en 5 mei – Den Helder, Luchtdoelgeschut Fliegerhorst de Kooy Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, article retrieved 14 December 2014. ^ "Lijndienst Den Helder - Norwich na twee weken opgeheven - Binnenland - de Volkskrant". volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ "Loganair/flyBe Cancels Norwich – Den Helder Service". routesonline.com. Retrieved 20 August 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Kooy Airfield. Skyline Aviation Photos taken at Den Helder – De Kooy (DHR / EHKD) from Airliners.net Current weather for EHKD at NOAA/NWS Accident history for DHR at Aviation Safety Network vteAirports in the NetherlandsInternational Amsterdam Schiphol (major) Eindhoven Groningen Maastricht/Aachen Rotterdam/The Hague Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Military Deelen Eindhoven Gilze-Rijen De Kooy Leeuwarden Volkel Woensdrecht Unscheduled Enschede Lelystad Valkenburg Statistics vteBases of the Royal Netherlands NavyCurrentNetherlands Nieuwe Haven Naval Base Naval Air Station De Kooy Joost Dourlein Barracks Van Braam Houckgeest Barracks Van Ghent Barracks Erfprins Naval Barracks Dutch Caribbean Suffisant Naval Barracks Savaneta Marine Barracks Parera Naval Base Pointe Blanche Naval Support Point FormerNetherlands Valkenburg Naval Air Base Vlissingen Naval Base Dutch East Indies Ambon Naval Air Base Morokrembangan Naval Air Base Onrust Naval Base Soerabaja Naval Base Tandjong Priok Naval Air Base
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It serves as both a civilian airport under the name Den Helder Airport and a naval airport under the name Naval Air Station De Kooy (Dutch: Maritiem Vliegkamp De Kooy).Most movements on the De Kooy are made by helicopters, bringing workers to and from offshore oilrigs and naval helicopters such as the NH90 of the Naval Aviation Service of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Fixed-wing aircraft visit and operate from the airport alongside. Skyline Aviation operates from De Kooy, mainly operating business aircraft and also do airwork such as aerial photography for civilian and military contractors. 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A seaplane base already existed nearby on the south side of Texel however the navy required an airport for conventional aircraft as well.[3] The base came under German control during the Second World War and was renamed Fliegerhorst De Kooy. It suffered heavy damage during the war, this despite the construction of heavy anti-aircraft defences in the area.[4] After the war, the need for a naval air base in the area remained, and the airport was repaired. In 1960 a concrete runway was constructed, the base using a simple grass field prior to that. The retirement of the last aircraft carrier operated by the Dutch navy, the HNLMS Karel Doorman, in 1968, meant that the navy started to replace its fixed wing aircraft based at De Kooy with helicopters. In the 1980s, the need for offshore helicopter services for oilrigs in the North Sea resulted in the military sharing the base with civilian users.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"}],"text":"The oil fields in the North Sea will eventually be depleted and when that happens the airport would lose most of its helicopter movements and thus alternative markets are being looked at, such as business and holiday flights.","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loganair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganair"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are currently no scheduled services to and from Den Helder. A service to Manchester and Norwich offered by Loganair was briefly operated in March 2013. This route was terminated after only two weeks of service due to weak demand.[5][6]","title":"Airlines and destinations"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam
Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam
[]
Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of VietnamBan Bí thư Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt NamInformationGeneral SecretaryNguyễn Phú TrọngPermanent MemberTrương Thị MaiElected byCentral CommitteeResponsible to Central CommitteeSeats11 (see 13th Secretariat) The Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Ban Bí thư Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), replaced by the Politburo Standing of the Central Committee in the period 1996 to 2001, is the highest implementation body of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) between Central Committee meetings. According to Party rules, the Secretariat implements the decisions of the Politburo and the Central Committee. The members of the Politburo are elected (and given a ranking) by the Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of a National Party Congress. The current Secretariat, the 13th, was elected by the Central Committee in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress and consists of 11 members. The first-ranked member is Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the General Secretary of the Central Committee. vte Communist Party of Vietnam Central CommitteeGeneral Secretary Trần Phú (1930–31) Lê Hồng Phong (1931–36) Hà Huy Tập (1936–38) Nguyễn Văn Cừ (1938–40) Trường Chinh (1940–56) Hồ Chí Minh (1956–1960) Lê Duẩn (1960–86) Trường Chinh (Jul.–Dec. 1986) Nguyễn Văn Linh (1986–91) Đỗ Mười (1991–97) Lê Khả Phiêu (1997–01) Nông Đức Mạnh (2001–11) Nguyễn Phú Trọng (2011–present) Permanent Member Nguyễn Duy Trinh (1976–82) Lê Đức Thọ (1980–82) Lê Thanh Nghị (1980–82) Võ Chí Công (1982–86) Nguyễn Văn Linh (June–Dec. 1986) Đỗ Mười (1986–88) Nguyễn Thanh Bình (1988–91) Lê Đức Anh (1991–92) Đào Duy Tùng (1991–96) Lê Khả Phiêu (1996–97) Phạm Thế Duyệt (1998–01) Nguyễn Phú Trọng (1999–01) Trần Đình Hoan (Apr.–Jul. 2001) Phan Diễn (2002–06) Trương Tấn Sang (2006–11) Lê Hồng Anh (2011–16) Đinh Thế Huynh (2016–18) Trần Quốc Vượng (2018–21) Võ Văn Thưởng (2021–2023) Trương Thị Mai (2023–2024) Lương Cường (2024–present) Decision-making bodies Politburo Secretariat Central Military Commission Central Inspection Commission Apparatus Commission for External Relations Office Mass Mobilization Commission Commission for Information and Education Organisation Commission Theoretical Council Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration National Political Publishing House – The Truth Nhân Dân Communist Steering committees Anti-corruption Central Highlands Judicial Reform Northwest Southwest National meetingsNational Congress 1st (1935) 2nd (1951) 3rd (1960) 4th (1976) 5th (1982) 6th (1986) 7th (1991) 8th (1996) 9th (2001) 10th (2006) 11th (2011) 12th (2016) 13th (2021) Leadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo 1st: 1935–51 2nd: 1951–60 3rd: 1960–76 4th: 1976–82 5th: 1982–86 6th: 1986–91 7th: 1991–96 8th: 1996–01 (Enlarged & Standing) 9th: 2001–06 10th: 2006–11 11th: 2011–16 12th: 2016–21 13th: 2021–present Secretariat 2nd: 1951–60 3rd: 1960–76 4th: 1976–82 5th: 1982–86 6th: 1986–91 7th: 1991–96 9th: 2001–06 10th: 2006–11 11th: 2011–16 12th: 2016–21 13th: 2021– Military Commission 1946–48 1952–60 1960–76 1976–82 1980–85 1985–90 1990–95 1995–00 2000–05 2005–10 2010–15 2015–20 2020–25 Inspection Commission 1st: 1948–51 2nd: 1951–60 3rd: 1960–76 4th: 1976–82 5th: 1982–86 6th: 1986–91 7th: 1991–96 8th: 1996–01 9th: 2001–06 10th: 2006–11 11th: 2011–16 12th: 2016–21 13th: 2021–present Elected byCongressCentral Committee Provisional: 1930–35 1st: 1935–51 2nd: 1951–60 3rd: 1960–76 4th: 1976–82 5th: 1982–86 6th: 1986–91 7th: 1991–96 8th: 1996–01 9th: 2001–06 10th: 2006–11 11th: 2011–16 12th: 2016–21 (Members Alternates Apparatus) 13th: 2021–present Wider organisation Other organs Constitution Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization Vietnam People's Armed Forces Ideology Ho Chi Minh Thought Marxism–Leninism Socialist-oriented market economy Đổi Mới
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1986–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th: 1991–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8th: 1996–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"9th: 2001–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th: 2006–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"11th: 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2021–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Communist_Youth_Union"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Young_Pioneer_Organization"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought"},{"link_name":"Marxism–Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"Socialist-oriented market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy"},{"link_name":"Đổi Mới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi"}],"text":"The Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Ban Bí thư Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), replaced by the Politburo Standing of the Central Committee in the period 1996 to 2001, is the highest implementation body of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) between Central Committee meetings. According to Party rules, the Secretariat implements the decisions of the Politburo and the Central Committee.The members of the Politburo are elected (and given a ranking) by the Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of a National Party Congress. The current Secretariat, the 13th, was elected by the Central Committee in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress and consists of 11 members. The first-ranked member is Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the General Secretary of the Central Committee.vte Communist Party of Vietnam Central CommitteeGeneral Secretary\nTrần Phú (1930–31)\nLê Hồng Phong (1931–36)\nHà Huy Tập (1936–38)\nNguyễn Văn Cừ (1938–40)\nTrường Chinh (1940–56)\nHồ Chí Minh (1956–1960)\nLê Duẩn (1960–86)\nTrường Chinh (Jul.–Dec. 1986)\nNguyễn Văn Linh (1986–91)\nĐỗ Mười (1991–97)\nLê Khả Phiêu (1997–01)\nNông Đức Mạnh (2001–11)\nNguyễn Phú Trọng (2011–present)\nPermanent Member\nNguyễn Duy Trinh (1976–82)\nLê Đức Thọ (1980–82)\nLê Thanh Nghị (1980–82)\nVõ Chí Công (1982–86)\nNguyễn Văn Linh (June–Dec. 1986)\nĐỗ Mười (1986–88)\nNguyễn Thanh Bình (1988–91)\nLê Đức Anh (1991–92)\nĐào Duy Tùng (1991–96)\nLê Khả Phiêu (1996–97)\nPhạm Thế Duyệt (1998–01)\nNguyễn Phú Trọng (1999–01)\nTrần Đình Hoan (Apr.–Jul. 2001)\nPhan Diễn (2002–06)\nTrương Tấn Sang (2006–11)\nLê Hồng Anh (2011–16)\nĐinh Thế Huynh (2016–18)\nTrần Quốc Vượng (2018–21)\nVõ Văn Thưởng (2021–2023)\nTrương Thị Mai (2023–2024)\nLương Cường (2024–present)\nDecision-making bodies\nPolitburo\nSecretariat\nCentral Military Commission\nCentral Inspection Commission\nApparatus\nCommission for External Relations\nOffice\nMass Mobilization Commission\nCommission for Information and Education\nOrganisation Commission\nTheoretical Council\nHồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration\nNational Political Publishing House – The Truth\nNhân Dân\nCommunist\nSteering committees\nAnti-corruption\nCentral Highlands\nJudicial Reform\nNorthwest\nSouthwest\nNational meetingsNational Congress\n1st (1935)\n2nd (1951)\n3rd (1960)\n4th (1976)\n5th (1982)\n6th (1986)\n7th (1991)\n8th (1996)\n9th (2001)\n10th (2006)\n11th (2011)\n12th (2016)\n13th (2021)\nLeadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo\n1st: 1935–51\n2nd: 1951–60\n3rd: 1960–76\n4th: 1976–82\n5th: 1982–86\n6th: 1986–91\n7th: 1991–96\n8th: 1996–01 (Enlarged & Standing)\n9th: 2001–06\n10th: 2006–11\n11th: 2011–16\n12th: 2016–21\n13th: 2021–present\nSecretariat\n2nd: 1951–60\n3rd: 1960–76\n4th: 1976–82\n5th: 1982–86\n6th: 1986–91\n7th: 1991–96\n9th: 2001–06\n10th: 2006–11\n11th: 2011–16\n12th: 2016–21\n13th: 2021–\nMilitary Commission\n1946–48\n1952–60\n1960–76\n1976–82\n1980–85\n1985–90\n1990–95\n1995–00\n2000–05\n2005–10\n2010–15\n2015–20\n2020–25\nInspection Commission\n1st: 1948–51\n2nd: 1951–60\n3rd: 1960–76\n4th: 1976–82\n5th: 1982–86\n6th: 1986–91\n7th: 1991–96\n8th: 1996–01\n9th: 2001–06\n10th: 2006–11\n11th: 2011–16\n12th: 2016–21\n13th: 2021–present\nElected byCongressCentral Committee\nProvisional: 1930–35\n1st: 1935–51\n2nd: 1951–60\n3rd: 1960–76\n4th: 1976–82\n5th: 1982–86\n6th: 1986–91\n7th: 1991–96\n8th: 1996–01\n9th: 2001–06\n10th: 2006–11\n11th: 2011–16\n12th: 2016–21 (Members\nAlternates\nApparatus)\n13th: 2021–present\nWider organisation\nOther organs\nConstitution\nHo Chi Minh Communist Youth Union\nHo Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization\nVietnam People's Armed Forces\nIdeology\nHo Chi Minh Thought\nMarxism–Leninism\nSocialist-oriented market economy\nĐổi Mới","title":"Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_H135
Eurocopter EC135
["1 Development","1.1 Origins","1.2 Further development","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 Variants","5 Operators","5.1 Military operators","5.2 Government operators","6 Accidents and incidents","7 Specifications (EC135 P2+/T2+)","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Small utility helicopter EC135H135 An EC135T2 used by the National Police Air Service for England & Wales Role Light utility helicopterType of aircraft National origin Multinational Manufacturer Airbus Helicopters (Since 2014) Eurocopter First flight 15 February 1994 Introduction 1996 Status In service Produced 1995–present Number built 1400 (Sep. 2020) Developed from MBB Bo 105 Variants Eurocopter EC635 The Airbus Helicopters H135 (formerly Eurocopter EC135) is a twin-engine civil light utility helicopter produced by Airbus Helicopters, formerly known as Eurocopter. It is capable of flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) and is outfitted with a digital automatic flight control system (AFCS). First flying in February 1994, it entered service in 1996. 1,400 have been delivered up to September 2020, to 300 operators in 60 countries, accumulating over 5 million flight hours. It is mainly used for air medical transport (medevac), corporate transport, law enforcement, offshore wind support, and military flight training. Half of them are in Europe and a quarter in North America. The H135M, certified under the name Eurocopter EC635, is a military variant, so the overall design is known as the Airbus Helicopters H135 and the military version, as the Airbus Helicopters H135M. The EC135/H135 is a development of the older Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) Bo 105. Development Origins The H135 started development prior to the formation of Eurocopter, under Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) under the designation Bo 108 in the 1970s. MBB developed it in partnership with Aérospatiale, the Bo 108 was initially intended to be a technology demonstrator, combining attributes of the successful MBB Bo 105 with new advances and an aerodynamically streamlined design. Technologies included on the Bo 108 included the first full-authority digital engine controls (FADEC) on a helicopter, a hingeless main rotor, and the adoption of a new transmission. The first prototype made its first flight on 17 October 1988, powered by two Allison 250-C20R/1 engines. A second Bo 108 followed in June 1991, this time with two Turbomeca TM319-1B Arrius engines. Unlike later production aircraft, both technology demonstrators flew with conventional tail rotors. A Bo 108 prototype In the late 1990s, the design was revised with the introduction of the Fenestron tail rotor system, an advanced rigid main rotor, composite materials, and resonance isolation systems. It was decided to pursue a full certification program, resulting in the production of two pre-production prototypes. At the same time, the Bo 108 was given a new designation of EC135, to correspond with the newly created Eurocopter company. At this point, it was decided that the EC135 should be developed with the option of being powered by two competing engines, the Turbomeca Arrius 2B and the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B engines. Two pre-production prototypes were built in 1994 powered by either engine, both powerplants proved to be successful and were used on subsequent production aircraft. In January 1995, the EC135 made its first public appearance at the Heli-Expo convention at Las Vegas, at which prospective buyers were reportedly impressed with its appearance and performance figures. Another feature which became apparent upon entering service was the low noise levels produced, in part due to its Fenestron tail, the EC135 was the quietest aircraft in its class for more than 15 years. Despite the helicopter's design being primarily oriented towards emergency medical operators, the EC135 had considerable appeal to a wide range of operators. European JAA certification was achieved in June 1996, with FAA approval following in July. In December 1999, the EC135 was granted single-pilot IFR (SPIFR) certification by Germany's Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA). In December 2000, the United Kingdom's Civil Aviation Authority also gave the EC135 SPIFR certification. Further development A Eurocopter EC135P1 of Western Power Distribution leaves Bristol Airport, 2016 In 2000, Eurocopter announced the start of certification work on the EC135P2, powered by the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B2, offering improved single-engine performance and 30-second emergency power. The LBA certification was achieved in July 2001, and the first EC135 with the new engines was handed over to the Swedish Police Authority in August 2001. In September 2002, the EC135T2 equipped with the improved Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 was made available, providing for improved single-engine performance. In 2002, the EC135 active control technology demonstrator/flying helicopter simulator (ACT/FHS), a research aircraft designed to test fibre optic-based flight control systems, undertook its first flight. In 2014, Airbus Helicopters began flying the Bluecopter demonstrator aircraft, built to explore more efficient design elements, including economy-optimised single-engine operations, Blue Edge swept rotor blades to reduce noise and increase efficiency, a relocated horizontal stabilizer outside the main rotor's downwash, an active rudder, and new water-based external paint; these changes were aimed at cutting fuel consumption by 40%. In December 2014, the single-engine operations portion of the Bluecopter tests were delayed to summer 2016 to make necessary avionics changes, such as to the engine's FADEC systems. In March 2007, at the NBAA in Atlanta, Eurocopter unveiled 'L'Hélicoptère par Hermès, a special-edition VIP model designed by Hermès International, S.A.. It features a customized luxury four-place main cabin, a sliding glass partition, a corporate baggage hold, redesigned skid landing gear and other external changes. The launch customer for the type is Falcon Aviation Services (FAS), based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In July 2014, Airbus Helicopters made further personalization options available for the EC135 l'Helicoptere par Hermes. In 2011, Eurocopter formalised a license manufacturing agreement with Zhong-Ou International Group to produce the EC135 luxury helicopter in Zhejiang Province, China. In October 2015, a letter of intent between Airbus Helicopters and Ecopark was signed for the establishment of a final assembly line (FAL) in Qingdao Province, China. A related $1.1 billion order for 100 Chinese-assembled H135s was announced in the same month. The majority of assembly work on the type remains at Airbus Helicopter's Donauwörth facility. Construction of the FAL started in May 2017, and opened for production in April 2019. In January 2016, the Ural Works of Civil Aviation (UWCA), a division of Rostec, signed an agreement to build the H135 under licence at the firm's facility in Yekaterinburg, Russia. In May 2016, it was reported that Russian production of the H135 was anticipated to begin in 2017, following the receipt of Russian type certification. Russian manufacturers may be incorporated in the global supply chain. Two variants, the EC135 T3 and EC135 P3, were developed with improved high altitude and hover performance. Changes include repositioned air intakes to the engines, wider blades being installed on the main rotor, and changes to the fenstron anti-torque tail device. The EC135 T3 was introduced to service in December 2014. In December 2020, the H135 helicopter family EASA has certified a new Alternate Gross Weight (AGW). With the new AGW, the maximum takeoff weight has been increased up to 265 lb (120 kg) and payload. This modification can be used to increase range by up to 75 nm or endurance by up to 40 minutes under standard conditions. The new AGW is available as an option and can be applied retroactively to all Helionix-equipped H135s. In December 2020, Airbus certified a new single-pilot IFR Helionix cockpit for its H135 helicopters. The modified cockpit allows customers to choose whether to remove the copilot side of the instrument panel to increase the field of view or keep it to install specific STC equipment. Design The cockpit of an EC135, May 2008 The H135 is a twin-engine rotorcraft. It can be alternatively powered by a pair of Turbomeca Arrius 2B or Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B engines, dependent on customer's preference, which gives either a T or a P, respectively, in the variant name. The main rotor is of a four-bladed, hingeless fiber-composite design. Progressive improvements to the main rotor have increased its performance and reduced maintenance costs since the type's introduction. The EC135 is the quietest helicopter in its class, featuring an anti-resonance isolation system to dampen vibration from the main rotor. The type's Fenestron anti-torque device can be actively regulated via a HI NR rotor optimization mode, which provides for greater controllability during higher weight take-off and landings. It is capable of performing Category A operations throughout its full flight envelope. The EC135 can be equipped with either a conventional flight deck or the Avionique Novelle glass cockpit – the latter allows for single pilot instrument flight rules operation. The glass cockpit is equipped with several liquid-crystal displays, including two Sextant SMD45 displays and a central panel display. The main avionics suite is supplied by Thales Group. The EC135 can be outfitted with various avionics suites from manufacturers such as Russian firm Transas Aviation and British firm Britannia 2000. The newer H135 model can be equipped with a four-axis autopilot, which is included as part of the Helionix avionics suite. This suite provides the H135 with a greater level of commonality with several other Airbus Helicopters-produced rotorcraft, including the H145, H160 and H175. Earlier versions of the EC135 were equipped with a three-axis autopilot with integrated stability augmentation, featuring a First Limit Indicator (FLI), simplifying engine and torque monitoring. Cockpit touch screens can be optionally installed. An EC135 of the German Brandenburg State Police Various cabin and cockpit configurations are available for the EC135, depending on the role performed and the operator's preferences. It can hold up to five passengers and a pilot when configured with a standard executive interior, or seven passengers in a dense corporate interior. Modular multi-role interiors that allow the main cabin area to be quickly changed and re-equipped are available. The main cabin of the EC135 is accessed either by large doors on either side of the cabin or by clamshell doors located at the rear of the cabin, directly underneath the aircraft's tail boom. The clamshell doors are particularly attractive to emergency medical services (EMS) and cargo operators. Medical facilities can be installed in the cabin, such as in-flight intensive care stations (including resuscitation functionality), incubators, and hygiene-convenient flooring. In a mountain rescue configuration, the cabin can simultaneously accommodate two stretchers as well as the pilot, anaesthetist, winch operator, mechanic and mountain rescue specialist. Airbus Helicopters has promoted the airframe's various configurations as possessing "unique adaptability" for various missions, including utility work, commercial transportation, and training roles. Equipment for the law enforcement role include external loudspeakers, rappelling system, search lights with laser pointers, left or right-mounted hoists, and electro-optical sensors. For offshore oil & gas operations, the rotorcraft can be fitted with weather/search radars, emergency floatation aids, including an automated external life raft, energy-absorbent seating, class-D certified external hoists, and crash-resistant fuel tanks. An external hook can be installed to carry underslung loads of up to 272 kg for cargo missions. In a training capacity, features such a light aircraft recording system for post-flight analysis, intuitive human-machine interface, specific training modules, and a one-engine inoperative training mode, and full ground simulators, may be selected. Operational history An ADAC EC135 taking off from Bonn University Clinic, 2008 Deliveries started in August 1996, when two helicopters, 0005 and 0006, were handed over to German emergency aero medical service provider Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht. The 100th EC135 was handed over to the Bavarian police force in June 1999, by which point the worldwide fleet had accumulated approximately 30,000 flight hours. In September 2003, the 300th EC135 was handed over to UK-based McAlpine Helicopters. At this point, the EC135 was the best selling new light twin-engine helicopter in the UK market. In 2011, Eurocopter announced that the 1,000th EC135 to be produced had been delivered to German operator ADAC, roughly 15 years since the start of production. In 2012, Flying magazine recognised the EC135 as being "the industry's best selling twin-engine helicopter". The world fleet leader in flight hours for the type is G-NESV (s/n 0067), operated by Cleveland Police Air Operations Unit based at Durham Tees Valley Airport, UK. Originally delivered to the North East Air Support Unit in April 1999, it was the first EC135 worldwide to attain 10,000 flying hours. In 2009, the EC135 was the first aircraft selected for offshore wind support in the UK, after the Civil Aviation Authority approved helicopter operations to the Greater Gabbard offshore wind farm. The EC135 has been used in Denmark to support the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. By 2013, over 10,000 successful personnel transfers have taken place using the type. In Mexico, Apoyo Logístico Aéreo has operated a fleet of EC135s for servicing the extensive oil and gas offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. An EC135 T1 of French operator SAF Hélicoptères during a rescue operation In 2013, it was reported that the EC135 was currently providing roughly 25% of the world's total emergency medic services flights, and that over 500 EC135s have been delivered to in an aeromedical configuration. By late 2013, during which a brief grounding of the type was instigated due to safety concerns of fuel gauges, the EC135 made up half of the UK's operational air ambulance fleet. In October 2014, the first EC135 air ambulance was delivered in the Chinese market. The German Army operates 19 H135s as basic trainers at the School of Army Aviation in Bückeburg. These have had an average operational availability in excess of 95 per cent. In 2014, the German Army noted that there was potential for vibration-induced rotor cracking during autorotation training, shortening the life of the main rotor. 13 EC135 trainers have been procured by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force, they have been designed as the TH-135. In December 2014, the first production EC135 T3 entered service with Aiut Alpin Dolomites, a mountain rescue operator based in Italy. In June 2015, Airbus Helicopters delivered the first retrofitted H135 from the earlier EC135 standard. Changes include an enlarged main rotor, relocated engine air intakes, elevated engine performance, and the horizontal stabiliser's endplates removed and its span increased. In October 2015, Waypoint Leasing and Airbus Helicopters signed an agreement for the acquisition of up to 20 H135 for public leasing purposes. In 2017, the Royal Air Force received the first 2 of 29 H135s designated as Juno HT.1s for the UK Military Flying Training System with training provided by Ascent Flight Training. In 2018, the Australian Defence Force established the Joint Helicopter School operating 15 EC135T2+ procured under Project Air 9000 Phase 7 to train both Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy pilots. The school is set within Navy's 723 Squadron at HMAS Albatross. In 2024, after the retirement of the MRH-90 Taipan helicopter, the Australian government announced that it would lease 5 H135T3 (Juno) from the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence for five years to maintain "essential training requirements" for Australian Army pilots. The helicopters will be based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre. Variants EC135 T2 air ambulance of the Austrian Air Rescue service in Klagenfurt, Austria One of the North West Air Ambulance's three EC135T2, shown landing EC135 P1 Powered by two 463 kW (621 shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B (ratings correspond to take-off power (TOP)). Later versions have the centre panel display system (CPDS). Initial maximum take-off weight (M.T.O.W.) of 2,630 kg (5,798 lbs), later raised to 2,720 kg (5,997 lbs) and then 2,835 kg (6,250 lbs). EC135 T1 Powered by two 435 kW (583 shp)(TOP rating) Turbomeca Arrius 2B1/2B1A/2B1A1. Later versions have the CPDS. Initial M.T.O.W. of 2,630 kg (5,798 lbs), later raised to 2,720 kg (5,997 lbs) and then 2,835 kg (6,250 lbs). EC135 P2 Powered by two 463 kW (621 shp) (TOP rating) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B2. Increased thermodynamic and mechanic OEI ratings (128% OEI torque). Replaced EC135 P1 in production in August 2001. EC135 T2 Powered by two 452 kW (606 shp) (TOP rating) Turbomeca Arrius 2B2. Increased thermodynamic and mechanic OEI ratings (128% OEI torque). Replaced EC135 T1 in production in August 2002. EC135 P2+ (Marketing name EC135 P2i) Latest current production version with 498 kW (667 shp) PW206B2 (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,910 kg (6,415 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, extended component time between overhauls (TBOs), and a change in the main transmission lubricating oil. Built in Germany and Spain. EC135 T2+ (Marketing name EC135 T2i) Latest current production version with 473 kW (634 shp) Arrius 2B2 engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,910 kg (6,415 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, extended component TBOs, and a change in the main transmission lubricating oil. Built in Germany and Spain. EC135 P2+ (Marketing name EC135 P2e) Marketing designation of aircraft with increased M.T.O.W. of 2,950 kg (6,504 lbs) within restricted flight envelope. EC135 T2+ (Marketing name EC135 T2e) Marketing designation of aircraft with increased M.T.O.W. of 2,950 kg (6,504 lbs) within restricted flight envelope. EC135 P3 Powered by two 528 kW (708 shp) (TOP rating) PW206B3 engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,980 kg (6,570 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, and significant increased OEI, Cat A, and hot/high performance. Market introduction in 2014. H135 (EC135 T3) Powered by two 492 kW (660 shp) (TOP rating) Arrius 2B2Plus engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,980 kg (6,570 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, and significant increased OEI, Cat A, and hot/high performance. Market introduction in 2014. EC635/H135M Military variant originally developed to meet a Portuguese Army requirement for a fire support and medical evacuation helicopter. Presently, operated by Jordan, Swiss and Iraqi armed forces. TH-135 Military training variant developed from the EC135 T2+. ACH135 Corporate variant of the H135. Operators A Scottish Ambulance Service Eurocopter EC-135T In 2016, half of the EC135s operating in service were engaged in emergency medical services operations, 17% in air transport, 16% in public services (typically law enforcement), 10% in military missions, 4% in offshore operations (typically offshore wind power inspection), and the remaining 3% in military training. The 1,400th was delivered in September 2020, as over 300 customers in 60 countries accumulated more than 4.5 million flight hours. Most are in Europe (641), followed by North America (316) and Asia (195). Military operators An EC135 T1 of the German Army The EC135T3 is known as the Juno HT1 in RAF service  Australia Royal Australian Navy - 15 EC135T2+ Australian Army - 5 EC135 T3 to be leased from the UK Ministry of Defence  Brazil Brazilian Air Force Brazilian Navy - 3 EC135 T3 ordered to replace AS355F2.  Gabon Gabonese Air Force  Germany German Army  Ireland Irish Air Corps  Japan Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force  Morocco Royal Moroccan Air Force - H135s ordered for training duties in 2022. Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie  Nigeria Nigerian Air Force  Spain Spanish Army Airmobile Force  United Kingdom Royal Air Force/Ascent Flight Training - No. 1 Flying Training School  Kurdistan Region Peshmerga Air Support/1st Aviation Squadron Government operators  Argentina Argentine Federal Police Argentine National Gendarmerie  Australia New South Wales Police AirWing Queensland Police Service contracted through Surf Life Saving Queensland Aviation Surf Life Saving Queensland Aviation Victoria Police (former)  Austria Federal Police A Japanese National Police's EC-135 in flight  Canada Ontario Provincial Police  Chile Carabineros de Chile  Croatia Croatian Police  Czech Republic State Police  Germany Federal Police State Police  Hungary HSE National Ambulance Service  Ireland Garda Air Support Unit  Japan Japanese National Police  Lithuania A Eurocopter EC135P2+ of the National Police Corps of Spain. State Border Guard  Netherlands National Police ANWB Medical Air Assistance  Norway Norwegian Police Service  Poland Air ambulances in Poland Border Guard (Poland)  Romania Romanian Police SMURD  Slovenia Slovenian National Police  Spain Civil Guard National Police Corps A Eurocopter EC135T2 of the Police of the Czech Republic  United Kingdom Northern Lighthouse Board National Police Air Service (England & Wales) Police Scotland Police Service of Northern Ireland Trinity House  Turkey Ministry of Health (Turkey) (operated by Turkish Aeronautical Association)  United States Broward County Sheriff Massachusetts State Police NASA Airbus Helicopters H135 NASA Kennedy Space Center Accidents and incidents On 29 November 2013, a Police Scotland EC135 T2 crashed into a pub in Glasgow, Scotland. Three occupants of the aircraft were killed, as well as seven patrons of the pub. The UK AAIB issued its final report on the accident on 23 October 2015. It said that "No significant pre-impact technical defect was identified in any part of the aircraft or its systems." It added that important fuel transfer pumps were switched off "for unknown reasons", and that the helicopter "did not land within the 10-minute period specified in the Pilot’s Checklist Emergency and Malfunction Procedures, following continuous activation of the low fuel warnings, for unknown reasons." On 28 August 2023, a Broward Sheriff's Office EC135 crashed into a residential building, after witnesses stated it started smoking heavily while in flight before spinning and rapidly losing altitude. A Broward Sheriff Fire Rescue Captain, and a resident of the structure that the helicopter crashed into, were both killed in the crash. Two other employees, and a second resident survived. Specifications (EC135 P2+/T2+) External videos An EC135 Landing on a yacht Pair of medical EC135s in formation flight EC135 P-2+ performing a flight demonstration Data from Eurocopter EC135 2008 Tech Data bookGeneral characteristics Crew: 1 pilot Capacity: up to seven passengers or two crew and two patients (air ambulance variant) or 1,455 kg (3,208 lb) payload Length: 10.2 m (33 ft 6 in) Height: 3.51 m (11 ft 6 in) Empty weight: 1,455 kg (3,208 lb) Max takeoff weight: 2,910 kg (6,415 lb) Powerplant: 2 × Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 turboshaft engines, 472 kW (633 hp) each or 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B turboshaft engines rated at 463 kW (621 hp) (take-off power) Main rotor diameter: 10.2 m (33 ft 6 in) Main rotor area: 81.7 m2 (879 sq ft) Performance Cruise speed: 254 km/h (158 mph, 137 kn) Never exceed speed: 287 km/h (178 mph, 155 kn) Range: 635 km (395 mi, 343 nmi) Service ceiling: 6,096 m (20,000 ft) Rate of climb: 7.62 m/s (1,500 ft/min) See also Aviation portal Related development MBB Bo 105 Eurocopter EC145 Eurocopter EC635 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era AgustaWestland AW109 Bell 427 Bell 429 GlobalRanger Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2 MD Helicopters MD Explorer MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 HAL Dhruv HAL Light Utility Helicopter Related lists List of rotorcraft List of most-produced rotorcraft References ^ a b Airbus Helicopters' 1,400th H135 is delivered to HEMS operator Mont Blanc, Airbus, 6 November 2020 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pope, Stephen. "Eurocopter EC 135." Flying, 18 May 2012. ^ a b c d e Benenson, Tom. "The EC135: Melding form & Function." Flying, April 2004. Vol. 131, No. 4. pp. 86–91. ^ Rimmer, David. "EC 135 Gains Single-Pilot Certification." Business & Commercial Aviation, January 2001, Vol. 88 Issue 1. p. 17. ^ a b c Benenson 2004. p. 89. ^ "Fly-by-light EC135 helicopter makes first flight." Flight International, 5 February 2002. ^ Dubois, Thierry. "Airbus Helicopters Unveils Bluecopter Demonstrator." AIN Online, 7 July 2015. ^ Perry, Dominic. "Bluecopter flights end without tests of single-engine operation." Flight International, 2 December 2015. ^ "Eurocopter and Hermès deliver first EC135 'l'Hélicoptère par Hermès'." Business Jet Interiors International, Retrieved: 31 May 2015. ^ Wynbrandt, James. "Web Extra: More Personalization Options for Hermes EC135." AIN Online, 16 July 2014. ^ "EC135 Helicopter to be built in China". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ "Airbus Helicopter Signs China Deal for More Than $1b." Bloomberg, 30 October 2015. ^ Perry, Dominic. "H135 helicopters due for China assembly." Flight International, 30 October 2015. ^ "Airbus Helicopters breaks ground on first helicopter assembly line in China" (Press release). Airbus Helicopters. 27 May 2017. ^ Pittaway, Nigel (June 2019). "China's H135 final assembly line". Air International. Vol. 96, no. 6. p. 117. ISSN 0306-5634. ^ Gerden, Eugene. "Russia's Ural Works of Civil Aviation to start licensed production of H135s." Vertical, 28 January 2016. ^ Korsunskaya, Darya. "Russia signs license agreement on producing Airbus H135 helicopters in Russia." Reuters, 25 January 2016. ^ "Airbus Helicopters plans to start producing H135 helicopters in Russia in 2017." Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine TASS, 13 May 2016. ^ a b c Nathan, Stuart. "Helicopters give latest technologies a whirl." The Engineer, 12 December 2014. ^ a b Airbus (17 December 2020). "Airbus Helicopters boosts the mission capabilities of its H135 helicopters". airbus.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. ^ a b c d e f g "Civil: H135." Airbus Helicopters, Retrieved: 16 November 2015. ^ a b c Benenson 2004. pp. 89–90. ^ "Eurocopter shows the capability of its helicopters at MAKS 2011." Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Force, September 2012. ^ "CAMC selected as NPAS EC135 mission system." Shepard Media, 17 November 2014. ^ Perry, Dominic. "H135 gains Helionix avionics suite." Flight International, 7 October 2015. ^ Benenson 2004. pp. 89, 91. ^ Derby, Paul. "Landmark delivery for Eurocopter EC135." Flight International, 17 June 1999. ^ Benenson 2004. p. 90. ^ "Eurocopter delivers 1000th EC135." shephardmedia.com, 21 July 2011. ^ "NPAS Newcastle." Twitter, 31 March 2013. ^ "Helicopter Focus: EC135 chosen for offshore wind farm maintenance role | Magazine | Business Air News". www.businessairnews.com. ^ Civil Aviation Authority (April 2010). "CAP 437 Offshore Helicopter Landing Areas - Guidance on Standards" (PDF). www.caa.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2021. ^ "Uni-Fly A/S Rescue from Windturbine". YouTube. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2015. ^ "Uni-Fly A/S". Uni-fly.dk. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Eurocopter reinforces its Gulf of Mexico presence: Apoyo Logístico Aéreo orders another EC135 helicopter for off-shore oil and gas missions." Airbus Helicopters, 6 March 2013. ^ Ozbek, Tolga. "EC135 picked for Turkish air ambulance duties." Flight International, 9 May 2013. ^ Roberts, Liz. "Fuel-gauge worry grounds almost half Britain's air ambulances." Grough, 12 December 2013. ^ "Airbus Helicopters delivers China's first EC135 fully-equipped air ambulance." Aviation World News, 9 October 2014. ^ Tomkins, Richard. "Airbus Helicopters continues support for German Army pilot training." United Press International, 17 December 2014. ^ "Auto-rotation training drives German army light-twin requirement." Flight International, 25 June 2014. ^ a b "Japan military receives TH-135 trio from Airbus Helicopters." Vertical, 5 December 2014. ^ "Turbomeca Celebrates Arrius 2B2plus Entry-into-Service on EC135 T3." Newswire today, 10 December 2014. ^ Spruce, Terry. "Airbus Helicopters delivers first upgraded H135." Helicopter Investor, 18 June 2015. ^ "Airbus Helicopters Upgrades Bavarian Police H135s." Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Today, 17 June 2015. ^ "Waypoint Leasing to acquire 20 H135s as first lessor for this rotorcraft." Vertical, 7 October 2015. ^ "JUNO HT1". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Airbus Helicopters Fully Operational as UK MFTS Aircraft Service Provider". Airbus Helicopters (Press release). 2 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ Perry, Dominic (6 April 2017). "PICTURES: Juno and Jupiter helicopters arrive at RAF Shawbury". Flight Global. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ Doran, Cpl Mark (29 July 2017). "Quantum advance in aircrew training" (PDF). Army News: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1399 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. Special lift out page 2. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ a b "Joint Helicopter School graduates first course". Australian Aviation. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ McLaughlin, Andrew (26 October 2014). "Australia confirms HATS win for Boeing/Thales EC135 bid". Flight Global. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ a b Minister for Defence Richard Marles (7 February 2024). "Black Hawk and H135 Juno Training Helicopters to land in 2024". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ a b c Felton, Ben (7 February 2024). "Army to lease surplus British helicopters". Australian Defence Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ "Type Acceptance Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ a b Dubois, Thierry. "Deliveries of Airbus Helicopters EC135 T3/P3 Delayed." AIN Online, 25 February 2014. ^ Goller, Gabriel (27 January 2022). "Airbus Helicopters Naming Convention" (PDF). Airbus. ^ a b c d e f "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Switzerland Orders 20 EC635/EC135 for its Armed Forces". www.defense-aerospace.com. ^ "Swiss Air Force Receives 20th Eurocopter EC635 Helicopter; Eurocopter Completes Contract On Time And On Quality". www.defense-aerospace.com. ^ "EC 635 Twin-Engine Light Combat Helicopter - Airforce Technology". www.airforce-technology.com. ^ Dominic Perry (29 November 2016). "ANALYSIS: How Airbus Helicopters has kept its 20-year-old H135 looking young". FlightGlobal. ^ "WorldAirForces2016-Corrected.pdf". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2015. ^ World Air Force 2014 – Flight International, Flightglobal.com, Accessed 23 November 2014 ^ Barreira, Victor (24 December 2018). "Brazilian Navy to acquire EC135 T3 helicopters". Jane's 360. Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "Gabon's new Helicopter!". smallairforces.com. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Morocco orders H135 for training use". Air International. Vol. 103, no. 2. September 2022. p. 49. ISSN 0306-5634. ^ "The Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie is recognized for its 50 years of Eurocopter helicopter operations". eurocopter.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie EC-135T". Demand media. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. August 2016. p. 30. ^ "Materiales – Helicópteros – HE-26". Ministerio de Defensa de España. Retrieved 26 March 2013. ^ Smith, Rory (29 February 2020). "RAF chief opens state-of-the-art helicopter training facilities in Shawbury". Shropshire Star. Retrieved 18 May 2020. ^ "Eurocopter delivers second EC135T2+ to Argentina's Federal Police". 13 September 2011. ^ Rivas, Santiago (April 2021). "Cracking the Drug cartels". Air International. Vol. 100, no. 4. pp. 46–49. ISSN 0306-5634. ^ "New EC135 Added to NSW Police Force". Aviation Today. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015. The New South Wales Police Force recently added a Eurocopter EC135 P2+ to its aviation support branch, PolAir 4... ^ "HeliHub.com Austrian Minister of the Interior presents Eurocopter EC135 to Air Police in Innsbruck". helihub.com. 6 May 2008. ^ "Eurocopter Canada delivers two EC135P2+ to Ontario Provincial Police". helihub.com. 29 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Carabineros de Chile reciben un H135". defensa.com. 11 October 2016. ^ "MUP RH kupio helikopter EC-135 za nadzor granice i prijevoz stradalih". defender.hr. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013. ^ "Eurocopter EC 135". vrtulník.cz. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2013. ^ "Turbomeca sign support agreement with German Federal Police". helihub.com. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Allgemeines". polizei.rlp.de. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ^ "Légimentés: milliárdokért cseréltek gazdát a helikopterek". napi.hu. Retrieved 11 September 2018. ^ "Garda Air Support Unit (GASU)". 2014. An Garda Síochána. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "Eurocopter Japan delivers EC135T2 to National Police Agency". helihub.com. February 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnyba". Pasienis.lt. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Hoe ziet de luchtvloot er uit?". politie.nl. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013. ^ "Traumahelikopters MAA - ANWB". www.anwb.nl. 23 June 2017. ^ "Norwegian Police lease second EC135". helihub.com. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "EC 135". lpr.com.pl. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013. ^ "Nowy śmigłowiec nareszcie w rękach Straży Granicznej - InfoSecurity24". infosecurity24.pl. 3 January 2020. ^ "EC 135". aviatie.mai.gov.ro. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014. ^ "EC 135". smurd.ro. 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Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Broward County Sheriff orders third EC135". helihub.com. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "State Police Airwing Section". mass.gov. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ^ "NASA places order for three Airbus H135 helicopters". Airbus. 28 October 2021. ^ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Nine dead at Clutha pub". BBC News. 30 November 2013. ^ "Glasgow helicopter crash: ninth body recovered". BBC News. 2 December 2013. ^ "Aircraft Accident Report AAR 3/2015 - G-SPAO, 29 November 2013". ^ "2 killed, 4 injured when BSO Fire Rescue chopper crashes into apartment building in Pompano Beach". 28 August 2023. ^ Eurocopter. "Eurocopter EC135" (PDF). eurocopter.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airbus Helicopters H135. Official website "Eurocopter EC135". RTH.info (in German). "Type Certificate Data Sheet" (PDF). European Aviation Safety Agency. 27 October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. Peter Gray (25 November 2016). "FLIGHT TEST: We run the rule over Airbus Helicopters' H135". Flight International. vteAirbus Helicopters aircraftCivil helicopters BK 117 EC120 Colibri EC130 (H130) EC135 (H135) EC145 (H145) EC155 (H155) H160 EC175 (H175) AS332 Super Puma (H215) EC225 Super Puma (H225) AS350 (H125) AS355 SA/AS365 Dauphin Military helicopters AS532 Cougar (H215M) AS550/AS555 Fennec (H125M) AS565 Panther EC635 (H135M) EC645 (H145M) EC665 Tiger EC725 (H225M) HH/MH-65 Dolphin NH90 UH-72 Lakota Experimental helicopters X3 vteBölkow and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) aircraftBölkow gliders Phönix T Phoebus Bölkow fixed wing aircraft Bo 207 Bo 208 Bo 209 Junior Monsun Bölkow rotary wing aircraft Bo 46 Bo 70 Bo 102 Bo 103 Bo 105 Bo 107 Heidelbergrotor MBB aircraft Bo 106 Bo 108 Bo 115 BK 117 MBB 223 Lampyridae X-31
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"utility helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_helicopter"},{"link_name":"Airbus Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"instrument flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"air medical transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"},{"link_name":"medevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_evacuation"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC635"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"}],"text":"The Airbus Helicopters H135 (formerly Eurocopter EC135) is a twin-engine civil light utility helicopter produced by Airbus Helicopters, formerly known as Eurocopter. It is capable of flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) and is outfitted with a digital automatic flight control system (AFCS). First flying in February 1994, it entered service in 1996. 1,400 have been delivered up to September 2020, to 300 operators in 60 countries, accumulating over 5 million flight hours. It is mainly used for air medical transport (medevac), corporate transport, law enforcement, offshore wind support, and military flight training. Half of them are in Europe and a quarter in North America. The H135M, certified under the name Eurocopter EC635, is a military variant, so the overall design is known as the Airbus Helicopters H135 and the military version, as the Airbus Helicopters H135M. The EC135/H135 is a development of the older Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) Bo 105.","title":"Eurocopter EC135"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale"},{"link_name":"MBB Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benenson-3"},{"link_name":"FADEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADEC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Engine_Company"},{"link_name":"250-C20R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Model_250"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benenson-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MBB_Bo_108.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fenestron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW206B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benenson-3"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"JAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Authorities"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benenson-3"},{"link_name":"Luftfahrt-Bundesamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrt-Bundesamt"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The H135 started development prior to the formation of Eurocopter, under Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) under the designation Bo 108 in the 1970s. MBB developed it in partnership with Aérospatiale, the Bo 108 was initially intended to be a technology demonstrator, combining attributes of the successful MBB Bo 105 with new advances and an aerodynamically streamlined design.[2][3] Technologies included on the Bo 108 included the first full-authority digital engine controls (FADEC) on a helicopter, a hingeless main rotor, and the adoption of a new transmission.[2] The first prototype made its first flight on 17 October 1988, powered by two Allison 250-C20R/1 engines. A second Bo 108 followed in June 1991, this time with two Turbomeca TM319-1B Arrius engines. Unlike later production aircraft, both technology demonstrators flew with conventional tail rotors.[3]A Bo 108 prototypeIn the late 1990s, the design was revised with the introduction of the Fenestron tail rotor system, an advanced rigid main rotor, composite materials, and resonance isolation systems.[2] It was decided to pursue a full certification program, resulting in the production of two pre-production prototypes. At the same time, the Bo 108 was given a new designation of EC135, to correspond with the newly created Eurocopter company.[2] At this point, it was decided that the EC135 should be developed with the option of being powered by two competing engines, the Turbomeca Arrius 2B and the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B engines. Two pre-production prototypes were built in 1994 powered by either engine, both powerplants proved to be successful and were used on subsequent production aircraft.[3]In January 1995, the EC135 made its first public appearance at the Heli-Expo convention at Las Vegas, at which prospective buyers were reportedly impressed with its appearance and performance figures.[2] Another feature which became apparent upon entering service was the low noise levels produced, in part due to its Fenestron tail, the EC135 was the quietest aircraft in its class for more than 15 years.[2] Despite the helicopter's design being primarily oriented towards emergency medical operators, the EC135 had considerable appeal to a wide range of operators.[2] European JAA certification was achieved in June 1996, with FAA approval following in July.[3]In December 1999, the EC135 was granted single-pilot IFR (SPIFR) certification by Germany's Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA). In December 2000, the United Kingdom's Civil Aviation Authority also gave the EC135 SPIFR certification.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Power Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Bristol Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Airport"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada"},{"link_name":"LBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrt-Bundesamt"},{"link_name":"Swedish Police Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-5"},{"link_name":"fibre optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FADEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADEC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Hermès International, S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirForceWorld.com_EC135_helicopter_China_licensed_built-11"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Donauwörth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rostec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostec"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"type certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certification"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engineer_2014-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airbus17Dec20-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airbus17Dec20-20"}],"sub_title":"Further development","text":"A Eurocopter EC135P1 of Western Power Distribution leaves Bristol Airport, 2016In 2000, Eurocopter announced the start of certification work on the EC135P2, powered by the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B2, offering improved single-engine performance and 30-second emergency power. The LBA certification was achieved in July 2001, and the first EC135 with the new engines was handed over to the Swedish Police Authority in August 2001.[5] In September 2002, the EC135T2 equipped with the improved Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 was made available, providing for improved single-engine performance.[5]In 2002, the EC135 active control technology demonstrator/flying helicopter simulator (ACT/FHS), a research aircraft designed to test fibre optic-based flight control systems, undertook its first flight.[6] In 2014, Airbus Helicopters began flying the Bluecopter demonstrator aircraft, built to explore more efficient design elements, including economy-optimised single-engine operations, Blue Edge swept rotor blades to reduce noise and increase efficiency, a relocated horizontal stabilizer outside the main rotor's downwash, an active rudder, and new water-based external paint; these changes were aimed at cutting fuel consumption by 40%.[7] In December 2014, the single-engine operations portion of the Bluecopter tests were delayed to summer 2016 to make necessary avionics changes, such as to the engine's FADEC systems.[8]In March 2007, at the NBAA in Atlanta, Eurocopter unveiled 'L'Hélicoptère par Hermès, a special-edition VIP model designed by Hermès International, S.A.. It features a customized luxury four-place main cabin, a sliding glass partition, a corporate baggage hold, redesigned skid landing gear and other external changes. The launch customer for the type is Falcon Aviation Services (FAS), based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[9] In July 2014, Airbus Helicopters made further personalization options available for the EC135 l'Helicoptere par Hermes.[10]In 2011, Eurocopter formalised a license manufacturing agreement with Zhong-Ou International Group to produce the EC135 luxury helicopter in Zhejiang Province, China.[11] In October 2015, a letter of intent between Airbus Helicopters and Ecopark was signed for the establishment of a final assembly line (FAL) in Qingdao Province, China. A related $1.1 billion order for 100 Chinese-assembled H135s was announced in the same month.[12] The majority of assembly work on the type remains at Airbus Helicopter's Donauwörth facility.[13] Construction of the FAL started in May 2017,[14] and opened for production in April 2019.[15]In January 2016, the Ural Works of Civil Aviation (UWCA), a division of Rostec, signed an agreement to build the H135 under licence at the firm's facility in Yekaterinburg, Russia.[16][17] In May 2016, it was reported that Russian production of the H135 was anticipated to begin in 2017, following the receipt of Russian type certification. Russian manufacturers may be incorporated in the global supply chain.[18]Two variants, the EC135 T3 and EC135 P3, were developed with improved high altitude and hover performance.[citation needed] Changes include repositioned air intakes to the engines, wider blades being installed on the main rotor, and changes to the fenstron anti-torque tail device. The EC135 T3 was introduced to service in December 2014.[19]In December 2020, the H135 helicopter family EASA has certified a new Alternate Gross Weight (AGW). With the new AGW, the maximum takeoff weight has been increased up to 265 lb (120 kg) and payload. This modification can be used to increase range by up to 75 nm or endurance by up to 40 minutes under standard conditions. The new AGW is available as an option and can be applied retroactively to all Helionix-equipped H135s.[20]In December 2020, Airbus certified a new single-pilot IFR Helionix cockpit for its H135 helicopters. The modified cockpit allows customers to choose whether to remove the copilot side of the instrument panel to increase the field of view or keep it to install specific STC equipment.[20]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph2-cockpit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW206B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benenson-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"hingeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotor#Rigid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engineer_2014-19"},{"link_name":"resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"link_name":"glass cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit"},{"link_name":"instrument flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-90-22"},{"link_name":"liquid-crystal displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"Thales Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"H160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_H160"},{"link_name":"H175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters_H175"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-90-22"},{"link_name":"touch screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC_135_P2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"Modular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-90-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_89-91-26"},{"link_name":"intensive care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care"},{"link_name":"resuscitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resuscitation"},{"link_name":"incubators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit#Incubator"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engineer_2014-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"loudspeakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"rappelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappel"},{"link_name":"laser pointers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_pointer"},{"link_name":"hoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)"},{"link_name":"electro-optical sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optical_sensor"},{"link_name":"weather/search radars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"},{"link_name":"fuel tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_tanks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civil_broch-21"}],"text":"The cockpit of an EC135, May 2008The H135 is a twin-engine rotorcraft. It can be alternatively powered by a pair of Turbomeca Arrius 2B or Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B engines, dependent on customer's preference, which gives either a T or a P, respectively, in the variant name.[3][2] The main rotor is of a four-bladed, hingeless fiber-composite design. Progressive improvements to the main rotor have increased its performance and reduced maintenance costs since the type's introduction.[19] The EC135 is the quietest helicopter in its class, featuring an anti-resonance isolation system to dampen vibration from the main rotor.[5] The type's Fenestron anti-torque device can be actively regulated via a HI NR rotor optimization mode, which provides for greater controllability during higher weight take-off and landings.[2] It is capable of performing Category A operations throughout its full flight envelope.[21]The EC135 can be equipped with either a conventional flight deck or the Avionique Novelle glass cockpit – the latter allows for single pilot instrument flight rules operation.[22] The glass cockpit is equipped with several liquid-crystal displays, including two Sextant SMD45 displays and a central panel display.[2] The main avionics suite is supplied by Thales Group. The EC135 can be outfitted with various avionics suites from manufacturers such as Russian firm Transas Aviation and British firm Britannia 2000.[23][24]The newer H135 model can be equipped with a four-axis autopilot, which is included as part of the Helionix avionics suite. This suite provides the H135 with a greater level of commonality with several other Airbus Helicopters-produced rotorcraft, including the H145, H160 and H175.[25] Earlier versions of the EC135 were equipped with a three-axis autopilot with integrated stability augmentation,[2] featuring a First Limit Indicator (FLI), simplifying engine and torque monitoring.[22] Cockpit touch screens can be optionally installed.[21]An EC135 of the German Brandenburg State PoliceVarious cabin and cockpit configurations are available for the EC135, depending on the role performed and the operator's preferences. It can hold up to five passengers and a pilot when configured with a standard executive interior, or seven passengers in a dense corporate interior.[2] Modular multi-role interiors that allow the main cabin area to be quickly changed and re-equipped are available.[21][22] The main cabin of the EC135 is accessed either by large doors on either side of the cabin or by clamshell doors located at the rear of the cabin, directly underneath the aircraft's tail boom. The clamshell doors are particularly attractive to emergency medical services (EMS) and cargo operators.[26]Medical facilities can be installed in the cabin, such as in-flight intensive care stations (including resuscitation functionality), incubators, and hygiene-convenient flooring.[21] In a mountain rescue configuration, the cabin can simultaneously accommodate two stretchers as well as the pilot, anaesthetist, winch operator, mechanic and mountain rescue specialist.[19]Airbus Helicopters has promoted the airframe's various configurations as possessing \"unique adaptability\" for various missions, including utility work, commercial transportation, and training roles.[21] Equipment for the law enforcement role include external loudspeakers, rappelling system, search lights with laser pointers, left or right-mounted hoists, and electro-optical sensors. For offshore oil & gas operations, the rotorcraft can be fitted with weather/search radars, emergency floatation aids, including an automated external life raft, energy-absorbent seating, class-D certified external hoists, and crash-resistant fuel tanks.[21] An external hook can be installed to carry underslung loads of up to 272 kg for cargo missions. In a training capacity, features such a light aircraft recording system for post-flight analysis, intuitive human-machine interface, specific training modules, and a one-engine inoperative training mode, and full ground simulators, may be selected.[21]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helicopter_EC135_taking_off_from_Bonn_university_clinic_helipad.JPG"},{"link_name":"ADAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC"},{"link_name":"Bonn University Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Rettungsflugwacht"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ben_90-28"},{"link_name":"ADAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Police"},{"link_name":"Durham Tees Valley Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Tees_Valley_Airport"},{"link_name":"North East Air Support Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Air_Support_Unit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Greater Gabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Gabbard"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Horns Rev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horns_Rev"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC-135.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"School of Army Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Army_Aviation_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Bückeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCckeburg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"autorotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorotation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th135_japan-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"UK Military Flying Training System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Military_Flying_Training_System"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Australian Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustAvi-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"723 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/723_Squadron_RAN"},{"link_name":"HMAS Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Albatross_(air_station)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustAvi-50"},{"link_name":"MRH-90 Taipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRH-90_Taipan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JunoAust-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADMMarch24-53"},{"link_name":"Oakey Army Aviation Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakey_Army_Aviation_Centre"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADMMarch24-53"}],"text":"An ADAC EC135 taking off from Bonn University Clinic, 2008Deliveries started in August 1996, when two helicopters, 0005 and 0006, were handed over to German emergency aero medical service provider Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht. The 100th EC135 was handed over to the Bavarian police force in June 1999, by which point the worldwide fleet had accumulated approximately 30,000 flight hours.[27] In September 2003, the 300th EC135 was handed over to UK-based McAlpine Helicopters. At this point, the EC135 was the best selling new light twin-engine helicopter in the UK market.[28]In 2011, Eurocopter announced that the 1,000th EC135 to be produced had been delivered to German operator ADAC, roughly 15 years since the start of production.[29] In 2012, Flying magazine recognised the EC135 as being \"the industry's best selling twin-engine helicopter\".[2] The world fleet leader in flight hours for the type is G-NESV (s/n 0067), operated by Cleveland Police Air Operations Unit based at Durham Tees Valley Airport, UK. Originally delivered to the North East Air Support Unit in April 1999, it was the first EC135 worldwide to attain 10,000 flying hours.[30]In 2009, the EC135 was the first aircraft selected for offshore wind support in the UK, after the Civil Aviation Authority approved helicopter operations to the Greater Gabbard offshore wind farm.[31][32] The EC135 has been used in Denmark to support the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. By 2013, over 10,000 successful personnel transfers have taken place using the type.[33][34] In Mexico, Apoyo Logístico Aéreo has operated a fleet of EC135s for servicing the extensive oil and gas offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico.[35]An EC135 T1 of French operator SAF Hélicoptères during a rescue operationIn 2013, it was reported that the EC135 was currently providing roughly 25% of the world's total emergency medic services flights, and that over 500 EC135s have been delivered to in an aeromedical configuration.[36] By late 2013, during which a brief grounding of the type was instigated due to safety concerns of fuel gauges, the EC135 made up half of the UK's operational air ambulance fleet.[37] In October 2014, the first EC135 air ambulance was delivered in the Chinese market.[38]The German Army operates 19 H135s as basic trainers at the School of Army Aviation in Bückeburg. These have had an average operational availability in excess of 95 per cent.[39] In 2014, the German Army noted that there was potential for vibration-induced rotor cracking during autorotation training, shortening the life of the main rotor.[40] 13 EC135 trainers have been procured by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force, they have been designed as the TH-135.[41]In December 2014, the first production EC135 T3 entered service with Aiut Alpin Dolomites, a mountain rescue operator based in Italy.[42] In June 2015, Airbus Helicopters delivered the first retrofitted H135 from the earlier EC135 standard. Changes include an enlarged main rotor, relocated engine air intakes, elevated engine performance, and the horizontal stabiliser's endplates removed and its span increased.[43][44]In October 2015, Waypoint Leasing and Airbus Helicopters signed an agreement for the acquisition of up to 20 H135 for public leasing purposes.[45]In 2017, the Royal Air Force received the first 2 of 29 H135s designated as Juno HT.1s for the UK Military Flying Training System with training provided by Ascent Flight Training.[46][47][48]In 2018, the Australian Defence Force established the Joint Helicopter School operating 15 EC135T2+ procured under Project Air 9000 Phase 7 to train both Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy pilots.[49][50][51] The school is set within Navy's 723 Squadron at HMAS Albatross.[50] In 2024, after the retirement of the MRH-90 Taipan helicopter, the Australian government announced that it would lease 5 H135T3 (Juno) from the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence for five years to maintain \"essential training requirements\" for Australian Army pilots.[52][53] The helicopters will be based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre.[53]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC135T1.jpg"},{"link_name":"air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_West_Air_Ambulance_helicopter,_G-NWAE,_Seacombe_(geograph_4561804).jpg"},{"link_name":"North West Air Ambulance's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Air_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"FADEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADEC"},{"link_name":"time between overhauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_between_overhaul"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p3/t3_delay-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p3/t3_delay-55"},{"link_name":"EC635/H135M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC635"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Army"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th135_japan-41"}],"text":"EC135 T2 air ambulance of the Austrian Air Rescue service in Klagenfurt, AustriaOne of the North West Air Ambulance's three EC135T2, shown landingEC135 P1\nPowered by two 463 kW (621 shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B (ratings correspond to take-off power (TOP)). Later versions have the centre panel display system (CPDS). Initial maximum take-off weight (M.T.O.W.) of 2,630 kg (5,798 lbs), later raised to 2,720 kg (5,997 lbs) and then 2,835 kg (6,250 lbs).\nEC135 T1\nPowered by two 435 kW (583 shp)(TOP rating) Turbomeca Arrius 2B1/2B1A/2B1A1. Later versions have the CPDS. Initial M.T.O.W. of 2,630 kg (5,798 lbs), later raised to 2,720 kg (5,997 lbs) and then 2,835 kg (6,250 lbs).\nEC135 P2\nPowered by two 463 kW (621 shp) (TOP rating) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B2. Increased thermodynamic and mechanic OEI ratings (128% OEI torque). Replaced EC135 P1 in production in August 2001.\nEC135 T2\nPowered by two 452 kW (606 shp) (TOP rating) Turbomeca Arrius 2B2. Increased thermodynamic and mechanic OEI ratings (128% OEI torque). Replaced EC135 T1 in production in August 2002.\nEC135 P2+ (Marketing name EC135 P2i)\nLatest current production version with 498 kW (667 shp) PW206B2 (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,910 kg (6,415 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, extended component time between overhauls (TBOs), and a change in the main transmission lubricating oil.[54] Built in Germany and Spain.\nEC135 T2+ (Marketing name EC135 T2i)\nLatest current production version with 473 kW (634 shp) Arrius 2B2 engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,910 kg (6,415 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, extended component TBOs, and a change in the main transmission lubricating oil. Built in Germany and Spain.\nEC135 P2+ (Marketing name EC135 P2e)\nMarketing designation of aircraft with increased M.T.O.W. of 2,950 kg (6,504 lbs) within restricted flight envelope.\nEC135 T2+ (Marketing name EC135 T2e)\nMarketing designation of aircraft with increased M.T.O.W. of 2,950 kg (6,504 lbs) within restricted flight envelope.\nEC135 P3\nPowered by two 528 kW (708 shp) (TOP rating) PW206B3 engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,980 kg (6,570 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, and significant increased OEI, Cat A, and hot/high performance. Market introduction in 2014.[55]\nH135 (EC135 T3)[56]\nPowered by two 492 kW (660 shp) (TOP rating) Arrius 2B2Plus engines (new power ratings based on a FADEC software upgrade), plus a 2,980 kg (6,570 lbs) M.T.O.W. upgrade, and significant increased OEI, Cat A, and hot/high performance. Market introduction in 2014.[55]\nEC635/H135M\nMilitary variant originally developed to meet a Portuguese Army requirement for a fire support and medical evacuation helicopter. Presently, operated by Jordan,[57] Swiss[58][59][60] and Iraqi armed forces.[57]\nTH-135\nMilitary training variant developed from the EC135 T2+.[41]\nACH135\nCorporate variant of the H135.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scottish_Ambulance_Service_Eurocopter_EC-135T-1_McKnight-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"emergency medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"air transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_transport"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"offshore wind power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_wind_power"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FG161129-61"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airbus29jan2018-1"}],"text":"A Scottish Ambulance Service Eurocopter EC-135TIn 2016, half of the EC135s operating in service were engaged in emergency medical services operations, 17% in air transport, 16% in public services (typically law enforcement), 10% in military missions, 4% in offshore operations (typically offshore wind power inspection), and the remaining 3% in military training.[61]The 1,400th was delivered in September 2020, as over 300 customers in 60 countries accumulated more than 4.5 million flight hours.\nMost are in Europe (641), followed by North America (316) and Asia (195).[1]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GA_EC135_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Airbus_EC135T3_(JUNO_HT1)_Helicopter_MOD_45165492.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JunoAust-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADMMarch24-53"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Air_Forces_2014-63"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gabonese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Gabon#Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Corps_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORLD_AIR_FORCES_2013-57"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Royal Moroccan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFMAUG16-30-69"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Army Airmobile Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army_Airmobile_Force"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Flying Training School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"}],"sub_title":"Military operators","text":"An EC135 T1 of the German ArmyThe EC135T3 is known as the Juno HT1 in RAF serviceAustraliaRoyal Australian Navy - 15 EC135T2+[62]\nAustralian Army - 5 EC135 T3 to be leased from the UK Ministry of Defence[52][53]BrazilBrazilian Air Force[63]\nBrazilian Navy - 3 EC135 T3 ordered to replace AS355F2.[64]GabonGabonese Air Force[57][65]GermanyGerman Army[57]IrelandIrish Air Corps[57]JapanJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force[57]MoroccoRoyal Moroccan Air Force - H135s ordered for training duties in 2022.[66]\nRoyal Moroccan Gendarmerie[67][68]NigeriaNigerian Air Force[69]SpainSpanish Army Airmobile Force[70]United KingdomRoyal Air Force/Ascent Flight Training - No. 1 Flying Training School[71]Kurdistan RegionPeshmerga Air Support/1st Aviation Squadron","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Federal_Police"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Argentine National Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_National_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Police AirWing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Police_Force#Police_Aviation_Support_Branch"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Queensland Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Surf Life Saving Queensland Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_Life_Saving_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Victoria Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JA02FP_(29935729730).jpg"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Carabineros de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Police"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"HSE National Ambulance Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSE_National_Ambulance_Service"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Garda Air Support Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Air_Support_Unit"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japanese National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC_135_Polic%C3%ADa_EC-KXE_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"State Border Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_(Lithuania)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korps_landelijke_politiediensten"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"ANWB Medical Air Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Air ambulances in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Border Guard (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Police"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"SMURD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMURD"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovenian National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Civil Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"National Police Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Corps"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC-135T-2,_Czech_Republic_-_Police_AN1578260.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northern Lighthouse Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lighthouse_Board"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"National Police Air Service (England & Wales)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Police Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukemergencyaviation-98"},{"link_name":"Police Service of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Trinity House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_House"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health (Turkey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turkish Aeronautical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Aeronautical_Association"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Broward County Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_County_Sheriff%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_Airbus_H135_(T3).jpg"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"}],"sub_title":"Government operators","text":"ArgentinaArgentine Federal Police[72]\nArgentine National Gendarmerie[73]AustraliaNew South Wales Police AirWing[74]\nQueensland Police Service contracted through Surf Life Saving Queensland Aviation\nSurf Life Saving Queensland Aviation\nVictoria Police (former)AustriaFederal Police[75]A Japanese National Police's EC-135 in flightCanadaOntario Provincial Police[76]ChileCarabineros de Chile[77]CroatiaCroatian Police[78]Czech RepublicState Police[79]GermanyFederal Police[80]\nState Police[81]HungaryHSE National Ambulance Service[82]IrelandGarda Air Support Unit[83]JapanJapanese National Police[84]LithuaniaA Eurocopter EC135P2+ of the National Police Corps of Spain.State Border Guard[85]NetherlandsNational Police[86]\nANWB Medical Air Assistance[87]NorwayNorwegian Police Service[88]PolandAir ambulances in Poland[89]\nBorder Guard (Poland)[90]RomaniaRomanian Police[91]\nSMURD[92]SloveniaSlovenian National Police[93]SpainCivil Guard[94]\nNational Police Corps[95]A Eurocopter EC135T2 of the Police of the Czech RepublicUnited KingdomNorthern Lighthouse Board[96]\nNational Police Air Service (England & Wales)[97]\nPolice Scotland[98]\nPolice Service of Northern Ireland\nTrinity House[99]TurkeyMinistry of Health (Turkey) (operated by Turkish Aeronautical Association)[100]United StatesBroward County Sheriff[101]\nMassachusetts State Police[102]NASA Airbus Helicopters H135NASA[103]\nKennedy Space Center","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Police Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland"},{"link_name":"crashed into a pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Glasgow_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Broward Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward_Sheriff%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"On 29 November 2013, a Police Scotland EC135 T2 crashed into a pub in Glasgow, Scotland.[104] Three occupants of the aircraft were killed, as well as seven patrons of the pub.[105] The UK AAIB issued its final report on the accident on 23 October 2015. It said that \"No significant pre-impact technical defect was identified in any part of the aircraft or its systems.\" It added that important fuel transfer pumps were switched off \"for unknown reasons\", and that the helicopter \"did not land within the 10-minute period specified in the Pilot’s Checklist Emergency and Malfunction Procedures, following continuous activation of the low fuel warnings, for unknown reasons.\"[106]\nOn 28 August 2023, a Broward Sheriff's Office EC135 crashed into a residential building, after witnesses stated it started smoking heavily while in flight before spinning and rapidly losing altitude.[107] A Broward Sheriff Fire Rescue Captain, and a resident of the structure that the helicopter crashed into, were both killed in the crash. Two other employees, and a second resident survived.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurcopter_EC135_orthographical_image.svg"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Turbomeca Arrius 2B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius_2B2"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW206B"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from Eurocopter EC135 2008 Tech Data book[108]General characteristicsCrew: 1 pilot\nCapacity: up to seven passengers or two crew and two patients (air ambulance variant) or 1,455 kg (3,208 lb) payload\nLength: 10.2 m (33 ft 6 in)\nHeight: 3.51 m (11 ft 6 in)\nEmpty weight: 1,455 kg (3,208 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 2,910 kg (6,415 lb)\nPowerplant: 2 × Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 turboshaft engines, 472 kW (633 hp) each or 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B turboshaft engines rated at 463 kW (621 hp) (take-off power)\nMain rotor diameter: 10.2 m (33 ft 6 in)\nMain rotor area: 81.7 m2 (879 sq ft)PerformanceCruise speed: 254 km/h (158 mph, 137 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 287 km/h (178 mph, 155 kn)\nRange: 635 km (395 mi, 343 nmi)\nService ceiling: 6,096 m (20,000 ft)\nRate of climb: 7.62 m/s (1,500 ft/min)","title":"Specifications (EC135 P2+/T2+)"}]
[{"image_text":"A Bo 108 prototype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MBB_Bo_108.jpg/220px-MBB_Bo_108.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Eurocopter EC135P1 of Western Power Distribution leaves Bristol Airport, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_%28G-WPDD%29_leaves_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_%28G-WPDD%29_leaves_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cockpit of an EC135, May 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Christoph2-cockpit.jpg/220px-Christoph2-cockpit.jpg"},{"image_text":"An EC135 of the German Brandenburg State Police","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Eurocopter_EC_135_P2.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_EC_135_P2.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ADAC EC135 taking off from Bonn University Clinic, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Helicopter_EC135_taking_off_from_Bonn_university_clinic_helipad.JPG/220px-Helicopter_EC135_taking_off_from_Bonn_university_clinic_helipad.JPG"},{"image_text":"An EC135 T1 of French operator SAF Hélicoptères during a rescue operation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eurocopter_EC-135.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_EC-135.jpg"},{"image_text":"EC135 T2 air ambulance of the Austrian Air Rescue service in Klagenfurt, Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/EC135T1.jpg/220px-EC135T1.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the North West Air Ambulance's three EC135T2, shown landing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/North_West_Air_Ambulance_helicopter%2C_G-NWAE%2C_Seacombe_%28geograph_4561804%29.jpg/220px-North_West_Air_Ambulance_helicopter%2C_G-NWAE%2C_Seacombe_%28geograph_4561804%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Scottish Ambulance Service Eurocopter EC-135T","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_Ambulance_Service_Eurocopter_EC-135T-1_McKnight-1.jpg/220px-Scottish_Ambulance_Service_Eurocopter_EC-135T-1_McKnight-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An EC135 T1 of the German Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GA_EC135_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-GA_EC135_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The EC135T3 is known as the Juno HT1 in RAF service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RAF_Airbus_EC135T3_%28JUNO_HT1%29_Helicopter_MOD_45165492.jpg/220px-RAF_Airbus_EC135T3_%28JUNO_HT1%29_Helicopter_MOD_45165492.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Japanese National Police's EC-135 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JA02FP_%2829935729730%29.jpg/220px-JA02FP_%2829935729730%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Eurocopter EC135P2+ of the National Police Corps of Spain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurocopter_EC_135_Polic%C3%ADa_EC-KXE_02.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_EC_135_Polic%C3%ADa_EC-KXE_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Eurocopter EC135T2 of the Police of the Czech Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Eurocopter_EC-135T-2%2C_Czech_Republic_-_Police_AN1578260.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_EC-135T-2%2C_Czech_Republic_-_Police_AN1578260.jpg"},{"image_text":"NASA Airbus Helicopters H135","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NASA_Airbus_H135_%28T3%29.jpg/220px-NASA_Airbus_H135_%28T3%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Eurcopter_EC135_orthographical_image.svg/250px-Eurcopter_EC135_orthographical_image.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"MBB Bo 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"title":"Eurocopter EC145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145"},{"title":"Eurocopter EC635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC635"},{"title":"AgustaWestland AW109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109"},{"title":"Bell 427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_427"},{"title":"Bell 429 GlobalRanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_429_GlobalRanger"},{"title":"Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil"},{"title":"Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS355_%C3%89cureuil_2"},{"title":"MD Helicopters MD Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_Explorer"},{"title":"MBB/Kawasaki BK 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117"},{"title":"HAL Dhruv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Dhruv"},{"title":"HAL Light Utility Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Light_Utility_Helicopter"},{"title":"List of rotorcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft"},{"title":"List of most-produced rotorcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-produced_rotorcraft"}]
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Certification.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/fly-by-light-ec135-helicopter-makes-first-flight-142313/","external_links_name":"\"Fly-by-light EC135 helicopter makes first flight.\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2015-07-07/airbus-helicopters-unveils-bluecopter-demonstrator","external_links_name":"\"Airbus Helicopters Unveils Bluecopter Demonstrator.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bluecopter-flights-end-without-tests-of-single-engin-419649/","external_links_name":"\"Bluecopter flights end without tests of single-engine operation.\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessjetinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=12121","external_links_name":"\"Eurocopter and Hermès deliver first EC135 'l'Hélicoptère par Hermès'.\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2014-07-16/web-extra-more-personalization-options-hermes-ec135","external_links_name":"\"Web Extra: More Personalization Options for Hermes 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EC135 bid\""},{"Link":"https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-02-07/black-hawk-and-h135-juno-training-helicopters-land-2024","external_links_name":"\"Black Hawk and H135 Juno Training Helicopters to land in 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/news/army-to-lease-surplus-british-helicopters","external_links_name":"\"Army to lease surplus British helicopters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030104434/http://www.caa.govt.nz/aircraft/Type_Acceptance_Reps/Eurocopter_EC_135.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Type Acceptance Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.caa.govt.nz/aircraft/Type_Acceptance_Reps/Eurocopter_EC_135.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2021-07/Carte-Correspondance-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Airbus Helicopters Naming Convention\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"World Air Forces 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/68442/swiss-military-order-18-ec635s,-2-ec135s-(apr-26).html","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland Orders 20 EC635/EC135 for its Armed Forces\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/111059/final-ec_635-delivered-to-swiss-air-force.html","external_links_name":"\"Swiss Air Force Receives 20th Eurocopter EC635 Helicopter; Eurocopter Completes Contract On Time And On Quality\""},{"Link":"https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/ec_635/","external_links_name":"\"EC 635 Twin-Engine Light Combat Helicopter - Airforce Technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-airbus-helicopters-has-kept-its-20-yea-431278/","external_links_name":"\"ANALYSIS: How Airbus Helicopters has kept its 20-year-old H135 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Helicopter!\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-5634","external_links_name":"0306-5634"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130409065822/http://www.eurocopter.com/site/en/press/The-Moroccan-Royal-Gendarmerie-is-recognized-for-its-50-years-of-Eurocopter-helicopter-operations_898.html","external_links_name":"\"The Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie is recognized for its 50 years of Eurocopter helicopter operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurocopter.com/site/en/press/The-Moroccan-Royal-Gendarmerie-is-recognized-for-its-50-years-of-Eurocopter-helicopter-operations_898.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Moroccan-Royal-Gendarmerie/Eurocopter-EC-135T-2+/2097501/L/&sid=b2d58871a96ab6ae032981a72d267f21","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie EC-135T\""},{"Link":"http://www.ejercito.mde.es/en/materiales/helicopteros/HE-26.html?__locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Materiales – Helicópteros – 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original"},{"Link":"https://helihub.com/2008/05/06/austrian-minister-of-the-interior-presents-eurocopter-ec135-to-air-police-in-innsbruck/","external_links_name":"\"HeliHub.com Austrian Minister of the Interior presents Eurocopter EC135 to Air Police in Innsbruck\""},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2011/05/29/eurocopter-canada-delivers-two-ec135p2-to-ontario-provincial-police/","external_links_name":"\"Eurocopter Canada delivers two EC135P2+ to Ontario Provincial Police\""},{"Link":"http://www.defensa.com/chile/carabineros-chile-reciben-h135","external_links_name":"\"Carabineros de Chile reciben un H135\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630231303/http://www.defender.hr/republika-hrvatska/obrambena-politika/mup-kupio-helikopter-ec-135-za-nadzor-granice-i-prijevoz-stradalih.php","external_links_name":"\"MUP RH kupio helikopter EC-135 za nadzor granice i prijevoz 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original"},{"Link":"https://www.napi.hu/magyar_gazdasag/rendorseg-mento-hadsereg-helikopter.669590.html","external_links_name":"\"Légimentés: milliárdokért cseréltek gazdát a helikopterek\""},{"Link":"http://www.garda.ie/controller.aspx?page=36","external_links_name":"\"Garda Air Support Unit (GASU)\""},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2013/02/01/eurocopter-japan-delivers-ec135t2-to-national-police-agency/","external_links_name":"\"Eurocopter Japan delivers EC135T2 to National Police Agency\""},{"Link":"http://www.pasienis.lt/","external_links_name":"\"Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnyba\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130621162315/http://www.politie.nl/onderwerpen/helikopter-boven-mijn-huis.html#hoe-ziet-de-luchtvloot-er-uit","external_links_name":"\"Hoe ziet de luchtvloot er uit?\""},{"Link":"http://www.politie.nl/onderwerpen/helikopter-boven-mijn-huis.html#hoe-ziet-de-luchtvloot-er-uit","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.anwb.nl/maa/helikopters","external_links_name":"\"Traumahelikopters MAA - ANWB\""},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2012/05/23/norwegian-police-buy-second-ec135/","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian Police lease second EC135\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215211416/http://www.lpr.com.pl/en/onas.html#s180","external_links_name":"\"EC 135\""},{"Link":"http://www.lpr.com.pl/en/onas.html#s180","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://infosecurity24.pl/nowy-smiglowiec-nareszcie-w-rekach-strazy-granicznej","external_links_name":"\"Nowy śmigłowiec nareszcie w rękach Straży Granicznej - InfoSecurity24\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221024510/http://www.aviatie.mai.gov.ro/aeronave.html","external_links_name":"\"EC 135\""},{"Link":"http://www.aviatie.mai.gov.ro/aeronave.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://smurd.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30:salvare-aeriana&catid=28:salvare-aeriana&Itemid=58","external_links_name":"\"EC 135\""},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2012/09/14/heli-one-upgrades-ec135-for-slovenian-national-police/","external_links_name":"\"Heli-One upgrades EC135 for Slovenian National Police\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712232325/http://www.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/especialidades/aire/index.html","external_links_name":"\"El Aire\""},{"Link":"https://www.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/especialidades/aire/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130202015913/http://policia.es/org_central/medios_aereos/m_m_helicopteros.html","external_links_name":"\"Servicio de Medios Aéreos-Helicópteros\""},{"Link":"http://www.policia.es/org_central/medios_aereos/m_m_helicopteros.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2010/11/24/northern-lighthouse-board-to-go-live-with-ec135-on-1st-december/","external_links_name":"\"Northern Lighthouse Board upgrading to EC135\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200928/https://www.durham.police.uk/Information-and-advice/Pages/National-Police-Air-Service-(NPAS).aspx","external_links_name":"\"National Police Air Service (NPAS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.durham.police.uk/Information-and-advice/Pages/National-Police-Air-Service-(NPAS).aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120723090514/http://www.ukemergencyaviation.co.uk/glasgowcityheliport/Based-Aircraft.htm","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow City Heliport Based Aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukemergencyaviation.co.uk/glasgowcityheliport/Based-Aircraft.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/news/new-helicopter-g-glaa-for-gla-contract/","external_links_name":"\"New Helicopter 'G-GLAA' for GLA Contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.acilafet.gov.tr/belge/1-45004/hava-ambulansi.html","external_links_name":"\"EC 135\""},{"Link":"http://helihub.com/2012/02/12/broward-county-sheriff-orders-third-ec135/","external_links_name":"\"Broward County Sheriff orders third EC135\""},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eopss/agencies/msp/etrt/airwing.html","external_links_name":"\"State Police Airwing Section\""},{"Link":"https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/01/nasa-places-order-for-three-airbus-h135-helicopters.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA places order for three Airbus H135 helicopters\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-25165894","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow helicopter crash: Nine dead at Clutha pub\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-25179128","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow helicopter crash: ninth body 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Roman_Entertainment
Phil Roman Entertainment
["1 Films and series","2 References"]
American independent animation studio This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Phil Roman Entertainment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Phil Roman Entertainment is an independent animation studio, founded in 1999 by Film Roman founder Phil Roman. Films and series Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer El Americano: The Movie – Co-produced by Animex Producciones and Olmos Productions References ^ Olmos Productions and Animex Join Forces on “El Americano: The Movie” vteFilm RomanFeature filmsTheatrical releases Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992) The Simpsons Movie (2007) Direct-to-DVD The Happy Elf (2005) Hellboy: Sword of Storms (2006) Hellboy: Blood and Iron (2007) Turok: Son of Stone (2008) Tripping The Rift: The Movie (2008) Wubbzy's Big Movie! (2008) Dead Space: Downfall (2008) Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol (2009) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic (2010) Dead Space: Aftermath (2011) TV specials Garfield in the Rough (1984) Garfield's Halloween Adventure (1985) Garfield in Paradise (1986) Garfield Goes Hollywood (1987) A Garfield Christmas (1987) Happy Birthday, Garfield (1988) Garfield: His 9 Lives (1988) Garfield's Babes and Bullets (1989) Garfield's Thanksgiving (1989) Garfield's Feline Fantasies (1990) Garfield Gets a Life (1991) Izzy's Quest for Olympic Gold (1995) The Story of Santa Claus (1996) Johnny Tsunami (1999, live action) Motocrossed (2001, live action) TV series Garfield and Friends (1988–1994) Bobby's World (1990–1998) Zazoo U (1990–1991) Mother Goose and Grimm (1991–1993) The Simpsons (1992–2016) Cro (1993–1994) Mighty Max (1993–1994) The Critic (1994–1995) The Baby Huey Show (1995) The Mask: Animated Series (1995–1997) Klutter! (1995–1996) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–1997) C Bear and Jamal (1996-1997) Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm (1996) Richie Rich (1996) Bruno the Kid (1996–1997) King of the Hill (1997–2010) The Mr. Potato Head Show (1998) Family Guy (1999–2000) Mission Hill (1999–2002) X-Men: Evolution (2000–2003) The Oblongs (2001–2002) Free For All (2003) Tripping the Rift (2004–2007) Eloise: The Animated Series (2006) Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! (2006–2010) Slacker Cats (2007–2009) The Goode Family (2009) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–2011) The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (2010–2012) Dan Vs. (2011–2013) Beavis and Butt-Head (2011) Ultimate Spider-Man (2012–2017) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. (2014–2015) Camp WWE (2016–2018) Associated productions Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (2000) Secrets of the Furious Five (2008) El Americano: The Movie (2016) See also Phil Roman Phil Roman Entertainment vteAnimation industry in the United StatesCompanies and studiosActiveMajorsNBCUniversal DreamWorks Animation DreamWorks Animation Television DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions Illumination Universal Animation Studios Paramount Global CBS Eye Animation Productions Late Night Cartoons MTV Animation Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Digital Nickelodeon Movies Paramount Animation Miramax Animation (49%) Disney Entertainment 20th Century Animation 20th Television Animation Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Industrial Light & Magic Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Warner Bros. Cartoon Network Studios Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Williams Street Sony Pictures Aniplex of America Crunchyroll Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Imageworks 41 Entertainment Augenblick Studios Awesome Inc. Fox Corporation Bento Box Entertainment Bandera Entertainment Billionfold Inc. Blur Studio Bolder Media Cartuna Charlex CMCC Cartoons DNEG Digital Domain Film Roman Phil Roman Entertainment Floyd County Productions Fred Wolf Films Fuzzy Door Productions Hasbro Entertainment Joe Murray Productions Kanbar Animation Kartoon Studios Wow Unlimited Media Frederator Studios Frederator Films Kinofilm Klasky Csupo Kurtz & Friends Laika Lee Mendelson Films Lionsgate Entertainment One Media Blasters Melendez Films Man of Action Entertainment Mattel Television Mexopolis Mondo Media 6 Point Harness Netflix Animation Noble O Entertainment Parallax Studio Powerhouse Animation Studios Psyop Reel FX Creative Studios Renegade Animation Rhythm and Hues Studios Rough Draft Studios Rovio Animation Screen Novelties Scholastic Weston Woods Studios SD Entertainment Sentai Filmworks ShadowMachine Skydance Animation Snee-Oosh, Inc. SpindleHorse Toons Splash Entertainment Sprite Animation Studios Stretch Films Stoopid Buddy Stoodios Tau Films Threshold Entertainment Titmouse, Inc. The ULULU Company United Plankton Pictures Vanguard Animation Wild Canary Animation World Events Productions Worker StudioFormer 4Kids Entertainment 70/30 Productions Adelaide Productions Adventure Cartoon Productions Allspark Amblimation Animation Collective Animation Lab Animation Magic Blue Sky Studios Cambria Productions Cartoon Pizza Chorion Circle 7 Animation Cookie Jar Copernicus Studios Crest Animation Productions Curious Pictures DePatie–Freleng Enterprises DIC Entertainment Disneytoon Studios DNA Productions Famous Studios Filmation Fleischer Studios Format Films Fox Animation Studios Golden Films Hanna-Barbera HIT Entertainment Jetlag Productions Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions! Kroyer Films Laugh-O-Gram Studio Little Airplane Productions Marvel Productions Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation MGM Animation/Visual Arts MGM Cartoons Mirari Films MoonScoop Omation Animation Studio Pacific Data Images PorchLight Entertainment Prana Studios Radical Axis Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment Rooster Teeth Animation Ruby-Spears Saban Entertainment Screen Gems Skellington Productions Soup2Nuts Spümcø Storyboard, Inc./Hubley Studios Sullivan Bluth Studios Sunbow Entertainment Terrytoons Total Television United Productions of America Van Beuren Studios Walter Lantz Productions Warner Bros. Cartoons Wētā FX WildBrain Entertainment Will Vinton Studios Zodiac Entertainment Industry associations The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839 ASIFA-Hollywood Other topicsAwards Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Annie Awards Emmy Awards Children's and Family Primetime Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Animated Movie NAACP Image Awards Motion Picture Series GLAAD Media Awards Kids and Family Programming (Animated) Writers Guild of America Awards Television Animation History Silent era Golden age World War II Television era Modern era Related Animated sitcom American comics History of American comics Tijuana bible Humorous Phases of Funny Faces Flash animation Labor strikes Fleischer Studios (1937) Disney (1941) Multiple studios (1982) Category This article related to an animation studio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Film Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Roman"},{"link_name":"Phil Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Roman"}],"text":"Phil Roman Entertainment is an independent animation studio, founded in 1999 by Film Roman founder Phil Roman.","title":"Phil Roman Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma_Got_Run_Over_by_a_Reindeer_(film)"},{"link_name":"El Americano: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Americano:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Animex Producciones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animex_Producciones"},{"link_name":"Olmos Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonbrew-1"}],"text":"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\nEl Americano: The Movie – Co-produced by Animex Producciones and Olmos Productions[1]","title":"Films and series"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DiamondsRuby
User talk:DiamondsRuby
["1 Seventeen"]
Seventeen Hi DiamondsRuby. I refer to your edit here: . Do you have the pages from these sources, and would you be willing to share them with me? In any case, can you confirm whether the sources, in particular this one, confirms all of the nominees for the 2001 Teen Choice Awards, rather than just the winners? I'm planning on using this source at another article. Your help would be appreciated. Damien Linnane (talk) 07:35, 11 January 2024 (UTC) Hello Damien Linnane, I'm not sure about this because the source is from member User:RunningTiger123 in the article about the awards list of the TV show Friends in 2021. You can ask RunningTiger123. Thank you. ^-^ DiamondsRuby (talk) 19:59, 11 January 2024 (UTC) @Damien Linnane: I found that source via a ProQuest database at my university. However, I have since graduated so I no longer have access. I don't think that source contains all of the nominees, just some of them; from my recollection, the Teen Choice Awards released nominations in batches. I'll add that using a source to cite information without actually confirming that the information matches the source is at best questionable; per WP:V, The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, so it would be reasonably expected that you could verify the information referenced by the source. Consider checking if a local library has a ProQuest subscription that you could use to read the cited works. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:05, 12 January 2024 (UTC) @RunningTiger123: Thanks for letting me know; that's helpful in itself. I tried accessing it on ProQuest through the The Wikipedia Library but it's not coming up as available. I'm not sure if I'm doing something wrong there though. It's reassuring to hear you could definitely access it through ProQuest. I'll keep searching for a way to access it. Damien Linnane (talk) 01:48, 12 January 2024 (UTC) ProQuest is actually a collection of many databases and TWL only has a few, unfortunately. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:49, 12 January 2024 (UTC) Oh that makes sense, thanks for explaining. I requested the sources through Wikipedia:Resource Request, and someone actually already provided them to me in record time. So I can confirm one of the sources lists all the nominees, and the other confirms all the winners, so it's all good. Damien Linnane (talk) 03:45, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Teen_Choice_Awards&diff=next&oldid=1181822462"},{"link_name":"this one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/1870597993?sourcetype=Magazines"},{"link_name":"2001 Teen Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Damien Linnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:RunningTiger123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"the article about the awards list of the TV show Friends in 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Friends&oldid=1038498612"},{"link_name":"DiamondsRuby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DiamondsRuby"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Damien Linnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"WP:V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V"},{"link_name":"RunningTiger123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"RunningTiger123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"The Wikipedia Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Damien Linnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"RunningTiger123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RunningTiger123"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Resource Request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Resource_Request"},{"link_name":"Damien Linnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damien_Linnane"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Hi DiamondsRuby. I refer to your edit here: [1]. Do you have the pages from these sources, and would you be willing to share them with me? In any case, can you confirm whether the sources, in particular this one, confirms all of the nominees for the 2001 Teen Choice Awards, rather than just the winners? I'm planning on using this source at another article. Your help would be appreciated. Damien Linnane (talk) 07:35, 11 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Hello Damien Linnane, I'm not sure about this because the source is from member User:RunningTiger123 in the article about the awards list of the TV show Friends in 2021. You can ask RunningTiger123. Thank you. ^-^ DiamondsRuby (talk) 19:59, 11 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n@Damien Linnane: I found that source via a ProQuest database at my university. However, I have since graduated so I no longer have access. I don't think that source contains all of the nominees, just some of them; from my recollection, the Teen Choice Awards released nominations in batches. I'll add that using a source to cite information without actually confirming that the information matches the source is at best questionable; per WP:V, The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, so it would be reasonably expected that you could verify the information referenced by the source. Consider checking if a local library has a ProQuest subscription that you could use to read the cited works. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:05, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n@RunningTiger123: Thanks for letting me know; that's helpful in itself. I tried accessing it on ProQuest through the The Wikipedia Library but it's not coming up as available. I'm not sure if I'm doing something wrong there though. It's reassuring to hear you could definitely access it through ProQuest. I'll keep searching for a way to access it. Damien Linnane (talk) 01:48, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nProQuest is actually a collection of many databases and TWL only has a few, unfortunately. RunningTiger123 (talk) 01:49, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nOh that makes sense, thanks for explaining. I requested the sources through Wikipedia:Resource Request, and someone actually already provided them to me in record time. So I can confirm one of the sources lists all the nominees, and the other confirms all the winners, so it's all good. Damien Linnane (talk) 03:45, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:DiamondsRuby"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_of_Spain_(1900)
Pavilion of Spain (1900)
["1 Background","2 Design and construction","3 Inauguration","4 Usage","5 Other sites at the Fair","6 Cost","7 Reception","8 Notes","9 References"]
Exhibition Pavilion in Paris, FranceRoyal Pavilion of SpainPabellón Real de EspañaPavilion of Spain at Exposition UniverselleAlternative namesSpanish pavilionGeneral informationStatusDemolishedTypeExhibition PavilionArchitectural styleNeo-PlateresqueLocationExposition Universelle (1900)AddressRue des nationsTown or cityParisCountryFranceInaugurated8 May 1900Height26 metres (85 ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)José Urioste Velada The Royal Pavilion of Spain was the exhibition national pavilion of the Kingdom of Spain at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition. It was a temporary building by architect José Urioste Velada in Neo-Plateresque style located on the Quai d'Orsay. It housed a Retrospective Exhibition of Spanish Art, the Royal Office of the Spanish Commissioner at the Fair and the first restaurant in History with a completely electric kitchen. Background Fifty-six countries were invited to have pavilions at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition, and forty accepted, being Spain one of them. The Rue des Nations was created along the banks of the Seine between the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars for the national pavilions of the "great countries". The foundation works for the docks were carried out by the French administration, although each country had to pay the expenses corresponding to the adaptation of its plot. Each country had to design and build its pavilion at its own expense and was free to select any architectural style that represented a period in its history. The pavilions were all temporary, made of plaster and staff on a metal frame, and were demolished when the Exposition ended. They were oriented towards the Seine, so that their façades were mirrored in the river. Design and construction Spain accepted to take part in the Fair in 1896 and was granted its building plot on 17 December 1897. It was located between the ones of Germany and Monaco, on the left bank of the Seine, on the Quai d'Orsay, between Pont des Invalides and Pont de l'Alma. The building built was designed by architect José Urioste Velada in Neo-Plateresque style and was inspired by the sixteenth century plateresque façades of the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso in Alcalá de Henares, the University of Salamanca and the Alcázar of Toledo. It had dimensions of 25 metres (82 ft) on the front and 28.5 metres (94 ft) on the side with an annexed square tower of 8 metres (26 ft) on each side and 26 metres (85 ft) high. Only iron, wood, plaster, glass and zinc were used in its construction. The two-storey main body was articulated around a central glass-covered porticoed kind of Andalusian patio decorated with elements copied from the Colegio del Arzobispo in Salamanca and the Hospital de Santa Cruz in Toledo. In the center of the patio there was a bronze statue of Diego Velázquez by Mariano Benlliure. Urioste was awarded at the Fair with a gold medal for the design of the pavilion. La Rue des Nations. From right to left: Pavilions of Sweden, Monaco, Spain, Germany, Norway and Belgium Engraving by Georges Garen Central patio with the statue of Velázquez by Benlliure Inauguration The Royal Pavilion of Spain was officially inaugurated on 8 May 1900 with the presence of the President of France Émile Loubet, the Infanta Eulalia of Spain, the Exposition Commissioner-General Alfred Picard, the Spanish Royal Commissioner José Osorio, 9th Duke of Sesto and the Ambassador of Spain to France Fernando León y Castillo. Usage It housed the Retrospective Exhibition of Spanish Art formed by the collection of tapestries, in which thirty-seven pieces made between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries from the Royal Collections were exhibited. In addition, the exhibition contained armors, helmets and weapons from the Royal Armoury, other artworks from private collections and a library. The pavilion was also used for administrative services, since the Royal Office of the Spanish Commissioner was at the tower, and for official receptions. In the basement it housed a Spanish-themed café-restaurant concert called La Feria, which was a French concession that served Spanish food and drink in a folkloric setting with live performances. It was the first restaurant in History with a completely electric kitchen. They bet on electricity because the priceless artworks displayed on the upper floors could not be near any combustion fires, whether they were gas or coal. Thus, they chose to use only state-of-the-art electrical appliances, from the coffee maker to the stoves or ovens. Other sites at the Fair In addition to the national pavilion, the Royal Office of the Commissioner managed other spaces at the Fair. The Spanish industrial, commercial, scientific and cultural exhibitors were distributed among the national sections of the different thematic pavilions. Like the paintings that were exhibited at the Spanish section of the Grand Palais or the agriculture and food exhibitors that were located at a section of the Palace of Agriculture and Food. In total, Spain managed 10,277 m2 (110,620 sq ft) of the 634,000 m2 (6,820,000 sq ft) of exhibition space at the Fair. Among the Spanish works of art exhibited at the Grand Palais there were paintings by Santiago Arcos, Ramon Casas, Ulpiano Checa, Antonio Fabrés, Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo, José Jiménez Aranda, José Pinazo Martínez, María Luisa de la Riva, Enrique Simonet, Joaquín Sorolla, Carlos Vázquez Úbeda and engravings by Daniel Urrabieta Vierge; all of them awarded at the Fair. There were exhibited also sculptures by Antonio Alsina, Mariano Benlliure, Miguel Blay, Enric Clarasó and Agustí Querol Subirats. Among the awards received, the Grand Prix that Sorolla receives for his paintings, especially for Sad Inheritance, the one that Urrabieta receives for his engravings and those that Benlliure and Blay receive for their sculptures, stand out. L'Andalousie au temps des maures (transl. Andalusia In The Time Of The Moors) was a 5,000 m2 (54,000 sq ft) Spanish-themed open air attraction with folkloric live performances at Quai Debilly, at the western end of Trocadéro, on the right bank of the Seine, featuring full-scale moorish architecture reproductions from the Alhambra, Córdoba, Toledo, the Alcázar of Seville and a 80 m (260 ft) tall reproduction of the Giralda. It was a French-produced attraction that had no relation with the official Spanish representatives, authorities or the Royal Office of the Commissioner at the Fair. Cost The Spanish government spent just over two million pesetas in all its participation in the 1900 Paris Exhibition, this includes the costs of the construction of the national pavilion, the arrangement of the national sections at the thematic pavilions, the transport of all the collections to the Exhibition site and the expenses of the Royal Office of the Commissioner and the diplomatic and consular staff in Paris. That cost was modest compared to what other countries spent on their participation in the Fair, which in some case reached to be more than twenty times that amount. Reception The building architectural design received generally positive reviews and was awarded with a gold medal. Critics praised "the nobility of its lines, its harmony, its aristocratic look, its elegance and its seriousness", although some visitors had a feeling of yesteryear, as seeing a "melancholic grandeur" on it. The Retrospective Exhibition of Art on display received as well generally positive reviews for "incomparable, superb and of great historical beauty". Some visitors, however, criticized the lack of services in the pavilion for visitors such as guides, newspapers, desks or public telephones. Much of the negative reviews were reserved for La Feria café-restaurant in particular, for the idealized festive flamenco-themed image that the French concession was giving of a folkloric Spain that overshadowed the image of a "serious, modest, noble and modern European nation" that was trying to give the official representation. L'Andalousie au temps des maures received as well negative reviews for this same reason. Notes ^ a. In Spain, two million pesetas (€12,020) in 1900, adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index, in 2022 would be approximately €7.8 million, while its purchasing power would be €65–137 million. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pavillon de l'Espagne de l'Exposition Universelle (1900). ^ Allwood, John (1977). The Great Exhibitions. Cassell & Collier Macmillan Publishers. ^ Moynet, G. (1900). "Le Pavillon royal de l'Espagne". Encyclopédie su Siècle. L'Exposition de Paris de 1900 (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Montgredien. pp. 220–222. ^ Cabello Lapiedra, Luis María (23 February 1899). "El Pabellón Español en la Exposición de París de 1900". Arquitectura y Construcción (in Spanish). Barcelona. pp. 53–56. ^ a b c d e f g h Lasheras Peña, Ana Belén (2 March 2010). España en París. La imagen nacional en las Exposiciones Universales, 1855-1900 (Thesis) (in Spanish). University of Cantabria. pp. 449–474. ^ a b Liste des récompenses : Exposition universelle de 1900, à Paris (Report) (in French). Paris: Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Posts and Telegraphs. French Republic. 1901. pp. 106, 122, 126, 134. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ Pérez de Arlucea, Ana Vega (30 June 2020). "The first electric restaurant was Spanish". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). ^ Benjamin, Roger (2005). "Andalusia In The Time Of The Moors: Regret and Colonial Presence in Paris, 1900". Edges of Empire: Orientalism and Visual Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 181–205. ^ Prados de la Escosura, Leandro (2020). "Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Spanish Peseta Amount, 1850 - Present". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 13, 2021. vte1900 Paris Exposition Site Champ de Mars, Trocadéro, esplanade des Invalides, banks of the Seine and Bois de Vincennes. Paris Pavilions Grand Palais DK: A Meeting in the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters ES: Sad Inheritance! GB: Spring RS: The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex first version - The Takovo Uprising RU: Out into the World US: Colonel Thomas Cass - The Great God Pan - The Little White Girl - The Medicine Man - Struggle of the Two Natures in Man INT: Melancolie C.FR: A Cotton Office in New Orleans - Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe - Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi - Haymaking in the Auvergne - La Loge - Portrait of Alphonse Leroy - The Seine at Port-Marly, Piles of Sand Palace of Agriculture and Food Palace of Diverse Industries US: The Star of India Palace of Optics The Great Telescope Palace of Social Economy US: The Exhibit of American Negroes Petit Palais Trocadéro Palace Pavilion of Finland The Defense of the Sampo fresco Royal Pavilion of Spain Events 1900 Summer Olympics Paris 1900 chess tournament Attractions Cinéorama Eiffel Tower Globe Céleste Grande Roue Mareorama Passerelle Debilly Pont Alexandre III Rue de l'Avenir Urban development Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture Gare de Lyon Le Train Bleu Gare d'Orsay Gare du Champ de Mars Gare de Javel Hôtel Régina Métro Line 1 entrances Others Lafayette dollar Paris Exposition, 1900 Verset laïque et somptueux
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It was located between the ones of Germany and Monaco, on the left bank of the Seine, on the Quai d'Orsay, between Pont des Invalides and Pont de l'Alma.[2]The building built was designed by architect José Urioste Velada in Neo-Plateresque style and was inspired by the sixteenth century plateresque façades of the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso in Alcalá de Henares, the University of Salamanca and the Alcázar of Toledo. It had dimensions of 25 metres (82 ft) on the front and 28.5 metres (94 ft) on the side with an annexed square tower of 8 metres (26 ft) on each side and 26 metres (85 ft) high. Only iron, wood, plaster, glass and zinc were used in its construction. 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From right to left: Pavilions of Sweden, Monaco, Spain, Germany, Norway and Belgium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngraving by Georges Garen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral patio with the statue of Velázquez by Benlliure","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Émile Loubet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet"},{"link_name":"Infanta Eulalia of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Eulalia_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"José Osorio, 9th Duke of Sesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Osorio,_9th_Duke_of_Sesto"},{"link_name":"Fernando León y Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Le%C3%B3n_y_Castillo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"}],"text":"The Royal Pavilion of Spain was officially inaugurated on 8 May 1900 with the presence of the President of France Émile Loubet, the Infanta Eulalia of Spain, the Exposition Commissioner-General Alfred Picard, the Spanish Royal Commissioner José Osorio, 9th Duke of Sesto and the Ambassador of Spain to France Fernando León y Castillo.[4]","title":"Inauguration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_royal_collection"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish food and drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It housed the Retrospective Exhibition of Spanish Art formed by the collection of tapestries, in which thirty-seven pieces made between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries from the Royal Collections were exhibited. In addition, the exhibition contained armors, helmets and weapons from the Royal Armoury, other artworks from private collections and a library. The pavilion was also used for administrative services, since the Royal Office of the Spanish Commissioner was at the tower, and for official receptions.[4]In the basement it housed a Spanish-themed café-restaurant concert called La Feria, which was a French concession that served Spanish food and drink in a folkloric setting with live performances. It was the first restaurant in History with a completely electric kitchen. They bet on electricity because the priceless artworks displayed on the upper floors could not be near any combustion fires, whether they were gas or coal. Thus, they chose to use only state-of-the-art electrical appliances, from the coffee maker to the stoves or ovens.[6]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palais"},{"link_name":"Palace of Agriculture and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_des_machines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"},{"link_name":"Ramon Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Casas"},{"link_name":"Ulpiano Checa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpiano_Checa"},{"link_name":"Antonio Fabrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Fabr%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Fortuny_(designer)"},{"link_name":"José Jiménez Aranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jim%C3%A9nez_Aranda"},{"link_name":"José Pinazo Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pinazo_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"María Luisa de la Riva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_de_la_Riva_y_Callol-Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Enrique Simonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Simonet"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Sorolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla"},{"link_name":"Carlos Vázquez Úbeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_V%C3%A1zquez_%C3%9Abeda"},{"link_name":"Daniel Urrabieta Vierge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vierge"},{"link_name":"Mariano Benlliure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Benlliure"},{"link_name":"Miguel Blay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Blay"},{"link_name":"Enric Clarasó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_Claras%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Agustí Querol Subirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_Querol_Subirats"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"},{"link_name":"Sad Inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_Inheritance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-5"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Trocadéro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris"},{"link_name":"moorish architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Alcázar of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Giralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In addition to the national pavilion, the Royal Office of the Commissioner managed other spaces at the Fair. The Spanish industrial, commercial, scientific and cultural exhibitors were distributed among the national sections of the different thematic pavilions. Like the paintings that were exhibited at the Spanish section of the Grand Palais or the agriculture and food exhibitors that were located at a section of the Palace of Agriculture and Food. In total, Spain managed 10,277 m2 (110,620 sq ft) of the 634,000 m2 (6,820,000 sq ft) of exhibition space at the Fair.[4]Among the Spanish works of art exhibited at the Grand Palais there were paintings by Santiago Arcos, Ramon Casas, Ulpiano Checa, Antonio Fabrés, Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo, José Jiménez Aranda, José Pinazo Martínez, María Luisa de la Riva, Enrique Simonet, Joaquín Sorolla, Carlos Vázquez Úbeda and engravings by Daniel Urrabieta Vierge; all of them awarded at the Fair. There were exhibited also sculptures by Antonio Alsina, Mariano Benlliure, Miguel Blay, Enric Clarasó and Agustí Querol Subirats.[4] Among the awards received, the Grand Prix that Sorolla receives for his paintings, especially for Sad Inheritance, the one that Urrabieta receives for his engravings and those that Benlliure and Blay receive for their sculptures, stand out.[5]L'Andalousie au temps des maures (transl. Andalusia In The Time Of The Moors) was a 5,000 m2 (54,000 sq ft) Spanish-themed open air attraction with folkloric live performances at Quai Debilly, at the western end of Trocadéro, on the right bank of the Seine, featuring full-scale moorish architecture reproductions from the Alhambra, Córdoba, Toledo, the Alcázar of Seville and a 80 m (260 ft) tall reproduction of the Giralda. It was a French-produced attraction that had no relation with the official Spanish representatives, authorities or the Royal Office of the Commissioner at the Fair.[7]","title":"Other sites at the Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pesetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_peseta"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"}],"text":"The Spanish government spent just over two million pesetas[a] in all its participation in the 1900 Paris Exhibition, this includes the costs of the construction of the national pavilion, the arrangement of the national sections at the thematic pavilions, the transport of all the collections to the Exhibition site and the expenses of the Royal Office of the Commissioner and the diplomatic and consular staff in Paris. That cost was modest compared to what other countries spent on their participation in the Fair, which in some case reached to be more than twenty times that amount.[4]","title":"Cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tesis-4"}],"text":"The building architectural design received generally positive reviews and was awarded with a gold medal. Critics praised \"the nobility of its lines, its harmony, its aristocratic look, its elegance and its seriousness\", although some visitors had a feeling of yesteryear, as seeing a \"melancholic grandeur\" on it. The Retrospective Exhibition of Art on display received as well generally positive reviews for \"incomparable, superb and of great historical beauty\". Some visitors, however, criticized the lack of services in the pavilion for visitors such as guides, newspapers, desks or public telephones.[4]Much of the negative reviews were reserved for La Feria café-restaurant in particular, for the idealized festive flamenco-themed image that the French concession was giving of a folkloric Spain that overshadowed the image of a \"serious, modest, noble and modern European nation\" that was trying to give the official representation. L'Andalousie au temps des maures received as well negative reviews for this same reason.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"consumer price index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index"},{"link_name":"purchasing power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"^ a. In Spain, two million pesetas (€12,020) in 1900, adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index, in 2022 would be approximately €7.8 million, while its purchasing power would be €65–137 million.[8]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Allwood, John (1977). The Great Exhibitions. Cassell & Collier Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moynet, G. (1900). \"Le Pavillon royal de l'Espagne\". Encyclopédie su Siècle. L'Exposition de Paris de 1900 (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Montgredien. pp. 220–222.","urls":[{"url":"http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/weltausstellung1900b/0249?sid=b1f8771249e2044652d6eacdf94d930b","url_text":"Encyclopédie su Siècle. L'Exposition de Paris de 1900"}]},{"reference":"Cabello Lapiedra, Luis María (23 February 1899). \"El Pabellón Español en la Exposición de París de 1900\". Arquitectura y Construcción (in Spanish). Barcelona. pp. 53–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Cabello_Lapiedra","url_text":"Cabello Lapiedra, Luis María"},{"url":"http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0004911099&page=1","url_text":"\"El Pabellón Español en la Exposición de París de 1900\""}]},{"reference":"Lasheras Peña, Ana Belén (2 March 2010). España en París. La imagen nacional en las Exposiciones Universales, 1855-1900 (Thesis) (in Spanish). University of Cantabria. pp. 449–474.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/10660","url_text":"España en París. La imagen nacional en las Exposiciones Universales, 1855-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cantabria","url_text":"University of Cantabria"}]},{"reference":"Liste des récompenses : Exposition universelle de 1900, à Paris (Report) (in French). Paris: Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Posts and Telegraphs. French Republic. 1901. pp. 106, 122, 126, 134. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9765409t.texteImage","url_text":"Liste des récompenses : Exposition universelle de 1900, à Paris"}]},{"reference":"Pérez de Arlucea, Ana Vega (30 June 2020). \"The first electric restaurant was Spanish\". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariodenavarra.es/noticias/vivir/gastronomia/recetas/2020/06/30/el-primer-restaurante-electrico-fue-espanol-694514-3200.html","url_text":"\"The first electric restaurant was Spanish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_de_Navarra","url_text":"Diario de Navarra"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Roger (2005). \"Andalusia In The Time Of The Moors: Regret and Colonial Presence in Paris, 1900\". Edges of Empire: Orientalism and Visual Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 181–205.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/13543270/_Andalusia_In_The_Time_Of_The_Moors_Regret_and_Colonial_Presence_in_Paris_1900_in_Edges_of_Empire_Orientalism_and_Visual_Culture_Jocelyn_Hackforth_Jones_and_Mary_Roberts_eds_Blackwell_Oxford_2005_pp_181_205","url_text":"Edges of Empire: Orientalism and Visual Culture"}]},{"reference":"Prados de la Escosura, Leandro (2020). \"Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Spanish Peseta Amount, 1850 - Present\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.measuringworth.com/spaincompare/","url_text":"\"Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Spanish Peseta Amount, 1850 - Present\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/weltausstellung1900b/0249?sid=b1f8771249e2044652d6eacdf94d930b","external_links_name":"Encyclopédie su Siècle. L'Exposition de Paris de 1900"},{"Link":"http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0004911099&page=1","external_links_name":"\"El Pabellón Español en la Exposición de París de 1900\""},{"Link":"https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/10660","external_links_name":"España en París. La imagen nacional en las Exposiciones Universales, 1855-1900"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9765409t.texteImage","external_links_name":"Liste des récompenses : Exposition universelle de 1900, à Paris"},{"Link":"https://www.diariodenavarra.es/noticias/vivir/gastronomia/recetas/2020/06/30/el-primer-restaurante-electrico-fue-espanol-694514-3200.html","external_links_name":"\"The first electric restaurant was Spanish\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/13543270/_Andalusia_In_The_Time_Of_The_Moors_Regret_and_Colonial_Presence_in_Paris_1900_in_Edges_of_Empire_Orientalism_and_Visual_Culture_Jocelyn_Hackforth_Jones_and_Mary_Roberts_eds_Blackwell_Oxford_2005_pp_181_205","external_links_name":"Edges of Empire: Orientalism and Visual Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.measuringworth.com/spaincompare/","external_links_name":"\"Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Spanish Peseta Amount, 1850 - Present\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapak
Zapak
["1 Popularity","2 Zapakmail","3 Partnership with Lead Eastern Group","4 References","5 External links"]
ZapakZapak's LogoType of siteOnline GamingAvailable inEnglishOwnerAnil Dhirubhai Ambani GroupSubsidiariesZapakmail (Defunct)URLhttps://www.zapak.comLaunched2006 Zapak.com is an Indian online gaming portal, with browser games promoted by the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group's subsidiary company Reliance Big Entertainment. It was launched in 2006. As of 2009, Zapak had over 6 million registered users and contained over 5,000 games on its platform. Popularity Zapak games had achieved 100 million downloads. It became widely popular on Nokia Store and other platforms. In addition, Zapak also launched Game zones in multiple malls at Fun Republic malls in Chandigarh, Ahmedabad, Lucknow and Mumbai. Zapak also partnered with various companies like RuneScape, Disney Corporation and Turner Entertainment. In 2018, Zapak launched Little Singham, a mobile game based on the film Singham. Zapakmail In early 2007, Zapak introduced Zapakmail, a fast email service. It offered an unlimited mailbox capacity for users. Zapak users can even send attachments totaling 32MB. This eases the user's task of sending large files over the mail respectively. It broke all records for user registrations in one day, and it registered around 1,15,263 users. Zapakmail had also launched its lite version for mobile phones for ease of accessibility. As of 26 February 2009, Zapak ceased its email services. Partnership with Lead Eastern Group As per 2015, Zapak sold its 10% Stake to a Chinese corporate company Lead Eastern Group with amount of $15 million. Zapak has been accompanied with a three way joint venture between Reliance Games, Lead Eastern and Creative Cultural where they will hold 40%, 51% and 9% stakes. References ^ PTI. "Zapak to invest USD 100 mn for expansion". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ Rao, Leena (5 October 2009). "Nonoba's "Ning For Gaming Sites" To Power Indian Gaming Platform Zapak". TechCrunch. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ Zapak games cross 100 million downloads on Nokia store. NDTV. Indo-Asian News Service. 22 April 2013 ^ Zapak Gameplex in Fun Republic Malls. Seema Sindhu. Business-standard.com. 20 March 2008 ^ Zapak Ties Up With Runescape; Games For Channel V; District 9. Medianama. Preethi J, 14 September 2009 ^ Zapak Partners Disney To Launch Club Penguin. Medianama. Apurva Chaudhary. 5 December 2012 ^ Turner ties up with Zapak Digital Entertainment. Campaign India Team. 19 November 2010 ^ "New mobile game Little Singham launched by Reliance turns out to be a hit". Jagranjosh.com. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ ZapakMail's new TV campaign shows life in the fast lane. Moneycontrol. 20 June 2007 ^ Zapak mail unveils ‘Fast Film Festival’ as part of its online promotion. Exchange4Media. Jagadeesh Krishnamurthy. 3 May 2007 ^ Zapak allocates Rs 60 mn for marketing email service. Indiantelevision site. Indiantelevision.com Team. 7 April 2007 ^ ZapakMail breaks World Record for highest number of Registered Users on a Single Day. Techshout portal. 7 May 2007 ^ ZapakMail Goes Mobile, launches Zapakmail Lite, Free POP3. Informationmadness.com. 11 December 2007 ^ Zapak Mail's 'Rocket Raja' TVC hasn't been received well by the post and telegraph services. Zapak Mail has taken it off-air after receiving an objection letter. afaqs. Sapna Nair, Mumbai. 12 June 2007 ^ Sanjai, P. R. (22 September 2015). "Reliance Games sells 10% stake in Zapak to Chinese firm". mint. Retrieved 4 March 2023. External links Zapak Zapak mail (Defunct) vteReliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani GroupCompaniesCommunication Reliance Communications Zapak Bajaj Group Power Reliance Power Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project Rosa Thermal Power Plant Butibori Power Project Reliance Natural Resources Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park Infrastructure Reliance Infrastructure Reliance Naval and Engineering Mumbai Metro One Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport Knowledge Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City Reliance Health Media delivery BIGFlix BIG FM 92.7 (sold) BIGADDA (defunct) BIG Star Entertainment Awards Media software Reliance MediaWorks Reliance Entertainment Big CBS Prime Big CBS Spark Big CBS Love Finance Reliance Capital Reliance General Insurance Reliance Life Insurance Reliance Securities International Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Amblin Partners (part) Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Pictures DreamWorks Television Institutes Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT) People Dhirubhai Ambani Anil Ambani Tina Ambani Lalit Jalan Former units Global Cloud Xchange Lowry Digital (sold) See also: Template:Reliance Industries Limited
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"browser games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_games"},{"link_name":"Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group"},{"link_name":"Reliance Big Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zapak.com is an Indian online gaming portal, with browser games promoted by the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group's subsidiary company Reliance Big Entertainment. It was launched in 2006.[1]As of 2009, Zapak had over 6 million registered users and contained over 5,000 games on its platform.[2]","title":"Zapak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Store"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RuneScape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuneScape"},{"link_name":"Disney Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Turner Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Little Singham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Singham"},{"link_name":"Singham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Zapak games had achieved 100 million downloads. It became widely popular on Nokia Store and other platforms.[3] In addition, Zapak also launched Game zones in multiple malls at Fun Republic malls in Chandigarh, Ahmedabad, Lucknow and Mumbai.[4] Zapak also partnered with various companies like RuneScape, Disney Corporation and Turner Entertainment.[5][6][7]In 2018, Zapak launched Little Singham, a mobile game based on the film Singham.[8]","title":"Popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"email service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailbox_provider"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In early 2007, Zapak introduced Zapakmail, a fast email service. It offered an unlimited mailbox capacity for users. Zapak users can even send attachments totaling 32MB. This eases the user's task of sending large files over the mail respectively.[9][10][11]\nIt broke all records for user registrations in one day, and it registered around 1,15,263 users.[12]\nZapakmail had also launched its lite version for mobile phones for ease of accessibility.[13] As of 26 February 2009, Zapak ceased its email services.[14]","title":"Zapakmail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"As per 2015, Zapak sold its 10% Stake to a Chinese corporate company Lead Eastern Group with amount of $15 million. Zapak has been accompanied with a three way joint venture between Reliance Games, Lead Eastern and Creative Cultural where they will hold 40%, 51% and 9% stakes.[15]","title":"Partnership with Lead Eastern Group"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"PTI. \"Zapak to invest USD 100 mn for expansion\". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054612/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-19/news/27456616_1_online-gaming-zapak-rohit-sharma","url_text":"\"Zapak to invest USD 100 mn for expansion\""},{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-19/news/27456616_1_online-gaming-zapak-rohit-sharma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rao, Leena (5 October 2009). \"Nonoba's \"Ning For Gaming Sites\" To Power Indian Gaming Platform Zapak\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/10/05/nonobas-ning-for-gaming-sites-to-power-indian-gaming-platform-zapak/","url_text":"\"Nonoba's \"Ning For Gaming Sites\" To Power Indian Gaming Platform Zapak\""}]},{"reference":"\"New mobile game Little Singham launched by Reliance turns out to be a hit\". Jagranjosh.com. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/new-mobile-game-little-singham-launched-by-reliance-turns-out-to-be-a-hit-146295","url_text":"\"New mobile game Little Singham launched by Reliance turns out to be a hit\""}]},{"reference":"Sanjai, P. R. (22 September 2015). \"Reliance Games sells 10% stake in Zapak to Chinese firm\". mint. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/Companies/hfqVFBdq5hDnUGN4FUXfyO/Chinas-Lead-Eastern-Invst-buys-10-in-Reliance-Games-Zapak.html","url_text":"\"Reliance Games sells 10% stake in Zapak to Chinese firm\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.zapak.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.zapak.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054612/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-19/news/27456616_1_online-gaming-zapak-rohit-sharma","external_links_name":"\"Zapak to invest USD 100 mn for expansion\""},{"Link":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-12-19/news/27456616_1_online-gaming-zapak-rohit-sharma","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/10/05/nonobas-ning-for-gaming-sites-to-power-indian-gaming-platform-zapak/","external_links_name":"\"Nonoba's \"Ning For Gaming Sites\" To Power Indian Gaming Platform Zapak\""},{"Link":"http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/zapak-games-cross-100-million-downloads-on-nokia-store-357459","external_links_name":"Zapak games cross 100 million downloads on Nokia store"},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zapak-gameplex-in-fun-republic-malls-108032001057_1.html","external_links_name":"Zapak Gameplex in Fun Republic Malls"},{"Link":"http://www.medianama.com/2009/09/223-zapak-ties-up-with-runescape-games-for-channel-v-district-9/","external_links_name":"Zapak Ties Up With Runescape; Games For Channel V; District 9"},{"Link":"http://www.medianama.com/2012/12/223-zapak-partners-disney-to-launch-club-penguin/","external_links_name":"Zapak Partners Disney To Launch Club Penguin"},{"Link":"http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/239112,turner-ties-up-with-zapak-digital-entertainment.aspx","external_links_name":"Turner ties up with Zapak Digital Entertainment"},{"Link":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/new-mobile-game-little-singham-launched-by-reliance-turns-out-to-be-a-hit-146295","external_links_name":"\"New mobile game Little Singham launched by Reliance turns out to be a hit\""},{"Link":"http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/zapakmails-new-tv-campaign-shows-lifethe-fast-lane_287661.html","external_links_name":"ZapakMail's new TV campaign shows life in the fast lane"},{"Link":"http://www.exchange4media.com/digital/zapak-mail-unveils-%E2%80%98fast-film-festival%E2%80%99-as-part-of-its-online-promotion_25905.html","external_links_name":"Zapak mail unveils ‘Fast Film Festival’ as part of its online promotion"},{"Link":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/mam/headlines/y2k7/may/maymam14.php","external_links_name":"Zapak allocates Rs 60 mn for marketing email service"},{"Link":"http://www.techshout.com/internet/2007/07/zapakmail-breaks-world-record-for-highest-number-of-registered-users-on-a-single-day/","external_links_name":"ZapakMail breaks World Record for highest number of Registered Users on a Single Day"},{"Link":"http://www.informationmadness.com/technology/tech-tips/554-zapakmail-goes-mobile-launches-zapakmail-lite-free-pop3.html","external_links_name":"ZapakMail Goes Mobile, launches Zapakmail Lite, Free POP3"},{"Link":"http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/18098_Postmen-show-mailer-daemon-to-Zapak-Mail-TVC","external_links_name":"Zapak Mail's 'Rocket Raja' TVC hasn't been received well by the post and telegraph services. Zapak Mail has taken it off-air after receiving an objection letter"},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/Companies/hfqVFBdq5hDnUGN4FUXfyO/Chinas-Lead-Eastern-Invst-buys-10-in-Reliance-Games-Zapak.html","external_links_name":"\"Reliance Games sells 10% stake in Zapak to Chinese firm\""},{"Link":"http://www.zapak.com/","external_links_name":"Zapak"},{"Link":"http://secure.zapak.com/mail/zapakmail.php","external_links_name":"Zapak mail (Defunct)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meis
Meis
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 42°31′N 8°42′W / 42.517°N 8.700°W / 42.517; -8.700For other uses, see Meis (disambiguation). MunicipalityConcello de MeisMunicipalityPazo Señorans (2016) Coat of armsLocation of Meis within GaliciaCoordinates: 42°31′N 8°42′W / 42.517°N 8.700°W / 42.517; -8.700Population (2018) • Total4,776Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CET) Meis is a municipality in Galicia, Spain in the province of Pontevedra. Meis can also be referred to as a name originating from Germany. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meis, Pontevedra. vteMunicipalities in the province of Pontevedra Agolada Arbo Baiona Barro Bueu Caldas de Reis Cambados Campo Lameiro Cangas A Cañiza Catoira Cerdedo-Cotobade Covelo Crecente Cuntis Dozón A Estrada Forcarei Fornelos de Montes Gondomar O Grove A Guarda A Illa de Arousa Lalín A Lama Marín Meaño Meis Moaña Mondariz Mondariz – Balneario Moraña Mos As Neves Nigrán Oia Pazos de Borbén Poio Ponte Caldelas Ponteareas Pontecesures Pontevedra O Porriño Portas Redondela Ribadumia Rodeiro O Rosal Salceda de Caselas Salvaterra de Miño Sanxenxo Silleda Soutomaior Tomiño Tui Valga Vigo Vila de Cruces Vilaboa Vilagarcía de Arousa Vilanova de Arousa Authority control databases VIAF This article about a location in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra_(province)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Meis (disambiguation).MunicipalityMeis is a municipality in Galicia, Spain in the province of Pontevedra.Meis can also be referred to as a name originating from Germany.","title":"Meis"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Taferl
Maria Taferl
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Municipal divisions","4 Politics","5 Business and infrastructure","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°13′36″N 15°09′35″E / 48.22667°N 15.15972°E / 48.22667; 15.15972Place in Lower Austria, AustriaMaria Taferl Coat of armsMaria TaferlLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 48°13′36″N 15°09′35″E / 48.22667°N 15.15972°E / 48.22667; 15.15972CountryAustriaStateLower AustriaDistrictMelkGovernment • MayorHerbert Gruber (ÖVP)Area • Total12.17 km2 (4.70 sq mi)Elevation443 m (1,453 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total887 • Density73/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code3672Area code07413Vehicle registrationMEWebsitewww.mariataferl.at Maria Taferl is an Austrian market municipality of 872 people in the District of Melk and the most important pilgrimage site in all of Lower Austria. After Mariazell, Maria Taferl is the most important pilgrimage destination in all of Austria. Geography Maria Taferl is located in the Nibelungengau in Lower Austria on a bank over the Danube. 47.48 percent of the municipality is forested. As the Maria Taferl Market, which takes place on the so-called "Taferlberg" (Taferl Mountain), the remaining districts are found in the hilly surrounding area. To the south, the basilica is widely visible throughout the town. History The Opferstein (Sacrifice Rock) Little is known about the early settlement of Maria Taferl. The Celtic Kingdom of Noricum was located on the northern shore of the Danube. During Roman times, the Danube served as the border of the Province of Noricum. Even today in the church plaza, there is a stone of Celtic origin, on which heathen sacrifices were made. This attests to Maria Taferl's long tradition as a place of religious activity. Maria Taferl and the surrounding countryside belonged to the territory of the Ostarrichi during the time of the Bambergs in the Middle Ages. It then became part of the Habsburg holdings. For a long time, it was part of the land of the Lords of Weißenberg, whose seat lay in the nearby town of Münichreith. It is assumed that the various districts of the town were already established during the Middle Ages. The history of the modern market of Maria Taferl begins in the 17th century. The first church was built around a shrine to the Holy Mother, which is the origin of the name "Maria Taferl." The legends say that the statue of the Pietà at the shrine was an offering from Alexander Schinagel, a forester, who had a miraculous recovery from a serious illness. It replaced a crucifix there, which had also been the site of a miracle, for when local shepherd Thomas Pachmann tried to chop down the oak on which it was placed, he gravely injured both his legs. After a prayer to the Virgin Mary, his almost fatal wounds stopped bleeding. The old oak was destroyed by fire in 1755, which also damaged the statue. The church building was built from 1660 to 1710. Its construction was begun under the imperial architect Georg Gerstenbrand and the Italian Carlo Lurago. Its famous cupola was built by Jakob Prandtauer from 1708 to 1710. He also designed the current appearance of Melk Abbey. The Maria Taferl church is built in the baroque style with ample amounts of gold leaf and a frescoed ceiling. In the center of the high altar is the namesake Marian stature. The building's rear houses its crypt. According to an inscription in the building's interior, the building of the church gave the local inhabitants new courage after the Plague, the Turkish Wars, and the Thirty Years' War had all taken their toll. It also supported the ideas of the Counter-Reformation in the heartland of the Catholic House of Habsburg. All this speaks to Maria Taferl as an important manifestation of the Catholic faith on the main traveling route of the Danube. There are many traditional stories of angelic processions here, which come from the 17th century. The tradition of pilgrimage to Maria Taferl also dates back to that time. In 1760 alone, there were 700 pilgrimage processions and over 19,000 masses said there. The church is also a kind of information treasure chest about its pilgrims, their origins, and their number. Within it are the gifts of the pilgrims, who came on account of illness and were cured. Another reason for Maria Taferl's importance as a pilgrimage destination was the stone cross, a gift from the citizens of Freistadt for pilgrims who died on the journey. It is also evidence of the exhausting nature of pilgrimage in those days. The murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his family lived in the nearby Artstetten Castle and is known to have regularly attended mass at Maria Taferl. Maria Taferl became a Basilica minor in 1947. By 2010, the basilica's interior should have undergone a complete restoration. It will then celebrate a double jubilee: 350 years since the laying of its cornerstone in 1660, and 300 years since its completion in 1710. The interior's last restoration was around 50 ago; the exterior was restored in 1982, and in 1998, the domes of the two towers were re-covered. Besides the basilica, in Maria Taferl there is also a monument for the Fallen of both World Wars. These men are honored annually at meeting of veteran's groups. There is a folk belief that the water from the well at Maria Taferl can help with eye complaints. Other landmarks in the town are the Elementary School Museum, as well as the mechanical nativity, which tells the story of Maria Taferl's origins. Basilica of Maria Taferl The High Altar, Maria Taferl Basilica Statue of Isaiah on the high altar Pachmann and Schinagel depicted in the basilica Municipal divisions The municipality of Maria Taferl is divided into seven districts: Maria Taferl Market Obererla Untererla Reitern Oberthalheim Unterthalheim Wimm Politics The mayor of Maria Taferl is Herbert Gruber and the Chief Officer is Daniela Lahmer. In the Municipal Council the 15 seats went to the following parties: ÖVP 10 and SPÖ 5. Business and infrastructure The Primary School Museum, Maria Taferl After agriculture, tourism is the most important economic activity in Maria Taferl. References ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019. The information in this article is based on that in its German original. External links (in German) The website of the Basilica of Maria Taferl (in German) Offizielle Website von Maria Taferl (in English) Maria Taferl Information Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maria Taferl. vteMunicipalities in the district of Melk Artstetten-Pöbring Bergland Bischofstetten Blindenmarkt Dorfstetten Dunkelsteinerwald Emmersdorf an der Donau Erlauf Golling an der Erlauf Hofamt Priel Hürm Kilb Kirnberg an der Mank Klein-Pöchlarn Krummnußbaum Leiben Loosdorf Mank Marbach an der Donau Maria Taferl Melk Münichreith-Laimbach Neumarkt an der Ybbs Nöchling Persenbeug-Gottsdorf Petzenkirchen Pöchlarn Pöggstall Raxendorf Ruprechtshofen Sankt Leonhard am Forst Sankt Martin-Karlsbach Sankt Oswald Schollach Schönbühel-Aggsbach Texingtal Weiten Ybbs an der Donau Yspertal Zelking-Matzleinsdorf Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic
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After Mariazell, Maria Taferl is the most important pilgrimage destination in all of Austria.","title":"Maria Taferl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nibelungengau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibelungengau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"}],"text":"Maria Taferl is located in the Nibelungengau in Lower Austria on a bank over the Danube. 47.48 percent of the municipality is forested. As the Maria Taferl Market, which takes place on the so-called \"Taferlberg\" (Taferl Mountain), the remaining districts are found in the hilly surrounding area. To the south, the basilica is widely visible throughout the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opferstein_Maria_Taferl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_provinces"},{"link_name":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Ostarrichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostarrichi"},{"link_name":"Bambergs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Münichreith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnichreith-Laimbach"},{"link_name":"Holy Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Georg Gerstenbrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Gerstenbrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlo Lurago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Lurago"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"Jakob Prandtauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Prandtauer"},{"link_name":"Melk Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk_Abbey"},{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"frescoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"Turkish Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Freistadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freistadt"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Artstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artstetten-P%C3%B6bring"},{"link_name":"Basilica minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Taferl_-_Kirche_(3).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hochaltar_in_maria_taferl.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Taferl_-_Hochaltar_4_Jesaia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schinnagel.jpg"}],"text":"The Opferstein (Sacrifice Rock)Little is known about the early settlement of Maria Taferl. The Celtic Kingdom of Noricum was located on the northern shore of the Danube. During Roman times, the Danube served as the border of the Province of Noricum. Even today in the church plaza, there is a stone of Celtic origin, on which heathen sacrifices were made. This attests to Maria Taferl's long tradition as a place of religious activity.Maria Taferl and the surrounding countryside belonged to the territory of the Ostarrichi during the time of the Bambergs in the Middle Ages. It then became part of the Habsburg holdings. For a long time, it was part of the land of the Lords of Weißenberg, whose seat lay in the nearby town of Münichreith. It is assumed that the various districts of the town were already established during the Middle Ages. The history of the modern market of Maria Taferl begins in the 17th century.The first church was built around a shrine to the Holy Mother, which is the origin of the name \"Maria Taferl.\" The legends say that the statue of the Pietà at the shrine was an offering from Alexander Schinagel, a forester, who had a miraculous recovery from a serious illness. It replaced a crucifix there, which had also been the site of a miracle, for when local shepherd Thomas Pachmann tried to chop down the oak on which it was placed, he gravely injured both his legs. After a prayer to the Virgin Mary, his almost fatal wounds stopped bleeding. The old oak was destroyed by fire in 1755, which also damaged the statue.The church building was built from 1660 to 1710. Its construction was begun under the imperial architect Georg Gerstenbrand and the Italian Carlo Lurago. Its famous cupola was built by Jakob Prandtauer from 1708 to 1710. He also designed the current appearance of Melk Abbey. The Maria Taferl church is built in the baroque style with ample amounts of gold leaf and a frescoed ceiling. In the center of the high altar is the namesake Marian stature. The building's rear houses its crypt.According to an inscription in the building's interior, the building of the church gave the local inhabitants new courage after the Plague, the Turkish Wars, and the Thirty Years' War had all taken their toll. It also supported the ideas of the Counter-Reformation in the heartland of the Catholic House of Habsburg. All this speaks to Maria Taferl as an important manifestation of the Catholic faith on the main traveling route of the Danube.There are many traditional stories of angelic processions here, which come from the 17th century. The tradition of pilgrimage to Maria Taferl also dates back to that time. In 1760 alone, there were 700 pilgrimage processions and over 19,000 masses said there. The church is also a kind of information treasure chest about its pilgrims, their origins, and their number. Within it are the gifts of the pilgrims, who came on account of illness and were cured. Another reason for Maria Taferl's importance as a pilgrimage destination was the stone cross, a gift from the citizens of Freistadt for pilgrims who died on the journey. It is also evidence of the exhausting nature of pilgrimage in those days. The murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his family lived in the nearby Artstetten Castle and is known to have regularly attended mass at Maria Taferl.Maria Taferl became a Basilica minor in 1947.By 2010, the basilica's interior should have undergone a complete restoration. It will then celebrate a double jubilee: 350 years since the laying of its cornerstone in 1660, and 300 years since its completion in 1710. The interior's last restoration was around 50 ago; the exterior was restored in 1982, and in 1998, the domes of the two towers were re-covered.Besides the basilica, in Maria Taferl there is also a monument for the Fallen of both World Wars. These men are honored annually at meeting of veteran's groups.There is a folk belief that the water from the well at Maria Taferl can help with eye complaints.Other landmarks in the town are the Elementary School Museum, as well as the mechanical nativity, which tells the story of Maria Taferl's origins.Basilica of Maria Taferl\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe High Altar, Maria Taferl Basilica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Isaiah on the high altar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPachmann and Schinagel depicted in the basilica","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The municipality of Maria Taferl is divided into seven districts:Maria Taferl Market\nObererla\nUntererla\nReitern\nOberthalheim\nUnterthalheim\nWimm","title":"Municipal divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ÖVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96VP"},{"link_name":"SPÖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP%C3%96"}],"text":"The mayor of Maria Taferl is Herbert Gruber and the Chief Officer is Daniela Lahmer. In the Municipal Council the 15 seats went to the following parties: ÖVP 10 and SPÖ 5.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volksschulmuseum_Maria_Taferl.jpg"}],"text":"The Primary School Museum, Maria TaferlAfter agriculture, tourism is the most important economic activity in Maria Taferl.","title":"Business and infrastructure"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maria_Taferl&params=48_13_36_N_15_09_35_E_type:city(887)_region:AT-3","external_links_name":"48°13′36″N 15°09′35″E / 48.22667°N 15.15972°E / 48.22667; 15.15972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maria_Taferl&params=48_13_36_N_15_09_35_E_type:city(887)_region:AT-3","external_links_name":"48°13′36″N 15°09′35″E / 48.22667°N 15.15972°E / 48.22667; 15.15972"},{"Link":"http://www.mariataferl.at/","external_links_name":"www.mariataferl.at"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.basilika.at/index.php","external_links_name":"The website of the Basilica of Maria Taferl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307053721/http://www.maria-taferl.gv.at/index.htm","external_links_name":"Offizielle Website von Maria Taferl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050813080506/http://www.geocities.com/marianshrines/mariataferl.html","external_links_name":"Maria Taferl Information"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240786707","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037520-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601776&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Hepworth)
Meridian (Hepworth)
["1 References"]
Sculpture by Barbara Hepworth This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Meridian (BH 250) is a bronze sculpture by British artist Barbara Hepworth. It is an early example of her public commissions, commissioned for State House, a new 16-storey office block constructed at 66–71 High Holborn, London, in the early 1960s. The sculpture was made in 1958–59, and erected in 1960. When the building was demolished in 1992, the sculpture was sold and moved to the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens in Purchase, New York. The sculpture resembles a distorted spiral with ribbons of bronze forming triangular loops. Hepworth intended the fluid lines of the sculpture to contrast with the rigidity of the building's rectilinear architecture. The title of the work refers either to an imaginary line of longitude (like the Greenwich meridian), or to the highest point reached by the Sun. It was influenced by Tachism, a French style of abstract art, and it may have been inspired by a work titled 1953, August 11 (meridian) painted a few years before by Hepworth's former second husband, the artist Ben Nicholson. Earlier in her career, Hepworth preferred to work directly in wood and stone, but from the mid-1950s she started to work more indirectly in bronze using preparatory models. In 1958, Lilian Somerville of the British Council was organising an exhibition at the São Paulo Art Biennial in late 1959 (where Hepworth would win the Grand Prix). Somerville suggested Hepworth to the architect Harold Mortimer from Trehearne & Norman Preston & Partners responsible for State House; he had been considering other sculptors, including Lynn Chadwick. Mortimer commissioned Hepworth to create a sculpture to fill a space near the main entrance of the new building. She made a first maquette – a plaster model (BH 245) – and then a second maquette – Maquette (Variation on a Theme) (BH 247) – each of which was later cast in bronze in an edition of 9. She moved on to a one-third scale model, Garden Sculpture (Model for Meridian) (BH 246), 59.25 inches (1,505 mm) high, made using an armature of expanded aluminium covered with plaster, cast in an edition of 6 by Morris Singer in 1960. Finally, from 1958, she constructed a full-size armature in wood at Lanham's Sale Rooms near her Trewyn Studio in St Ives, Cornwall, which was covered with plaster by early 1959. A unique example was cast in bronze in several pieces and then assembled at the Susse Frères foundry in Paris later in 1959, and erected in London in 1960, standing in front of a curved guarding wall of Cornish granite beside the main entrance to State House. The full-size sculpture stands 15 feet (4.6 m) high (46 metres). It was unveiled in March 1960 by Sir Philip Hendy, then Director of the National Gallery. Hepworth made relatively little profit on the unique full-size sculpture, defrayed by selling bronzes of the maquettes, but the success of the sculpture led to the commission for Winged Figure, still displayed outside the John Lewis building in Oxford Street. When State House was demolished in 1992 to make way for MidCity Place, the sculpture was sold and moved to the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens at the world headquarters of PepsiCo in Purchase, New York (which also has an example of her 1970 sculpture Family of Man). References Meridian, barbarahepworth.org.uk Maquette for State House (Meridian), Christie's, 6 June 2008 Maquette for State House (Meridian), Christie's, 5 May 2011 Maquette for State House (Meridian), Sotheby's, 15 November 2011 Maquette for State House (Meridian), Christie's, 17 November 2011 Garden Sculpture (Model for Meridian) 1958, Tate Gallery Variations on a Theme, British Council Maquette (Variation on a Theme), Christie's, 12 December 2012 Maquette (Variation on a Theme), Sotheby's, 1 April 2014 vteBarbara HepworthSculptures Three Forms (1935) Turning Forms (1950) Contrapuntal Forms (1950-51) Sea Form (Atlantic) (1954) Meridian (1960) Figure for Landscape (1960) Curved Form (Bryher) (1961) Sphere with Inner Form (1963) Winged Figure (1963) Single Form (1964) Square Forms and Circles (1964) Four-Square (Walk Through) (1966) Two Figures (1968) Three Obliques (Walk In) (1968) Two Forms (Divided Circle) (1969) The Family of Man: Figure 2, Ancestor II (1970) Museums Barbara Hepworth Museum The Hepworth Wakefield Palais de Danse, St Ives Related Hepworth Prize for Sculpture Unit One John Skeaping (first husband) Ben Nicholson (second husband) Simon Nicholson (son)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"High Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Holborn"},{"link_name":"Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Kendall_Sculpture_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Purchase, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase,_New_York"},{"link_name":"line of longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Greenwich meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_meridian"},{"link_name":"highest point reached by the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culmination"},{"link_name":"Tachism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachism"},{"link_name":"Ben Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Lilian Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilian_Somerville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Harold Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Mortimer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trehearne & Norman Preston & Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trehearne_%26_Norman_Preston_%26_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lynn Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Morris Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Singer"},{"link_name":"St Ives, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Susse Frères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susse_Fr%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Philip Hendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hendy"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Winged Figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_Figure"},{"link_name":"MidCity Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MidCity_Place&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Kendall_Sculpture_Gardens"},{"link_name":"PepsiCo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo"},{"link_name":"Purchase, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Family of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_of_Man_(Hepworth)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Meridian (BH 250) is a bronze sculpture by British artist Barbara Hepworth. It is an early example of her public commissions, commissioned for State House, a new 16-storey office block constructed at 66–71 High Holborn, London, in the early 1960s. The sculpture was made in 1958–59, and erected in 1960. When the building was demolished in 1992, the sculpture was sold and moved to the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens in Purchase, New York.The sculpture resembles a distorted spiral with ribbons of bronze forming triangular loops. Hepworth intended the fluid lines of the sculpture to contrast with the rigidity of the building's rectilinear architecture. The title of the work refers either to an imaginary line of longitude (like the Greenwich meridian), or to the highest point reached by the Sun. It was influenced by Tachism, a French style of abstract art, and it may have been inspired by a work titled 1953, August 11 (meridian) painted a few years before by Hepworth's former second husband, the artist Ben Nicholson.Earlier in her career, Hepworth preferred to work directly in wood and stone, but from the mid-1950s she started to work more indirectly in bronze using preparatory models. In 1958, Lilian Somerville of the British Council was organising an exhibition at the São Paulo Art Biennial in late 1959 (where Hepworth would win the Grand Prix). Somerville suggested Hepworth to the architect Harold Mortimer from Trehearne & Norman Preston & Partners responsible for State House; he had been considering other sculptors, including Lynn Chadwick. Mortimer commissioned Hepworth to create a sculpture to fill a space near the main entrance of the new building.She made a first maquette – a plaster model (BH 245) – and then a second maquette – Maquette (Variation on a Theme) (BH 247) – each of which was later cast in bronze in an edition of 9. She moved on to a one-third scale model, Garden Sculpture (Model for Meridian) (BH 246), 59.25 inches (1,505 mm) high, made using an armature of expanded aluminium covered with plaster, cast in an edition of 6 by Morris Singer in 1960. Finally, from 1958, she constructed a full-size armature in wood at Lanham's Sale Rooms near her Trewyn Studio in St Ives, Cornwall, which was covered with plaster by early 1959. A unique example was cast in bronze in several pieces and then assembled at the Susse Frères foundry in Paris later in 1959, and erected in London in 1960, standing in front of a curved guarding wall of Cornish granite beside the main entrance to State House. The full-size sculpture stands 15 feet (4.6 m) high (46 metres). It was unveiled in March 1960 by Sir Philip Hendy, then Director of the National Gallery.Hepworth made relatively little profit on the unique full-size sculpture, defrayed by selling bronzes of the maquettes, but the success of the sculpture led to the commission for Winged Figure, still displayed outside the John Lewis building in Oxford Street.When State House was demolished in 1992 to make way for MidCity Place, the sculpture was sold and moved to the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens at the world headquarters of PepsiCo in Purchase, New York (which also has an example of her 1970 sculpture Family of Man).","title":"Meridian (Hepworth)"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Marialva
Marquis of Marialva
["1 List of the Counts of Cantanhede (1479) and Marquesses of Marialva (1661)","2 Family Name","3 See also","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
For the Condal title, see Count of Marialva. The Coat of Arms of the Menezes family, Marquesses of Marialva and Counts of Cantanhede. Count of Cantanhede (in Portuguese Conde de Cantanhede) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, dated from 6 August 1479, by King Afonso V of Portugal, and granted to D. Pedro de Menezes, 5th Lord of Cantanhede. In the 17th century this family received new honours: a royal decree of King Afonso VI of Portugal, issued on 11 June 1661, created the title of Marquis of Marialva (in Portuguese Marquês de Marialva) and granted it to D. António Luís de Menezes, 3rd Count of Cantanhede. Once the 6th Marquis of Marialva died without issue, these two titles are today represented by the 7th Duke of Lafões, Afonso Caetano de Barros e Carvalhosa de Bragança (born 1956), descendant of D. Henriqueta Maria Júlia de Lorena e Menezes, eldest sister to the late 6th Marquis of Marialva. The title is nowadays used by D. Diogo de Bragança, uncle of the 7th Duke of Lafões. List of the Counts of Cantanhede (1479) and Marquesses of Marialva (1661) D. Pedro de Menezes (c.1450-1518), 1st Count of Cantanhede; D. Pedro de Menezes (c.1580- ? ), his 4th grandson, 2nd Count of Cantanhede; D. António Luis de Menezes (1603–1675), his son, 3rd Count of Cantanhede and 1st Marquis of Marialva; D. Pedro António de Menezes (1658–1711), his son, 4th Count of Cantanhede and 2nd Marquis of Marialva; D. Joaquina Maria Madalena da Conceição de Menezes (1691–1740), his daughter, 5th Countess of Cantanhede and 3rd Marchioness of Marialva; D. Pedro José de Alcântara de Menezes Noronha Coutinho (1713–1799), her son, 6th Count of Cantanhede and 4th Marquis of Marialva; D. Diogo José Vito de Menezes Noronha Coutinho (1739–1803), his son, 7th Count of Cantanhede and 5th Marquis of Marialva; D. Pedro José Joaquim Vito de Menezes Coutinho (c.1775-1823), his son, 8th Count of Cantanhede and 6th Marquis of Marialva. Family Name The family name associated with these titles was Menezes. See also List of Marquesses in Portugal List of Countships in Portugal Bibliography ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 281/284; Vol III, pages 533-538. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989. External links Genealogy of the Counts of Cantanhede, in Portuguese Genealogy of the Marquesses of Marialva, in Portuguese
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[{"image_text":"The Coat of Arms of the Menezes family, Marquesses of Marialva and Counts of Cantanhede.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armas_marqueses_marialva.png/150px-Armas_marqueses_marialva.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Marquesses in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marquesses_in_Portugal"},{"title":"List of Countships in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Countships_in_Portugal"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/P/tit_page.php?id=318","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the Counts of Cantanhede, in Portuguese"},{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/P/tit_page.php?id=740","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the Marquesses of Marialva, in Portuguese"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Open
North Open
["1 Winners","2 References","3 External links"]
Golf tournament North OpenTournament informationLocationTucumán, ArgentinaEstablished1962Course(s)Jockey ClubPar71Tour(s)TPG Tour (Argentina)FormatStroke playFinal year2011Tournament record scoreAggregate258 Andrés Romero (2006)Current championCésar Costilla The North Open, or Abierto del Norte, was one of the major regional golf tournaments in Argentina. First held in 1962, it was always held at the Jockey Club, in Tucumán, the hometown of golfers César Monasterio and Andrés Romero. Eduardo Romero has won the most titles, with five victories, closely followed by Roberto De Vicenzo and Andrés Romero with four each. The record aggregate score is 258, achieved by Andrés Romero in 2006. In 1991 and 2007 the championship ended in a tie, with no playoff being held to determine an outright winner. Winners Year Winner Score Runner(s)-up Amateur winner 2019 César Costilla 265 Julio Zapata 2018 Jorge Monroy 199 Ricardo González 2017 César Costilla 263 Leandro Marelli 2016 Jorge Monroy 273 Sergio Acevedo 2012–15 No tournament 2011 Miguel Rodríguez 264 César Costilla Jorge Fernandez Valdez 2010 Jorge Monroy 264 Nelson Ledesma, Roberto Coceres, César Costilla, Franco Barrera Jorge Fernandez Valdez 2009 Leandro Marelli (am) 263 Andrés Romero Leandro Marelli 2008 Andrés Romero 264 Ángel Cabrera, Emiliano Grillo (amateur) Emiliano Grillo 2007 Andrés RomeroRicardo González 265 First place tie, no playoff Augusto Bruchmann Jr 2006 Andrés Romero 258 César Costilla Sebastian Saavedra 2005 Ángel Cabrera 259 César Costilla Estanislao Goya 2004 Ángel Cabrera 265 Eduardo Romero Emilio Dominguez 2003 Andrés Romero 273 Luis Rueda Alejandro Martinez 2002 Eduardo Argiro 272 Daniel Vancsik Jaime Nougues 2001 Amateur championship only Jaime Nougues 2000 Luis Carbonetti 269 Raúl Fretes Matias Anselmo 1999 No tournament due to the Jockey Club's 60th anniversary 1998 Eduardo Romero 269 Pedro Martínez Jaime Nougues 1997 Miguel Guzmán 268 Mauricio Molina Jaime Nougues 1996 Jorge Berendt 266 Pablo Benzadon Fernando Delia 1995 Gustavo Rojas 269 Ricardo González Juan Pablo Abbate 1994 Eduardo Romero 270 Armando Saavedra Pablo Alderete 1993 Miguel Guzmán 273 Augusto Bruchmann (amateur) Augusto Bruchmann 1992 Eduardo Romero 270 Fernando Chiesa 1991 Adan SowaEduardo Romero 265 First place tie, no playoff Francisco Aleman 1990 Miguel Fernández 276 Ronnie Damm 1989 Miguel Guzmán 271 Luis Carbonetti Augusto Bruchmann 1988 Pedro Martínez 265 Adan Sowa Augusto Bruchmann 1987 Eduardo Romero 272 Luis Carbonetti, Antonio Ortiz Manuel Tagle 1986 Amateur championship only Jorge Nicolosi 1985 Luis Carbonetti 271 Hugo Vizzone Jaime Nougues 1984 No professionals Luis Carbonetti 1983 Roberto De Vicenzo 280 Jorge Soto Andres Schonbaum 1982 No tournament due to the Falklands War 1981 Amateur championship only Jaime Nougues 1980 Horacio Carbonetti 280 Jorge Soto Jorge Nicolosi 1979 Amateur championship only Augusto Bruchmann 1978 Amateur championship only Luis Carbonetti 1977 Amateur championship only Alejandro Gonzalez Bosch 1976 Amateur championship only Roberto Monguzzi 1975 Jorge Soto 276 Fidel de Luca Jorge Nicolosi 1974 Roberto De Vicenzo 274 Juan Manuel Cossio 1973 Roberto De Vicenzo 275 Juan Manuel Cossio 1972 Luis Daneri (amateur) 272 Vicente Fernández, Mario Romero Luis Daneri 1971 Fidel de Luca 270 Carlos Liberto Roberto Monguzzi 1970 Juan Carlos Molina 278 Roberto Monguzzi 1969 Juan Monroy 273 Roberto Monguzzi 1968 Juan Carlos Molina 273 Fidel de Luca Jorge Ledesma 1967 Vicente Fernández 275 Leopoldo Ruiz, Florentino Molina Jorge De Azcuenaga 1966 No tournament due to the Jockey Club hosting the Argentine Open 1965 Fidel de Luca 274 Jorge Ledesma 1964 Amateur championship only Jorge Ledesma 1963 Leopoldo Ruiz 278 Roberto Monguzzi 1962 Roberto De Vicenzo 281 Juan Das Neves Fernando Nougues References ^ "Jockey Club de Tucumán - Open Champions". Retrieved 2009-01-15. External links TPG Tour - official site Jockey Club de Tucumán - official site
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Street
Old Church Street
["1 Notable residents","2 Artisans","3 References"]
Coordinates: 51°29′16″N 0°10′28″W / 51.48777°N 0.17434°W / 51.48777; -0.17434Street in London, England Old Church Street is a street in London, England in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Chelsea Old Church It runs from Chelsea Embankment to Fulham Road, crossing Kings Road. The section to the north of Kings Road is sometimes called Upper Old Church Street. At the Chelsea Embankment end is Chelsea Old Church (All Saints) which gives its name to the whole street, the oldest in Chelsea. It was mentioned in 1566, but was called Church Lane at that time. The recording studios, Sound Techniques, was at 46a Old Church Street from 1964 to 1972. It was here that Nick Drake recorded his first album "Five Leaves Left". Pink Floyd, Sandy Denny, Fairport Convention, Steeleye Span, Pentangle, John Martyn, Beverley Martyn, Richard Thompson, Martin Carthy, Judy Collins, John Cale, The Yardbirds and The Who also recorded here. Notable residents Steve Clark, guitarist for Def Leppard, lived and died at 44 Old Church Street. Charles Kingsley lived at Number 56, the Old Rectory, which is said to have the largest private garden in London aside from Buckingham Palace. Nearby at 28 Mallord Street is a house designed in 1913–14 for Augustus John. At 13 Mallord Street, A. A. Milne lived. The politician and playwright Benn Levy lived at Number 66, which was designed in 1936 by Walter Gropius and Maxwell Fry; Levy's house formed part of a joint development with Number 64, the home of publisher Denis Cohen, which was designed by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff. At number 127 is a plaque marking the residence of William and Evelyn De Morgan. The building was especially adapted for them so that they could create and paint ceramics. The sporting painter John Francis Sartorius (circa 1775–1830) has a plaque marking his house at number 155. The shoe designer Manolo Blahnik (born 1942) sold his shoes to "Zapata", his own boutique is at number 49-51 Old Church Street. The Chelsea Arts Club is at number 143. The actress Judy Campbell and her husband Lt-Cdr David Birkin bought the oldest house in the street, which was once a pub, "a few steps from the Chelsea Arts Club", in 1974, and Campbell lived there until her death in 2004. In 1792 there was a field called "Queen’s Elm Field" at the northern end of the street. Several houses were built there in 1794. On the corner of Old Church Street and Fulham Road is a building called "The Queen’s Elm". It was once a pub but is now a fashion shop. Directly opposite is a Jewish burial ground. It was in use from 1815 to 1884 by the Western Synagogue, now called the Western Marble Arch Synagogue. The southern side of Fulham Road at this point is called Queen's Elm Parade. Artisans Charles Shapley (Chapley) "... coal merchant and lighterman..." (c. 1710–1780) Charles Shapley was bound apprentice lighterman to Thomas Rowles on 13. Jan 1726, at Christ Church (Blackfriars, Southwark). He gained his freedom as "Freeman of the River Thames" after 7 years on 14. Feb 1733. . In his will made 19 August 1779 (Public Record Office ref. - PROB 11/1069 - ) Charles Shapley (Chapley) "... coal merchant and lighterman ...", , gave his residence as his "freehold house" in Church Lane, Chelsea. He bequeathed two freehold houses in Church Lane and another two freehold houses around the corner in Lombard Street which was formerly that part of Cheyne Walk lying between No. 67 and the entrance to Danvers Street. Charles Shapley made provision for his interment in Chelsea Old Church north side where he had caused a stone to be raised ("All Saints" 1788 showing Arch House . Lombard Street was through the arch). In the year 2000, the Museum of London Archaeological Services carried out an archaeological dig at the cemetery . One of the few graves identified was that of "Charles Shapley (70 years)". His coffin was fitted with a large decorated lead plate bearing the inscription "Mr Charles Shapley Died 16 Sept 1780 Aged 70". The plate is archived by the Museum of London Archaeological Services. References ^ Studio_Bednarski retrieved 2012-01-24 ^ "London - Chelsea | Manolo Blahnik". www.manoloblahnik.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020. ^ Tyzack, Anna (11 July 2008). "Judy Campbell: The £4m house where a nightingale sang". Retrieved 29 September 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk. 51°29′16″N 0°10′28″W / 51.48777°N 0.17434°W / 51.48777; -0.17434
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rbkc.gov.uk/vmgallery/general/large.asp?gallery=vm_history&img=history/thumb/vm_hs_0001.jpg&size=large&caller=vm_history_gallery.asp&cpg=1&tpg=4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_Old_Church_07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Embankment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Embankment"},{"link_name":"Fulham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Road"},{"link_name":"Kings Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Road"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Old Church (All Saints)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Old_Church_(All_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Sound Techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Techniques"},{"link_name":"Nick Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Drake"},{"link_name":"Five Leaves Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Leaves_Left"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Sandy Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Denny"},{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"Steeleye Span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeleye_Span"},{"link_name":"Pentangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentangle_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martyn_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Beverley Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Martyn"},{"link_name":"Richard Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thompson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Martin Carthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Carthy"},{"link_name":"Judy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Collins"},{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"The Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"}],"text":"Street in London, EnglandOld Church Street is a street in London, England in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.[1]Chelsea Old ChurchIt runs from Chelsea Embankment to Fulham Road, crossing Kings Road. The section to the north of Kings Road is sometimes called Upper Old Church Street. At the Chelsea Embankment end is Chelsea Old Church (All Saints) which gives its name to the whole street, the oldest in Chelsea. It was mentioned in 1566, but was called Church Lane at that time.The recording studios, Sound Techniques, was at 46a Old Church Street from 1964 to 1972. It was here that Nick Drake recorded his first album \"Five Leaves Left\". Pink Floyd, Sandy Denny, Fairport Convention, Steeleye Span, Pentangle, John Martyn, Beverley Martyn, Richard Thompson, Martin Carthy, Judy Collins, John Cale, The Yardbirds and The Who also recorded here.","title":"Old Church Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Clark"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Number 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_Old_Church_Street"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Augustus John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_John"},{"link_name":"A. A. Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Milne"},{"link_name":"Benn Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benn_Levy"},{"link_name":"Number 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_Old_Church_Street,_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Fry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Number 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen_House,_London"},{"link_name":"Erich Mendelsohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn"},{"link_name":"Serge Chermayeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Chermayeff"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Evelyn De Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"John Francis Sartorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Sartorius"},{"link_name":"Manolo Blahnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Arts Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Arts_Club"},{"link_name":"Judy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fulham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Road"},{"link_name":"Western Marble Arch Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marble_Arch_Synagogue"}],"text":"Steve Clark, guitarist for Def Leppard, lived and died at 44 Old Church Street.[citation needed] Charles Kingsley lived at Number 56, the Old Rectory, which is said to have the largest private garden in London aside from Buckingham Palace.Nearby at 28 Mallord Street is a house designed in 1913–14 for Augustus John. At 13 Mallord Street, A. A. Milne lived.The politician and playwright Benn Levy lived at Number 66, which was designed in 1936 by Walter Gropius and Maxwell Fry;[1] Levy's house formed part of a joint development with Number 64, the home of publisher Denis Cohen, which was designed by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff.At number 127 is a plaque marking the residence of William and Evelyn De Morgan. The building was especially adapted for them so that they could create and paint ceramics. The sporting painter John Francis Sartorius (circa 1775–1830) has a plaque marking his house at number 155.The shoe designer Manolo Blahnik (born 1942) sold his shoes to \"Zapata\", his own boutique is at number 49-51 Old Church Street.[2] The Chelsea Arts Club is at number 143.The actress Judy Campbell and her husband Lt-Cdr David Birkin bought the oldest house in the street, which was once a pub, \"a few steps from the Chelsea Arts Club\", in 1974, and Campbell lived there until her death in 2004.[3]In 1792 there was a field called \"Queen’s Elm Field\" at the northern end of the street. Several houses were built there in 1794. On the corner of Old Church Street and Fulham Road is a building called \"The Queen’s Elm\". It was once a pub but is now a fashion shop. Directly opposite is a Jewish burial ground. It was in use from 1815 to 1884 by the Western Synagogue, now called the Western Marble Arch Synagogue. The southern side of Fulham Road at this point is called Queen's Elm Parade.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_merchant"},{"link_name":"lighterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighterman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trueflaregenealogy.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?queryType=1&resultcount=1&Edoc_Id=392579"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/James_Abbot_McNeill_Whistler_006.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=74658"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=74664"},{"link_name":"Cheyne Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne_Walk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=99955"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=74661&filename=figure0756-004.gif&pubid=756"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=74663"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Centre-for-Human-Bioarchaeology/Resources/Photographs/OCU00photos.htm"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Resources/chb/images/ocu00/full/OCU00_525_7.jpg"}],"text":"Charles Shapley (Chapley) \"... coal merchant and lighterman...\" (c. 1710–1780)\nCharles Shapley was bound apprentice lighterman to Thomas Rowles on 13. Jan 1726, at Christ Church (Blackfriars, Southwark). He gained his freedom as \"Freeman of the River Thames\" after 7 years on 14. Feb 1733. [2]. In his will made 19 August 1779 (Public Record Office ref. - PROB 11/1069 - [3]) Charles Shapley (Chapley) \"... coal merchant and lighterman ...\", [4], gave his residence as his \"freehold house\" in Church Lane, Chelsea. [5] He bequeathed two freehold houses in Church Lane and another two freehold houses around the corner in Lombard Street [6] which was formerly that part of Cheyne Walk lying between No. 67 and the entrance to Danvers Street.Charles Shapley made provision for his interment in Chelsea Old Church [7] north side where he had caused a stone to be raised (\"All Saints\" 1788 [8] showing Arch House [9]. Lombard Street was through the arch). In the year 2000, the Museum of London Archaeological Services carried out an archaeological dig at the cemetery [10] . One of the few graves identified was that of \"Charles Shapley (70 years)\"[11]. His coffin was fitted with a large decorated lead plate bearing the inscription \"Mr Charles Shapley Died 16 Sept 1780 Aged 70\". The plate is archived by the Museum of London Archaeological Services.","title":"Artisans"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Oshry
Ephraim Oshry
["1 Early life","2 World War II","2.1 Responsa","3 Post-war activities","4 Family","5 Death","6 Legacy","7 Works","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
RabbiEphraim OshryPersonalBorn1914KupiškisDiedSeptember 28, 2003(2003-09-28) (aged 94–95)New York CityReligionJudaismSpouseFreida GreensweigChildren6 sons, 3 daughtersDenominationOrthodox JudaismAlma materSlabodka YeshivaJewish leaderSuccessorRabbi Mendel GreenbaumPositionRabbiSynagogueBeth Hamedrash HagadolYahrtzeit2nd Day Rosh HashanaBuriedJerusalem Ephraim Oshry (1914–September 28, 2003), was an Orthodox rabbi, posek, and author of The Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry. He was one of the few European rabbis to survive the Holocaust. Early life Ephraim Oshry was born in Kupiškis, Lithuania. He studied alongside some of the most prominent and revered Jewish leaders and rabbis of his time, including the Alter of Slabodka, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, Isaac Sher and Avraham Duber Kahana Shapiro (author of Devar Avraham). He quickly rose to prominence among the students at Slabodka Yeshiva. World War II When the Nazis invaded Kaunas in 1941 during World War II, Oshry's community was forced into the Kaunas Ghetto and Concentration Camp, where his first wife and children were murdered. In his book, The Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry, Oshry tells his story of living through the Holocaust. He related in horrific detail how the Nazis and their Lithuanian collaborators viciously murdered Jews, but he also focused on the spiritual life of the Jews living in the Kovno Ghetto and concentration camp. Despite being starved and beaten, the Jews continued to study Torah in secret, and risked their lives in order to fulfill the mitzvot (God's commandments). Responsa While in the Kovno Ghetto and concentration camp, Oshry began writing his responsa regarding the Holocaust, answering difficult questions in such subjects as human nature, God, and Jewish ethics. Before the final battle between the Nazis and the Soviets, Oshry buried his responsa in the ground. After the war, he retrieved them, and in 1959, he published some of the Hebrew responsa under the title She'eilos Uteshuvos Mima'amakim (Questions and Responses from the Depths). This volume was later followed by four additional volumes, the final one being published in 1979. An English volume of the original work (adbridged, with much of the halakhic argumentation removed), was published, titled Responsa from the Holocaust. Post-war activities After Kaunas was liberated in August 1944, Oshry and his wife Frieda Greenzwieg, a survivor of Auschwitz, went to Rome. There Oshry started a yeshiva for orphaned refugee children. In 1950, Oshry moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with his family and yeshiva students. In 1952, Oshry moved to New York City, where he became the rabbi of Beth Hamedrash Hagodol. Oshry opened a yeshiva for boys and a yeshiva for girls named Yeshivah Torah V'Emunah in the East Bronx. Family In 1949, Oshry became engaged to his second wife, Frieda Greensweig, a daughter of Sigeter Hasidim, at the suggestion of her uncle Moshe Friserman, the Tomashover Rebbe. Together they had 6 sons, all of whom became rabbis, and 3 daughters. Frieda died in 2018. Death Oshry died on September 28, 2003, at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Nearly 1,000 mourners attended his funeral. He is buried in Jerusalem. Legacy Yeshiva Shaar Ephraim in Monsey, New York is named after him. It is headed by his son-in-law. Works Oshry, Ephraim. Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry, Judaica Press, 1995 ISBN 978-1-880582-18-3 Oshry, Ephraim. Responsa from the Holocaust, B. Goldman and Y. Leiman Eds., Judaica Press, 2001 ISBN 978-1-880582-71-8 See also Biography portalJudaism portalLithuania portalNew York City portal Yisroel Spira References ^ a b c d “Rabbi Ephraim Oshry, 89, Led Norfolk St. Temple” Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Villager (New York), vol. 73, No. 22, dated October 1–7, 2003. ^ a b Hoffman, Rafael (May 29, 2018) "Rebbetzin Freida Oshry, A”h", Hamodia ^ a b c Albert Amateau (October 10, 2003). "Rabbi Ephraim Oshry, 89, religious scholar, dies". DowntownExpress. Vol. 16, no. 19. Archived from the original on 2007-03-31. ^ a b Douglas Martin (October 5, 2003). "Ephraim Oshry, 89, a Scholar In Secret During the Holocaust". The New York Times. ^ Israel L. Shenker (May 5, 1975). "Responsa: The Law as Seen By Rabbis for 1,000 Years". The New York Times. External links Individual PDFs of each of the five Hebrew volumes can be accessed at the following links: Volumes "one", "two", "three", "four" and "five". vteThe Holocaust in Lithuania Main article The Holocaust Related articles by country Belarus Estonia Latvia Poland Russia Slovakia Ukraine PeoplePerpetrators and collaborators Algimantas Dailidė Erich Ehrlinger Joachim Hamann Karl Jäger Bruno Kittel Algirdas Klimaitis Aleksandras Lileikis Hinrich Lohse Franz Murer Jonas Noreika Mike Pasker Helmut Rauca Adrian von Renteln Rudolf Joachim Seck Franz Walter Stahlecker Martin Weiss Victims andresistance Chaim Yellin Alexander Bogen Josef Glazman Jay M. Ipson Shmerke Kaczerginski Zelig Kalmanovich Vitka Kempner Rozka Korczak Abba Kovner Ephraim Oshry Abraham Sutzkever Elchonon Wasserman Yitzhak Wittenberg Jacob Wygodzki Wolf Durmashkin Rescuers Kazys Binkis Anna Borkowska Petronėlė Lastienė Bronislovas Paukštys Karl Plagge Antanas Poška Ona Šimaitė Anton Schmid Chiune Sugihara Jan Zwartendijk GroupsPerpetrators Einsatzgruppen Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions Lithuanian Security Police Rollkommando Hamann TDA battalions Ypatingasis būrys Resistance Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje Paper Brigade Events Jäger Report Kaunas June 1941 Kaunas 29 October 1941 Ninth Fort November 1941 Ponary Švenčionėliai Places HKP 562 forced labor camp Kailis forced labor camp Kauen concentration camp Kovno Ghetto Lukiškės Prison Marcinkonys Ghetto Ninth Fort Šiauliai Ghetto Švenčionys Ghetto Vilna Ghetto Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany History of the Jews in Lithuania List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations Songs of the Vilna Ghetto Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"posek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posek"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"}],"text":"Ephraim Oshry (1914–September 28, 2003), was an Orthodox rabbi, posek, and author of The Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry. He was one of the few European rabbis to survive the Holocaust.","title":"Ephraim Oshry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kupiškis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi%C5%A1kis"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Alter of Slabodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_of_Slabodka"},{"link_name":"Moshe Mordechai Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Mordechai_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Avraham Duber Kahana Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Duber_Kahana_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Slabodka Yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshivas_Knesses_Yisrael_(Slabodka)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Led_Norfolk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebbetzin-2"}],"text":"Ephraim Oshry was born in Kupiškis, Lithuania. He studied alongside some of the most prominent and revered Jewish leaders and rabbis of his time, including the Alter of Slabodka, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, Isaac Sher and Avraham Duber Kahana Shapiro (author of Devar Avraham). He quickly rose to prominence among the students at Slabodka Yeshiva.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kaunas Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Concentration Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_Camp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Scholar-3"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Kovno Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"mitzvot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RavOshrey.NYT2003-4"}],"text":"When the Nazis invaded Kaunas in 1941 during World War II, Oshry's community was forced into the Kaunas Ghetto and Concentration Camp, where his first wife and children were murdered.[3]In his book, The Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry, Oshry tells his story of living through the Holocaust. He related in horrific detail how the Nazis and their Lithuanian collaborators viciously murdered Jews, but he also focused on the spiritual life of the Jews living in the Kovno Ghetto and concentration camp. Despite being starved and beaten, the Jews continued to study Torah in secret, and risked their lives in order to fulfill the mitzvot (God's commandments).[4]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsa"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"the Depths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_130"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RavOshreyResponsa.NYT1975-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Scholar-3"}],"sub_title":"Responsa","text":"While in the Kovno Ghetto and concentration camp, Oshry began writing his responsa regarding the Holocaust, answering difficult questions in such subjects as human nature, God, and Jewish ethics. Before the final battle between the Nazis and the Soviets, Oshry buried his responsa in the ground. After the war, he retrieved them, and in 1959, he published some of the Hebrew responsa under the title She'eilos Uteshuvos Mima'amakim (Questions and Responses from the Depths).[5] This volume was later followed by four additional volumes, the final one being published in 1979. An English volume of the original work (adbridged, with much of the halakhic argumentation removed), was published, titled Responsa from the Holocaust.[3]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Led_Norfolk-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RavOshrey.NYT2003-4"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Beth Hamedrash Hagodol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Hamedrash_Hagodol"},{"link_name":"East Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious_Scholar-3"}],"text":"After Kaunas was liberated in August 1944, Oshry and his wife Frieda Greenzwieg, a survivor of Auschwitz, went to Rome. There Oshry started a yeshiva for orphaned refugee children.[1]In 1950, Oshry moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with his family and yeshiva students.[4]In 1952, Oshry moved to New York City, where he became the rabbi of Beth Hamedrash Hagodol. Oshry opened a yeshiva for boys and a yeshiva for girls named Yeshivah Torah V'Emunah in the East Bronx.[3]","title":"Post-war activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigeter Hasidim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siget_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebbetzin-2"}],"text":"In 1949, Oshry became engaged to his second wife, Frieda Greensweig, a daughter of Sigeter Hasidim, at the suggestion of her uncle Moshe Friserman, the Tomashover Rebbe. Together they had 6 sons, all of whom became rabbis, and 3 daughters. Frieda died in 2018.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Sinai Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Led_Norfolk-1"}],"text":"Oshry died on September 28, 2003, at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Nearly 1,000 mourners attended his funeral. He is buried in Jerusalem.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monsey, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey,_New_York"}],"text":"Yeshiva Shaar Ephraim in Monsey, New York is named after him. It is headed by his son-in-law.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-880582-18-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880582-18-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-880582-71-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880582-71-8"}],"text":"Oshry, Ephraim. Annihilation of Lithuanian Jewry, Judaica Press, 1995 ISBN 978-1-880582-18-3\nOshry, Ephraim. Responsa from the Holocaust, B. Goldman and Y. Leiman Eds., Judaica Press, 2001 ISBN 978-1-880582-71-8","title":"Works"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava_(river)
Resava (river)
["1 River","2 Region","3 Resava Coal Mines","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°14′46″N 21°10′23″E / 44.2461°N 21.1731°E / 44.2461; 21.1731For other uses, see Resava (disambiguation). River in SerbiaResava (Ресава)Resava sourceLocationCountrySerbiaPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationBeljanica mountain, central Serbia • elevation1,100 m (3,600 ft) Mouth  • locationVelika Morava, west of Svilajnac, central Serbia • coordinates44°14′46″N 21°10′23″E / 44.2461°N 21.1731°E / 44.2461; 21.1731Length65 km (40 mi)Basin size744 km2 (287 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionGreat Morava→ Danube→ Black Sea The Resava (Serbian Cyrillic: Ресава) is a river in central Serbia, a 65 km-long right tributary to the Velika Morava. It also gives the name to the surrounding Resava region, the Resava Monastery, the coal mines in its valley and the popular tourist destination of Resava Cave. River The Resava originates from the Homolje region in eastern Serbia. It springs out at an altitude of 1,100 m and flows westward between the mountains of Beljanica (on the north) and Kučaj (on the south). In its upper course, the Resava runs parallel to its left tributary, the Kločanica, and area around the villages of Strmosten, Vodna and Stenjevac is known for many caves (Resava Cave, Sokolica, Crystal, etc.). The Resava carved a 25 km-long and 400 m-deep gorge, with a central part of it representing a typical canyon valley, the Sklop. In the gorge, the river becomes a sinking river for a while and creates a 25 m-high waterfall, until recently, the highest one in central Serbia. In its lower course, the river creates a typical epigene gallery feature, between the hills of Pastorak (570 m) and Maćeha (Serbian for stepson and stepmother). The river enters the Resava region and receives its major tributary, the Resavica from the left near the Dvorište village. It passes next to the Manasija monastery, small town and regional center of Despotovac, and turns northwest, into the lower Resava region and western border of Veliko Pomoravlje. The Resava passes through the REMBAS coal mining region, next to the villages of Miliva, Plažane, Medveđa, Subotica, Sedlare, Lukovica and the regional center of lower Resava, the town of Svilajnac, and soon after it empties into the Velika Morava. The Resava belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, drains an area of 744 km2 and it is not navigable. Region Resava at Despotovac. The Resava region divides in two: Upper Resava (eastern) and Lower Resava (western). Eastern Resava is located around the southern and western slopes of the Beljanica mountain. The area is partially karst, made of limestone, and as a result of a porous terrain, many caves are formed. Western Resava represents the extension of the peripannonic area of the southern Pannonian plain. It comprises the Resava Coal Mines, with a small towns of Resavica, Despotovac and Svilajnac. Apart from the mining, the area is mostly agricultural. In the beginning of the 19th century, Resava was knežina, one of the Ottoman occupied Serbia's duchies with limited self-rule. Resava was ruled 1803-09 by the vojvoda Stevan Sinđelić, one of the greatest heroes of the First Serbian Uprising. Resava Coal Mines Resava-Morava Coal Mines (Resavsko-moravski ugljeni basen/Ресавско-моравски угљени басен) or shortly REMBAS (РЕМБАС) are located in the lower Resava river valley. They comprise the brown coal mines of Resava, Ravna Reka, Vodna and Senjski Rudnik in the Resava watershed and the Jasenovac in the watershed of the Mlava river. The basin is sometimes also referred to as the Senj-Resava Coal Mines (Senjsko-resavski ugljeni basen/Сењско-ресавски угљени басен). References ^ a b Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Serbia 2017 (PDF) (in Serbian and English). Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. October 2017. p. 16. ISSN 0354-4206. Retrieved 30 May 2018. ^ a b Velika Morava River Basin, ICPDR, November 2009, p. 2 Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; ISBN 86-07-00001-2 Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo; ISBN 86-01-02651-6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Resava (river). Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resava (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Velika Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Morava"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-1"},{"link_name":"Resava Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Resava Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava_Cave"}],"text":"For other uses, see Resava (disambiguation).River in SerbiaThe Resava (Serbian Cyrillic: Ресава) is a river in central Serbia, a 65 km-long right tributary to the Velika Morava.[1] It also gives the name to the surrounding Resava region, the Resava Monastery, the coal mines in its valley and the popular tourist destination of Resava Cave.","title":"Resava (river)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homolje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolje"},{"link_name":"Beljanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljanica"},{"link_name":"Kučaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%8Daj"},{"link_name":"Stenjevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenjevac"},{"link_name":"Resava Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava_Cave"},{"link_name":"canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"sinking river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_river"},{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Maćeha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma%C4%87eha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Resavica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resavica_River_(Resava)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manasija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasija"},{"link_name":"Despotovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotovac"},{"link_name":"Pomoravlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoravlje_(region)"},{"link_name":"Plažane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%BEane"},{"link_name":"Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subotica_(Svilajnac)"},{"link_name":"Svilajnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilajnac"},{"link_name":"Velika Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Morava"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICPDR-2"}],"text":"The Resava originates from the Homolje region in eastern Serbia. It springs out at an altitude of 1,100 m and flows westward between the mountains of Beljanica (on the north) and Kučaj (on the south). In its upper course, the Resava runs parallel to its left tributary, the Kločanica, and area around the villages of Strmosten, Vodna and Stenjevac is known for many caves (Resava Cave, Sokolica, Crystal, etc.).The Resava carved a 25 km-long and 400 m-deep gorge, with a central part of it representing a typical canyon valley, the Sklop. In the gorge, the river becomes a sinking river for a while and creates a 25 m-high waterfall, until recently, the highest one in central Serbia.In its lower course, the river creates a typical epigene gallery feature, between the hills of Pastorak (570 m) and Maćeha (Serbian for stepson and stepmother). The river enters the Resava region and receives its major tributary, the Resavica from the left near the Dvorište village. It passes next to the Manasija monastery, small town and regional center of Despotovac, and turns northwest, into the lower Resava region and western border of Veliko Pomoravlje.The Resava passes through the REMBAS coal mining region, next to the villages of Miliva, Plažane, Medveđa, Subotica, Sedlare, Lukovica and the regional center of lower Resava, the town of Svilajnac, and soon after it empties into the Velika Morava.The Resava belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, drains an area of 744 km2[2] and it is not navigable.","title":"River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resava_river.JPG"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Pannonian plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_plain"},{"link_name":"Resava Coal Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resava_Coal_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Resavica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resavica_(Despotovac)"},{"link_name":"Despotovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotovac"},{"link_name":"Svilajnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilajnac"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"vojvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda"},{"link_name":"Stevan Sinđelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Sin%C4%91eli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"First Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising"}],"text":"Resava at Despotovac.The Resava region divides in two: Upper Resava (eastern) and Lower Resava (western).Eastern Resava is located around the southern and western slopes of the Beljanica mountain. The area is partially karst, made of limestone, and as a result of a porous terrain, many caves are formed.Western Resava represents the extension of the peripannonic area of the southern Pannonian plain. It comprises the Resava Coal Mines, with a small towns of Resavica, Despotovac and Svilajnac. Apart from the mining, the area is mostly agricultural.In the beginning of the 19th century, Resava was knežina, one of the Ottoman occupied Serbia's duchies with limited self-rule. Resava was ruled 1803-09 by the vojvoda Stevan Sinđelić, one of the greatest heroes of the First Serbian Uprising.","title":"Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brown coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite"},{"link_name":"Mlava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlava"}],"text":"Resava-Morava Coal Mines (Resavsko-moravski ugljeni basen/Ресавско-моравски угљени басен) or shortly REMBAS (РЕМБАС) are located in the lower Resava river valley. They comprise the brown coal mines of Resava, Ravna Reka, Vodna and Senjski Rudnik in the Resava watershed and the Jasenovac in the watershed of the Mlava river. The basin is sometimes also referred to as the Senj-Resava Coal Mines (Senjsko-resavski ugljeni basen/Сењско-ресавски угљени басен).","title":"Resava Coal Mines"}]
[{"image_text":"Resava at Despotovac.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Resava_river.JPG/240px-Resava_river.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_de_Catalunya
Televisió de Catalunya
["1 History","2 Coverage","3 Channels","3.1 TV3 and TV3 HD","3.2 3/24","3.3 SX3","3.4 33","3.5 Esport 3","3.6 TV3CAT","4 References","5 External links"]
Public television broadcaster of Catalonia, Spain Televisió de CatalunyaTypeBroadcast televisionCountrySpain (Catalonian Region, Balearic Region) Andorra and also in France and Italy (Sardinia)AvailabilityCataloniaBalearic IslandsAndorra, Northern Catalonia (France), La Franja and Alghero (Sardinia, Italy)Valencian Community (until 2011)Worldwide (IPTV) (TV3CAT)Worldwide (satellite) (TV3CAT, until 2012)Founded1983OwnerCorporació Catalana de Mitjans AudiovisualsKey peopleSigfrid Gras i Salicrú, DirectorLaunch dateSeptember 1983Official websitewww.ccma.cat/tv3/ Televisió de Catalunya (Catalan pronunciation: , known by the acronym TVC) is the public broadcasting network of Catalonia, one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. It is part of the Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals, a public corporation created by the Generalitat de Catalunya by a Founding Act in 1983. Slightly more than half of its revenue (52%) comes from public funding through the Generalitat de Catalunya, while the remaining 48% is raised through advertising, sponsorship and merchandise and original productions' sales. It is officially composed by six channels: TV3, TV3 HD, 33/Super3, 3/24, Esport3 and TV3CAT. While the main language of all these channels is Catalan, Spanish is usually neither sub-titled nor dubbed, as it is generally accepted that all Catalan speakers are by default also Spanish speakers. Some programmes such as Polònia and APM use Spanish extensively, largely for effect. In the Aran Valley, there are programs in Aranese. TVC headquarters are located in Sant Joan Despí, near Barcelona. History Scale model of Televisió de Catalunya's headquarters in the Catalunya en Miniatura. TV3 started its trial broadcasts on 11 September 1983 on the National Day of Catalonia, but its regular broadcasts started a few months later, on 16 January 1984. TV3 was the first television channel to broadcast only in Catalan. In 1985, TV3 expanded its coverage to Andorra, Northern Catalonia and the Valencian Community. One year later, TV3 inaugurated its new headquarters, a 4.5-hectare facility in Sant Joan Despí, near Barcelona. Since 1987, TV3 has broadcast a second audio channel on almost all foreign-language series and movies with the original programme audio, first using the Zweikanalton system and later on, using NICAM. Back on analog broadcasting, series and movies were usually broadcast in NICAM stereo. However, sometimes an audio narration track for blind and visually impaired viewers is also provided. In 1988, TV3 started a decentralization process, first broadcasting programmes in the Aranese language for the Aran Valley and, one year later, opening branch offices in Tarragona, Girona and Lleida and creating the Telenoticies Comarques, a regional news programme broadcast simultaneously in four different editions, one for each of the four Catalan provinces. During the 1992 Summer Olympics, TV3 and TVE created the Olympic Channel, a joint network to provide coverage for the Olympic Games using Canal 33's frequency. In 1999, Televisió de Catalunya started broadcasting in the Digital terrestrial television system, and regular DTT broadcasts started in 2002. Coverage Televisió de Catalunya's terrestrial channels are available in Catalonia, its home region. Thanks to agreements with the neighboring territories, they can be received in the Balearic Islands (TV3CAT, SX3/33 and 3/24 only), Andorra (all channels) and Northern Catalonia (all channels). The agreement with the Balearic Islands is reciprocal, as in the public balearic channel IB3 Global is available in Catalonia as well. Since 1985 and until 2011, TVC's channels were also available in the Valencian Community thanks to transmitters run by volunteers from Acció Cultural del País Valencià. This transmission ceased in 2011 when the Generalitat Valenciana ordered its termination. TV3CAT is available worldwide via its online TV service "3alacarta". The TV3CAT signal is carried by cable operators: Ono, Movistar Plus, Euskaltel, Freebox, Digi TV, Kabel BW, Evrotur, Sofiacable and Cable Mágico. It was previously broadcast via satellites Astra (in Europe) and Hispasat (in Europe and the Americas). Channels TV3 and TV3 HD Main article: TV3 (Catalonia) TV3 is TVC's first and main channel. A generalist channel, it broadcasts news and entertainment programmes, as well as fiction series and movies. In February 2011, it began simultaneous broadcasting in high definition (HD). On January 16, 2024, the HD signal completely replaced the standard definition (SD) signal, broadcasting exclusively in HD. 3/24 Main article: 3/24 3/24 is TVC's 24-hour news channel, launched in 2003. SX3 Main article: SX3 SX3 is a children's and teenagers' channel, that broadcasts from 6:00 to 21:30 on DTT (sharing its DTT channel with El 33) and 24 hours online on IPTV and HbbTV. It broadcasts both entertainment and educational programmes, for a wide range of ages. Early morning programmes are usually directed to younger children and use the brand S3, while the afternoon is directed more towards teenagers under the brand X3. It started on 10 October 2022, replacing Canal Super 3. SX3 is the third incarnation of a children's and teenagers' channel from TVC, as Canal Super 3 replaced in 2009 in turn the previous children's channel, K3, which started in 2001. 33 Main article: El 33 TVC's second channel, El 33 is a cultural channel. Its programming consists of cultural programmes, documentaries and debates. Until 2011 and the creation of the sport channel Esport 3, it also broadcast sport events and programmes. Originally called Canal 33, in 2003 it underwent a restructuring that split it into two channels that shared the same frequency: 33 and K3. While this is still true for analogical broadcasting, since December 2006, 33 has a channel of its own in digital terrestrial television. Esport 3 Main article: Esport3 Esport3 is TVC's sports channel. It started its emission tests in October 2010 and started its regular emissions in early 2011. It broadcasts sports events and sports programmes (Temps d'aventura). TV3CAT Main article: TV3CAT TV3CAT (known as TVCi until June 2009) is TVC's international channel, launched in 1995. It broadcasts a selection of TV3 and 33 programmes, as well as fiction series and movies. References ^ "CCRTV - Televisió de Catalunya". ^ a b c d e "CCRTV - History". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. ^ a b c "CCMA - History". ^ "IB3, la televisió pública de les Illes, es torna a veure a Catalunya". 324.cat (in Catalan). 15 April 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ "ACPV apaga el senyal de TV3 al País Valencià per evitar les multes". ara.cat (in Catalan). 17 February 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ "3alacarta.cat". 3alacarta.cat. Retrieved 5 December 2010. ^ "TVC deixarà d'emetre per satèl·lit aquest dimarts". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Europa Press. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Televisió de Catalunya. Official website (in Catalan) vteThe Catalan Media CorporationCatalunya Ràdio Catalunya Ràdio Catalunya Música iCat Catalunya Informació Televisió de Catalunya TV3 HD El 33 SX3 3/24 Esport3 TV3CAT New media Activa Multimèdia Digital CCRTV Interactiva The TV3 Marathon Foundation Shareholdings Catalan News Agency CCRTV Interactiva Former channels Canal 300 3XL Super3 K3 TVC Internacional Canal Olímpic vte Television in SpainTerrestrial (TDT)National channelsRTVE La 1 La 2 24 Horas Clan Teledeporte Atresmedia Antena 3 laSexta Neox Nova Mega Atreseries Mediaset España Cuatro Telecinco FDF Divinity Energy Boing Be Mad Veo TV DMAX GOL PLAY Net TV Disney Channel Paramount Network Independent Trece Ten DKiss Real Madrid TV RegionalvteSpanish regional television networksAndalusia RTVA Canal Sur 1 Canal Sur 2 Andalucía TV Aragon CARTV Aragón TV Asturias RTPA TPA7 TPA8 Balearic Islands EPRTVIB IB3 Basque Country EITB ETB 1 ETB 2 ETB 3 ETB 4 Canary Islands RTVC TV Canaria Castile and León RTVCYL (private) La 7 CYLTV La 8 CYL Castilla–La Mancha CMM CMM TV Catalonia TVC TV3 33/SX3 3/24 Esport3 Ceuta RTVC TV Ceuta Extremadura CEXMA Canal Extremadura Galicia CRTVG TVG tvG2 La Rioja TVR (Private) TV Rioja Madrid RTVM Telemadrid LaOtra Melilla RTV Melilla TV Melilla Murcia RTRM 7RM Navarre NATV (Private) Navarra Televisión Navarra Televisión 2 Valencian Community CVMC À Punt Satellite platformvteChannels on Movistar Plus+Movistarchannels Movistar Plus+ Vamos por M+ Cine por M+ Series por M+ Originales por M+ Clásicos por M+ Acción por M+ Comedia por M+ Drama por M+ Cine Español por M+ Suspense por M+ Indie por M+ Documentales por M+ Música por M+ La Resistencia 24H por M+ Ellas Vamos por M+ LaLigaTV por M+ Liga de Campeones por M+ Deportes por M+ Golf por M+ Caza y Pesca Fútbol Replay SD General (1–8) La 1 La 2 Antena 3 Cuatro Telecinco laSexta Movistar Plus+ Vamos por M+ Movistar BasicEntertainment Channels (12–19) Cine por M+ Series por M+ Originales por M+ Pop Up channel por M+ Documentales por M+ Música por M+ La Resistencia 24H por M+ Movies (20–29) Clásicos por M+ Acción por M+ Comedia por M+ Drama por M+ Suspense por M+ Indie por M+ Cine Español por M+ SkyShowtime 1 TCM Canal Hollywood XTRM SD Sundance TV Dark Somos SD Paramount Network SD Entertainment (38–50) Star Channel AXN Warner TV Comedy Central Calle 13 COSMO AMC AXN Movies Syfy Trece Energy FDF Neox Atreseries Sports (52–79) Vamos por M+ LaLigaTV por M+ DAZN LaLiga LaLiga TV Hypermotion LaLigaTV por M+ aux 2 DAZN LaLiga aux 2 Liga de Campeones por M+ Liga de Campeones por M+ aux 2-3 Deportes por M+ Deportes por M+ aux 2-3 Ellas Vamos por M+ Golf por M+ Golf 2 por M+ DAZN F1 DAZN 1 DAZN 2 Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 GOL PLAY Teledeporte Real Madrid TV Caza y Pesca Iberalia TV Garage TV Ubeat Documentaries andentertainment (80–99) National Geographic Nat Geo Wild Canal Historia Discovery Channel Odisea AMC Break SD DMAX SD AMC Crime SD ¡Buen Viaje! SD Canal Cocina Decasa SD DKISS SD Divinity Nova Mega Be Mad Ten SD EnFamilia SD Children (110–119) BabyTV SD Disney Junior Nick Jr. Nickelodeon DreamWorks Disney Channel Boing Clan Music (120–125) MTV SD MTV 00s SD Mezzo SD Mezzo Live Stingray Classica News andinternational (127–149) 24 Horas HD BBC News SD CNN International SD Fox News SD Euronews SD Al Jazeera SD France 24 SD RT en Español SD CNBC Europe SD TV5Monde SD Bloomberg SD El Toro TV Negocios TV Sky News SD RT SD RT France SD Fútbol Replay SD CNC World SD Arirang TV CGTN Spanish SD Telefe SD Las Estrellas SD TV Chile SD TV Colombia SD Cubavisión Telesur EWTN SD NHK World SD Regional (150-166) Canal Sur Andalucía SD TVG Canal Extremadura SAT TV3CAT ETB Sat SD Aragón Sat SD Telemadrid Sports aux (176–195; 440-443) Movistar Plus+ 2 LaLiga por M+ aux 3-4 LaLiga TV Hypermotion aux 3 Liga de Campeones por M+ aux 4-13 SD Deportes por M+ aux 4-7 SD DAZN 3 DAZN 4 Alquiler LaLigaTV por M+ UHD Liga de Campeones por M+ UHD Liga de Campeones 2 por M+ UHD DAZN F1 UHD Cable platformsNational Movistar+ DSL, FTTH Orange TV DSL, FTTH Vodafone TV HFC Regional Euskaltel HFC R HFC Telecable HFC Portals: Spain Television Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Catalonia Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[tələβiziˈo ðə kətəˈluɲə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"public broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"autonomous communities of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3_Catalana_de_Mitjans_Audiovisuals"},{"link_name":"public corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation"},{"link_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Catalonia)"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_33"},{"link_name":"Super3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super3"},{"link_name":"3/24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3/24"},{"link_name":"Esport3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esport3"},{"link_name":"TV3CAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3CAT"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Polònia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia"},{"link_name":"Aran Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Valley"},{"link_name":"Aranese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranese_language"},{"link_name":"Sant Joan Despí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Joan_Desp%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"text":"Televisió de Catalunya (Catalan pronunciation: [tələβiziˈo ðə kətəˈluɲə], known by the acronym TVC) is the public broadcasting network of Catalonia, one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain.It is part of the Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals, a public corporation created by the Generalitat de Catalunya by a Founding Act in 1983. Slightly more than half of its revenue (52%) comes from public funding through the Generalitat de Catalunya, while the remaining 48% is raised through advertising, sponsorship and merchandise and original productions' sales.[1] It is officially composed by six channels: TV3, TV3 HD, 33/Super3, 3/24, Esport3 and TV3CAT.While the main language of all these channels is Catalan, Spanish is usually neither sub-titled nor dubbed, as it is generally accepted that all Catalan speakers are by default also Spanish speakers. Some programmes such as Polònia and APM use Spanish extensively, largely for effect. In the Aran Valley, there are programs in Aranese.TVC headquarters are located in Sant Joan Despí, near Barcelona.","title":"Televisió de Catalunya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catalunya_en_Miniatura-Televisi%C3%B3_de_Catalunya.JPG"},{"link_name":"Catalunya en Miniatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya_en_Miniatura"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Catalonia)"},{"link_name":"National Day of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Northern Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"Sant Joan Despí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Joan_Desp%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Zweikanalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweikanalton"},{"link_name":"NICAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICAM"},{"link_name":"analog broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo"},{"link_name":"audio narration track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_description"},{"link_name":"Aranese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranese_language"},{"link_name":"Aran Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Catalonia)"},{"link_name":"TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Digital terrestrial television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"}],"text":"Scale model of Televisió de Catalunya's headquarters in the Catalunya en Miniatura.TV3 started its trial broadcasts on 11 September 1983 on the National Day of Catalonia, but its regular broadcasts started a few months later, on 16 January 1984.[2] TV3 was the first television channel to broadcast only in Catalan. In 1985, TV3 expanded its coverage to Andorra, Northern Catalonia and the Valencian Community. One year later, TV3 inaugurated its new headquarters, a 4.5-hectare facility in Sant Joan Despí, near Barcelona.[2]Since 1987, TV3 has broadcast a second audio channel on almost all foreign-language series and movies with the original programme audio,[2] first using the Zweikanalton system and later on, using NICAM. Back on analog broadcasting, series and movies were usually broadcast in NICAM stereo. However, sometimes an audio narration track for blind and visually impaired viewers is also provided.In 1988, TV3 started a decentralization process, first broadcasting programmes in the Aranese language for the Aran Valley and, one year later, opening branch offices in Tarragona, Girona and Lleida and creating the Telenoticies Comarques, a regional news programme broadcast simultaneously in four different editions, one for each of the four Catalan provinces.During the 1992 Summer Olympics, TV3 and TVE created the Olympic Channel, a joint network to provide coverage for the Olympic Games using Canal 33's frequency.[2]In 1999, Televisió de Catalunya started broadcasting in the Digital terrestrial television system, and regular DTT broadcasts started in 2002.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Northern Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"IB3 Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IB3_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"Acció Cultural del País Valencià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acci%C3%B3_Cultural_del_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONO_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Movistar Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Plus"},{"link_name":"Euskaltel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaltel"},{"link_name":"Freebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebox"},{"link_name":"Digi TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi_TV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Kabel BW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_BW"},{"link_name":"Evrotur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evrotur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sofiacable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofiacable&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cable Mágico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_M%C3%A1gico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_19.2%C2%B0E"},{"link_name":"Hispasat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispasat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Televisió de Catalunya's terrestrial channels are available in Catalonia, its home region. Thanks to agreements with the neighboring territories, they can be received in the Balearic Islands (TV3CAT, SX3/33 and 3/24 only), Andorra (all channels) and Northern Catalonia (all channels). The agreement with the Balearic Islands is reciprocal, as in the public balearic channel IB3 Global is available in Catalonia as well.[4]Since 1985 and until 2011, TVC's channels were also available in the Valencian Community thanks to transmitters run by volunteers from Acció Cultural del País Valencià. This transmission ceased in 2011 when the Generalitat Valenciana ordered its termination.[5]TV3CAT is available worldwide via its online TV service \"3alacarta\".[6]\nThe TV3CAT signal is carried by cable operators: Ono, Movistar Plus, Euskaltel, Freebox, Digi TV, Kabel BW, Evrotur, Sofiacable and Cable Mágico. It was previously broadcast via satellites Astra (in Europe) and Hispasat (in Europe and the Americas).[7]","title":"Coverage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalist channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalist_channel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"}],"sub_title":"TV3 and TV3 HD","text":"TV3 is TVC's first and main channel. A generalist channel, it broadcasts news and entertainment programmes, as well as fiction series and movies. In February 2011, it began simultaneous broadcasting in high definition (HD).[3] On January 16, 2024, the HD signal completely replaced the standard definition (SD) signal, broadcasting exclusively in HD.","title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-3"}],"sub_title":"3/24","text":"3/24 is TVC's 24-hour news channel, launched in 2003.[3]","title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV"},{"link_name":"HbbTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HbbTV"},{"link_name":"Canal Super 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Super_3"},{"link_name":"Canal Super 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Super_3"},{"link_name":"K3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_(TV_channel)"}],"sub_title":"SX3","text":"SX3 is a children's and teenagers' channel, that broadcasts from 6:00 to 21:30 on DTT (sharing its DTT channel with El 33) and 24 hours online on IPTV and HbbTV. It broadcasts both entertainment and educational programmes, for a wide range of ages. Early morning programmes are usually directed to younger children and use the brand S3, while the afternoon is directed more towards teenagers under the brand X3. It started on 10 October 2022, replacing Canal Super 3.SX3 is the third incarnation of a children's and teenagers' channel from TVC, as Canal Super 3 replaced in 2009 in turn the previous children's channel, K3, which started in 2001.","title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"digital terrestrial television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television"}],"sub_title":"33","text":"TVC's second channel, El 33 is a cultural channel. Its programming consists of cultural programmes, documentaries and debates. Until 2011 and the creation of the sport channel Esport 3, it also broadcast sport events and programmes.Originally called Canal 33, in 2003 it underwent a restructuring that split it into two channels that shared the same frequency: 33 and K3.[2] While this is still true for analogical broadcasting, since December 2006, 33 has a channel of its own in digital terrestrial television.","title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temps d'aventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_d%27aventura"}],"sub_title":"Esport 3","text":"Esport3 is TVC's sports channel. It started its emission tests in October 2010 and started its regular emissions in early 2011. It broadcasts sports events and sports programmes (Temps d'aventura).","title":"Channels"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV3CAT","text":"TV3CAT (known as TVCi until June 2009) is TVC's international channel, launched in 1995. It broadcasts a selection of TV3 and 33 programmes, as well as fiction series and movies.","title":"Channels"}]
[{"image_text":"Scale model of Televisió de Catalunya's headquarters in the Catalunya en Miniatura.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Catalunya_en_Miniatura-Televisi%C3%B3_de_Catalunya.JPG/220px-Catalunya_en_Miniatura-Televisi%C3%B3_de_Catalunya.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_steamer_duck
Falkland steamer duck
["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Evolution of flightlessness","3 Description","4 Historical description","5 Habitat and distribution","6 Behavior","6.1 Vocalization","6.2 Diet","6.3 Reproduction","6.4 Predation","7 Conservation status","8 External links","9 References"]
Species of bird Falkland steamer duck Female Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Genus: Tachyeres Species: T. brachypterus Binomial name Tachyeres brachypterus(Latham, 1790) Synonyms Anas brachyptera Latham, 1790 Tachyeres brachyapterus (Latham, 1790) The Falkland steamer duck (Tachyeres brachypterus) is a species of flightless duck found on the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. The steamer ducks get their name from their unconventional swimming behaviour in which they flap their wings and feet on the water in a motion reminiscent of an old paddle steamer. The Falkland steamer duck is one of only two bird species endemic to the Falkland Islands, the other being Cobb's wren. Taxonomy and systematics The Falkland steamer duck is part of the Anseriformes order and the Anatidae family alongside ducks, geese, and swans. It is in the genus Tachyeres with the three other species of steamer ducks, all found in South America. The Falkland steamer duck is most closely related to the flying steamer duck which can also be found in and around the Falkland Islands. It is believed that they might still be able to interbreed. A study from 2012 established that these two species are genetically indistinguishable. However, they tend to reproduce in different geographic areas. Possible hybridization could account for the genetic similarities between the two species. Some scientists have proposed that the flying steamer duck and the Falkland steamer duck should be a single species but more evidence is needed to settle that question. Evolution of flightlessness Steamer ducks are a young group from an evolutionarily point of view and have a last common ancestor believed to have lived about 2 million years ago. This family is of particular interest to scientists because it contains both species capable and incapable of flight. More specifically, scientists believe that they are currently witnessing the evolution of flightlessness happening right in front of their eyes. In fact, both the Falkland steamer duck and the closely related flying steamer duck contain genetic sequences associated with flight-capable wings and flightless wings. This would suggest that the Falkland steamer ducks have just recently become flightless. However, it is difficult to determine if these specific wing traits have directly evolved because of flightlessness or to support steaming behaviour because these two characteristics appear to have evolved at the same time. Regardless of these unknowns, the fact that this species has recently become flightless allows scientists to identify specific genes and reconstruct the evolutionary steps necessary to evolve flightlessness with a level of detail that cannot be matched when working with older specimens. In short, the Falkland steamer duck is a promising model organism to study and understand the process behind the evolution of flightlessness in birds. Description Falkland steamer duck pair at Whale Bone Cove, Falkland Islands. Tachyeres brachypterus - MHNT The Falkland steamer duck measures between 61 and 74 cm in length and has a wingspan of 84 to 94 cm. It is a fairly large species of duck with males weighing between 3300 and 4800 g, and females between 2900 and 4196 g. The male's plumage is brown to grey with a contrasting light grey-white head. They have a very distinctive orange bill. The wings have white secondary feathers and large, featherless spurs. The stubby tail is brown-grey. The eyes are brown with a contrasting white eye-ring and a faint white eye-streak. The females are darker in colour with a brown neck and head, and an olive green beak. Females also have a distinctive white eye ring and a white line behind their eyes. Both males and females have characteristic yellow-orange feet. Juveniles can be differentiated from females by the black marks and overall paler colour of their feet. They also lack or have a very reduced white line behind their eyes. This species is visually similar to another steamer duck species with which it shares its range: the flying steamer duck. Although they are difficult to tell apart in the field, the Falkland steamer duck has shorter wings and tail, and a thicker neck and bill. Finally, as its name implies, the flying steamer duck is capable of flight while the Falkland steamer duck is strictly flightless. This last characteristic is difficult to see in the field because the flying steamer duck seldom flies and is often seen walking or swimming. Historical description Charles Darwin devoted two paragraphs to this bird (or the similar flying steamer duck) in The Voyage of the Beagle, having observed them at the Falkland Islands in 1833: In these islands a great loggerheaded duck or goose (Anas brachyptera), which sometimes weighs twenty-two pounds, is very abundant. These birds were in former days called, from their extraordinary manner of paddling and splashing upon the water, race-horses; but now they are named, much more appropriately, steamers. Their wings are too small and weak to allow of flight, but by their aid, partly swimming and partly flapping the surface of the water, they move very quickly. The manner is something like that by which the common house-duck escapes when pursued by a dog; but I am nearly sure that the steamer moves its wings alternately, instead of both together, as in other birds. These clumsy, loggerheaded ducks make such a noise and splashing, that the effect is exceedingly curious. Thus we find in South America three birds which use their wings for other purposes besides flight; the penguins as fins, the steamer as paddles, and the ostrich as sails: and the Apteryz of New Zealand, as well as its gigantic extinct prototype the Deinornis, possess only rudimentary representatives of wings. The steamer is able to dive only to a very short distance. It feeds entirely on shell-fish from the kelp and tidal rocks: hence the beak and head, for the purpose of breaking them, are surprisingly heavy and strong: the head is so strong that I have scarcely been able to fracture it with my geological hammer; and all our sportsmen soon discovered how tenacious these birds were of life. When in the evening pluming themselves in a flock, they make the same odd mixture of sounds which bull-frogs do within the tropics.— Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle Habitat and distribution The Falkland steamer duck is primarily found on rugged coastlines. The species' distribution is limited to the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. These ducks are year-round residents of the islands and the surrounding archipelago, and can be found mainly on rugged shores and in sheltered bays. The Falkland steamer ducks also venture inland in freshwater ponds up to 400m from the coast. Behavior This species spends most of its time in small family groups composed of the female, the male and the chicks. However, non-breeding adults and juveniles might gather in larger groups of up to 300. These gatherings can happen at any time of the year and their purpose remains unknown. Vocalization The Falkland steamer duck's vocalizations are similar to those of other steamer ducks, namely of the flying steamer duck. Males can be heard year-round but they are especially loud during the breeding season during which they use their vocalization to defend their territory. Their call consists of loud rasping whistles and repeated sharp ticking notes. Females usually sing with the males and produce deeper grunts. This bird is considered to be a loud bird and can easily be heard on and around the shores of the Falklands. Diet The Falkland steamer duck feeds mainly on marine mollusks and, occasionally, on crustaceans. Although they can upend when feeding in shallower waters, they mainly dive to find their preys on the sea floor. They used their small wings and large feet to effectively propel themselves in the water. Interestingly, they have been observed to feed collectively with many individuals diving at the same time. Reproduction The breeding season lasts from mid September to the end of December, but breeding can take place year-round. Adults breed in single pairs on and around the coastline. Males become very territorial and fights are common. Males and sometimes females will use their spurs on their wings to violently hit other challengers. These fights are known for their extreme violence and can result in severe injury or even death. Once mating has occurred, females lay between 4 and 12 eggs in down-lined nests and incubate them for about 34 days. The males stay with the female to defend the nest but are not involved in the incubation process. Every day, the female carefully covers the eggs with plant material before leaving the nest for 15 to 30 minutes to bath and preen. The nest is usually located in tall grass, piles of sea weed, rocks, and even in unoccupied Magellanic penguin burrows. Chicks weigh 83g upon hatching and stay with the adults for 12 weeks. When they hatch and for the first 12 weeks, the chicks are covered in brown and white duvet. They have distinctive white markings on the side of their head. Around the 12 week mark, chicks get their first plumage and sexual maturity is reached after 14 to 24 months. Adults can live for up to 20 years old in captivity but there is no information on the longevity of wild individuals. Predation The adult Falkland steamer duck does not have many predators. Predation by sea lions and seals is rare but has been documented. The main predation pressure is on fledglings which are routinely picked up by kelp gulls and skuas. Egg harvesting used to be common in the island but humans have abandoned the practice since. Conservation status The species is currently classified as Least Concern. During the last surveys between 1983 and 1993, between 9000 and 16000 breeding pairs were recorded and they estimated the population to be between 27 000 and 48 000 individuals. Another survey from 1997 estimated the population at 32 000 individuals. A recent study has shed some light on the negative effect of invasive species on shore bird populations in the Falklands. Scientists determined that rat-invested islands had lower numbers of many shorebirds including steamer ducks. Another possible source of concern comes from oil spills. The species has a limited distribution and its food supply could be severely affected by a large-scale release of oil in and around the Falklands. Although these anticipated threats should be considered, the population is currently stable and there is no immediate source of concern for this species. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tachyeres brachypterus. Wikispecies has information related to Tachyeres brachypterus. eBird Falkland steamer duck Falklands Conservation Cornell Lab of Ornithology References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Tachyeres brachypterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680047A132524587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680047A132524587.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "Tachyeres brachypterus". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2024-04-30. ^ "steamer duck | bird | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-11-12. ^ Sun, Zhonglou; Pan, Tao; Hu, Chaochao; Sun, Lu; Ding, Hengwu; Wang, Hui; Zhang, Chenling; Jin, Hong; Chang, Qing; Kan, Xianzhao; Zhang, Baowei (2017-09-11). "Rapid and recent diversification patterns in Anseriformes birds: Inferred from molecular phylogeny and diversification analyses". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0184529. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1284529S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184529. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5593203. PMID 28892502. ^ a b c Clarke, Julia A. (2019). "Genomic mechanisms for the evolution of flightlessness in steamer ducks". Nature. 572 (7768): 182–184. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..182C. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02234-y. PMID 31384052. S2CID 199452079. ^ a b Fulton, Tara L.; Letts, Brandon; Shapiro, Beth (2012-06-22). "Multiple losses of flight and recent speciation in steamer ducks". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1737): 2339–2346. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2599. PMC 3350674. PMID 22319122. ^ Colihueque, Nelson; Gantz, Alberto (2019-11-28). "Molecular genetic studies of Chilean avifauna: an overview about current progress". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 14 (4): 459–477. doi:10.3897/neotropical.14.e48588. ISSN 2236-3777. S2CID 213025489. ^ Lele, Abhimanyu; Ottenburghs, Jente (2019). "Digest: A single genetic origin and a role for bone development pathways in repeated losses of flight in steamer ducks*". Evolution. 73 (9): 2030–2032. doi:10.1111/evo.13827. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 31429934. S2CID 201094248. ^ a b c d e f g h "Brassemer des Malouines". www.oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Carboneras, Carles; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020-03-04), Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.), "Falkland Steamer-Duck (Tachyeres brachypterus)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.falstd1.01, S2CID 226092079, retrieved 2021-10-31 ^ a b c d e "falklands steamer duck". Falklands Conservation. Retrieved 2021-10-31. ^ "Falkland Steamer-Duck - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2021-10-31. ^ The Voyage of the Beagle at Project Gutenberg ^ Tabak, Michael A.; Poncet, Sally; Passfield, Ken; Martinez del Rio, Carlos (2015-01-16). "Modeling the distribution of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on offshore islands in the Falkland Islands". NeoBiota. 24: 33–48. doi:10.3897/neobiota.24.8433. ISSN 1314-2488. Taxon identifiersTachyeres brachypterus Wikidata: Q287092 Wikispecies: Tachyeres brachypterus ARKive: tachyeres-brachypterus Avibase: 13CF7E44073AF401 BirdLife: 22680047 BOW: falstd1 CoL: 54CLM eBird: falstd1 EoL: 1048523 GBIF: 2498233 iNaturalist: 7132 ITIS: 553911 IUCN: 22680047 NCBI: 658925 Neotropical: falstd1 Observation.org: 70478 Open Tree of Life: 822329 SeaLifeBase: 76221 TSA: 17273 WoRMS: 405111 Xeno-canto: Tachyeres-brachypterus
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The steamer ducks get their name from their unconventional swimming behaviour in which they flap their wings and feet on the water in a motion reminiscent of an old paddle steamer.[3] The Falkland steamer duck is one of only two bird species endemic to the Falkland Islands, the other being Cobb's wren.","title":"Falkland steamer duck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriformes"},{"link_name":"steamer ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamer_duck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"flying steamer duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_steamer_duck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Falkland steamer duck is part of the Anseriformes order and the Anatidae family alongside ducks, geese, and swans. It is in the genus Tachyeres with the three other species of steamer ducks, all found in South America.[4] The Falkland steamer duck is most closely related to the flying steamer duck which can also be found in and around the Falkland Islands. It is believed that they might still be able to interbreed.[5] A study from 2012 established that these two species are genetically indistinguishable.[6] However, they tend to reproduce in different geographic areas.[6] Possible hybridization could account for the genetic similarities between the two species. Some scientists have proposed that the flying steamer duck and the Falkland steamer duck should be a single species but more evidence is needed to settle that question.[7]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"last common ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Steamer ducks are a young group from an evolutionarily point of view and have a last common ancestor believed to have lived about 2 million years ago.[5] This family is of particular interest to scientists because it contains both species capable and incapable of flight. More specifically, scientists believe that they are currently witnessing the evolution of flightlessness happening right in front of their eyes. In fact, both the Falkland steamer duck and the closely related flying steamer duck contain genetic sequences associated with flight-capable wings and flightless wings.[5] This would suggest that the Falkland steamer ducks have just recently become flightless. However, it is difficult to determine if these specific wing traits have directly evolved because of flightlessness or to support steaming behaviour because these two characteristics appear to have evolved at the same time. Regardless of these unknowns, the fact that this species has recently become flightless allows scientists to identify specific genes and reconstruct the evolutionary steps necessary to evolve flightlessness with a level of detail that cannot be matched when working with older specimens.[8] In short, the Falkland steamer duck is a promising model organism to study and understand the process behind the evolution of flightlessness in birds.","title":"Evolution of flightlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falklands_steamer_duck_pair_at_Whale_Bone_Cove,_Falklan_Islands.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachyeres_brachypterus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.13.7.jpg"},{"link_name":"MHNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHNT"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"flying steamer duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_steamer_duck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Falkland steamer duck pair at Whale Bone Cove, Falkland Islands.Tachyeres brachypterus - MHNTThe Falkland steamer duck measures between 61 and 74 cm in length and has a wingspan of 84 to 94 cm.[9][10] It is a fairly large species of duck with males weighing between 3300 and 4800 g, and females between 2900 and 4196 g.[10] The male's plumage is brown to grey with a contrasting light grey-white head. They have a very distinctive orange bill.[11][10] The wings have white secondary feathers and large, featherless spurs. The stubby tail is brown-grey.[9] The eyes are brown with a contrasting white eye-ring and a faint white eye-streak. The females are darker in colour with a brown neck and head, and an olive green beak.[11][10] Females also have a distinctive white eye ring and a white line behind their eyes. Both males and females have characteristic yellow-orange feet. Juveniles can be differentiated from females by the black marks and overall paler colour of their feet. They also lack or have a very reduced white line behind their eyes.This species is visually similar to another steamer duck species with which it shares its range: the flying steamer duck. Although they are difficult to tell apart in the field, the Falkland steamer duck has shorter wings and tail, and a thicker neck and bill.[12] Finally, as its name implies, the flying steamer duck is capable of flight while the Falkland steamer duck is strictly flightless. This last characteristic is difficult to see in the field because the flying steamer duck seldom flies and is often seen walking or swimming.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"flying steamer duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_steamer_duck"},{"link_name":"The Voyage of the Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle"},{"link_name":"The Voyage of the Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Charles Darwin devoted two paragraphs to this bird (or the similar flying steamer duck) in The Voyage of the Beagle, having observed them at the Falkland Islands in 1833:In these islands a great loggerheaded duck or goose (Anas brachyptera), which sometimes weighs twenty-two pounds, is very abundant. These birds were in former days called, from their extraordinary manner of paddling and splashing upon the water, race-horses; but now they are named, much more appropriately, steamers. Their wings are too small and weak to allow of flight, but by their aid, partly swimming and partly flapping the surface of the water, they move very quickly. The manner is something like that by which the common house-duck escapes when pursued by a dog; but I am nearly sure that the steamer moves its wings alternately, instead of both together, as in other birds. These clumsy, loggerheaded ducks make such a noise and splashing, that the effect is exceedingly curious.Thus we find in South America three birds which use their wings for other purposes besides flight; the penguins as fins, the steamer as paddles, and the ostrich as sails: and the Apteryz of New Zealand, as well as its gigantic extinct prototype the Deinornis, possess only rudimentary representatives of wings. The steamer is able to dive only to a very short distance. It feeds entirely on shell-fish from the kelp and tidal rocks: hence the beak and head, for the purpose of breaking them, are surprisingly heavy and strong: the head is so strong that I have scarcely been able to fracture it with my geological hammer; and all our sportsmen soon discovered how tenacious these birds were of life. When in the evening pluming themselves in a flock, they make the same odd mixture of sounds which bull-frogs do within the tropics.— Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle[13]","title":"Historical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falklands_Steamer_duck_(51051125303).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"The Falkland steamer duck is primarily found on rugged coastlines.The species' distribution is limited to the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. These ducks are year-round residents of the islands and the surrounding archipelago, and can be found mainly on rugged shores and in sheltered bays.[10] The Falkland steamer ducks also venture inland in freshwater ponds up to 400m from the coast.","title":"Habitat and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"}],"text":"This species spends most of its time in small family groups composed of the female, the male and the chicks.[9] However, non-breeding adults and juveniles might gather in larger groups of up to 300. These gatherings can happen at any time of the year and their purpose remains unknown.","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"}],"sub_title":"Vocalization","text":"The Falkland steamer duck's vocalizations are similar to those of other steamer ducks, namely of the flying steamer duck. Males can be heard year-round but they are especially loud during the breeding season during which they use their vocalization to defend their territory.[10] Their call consists of loud rasping whistles and repeated sharp ticking notes. Females usually sing with the males and produce deeper grunts. This bird is considered to be a loud bird and can easily be heard on and around the shores of the Falklands.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The Falkland steamer duck feeds mainly on marine mollusks and, occasionally, on crustaceans.[10] Although they can upend when feeding in shallower waters, they mainly dive to find their preys on the sea floor. They used their small wings and large feet to effectively propel themselves in the water.[11] Interestingly, they have been observed to feed collectively with many individuals diving at the same time.","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Magellanic penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_penguin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"The breeding season lasts from mid September to the end of December, but breeding can take place year-round. Adults breed in single pairs on and around the coastline.[10] Males become very territorial and fights are common.[9] Males and sometimes females will use their spurs on their wings to violently hit other challengers. These fights are known for their extreme violence and can result in severe injury or even death. Once mating has occurred, females lay between 4 and 12 eggs in down-lined nests and incubate them for about 34 days. The males stay with the female to defend the nest but are not involved in the incubation process. Every day, the female carefully covers the eggs with plant material before leaving the nest for 15 to 30 minutes to bath and preen.[11] The nest is usually located in tall grass, piles of sea weed, rocks, and even in unoccupied Magellanic penguin burrows. Chicks weigh 83g upon hatching and stay with the adults for 12 weeks.[9][10] When they hatch and for the first 12 weeks, the chicks are covered in brown and white duvet. They have distinctive white markings on the side of their head.[9] Around the 12 week mark, chicks get their first plumage and sexual maturity is reached after 14 to 24 months. Adults can live for up to 20 years old in captivity but there is no information on the longevity of wild individuals.","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kelp gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_gull"},{"link_name":"skuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skua"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Predation","text":"The adult Falkland steamer duck does not have many predators. Predation by sea lions and seals is rare but has been documented. The main predation pressure is on fledglings which are routinely picked up by kelp gulls and skuas.[10] Egg harvesting used to be common in the island but humans have abandoned the practice since.","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-9"}],"text":"The species is currently classified as Least Concern. During the last surveys between 1983 and 1993, between 9000 and 16000 breeding pairs were recorded and they estimated the population to be between 27 000 and 48 000 individuals.[10] Another survey from 1997 estimated the population at 32 000 individuals.[11] A recent study has shed some light on the negative effect of invasive species on shore bird populations in the Falklands. Scientists determined that rat-invested islands had lower numbers of many shorebirds including steamer ducks.[14] Another possible source of concern comes from oil spills. The species has a limited distribution and its food supply could be severely affected by a large-scale release of oil in and around the Falklands.[9] Although these anticipated threats should be considered, the population is currently stable and there is no immediate source of concern for this species.","title":"Conservation status"}]
[{"image_text":"Falkland steamer duck pair at Whale Bone Cove, Falkland Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Falklands_steamer_duck_pair_at_Whale_Bone_Cove%2C_Falklan_Islands.jpg/220px-Falklands_steamer_duck_pair_at_Whale_Bone_Cove%2C_Falklan_Islands.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tachyeres brachypterus - MHNT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tachyeres_brachypterus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.13.7.jpg/220px-Tachyeres_brachypterus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.13.7.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Falkland steamer duck is primarily found on rugged coastlines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Falklands_Steamer_duck_%2851051125303%29.jpg/220px-Falklands_Steamer_duck_%2851051125303%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Tachyeres brachypterus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680047A132524587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680047A132524587.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680047/132524587","url_text":"\"Tachyeres brachypterus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680047A132524587.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680047A132524587.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Tachyeres brachypterus\". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2024-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbif.org/species/2498233","url_text":"\"Tachyeres brachypterus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility","url_text":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility"}]},{"reference":"\"steamer duck | bird | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/animal/steamer-duck","url_text":"\"steamer duck | bird | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Sun, Zhonglou; Pan, Tao; Hu, Chaochao; Sun, Lu; Ding, Hengwu; Wang, Hui; Zhang, Chenling; Jin, Hong; Chang, Qing; Kan, Xianzhao; Zhang, Baowei (2017-09-11). \"Rapid and recent diversification patterns in Anseriformes birds: Inferred from molecular phylogeny and diversification analyses\". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0184529. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1284529S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184529. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5593203. PMID 28892502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593203","url_text":"\"Rapid and recent diversification patterns in Anseriformes birds: Inferred from molecular phylogeny and diversification analyses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1284529S","url_text":"2017PLoSO..1284529S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0184529","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0184529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593203","url_text":"5593203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28892502","url_text":"28892502"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Julia A. (2019). \"Genomic mechanisms for the evolution of flightlessness in steamer ducks\". Nature. 572 (7768): 182–184. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..182C. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02234-y. PMID 31384052. S2CID 199452079.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02234-y","url_text":"\"Genomic mechanisms for the evolution of flightlessness in steamer ducks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.572..182C","url_text":"2019Natur.572..182C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02234-y","url_text":"10.1038/d41586-019-02234-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31384052","url_text":"31384052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199452079","url_text":"199452079"}]},{"reference":"Fulton, Tara L.; Letts, Brandon; Shapiro, Beth (2012-06-22). \"Multiple losses of flight and recent speciation in steamer ducks\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1737): 2339–2346. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2599. PMC 3350674. PMID 22319122.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350674","url_text":"\"Multiple losses of flight and recent speciation in steamer ducks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.2599","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2011.2599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350674","url_text":"3350674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319122","url_text":"22319122"}]},{"reference":"Colihueque, Nelson; Gantz, Alberto (2019-11-28). \"Molecular genetic studies of Chilean avifauna: an overview about current progress\". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 14 (4): 459–477. doi:10.3897/neotropical.14.e48588. ISSN 2236-3777. S2CID 213025489.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneotropical.14.e48588","url_text":"\"Molecular genetic studies of Chilean avifauna: an overview about current progress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneotropical.14.e48588","url_text":"10.3897/neotropical.14.e48588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2236-3777","url_text":"2236-3777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213025489","url_text":"213025489"}]},{"reference":"Lele, Abhimanyu; Ottenburghs, Jente (2019). \"Digest: A single genetic origin and a role for bone development pathways in repeated losses of flight in steamer ducks*\". Evolution. 73 (9): 2030–2032. doi:10.1111/evo.13827. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 31429934. S2CID 201094248.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13827","url_text":"\"Digest: A single genetic origin and a role for bone development pathways in repeated losses of flight in steamer ducks*\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13827","url_text":"10.1111/evo.13827"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-5646","url_text":"1558-5646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429934","url_text":"31429934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201094248","url_text":"201094248"}]},{"reference":"\"Brassemer des Malouines\". www.oiseaux-birds.com. 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Falklands Conservation. Retrieved 2021-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://falklandsconservation.com/falklands-steamer-duck/","url_text":"\"falklands steamer duck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falkland Steamer-Duck - eBird\". ebird.org. Retrieved 2021-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebird.org/species/falstd1","url_text":"\"Falkland Steamer-Duck - eBird\""}]},{"reference":"Tabak, Michael A.; Poncet, Sally; Passfield, Ken; Martinez del Rio, Carlos (2015-01-16). \"Modeling the distribution of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on offshore islands in the Falkland Islands\". NeoBiota. 24: 33–48. doi:10.3897/neobiota.24.8433. ISSN 1314-2488.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneobiota.24.8433","url_text":"\"Modeling the distribution of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on offshore islands in the Falkland Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneobiota.24.8433","url_text":"10.3897/neobiota.24.8433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2488","url_text":"1314-2488"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_organism
Largest organisms
["1 Plants","1.1 Green algae","2 Animals","3 Fungi","3.1 Lichen","4 Protists","4.1 Amoebozoans (Amoebozoa)","4.2 Euglenozoans (Euglenozoa)","4.3 Rhizarians (Rhizaria)","4.4 Alveolates (Alveolata)","4.5 Stramenopiles (Stramenopila)","5 Bacteria","6 Viruses","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Citations","9 External links"]
List of Largest Organisms on Earth Although it appears to be multiple trees, Pando is a clonal colony of an individual quaking aspen with an interconnected root system. It is widely held to be the world's most massive single organism. This article lists the largest organisms for various types of life and mostly considers extant species, which found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size. Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching 2,000 km (1,200 mi), but contains many organisms of many types of species. When considering singular entities, the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas. Pando, a clonal colony of the quaking aspen tree, is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass. Even if such colonies are excluded, trees retain their dominance of this listing, with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree. In 2006 a huge clonal colony of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica was discovered south of the island of Ibiza. At 8 kilometres (5 mi) across, and estimated at 100,000 years old, it may be one of the largest and oldest clonal colonies on Earth. Among animals, the largest species are all marine mammals, specifically whales. The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived. The living land animal classification is also dominated by mammals, with the African bush elephant being the largest of these. Plants Main article: List of largest plants The largest single-stem tree by wood volume and mass is the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), native to Sierra Nevada and California; it typically grows to a height of 70–85 m (230–280 ft) and 5–7 m (16–23 ft) in diameter. The largest organism in the world, according to mass, is the aspen tree whose colonies of clones can grow up to 8 kilometres (5 mi) long. The largest such colony is Pando, in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah. A form of flowering plant that far exceeds Pando as the largest organism on Earth in area and probably also mass, is the giant marine plant, Posidonia australis, living in Shark Bay, Australia. Its length is about 180 km (112 mi) and it covers an area of 200 km2 (77 sq mi). It is also among the oldest known clonal plants. Another giant marine plant of the genus Posidonia, Posidonia oceanica discovered in the Mediterranean near the Balearic Islands, Spain may be the oldest living organism in the world, with an estimated age of 100,000 years. The largest individual flower in the world is Rafflesia arnoldii, while the flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is Amorphophallus titanum. Both are native to Sumatra in Indonesia. Green algae Green algae are photosynthetic unicellular and multicellular protists that are related to land plants. The thallus of the unicellular mermaid's wineglass, Acetabularia, can grow to several inches (perhaps 0.1 to 0.2 m) in length. The fronds of the similarly unicellular, and invasive Caulerpa taxifolia can grow up to a foot (0.3 m) long. Animals The blue whale is the largest animal alive today. Bruhathkayosaurus is potentially the largest animal to have walked the earth.This section is an excerpt from Largest and heaviest animals. Clockwise from top left: an African bush elephant, the largest extant terrestrial animal; a blue whale, the largest extant animal; and a colossal squid, the largest invertebrate The largest animal currently alive is the blue whale. The maximum recorded weight was 190 tonnes for a specimen measuring 27.6 metres (91 ft), whereas longer ones, up to 33 metres (108 ft), have been recorded but not weighed. It is estimated that this individual could have a mass of 250 tonnes or more. The longest non-colonial animal is the lion's mane jellyfish (37 m, 120 ft). In 2023, paleontologists estimated that the extinct whale Perucetus, discovered in Peru, may have outweighed the blue whale, with a mass of 85 to 340 t (94–375 short tons; 84–335 long tons). However, more recent studies suggest this whale was much smaller than previous estimates putting its weight at 60 to 113 tonnes. While controversial, estimates for the weight of the sauropod Bruhathkayosaurus suggest it was around 110–170 tons, with the highest estimate being 240 tons, if scaled with Patagotitan, although actual fossil remains no longer exist, and that estimation is based on described dimensions in 1987. In April 2024, Ichthyotitan severnensis was established as a valid shastasaurid taxon and is considered both the largest marine reptile ever discovered and the largest macropredator ever discovered. The Lilstock specimen was estimated to be around 26 metres (85 ft) whilst the Aust specimen was a even more impressive 30 to 35 metres (98 to 115 ft) in length. Whilst no weight estimates was made as of yet, Ichthyotitan would have easily rivalled or surpassed the blue whale. The upper estimates of weight for these prehistoric animals would have easily rivaled or exceeded the largest rorquals and sauropods. The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest living land animal. A native of various open habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, males weigh about 6.0 tonnes (13,200 lb) on average. The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres (13.7 ft) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder, to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft). This male had a computed weight of 10.4 to 12.25 tonnes. Fungi Armillaria ostoyaeMain article: Largest fungal fruit bodies The largest living fungus may be a honey fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae. A mushroom of this type in the Malheur National Forest in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, U.S. was found to be the largest fungal colony in the world, spanning 8.9 km2 (2,200 acres) of area. This organism is estimated to be 2,400 years old. The fungus was written about in the April 2003 issue of the Canadian Journal of Forest Research. If this colony is considered a single organism, then it is the largest known organism in the world by area, and rivals the aspen grove "Pando" as the known organism with the highest living biomass. It is not known, however, whether it is a single organism with all parts of the mycelium connected. Approximations of the land area of the Oregon "humongous fungus" are 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2) (2,240 acres (910 ha), possibly weighing as much as 35,000 tons as the world's most massive living organism. A spatial genetic analysis estimated that a specimen of Armillaria ostoyae growing over 91 acres (37 ha) in northern Michigan, United States weighs 440 tons (4 x 105 kg). In Armillaria ostoyae, each individual mushroom (the fruiting body, similar to a flower on a plant) has only a 5 cm (2.0 in) stipe, and a pileus up to 12.5 cm (4.9 in) across. There are many other fungi which produce a larger individual size mushroom. The largest known fruiting body of a fungus is a specimen of Phellinus ellipsoideus (formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea) found on Hainan Island. The fruiting body masses up to 500 kg (1,100 lb). Until P. ellipsoideus replaced it, the largest individual fruit body came from Rigidoporus ulmarius. R. ulmarius can grow up to 284 kg (626 lb), 1.66 m (5.4 ft) tall, 1.46 m (4.8 ft) across, and has a circumference of up to 4.9 m (16 ft). Lichen Umbilicaria mammulata is among the largest lichens in the world. The thallus of U. mammulata is usually 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in diameter, but specimens have been known to reach 63-centimetre (2.07 ft) in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. The longest lichen is Usnea longissima, which may grow to exceed 20 feet (6.1 m) in length. Protists Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest species of giant kelp (Note: the group Protista is not used in current taxonomy.) Amoebozoans (Amoebozoa) Among the organisms that are not multicellular, the largest are the slime molds, such as Physarum polycephalum, some of which can reach a diameter over 30 cm (12 in). These organisms are unicellular, but they are multinucleate. Euglenozoans (Euglenozoa) Some euglenophytes, such as certain species of Euglena, reach lengths of 400 μm. Rhizarians (Rhizaria) The largest species traditionally considered protozoa are giant amoeboids like foraminiferans. One such species, the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima, can attain a size of 20 cm (7.9 in). Alveolates (Alveolata) The largest ciliates, such as Spirostomum, can attain a length over 4 mm (0.16 in). Stramenopiles (Stramenopila) The largest stramenopiles are giant kelp from the northwestern Pacific. The floating stem of Macrocystis pyrifera can grow to a height of over 45 m (148 ft). Macrocystis also qualifies as the largest brown alga, the largest chromist, and the largest protist generally. Bacteria The largest known species of bacterium is named Thiomargarita magnifica, which grows to 1 cm (0.39 in) in length, making it visible to the naked eye and also about five thousand times the size of more typical bacteria. BBC News described it as possessing the "size and shape of a human eyelash." Science published a new paper on the bacterium on June 23, 2022. According to a study coauthored by Jean-Marie Volland, a marine biologist and scientist at California's Laboratory for Research in Complex Systems, and an affiliate at the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, T. magnifica can grow up to 2 centimeters long. Cyanobacteria One of the largest "blue green algae" is Lyngbya, whose filamentous cells can be 50 μm wide. Viruses A collection of viruses, including M. horridgei - the largest virus The largest virus on record is Megaklothovirus horridgei, with the length of 4 micrometres, comparable to the typical size of a bacterium and large enough to be seen in light microscopes. It was discovered in 2018 (being mistaken for bristles beforehand), having been found on an arrow worm in the genus Spadella. Prior to this discovery, the largest virus was the peculiar virus genus Pandoravirus, which have a size of approximately 1 micrometer and whose genome contains 1,900,000 to 2,500,000 base pairs of DNA. Pandoravirus infects amoebas specifically, however Megaklothovirus infects Spadella arrow worms. See also Charismatic megafauna Deep-sea gigantism Genome size Island gigantism Largest body part Largest prehistoric animals List of longest-living organisms List of heaviest land mammals List of world records held by plants List of largest inflorescences Lists of organisms by population List of longest vines Megafauna Smallest organisms Superorganism vteRecordsWorld records Category: World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Shortest Tallest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Grand Prix motorcycle racing Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics Athletics record progressions Olympic records National records Weightlifting Men 1993–1997 1998–2018 Women 1998–2018 Junior Youth In Australia National Rugby League Australian Football League In the US NBA Regular season Post-season All-Star NFL Individual Team NHL Individual Team All-Star Major League Baseball Career Season Game Major League Soccer Track and field WNBA Regular season Post-season In India Indian Super League National records Japan Palestine Philippines Thailand Motion recordsSpeed Wave Light Sound Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft Propeller-driven Transcontinental Land vehicle (propulsively-driven Wheel-driven On rails Motorcycle Production model by top speed by acceleration Production car by top speed by acceleration Power output British Water-borne vehicle Sailing Submerged Transatlantic Distance Furthest spacecraft Furthest landing on another world Furthest humans Furthest travel on another world Closest to the Sun) Furthest flight Highest altitude) Deepest ocean vehicle Endurance Space Spaceflight On another world Person Spacecraft population Aircraft Spaceflight records Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records Structures Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Superlative trees Physical phenomena Solar System extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest-living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms References Notes ^ The organism sizes listed are frequently considered "outsized" and are not in the normal size range for the respective group. 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"Colossus the enormous 'oddball' whale is not the biggest animal to ever live, scientists say". Lve Science. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (11 April 2023). "Body mass estimate of Bruhathkayosaurus and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales". Lethaia. 56 (2): 1–11. Bibcode:2023Letha..56..2.5P. doi:10.18261/let.56.2.5. ISSN 0024-1164. S2CID 259782734. ^ News Staff (11 April 2018). "Giant Triassic Ichthyosaur is One of Biggest Animals Ever | Paleontology | Sci-News.com". SciNews. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ Marshall, Michael (29 December 2022). "Largest ever animal may have been Triassic ichthyosaur super-predator". NewsScientist. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024. ^ "Why the Blue Whale Might Not Be the Largest Animal in History". World Atlas. ^ Emanuelson, Karen (2006). "Neonatal Care and Hand Rearing". 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"Faunal extinction and human habitation in New Caledonia: Initial results and implications of new research at the Pindai Caves". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 1 (1): 89–109. hdl:10289/5404. ^ Jason Daley (15 October 2018). "This humongous fungus is as massive as three blue whales: A new estimate suggests this mushroom is 2,500 years old and weighs 440 tons". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ Walker, Matt. (2011-08-01) Giant fungus discovered in China. Bbc.co.uk ^ Dai, Y. C.; Cui, B. K. (2011). "Fomitiporia ellipsoidea has the largest fruiting body among the fungi". Fungal Biology. 115 (9): 813–814. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.008. PMID 21872178. ^ Cui, Bao-Kai; Decock, Cony (2013). "Phellinus castanopsidis sp. nov (Hymenochaetaceae) from southern China, with preliminary phylogeny based on rDNA sequences". Mycological Progress. 12 (2): 341–351. Bibcode:2013MycPr..12..341C. doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0839-5. S2CID 17570036. ^ Brodo, Irwin (2001). Lichens of North America. 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ISBN 978-1-4020-6111-0. ^ Barthélémy, Roxane-Marie (8 January 2019). "Serendipitous Discovery in a Marine Invertebrate (Phylum Chaetognatha) of the Longest Giant Viruses Reported till Date". Biology. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (18 July 2013). "World's Biggest Virus May Have Ancient Roots". National Public Radio. Retrieved 18 July 2013. External links 10 of the largest living things on the planet Melissa Breyer. TreeHugger April 28, 2015 vteRecordsWorld records Category: World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Shortest Tallest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Grand Prix motorcycle racing Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics Athletics record progressions Olympic records National records Weightlifting Men 1993–1997 1998–2018 Women 1998–2018 Junior Youth In Australia National Rugby League Australian Football League In the US NBA Regular season Post-season All-Star NFL Individual Team NHL Individual Team All-Star Major League Baseball Career Season Game Major League Soccer Track and field WNBA Regular season Post-season In India Indian Super League National records Japan Palestine Philippines Thailand Motion recordsSpeed Wave Light Sound Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft Propeller-driven Transcontinental Land vehicle (propulsively-driven Wheel-driven On rails Motorcycle Production model by top speed by acceleration Production car by top speed by acceleration Power output British Water-borne vehicle Sailing Submerged Transatlantic Distance Furthest spacecraft Furthest landing on another world Furthest humans Furthest travel on another world Closest to the Sun) Furthest flight Highest altitude) Deepest ocean vehicle Endurance Space Spaceflight On another world Person Spacecraft population Aircraft Spaceflight records Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records Structures Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Superlative trees Physical phenomena Solar System extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest-living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FallPando02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)"},{"link_name":"quaking aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_tremuloides"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genome size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size"},{"link_name":"superorganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganism"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"clonal colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_colony"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)"},{"link_name":"quaking aspen tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_tremuloides"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees"},{"link_name":"giant sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_sequoia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"clonal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_colony"},{"link_name":"seagrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"Posidonia oceanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia_oceanica"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"oldest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-living_organisms"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals"},{"link_name":"marine mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whales"},{"link_name":"blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20240229-8"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals"},{"link_name":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"}],"text":"Although it appears to be multiple trees, Pando is a clonal colony of an individual quaking aspen with an interconnected root system. It is widely held to be the world's most massive single organism.This article lists the largest organisms for various types of life and mostly considers extant species,[a] which found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size. Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching 2,000 km (1,200 mi), but contains many organisms of many types of species.When considering singular entities, the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas. Pando, a clonal colony of the quaking aspen tree, is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass.[1] Even if such colonies are excluded, trees retain their dominance of this listing, with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree.[2] In 2006 a huge clonal colony of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica was discovered south of the island of Ibiza. At 8 kilometres (5 mi) across, and estimated at 100,000 years old,[3] it may be one of the largest and oldest clonal colonies on Earth.[4][5][6]Among animals, the largest species are all marine mammals, specifically whales. The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived.[7] The living land animal classification is also dominated by mammals, with the African bush elephant being the largest of these.","title":"Largest organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"giant sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_sequoia"},{"link_name":"aspen tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_tremuloides"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)"},{"link_name":"Fishlake National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishlake_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Posidonia australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia_australis"},{"link_name":"Shark Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"oldest known clonal plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms#Clonal_plant_and_fungal_colonies"},{"link_name":"Posidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia"},{"link_name":"Posidonia oceanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonia_oceanica"},{"link_name":"oldest living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_organisms"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seagrass-11"},{"link_name":"Rafflesia arnoldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Amorphophallus titanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus_titanum"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"The largest single-stem tree by wood volume and mass is the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), native to Sierra Nevada and California; it typically grows to a height of 70–85 m (230–280 ft) and 5–7 m (16–23 ft) in diameter.The largest organism in the world, according to mass, is the aspen tree whose colonies of clones can grow up to 8 kilometres (5 mi) long. The largest such colony is Pando, in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah.A form of flowering plant that far exceeds Pando as the largest organism on Earth in area and probably also mass, is the giant marine plant, Posidonia australis, living in Shark Bay, Australia. Its length is about 180 km (112 mi) and it covers an area of 200 km2 (77 sq mi).[8][9] It is also among the oldest known clonal plants.Another giant marine plant of the genus Posidonia, Posidonia oceanica discovered in the Mediterranean near the Balearic Islands, Spain may be the oldest living organism in the world, with an estimated age of 100,000 years.[10]The largest individual flower in the world is Rafflesia arnoldii, while the flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is Amorphophallus titanum. Both are native to Sumatra in Indonesia.","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"protists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist"},{"link_name":"thallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallus"},{"link_name":"Acetabularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabularia"},{"link_name":"Caulerpa taxifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa_taxifolia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Green algae","text":"Green algae are photosynthetic unicellular and multicellular protists that are related to land plants. The thallus of the unicellular mermaid's wineglass, Acetabularia, can grow to several inches (perhaps 0.1 to 0.2 m) in length. The fronds of the similarly unicellular, and invasive Caulerpa taxifolia can grow up to a foot (0.3 m) long.[citation needed]","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruhathkayosaurus_matleyi_updated.png"},{"link_name":"Bruhathkayosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus"},{"link_name":"Largest and heaviest animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_and_heaviest_animals"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largest_and_heaviest_animals&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossal_squid_at_Te_Papa.jpg"},{"link_name":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"colossal squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossal_squid"},{"link_name":"largest animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_and_heaviest_animals"},{"link_name":"blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_Wood-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"colonial animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_animal"},{"link_name":"lion's mane jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion%27s_mane_jellyfish"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Perucetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perucetus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_BianucciEtAl-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod"},{"link_name":"Bruhathkayosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus"},{"link_name":"Patagotitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagotitan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_Bruhathkayosaurus2023-21"},{"link_name":"Ichthyotitan severnensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyotitan_severnensis"},{"link_name":"shastasaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastasaurid"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_SciNews2018-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_NewsScientist-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Largest_and_heaviest_animals_Wood-12"}],"text":"The blue whale is the largest animal alive today.Bruhathkayosaurus is potentially the largest animal to have walked the earth.This section is an excerpt from Largest and heaviest animals.[edit]\nClockwise from top left: an African bush elephant, the largest extant terrestrial animal; a blue whale, the largest extant animal; and a colossal squid, the largest invertebrate\nThe largest animal currently alive is the blue whale. The maximum recorded weight was 190 tonnes for a specimen measuring 27.6 metres (91 ft), whereas longer ones, up to 33 metres (108 ft), have been recorded but not weighed.[11][12][13] It is estimated that this individual could have a mass of 250 tonnes or more.[14][15][16] The longest non-colonial animal is the lion's mane jellyfish (37 m, 120 ft).[17]\nIn 2023, paleontologists estimated that the extinct whale Perucetus, discovered in Peru, may have outweighed the blue whale, with a mass of 85 to 340 t (94–375 short tons; 84–335 long tons).[18] However, more recent studies suggest this whale was much smaller than previous estimates putting its weight at 60 to 113 tonnes.[19] While controversial, estimates for the weight of the sauropod Bruhathkayosaurus suggest it was around 110–170 tons, with the highest estimate being 240 tons, if scaled with Patagotitan, although actual fossil remains no longer exist, and that estimation is based on described dimensions in 1987.[20] In April 2024, Ichthyotitan severnensis was established as a valid shastasaurid taxon and is considered both the largest marine reptile ever discovered and the largest macropredator ever discovered. The Lilstock specimen was estimated to be around 26 metres (85 ft) whilst the Aust specimen was a even more impressive 30 to 35 metres (98 to 115 ft) in length. Whilst no weight estimates was made as of yet, Ichthyotitan would have easily rivalled or surpassed the blue whale.[21][22] The upper estimates of weight for these prehistoric animals would have easily rivaled or exceeded the largest rorquals and sauropods.[23] \n\nThe African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest living land animal. A native of various open habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, males weigh about 6.0 tonnes (13,200 lb) on average.[24] The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres (13.7 ft) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder, to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft). This male had a computed weight of 10.4 to 12.25 tonnes.[11]","title":"Animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armillaria_ostoyae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armillaria ostoyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_ostoyae"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"honey fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_fungus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amarilla-26"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Armillaria ostoyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_ostoyae"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCfungus-27"},{"link_name":"Malheur National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCfungus-29"},{"link_name":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Forest_Research"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCfungus-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patton-30"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daley-32"},{"link_name":"Armillaria ostoyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_ostoyae"},{"link_name":"Phellinus ellipsoideus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellinus_ellipsoideus"},{"link_name":"Hainan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Island"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCFungalFruitingBody-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScienceFruitingBody-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Rigidoporus ulmarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidoporus_ulmarius"}],"text":"Armillaria ostoyaeThe largest living fungus may be a honey fungus[25] of the species Armillaria ostoyae.[26]\nA mushroom of this type in the Malheur National Forest in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, U.S. was found to be the largest fungal colony in the world, spanning 8.9 km2 (2,200 acres) of area.[27][28] This organism is estimated to be 2,400 years old. The fungus was written about in the April 2003 issue of the Canadian Journal of Forest Research. If this colony is considered a single organism, then it is the largest known organism in the world by area, and rivals the aspen grove \"Pando\" as the known organism with the highest living biomass. It is not known, however, whether it is a single organism with all parts of the mycelium connected.[28] Approximations of the land area of the Oregon \"humongous fungus\" are 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2) (2,240 acres (910 ha), possibly weighing as much as 35,000 tons as the world's most massive living organism.[29]A spatial genetic analysis estimated that a specimen of Armillaria ostoyae growing over 91 acres (37 ha) in northern Michigan, United States weighs 440 tons (4 x 105 kg).[30][31]In Armillaria ostoyae, each individual mushroom (the fruiting body, similar to a flower on a plant) has only a 5 cm (2.0 in) stipe, and a pileus up to 12.5 cm (4.9 in) across. There are many other fungi which produce a larger individual size mushroom. The largest known fruiting body of a fungus is a specimen of Phellinus ellipsoideus (formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea) found on Hainan Island.[32] The fruiting body masses up to 500 kg (1,100 lb).[33][34]Until P. ellipsoideus replaced it, the largest individual fruit body came from Rigidoporus ulmarius. R. ulmarius can grow up to 284 kg (626 lb), 1.66 m (5.4 ft) tall, 1.46 m (4.8 ft) across, and has a circumference of up to 4.9 m (16 ft).","title":"Fungi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umbilicaria mammulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicaria_mammulata"},{"link_name":"thallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallus"},{"link_name":"Smoky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brodo-36"},{"link_name":"Usnea longissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea_longissima"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Lichen","text":"Umbilicaria mammulata is among the largest lichens in the world. The thallus of U. mammulata is usually 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in diameter, but specimens have been known to reach 63-centimetre (2.07 ft) in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee.[35]The longest lichen is Usnea longissima, which may grow to exceed 20 feet (6.1 m) in length.[36]","title":"Fungi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giantkelp2_300.jpg"},{"link_name":"Macrocystis pyrifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocystis_pyrifera"},{"link_name":"Protista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista"}],"text":"Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest species of giant kelp(Note: the group Protista is not used in current taxonomy.)","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular"},{"link_name":"slime molds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold"},{"link_name":"Physarum polycephalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physarum_polycephalum"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"unicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular"},{"link_name":"multinucleate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinucleate"}],"sub_title":"Amoebozoans (Amoebozoa)","text":"Among the organisms that are not multicellular, the largest are the slime molds, such as Physarum polycephalum, some of which can reach a diameter over 30 cm (12 in).[37] These organisms are unicellular, but they are multinucleate.","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"euglenophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglenophyte"},{"link_name":"Euglena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtistServer-39"}],"sub_title":"Euglenozoans (Euglenozoa)","text":"Some euglenophytes, such as certain species of Euglena, reach lengths of 400 μm.[38]","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa"},{"link_name":"amoeboids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeboid"},{"link_name":"foraminiferans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera"},{"link_name":"xenophyophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophyophore"},{"link_name":"Syringammina fragilissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringammina_fragilissima"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Rhizarians (Rhizaria)","text":"The largest species traditionally considered protozoa are giant amoeboids like foraminiferans. One such species, the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima, can attain a size of 20 cm (7.9 in).[39]","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ciliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate"},{"link_name":"Spirostomum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirostomum"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Alveolates (Alveolata)","text":"The largest ciliates, such as Spirostomum, can attain a length over 4 mm (0.16 in).[40]","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stramenopiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramenopiles"},{"link_name":"giant kelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_kelp"},{"link_name":"Macrocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocystis"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"brown alga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga"},{"link_name":"chromist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromist"}],"sub_title":"Stramenopiles (Stramenopila)","text":"The largest stramenopiles are giant kelp from the northwestern Pacific. The floating stem of Macrocystis pyrifera can grow to a height of over 45 m (148 ft).[41][42]\nMacrocystis also qualifies as the largest brown alga, the largest chromist, and the largest protist generally.","title":"Protists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"Thiomargarita magnifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita_magnifica"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science1-45"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"eyelash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelash"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"blue green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"Lyngbya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stal2007-49"}],"text":"The largest known species of bacterium is named Thiomargarita magnifica, which grows to 1 cm (0.39 in) in length,[43] making it visible to the naked eye and also about five thousand times the size of more typical bacteria.[44] BBC News described it as possessing the \"size and shape of a human eyelash.\"[45] Science published a new paper on the bacterium on June 23, 2022.[46] According to a study coauthored by Jean-Marie Volland, a marine biologist and scientist at California's Laboratory for Research in Complex Systems, and an affiliate at the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, T. magnifica can grow up to 2 centimeters long.[47]CyanobacteriaOne of the largest \"blue green algae\" is Lyngbya, whose filamentous cells can be 50 μm wide.[48]","title":"Bacteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_(HIV)_and_bacteria_(E._coli).tif"},{"link_name":"Megaklothovirus horridgei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megaklothovirus_horridgei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"arrow worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha"},{"link_name":"Spadella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadella"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Pandoravirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus"},{"link_name":"micrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brumfiel-51"},{"link_name":"Pandoravirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus"},{"link_name":"amoebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebas"},{"link_name":"Megaklothovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megaklothovirus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spadella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadella"},{"link_name":"arrow worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha"}],"text":"A collection of viruses, including M. horridgei - the largest virusThe largest virus on record is Megaklothovirus horridgei, with the length of 4 micrometres, comparable to the typical size of a bacterium and large enough to be seen in light microscopes. It was discovered in 2018 (being mistaken for bristles beforehand), having been found on an arrow worm in the genus Spadella.[49] Prior to this discovery, the largest virus was the peculiar virus genus Pandoravirus, which have a size of approximately 1 micrometer and whose genome contains 1,900,000 to 2,500,000 base pairs of DNA.[50]Pandoravirus infects amoebas specifically, however Megaklothovirus infects Spadella arrow worms.","title":"Viruses"}]
[{"image_text":"Although it appears to be multiple trees, Pando is a clonal colony of an individual quaking aspen with an interconnected root system. It is widely held to be the world's most massive single organism.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FallPando02.jpg/300px-FallPando02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The blue whale is the largest animal alive today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/284px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bruhathkayosaurus is potentially the largest animal to have walked the earth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bruhathkayosaurus_matleyi_updated.png/260px-Bruhathkayosaurus_matleyi_updated.png"},{"image_text":"Armillaria ostoyae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Armillaria_ostoyae.jpg/315px-Armillaria_ostoyae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest species of giant kelp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Giantkelp2_300.jpg/283px-Giantkelp2_300.jpg"},{"image_text":"A collection of viruses, including M. horridgei - the largest virus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Charismatic megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_megafauna"},{"title":"Deep-sea gigantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_gigantism"},{"title":"Genome size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size"},{"title":"Island gigantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_gigantism"},{"title":"Largest body part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_body_part"},{"title":"Largest prehistoric animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_prehistoric_animals"},{"title":"List of longest-living organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms"},{"title":"List of heaviest land mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heaviest_land_mammals"},{"title":"List of world records held by plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_held_by_plants"},{"title":"List of largest inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_inflorescences"},{"title":"Lists of organisms by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population"},{"title":"List of longest vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_vines"},{"title":"Megafauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna"},{"title":"Smallest organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallest_organisms"},{"title":"Superorganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganism"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Records"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Records"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Records"},{"title":"Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record"},{"title":"World records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record"},{"title":"Category: World records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_records"},{"title":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"title":"Limca Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limca_Book_of_Records"},{"title":"Heaviest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heaviest_people"},{"title":"Oldest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_people"},{"title":"Shortest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_verified_shortest_people"},{"title":"Tallest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_people"},{"title":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess"},{"title":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first-class_cricket_records"},{"title":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_records"},{"title":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_records"},{"title":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Twenty20_International_records"},{"title":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cycling_records"},{"title":"FIBA Basketball World Cup records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_records"},{"title":"FIFA World Cup records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"constructors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructor_records"},{"title":"drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records"},{"title":"Grand Prix motorcycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_rider_records"},{"title":"Juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling_world_records"},{"title":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Rally_Championship_records"},{"title":"Speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_speed_skating"},{"title":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Judging_System#World_records"},{"title":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming"},{"title":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics"},{"title":"Athletics record progressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_record_progressions"},{"title":"Olympic records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_athletics"},{"title":"National records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_records_in_athletics"},{"title":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting"},{"title":"1993–1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting_(1993%E2%80%931997)"},{"title":"1998–2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting_(1998%E2%80%932018)"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_women%27s_weightlifting"},{"title":"1998–2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_women%27s_weightlifting_(1998%E2%80%932018)"},{"title":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_junior_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting"},{"title":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youth_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting"},{"title":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Rugby_League_records"},{"title":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_records"},{"title":"Regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_regular_season_records"},{"title":"Post-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_post-season_records"},{"title":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_All-Star_Game_records"},{"title":"Individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_records_(individual)"},{"title":"Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_records_(team)"},{"title":"Individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_records_(individual)"},{"title":"Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_records_(team)"},{"title":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_All-Star_Game_records"},{"title":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_records_considered_unbreakable"},{"title":"Career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_records"},{"title":"Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-season_records"},{"title":"Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_records"},{"title":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"Track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_track_and_field"},{"title":"Regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WNBA_regular_season_records"},{"title":"Post-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WNBA_post-season_records"},{"title":"Indian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Super_League_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_records_of_Japan"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_records"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_records_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_records_of_Thailand"},{"title":"Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"title":"Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier"},{"title":"Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records"},{"title":"Spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records#Spacecraft"},{"title":"Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record"},{"title":"Propeller-driven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastest_propeller-driven_aircraft"},{"title":"Transcontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_flight"},{"title":"Land 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vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_speed_record"},{"title":"Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_sailing_record"},{"title":"Submerged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_speed_record"},{"title":"Transatlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Riband"},{"title":"Furthest spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1"},{"title":"Furthest landing on another world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)"},{"title":"Furthest humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13"},{"title":"Furthest travel on another world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)"},{"title":"Closest to the Sun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe"},{"title":"Furthest flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_distance_record"},{"title":"Highest altitude)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_altitude_record"},{"title":"Deepest ocean 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[{"reference":"Mihai, Andrei (9 February 2015). \"The Heaviest Living Organism in the World\". ZME Science. Retrieved 10 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zmescience.com/other/science-abc/heaviest-organism-pando-aspen/","url_text":"\"The Heaviest Living Organism in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Giant Sequoia National Monument\". Sequoia National Forest. United States Department of Agriculture - Forest service. Retrieved 10 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/sequoia/home/?cid=stelprdb5394941","url_text":"\"The Giant Sequoia National Monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portuguese scientists discover world's oldest living organism\". www.theportugalnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/view/1152-20","url_text":"\"Portuguese scientists discover world's oldest living organism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant\". Ibiza Spotlight. 28 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 August 2006. 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By palaeozoologist on DeviantArt\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853","external_links_name":"\"Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.715","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.715"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853","external_links_name":"4304853"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25649000","external_links_name":"25649000"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06381-1","external_links_name":"\"A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.620..824B","external_links_name":"2023Natur.620..824B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06381-1","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41586-023-06381-1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37532931","external_links_name":"37532931"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260433513","external_links_name":"260433513"},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/animals/extinct-species/colossus-the-enormous-oddball-whale-is-not-the-biggest-animal-to-ever-live-scientists-say","external_links_name":"\"Colossus the enormous 'oddball' whale is not the biggest animal to ever live, scientists say\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Letha..56..2.5P","external_links_name":"2023Letha..56..2.5P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18261%2Flet.56.2.5","external_links_name":"10.18261/let.56.2.5"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-1164","external_links_name":"0024-1164"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259782734","external_links_name":"259782734"},{"Link":"https://www.sci.news/paleontology/giant-triassic-ichthyosaur-05901.html","external_links_name":"\"Giant Triassic Ichthyosaur is One of Biggest Animals Ever | Paleontology | Sci-News.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240420161626/https://www.sci.news/paleontology/giant-triassic-ichthyosaur-05901.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634180-900-largest-ever-animal-may-have-been-triassic-ichthyosaur-super-predator/","external_links_name":"\"Largest ever animal may have been Triassic ichthyosaur super-predator\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240418073048/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634180-900-largest-ever-animal-may-have-been-triassic-ichthyosaur-super-predator/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldatlas.com/animals/why-the-blue-whale-might-not-be-the-largest-animal-in-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Why the Blue Whale Might Not Be the Largest Animal in History\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470344484.ch16","external_links_name":"10.1002/9780470344484.ch16"},{"Link":"http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/apr2002.html","external_links_name":"\"Armillaria gallica, the humongous fungus humungus. 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Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for April 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm","external_links_name":"\"Environment & Nature News - Humungous fungus: world's largest organism? - 10/04/2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/oregon-humongous-fungus/","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Humongous Fungus Sets Record As Largest Single Living Organism On Earth (7 minute documentary video)\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10289%2F5404","external_links_name":"10289/5404"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mushroom-massive-three-blue-whales-180970549/","external_links_name":"\"This humongous fungus is as massive as three blue whales: A new estimate suggests this mushroom is 2,500 years old and weighs 440 tons\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14294283","external_links_name":"Giant fungus discovered in China"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.06.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.008"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21872178","external_links_name":"21872178"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MycPr..12..341C","external_links_name":"2013MycPr..12..341C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11557-012-0839-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11557-012-0839-5"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17570036","external_links_name":"17570036"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120503045319/https://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Ulongissima.html","external_links_name":"\"Usnea longissima\""},{"Link":"https://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Ulongissima.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm","external_links_name":"Slime Mold Photos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630192009/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Mastigophora/Euglena/gigas/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Protist Images: Euglena gigas\""},{"Link":"https://www.deepseanews.com/2008/10/the-27-best-deep-sea-species-22-xenophyophores/","external_links_name":"\"The 27 Best Deep-Sea Species: #22 Xenophyophores | Deep Sea News\""},{"Link":"http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct98/spiro.html","external_links_name":"\"Micscape Microscopy and Microscope Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover.html","external_links_name":"\"Discover\""},{"Link":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/giant-kelp","external_links_name":"\"Giant kelp\""},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2325909-largest-known-bacteria-in-the-world-are-visible-to-the-naked-eye/","external_links_name":"\"Largest known bacteria in the world are visible to the naked eye\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/largest-bacterium-ever-discovered-has-unexpectedly-complex-cells","external_links_name":"\"Largest bacterium ever discovered has unexpectedly complex cells\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61911817","external_links_name":"\"Record bacterium discovered as long as human eyelash\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb3634","external_links_name":"\"A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...376.1453V","external_links_name":"2022Sci...376.1453V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abb3634","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.abb3634"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35737788","external_links_name":"35737788"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249990020","external_links_name":"249990020"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/23/world/worlds-largest-bacteria-magnifica-intl-scli-scn/index.html","external_links_name":"\"World's largest bacterium discovered is the size of a human eyelash\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/algaecyanobacter0000unse/page/659","external_links_name":"Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/algaecyanobacter0000unse/page/659","external_links_name":"659–680 (666)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6112-7_36","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7_36"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/07/18/203298244/worlds-biggest-virus-may-have-ancient-roots","external_links_name":"\"World's Biggest Virus May Have Ancient Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.treehugger.com/slideshows/natural-sciences/10-largest-living-things-organisms-planet/","external_links_name":"10 of the largest living things on the planet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine:_Inside_the_Secret_World_of_the_Supreme_Court
The Nine (book)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Book by Jeffrey Toobin The cover of the book The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court is a 2007 non-fiction book by legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin. Based in part on exclusive interviews with the justices and former law clerks, Toobin profiles the justices of the United States Supreme Court, the functioning of that institution, and how it has changed over the years. The book covers the years from 1994 to 2005. Publishers Weekly wrote of the book, "Toobin paints not a conservative revolution but a period of intractable moderation. The real power, he argues, belonged to supreme swing-voter Sandra Day O'Connor, who decided important cases with what Toobin sees as an almost primal attunement to a middle-of-the-road public consensus. By contrast, he contends, conservative justices William Rehnquist and Antonin Scalia ended up bitter old men, their rigorous constitutional doctrines made irrelevant by the moderates' compromises." The book spent four months on the New York Times bestseller list. References ^ "Jeffrey Toobin's the Nine—Part 2". National Review. 24 September 2007. ^ "Legal journalist Jeffrey Toobin to speak at Connecticut College May 30" (Press release). Connecticut College. May 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26. External links New York Times review by David Margolick The Nine at Amazon.com This article about a book on politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)
Eupheme (deity)
["1 Notes","2 References"]
Daughter of Hephaestus in Orphic literature This article is about the Greek deity. For the moon of Jupiter, see Eupheme (moon). In Orphic literature, Eupheme (/juːˈfiːmiː/) was one of the daughters of Hephaestus and Aglaea, alongside Euthenia, Eucleia, and Philophrosyne. Along with her sisters, she was regarded as a member of the younger Charites. Notes ^ RE, s.v. Eupheme 2; Delcourt, p. 47; Orphic fr. 182 Kern, p. 213. References Delcourt, Marie, Héphaistos ou la légende du magicien, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1957. Kern, Otto, Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922. Internet Archive. vteAncient Greek deitiesPrimordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Phanes Pontus Tartarus Uranus TitansTitans (male) Coeus Crius Kronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Titanides (female) Dione Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Children of Hyperion Eos Helios Selene Children of Coeus Asteria Leto Children of Crius Astraeus Pallas Perses Children of Iapetus Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Olympian deitiesTwelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Olympian Gods Asclepius Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Muses Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Boeotian Muses Aoide Melete Mneme Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites (Graces) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae (Hours) Dike Eirene Eunomia Children of Styx Bia Kratos Nike Zelus Water deitiesSea deities Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calliste Calypso Ceto Eurybia Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Old Man of the Sea Phorcys Pontus Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thalassa Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Amalthea Asia Callirhoe Ceto Clymene (consort of Helios) Clymene (wife of Iapetus) Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia (consort of Apollo) Melia (consort of Inachus) Metis Perse Philyra Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Theia Zeuxo Nereids Amatheia Amphithoe Amphitrite Arethusa Cymatolege Cymo Dynamene Galatea Galene Protomedeia Psamathe Sao Spio Thalia Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapus Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Cleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deitiesTheoi Chthonioi Angelos Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes (Furies) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Aeacus Minos Orpheus Rhadamanthus Triptolemus Trophonius PersonificationsChildren of Eris Algos Amphillogiai The Androktasiai Atë Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Logoi Limos Machai Neikea Phonoi Ponos Pseudea Children of Nyx Apate Eleos Eris Geras Hesperides Hypnos The Keres The Moirai Atropos Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Nemesis Oizys The Oneiroi Philotes Thanatos Children of Phorcys Echidna The Graeae Deino Enyo Pemphredo The Gorgons Medusa Stheno and Euryale The Sirenes Aglaopheme Leucosia Ligeia Molpe Parthenope Peisinoe Thelxiepeia Children of Thaumas Arke The Harpies Aello Celaeno Ocypete Podarge Iris Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Astraea Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Pothos Ersa Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus The Litae Peitho Phobos Tyche Others Achlys Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Chrysus Eiresione Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Phrike Phthonus Poine Polemos Poros Praxidice Proioxis Prophasis Soter Soteria Thrasos Other deitiesSky The Anemoi Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus The Astra Planeti Stilbon Hesperus Phosphorus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Astrape and Bronte Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Sirius Tritopatores Agriculture Aphaea Demeter Despoina Eunostus Opora Philomelus Plutus Health Asclepius Aceso Darrhon Epione Iaso Hygieia Paean Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna Agdistis The Alseids Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis The Auloniads Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Cyllene Echo Helice Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Enodia Circe Enyalius Palaestra Pasiphaë Sosipolis This article relating to a Greek deity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Crown_Court
Newcastle Law Courts
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°58′12″N 1°36′12″W / 54.9699°N 1.6034°W / 54.9699; -1.6034Judicial building in Newcastle upon Tyne, England Newcastle Law CourtsNewcastle Law CourtsLocationQuayside, Newcastle upon TyneCoordinates54°58′12″N 1°36′12″W / 54.9699°N 1.6034°W / 54.9699; -1.6034Built1990ArchitectNapper CollertonArchitectural style(s)Modernist styleShown in Tyne and Wear The Newcastle Law Courts is a Crown Court venue, which deals with criminal cases, as well as a magistrates' court venue, on the Quayside in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. History Until the 1980s, all Crown Court cases were heard in the Moot Hall at Castle Garth. However, as the number of court cases in Newcastle upon Tyne grew, it became necessary to commission a more modern courthouse for criminal matters: the site selected by the Lord Chancellor's Department had been occupied by some dilapidated shops and warehouses and formed part of a larger development by Tyne and Wear Development Corporation to re-develop the East Quayside area. Construction on the new building commenced in 1984. It was designed by local architects, Napper Collerton, in the modern style, built by John Laing Construction in red sandstone from Dumfriesshire at a cost of £17.1 million, and was completed in 1990. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of nine bays facing on to the Quayside. The central bay, which was projected forward, was formed by a full-height glass atrium with a curved roof. The wings featured twelve full-height columns supporting a gallery. The rear elevation featured a series of oculi intended to recall nautical portholes. Internally, the building was laid out to accommodate 17 courtrooms. Notable cases heard at the crown court include the trial and conviction of the nurse, Colin Norris, in March 2008, for the murder of four elderly patients and the attempted murder of another in two hospitals in Leeds, the trial and conviction of Yusuf Jama, in December 2006, and of Mustaf Jama, in July 2009, for the murder of Sharon Beshenivsky, and the trial and conviction of Carl Beech, in July 2019, following a police investigation into false allegations of historic child abuse, on charges of perverting the course of justice, fraud and child sex abuse. References ^ Historic England. "Moot Hall (1116297)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ Ritson, Darren W. (2012). Newcastle East Through Time. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445629681. ^ "Ordnance Survey Map". 1900. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "So how far has the City evolved to become the "Brasilia" of the north?". The Journal. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Law Courts, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK". Manchester History. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Capital Building Programme". Hansard. 26 January 1996. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ "An exterior view of the recently completed Newcastle Law Courts from north-west on Broad Chare". Historic England. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Newcastle Law Courts". Napper Architects. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ Mulcahy, Linda; Rowden, Emma (2019). The Democratic Courthouse: A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0429558689. ^ "Newcastle". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Killer nurse must serve 30 years". BBC News. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Nurse sentenced for Leeds murders". RTÉ. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "The shocking killing of rookie Bradford policewoman Sharon Beshenivsky, gunned down outside a travel agent". Examiner Live. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Man guilty of Beshenivsky murder". BBC News. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Carl Beech: Liar, fraudster and paedophile". BBC News. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Carl Beech, VIP paedophile ring accuser, jailed for 18 years". The Guardian. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Carl Beech: Ex-nurse found guilty of inventing murderous VIP Westminster paedophile ring". The Evening Standard. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2023. External links Court information
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"Quayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quayside"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"}],"text":"Judicial building in Newcastle upon Tyne, EnglandThe Newcastle Law Courts is a Crown Court venue, which deals with criminal cases, as well as a magistrates' court venue, on the Quayside in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.","title":"Newcastle Law Courts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moot Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_Hall,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor%27s_Department"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"modern style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"John Laing Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laing_Group"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Dumfriesshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"oculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"portholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthole"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Colin Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Norris"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"murder of Sharon Beshenivsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Sharon_Beshenivsky"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"police investigation into false allegations of historic child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Midland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Until the 1980s, all Crown Court cases were heard in the Moot Hall at Castle Garth.[1] However, as the number of court cases in Newcastle upon Tyne grew, it became necessary to commission a more modern courthouse for criminal matters: the site selected by the Lord Chancellor's Department had been occupied by some dilapidated shops and warehouses and formed part of a larger development by Tyne and Wear Development Corporation to re-develop the East Quayside area.[2][3][4]Construction on the new building commenced in 1984.[5] It was designed by local architects, Napper Collerton, in the modern style, built by John Laing Construction in red sandstone from Dumfriesshire at a cost of £17.1 million,[6] and was completed in 1990.[7][8][9] The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of nine bays facing on to the Quayside. The central bay, which was projected forward, was formed by a full-height glass atrium with a curved roof. The wings featured twelve full-height columns supporting a gallery. The rear elevation featured a series of oculi intended to recall nautical portholes. Internally, the building was laid out to accommodate 17 courtrooms.[10]Notable cases heard at the crown court include the trial and conviction of the nurse, Colin Norris, in March 2008, for the murder of four elderly patients and the attempted murder of another in two hospitals in Leeds,[11][12] the trial and conviction of Yusuf Jama, in December 2006, and of Mustaf Jama, in July 2009, for the murder of Sharon Beshenivsky,[13][14] and the trial and conviction of Carl Beech, in July 2019, following a police investigation into false allegations of historic child abuse, on charges of perverting the course of justice, fraud and child sex abuse.[15][16][17]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1996-01-26/debates/24326606-27f4-4596-af08-e5c5019ec7e6/CapitalBuildingProgramme","url_text":"\"Capital Building Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"An exterior view of the recently completed Newcastle Law Courts from north-west on Broad Chare\". Historic England. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/JLP01/10/46464","url_text":"\"An exterior view of the recently completed Newcastle Law Courts from north-west on Broad Chare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle Law Courts\". Napper Architects. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napperarchitects.co.uk/newcastle-law-courts/","url_text":"\"Newcastle Law Courts\""}]},{"reference":"Mulcahy, Linda; Rowden, Emma (2019). The Democratic Courthouse: A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0429558689.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jUi8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135","url_text":"The Democratic Courthouse: A Modern History of Design, Due Process and Dignity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429558689","url_text":"978-0429558689"}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle\". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://xhibit.justice.gov.uk/newcastle-upon-tyne.htm","url_text":"\"Newcastle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killer nurse must serve 30 years\". BBC News. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7276700.stm","url_text":"\"Killer nurse must serve 30 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Nurse sentenced for Leeds murders\". RTÉ. 4 March 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treddy_Ketcham
Treddy Ketcham
["1 Life","2 Recognition","2.1 Navy Cross citation","3 References"]
Treddy KetchamBirth nameWilliam Tredwell Ketcham, Jr.Nickname(s)TreddyBorn(1919-08-06)August 6, 1919Cedarhurst, Long Island, New YorkDiedJuly 18, 2006(2006-07-18) (aged 86)Lawrence, Long Island, New YorkAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branch U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve)Years of service1941–1946Unit3rd Battalion 24th MarinesBattles/warsWorld War II Battle of Iwo Jima AwardsNavy CrossPurple HeartFour Freedoms AwardOther workSports director William Tredwell "Treddy" Ketcham, Jr. (August 6, 1919 – July 18, 2006) was a United States Marine Corps officer in World War II and a sports director in tennis and squash afterwards. Life At the beginning of 1945, he commanded the 1st Company 3rd Battalion of the 24th Regiment of the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific War. During the Battle of Iwo Jima he was wounded by a bullet in his arm and shrapnel in his leg. Despite his wounds and loss of blood he refused to be evacuated. With the risk of losing his own life, he led his troops off the strand and launched a successful counterattack against some twenty Japanese soldiers that had been firing upon them. After the war he graduated from Yale Law School, and worked for the American Secretary of State in London, as a special assistant to the chairman of NATO. Upon returning to New York City he served for the law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell. He was subsequently hired as a special counsel for IBM until his pension in 1984. Outside his career, Ketcham was a passionate tennis and squash player. For these sports he worked on the highest administrative ranks. As such he was president of the United States Squash Racquets Association, and for many years director of the International Lawn Tennis Club (USIC). He donated money to fund the Yale Squash Center which was named for him. The Treddy Ketcham Yale Club Invitational tournament is held there each year. Ketcham also served as a long-standing president of the Rockaway Hunting Club, which included golf, tennis and squash as major activities. Next to that he participated in many other boards, like the Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York (President), the Riot Relief Fund and the Society of Colonial Wars of the state of New York (Governor). Ketcham was from an old New York family. He was a direct descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt. He died on July 18, 2006, in Lawrence (Long Island). Recognition For his heroic action at Iwo Jima Beach at the beginning of 1945 he was distinguished with the Navy Cross. Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary marine at the presentation of the Freedom medal as well as in the category of Freedom from fear of the Four Freedoms Awards. Navy Cross citation The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to William T. Ketcham, Jr. (0-9679), Captain, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve), for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of Company I, Third Battalion, Twenty- Fourth Marines, FOURTH Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 24 February 1945. Although suffering from a bullet wound in the arm and a shrapnel wound in the leg which he received while directing an attack against a heavily fortified position, Captain Ketcham refused to be evacuated and, despite the shock and the loss of blood from his wounds, returned to his company and led another attack against this well-defended position. Moving to a rocky crest forward of his right flank platoon in the face of heavy mortar and small-arms fire, he directed accurate 60-mm. mortar and artillery fire on four pillboxes and, after destroying these, moved his company on to commanding ground, reorganized and successfully repulsed a counterattack of some twenty Japanese. His skill, initiative and courageous devotion to duty in the face of enemy fire were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. References Home of Heroes, Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross To U.S. Marines - World War II New York Times (July 19, 2006) Paid Notice: Deaths - Ketcham, William Tredwell Jr. ^ Home of Heroes, Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross To U.S. Marines - World War II ^ Roosevelt Institute, list of winners of the Four Freedoms Awards Archived 2015-03-25 at the Wayback Machine http://www.jamestownpress.com/news/2006-03-23/Obituaries/025.html
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)"}],"text":"William Tredwell \"Treddy\" Ketcham, Jr. (August 6, 1919 – July 18, 2006) was a United States Marine Corps officer in World War II and a sports director in tennis and squash afterwards.","title":"Treddy Ketcham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Davis Polk & Wardwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Polk_%26_Wardwell"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"United States Squash Racquets Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Squash_Racquets_Association"},{"link_name":"International Lawn Tennis Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Lawn_Tennis_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yale Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Club"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Hunting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Hunting_Club"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Society_in_the_City_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Riot Relief Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riot_Relief_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Society of Colonial Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Colonial_Wars"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"}],"text":"At the beginning of 1945, he commanded the 1st Company 3rd Battalion of the 24th Regiment of the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific War. During the Battle of Iwo Jima he was wounded by a bullet in his arm and shrapnel in his leg. Despite his wounds and loss of blood he refused to be evacuated. With the risk of losing his own life, he led his troops off the strand and launched a successful counterattack against some twenty Japanese soldiers that had been firing upon them.After the war he graduated from Yale Law School, and worked for the American Secretary of State in London, as a special assistant to the chairman of NATO. Upon returning to New York City he served for the law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell. He was subsequently hired as a special counsel for IBM until his pension in 1984.Outside his career, Ketcham was a passionate tennis and squash player. For these sports he worked on the highest administrative ranks. As such he was president of the United States Squash Racquets Association, and for many years director of the International Lawn Tennis Club (USIC).He donated money to fund the Yale Squash Center which was named for him. The Treddy Ketcham Yale Club Invitational tournament is held there each year.Ketcham also served as a long-standing president of the Rockaway Hunting Club, which included golf, tennis and squash as major activities. Next to that he participated in many other boards, like the Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York (President), the Riot Relief Fund and the Society of Colonial Wars of the state of New York (Governor). Ketcham was from an old New York family. He was a direct descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt.He died on July 18, 2006, in Lawrence (Long Island).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Freedom medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award#Freedom_Medal"},{"link_name":"Freedom from fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_fear"},{"link_name":"Four Freedoms Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For his heroic action at Iwo Jima Beach at the beginning of 1945 he was distinguished with the Navy Cross.[1] Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary marine at the presentation of the Freedom medal as well as in the category of Freedom from fear of the Four Freedoms Awards.[2]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Service"}],"sub_title":"Navy Cross citation","text":"The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to William T. Ketcham, Jr. (0-9679), Captain, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve), for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of Company I, Third Battalion, Twenty- Fourth Marines, FOURTH Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 24 February 1945. Although suffering from a bullet wound in the arm and a shrapnel wound in the leg which he received while directing an attack against a heavily fortified position, Captain Ketcham refused to be evacuated and, despite the shock and the loss of blood from his wounds, returned to his company and led another attack against this well-defended position. Moving to a rocky crest forward of his right flank platoon in the face of heavy mortar and small-arms fire, he directed accurate 60-mm. mortar and artillery fire on four pillboxes and, after destroying these, moved his company on to commanding ground, reorganized and successfully repulsed a counterattack of some twenty Japanese. His skill, initiative and courageous devotion to duty in the face of enemy fire were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.","title":"Recognition"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Navycross.jpg/65px-Navycross.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_9th_congressional_district
South Carolina's 9th congressional district
["1 List of members representing the district","2 References"]
Obsolete congressional district South Carolina's 9th congressional districtObsolete districtCreated1810Eliminated1840Years active1813–1843 South Carolina's 9th congressional district was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in South Carolina. It was created in 1813 as a result of the 1810 census and eliminated in 1843 as a result of the 1840 census. The district was last represented by Patrick C. Caldwell. List of members representing the district Member(Residence) Party Years Congress Electoral history District location District established March 4, 1813 John Kershaw(Camden) Democratic-Republican March 4, 1813 –March 3, 1815 13th Elected in 1812.Lost re-election. 1813–1823:"Sumter district" William Mayrant(Stateburg) Democratic-Republican March 4, 1815 –October 21, 1816 14th Elected in 1814.Lost re-election and resigned. Vacant October 21, 1816 –January 2, 1817 Stephen Decatur Miller(Stateburg) Democratic-Republican January 2, 1817 –March 3, 1819 14th15th Elected in 1816.Elected November 25 & 26, 1816 to finish Mayrant's term and seated January 2, 1817.Retired. Joseph Brevard(Camden) Democratic-Republican March 4, 1819 –March 3, 1821 16th Elected in 1818.Retired. James Blair(Camden) Democratic-Republican March 4, 1821 –May 8, 1822 17th John S. Richards was elected in 1820 but declined to serve.Elected February 5 & 6, 1821 to finish Richards's term.Resigned. Vacant May 8, 1822 –December 11, 1822 John Carter(Camden) Democratic-Republican December 11, 1822 –March 3, 1823 Elected in October 1822 to finish Blair's term and seated December 11, 1822.Redistricted to the 8th district. Starling Tucker(Mountain Shoals) Democratic-Republican (Jackson) March 4, 1823 –March 3, 1825 18th19th20th21st Redistricted from the 5th district and re-elected in 1823.Re-elected in 1824.Re-elected in 1826.Re-elected in 1828.Retired. 1823–1833:"Newberry district" Jacksonian March 4, 1825 –March 3, 1831 John K. Griffin(Newberry) Nullifier March 4, 1831 –March 3, 1837 22nd23rd24th25th26th Elected in 1830.Re-elected in 1833.Re-elected in 1834.Re-elected in 1836.Re-elected in 1838.Retired. 1833–1843: Democratic March 4, 1837 –March 3, 1841 Patrick C. Caldwell(Newberry) Democratic March 4, 1841 –March 3, 1843 27th Elected in 1840.Redistricted to the 5th district and lost re-election. District dissolved March 3, 1843 References Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present vteSouth Carolina's congressional districts All districts At-large 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th The 8th, 9th, and at-large districts are obsolete See also South Carolina's past and present representatives, senators, and delegations Recent U.S. House elections in South Carolina: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 All U.S. districts Apportionment Redistricting Gerrymandering This United States Congress–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_reaction
Dry media reaction
["1 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dry media reaction" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A dry media reaction or solid-state reaction or solventless reaction is a chemical reaction performed in the absence of a solvent. Dry media reactions have been developed in the wake of developments in microwave chemistry, and are a part of green chemistry. The drive for the development of dry media reactions in chemistry is: economics (save money on solvents) ease of purification (no solvent removal post-synthesis) high reaction rate (due to high concentration of reactants) environmentally friendly (solvent is not required), see green chemistry Drawbacks to overcome: reactants should mix to a homogeneous system high viscosity in reactant system unsuitable for solvent assisted chemical reactions problems with dissipating heat safely; risk of thermal runaway side reactions accelerated if reagents are solids, very high energy consumption from milling In one type of solventless reaction a liquid reactant is used neat, for instance the reaction of 1-bromonaphthalene with Lawesson's reagent is done with no added liquid solvent, but the 1-bromonaphthalene acts as a solvent. A reaction which is closer to a true solventless reaction is a Knoevenagel condensation of ketones with (malononitrile) where a 1:1 mixture of the two reactants (and ammonium acetate) is irradiated in a microwave oven. Colin Raston's research group have been responsible for a number of new solvent free reactions. In some of these reactions all the starting materials are solids, they are ground together with some sodium hydroxide to form a liquid, which turns into a paste which then hardens to a solid. In another development the two components of an aldol reaction are combined with the asymmetric catalyst S-proline in a ball mill in a mechanosynthesis. The reaction product has 97% enantiomeric excess. A reaction rate acceleration is observed in several systems when a homogeneous solvent system is rapidly evaporated in a rotavap in a vacuum, one of them a Wittig reaction. The reaction goes to completion in 5 minutes with immediate evaporation whereas the same reaction in solution after the same 5 minutes (dichloromethane) has only 70% conversion and even after 24 hours some of the aldehyde remains. References ^ "3.2 TOOLS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY" (PDF). Bharathidasan University. 2016-12-23. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Kidwai, M. (2001). "Dry media reactions" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 73 (1): 147–151.
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In some of these reactions all the starting materials are solids, they are ground together with some sodium hydroxide to form a liquid, which turns into a paste which then hardens to a solid.In another development the two components of an aldol reaction are combined with the asymmetric catalyst S-proline in a ball mill in a mechanosynthesis. The reaction product has 97% enantiomeric excess.A reaction rate acceleration is observed in several systems when a homogeneous solvent system is rapidly evaporated in a rotavap in a vacuum, one of them a Wittig reaction. The reaction goes to completion in 5 minutes with immediate evaporation whereas the same reaction in solution after the same 5 minutes (dichloromethane) has only 70% conversion and even after 24 hours some of the aldehyde remains.","title":"Dry media reaction"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Saceanu
Christian Saceanu
["1 ATP career finals","1.1 Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)","2 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals","2.1 Singles: 5 (3–2)","2.2 Doubles: 12 (7–5)","3 Performance timelines","3.1 Singles","3.2 Doubles","4 References","5 External links"]
German tennis player Christian SaceanuNative nameChristian SăceanuCountry (sports) GermanyResidenceNeuss, GermanyBorn (1968-07-08) 8 July 1968 (age 55)Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaHeight1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Turned pro1986PlaysRight-handedPrize money$738,632SinglesCareer record71–110Career titles2 3 Challenger, 0 Futures Highest rankingNo. 60 (7 March 1988)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open4R (1988)French Open2R (1988, 1989)Wimbledon4R (1992)US Open2R (1991)DoublesCareer record43–81Career titles0 7 Challenger, 0 Futures Highest rankingNo. 111 (16 October 1989)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian Open3R (1987)French Open3R (1989)Wimbledon2R (1993)Last updated on: 25 May 2023. Christian Saceanu (born 8 July 1968) is a retired tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1986. The right-hander won two singles titles (1988, Bristol and 1991, Rosmalen) in his career. Saceanu reached his highest singles ATP-ranking in March 1988 when he became the number 60 of the world. He began playing tennis when he was nine. He was ranked No. 1 in the Romanian 14s and one year later moved with his family to West Germany where he won the German national singles title in 1986. In that same year he was ranked No. 1 in the 18s. ATP career finals Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up) Legend Grand Slam Tournaments (0–0) ATP World Tour Finals (0–0) ATP World Tour Masters Series (0–0) ATP Championship Series (0–0) ATP World Series (2–1) Finals by surface Hard (0–1) Clay (0–0) Grass (2–0) Carpet (0–0) Finals by setting Outdoors (2–1) Indoors (0–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Loss 0–1 Jul 1987 Livingston, United States Grand Prix Hard Johan Kriek 6–7(4–7), 6–3, 2–6 Win 1–1 Jul 1988 Bristol, United Kingdom Grand Prix Grass Ramesh Krishnan 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 Win 2–1 Jun 1991 Rosmalen, Netherlands World Series Grass Michiel Schapers 6–1, 3–6, 7–5 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 5 (3–2) Legend ATP Challenger (3–2) ITF Futures (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (1–0) Clay (0–0) Grass (1–1) Carpet (1–1) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Feb 1990 Croydon, United Kingdom Challenger Carpet Udo Riglewski 6–3, 6–0 Win 2–0 Jul 1990 Bristol, United Kingdom Challenger Grass Arnaud Boetsch 6–3, 6–7, 6–3 Win 3–0 Dec 1990 Hong Kong, Hong Kong Challenger Hard Felix Barrientos 6–4, 6–1 Loss 3–1 Oct 1992 Cherbourg, France Challenger Carpet Jan Apell 3–6, 7–6, 6–7 Loss 3–2 Jul 1995 Manchester, United Kingdom Challenger Grass Chris Wilkinson 4–6, 4–6 Doubles: 12 (7–5) Legend ATP Challenger (7–5) ITF Futures (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (6–2) Clay (0–1) Grass (0–0) Carpet (1–2) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 0–1 Apr 1989 Guadeloupe, France Challenger Hard Patrick Baur Gilad Bloom Brad Pearce 4–6, 2–6 Loss 0–2 Dec 1990 British Hong Kong Challenger Hard Christian Geyer Neil Borwick Paul Wekesa 2–6, 2–6 Loss 0–3 Jan 1991 Heilbronn, Germany Challenger Carpet Michiel Schapers Diego Nargiso Stefano Pescosolido 2–6, 2–6 Win 1–3 Oct 1992 Cherbourg, France Challenger Carpet Kent Kinnear Joost Winnink Tomas Anzari 6–1, 6–4 Loss 1–4 Nov 1992 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Michael Mortensen Grant Stafford Christo van Rensburg 1–6, 3–6 Loss 1–5 Nov 1992 Guadalajara, Mexico Challenger Clay Marc-Kevin Goellner Royce Deppe David Rikl 6–7, 4–6 Win 2–5 Dec 1992 Guangzhou, China Challenger Hard Kent Kinnear Richard Matuszewski John Sullivan 6–7, 6–3, 6–4 Win 3–5 May 1993 Jerusalem, Israel Challenger Hard Gilad Bloom Danilo Marcelino Fernando Meligeni 4–6, 6–4, 7–6 Win 4–5 Jul 1993 Aptos, United States Challenger Hard Gilad Bloom Cristiano Caratti Grant Doyle 7–5, 6–3 Win 5–5 May 1995 Jerusalem, Israel Challenger Hard Dirk Dier Lionel Barthez Patrick Baur 7–6, 7–6 Win 6–5 Sep 1995 Azores, Portugal Challenger Hard Tim Henman Nuno Marques Chris Wilkinson 6–2, 6–2 Win 7–5 Sep 1996 Azores, Portugal Challenger Hard Marcus Hilpert Jamie Delgado Charlie Singer 6–7, 6–2, 6–4 Performance timelines Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. Singles Tournament 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open A 1R 4R 2R Q1 2R 1R 1R A A A 0 / 6 5–6 45% French Open A A 2R 2R A 1R A Q2 A Q2 A 0 / 3 2–3 40% Wimbledon 1R 1R 1R 1R Q1 3R 4R Q3 2R Q2 A 0 / 7 6–7 46% US Open A 1R A A A 2R Q2 A A A A 0 / 2 1–2 33% Win–loss 0–1 0–3 4–3 2–3 0–0 4–4 3–2 0–1 1–1 0–0 0–0 0 / 18 14–18 44% ATP Tour Masters 1000 Miami A A 1R 1R A A 1R A A A Q2 0 / 3 0–3 0% Hamburg 1R 1R A A A A A A A A A 0 / 2 0–2 0% Win–loss 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0 / 5 0–5 0% Doubles Tournament 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open A 3R 1R 1R 1R A A A A A 0 / 4 2–4 33% French Open A A A 3R A A A 1R A A 0 / 2 2–2 50% Wimbledon A 1R A 1R 1R A Q2 2R Q2 Q1 0 / 4 1–4 20% US Open A A A A A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Win–loss 0–0 2–2 0–1 2–3 0–2 0–0 0–0 1–2 0–0 0–0 0 / 10 5–10 33% ATP Tour Masters 1000 Miami A A 1R 1R 1R A A A A A 0 / 3 0–3 0% Hamburg 1R 1R A A A A A A A A 0 / 2 0–2 0% Win–loss 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0 / 5 0–5 0% References ^ "ATP Player Profile". ATP. Retrieved 31 March 2012. External links Christian Saceanu at the Association of Tennis Professionals Christian Saceanu at the International Tennis Federation Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This biographical article relating to German tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcha_Airport
Rara Airport
["1 History","2 Airlines and destinations","3 Accidents and incidents","4 References","5 External links"]
AirportRara AirportIATA: noneICAO: VNRRSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerGovernment of NepalOperatorCivil Aviation Authority of NepalServesChhayanath Rara and Rara National Park, NepalCoordinates29°31′20″N 082°08′49″E / 29.52222°N 82.14694°E / 29.52222; 82.14694MapRara AirportLocation of airport in NepalRunways Direction Length Surface m ft 18/36 570 1,870 Asphalt Source: An aerial view of Talcha airport during summer. Rara Airport (ICAO: VNRR), also known as Talcha Airport, is a domestic airport located in Chhayanath Rara serving Rara National Park in Karnali Province in Nepal. History The airport was constructed in 1975, operating with a single gravel runway until 2015, when the runway was asphalted over. Airlines and destinations AirlinesDestinationsSita Air Nepalgunj Summit Air Birendranagar, Nepalgunj Tara Air Nepalgunj Accidents and incidents On 26 May 2010, a Tara Air DHC-6 Twin Otter took off from Birendranagar Airport in Surkhet, heading for Rara Airport with 18 passengers and 3 crew on board. At 10 am, the aircraft had to make an emergency landing at Birendranagar Airport, after its cabin door suddenly opened five minutes after take-off. Tara Air officials said that the cabin attendant managed to lock the door immediately after it opened, to avert any possible mishaps. On 21 November 2011, a Makalu Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan took off from Surkhet Airport, en route to Rara Airport. Upon touchdown at Rara, the aircraft skidded off the runway and hit a rock, damaging the front of the aircraft—four of the 11 occupants were injured. References ^ a b "Rara Airport" (PDF). Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. Retrieved 1 January 2020. ^ "Raaika Tours & Travels Pvt. Ltd". Raaikatours.com. 16 August 2003. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ a b "ASN Aircraft accident 21-NOV-2011 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan 9N-AJM". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Talcha Airport: Dangerous yet astonishing". República. Retrieved 25 November 2017. ^ "Flight Schedule". Sita Air. Retrieved 1 May 2018. ^ "Network-of-Summit-Air". Summit Air. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ^ "Tara Air – Biggest Airline in Nepalese Mountains - Helping Develop the Rural Nepal". Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Nepalnews.com, accessed 6 December 2010 ^ "Makalu aircraft crash-lands in Mugu airport; no casualties". Nepalnews.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2012. External links Video of aircraft taking off from Talcha Airport on YouTube. From the Nepali Times channel. Accessed: 31 March 2012 vte Airports in NepalInternational Kathmandu (KTM) Pokhara–International (VNPR) Siddharthanagar (BWA) DomesticScheduled Bajhang (BJH) Bajura (BJU) Bhadrapur (BDP) Bharatpur (BHR) Bhojpur (BHP) Biratnagar (BIR) Birendranagar (SKH) Chhayanath Rara (VNRR) Dhangadhi (DHI) Dipayal Silgadhi (SIH) Ilam Janakpur (JKR) Jomsom (JMO) Jumla (JUM) Khanidanda (VNKD) Khotehang (VNTH) Lamidanda (LDN) Lukla (LUA) Manthali (RHP) Musikot (RUK) Nepalgunj (KEP) Phaplu (PPL) Pokhara (PKR) Rajbiraj (RJB) Resunga Rumjatar (RUM) Sanphebagar (FEB) Simara (SIF) Simikot (IMK) Taplejung (TPJ) Thuli Bheri (DOP) Tulsipur (DNP) Tumlingtar (TMI) Unscheduled Baglung (BGL) Baitadi (BIT) Bowang (VNDR) Chaurjahari (HRJ) Jiri (JIR) Kamal Bazar Kangeldanda (VNKL) Khalanga (VNDL) Langtang (LTG) Mahendranagar (XMG) Manang (NGX) Meghauli (MEY) Pahada (VNMC) Rolpa (RPA) Shailyashikhar (DAP) Syangboche (SYH) Tikapur (TPU) Under construction Arghakhanchi Khiji Chandeshwari Nijgadh Triyuga Defunct Palungtar (GKH) Statistics This article about a Nepalese airport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Things_(Tanya_Tucker_song)
Little Things (Tanya Tucker song)
["1 Music video","2 Chart performance","2.1 Year-end charts","3 References"]
1997 single by Tanya Tucker"Little Things"Single by Tanya Tuckerfrom the album Complicated B-side"Two Sparrows in a Hurricane"ReleasedFebruary 24, 1997GenreCountryLength4:03LabelCapitol NashvilleSongwriter(s)Michael Dulaney, Steven Dale JonesProducer(s)Gregg BrownTanya Tucker singles chronology "Find Out What's Happenin'" (1995) "Little Things" (1997) "Ridin' Out the Heartache" (1997) "Little Things" is a song written by Michael Dulaney and Steven Dale Jones, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in February 1997 as the first single from the album Complicated. The song reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, becoming her last Top 10 hit. Music video The music video was directed by Gerry Wenner and premiered in early 1997. Chart performance "Little Things" debuted at number 64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 1, 1997. Chart (1997) Peakposition Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 8 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 14 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 9 Year-end charts Chart (1997) Position Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 71 US Country Songs (Billboard) 70 References ^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. pp. 431–432. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 3256." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 7, 1997. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ "Tanya Tucker Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Tanya Tucker Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997". RPM. December 15, 1997. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ "Best of 1997: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1997. Retrieved July 17, 2013. vteTanya Tucker singlesAlbumsSinglesSongs1970s "Delta Dawn" "Love's the Answer"/"The Jamestown Ferry" "What's Your Mama's Name" "Blood Red and Goin' Down" "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)" "The Man That Turned My Mama On" "I Believe the South Is Gonna Rise Again" "Lizzie and the Rainman" "Spring" "San Antonio Stroll" "Greener Than the Grass (We Laid On)" "Don't Believe My Heart Can Stand Another You" "You've Got Me to Hold On To" "Here's Some Love" "Ridin' Rainbows" "It's a Cowboy Lovin' Night" "You Are So Beautiful" "Dancing the Night Away" "Not Fade Away"/"Texas (When I Die)" "I'm the Singer, You're the Song" "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone" 1980s "Pecos Promenade" "Dream Lover" (with Glen Campbell) "Can I See You Tonight" "Love Knows We Tried" "Should I Do It" "Feel Right" "Baby I'm Yours" "One Love at a Time" "Just Another Love" "I'll Come Back as Another Woman" "It's Only Over for You" "Love Me Like You Used To" "I Won't Take Less Than Your Love" (with Paul Davis and Paul Overstreet) "If It Don't Come Easy" "Strong Enough to Bend" "Highway Robbery" "Call on Me" "Daddy and Home" "My Arms Stay Open All Night" 1990s "Walking Shoes" "Don't Go Out" (with T. Graham Brown) "It Won't Be Me" "Oh What It Did to Me" "Down to My Last Teardrop" "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me" "Some Kind of Trouble" "If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight" "Two Sparrows in a Hurricane" "It's a Little Too Late" "Tell Me About It" (with Delbert McClinton) "Soon" "We Don't Have to Do This" "Hangin' In" "You Just Watch Me" "Between the Two of Them" "Find Out What's Happenin'" "Little Things" 2000s-2020s "A Memory Like I'm Gonna Be" "Love's Gonna Live Here" (with Jim Lauderdale) "Bring My Flowers Now" "The House That Built Me" "Ready as I'll Never Be" Featured singles "Romeo" (credited as Dolly Parton and Friends) "You Ain't Woman Enough" (with Loretta Lynn) This 1997 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companion_plants
List of companion plants
["1 Vegetables","2 Fruit","3 Herbs","4 Flowers","5 Other","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Main article: Companion planting This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a list of companion plants, traditionally planted together. Many more are in the list of beneficial weeds. Companion planting is thought by its practitioners to assist in the growth of one or both plants involved in the association. Possible mechanisms include attracting beneficial insects, repelling pests, or providing nutrients such as by fixing nitrogen, shade, or support. Companion plantings can be part of a biological pest control program. A large number of companion plant associations have been proposed; only a few of these have been subjected to scientific testing. Thus where a table column for example states "Helps" or "Helped by", this is to be read as meaning that traditional companion planting involves putting the named plants in that column into an association with the plant named at the left of the row, with the intention of causing the one plant to help or be helped by the other. Mechanisms that have been scientifically verified include using strongly aromatic plants to deter pests; using companions to hide crops from pests; providing plants as nurseries for beneficial insects including predators and parasitoids; trap cropping; and allelopathy, where a plant inhibits the growth of other species. Vegetables Companion plantings traditionally used for vegetables Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments Alliums Allium Fruit trees, nightshades (tomatoes, capsicum peppers, potatoes), brassicas, carrots Carrots, tomatoes, carrots and African spider plants (Cleome gynandra) together, marigolds (Tagetes spp.), mints Thrips slugs (see Garlic), -aphids, carrot fly, -cabbage loopers, -cabbage maggots, -cabbage worms, -Japanese beetles Beans, peas Alliums is a family of plants which includes onions and garlic. Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Tomatoes, parsley Aster family flowers, dill, coriander, tomatoes, parsley, basil, comfrey, marigolds, nasturtiums Onion, garlic, potatoes Beans, bush Phaseolus vulgaris Cucumber, strawberries Celery, strawberries, grains soybeans, dry beans, alfalfa "Lettuce, potato, tomato, other legumes, crucifers, or cucurbits increase sclerotinia" in the soil and should be avoided before and after snap beans. See the entry for "Legumes" for more info Beans, pole Phaseolus vulgaris Radishes, Corn brassicas, kohlrabi the stalk of the corn provides a pole for the beans to grow on, which then gives nitrogen to the soil of the corn. Beans and corn are (with squash) traditional "Three Sisters" plants. As for Radishes, see the entry for "Legumes". Beans, fava Vicia faba Strawberries, Celery See the entry for "Legumes" for more info Beets Beta vulgaris bush beans, cabbage, lettuce, kohlrabi, onions, brassicas, passion fruit Bush beans, onions, kohlrabi, catnip, garlic, mint Runner or pole beans Good for adding minerals to the soil through composting leaves which have up to 25% magnesium. Runner or pole beans and beets stunt each other's growth. Brassicas Brassica onions, Beets, spinach, chard, Aromatic plants or plants with many blossoms, such as celery, chamomile, and marigolds. Dill, sage, peas, peppermint, spearmint, rosemary, rye-grass, garlic, onions and potatoes. geraniums, alliums, nasturtium, borage, hyssop, tomatoes, thyme, wormwood, southernwood, beans, clover Wireworms Mustards, nightshades (tomatoes, peppers, etc.), pole beans, strawberries Brassicas are a family of plants which includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, radish, and turnip. Thyme, nasturtiums, and onion showed good resistance to cabbage worm, weevil and cabbage looper. Broccoli Brassica oleracea Lettuce Beets, dill, onions, tomato, turnip, clover Broccoli as a main crop intercropped with lettuce was shown to be more profitable than either crop alone. Turnip acts as a trap crop. See brassicas entry for more info Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea Sage, thyme, clover, Cabbage Brassica oleracea / Brassica chinensis Beans, celery Beans, clover, calendula/pot marigold, chamomile, larkspur, nasturtiums, dill, coriander, hyssop, onions, beets, mint, rosemary, sage, thyme, Snails and slugs Grapes See brassicas entry for more info. If using clover as an intercrop it should be sown after cabbage transplant so as not to affect crop yield. Nasturtiums repel cabbage moths Carrots Daucus carota Tomatoes, alliums, beans, leeks, lettuce, onions, passion fruit Lettuce, alliums (chives, leeks, onions, shallots, etc.), rosemary, wormwood, sage, beans, flax Assassin bug, lacewing, parasitic wasp, yellow jacket and other predatory wasps Leek moth, onion fly Dill, parsnip, radish Tomatoes grow better with carrots, but may stunt the carrots' growth. Beans provide the nitrogen carrots need more than some other vegetables. Aromatic companion plants repel carrot fly. Alliums inter-planted with carrots confuse onion and carrot flies. For the beneficial insect-attracting properties of carrots to work, they need to be allowed to flower; Otherwise, use wild carrot, Queen Anne's Lace, for the same effect. Cauliflower Brassica oleracea Beans, celery, spinach, peas Mixture of Chinese cabbage, marigolds, rape, and sunflower. Spinach, peas See brassicas for more info. See peas regarding their mutualism with cauliflower. Celery Apium graveolens Bush beans, brassicas, cucumber Cosmos, daisies, snapdragons, leeks, tomatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, bush beans Whiteflies Corn, aster flowers Aster flowers, can transmit the aster yellows disease Chard Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla Brassicas, passion fruit Corn / Maize Zea mays Beans, cucurbits, soybeans, tomatoes Sunflowers, dill, legumes (beans, peas, soybeans etc.), peanuts, cucurbits, clover, amaranth, white geranium, pigweed, lamb's quarters, morning glory, parsley, and potato, field mustard, Tomato, celery Provides beans with a trellis, is protected from predators and dryness by cucurbits, in the three sisters technique Cucumber Cucumis sativus Beans, kohlrabi, lettuce Kohlrabi, nasturtiums, radishes, marigolds, sunflowers, peas, beans, chamomile, beets, carrots, dill, onions, garlic, amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), celery, Malabar spinach Beneficial for ground beetles Raccoons, ants Potato, aromatic herbs Sow 2 or 3 radish seeds in with cucumbers to repel cucumber beetles. One study showed a 75% reduction in cucumber beetles with the concurrent seeding of amaranth. Various sprays from lettuce, asparagus, Malabar spinach, and celery were found to reduce whiteflies. See cucurbits entry for more info Cucurbits Cucurbitaceae Corn Corn, grain sorghum Cucurbits are a family of plants that includes melons, cucumbers, gourds, pumpkins, and squash Eggplant or Aubergine Solanum melongena Beans, peppers, tomatoes, passion fruit Marigolds, catnip, redroot pigweed, green beans, tarragon, mints, thyme Marigolds will deter nematodes. Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea v. gongylodes Onion, beets, aromatic plants, cucumbers Beets, cucumbers See Brassicas entry for more info Leek Allium ampeloprasum v. porrum Carrots, celery, onions, tomato, passion fruit Carrots, clover, Swiss chard See Alliums entry for more info Legumes Phaseolus and Vicia Beets, lettuce, okra, potato, cabbage, carrots, chards, eggplant, peas, tomatoes, brassicas, corn, cucumbers, grapes Summer savory, beets, cucumbers, borage, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, corn, larkspur, lovage, marigolds, mustards, radish, potato, peppermint, rosemary, lettuce, squash, lacy phacelia Snails and slugs Colorado potato beetle Alliums, gladiolas Hosts nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a good fertiliser for some plants, too much for others. Rosemary and peppermint extracts are used in organic sprays for beans. Summer savory and potatoes repel bean beetles. Lettuce Lactuca sativa Beets, beans, okra, onions, radish, broccoli, Carrots, passion fruit Radish, beets, dill, kohlrabi, onions, beans, carrots, cucumbers, strawberries, broccoli, thyme, nasturtiums, alyssum, cilantro Slugs and snails. Celery, cabbage, cress, parsley Broccoli when intercropped with lettuce was shown to be more profitable than either crop alone. Mustard Sinapis alba Beans, cabbage, cauliflower, fruit trees, grapes, radish, brussels sprouts, turnips Various pests See Brassicas entry. Nightshades Solanaceae Carrots, alliums, mints (basil, oregano, etc.) Beans, black walnuts, corn, fennel, dill, brassicas Nightshades are a family of plants which include tomatoes, tobacco, chili peppers (including bell peppers), potatoes, eggplant, and others Okra Abelmoschus esculentus Sweet potato, tomatoes, peppers Beans, lettuce, squash, sweet potato, peppers Okra and sweet potato are mutually beneficial when planted simultaneously. Onion Allium cepa Beets, brassicas, cabbage, broccoli, carrots, lettuce, cucumbers, peppers, passion fruit, strawberries. Carrots, beets, brassicas, dill, lettuce, strawberries, summer savory, chamomile, pansy Lentils, peas, beans See Alliums entry for more info Parsnip Pastinaca sativa Fruit trees A variety of predatory insects The flowers of the parsnip plant left to seed will attract a variety of predatory insects to the garden, they are particularly helpful when left under fruit trees, the predators attacking codling moth and light brown apple moth. Peas Pisum sativum Turnip, cauliflower, garlic, Turnip, cauliflower, garlic, mints Colorado potato beetle Peas when intercropped with turnips, cauliflower, or garlic showed mutual suppression of growth however their profit per land area used was increased. Peppers Solanaceae, Capsicum Okra Beans, tomatoes, okra, geraniums, petunias, sunflowers, onions crimson clover, basil, field mustard Beans, kale (cabbage, Brussels sprouts, etc.) Pepper plants like high humidity, which can be helped along by planting with some kind of dense-leaf or ground-cover companion, like marjoram and basil; pepper plants grown together, or with tomatoes, can shelter the fruit from excess sunlight, and raise the humidity level. Sunflowers, when in bloom at the right time, shelter beneficial insects, lowering thrips populations. Potato Solanum tuberosum Brassicas, beans, corn, peas, passion fruit Horseradish, beans, dead nettle, marigolds, peas, onion, garlic, thyme, clover Mexican bean beetle Atriplex, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, raspberries, squash, sunflower, tomato Horseradish increases the disease resistance of potatoes. It repels the potato bug. Garlic is more effective than fungicides on late potato blight. Peas were shown to reduce the density of Colorado potato beetles. Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo Corn, (in trad. Three Sisters partnership) beans Buckwheat, Jimson weed, catnip, oregano, tansy, radishes, nasturtiums spiders, ground beetles Potatoes Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles, cucurbita can be used in the Three Sisters technique. Nasturtiums repel squash bugs. Radish Raphanus sativus Squash eggplant, cucumber, lettuce, peas, beans, pole beans, Chervil, lettuce, nasturtiums flea beetles, cucumber beetles Grapes Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles. Radishes grown with lettuce taste better. Soybean Glycine max Corn, sunflower A mixture of corn, mungbean, and sunflower was found to rid soybeans of aphids. Spinach Spinacia oleracea Brassicas, passion fruit Strawberries, peas, beans The peas and beans provide natural shade for the spinach. See cauliflower notes regarding mutualism with spinach. Squash Cucurbita spp. corn, beans, okra, Beans, buckwheat, borage, catnip, tansy, radishes, marigolds, nasturtiums Spiders, ground beetles Radishes can be used as a trap crop against flea beetles, cucurbita can be used in the three sisters technique. Marigolds and nasturtiums repel squash bugs. Marigolds repel cucumber beetles. Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas Okra Okra Okra and sweet potato are mutually beneficial when planted simultaneously. Tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum Celery, roses, peppers, asparagus Asparagus, basil, beans, bee balm (Monarda), oregano, parsley, marigold, alliums, garlic, leeks, celery, geraniums, petunias, nasturtium, borage, coriander, chives, corn, dill, mustard, fenugreek, barley, carrots, eggplant, marigold, mints, okra, sage, thyme, "flower strips", cucumbers, squash Asparagus beetle Black walnut, alfalfa, corn, fennel, chili peppers, peas, dill, potatoes, beetroot, brassicas, rosemary Black walnuts inhibit tomato growth, in fact they are negative allelopathic to all other nightshade plants (chili pepper, potato, tobacco, petunia) as well, because it produces a chemical called juglone. Dill attracts tomato hornworm.Growing tomatoes with Basil does not appear to enhance tomato flavour but studies have shown that growing them around 10 inches apart can increase the yield of tomatoes by about 20%. One study shows that growing chili peppers near tomatoes in greenhouses increases tomato whitefly on the tomatoes. Cucumbers and squash can be used as living mulch, or green mulch, around tomato plants. The large leaves of these vining plants can help with soil moisture retention. Turnips and rutabagas Brassica rapa and Brassica napobrassica Peas, broccoli Hairy vetch, peas hedge mustard, knotweed Turnips act as a trap crop for broccoli. See peas regarding their mutualism with turnips. Fruit Companion plantings traditionally used for fruits Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments Apple Malus domestica Clover, chives, garlic, leeks, nasturtium, southernwood, daffodils, comfrey Cedar because of apple-cedar rust. Walnut because its roots produce growth inhibitors that apple trees are sensitive to French marigold inhibits codling moth but also its insect enemies, and fails to reduce damage to apples. Apricot Prunus armeniaca Peppers A fungus that peppers are prone to can infect apricot trees causing a lot of harm. Blueberries Vaccinium spp. Oak trees, pine trees, strawberries, clover, bay laurel, dewberries, yarrow tomatoes Pine and oak trees create the acidic soil blueberries need. Strawberries and dewberries create healthy ground cover, clover fixes nitrogen for the blueberries' high needs, yarrow and bay laurel repel unhealthy insects. Each of the herbal companions listed also like the acidic soil the blueberry plant needs. Fruit trees Various Alliums, tansy, nasturtiums, marigolds, marjoram, lemon balm, mustards, dandelions, borage Grapes Vitis spp. Hyssop, basil, beans, chives, geraniums, mustards, oregano, clover, peas, blackberries Cabbage, garlic, radishes Melon Cucumis melo Chamomile, pigweed, summer savoury, sow thistle Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Potatoes, beets, Swiss chard, carrots, spinach, strawberries, eggplants, onions, leeks, lettuce Cucurbits, maize, cowpea, sorghum, okra, sweet potatoes Pears Pyrus spp. "Aromatic plants" Strawberries Fragaria × ananassa Bush beans, lettuce, onions, spinach, passion fruit Caraway, bush beans, lupin, onions, sage, thyme, borage Slugs and snails. Brassicas, Verticillium-susceptible species (tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, melons, okra, mint, bush or bramble fruits, stone fruits, chrysanthemums, roses) Thyme planted and/or placed next to each other help grow more strawberries quickly. Herbs Companion plantings traditionally used for herbs Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments Anise Pimpinella anisum Coriander Bees, butterflies and hummingbirds Not to be confused with star anise which is an entirely different species. Basil Ocimum basilicum Tomato, peppers, oregano, asparagus, petunias, grapes Chamomile, anise Slugs and snails. butterflies asparagus beetle, hornworms, mosquitoes, thrips and flies Common rue, thyme Is said to make tomatoes taste better, chamomile and anise are supposed to increase the essential oils in many herbs like basil Borage Borago officinalis Almost everything, especially beans, strawberry, cucurbits (cucumber, squash), fruit trees, tomatoes and cabbage Predatory insects, honeybees Many pests, tomato worm Predict a square metre for its adult size. Borage is a good companion for a wide variety of plants. Caraway Carum carvi Strawberries Parasitic wasps, parasitic flies Dill Catnip Nepeta cataria Eggplant Flea beetles, ants, aphids Chamomile Matricaria recutita Most herbs, brassicas, cucumber, wheat, onion, cabbage Hoverflies, wasps Growing near herbs will increase their oil production. Chervil Anthriscus cerefolium Radish, lettuce, broccoli Aphids Radish Loves shade, fortunately it grows well with shade-tolerant food plants; will make radishes grown near it taste spicier Chives Allium schoenoprasum Apples, carrots, grapes, roses, tomatoes, brassica (broccoli, cabbage, mustard, etc.), many others Carrots Cabbage worms, carrot fly, aphids, mites, nematodes Beans, peas Same companion traits as all alliums (onions, garlic, shallots, leeks, etc.)said to prevent apple scab after 3 years planting at base of apple trees Cilantro / Coriander Coriandrum sativum Anise cabbage, spinach, lettuce, tomato Beans, peas Tachinid fly, hoverflies Aphids, spider mites, white flies and potato beetle Attracts hoverflies which may in turn reduce pest populations in cabbages. Dill Anethum graveolens Brassicas, cabbage, corn, fennel, lettuce, onions, cucumbers Fennel Tiger swallowtail butterflies/caterpillars, hoverflies, wasps, ladybugs, tomato hornworm, honeybees, ichneumonid wasps Aphids, spider mites, squash bugs, cabbage looper Carrots One of the few plants said to grow with fennel: See fennel for info about intercropping. Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Dill Dill Ladybugs, syrphid fly, tachinid fly Aphids Fennel is allelopathic to most garden plants, inhibiting growth, causing to bolt, or actually killing many plants. When growing together a higher ratio of fennel to dill provides the highest profit. Dill has a stabilizing effect on the fennel seed. Because it attracts syrphidae it reduces aphids through predation. Flax Linum usitatissimum Carrots and potatoes Colorado potato beetle Flax contains tannin and linseed oils which may offend the Colorado potato bug Garlic Allium sativum Vetch, brassicas, beets, roses, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, celery, peas, potatoes Tarragon, peas Aphids, Japanese beetles, mites, cabbage looper, ants, cabbage maggot, fruit borers, red spider mites, slugs Grapes See Alliums entry for more info. Peas and garlic when planted closely together suppress each other's growth; however the profit over land area used is higher. Tarragon makes garlic grow rapidly. Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Brassicas, cabbage, grapes Honeybees, butterflies, bees Cabbage moth larvae, cabbage butterflies Radishes Stimulates growth of grapes. Lavender Lavandula angustifolia, L. dentata, L. stoechas Chamomile, lettuce, brassicas, onions, tomatoes, oregano, thyme, marjoram, sage, rosemary, basil, lemon balm, squash butterflies, hummingbirds, bees Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus Eggplant Cutworms Reduces cutworms in eggplant in laboratory trials Lovage Levisticum officinale Beans Ichneumonid wasps, ground beetles (good) Rhubarb Is thought to improve the health of almost all plants, like borage and geraniums, is considered a "magic bullet" of companion planting Oregano Origanum vulgare Grapes, tomatoes, peppers, pumpkin, many other plants Basil Hoverflies/Syrphidae Aphids Provides ground cover and much-needed humidity for pepper plants if allowed to spread among them. Because it attracts syrphidae, it reduces aphids through predation. Parsley Petroselinum crispum Asparagus, corn/maize, tomatoes Apple, asparagus, rose Swallowtail butterflies, wasps, flies Alliums, lettuce Sacrificially attracts insects that feed on tomatoes Peppermint Mentha piperita Alliums, brassicas, cabbage, peas, tomatoes Cabbage root fly, ants, cabbage looper, aphids, onion fly Repels cabbage flies, has same general companion properties as other mints Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Cabbage, beans, brassicas, carrots, thyme Bean beetle Deters cabbage flies, repels many bean parasites Sage Salvia officinalis Brassicas, rosemary, cabbage, beans, Brussels sprouts, carrots, strawberry, tomato, marjoram Honeybees, cabbage butterfly Cabbage flies, carrot fly, black flea beetle, cabbage looper, cabbage maggot, repels many bean parasites Avoid any member of the allium family and common rue Southernwood Artemisia abrotanum Brassicas, fruit trees Controls cabbage moths and malaria mosquitoes. Spearmint Mentha spicata Alliums, brassicas, cabbage, peas, tomatoes Ants, aphids, onion fly, cabbage root fly Controls ants and aphids. Stinging nettle Urtica dioica Chamomille, mint, broccoli, tomatoes, valerian, angelica archangelica, marjoram, sage & peppermint Aphids Summer savoury Satureja hortensis Beans, melon, onions Also delays germination of certain foul herbs Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus Most vegetables, but especially eggplant Its scent is disliked by most pests, and this plant is also thought to have Nurse Plant properties, enhancing the growth and flavor of crops grown with it. Thyme Thymus vulgaris Brassicas, cabbage, eggplant/aubergine, potato, strawberry, tomato, Brussels sprouts Hoverflies/Syrphidae Cabbage worm, cabbage weevil, cabbage looper, aphids, Because it attracts Syrphidae, it reduces aphids through predation. Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Brassicas, carrots Ants Wormwood should be used with caution around most vegetables since it contains toxins. Yarrow Achillea millefolium Many plants, "Most aromatic plants." Predatory wasps, ladybugs, hoverflies, damselbugs Aphids May increase the essential oil production of some herbs. Also improves soil quality, use the leaves to enrich compost, or as mulch. Because it attracts syrphidae it reduces aphids through predation. Flowers Companion plantings traditionally used for flowers Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments Alyssum Lobularia maritima Lettuce Syrphidae and most beneficial insects Aphids Because they attract syrphidae they help reduce aphids through predation. Baby's breath Gypsophila paniculata Syrphidae Aphids Because they attract Syrphidae, they help reduce aphids through predation. Bee balm Monarda spp. Tomato Bees Californian poppy Eschscholzia californica Syrphidae Aphids Because they attract Syrphidae, they help reduce aphids through predation. Dianthus Dianthus caryophyllus Roses, lavender, echinacea, aster, foxglove Slugs Geraniums Pelargonium spp. Roses, corn, peppers, grapes Leafhoppers, Japanese beetles Tomatoes, tobacco, eggplants and other nightshades A trap crop, attracting pests away from roses and grape vines, distracts beet leafhoppers, carrier of the curly top virus, keep away from solanaceous plants like eggplant, and tobacco Larkspur Delphinium spp. Beans, cabbage Lupin Lupinus Cucurbits, brassica, lettuce, rosemary, dill, strawberry, rose Summer savory, rose Honeybees Tomatoes and other solanaceae This wildflower is a legume, hosting bacteria that fixes nitrogen in the soil, fertilizing it for neighboring plants. Same with marigold, planting nearby roses causes them to grow vigorously. Marigold Tagetes patula, T. erecta, T. minuta Most plants, especially tomatoes and peppers, cucurbits (cucumbers, gourds, squash, potatoes, roses, alliums, brassicas, zucchini Rose Snails and slugs. Root-knot nematodes, beet leaf hoppers, cucumber beetle, squash bug, onion fly, cabbage root fly Marigolds are a wonder-drug of the companion plant world, invoking the saying "plant them everywhere in your garden". French marigolds (T. patula) produce a pesticidal chemical from their roots, so strong it lasts years after they are gone. Mexican marigolds (T. erecta) do the same, but are so strong they will inhibit the growth of some more tender herbs. Stinking Roger (T. minuta) has also been found effective against certain perennial weeds. Same with lupin, planting nearby roses causes them to grow vigorously. Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Beans, squash, tomatoes, fruit trees, brassicas, radish cucumbers Predatory insects Aphids, asparagus beetle, cabbage looper, cabbage worm, carrot fly, cabbage weevil, Colorado potato beetle squash bug, Japanese beetle, Mexican bean beetle, striped pumpkin beetles, whitefly, cucumber beetles flea beetle Cauliflower Trap crops for aphids, is among the best at attracting predatory insects, deters many pests of cucurbits Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Alliums, onions, roses Roses Bees, butterflies, ants Ants (with aphids), snails, slugs, white butterfly A good and nice-smelling flower that really attracts ants. It is like the viola plant, but has two or three colors in flowers. Helps alliums and onions, which repels the white butterfly. Petunia Petunia x hybrida Cucurbits (squash, pumpkins, cucumbers), asparagus Leafhoppers, Japanese beetles, aphids, asparagus beetle Is a trap crop almost identical to geraniums in function Phacelia Phacelia tanacetifolia Plants which are prone to aphids, especially lettuce, tomato, rose hoverfly This plant attracts hoverflies and is good around plants which are prone to aphids. Rose Rosa spp. Chives, garlic, marigolds Sunflower Helianthus annuus Peppers, corn, cucumber, soybeans, tomatoes, swan plant Swan plant Aphids Pole beans Was grown as a companion for corn (maize) before modern Europeans arrived in the Americas, supposedly increases their production, ants herd aphids onto sunflowers, keeping them off neighboring plants. Works as a trap plant for thrips keeping them off of bell peppers. Planting near swan plants help sunflowers grow rapidly. Swan plant Gomphocarpus physocarpus, Asclepias physocarpa, milkweed Sunflower Sunflower, basil Monarch butterfly Aphids Plants that attracts aphids and spider mites Attracts the monarch butterfly during spring and summer. Basil repels pests that attracts by the swan plant like aphids. Sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus Sweet alyssum, lobelia, roses, lavender, catmint Brassica, spinach, silverbeet and salads Bees, butterflies Aphids An annual climbing plant, which is like the edible pea. Makes a good decoration in your garden or fence. Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Beans, cucurbits (cucumbers, squash, etc.), raspberries and relatives, roses, corn, fruit trees Ladybugs, honeybees flying insects (Ichneumonid wasps), ants, Japanese beetles, cabbage butterfly, cabbage maggot, asparagus beetle, carrot fly, striped cucumber beetles, Colorado potato beetle, cutworm, flea beetle, flies, imported cabbageworm, squash bugs Toxic to people and many animals; do not plant it where livestock browse. Is reputed to repel herbivorous insects. Zinnia Zinnia Beans, tomatoes, peppers Whiteflies Attracts hummingbirds that eat whiteflies, attracts pollinators Other Other traditional companion plantings Common name Scientific name Helps Helped by Attracts -Repels/+distracts Avoid Comments Alfalfa Medicago sativa Cotton Assassin bug, big-eyed bug, ladybug, parasitic wasps Lygus bugs Tomatoes, fava beans Used by farmers to reduce cotton pests, a good crop to improve soil; fixes nitrogen. Alfalfa has some allelopathic effects to tomato seedlings. Peanut Arachis hypogaea Beans, corn, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, marigold, melon and sunflower Peanuts encourage growth of corn and squash Walnut tree Juglans spp. Many types of grass including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). 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"Mint Plant Companions – What Plants Grow Well With Mint". www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ Nickel, Raylene (12 October 2017). "Use Rye as a Companion Crop for Soybeans". Successful Farming. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Riesselman, Leah. Companion planting: A method for sustainable pest control (Technical report). Iowa State University. RFR-A9099. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ "Discover the Companion Plants That Can Help Your Tomatoes Thrive". The Spruce. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ Jones, Steve (26 April 2019). "Companion Planting Clover". Growing Guides. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b Hooks, Cerruti R.R.; Johnson, Marshall W. (2002). "Lepidopteran pest populations and crop yields in row intercropped broccoli". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 4 (2): 117–125. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00129.x. ^ a b c d Rousse, P.; Fournet, S.; Porteneuve, C.; Brunel, E. (2003). "Trap cropping to control Delia radicum populations in cruciferous crops: first results and future applications". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 109 (2): 133–138. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00098.x. S2CID 84486637. ^ a b c d e Dover, John W. (1986). "The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 42 (3): 243–247. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1986.tb01029.x. S2CID 85325209. ^ Undersowing cruciferous vegetables with clover: the effect of sowing time on flea beetles and diamondback moth ^ Björkman, Maria; Hambäck, Peter A.; Hopkins, Richard J.; Rämert, Birgitta (2010). "Evaluating the enemies hypothesis in a clover-cabbage intercrop: effects of generalist and specialist natural enemies on the turnip root fly (Delia floralis)". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 12 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00452.x. S2CID 84358785. ^ "Effect of intercropping white cabbage with French Marigold (Tagetes patula nana L.) and Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) on the colonization of plants by pest insects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ a b Kenny, G.J.; Chapman, R.B. (1988). "Effects of an intercrop on the insect pests, yield, and quality of cabbage". New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 16: 67–72. doi:10.1080/03015521.1988.10425616. ^ a b c d Morris, Michael C.; Li, Frank Y. (2000). "Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) "companion plants" can attract hoverflies, and may reduce pest infestation in cabbages". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 28 (3): 213–217. doi:10.1080/01140671.2000.9514141. S2CID 86656803. ^ a b c d e f Snails and Slugs (PDF) (Technical report). University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. November 2009. Pest Notes 7427. ^ a b c d "What Vegetables to Plant Next to Grapes | Home Guides | SF Gate". ^ a b c d e f g h Ram, Suresh; Singh, Sunder (2010). "Effect of intercropping of spices, cereal and root crops on the incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in tomato". Vegetable Science. 37 (2): 164–166. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014. ^ a b c d Bezerra Neto, Francisco; Gonçalves Gomes, Eliane; Rocha de Araújo, Rychardson; Queiroga de Oliveira; de Sousa Nunes, Henrique; Costa Grangeiro, Leilson; da Silveira Borges Azevedo, Celicina Maria (January 2010). "Evaluation of yield advantage indexes in carrot-lettuce intercropping systems" (PDF). Interciencia. 35 (1): 59–64. ^ Webber, Forrest (27 February 2021). "Spinach Companion Planting: 10 Plants to Grow with Spinach". Yard Surfer. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Qasim, Syed Ali; Anjum, Muhammad Akbar; Hussain, Sajjad; Ahmad, Shakeel (2013). "Effect of pea intercropping on biological efficiencies and economics of some non-legume winter vegetables" (PDF). Pakistani Journal of Agricultural Science. 50 (3): 399–406. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2014. ^ Webber, Forrest (15 February 2021). "Sunflower Companion Planting: 11 Plants to Grow with Sunflower". Yard Surfer. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ Webber, Forrest (27 February 2021). "Spinach Companion Planting: 10 Plants to Grow with Spinach". Yard Surfer. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ a b c d e Zhao, Qing; Zhu, Junwei J.; Qin, Yuchuan; Pan, Pengliang; Tu, Hongtao; Du, Wenxiao; Zhou, Wangfang; Baxendale, Frederick P. (2014). "Reducing whiteflies on cucumber using intercropping with less preferred vegetables". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 150: 19–27. doi:10.1111/eea.12135. S2CID 84569641. ^ a b c d e Abdallah, Youssef E. Y. (2012). "Effect of plant traps and sowing dates on population density of major soybean pests". The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology. 65: 37–46. doi:10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.06.001. ^ a b c Zhang, S.; Roberts, P.D.; McGovern, R.J.; Datnoff, L.E. (March 2011). Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato in Florida (PDF) (Technical report). University of Florida Institute of Agricultural Sciences. PP-52. ^ Yeganehpoor, F.; Salmasi, S. Z.; Abedi, G.; Samadiyan, F.; Beyginiya, V. (2014). "The effect of cover crops on weeds biomass and corn yield". Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 14 (2): 178. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2014.02.001. ^ Awe, G.O.; Abegunrin, T.P. (July 2009). "Effects of low input tillage and amaranth intercropping system on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays)". African Journal of Agricultural Research. 4 (7): 578–583. ^ a b Young-Matthews, A. (June 2012). "Plant guide for field mustard (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa" (PDF). USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center, Corvalis, Oregon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2014. ^ a b c d Morsy, S. M.; Drgham, Elham A.; Mohamed, Gehad M. (2009). "Effect of garlic and onion extracts or their intercropping on suppressing damping-off and powdery mildew diseases and growth characteristics of cucumber" (PDF). Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 37 (1): 35–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ a b Xiao, Xuemei; Cheng, Zhihui; Meng, Huanwen; Liu, Lihong; Li, Hezi; Dong, Yinxin (2013). "Intercropping of green garlic (Allium sativum L.) induces nutrient concentration changes in the soil and plants in continuously cropped cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a plastic tunnel". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): 1–7. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862173X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062173. PMC 3634817. PMID 23637994. ^ a b Pitan, O. O.; Esan, E. O. (2013). "Intercropping cucumber with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) to suppress populations of major insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 47 (9): 1112–1119. doi:10.1080/03235408.2013.830809. S2CID 84412234. ^ Damicone, J. P.; Edelson, J. V. (May 2007). "Effects of border crops and intercrops on control of cucurbit virus diseases". Plant Disease. 91 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1094/pdis-91-5-0509. PMID 30780694. ^ a b c d e f Mansour, S. A. A.; Roff, Mohammed M. N.; Saad, Khalid A.; Abuzid, Ismail; Idris, A. B. (2012). "Responses of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Population on Tomato Lycopersicon esculentnm Mixed with Other Crops under Glasshouse Conditions". APCBEE Procedia. 4: 48–52. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.009. ^ a b c d Hage-Ahmed, Karin; Krammer, Johannes; Steinkellner, Siegrid (2013). "The intercropping partner affects arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici interactions in tomato". Mycorrhiza. 23 (7): 543–550. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0495-x. PMC 3778835. PMID 23549903. ^ Theunissen, J.; Schelling, G. (1997). "Damage threshold for Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in monocropped and intercropped leek" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hadidi, Nazar; Sharaiha, Ramzi; Al-Debei, Hmoud (2011). "Effect of intercropping on the performance of some summer vegetable crops grown under different row arrangements" (PDF). Lucrări ştiinţifice. 54 (2): 11–17. ^ a b c d Raey, Yaegoob; Ghassemi-Golezani, Kazem (2009). "Yield-density relationship for potato (Solarium tuberosum) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in intercropping". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 37 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1080/01140670909510259. S2CID 85158043. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zehnder, G.W.; Ray, Charles (1997). "Garden bugs: Insect pest management in the home vegetable garden (ANR-1045)" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. ^ a b c d Sharaiha, R.K.; Hadidi, N.A. "Microenvironmental effects on potato and bean yields grown under intercropping system" (PDF). Lucrări ştiinţifice. 51: 209–219. ^ Wnuk, Andrzej; Wojciechowicz-Żytko, Elżbieta. "Effect of intercropping of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) with tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) on the occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop. and predatory Syrphidae" (PDF). Aphids and Other Hemipterous Insects. 13: 211–217. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Bugg, Robert L.; Colfer, Ramy G.; Chaney, William E.; Smith, Hugh A.; Cannon, James (May 2008). Flower flies (Syrphidae) and other biological control agents for aphids in vegetable crops (PDF) (Technical report). University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 8285. ^ a b c d Lawal, A. B.; Rahman, S. A. (2007). "Effect of irrigation, fertiliser and manure on yield and economic return of okra/pepper intercrops". Tropical Science. 47 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1002/ts.194. ^ "The Best Onion Companion Plants". Growfully. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ De Costa, W. A. J. M.; Perera, M. K. K. W. (1998). "Effects of Bean Population and Row Arrangement on the Productivity of Chilli/Dwarf Bean (Capsicum annuum/Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Intercropping in Sri Lanka". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 180 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00369.x. ^ a b c Bottenberg, Harry; Frantz, Galen; Mellinger, H. Charles (1999). "Refuge and cover crop plantings for beneficial insect habitats" (PDF). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 112: 339–341. ^ a b c Legaspi, Jesusa Chrisostomo; Baer, Ignacio (2008). "Intercropping sunflower varieties with bell pepper: Effect on populations of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and thrips" (PDF). Subtropical Plant Science. 60: 13–20. ^ Frantz, G.; Mellinger, H. C. (1997). "Aspects of biologically based pest management in commercial pepper production" (PDF). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 110: 295–297. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ a b Singh, S. P.; Kushwah, V. S. (2012). "Effect of planting method on production potential of potato + pea intercropping system". Potato Journal. 39 (1): 95–97. ^ a b c Kassa, Bekele; Sommartya, Tharmmasak (2006). "Effect of Intercropping on Potato Late Blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary Development and Potato Tuber Yield in Ethiopia" (PDF). Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science. 40: 914–924. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ Bouws, H.; Finckh, M. R. (2008). "Effects of strip intercropping of potatoes with non-hosts on late blight severity and tuber yield in organic production". Plant Pathology. 57 (5): 916–927. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01860.x. ^ a b c Bomford, Michael (May 2004). Yield, pest density, and tomato flavour effects of companion planting in garden-scale studies incorporating tomato, basil, and Brussels sprout (Thesis). Organic eprints. Retrieved 2 May 2012. ^ a b Togni, Pedro H. B.; Laumann, Raúl A.; Medeiros, Maria A.; Sujii, Edison R. (2010). "Odour masking of tomato volatiles by coriander volatiles in host plant selection of Bemisia tabaci biotype B". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 136 (2): 164–173. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01010.x. S2CID 84095880. ^ Conboy, Niall J. A.; McDaniel, Thomas; Ormerod, Adam; George, David; Gatehouse, Angharad M. R.; Wharton, Ellie; Donohoe, Paul; Curtis, Rhiannon; Tosh, Colin R. (1 March 2019). "Companion planting with French marigolds protects tomato plants from glasshouse whiteflies through the emission of airborne limonene". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213071. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6396911. PMID 30822326. ^ Balzan, Mario V.; Moonen, Anna-Camilla (2014). "Field margin vegetation enhances biological control and crop damage suppression from multiple pests in organic tomato fields". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 150: 45–65. doi:10.1111/eea.12142. S2CID 85575305. ^ a b "12 Evidence-Based Companion Plants for Tomatoes". Growfully. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ a b c El-Darier, Salama M.; Zein El-Dien, Marwa H. (2011). "Biological activity of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) residues on germination efficiency, growth and nutrient uptake of Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato) seedlings". Journal of Taibah University for Science. 5 (1): 7–13. Bibcode:2011JTUS....5....7E. doi:10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60033-8. ^ a b "Fruit Tree Companion Planting". Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2010. ^ Laffon, Ludivine; Bischoff, Armin; Gautier, Hélène; Gilles, Florent; Gomez, Laurent; Lescourret, Françoise; Franck, Pierre (6 October 2022). "Conservation Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella): Effects of Two Aromatic Plants, Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and French Marigolds (Tagetes patula)". Insects. 13 (10). MDPI AG: 908. doi:10.3390/insects13100908. ISSN 2075-4450. ^ a b "Plant Companions: Friend or Foe?". ^ Beizhou, Song; Jie, Zhang; Jinghui, Hu; Hongying, Wu; Yun, Kong; Yuncong, Yao (2011). "Temporal dynamics of the arthropod community in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants". Pest Management Science. 67 (9): 1107–1114. doi:10.1002/ps.2156. PMID 21480464. ^ "How to grow, care and harvest Anise hyssop". Shiny Plant. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021. ^ a b c d e Carrubba, Alessandra; Torre, Raffaele la; Saiano, Filippo; Aiello, Pietro (2008). "Sustainable production of fennel and dill by intercropping" (PDF). Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 28 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1051/agro:2007040. ^ "Our Herb Garden Fennel Companions". March 2013. ^ a b "Companion Planting". GH Organics. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. ^ Krug, Kristine (12 September 2003). "Slugs take fright at garlic". BBC News. Salford. ^ Calumpang, Susan May F. (2013). "Behavioral response of Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to selected herbs and eggplant" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences. 19 (2): 95–103. ^ Nematodes (PDF) (Technical report). University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. July 2010. Pest Notes 7489. ^ "Root-knot Nematodes: Biocontrol with Marigolds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2012. ^ "Tagetes minuta Muster-John-Henry PFAF Plant Database". ^ "Lovely Companion Plant for Your Vegetable Garden: Phacelia". 4 November 2011. ^ "How to grow sweet pea flowers ". Shiny Plant. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021. ^ a b c d "Site-improving intercrops for Black Walnut" (PDF). Walnut Council Bulletin. Retrieved 13 April 2014. Further reading Cunningham, Sally Jean. Great Garden Companions: A companion planting system for a beautiful, chemical-free vegetable garden. 1998. ISBN 0-87596-847-3 Hylton, W. The Rodale Herb Book, Eighth Printing. Rodale Press. 1974. ISBN 0-87857-076-4 External links Bohnsack, U. Companion Planting Guide. Companion plants by Professor Stuart B. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_companion_plants"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"companion plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planting"},{"link_name":"list of beneficial weeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beneficial_weeds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reddy_2017-1"},{"link_name":"beneficial insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial_insects"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcclure-2"},{"link_name":"repelling pests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pest-repelling_plants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E._E._C._RodriguezSao_2013-3"},{"link_name":"fixing nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner-4"},{"link_name":"biological pest control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balmer_Pfiffner_Schied_Willareth_2013-5"},{"link_name":"beneficial insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial_insect"},{"link_name":"trap cropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_crop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limestone-6"},{"link_name":"allelopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batish_Singh_Kaur_2001-7"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.This is a list of companion plants, traditionally planted together. Many more are in the list of beneficial weeds. Companion planting is thought by its practitioners to assist in the growth of one or both plants involved in the association. Possible mechanisms[1] include attracting beneficial insects,[2] repelling pests,[3] or providing nutrients such as by fixing nitrogen,[4] shade, or support. Companion plantings can be part of a biological pest control program.[5] A large number of companion plant associations have been proposed; only a few of these have been subjected to scientific testing. Thus where a table column for example states \"Helps\" or \"Helped by\", this is to be read as meaning that traditional companion planting involves putting the named plants in that column into an association with the plant named at the left of the row, with the intention of causing the one plant to help or be helped by the other. Mechanisms that have been scientifically verified include using strongly aromatic plants to deter pests; using companions to hide crops from pests; providing plants as nurseries for beneficial insects including predators and parasitoids; trap cropping;[6] and allelopathy, where a plant inhibits the growth of other species.[7]","title":"List of companion plants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vegetables"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fruit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Herbs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flowers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87596-847-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87596-847-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87857-076-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87857-076-4"}],"text":"Cunningham, Sally Jean. Great Garden Companions: A companion planting system for a beautiful, chemical-free vegetable garden. 1998. ISBN 0-87596-847-3\nHylton, W. The Rodale Herb Book, Eighth Printing. Rodale Press. 1974. ISBN 0-87857-076-4","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Push–pull agricultural pest management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_agricultural_pest_management"},{"title":"Sustainable agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainable_agriculture"},{"title":"Sustainable landscaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscaping"},{"title":"Sustainable gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening"}]
[{"reference":"Reddy, P. Parvatha (2017). \"Companion Planting\". Agro-ecological Approaches to Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer. pp. 149–164. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4325-3_10. ISBN 978-981-10-4324-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-4325-3_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-981-10-4325-3_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4324-6","url_text":"978-981-10-4324-6"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Susan (1995). \"Companion Planting Made Easy\" (PDF). High Plains Food Bank. pp. 4–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120526015405/https://www.hpfb.org/uploads/companionplanting.pdf","url_text":"\"Companion Planting Made Easy\""},{"url":"https://www.hpfb.org/uploads/companionplanting.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Susan (1994). Companion Planting. Rodale Press. ISBN 978-0-87596-616-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/companionplantin0000mccl","url_text":"Companion Planting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodale,_Inc.","url_text":"Rodale Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87596-616-8","url_text":"978-0-87596-616-8"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Joyce E.; Snyder, William E.; Hamilton, George C.; Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar (2013). \"Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control\". Weed and Pest Control - Conventional and New Challenges. InTech. pp. 1–26. doi:10.5772/55044. ISBN 978-953-51-0984-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772%2F55044","url_text":"10.5772/55044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-0984-6","url_text":"978-953-51-0984-6"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, S. C. (2011). \"Biological Nitrogen Fixation\". Nature Education Knowledge. 3 (10): 15. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. 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limonene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213071","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0213071"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","external_links_name":"1932-6203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6396911","external_links_name":"6396911"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822326","external_links_name":"30822326"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feea.12142","external_links_name":"10.1111/eea.12142"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85575305","external_links_name":"85575305"},{"Link":"https://growfully.com/companion-plants-for-tomatoes/","external_links_name":"\"12 Evidence-Based Companion Plants for Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1658-3655%2812%2960033-8","external_links_name":"\"Biological activity of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) residues on germination efficiency, growth and nutrient uptake of Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato) seedlings\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JTUS....5....7E","external_links_name":"2011JTUS....5....7E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1658-3655%2812%2960033-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60033-8"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519094744/http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/fruit_tree_companion_planting.html","external_links_name":"\"Fruit Tree Companion Planting\""},{"Link":"http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/fruit_tree_companion_planting.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects13100908","external_links_name":"\"Conservation Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella): Effects of Two Aromatic Plants, Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and French Marigolds (Tagetes patula)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects13100908","external_links_name":"10.3390/insects13100908"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2075-4450","external_links_name":"2075-4450"},{"Link":"http://www.almanac.com/content/plant-companions-friend-or-foe","external_links_name":"\"Plant Companions: Friend or Foe?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.2156","external_links_name":"10.1002/ps.2156"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21480464","external_links_name":"21480464"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517032219/https://shinyplant.com/anise-hyssop/","external_links_name":"\"How to grow, care and harvest Anise hyssop\""},{"Link":"https://shinyplant.com/anise-hyssop/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/95/PDF/hal-00886395.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable production of fennel and dill by intercropping\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fagro%3A2007040","external_links_name":"10.1051/agro:2007040"},{"Link":"http://www.ourherbgarden.com/fennel-companions.html","external_links_name":"\"Our Herb Garden Fennel Companions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130924110832/http://www.ghorganics.com/page2.html","external_links_name":"\"Companion Planting\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghorganics.com/page2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3104302.stm","external_links_name":"\"Slugs take fright at garlic\""},{"Link":"http://www.issaas.org/journal/v19/02/journal-issaas-v19n2-10-calumpang.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Behavioral response of Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to selected herbs and eggplant\""},{"Link":"http://ucipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PESTNOTES/pnnematodes.pdf","external_links_name":"Nematodes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726002331/http://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/pdffiles/nnote1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Root-knot Nematodes: Biocontrol with Marigolds\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/pdffiles/nnote1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+minuta","external_links_name":"\"Tagetes minuta Muster-John-Henry PFAF Plant Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelovelyplants.com/lovely-companion-plant-for-your-vegetable-garden-phacelia/","external_links_name":"\"Lovely Companion Plant for Your Vegetable Garden: Phacelia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517024950/https://shinyplant.com/sweet-peas/","external_links_name":"\"How to grow sweet pea flowers [Easily]\""},{"Link":"https://shinyplant.com/sweet-peas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1988/nc_1988_vansambeek_001.pdf?","external_links_name":"\"Site-improving intercrops for Black Walnut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070224162738/http://www.gb0063551.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/seeog/companion/","external_links_name":"Companion Planting Guide."},{"Link":"http://eap.mcgill.ca/publications/EAP55.htm","external_links_name":"Companion plants"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080414015727/http://www.ext.nodak.edu/county/cass/horticulture/vegetables/companion.htm","external_links_name":"Cass County Extension Companion Planting List"},{"Link":"https://yardsurfer.com/companion-planting-chart/","external_links_name":"Companion Planting Infographic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tarpon
HMS Tarpon
[]
HMS Tarpon has been the name of more than one ship of the British Royal Navy, and may refer to: HMS Tarpon (1917), a destroyer launched in 1917 and sold in 1927 HMS Tarpon (N17), a submarine launched in 1939 and sunk in 1940 List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Tarpon (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tarpon_(1917)"},{"link_name":"HMS Tarpon (N17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tarpon_(N17)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Tarpon&namespace=0"}],"text":"HMS Tarpon (1917), a destroyer launched in 1917 and sold in 1927\nHMS Tarpon (N17), a submarine launched in 1939 and sunk in 1940List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"HMS Tarpon"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Tarpon&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Karl
Scott Karl
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1971) Baseball player Scott KarlPitcherBorn: (1971-08-09) August 9, 1971 (age 52)Fontana, California, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutMay 4, 1995, for the Milwaukee BrewersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 28, 2000, for the Anaheim AngelsMLB statisticsWin–loss record54–56Earned run average4.81Strikeouts513 Teams Milwaukee Brewers (1995–1999) Colorado Rockies (2000) Anaheim Angels (2000) Randall Scott Karl (born August 9, 1971) is an American former professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1995–2000. Karl played for the Milwaukee Brewers, Colorado Rockies, and Anaheim Angels. He wore uniform number 42 prior to Major League Baseball retiring the number to honor Jackie Robinson. References ^ Scott Karl page at Baseball Almanac External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet vteWestern Athletic Conference Baseball Player of the Year 1986: Cooper 1987: Willes 1988: Willes 1989: DeSilva 1990: Daniels 1991: Blanchette 1992: Karl 1993: Fernandez (East) & Harrison (West) 1994: Hall (East) & Hayes (West) 1995: Wulfert (East) & Eby (West) 1996: Young (East), Fick (West) & Lee (West) 1997: Berkman 1998: Thames 1999: Huffman 2000: Ruiz 2001: Labandeira 2002: Sinisi 2003: Kouzmanoff 2004: Robnett 2005: Savery 2006: Vitters 2007: Rike 2008: Susdorf 2009: Mendonca 2010: Ribera 2011: Robinson 2012: Ayers 2013: Shryock 2014: Hoskins 2015: Park 2016: Johnson 2017: Schwartz 2018: Cotton 2019: Ortiz 2020: Not awarded 2021: Keith 2022: Contreras 2023: Tatrow This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=karlsc01","external_links_name":"Scott Karl page at Baseball Almanac"},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/116845","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/3168","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/karlsc01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1006703","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=karl--001ran","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/Pkarls001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Karl&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Night_of_It
Let's Make a Night of It
["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
1937 film Let's Make a Night of ItDirected byGraham CuttsWritten byHenrik Ege (play)F. McGrew WillisHugh BrookeProduced byWalter C. MycroftStarringCharles "Buddy" RogersJune ClydeClaire LuceCinematographyClaude Friese-GreeneOtto KanturekEdited byFlora NewtonMusic byHarry AcresProductioncompanyAssociated British Picture Corporation Distributed byAssociated British Picture CorporationRelease date 28 June 1937 (1937-06-28) Running time67 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Let's Make a Night of It is a 1937 British musical comedy film directed by Graham Cutts and starring Charles "Buddy" Rogers, June Clyde and Claire Luce. The screenplay concerns a husband and his wife, who acquire rival nightclubs at the same time. It was based on the play The Silver Spoon by Henrik Ege. It was distributed in America by Universal Pictures the following year. Cast Charles "Buddy" Rogers as Jack Kent June Clyde as Peggy Boydell Claire Luce as Viola Vanders Fred Emney as Henry Boydell Iris Hoey as Laura Boydell Jack Melford as Count Castelli Claud Allister as Monty Steven Geray as Luigi Anthony Holles as Head Waiter Lawrence Anderson as Harold Zelma O'Neal as Kitty Bertha Belmore as Police sergeant Syd Wakefield as Policeman Dan Donovan as Street Singer Brian Michie as Compere References ^ BFI.org Bibliography Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985. Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986. vteFilms directed by Graham Cutts The Wonderful Story (1922) Cocaine (1922) Flames of Passion (1922) Paddy the Next Best Thing (1923) Woman to Woman (1923) The White Shadow (1923) The Passionate Adventure (1924) The Blackguard (1925) The Rat (1925) The Prude's Fall (1925) The Triumph of the Rat (1926) The Sea Urchin (1926) The Queen Was in the Parlour (1927) The Rolling Road (1927) Chance the Idol (1927) Confetti (1927) God's Clay (1928) Glorious Youth (1929) The Return of the Rat (1929) The Temperance Fête (1932) The Sign of Four (1932) Love on the Spot (1932) Looking on the Bright Side (1932) Three Men in a Boat (1933) As Good As New (1933) Oh, Daddy! (1935) Car of Dreams (1935) Aren't Men Beasts! (1937) Let's Make a Night of It (1937) Over She Goes (1937) She Couldn't Say No (1939) Just William (1940) External links Let's Make a Night of It at IMDb This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a musical comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Graham Cutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cutts"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Buddy%22_Rogers"},{"link_name":"June Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Claire Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Luce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nightclubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"}],"text":"1937 filmLet's Make a Night of It is a 1937 British musical comedy film directed by Graham Cutts and starring Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers, June Clyde and Claire Luce.[1] The screenplay concerns a husband and his wife, who acquire rival nightclubs at the same time. It was based on the play The Silver Spoon by Henrik Ege. It was distributed in America by Universal Pictures the following year.","title":"Let's Make a Night of It"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Buddy%22_Rogers"},{"link_name":"June Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Claire Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Luce"},{"link_name":"Fred Emney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Emney"},{"link_name":"Iris Hoey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Hoey"},{"link_name":"Jack Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Melford"},{"link_name":"Claud Allister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Allister"},{"link_name":"Steven Geray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Geray"},{"link_name":"Anthony Holles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Holles_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Zelma O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelma_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Bertha Belmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Belmore"}],"text":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers as Jack Kent\nJune Clyde as Peggy Boydell\nClaire Luce as Viola Vanders\nFred Emney as Henry Boydell\nIris Hoey as Laura Boydell\nJack Melford as Count Castelli\nClaud Allister as Monty\nSteven Geray as Luigi\nAnthony Holles as Head Waiter\nLawrence Anderson as Harold\nZelma O'Neal as Kitty\nBertha Belmore as Police sergeant\nSyd Wakefield as Policeman\nDan Donovan as Street Singer\nBrian Michie as Compere","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Graham_Cutts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Graham_Cutts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graham_Cutts"},{"link_name":"Graham Cutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cutts"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Story_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Flames of Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flames_of_Passion"},{"link_name":"Paddy the Next Best Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_the_Next_Best_Thing_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Woman to Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_to_Woman_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The White Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Shadow_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Passionate Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Adventure"},{"link_name":"The Blackguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackguard"},{"link_name":"The Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"The Prude's Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prude%27s_Fall"},{"link_name":"The Triumph of the Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Rat"},{"link_name":"The Sea Urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Urchin_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Queen Was in the Parlour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Was_in_the_Parlour_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Road"},{"link_name":"Chance the Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_the_Idol"},{"link_name":"Confetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"God's Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Clay_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Glorious Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Youth"},{"link_name":"The Return of the Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Rat"},{"link_name":"The Temperance Fête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temperance_F%C3%AAte"},{"link_name":"The Sign of Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sign_of_Four_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Love on the Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_on_the_Spot"},{"link_name":"Looking on the Bright Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_on_the_Bright_Side"},{"link_name":"Three Men in a Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"As Good As New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Good_as_New_(film)"},{"link_name":"Oh, Daddy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Daddy!"},{"link_name":"Car of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Aren't Men Beasts!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aren%27t_Men_Beasts!"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Night of It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Over She Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_She_Goes"},{"link_name":"She Couldn't Say No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Couldn%27t_Say_No_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Just William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_William_(film)"}],"text":"Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.\nWood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.vteFilms directed by Graham Cutts\nThe Wonderful Story (1922)\nCocaine (1922)\nFlames of Passion (1922)\nPaddy the Next Best Thing (1923)\nWoman to Woman (1923)\nThe White Shadow (1923)\nThe Passionate Adventure (1924)\nThe Blackguard (1925)\nThe Rat (1925)\nThe Prude's Fall (1925)\nThe Triumph of the Rat (1926)\nThe Sea Urchin (1926)\nThe Queen Was in the Parlour (1927)\nThe Rolling Road (1927)\nChance the Idol (1927)\nConfetti (1927)\nGod's Clay (1928)\nGlorious Youth (1929)\nThe Return of the Rat (1929)\nThe Temperance Fête (1932)\nThe Sign of Four (1932)\nLove on the Spot (1932)\nLooking on the Bright Side (1932)\nThree Men in a Boat (1933)\nAs Good As New (1933)\nOh, Daddy! (1935)\nCar of Dreams (1935)\nAren't Men Beasts! (1937)\nLet's Make a Night of It (1937)\nOver She Goes (1937)\nShe Couldn't Say No (1939)\nJust William (1940)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Watts
Pig (musical project)
["1 History","1.1 Recent activity (2010–present)","2 Musical style","3 Collaboration with KMFDM","4 Other collaborations","5 Solo band members","5.1 Current members","5.2 Former members","5.3 Guest members","6 Discography (partial)","6.1 Studio albums","6.2 Remix albums","6.3 EPs","6.4 Singles","6.5 Video releases","6.6 Book releases","7 Music videos","8 References","9 External links"]
British musician "P.I.G." redirects here. For other uses, see pig (disambiguation). PIGBorn (1961-09-01) 1 September 1961 (age 62)OriginLondon, EnglandGenresIndustrial rockOccupation(s)MusicianYears activeArtist: 1980–presentBand: 1987–2003, 2005–2010, 2013–presentLabels Armalyte Industries Metropolis Wax Trax! TVT Nothing Blue Noise Grand Cleopatra Invisible Alfa Concrete Contempo Invitation Victor Entertainment Rock I, Absentee Websitepigindustries.comMusical artist Raymond Watts (also known by his former stage names Nainz, Nainz Watts and Ray Scaballero) is an English musician, the founding and sole member of the industrial music project PIG, sometimes written as <PIG>. Watts was an early member and periodic collaborator of KMFDM, and has been a visible part of the industrial music scene since the early 1980s. He has toured with KMFDM, Nine Inch Nails, Schaft, Schwein, and Einstürzende Neubauten. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) Recent activity (2010–present) Watts, Dr. Shinto and John Gosling released a four-song EP titled Mellan Rummen on 15 November 2010 on Amazon.com. On 8 June 2012, Marc Heal revealed a demo version of "the first new PIG track in eight years" titled "Drugzilla (Rough As A Hog's Arse Mix)" via Cubanate's Official Facebook page and providing their followers a link to his personal SoundCloud page. The link was reposted by Watts a few hours later. A second demo titled "Shake" was released on 15 July 2012; again via Heal's Soundcloud page, this time also noting Dan Abela as engineer. In November 2014, Watts approved mixes for an upcoming joint-release EP. In March 2015, another collaborative EP was announced with Primitive Race titled Long in the Tooth with a worldwide release date of 5 June 2015 through Metropolis Records. Later that month in an interview, Watts revealed a new PIG album has been written and recorded. Former KMFDM bandmate En Esch will be providing final touches to the album. On 15 June 2016, the official PIG Facebook page announced that the new PIG album titled The Gospel would be released on 9 September 2016 on Metropolis. Soon after. tour dates were announced The American Excess tour with opening bands En Esch & Peter Turns Pirate. The North American tour takes place in September and October 2016. A remix album, Swine & Punishment, was released in 2017. In 2018, PIG released the album Risen, supported by another North American tour. 2019 saw the release of a collection of cover songs on an LP titled Candy. The release of Candy was followed in the fall of the same year by the Divine Descent North American Tour, supported by Cyanotic and A Primitive Evolution. The Divine Descent Tour concluded on 6 October 2019 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A brief tour of the United Kingdom followed. In 2020, PIG released a compilation album, Pain Is God, which featured some new tracks and included songs from prior tour EPs dating back to the previous year. The album was released digitally, and on CD and vinyl, including special edition packages with unique 3D features in the digipack or record sleeve. Musical style PIG tends to sound more orchestral than KMFDM, with darker, more complex, more ambient beats. His album and song titles tend to be witty, rife with alliteration ("Prayer Praise & Profit") or are plays on the titles of popular works or phrases (The Swining / "Symphony for the Devil"). He also manages to work food, heroin or pork related terms into his albums. Like KMFDM, humor features prominently in PIG's lyrics, although they tend towards a darker/grittier tone than KMFDM's. Collaboration with KMFDM Because Raymond Watts is a central figure in both PIG and KMFDM, the two projects have seen much crossover. Watts has contributed his skills as a songwriter and vocalist to several KMFDM albums, including their first album Opium in 1984, and has a heavy presence on their 1995 album Nihil, which spawned the hit "Juke Joint Jezebel". A collaborative EP titled Sin Sex & Salvation was released in 1994 under the moniker "PIG vs. KMFDM". KMFDM has in turn assisted Watts with his PIG projects in production and personnel. Current KMFDM guitarists Steve White and Jules Hodgson (as well as former KMFDM guitarist Günter Schulz) and drummer Andy Selway have been involved with PIG. Watts has performed with KMFDM as part of the touring lineup, with the concerts billed as "KMFDM featuring PIG". The setlists for those shows feature KMFDM songs alongside Pig songs. A live CD from the 2002 "Sturm & Drang" tour was released on Metropolis Records that same year. Watts was given a tongue-in-cheek description in the lyrics to the KMFDM song "Intro" from the 2003 album WWIII: The Lord of Lard, the Mighty Swine He loves Manchego and a bottle of wine Also known as Raymond Watts, He screams out his lungs while his brain slowly rots! Other collaborations Watts has worked with several industrial and avant-garde artists, receiving credits as PIG and Raymond Watts interchangeably. He has also been credited as "Nainz Watts" or "Nains Watts" on several early releases. From 1984 to 1986 Watts was sound engineer for Mona Mur. From 1985 to 1989 Watts was a sound engineer for Einstürzende Neubauten. Watts has occasionally collaborated with J. G. Thirlwell, briefly playing bass in Foetus Corruptus and co-writing songs for Steroid Maximus on the album Gondwanaland. Thirlwell, in turn, has cowritten and remixed songs for PIG. Watts recorded music for ex-girlfriend spoken-word artist Sow (born Anna Wildsmith)'s 1994 album Je M'Aime and again for her 1998 album Sick and 2010 album Dog. "Je M'aime" was reissued under the name "Pig/Sow" in 1999. PIG's 1995 album Sinsation was released in the US on Trent Reznor's label Nothing Records. PIG also toured with Reznor's band Nine Inch Nails in the UK. Japanese-based band Schaft employed Watts as a lyricist/vocalist for the 1994 album Switchblade and companion remix collection Switch. In 2001, Watts and KMFDM frontman Sascha Konietzko teamed up with Japanese musicians Atsushi Sakurai (Buck-Tick) and Hisashi Imai (Schaft and Buck-Tick) to form the project super group Schwein. Schwein released two albums Schweinstein and Son of Schweinstein ; the latter being remixes from the first. Watts has also provided production, mixing, remixing, and/or vocals for Psychic TV, Chemlab, Haloblack, 2-Kut, Hoodlum Priest, Steroid Maximus, H3llb3nt, The Hit Parade, Brain Drive, Buck-Tick, D.I.E., Atsushi Sakurai, Sprung aus den Wolken, The Megaton Men, Mortiis, Judda], Tweaker, Prong, West End and Zos Kia. Watts contributed an original composition to the soundtrack of the computer game MDK2. It plays on the title screen and one of Max's levels. Watts has composed music for several Alexander McQueen fashion shows. Watts has contributed vocals to the track "Second Coming" by Team Cybergeist In 2020 Watts became a member of industrial supergroup The Joy Thieves by contributing vocals to "Empty Spaces", a song the band recorded for Riveting Music's Tear Down the Walls: A Riveting Tribute to Pink Floyd's The Wall. Solo band members Current members Raymond Watts – vocals, keyboards, programming, guitars (1987–present) En Esch – vocals, guitars, programming (2016–present) Steve White – guitars, programming (1993–2007, 2018–present) Galen Waling – drums (2016–2018, 2019–present) Former members Steve Crittel – live guitars (1991–1992) Jim McKenchnie – live keyboards (1991–1992) Kevin Bass – live drums (1991–1992) Michael Watts – keyboards, organ, vocals (1991–1993, 1998–2006, 2016–2019) Karl Hyde – guitars (1993–1994) Santos De Castro – drums (1993, 1994, 1996) Imai Hisashi – guitars, noises (1994–1998) Olivier Grasset – drums, percussion, programming, production (1994, 2002, 2010) Joanna Peacock – bass (1994) Günter Schulz – guitars, programming (1994–1999, 2006, 2016–2017, 2019–2020) Jules Hodgson – guitars, bass, keyboards (1997–2006) Andy Selway – drums (1997–2006) Jason Knotek – live guitars (2006) Angel Bartolotta – live drums (2006) Mark Gemini Thwaite – guitars, bass, synthesizers, programming (2015–2017) Gregory "Z. Marr" Steward – guitars, keyboards, programming, production (2016–2018) Eric Gottesman – live keyboards (2016–2017) Luke Dangler – live guitars (2017) Ben Christo – guitars (2018–2019) Martin Eden – guitars, bass, keyboards, programming, production, mixing (2004–2010, 2016–2019) Jan-Vincent Velazco – drums (2018–2019) Guest members Alex Hacke – guitars (1988) Nikkolai Weidemann – guitars, piano, saxophone (1988) Axel Dill – drums, piano, mixing (1988) Achim Mennicken – guitars (1988–1989; died 2014) Uwe Wüst – guitars (1988) Remo Park – guitars (1988) Christian Graupner – percussion, programming (1988–1989) J.G. Thirlwell – production (1988–1992) John Caffery – production, recording (1989–1991) Roli Mosimann – mixing (1989) Martin Hawkes – recording, mixing (1991) Paul Kendall – mixing (1991) Siewert Johannsen – engineering (1992) Anna Wildsmith – vocals (1989–1992, 1995–1996, 1998–1999, 2003–2006, 2010; died 2016) John Gosling – programming, engineering, mixing (1993, 2010, 2018) Enrico Thomaso – flugelhorn (1993–1994) Sascha Konietzko – vocals, synthesizers, production, engineering, mixing, programming (1994, 1997, 1998, 2020) Jennifer Ginsberg – vocals (1994) Julian Beeston – programming, mixing (1995–1997) Carol Anne Reynolds – vocals (1995, 1997–1999) Sakurai Atsushi – vocals (1997–1998) Chris Shepard – (1997–1998) Giles Littlefield – production, noises, programming (1996–1997) Rob Henry – programming (1996–1999, 2018) Jennie Bellestar – vocals (1996–1997) Ruth McArdle – vocals (1996–1997) Lian Warmington – vocals (1996–1997) James Reynolds – engineering (1996–1997) Ben Drakeford – engineering (1996–1997) Jo Maskell – vocals (1997) Andrew Bennett – guitars (1999) Lisa Millet – vocals (1999) Andy Cooke – programming (1999) Arianne Schreiber – vocals (2001–2006) Bryan Black – vocals, production, mixing (2001–2006) Marc Heal – vocals, keyboards, programming (2004–2006, 2015–2019) Dan Abela – guitars, engineering (2015–2016) Nathan Cavaleri – guitars (2010, 2016) Tim Skold – vocals, keyboards, guitars, programming, production (2018) Anita Sylph – vocals (2018) Joshua Broughton – guitars (2018) Emre Ramazanoglu – keyboards, programming (2018) Phil Barry – guitars (2018) Ben Lee – violin (2018) Sasha Grey – vocals (2018–2019) Michelle Martinez – vocals (2018–2019) Susannah Doyle – vocals (2018) Discography (partial) Several of his albums were originally released in Japan, where he enjoyed considerably more success than in the United States and United Kingdom, but some of those albums were eventually released in the US. In 2004 he signed to Grand Recordings for distribution in the UK, under the name "Watts". The All Hamerican Pig Show was released in 2011 as a DVD via the Pig website, featuring performances from Pig's 2006 U.S. tour and a complete live performance from Osaka, Japan, 1999. The DVD also included the music videos for Painiac and Everything. Studio albums A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick (1988) Praise the Lard (1991) The Swining (1993) – Japan only release; reissued in 1999 in the US as The Swining/Red Raw & Sore Sinsation (1995) – US release in 1996 Wrecked (1996) – Japanese release; US release in 1997 has somewhat different track listing Genuine American Monster (1999) – US release in 2002 Pigmartyr (2004) – UK only release, using the "Watts" name, although it was re-released in 2005 as Pigmata under the "PIG" moniker The Gospel (2016) – co-written and co-produced by Z. Marr Risen (2018) Candy (2019) – album of covers Pain Is God (2020) The Merciless Light (2022) Red Room (2024) Remix albums Swine & Punishment (2017) – remixes of songs from The Gospel Stripped & Whipped (2019) – remixes of songs from Risen EPs Hello Hooray (1992) A Stroll in the Pork (1992) Sin Sex & Salvation (as PIG vs KMFDM) (1994) – collaborative EP with KMFDM Red Raw & Sore (1994) – Japan only release; reissued in 1999 in America on The Swining/Red Raw & Sore (1999) Painiac (1995) – Japan only release Prime Evil (1997) – Japan only release No One Gets Out of Her Alive (1998) – Japan only release Disrupt Degrade & Devastate (1999) – Japan only release Compound Eye Sessions (2015) – with Marc Heal Long in the Tooth (2015) – with Primitive Race The Diamond Sinners (2016) – digital only release The Redeemer (2016) – tour only release Prey & Obey (2017) – digital only release Second Coming (2017) – tour only release Hell to Pay... in the USA (2018) – tour only release That's the Way (I Like It) (2018) – with Sasha Grey Mobocracy (2019) – tour only release The Wages of Sin (2019) – digital only release available only with purchase of Ultra Limited Edition "Hogtags" Sex & Death (2020) – digital only release Singles "Never For Fun" (1988) "Sick City" / "Shit for Brains" (1989) "Shit for Brains" – Germany-only release "The Fountain of Miracles" (1993) "Black Mass" (2018)- (Free Digital only album of Christmas Covers) "Seed of Evil" (2019) – with Black Needle Noise Video releases The All Hamerican Pig Show (2011) Book releases PIG - The Word of the Lard: The Scripture of Raymond Watts (2017) – book compiling all of Raymond Watts' lyrics to date Music videos Several music videos have been filmed, but most remain unreleased outside Japan. Most videos have surfaced online on YouTube in questionable quality. The video for Arbor Vitate is actually a re-cut version of the Schaft video of the same song. "Shit for Brains" (1988) "The Fountain of Miracles" (1993) "The Seven Veils" (1993) "Painiac" (1995) "Everything" (1996) "Arbor Vitate" (2004) "Long in the Tooth" (2015) "The Diamond Sinners" (2016) "Found in Filth" (2016) "Prey & Obey" (2017) "The Chosen Few" (2018) "The Revelation" (2018) "That's The Way (I Like It)" (2018) "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" (2018) "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (2019) "Mobocracy" (2019) "Sex & Death" (2020) "Rock 'n' Roll Refugee" (2020) References ^ NiNa (8 June 2012). "06/08/2012 Pig - "Drugzilla" unofficial mix available online". Fabryka Industrial Rock Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Yücel, Ilker (Ilker81x) (8 June 2012). "PIG unveils a rough mix of first new track in eight years". ReGen Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ COMA Music Magazine (8 June 2012). ":Music News: New rough mix of a new PIG track.". COMA Music Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Heal, Marc (8 June 2012). "And so, ladies and gentlemen, I present you…". Official Cubanate on Facebook. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Watts, Raymond (8 June 2012). "Rough mix of new PIG track "Drugzilla".". Official PIG on Facebook. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Heal, Marc (8 June 2012). "Pig - Drugzilla (Rough As A Hog's Arse Mix)". Official Marc Heal on SoundCloud. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Heal, Marc (15 June 2012). "Pig - Shake (Rough Mix)". Official Marc Heal on SoundCloud. Retrieved 17 June 2012. ^ "Cubanate (Facebook) - Spoke to Watts on the phone..." Facebook.com. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ "Long in the Tooth". Metropolis-mailorder.com. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015. ^ "Eye to Eye with the Compound Eye - Marc Heal and Raymond Watts Interview". 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ Daviet, Brandon (29 June 2006). "The All Hamerican Pig Show". Westword.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019. ^ "Raymond Watts Forums - MDK2 Track 2". Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2007. ^ "Team Cybergeist - How to Destroy Something Beautiful (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ "Official Album Credits for The Gospel". Discogs.com. Metropolis. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Ilker Yücel (30 August 2018). "Music video for PIG and Sasha Grey cover track premieres on Pornhub". REGEN Magazine. Retrieved 8 September 2018. External links Official website Pig at AllMusic Pig discography at Discogs Raymond Watts discography at Discogs vtePIG Raymond Watts En Esch Steve White Galen Waling Marc Heal Karl Hyde Andy Selway Studio albums A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick Praise the Lard The Swining Sinsation Wrecked Genuine American Monster Pigmartyr Extended plays A Stroll in the Pork Red Raw & Sore Sin Sex & Salvation Painiac Prime Evil No One Gets Out of Her Alive Disrupt Degrade & Devastate Compound Eye Sessions Long in the Tooth Related articles Schaft KMFDM Schwein Schulz Slick Idiot vteKMFDM Sascha Konietzko Lucia Cifarelli Andy Selway Andee Blacksugar Raymond Watts En Esch Rudolph Naomi Günter Schulz Mark Durante Bill Rieflin Tim Sköld Jules Hodgson Steve White Studio albums Opium What Do You Know, Deutschland? Don't Blow Your Top UAIOE Naïve Money Angst Nihil Xtort Symbols Adios Attak WWIII Hau Ruck Tohuvabohu Blitz WTF?! Kunst Our Time Will Come Hell Yeah Paradise Hyëna Let Go Collaborations KMFDM vs. Pig Skold vs. KMFDM Remix albums Ruck Zuck Brimborium Krieg Singles "Kickin' Ass" "Don't Blow Your Top" "More & Faster" "Virus" "Godlike" "Naïve / The Days of Swine & Roses" "Split" "Vogue" "Money" "Help Us—Save Us—Take Us Away" "Sucks" "A Drug Against War" "Light" "Glory" "Juke Joint Jezebel" "Brute" "Power" "Rules" "Megalomaniac" "Boots" "Day of Light" "Krank" "Amnesia" "Salvation" Live albums Sturm & Drang Tour 2002 WWIII Live 2003 We Are KMFDM Live in the USSA Video and DVD Beat by Beat by Beat Sturm & Drang Tour 2002 WWIII Live 2003 20th Anniversary World Tour 2004 Compilations Retro Agogo 84–86 Extra, Vol. 1 Extra, Vol. 2 Extra, Vol. 3 Würst Greatest Shit Guest musicians Dorona Alberti Paul Barker Nicole Blackman Chris Connelly Free Dominguez F.M. Einheit Koichi Fukuda Nina Hagen Nivek Ogre Sin Quirin Chris Shepard Abby Travis Cheryl Wilson William Wilson Doug Wimbish Associated acts MDFMK Excessive Force PIG Slick Idiot Schulz KGC Schwein Related articles Brute! Don't Blow Your Cover: A Tribute to KMFDM List of KMFDM band members KMFDM discography List of KMFDM concert tours Category vteSchwein Raymond Watts Hisashi Imai Atsushi Sakurai Jules Hodgson Sascha Konietzko Lucia Cifarelli Studio albums Schweinstein (2001) Son of Schweinstein (2001) Guest musicians Steve White Chris Ingnatiou Julian Beeston Yokoyama Kazutoshi Bryan Black Arianne Schreiber Andy Selway Related KMFDM Pig Buck-Tick Schaft Shining MDFMK Watts Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pig (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"KMFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMFDM"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Schaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaft"},{"link_name":"Schwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwein"},{"link_name":"Einstürzende Neubauten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten"}],"text":"\"P.I.G.\" redirects here. For other uses, see pig (disambiguation).Musical artistRaymond Watts (also known by his former stage names Nainz, Nainz Watts and Ray Scaballero) is an English musician, the founding and sole member of the industrial music project PIG, sometimes written as <PIG>.Watts was an early member and periodic collaborator of KMFDM, and has been a visible part of the industrial music scene since the early 1980s. He has toured with KMFDM, Nine Inch Nails, Schaft, Schwein, and Einstürzende Neubauten.","title":"Pig (musical project)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Marc Heal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal"},{"link_name":"Cubanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubanate"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fabryka8June2012-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReGen8June2012-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COMA8June2012-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcHealFB8June2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaymondWattsFB8June2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcHealSC8June2012-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcHealSC15June2012-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP_news-8"},{"link_name":"Primitive Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Race"},{"link_name":"Long in the Tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_in_the_Tooth_(Primitive_Race_EP)"},{"link_name":"Metropolis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Records"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrimitiveRace-9"},{"link_name":"En Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Esch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompoundEyeInterview-10"}],"sub_title":"Recent activity (2010–present)","text":"Watts, Dr. Shinto and John Gosling released a four-song EP titled Mellan Rummen on 15 November 2010 on Amazon.com.On 8 June 2012, Marc Heal revealed a demo version of \"the first new PIG track in eight years\" titled \"Drugzilla (Rough As A Hog's Arse Mix)\" via Cubanate's Official Facebook page and providing their followers a link to his personal SoundCloud page. The link was reposted by Watts a few hours later.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A second demo titled \"Shake\" was released on 15 July 2012; again via Heal's Soundcloud page, this time also noting Dan Abela as engineer.[7] In November 2014, Watts approved mixes for an upcoming joint-release EP.[8]In March 2015, another collaborative EP was announced with Primitive Race titled Long in the Tooth with a worldwide release date of 5 June 2015 through Metropolis Records.[9] Later that month in an interview, Watts revealed a new PIG album has been written and recorded. Former KMFDM bandmate En Esch will be providing final touches to the album.[10]On 15 June 2016, the official PIG Facebook page announced that the new PIG album titled The Gospel would be released on 9 September 2016 on Metropolis. Soon after. tour dates were announced The American Excess tour with opening bands En Esch & Peter Turns Pirate. The North American tour takes place in September and October 2016. A remix album, Swine & Punishment, was released in 2017.In 2018, PIG released the album Risen, supported by another North American tour. 2019 saw the release of a collection of cover songs on an LP titled Candy. The release of Candy was followed in the fall of the same year by the Divine Descent North American Tour, supported by Cyanotic and A Primitive Evolution. The Divine Descent Tour concluded on 6 October 2019 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A brief tour of the United Kingdom followed.In 2020, PIG released a compilation album, Pain Is God, which featured some new tracks and included songs from prior tour EPs dating back to the previous year. The album was released digitally, and on CD and vinyl, including special edition packages with unique 3D features in the digipack or record sleeve.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"alliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration"},{"link_name":"The Swining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swining"}],"text":"PIG tends to sound more orchestral than KMFDM, with darker, more complex, more ambient beats. His album and song titles tend to be witty, rife with alliteration (\"Prayer Praise & Profit\") or are plays on the titles of popular works or phrases (The Swining / \"Symphony for the Devil\"). He also manages to work food, heroin or pork related terms into his albums. Like KMFDM, humor features prominently in PIG's lyrics, although they tend towards a darker/grittier tone than KMFDM's.","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_(KMFDM_album)"},{"link_name":"Nihil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihil"},{"link_name":"Juke Joint Jezebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Joint_Jezebel"},{"link_name":"Sin Sex & Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Sex_%26_Salvation"},{"link_name":"Steve White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_White_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Günter Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Andy Selway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Selway"},{"link_name":"Metropolis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Records"},{"link_name":"WWIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWIII_(album)"},{"link_name":"Manchego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchego_cheese"}],"text":"Because Raymond Watts is a central figure in both PIG and KMFDM, the two projects have seen much crossover. Watts has contributed his skills as a songwriter and vocalist to several KMFDM albums, including their first album Opium in 1984, and has a heavy presence on their 1995 album Nihil, which spawned the hit \"Juke Joint Jezebel\". A collaborative EP titled Sin Sex & Salvation was released in 1994 under the moniker \"PIG vs. KMFDM\". KMFDM has in turn assisted Watts with his PIG projects in production and personnel. Current KMFDM guitarists Steve White and Jules Hodgson (as well as former KMFDM guitarist Günter Schulz)\nand drummer Andy Selway have been involved with PIG. Watts has performed with KMFDM as part of the touring lineup, with the concerts billed as \"KMFDM featuring PIG\". The setlists for those shows feature KMFDM songs alongside Pig songs. A live CD from the 2002 \"Sturm & Drang\" tour was released on Metropolis Records that same year.Watts was given a tongue-in-cheek description in the lyrics to the KMFDM song \"Intro\" from the 2003 album WWIII:The Lord of Lard, the Mighty Swine\nHe loves Manchego and a bottle of wine\nAlso known as Raymond Watts,\nHe screams out his lungs while his brain slowly rots!","title":"Collaboration with KMFDM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Mona Mur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Mur"},{"link_name":"Einstürzende Neubauten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten"},{"link_name":"J. G. Thirlwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Thirlwell"},{"link_name":"Foetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Steroid Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Gondwanaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanaland_(Steroid_Maximus_album)"},{"link_name":"Sow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sow_(band)"},{"link_name":"Je M'Aime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_M%27Aime"},{"link_name":"Sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_(Sow_album)"},{"link_name":"Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sinsation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsation"},{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"Nothing Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Records"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Schaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaft"},{"link_name":"Switchblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchblade_(album)"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Sascha Konietzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Konietzko"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"Buck-Tick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck-Tick"},{"link_name":"Hisashi Imai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Imai"},{"link_name":"Schwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwein"},{"link_name":"Schwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwein"},{"link_name":"Schweinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinstein"},{"link_name":"Son of Schweinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Schweinstein"},{"link_name":"Psychic TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic_TV"},{"link_name":"Chemlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemlab"},{"link_name":"Hoodlum Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodlum_Priest_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Steroid Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_Maximus"},{"link_name":"The Hit Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hit_Parade_(group)"},{"link_name":"Buck-Tick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck-Tick"},{"link_name":"Sprung aus den Wolken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprung_aus_den_Wolken"},{"link_name":"Mortiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortiis"},{"link_name":"Tweaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweaker_(band)"},{"link_name":"Prong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prong_(band)"},{"link_name":"MDK2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDK2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Team Cybergeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Cybergeist"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Joy Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"}],"text":"Watts has worked with several industrial and avant-garde artists, receiving credits as PIG and Raymond Watts interchangeably. He has also been credited as \"Nainz Watts\" or \"Nains Watts\" on several early releases.From 1984 to 1986 Watts was sound engineer for Mona Mur.\nFrom 1985 to 1989 Watts was a sound engineer for Einstürzende Neubauten.\nWatts has occasionally collaborated with J. G. Thirlwell, briefly playing bass in Foetus Corruptus and co-writing songs for Steroid Maximus on the album Gondwanaland. Thirlwell, in turn, has cowritten and remixed songs for PIG.\nWatts recorded music for ex-girlfriend spoken-word artist Sow (born Anna Wildsmith)'s 1994 album Je M'Aime and again for her 1998 album Sick and 2010 album Dog. \"Je M'aime\" was reissued under the name \"Pig/Sow\" in 1999.\nPIG's 1995 album Sinsation was released in the US on Trent Reznor's label Nothing Records. PIG also toured with Reznor's band Nine Inch Nails in the UK.[11]\nJapanese-based band Schaft employed Watts as a lyricist/vocalist for the 1994 album Switchblade and companion remix collection Switch.\nIn 2001, Watts and KMFDM frontman Sascha Konietzko teamed up with Japanese musicians Atsushi Sakurai (Buck-Tick) and Hisashi Imai (Schaft and Buck-Tick) to form the project super group Schwein. Schwein released two albums Schweinstein and Son of Schweinstein ; the latter being remixes from the first.\nWatts has also provided production, mixing, remixing, and/or vocals for Psychic TV, Chemlab, Haloblack, 2-Kut, Hoodlum Priest, Steroid Maximus, H3llb3nt, The Hit Parade, Brain Drive, Buck-Tick, D.I.E., Atsushi Sakurai, Sprung aus den Wolken, The Megaton Men, Mortiis, Judda], Tweaker, Prong, West End and Zos Kia.\nWatts contributed an original composition to the soundtrack of the computer game MDK2. It plays on the title screen and one of Max's levels.[12]\nWatts has composed music for several Alexander McQueen fashion shows.\nWatts has contributed vocals to the track \"Second Coming\" by Team Cybergeist[13]\nIn 2020 Watts became a member of industrial supergroup The Joy Thieves by contributing vocals to \"Empty Spaces\", a song the band recorded for Riveting Music's Tear Down the Walls: A Riveting Tribute to Pink Floyd's The Wall.","title":"Other collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_(musical_project)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"En Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Esch"},{"link_name":"Galen Waling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Waling"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_(musical_project)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Karl Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Imai Hisashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imai_Hisashi"},{"link_name":"Olivier Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloblack"},{"link_name":"Günter Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Andy Selway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Selway"},{"link_name":"Angel Bartolotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Bartolotta"},{"link_name":"Mark Gemini Thwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Race"},{"link_name":"Gregory \"Z. Marr\" Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combichrist"},{"link_name":"Eric Gottesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Goes_Cold"},{"link_name":"Ben Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Christo"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_(musical_project)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Alex Hacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hacke"},{"link_name":"J.G. Thirlwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.G._Thirlwell"},{"link_name":"Roli Mosimann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roli_Mosimann"},{"link_name":"Anna Wildsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sow_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gosling_(Psychic_TV_musician)"},{"link_name":"Sascha Konietzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Konietzko"},{"link_name":"Julian Beeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Beeston"},{"link_name":"Sakurai Atsushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurai_Atsushi"},{"link_name":"Chris Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Shepard"},{"link_name":"Arianne Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloblack"},{"link_name":"Bryan Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloblack"},{"link_name":"Marc Heal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal"},{"link_name":"Tim Skold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Skold"},{"link_name":"Sasha Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey"}],"text":"Current members[edit]\nRaymond Watts – vocals, keyboards, programming, guitars (1987–present)\nEn Esch – vocals, guitars, programming (2016–present)\nSteve White – guitars, programming (1993–2007, 2018–present)\nGalen Waling – drums (2016–2018, 2019–present)\nFormer members[edit]\nSteve Crittel – live guitars (1991–1992)\nJim McKenchnie – live keyboards (1991–1992)\nKevin Bass – live drums (1991–1992)\nMichael Watts – keyboards, organ, vocals (1991–1993, 1998–2006, 2016–2019)\nKarl Hyde – guitars (1993–1994)\nSantos De Castro – drums (1993, 1994, 1996)\nImai Hisashi – guitars, noises (1994–1998)\nOlivier Grasset – drums, percussion, programming, production (1994, 2002, 2010)\nJoanna Peacock – bass (1994)\nGünter Schulz – guitars, programming (1994–1999, 2006, 2016–2017, 2019–2020)\nJules Hodgson – guitars, bass, keyboards (1997–2006)\nAndy Selway – drums (1997–2006)\nJason Knotek – live guitars (2006)\nAngel Bartolotta – live drums (2006)\nMark Gemini Thwaite – guitars, bass, synthesizers, programming (2015–2017)\nGregory \"Z. Marr\" Steward – guitars, keyboards, programming, production (2016–2018)\nEric Gottesman – live keyboards (2016–2017)\nLuke Dangler – live guitars (2017)\nBen Christo – guitars (2018–2019)\nMartin Eden – guitars, bass, keyboards, programming, production, mixing (2004–2010, 2016–2019)\nJan-Vincent Velazco – drums (2018–2019)\n\n\nGuest members[edit]\nAlex Hacke – guitars (1988)\nNikkolai Weidemann – guitars, piano, saxophone (1988)\nAxel Dill – drums, piano, mixing (1988)\nAchim Mennicken – guitars (1988–1989; died 2014)\nUwe Wüst – guitars (1988)\nRemo Park – guitars (1988)\nChristian Graupner – percussion, programming (1988–1989)\nJ.G. Thirlwell – production (1988–1992)\nJohn Caffery – production, recording (1989–1991)\nRoli Mosimann – mixing (1989)\nMartin Hawkes – recording, mixing (1991)\nPaul Kendall – mixing (1991)\nSiewert Johannsen – engineering (1992)\nAnna Wildsmith – vocals (1989–1992, 1995–1996, 1998–1999, 2003–2006, 2010; died 2016)\nJohn Gosling – programming, engineering, mixing (1993, 2010, 2018)\nEnrico Thomaso – flugelhorn (1993–1994)\nSascha Konietzko – vocals, synthesizers, production, engineering, mixing, programming (1994, 1997, 1998, 2020)\nJennifer Ginsberg – vocals (1994)\nJulian Beeston – programming, mixing (1995–1997)\nCarol Anne Reynolds – vocals (1995, 1997–1999)\nSakurai Atsushi – vocals (1997–1998)\nChris Shepard – (1997–1998)\nGiles Littlefield – production, noises, programming (1996–1997)\nRob Henry – programming (1996–1999, 2018)\nJennie Bellestar – vocals (1996–1997)\nRuth McArdle – vocals (1996–1997)\nLian Warmington – vocals (1996–1997)\nJames Reynolds – engineering (1996–1997)\nBen Drakeford – engineering (1996–1997)\nJo Maskell – vocals (1997)\nAndrew Bennett – guitars (1999)\nLisa Millet – vocals (1999)\nAndy Cooke – programming (1999)\nArianne Schreiber – vocals (2001–2006)\nBryan Black – vocals, production, mixing (2001–2006)\nMarc Heal – vocals, keyboards, programming (2004–2006, 2015–2019)\nDan Abela – guitars, engineering (2015–2016)\nNathan Cavaleri – guitars (2010, 2016)\nTim Skold – vocals, keyboards, guitars, programming, production (2018)\nAnita Sylph – vocals (2018)\nJoshua Broughton – guitars (2018)\nEmre Ramazanoglu – keyboards, programming (2018)\nPhil Barry – guitars (2018)\nBen Lee – violin (2018)\nSasha Grey – vocals (2018–2019)\nMichelle Martinez – vocals (2018–2019)\nSusannah Doyle – vocals (2018)","title":"Solo band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The All Hamerican Pig Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All_Hamerican_Pig_Show"}],"text":"Several of his albums were originally released in Japan, where he enjoyed considerably more success than in the United States and United Kingdom, but some of those albums were eventually released in the US.In 2004 he signed to Grand Recordings for distribution in the UK, under the name \"Watts\". The All Hamerican Pig Show was released in 2011 as a DVD via the Pig website, featuring performances from Pig's 2006 U.S. tour and a complete live performance from Osaka, Japan, 1999. The DVD also included the music videos for Painiac and Everything.","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Poke_in_the_Eye..._with_a_Sharp_Stick"},{"link_name":"Praise the Lard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_the_Lard"},{"link_name":"The Swining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swining"},{"link_name":"Sinsation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsation"},{"link_name":"Wrecked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecked_(album)"},{"link_name":"Genuine American Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_American_Monster"},{"link_name":"Pigmartyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmartyr"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Album_Credits_for_The_Gospel-14"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"A Poke in the Eye... with a Sharp Stick (1988)\nPraise the Lard (1991)\nThe Swining (1993) – Japan only release; reissued in 1999 in the US as The Swining/Red Raw & Sore\nSinsation (1995) – US release in 1996\nWrecked (1996) – Japanese release; US release in 1997 has somewhat different track listing\nGenuine American Monster (1999) – US release in 2002\nPigmartyr (2004) – UK only release, using the \"Watts\" name, although it was re-released in 2005 as Pigmata under the \"PIG\" moniker\nThe Gospel (2016) – co-written and co-produced by Z. Marr[14]\nRisen (2018)\nCandy (2019) – album of covers\nPain Is God (2020)\nThe Merciless Light (2022)\nRed Room (2024)","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remix albums","text":"Swine & Punishment (2017) – remixes of songs from The Gospel\nStripped & Whipped (2019) – remixes of songs from Risen","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hello Hooray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Hooray"},{"link_name":"A Stroll in the Pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Stroll_in_the_Pork"},{"link_name":"Sin Sex & Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Sex_%26_Salvation"},{"link_name":"Red Raw & Sore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Raw_%26_Sore"},{"link_name":"Painiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painiac"},{"link_name":"Prime Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Evil_(EP)"},{"link_name":"No One Gets Out of Her Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Gets_Out_of_Her_Alive"},{"link_name":"Disrupt Degrade & Devastate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disrupt_Degrade_%26_Devastate"},{"link_name":"Compound Eye Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_Eye_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Marc Heal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal"},{"link_name":"Long in the Tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_in_the_Tooth_(Primitive_Race_EP)"},{"link_name":"Primitive Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Race"},{"link_name":"That's the Way (I Like It)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_(I_Like_It)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sasha Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Hello Hooray (1992)\nA Stroll in the Pork (1992)\nSin Sex & Salvation (as PIG vs KMFDM) (1994) – collaborative EP with KMFDM\nRed Raw & Sore (1994) – Japan only release; reissued in 1999 in America on The Swining/Red Raw & Sore (1999)\nPainiac (1995) – Japan only release\nPrime Evil (1997) – Japan only release\nNo One Gets Out of Her Alive (1998) – Japan only release\nDisrupt Degrade & Devastate (1999) – Japan only release\nCompound Eye Sessions (2015) – with Marc Heal\nLong in the Tooth (2015) – with Primitive Race\nThe Diamond Sinners (2016) – digital only release\nThe Redeemer (2016) – tour only release\nPrey & Obey (2017) – digital only release\nSecond Coming (2017) – tour only release\nHell to Pay... in the USA (2018) – tour only release\nThat's the Way (I Like It)[15] (2018) – with Sasha Grey\nMobocracy (2019) – tour only release\nThe Wages of Sin (2019) – digital only release available only with purchase of Ultra Limited Edition \"Hogtags\"\nSex & Death (2020) – digital only release","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Never For Fun\" (1988)\n\"Sick City\" / \"Shit for Brains\" (1989)\n\"Shit for Brains\" – Germany-only release\n\"The Fountain of Miracles\" (1993)\n\"Black Mass\" (2018)- (Free Digital only album of Christmas Covers)\n\"Seed of Evil\" (2019) – with Black Needle Noise","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video releases","text":"The All Hamerican Pig Show (2011)","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Book releases","text":"PIG - The Word of the Lard: The Scripture of Raymond Watts (2017) – book compiling all of Raymond Watts' lyrics to date","title":"Discography (partial)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Schaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaft"}],"text":"Several music videos have been filmed, but most remain unreleased outside Japan. Most videos have surfaced online on YouTube in questionable quality. The video for Arbor Vitate is actually a re-cut version of the Schaft video of the same song.\"Shit for Brains\" (1988)\n\"The Fountain of Miracles\" (1993)\n\"The Seven Veils\" (1993)\n\"Painiac\" (1995)\n\"Everything\" (1996)\n\"Arbor Vitate\" (2004)\n\"Long in the Tooth\" (2015)\n\"The Diamond Sinners\" (2016)\n\"Found in Filth\" (2016)\n\"Prey & Obey\" (2017)\n\"The Chosen Few\" (2018)\n\"The Revelation\" (2018)\n\"That's The Way (I Like It)\" (2018)\n\"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" (2018)\n\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" (2019)\n\"Mobocracy\" (2019)\n\"Sex & Death\" (2020)\n\"Rock 'n' Roll Refugee\" (2020)","title":"Music videos"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"NiNa (8 June 2012). \"06/08/2012 Pig - \"Drugzilla\" unofficial mix available online\". Fabryka Industrial Rock Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://industrialrock.net/php-files_en/news.php?readmore=315","url_text":"\"06/08/2012 Pig - \"Drugzilla\" unofficial mix available online\""}]},{"reference":"Yücel, Ilker (Ilker81x) (8 June 2012). \"PIG unveils a rough mix of first new track in eight years\". ReGen Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://regenmag.com/news/pig-unveils-a-rough-mix-of-first-new-track-in-eight-years/","url_text":"\"PIG unveils a rough mix of first new track in eight years\""}]},{"reference":"COMA Music Magazine (8 June 2012). \":Music News: New rough mix of a new PIG track.\". COMA Music Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://coma-online.com/?p=15430","url_text":"\":Music News: New rough mix of a new PIG track.\""}]},{"reference":"Heal, Marc (8 June 2012). \"And so, ladies and gentlemen, I present you…\". Official Cubanate on Facebook. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal","url_text":"Heal, Marc"},{"url":"https://facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=288504897913134&id=181903017655","url_text":"\"And so, ladies and gentlemen, I present you…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubanate","url_text":"Cubanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Watts, Raymond (8 June 2012). \"Rough mix of new PIG track \"Drugzilla\".\". Official PIG on Facebook. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Watts","url_text":"Watts, Raymond"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20121129112602/https://facebook.com/theswining/posts/191052334354988","url_text":"\"Rough mix of new PIG track \"Drugzilla\".\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://facebook.com/theswining/posts/191052334354988","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heal, Marc (8 June 2012). \"Pig - Drugzilla (Rough As A Hog's Arse Mix)\". Official Marc Heal on SoundCloud. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal","url_text":"Heal, Marc"},{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/marc-heal/drugzilla-marc-heal-rough-as-a#new-timed-comment-at-127560","url_text":"\"Pig - Drugzilla (Rough As A Hog's Arse Mix)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal","url_text":"Marc Heal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud","url_text":"SoundCloud"}]},{"reference":"Heal, Marc (15 June 2012). \"Pig - Shake (Rough Mix)\". Official Marc Heal on SoundCloud. Retrieved 17 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal","url_text":"Heal, Marc"},{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/marc-heal/shake","url_text":"\"Pig - Shake (Rough Mix)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heal","url_text":"Marc Heal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud","url_text":"SoundCloud"}]},{"reference":"\"Cubanate (Facebook) - Spoke to Watts on the phone...\" Facebook.com. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/181903017655/10153251905917656","url_text":"\"Cubanate (Facebook) - Spoke to Watts on the phone...\""},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/cubanate/posts/10153251905917656","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Long in the Tooth\". Metropolis-mailorder.com. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolis-mailorder.com/product.php?prodnum=MET+981","url_text":"\"Long in the Tooth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eye to Eye with the Compound Eye - Marc Heal and Raymond Watts Interview\". 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150330012106/http://theswining.com/eye-to-eye-with-the-compound-eye/","url_text":"\"Eye to Eye with the Compound Eye - Marc Heal and Raymond Watts Interview\""},{"url":"http://theswining.com/eye-to-eye-with-the-compound-eye/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daviet, Brandon (29 June 2006). \"The All Hamerican Pig Show\". Westword.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westword.com/music/the-all-hamerican-pig-show-5089797","url_text":"\"The All Hamerican Pig Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Watts Forums - MDK2 Track 2\". Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080106165225/http://raymondwatts.proboards28.com/index.cgi?board=projects&action=display&thread=1133155860&page=1","url_text":"\"Raymond Watts Forums - MDK2 Track 2\""},{"url":"http://raymondwatts.proboards28.com/index.cgi?board=projects&action=display&thread=1133155860&page=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Cybergeist - How to Destroy Something Beautiful (CD, Album) at Discogs\". Discogs. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170707031911/https://www.discogs.com/Team-Cybergeist-How-To-Destroy-Something-Beautiful/release/2349917","url_text":"\"Team Cybergeist - How to Destroy Something Beautiful (CD, Album) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"},{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Team-Cybergeist-How-To-Destroy-Something-Beautiful/release/2349917","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Album Credits for The Gospel\". Discogs.com. Metropolis. Retrieved 9 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Pig-The-Gospel/release/9013567#credits","url_text":"\"Official Album Credits for The Gospel\""}]},{"reference":"Ilker Yücel (30 August 2018). \"Music video for PIG and Sasha Grey cover track premieres on Pornhub\". REGEN Magazine. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://regenmag.com/news/music-video-for-pig-and-sasha-grey-cover-track-premieres-on-pornhub/","url_text":"\"Music video for PIG and Sasha Grey cover track premieres on Pornhub\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_freestyle
Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle
["1 Summary","2 Background","3 Qualification","4 Competition format","5 Records","6 Schedule","7 Results","7.1 Heats","7.2 Semifinals","7.3 Final","8 References","9 External links"]
Men's 100 metre freestyleat the Games of the XXX OlympiadStart of the men's 100 metre freestyle heat 8VenueLondon Aquatics CentreDatesJuly 31, 2012 (heats &semifinals)August 1, 2012 (final)Competitors56 from 49 nationsWinning time47.52Medalists Nathan Adrian United States James Magnussen Australia Brent Hayden Canada← 20082016 → Swimming at the2012 Summer OlympicsQualificationFreestyle50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mwomen1500 mmenBackstroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenBreaststroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenButterfly100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenIndividual medley200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4 × 100 mmenwomen4 × 200 mmenwomenMedley relay4 × 100 mmenwomenMarathon10 kmmenwomenvte The men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 31 July and 1 August at the London Aquatics Centre in London, United Kingdom. There were 56 competitors from 49 nations. The event was won by Nathan Adrian of the United States. Summary In one of the closest finishes in Olympic history, Nathan Adrian touched out Australia's favorite James Magnussen at the wall by a fingertip to win the event at the Olympics for the Americans for the first time since Matt Biondi topped the podium in 1988. Coming from third at the halfway turn, Adrian powered home on the final stretch, finishing in 47.52 to edge out Magnussen, also known as "The Missile", by a hundredth of a second (0.01). Meanwhile, Magnussen won a second straight silver for the Aussies in 47.53, adding more than four tenths of a second from his best time of 47.10 at the 2012 Australian Championships. Canada's Brent Hayden picked up the bronze in 47.80, winning his first Olympic medal and handing the Canadians their first ever medal in the event's history. After claiming two golds and a silver in the past four days, France's Yannick Agnel could not produce his similar effort with a fourth-place time in 47.84. Meanwhile, Netherlands' Sebastiaan Verschuren pulled off a fifth-place finish in 47.88. Heading into the halfway turn with an early lead, Brazil's world record holder César Cielo dropped to sixth in 47.92. Cuba's Hanser García (48.04) and Russia's Nikita Lobintsev (48.44) rounded out a historic finale. Background This was the twenty-sixth appearance of the men's 100 metre freestyle. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1900 (when the shortest freestyle was the 200 metres), though the 1904 version was measured in yards rather than metres. Two of the eight finalists from the 2008 Games returned: bronze medalist César Cielo of Brazil and eighth-place finisher Stefan Nystrand of Sweden. The favorite coming into the event was James Magnussen of Australia, the 2011 world champion and textile-suit world best holder. Cielo had been the 2009 world champion; his world record (set in a skinsuit) still stands as of 2020. Canadian Brent Hayden was the runner-up in the 2011 world championships. French relay anchor Yannick Agnel was also a contender. Grenada, Mali, Paraguay, Tanzania, and Turkmenistan each made their debut in the event. The United States made its 25th appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games. Qualification Main article: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter up to two swimmers if both met the Olympic Qualifying Time (or "OQT"). An NOC with no swimmers meeting the OQT but at least one swimmer meeting the Olympic Selection Time (or "OST") was not guaranteed a place, but was eligible for selection to fill the overall 900 swimmer quota for the Games. For 2012, the OQT was 48.82 seconds while the OST was 50.53 seconds. The qualifying window was 1 March 2011 to 3 July 2012; only approved meets (generally international competitions and national Olympic trials) during that period could be used to meet the standards. There were also universality places available; if no male swimmer from a nation qualified in any event, the NOC could enter one male swimmer in an event. Eight nations (Australia, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, France, Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the United States) had two swimmers meet the OQT. Five more (Canada, Cuba, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland) had one swimmer qualify through the OQT. 18 NOCs received a place through OST selection. 21 nations used universality places in the men's 100 metre freestyle. The two swimmers per NOC limit had been in place since the 1984 Games. Competition format This freestyle swimming competition consisted of three rounds: heats, semifinals, and a final. The swimmers with the best 16 times in the heats advanced to the semifinals. The swimmers with the best 8 times in the semifinals advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties for advancement to the next round. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. World record  César Cielo (BRA) 46.91 Rome, Italy 30 July 2009 Olympic record  Eamon Sullivan (AUS) 47.05 Beijing, China 13 August 2008 No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition. It was the first Olympics where non-textile suits were banned. Schedule The competition returned to a two-day schedule, with heats and semifinals on the same day. All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1) Date Time Round Tuesday, 31 July 2012 10:0019:30 HeatsSemifinals Wednesday, 1 August 2012 20:20 Final Results Heats Rank Heat Lane Swimmer Nation Time Notes 1 6 5 Nathan Adrian  United States 48.19 Q 2 6 1 Gideon Louw  South Africa 48.29 Q 3 8 2 Sebastiaan Verschuren  Netherlands 48.37 Q 4 8 4 James Magnussen  Australia 48.38 Q 5 8 5 Brent Hayden  Canada 48.51 Q 6 6 7 Brett Fraser  Cayman Islands 48.54 Q 7 8 Pieter Timmers  Belgium 48.54 Q, NR 8 6 3 Nikita Lobintsev  Russia 48.60 Q 9 8 7 Cullen Jones  United States 48.61 Q 10 7 7 Konrad Czerniak  Poland 48.63 Q 11 6 4 César Cielo  Brazil 48.67 Q 12 7 4 James Roberts  Australia 48.93 Q 12 7 5 Yannick Agnel  France 48.93 Q 14 8 3 Fabien Gilot  France 48.95 Q 15 7 2 Hanser García  Cuba 48.97 Q 16 8 1 Shaune Fraser  Cayman Islands 48.99 Q 17 5 4 Norbert Trandafir  Romania 49.02 18 7 6 Marco di Carli  Germany 49.03 19 6 2 Filippo Magnini  Italy 49.18 20 6 8 Adam Brown  Great Britain 49.20 21 7 3 Graeme Moore  South Africa 49.29 22 8 6 Luca Dotto  Italy 49.43 23 5 2 Martin Verner  Czech Republic 49.49 24 7 1 Nicolas Oliveira  Brazil 49.51 25 8 8 Stefan Nystrand  Sweden 49.55 26 5 6 David Dunford  Kenya 49.60 27 4 5 Kemal Arda Gürdal  Turkey 49.71 28 5 7 Mindaugas Sadauskas  Lithuania 49.78 29 5 8 Dominik Meichtry  Switzerland 49.95 30 4 7 Uvis Kalniņš  Latvia 49.96 31 5 1 Kristian Golomeev  Greece 50.08 32 4 6 Benjamin Hockin  Paraguay 50.12 33 4 3 Nabil Kebbab  Algeria 50.37 34 4 4 Yauhen Tsurkin  Belarus 50.53 35 4 1 Gabriel Melconian Alvez  Uruguay 50.68 36 4 8 Branden Whitehurst  Virgin Islands 51.04 37 3 4 Sidni Hoxha  Albania 51.11 NR 38 3 2 Kevin Avila Soto  Guatemala 51.44 39 3 5 Andrew Chetcuti  Malta 51.67 NR 40 3 3 Jemal le Grand  Aruba 51.86 41 3 7 Andrew Rutherfurd  Bolivia 52.57 42 3 6 Mohammed Bidarian  Iran 52.93 43 2 4 Esau Simpson  Grenada 53.26 44 3 8 Christopher Duenas  Guam 53.37 45 3 1 Mikael Koloyan  Armenia 53.82 46 2 2 Sergeý Krowýakow  Turkmenistan 54.43 NR 47 2 3 Paul Elaisa  Fiji 54.87 48 2 5 Niall Roberts  Guyana 55.66 49 2 1 Tamir Andryei  Mongolia 56.37 50 2 6 Shane Mangroo  Seychelles 56.46 51 2 7 Omar Núñez  Nicaragua 57.11 52 1 4 Mamadou Soumare  Mali 57.32 53 1 5 Ahmed Husam  Maldives 57.53 54 2 8 Israr Hussain  Pakistan 57.86 55 1 6 Ammaar Ghadiyali  Tanzania 1:01.07 56 1 3 Beni Bertrand Binobagira  Burundi 1:04.57 — 4 2 George Bovell  Trinidad and Tobago DNS 5 3 Lü Zhiwu  China DNS 5 5 Dominik Kozma  Hungary DNS 6 6 Danila Izotov  Russia DNS Semifinals Rank Heat Lane Swimmer Nation Time Notes 1 1 5 James Magnussen  Australia 47.63 Q 2 2 4 Nathan Adrian  United States 47.97 Q 3 2 8 Hanser García  Cuba 48.04 Q, NR 4 2 5 Sebastiaan Verschuren  Netherlands 48.13 Q 5 1 2 César Cielo  Brazil 48.17 Q 6 2 3 Brent Hayden  Canada 48.21 Q 7 2 1 Yannick Agnel  France 48.23 Q 8 1 6 Nikita Lobintsev  Russia 48.38 Q 9 2 7 Konrad Czerniak  Poland 48.44 1 4 Gideon Louw  South Africa 48.44 11 1 1 Fabien Gilot  France 48.49 12 1 7 James Roberts  Australia 48.57 2 6 Pieter Timmers  Belgium 48.57 14 2 2 Cullen Jones  United States 48.60 15 1 3 Brett Fraser  Cayman Islands 48.92 16 1 8 Shaune Fraser  Cayman Islands 49.07 Final Rank Lane Swimmer Nation Time Notes 5 Nathan Adrian  United States 47.52 4 James Magnussen  Australia 47.53 7 Brent Hayden  Canada 47.80 4 1 Yannick Agnel  France 47.84 5 6 Sebastiaan Verschuren  Netherlands 47.88 6 2 César Cielo  Brazil 47.92 7 3 Hanser García  Cuba 48.04 =NR 8 8 Nikita Lobintsev  Russia 48.44 References ^ "Swimming: Results & Schedules". London 2012. NBC Olympics. 29 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013. ^ a b c "100 metres Freestyle, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "Nathan Adrian of U.S. wins 100-meter freestyle gold medal by smallest of margins". CBS News. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ Auerbach, Nicole (1 August 2012). "Nathan Adrian wins gold in dramatic finish in 100 free". USA Today. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "Heartbreak as James Magnussen falls to American Nathan Adrian by 1/100th of second". News Corp Australia. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "Agony as Magnussen pipped for 100m gold". ABC News Australia. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "London 2012: Canadian swimmer Brent Hayden wins bronze medal in 100-metre freestyle". Toronto Star. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ a b "2012 London Olympics: USA's Nathan Adrian Clips James Magnussen for 100 Free Gold". Swimming World Magazine. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ Das, Andrew (1 August 2012). "American Adrian Wins 100-Meter Freestyle". New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "USA's Adrian beats Magnussen for 100 free gold". Foxtel. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "Nathan Adrian beats James Magnussen to 100m freestyle gold". BBC Sport. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ Crouse, Karen (31 July 2009). "Lochte Finds Phelps Is Everywhere but in the Pool". New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ "Cielo sets 50-meter freestyle mark". ESPN. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ Johanson, Simon (13 August 2008). "Sullivan smashes world record – again". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 May 2013. ^ "Men's 100m Freestyle – Heats". London2012.com. LOCOG. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. External links NBC Olympics Coverage vteOlympic champions in men's 100 m freestyle100 yards 1904:  Zoltán Halmay (HUN) 100 metres 1896:  Alfréd Hajós (HUN) 1908:  Charles Daniels (USA) 1912:  Duke Kahanamoku (USA) 1920:  Duke Kahanamoku (USA) 1924:  Johnny Weissmuller (USA) 1928:  Johnny Weissmuller (USA) 1932:  Yasuji Miyazaki (JPN) 1936:  Ferenc Csík (HUN) 1948:  Wally Ris (USA) 1952:  Clarke Scholes (USA) 1956:  Jon Henricks (AUS) 1960:  John Devitt (AUS) 1964:  Don Schollander (USA) 1968:  Michael Wenden (AUS) 1972:  Mark Spitz (USA) 1976:  Jim Montgomery (USA) 1980:  Jörg Woithe (GDR) 1984:  Rowdy Gaines (USA) 1988:  Matt Biondi (USA) 1992:  Alexander Popov (EUN) 1996:  Alexander Popov (RUS) 2000:  Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) 2004:  Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) 2008:  Alain Bernard (FRA) 2012:  Nathan Adrian (USA) 2016:  Kyle Chalmers (AUS) 2020:  Caeleb Dressel (USA) Intercalated Games 1906:  Charles Daniels (USA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"London Aquatics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Aquatics_Centre"},{"link_name":"London, United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swimming_schedule-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-2"},{"link_name":"Nathan Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Adrian"}],"text":"The men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 31 July and 1 August at the London Aquatics Centre in London, United Kingdom.[1] There were 56 competitors from 49 nations.[2] The event was won by Nathan Adrian of the United States.","title":"Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Adrian"},{"link_name":"James Magnussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Magnussen"},{"link_name":"Matt Biondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Biondi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brent Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100free-8"},{"link_name":"Yannick Agnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Agnel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sebastiaan Verschuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiaan_Verschuren"},{"link_name":"César Cielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cielo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hanser García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanser_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Nikita Lobintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Lobintsev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100free-8"}],"text":"In one of the closest finishes in Olympic history, Nathan Adrian touched out Australia's favorite James Magnussen at the wall by a fingertip to win the event at the Olympics for the Americans for the first time since Matt Biondi topped the podium in 1988. Coming from third at the halfway turn, Adrian powered home on the final stretch, finishing in 47.52 to edge out Magnussen, also known as \"The Missile\", by a hundredth of a second (0.01).[3][4] Meanwhile, Magnussen won a second straight silver for the Aussies in 47.53, adding more than four tenths of a second from his best time of 47.10 at the 2012 Australian Championships.[5][6] Canada's Brent Hayden picked up the bronze in 47.80, winning his first Olympic medal and handing the Canadians their first ever medal in the event's history.[7][8]After claiming two golds and a silver in the past four days, France's Yannick Agnel could not produce his similar effort with a fourth-place time in 47.84.[9][10] Meanwhile, Netherlands' Sebastiaan Verschuren pulled off a fifth-place finish in 47.88. Heading into the halfway turn with an early lead, Brazil's world record holder César Cielo dropped to sixth in 47.92.[11] Cuba's Hanser García (48.04) and Russia's Nikita Lobintsev (48.44) rounded out a historic finale.[8]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-2"},{"link_name":"César Cielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cielo"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nystrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nystrand"},{"link_name":"James Magnussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Magnussen"},{"link_name":"Brent Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Yannick Agnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Agnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-2"}],"text":"This was the twenty-sixth appearance of the men's 100 metre freestyle. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1900 (when the shortest freestyle was the 200 metres), though the 1904 version was measured in yards rather than metres.[2]Two of the eight finalists from the 2008 Games returned: bronze medalist César Cielo of Brazil and eighth-place finisher Stefan Nystrand of Sweden. The favorite coming into the event was James Magnussen of Australia, the 2011 world champion and textile-suit world best holder. Cielo had been the 2009 world champion; his world record (set in a skinsuit) still stands as of 2020. Canadian Brent Hayden was the runner-up in the 2011 world championships. French relay anchor Yannick Agnel was also a contender.[2]Grenada, Mali, Paraguay, Tanzania, and Turkmenistan each made their debut in the event. The United States made its 25th appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter up to two swimmers if both met the Olympic Qualifying Time (or \"OQT\"). An NOC with no swimmers meeting the OQT but at least one swimmer meeting the Olympic Selection Time (or \"OST\") was not guaranteed a place, but was eligible for selection to fill the overall 900 swimmer quota for the Games. For 2012, the OQT was 48.82 seconds while the OST was 50.53 seconds. The qualifying window was 1 March 2011 to 3 July 2012; only approved meets (generally international competitions and national Olympic trials) during that period could be used to meet the standards. There were also universality places available; if no male swimmer from a nation qualified in any event, the NOC could enter one male swimmer in an event.Eight nations (Australia, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, France, Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the United States) had two swimmers meet the OQT. Five more (Canada, Cuba, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland) had one swimmer qualify through the OQT. 18 NOCs received a place through OST selection. 21 nations used universality places in the men's 100 metre freestyle.The two swimmers per NOC limit had been in place since the 1984 Games.","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freestyle swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"}],"text":"This freestyle swimming competition consisted of three rounds: heats, semifinals, and a final. The swimmers with the best 16 times in the heats advanced to the semifinals. The swimmers with the best 8 times in the semifinals advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties for advancement to the next round.","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition. It was the first Olympics where non-textile suits were banned.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1"}],"text":"The competition returned to a two-day schedule, with heats and semifinals on the same day.All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Heats","text":"[15]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semifinals","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","title":"Results"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-33747_162-57484725/nathan-adrian-of-u-s-wins-100-meter-freestyle-gold-medal-by-smallest-of-margins/","url_text":"\"Nathan Adrian of U.S. wins 100-meter freestyle gold medal by smallest of margins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Auerbach, Nicole (1 August 2012). \"Nathan Adrian wins gold in dramatic finish in 100 free\". USA Today. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/london/swimming/story/2012-08-01/nathan-adrian-gold-medal-100-free-london-olympics/56657810/1","url_text":"\"Nathan Adrian wins gold in dramatic finish in 100 free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Heartbreak as James Magnussen falls to American Nathan Adrian by 1/100th of second\". News Corp Australia. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121117112137/http://www.news.com.au/sport/london-olympics/heartbreak-as-james-magnussen-falls-to-american-nathan-adrian-by-1100th-of-second/story-fndpu6dv-1226440983442","url_text":"\"Heartbreak as James Magnussen falls to American Nathan Adrian by 1/100th of second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_Australia","url_text":"News Corp Australia"},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/london-olympics/heartbreak-as-james-magnussen-falls-to-american-nathan-adrian-by-1100th-of-second/story-fndpu6dv-1226440983442","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Agony as Magnussen pipped for 100m gold\". ABC News Australia. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-02/agony-as-magnussen-pipped-for-100m-gold/4170948","url_text":"\"Agony as Magnussen pipped for 100m gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_Australia","url_text":"ABC News Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012: Canadian swimmer Brent Hayden wins bronze medal in 100-metre freestyle\". Toronto Star. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2012/08/01/london_2012_canadian_swimmer_brent_hayden_wins_bronze_medal_in_100metre_freestyle.html","url_text":"\"London 2012: Canadian swimmer Brent Hayden wins bronze medal in 100-metre freestyle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 London Olympics: USA's Nathan Adrian Clips James Magnussen for 100 Free Gold\". Swimming World Magazine. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2012-london-olympics-usas-nathan-adrian-clips-james-magnussen-for-100-free-gold/","url_text":"\"2012 London Olympics: USA's Nathan Adrian Clips James Magnussen for 100 Free Gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_World_Magazine","url_text":"Swimming World Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Das, Andrew (1 August 2012). \"American Adrian Wins 100-Meter Freestyle\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/02/sports/olympics/swimming-results-from-the-london-games.html","url_text":"\"American Adrian Wins 100-Meter Freestyle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"USA's Adrian beats Magnussen for 100 free gold\". Foxtel. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxtel.com.au/london2012/newsbroadcast/news/usas-adrian-beats-magnussen-for-100-free-gold-186484.htm","url_text":"\"USA's Adrian beats Magnussen for 100 free gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel","url_text":"Foxtel"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Adrian beats James Magnussen to 100m freestyle gold\". BBC Sport. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108034343/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906077","url_text":"\"Nathan Adrian beats James Magnussen to 100m freestyle gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906077","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crouse, Karen (31 July 2009). \"Lochte Finds Phelps Is Everywhere but in the Pool\". New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/sports/31swim.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Lochte Finds Phelps Is Everywhere but in the Pool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cielo sets 50-meter freestyle mark\". ESPN. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/swimming/news/story?id=4754689","url_text":"\"Cielo sets 50-meter freestyle mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Johanson, Simon (13 August 2008). \"Sullivan smashes world record – again\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/swimming/sullivan-smashes-world-record--again/2008/08/13/1218306948185.html","url_text":"\"Sullivan smashes world record – again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Men's 100m Freestyle – Heats\". London2012.com. LOCOG. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121204171938/www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-100m-freestyle/phase=swm011900/index.html","url_text":"\"Men's 100m Freestyle – Heats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOCOG","url_text":"LOCOG"},{"url":"http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-100m-freestyle/phase=swm011900/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(471325)_2011_KT19
(471325) 2011 KT19
["1 Details","2 References","3 External links"]
(471325) 2011 KT19DiscoveryDiscovered byMount Lemmon Srvy. List Ying-Tung Chen Hsing Wen Lin Matthew J. Holman Matthew J. Payne Wesley C. Fraser Pedro Lacerda Wing-Huen Ip Wen-Ping Chen Rolf-Peter Kudritzki Robert Jedicke Richard J. Wainscoat John L. Tonry Eugene A. Magnier Christopher Waters Nick Kaiser Shiang-Yu Wang Matthew Lehner Discovery siteMount Lemmon Obs.Discovery date31 May 2011DesignationsPronunciation/ˈniːkuː/Named afterA Chinese adjective meaning "rebellious" Alternative designationsNikuMinor planet categoryTNO · centaurdamocloidOrbital characteristicsEpoch JD 2457600.5Uncertainty parameter 2Observation arc1779 days (4.87 yr)Aphelion47.427 AUPerihelion23.7805 AUSemi-major axis35.604 AUEccentricity0.33208Orbital period (sidereal)212.45 yearsMean anomaly29.487°Inclination110.1537°Longitude of ascending node243.77772°Argument of perihelion322.174°TJupiter−1.552Physical characteristicsMean diameter75–250 km161 kmApparent magnitude22Absolute magnitude (H)7.2 (471325) 2011 KT19, nicknamed Niku (/niːkuː/), is a trans-Neptunian object whose orbit is tilted 110° with respect to the planets' orbital plane. Thus, it has a nearly polar retrograde orbit around the Sun. While the object has not received a formal name, it received the moniker "Niku" (逆骨), meaning "rebellious" in the Chinese language, by its discoverers. Details (471325) 2011 KT19 was discovered by the Mount Lemmon Survey on 31 May 2011. Its rediscovery was announced in August 2016 by a team of astronomers using the Pan-STARRS telescope. It was soon linked with a supposed prograde centaur (2011 KT19; inclination = 38° and semi-major axis = 28 AU) that had been lost due to a short observation arc. 2011 KT19 is in a 7:9 resonance with Neptune. Currently it is the only object with a nearly polar orbit that is in resonance with a planet. Notably, it is part of a group of objects that orbit the Sun in a highly inclined orbit; the reasons for this unusual orbit are unknown as of August 2016. The orbital characteristics of 2011 KT19 have been compared to those of 2008 KV42 (Drac). The orbits of 2011 KT19, 2008 KV42, 2002 XU93, 2010 WG9, 2007 BP102, 2011 MM4, appear to occupy a common plane, with three in prograde and three in retrograde orbits. The probability of this alignment occurring by chance is 0.016%. These orbits should leave a common plane in a few million years because the precession of prograde and retrograde orbits are in opposite directions. Simulations including the hypothetical Planet Nine did not maintain a common orbital plane and the plane does not coincide with the plane of the predicted high-inclination large semi-major axis objects of that model. Other simulations with a few Earth-mass dwarf planet on a high-inclination orbit also failed to reproduce the alignment. The orbit of 2011 KT19 in relation to Pluto and the planets of the Solar System The orbit of Niku (purple), is shown with another steep retrograde TNO, Drac (yellow), and the other planets. Pluto's orbit is in red. References ^ a b "MPEC 2011-L09 : 2011 KT19". IAU Minor Planet Center. 2 June 2011. (K11K19T; E-assumed due to short arc) ^ a b "Mystery object in weird orbit beyond Neptune cannot be explained". New Scientist. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016. ^ a b c "JPL Small-Body Database (2011 KT19)". JPL. NASA. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ^ a b Johnston, Wm. Robert (18 August 2020). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ a b "IAU Minor Planet Center - 2011 KT19". Minor Planet Center. IAU. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ^ "AstDyS (471325) 2011KT19 Ephemerides". Retrieved 18 February 2017. ^ a b c Chen, Ying-Tung; Lin, Hsing Wen; Holman, Matthew J; Payne, Matthew J; et al. (5 August 2016). "Discovery of A New Retrograde Trans-Neptunian Object: Hint of A Common Orbital Plane for Low Semi-Major Axis, High Inclination TNOs and Centaurs". The Astrophysical Journal. 827 (2): L24. arXiv:1608.01808. Bibcode:2016ApJ...827L..24C. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L24. S2CID 4975180. ^ Charles Q. Choi (2016-10-24). "What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-12-21. ^ "What Makes the Solar System Like a Crime Scene? - Science Friday". 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. ^ Grossman, David (11 August 2016). "Meet Niku, the Weird Object Beyond Neptune That Nobody Can Figure Out". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 21 December 2021. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (24 October 2016). "What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists". Space.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021. ^ Morais, M. H. M.; Nomouni, F. (2017). "First transneptunian object in polar resonance with Neptune". Letters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 472 (1): L1–L4. arXiv:1708.00346. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.472L...1M. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx125. ^ Dalton, Andrew (10 August 2016). "There's something weird going on beyond Neptune". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 11 August 2016. External links (471325) 2011 KT19 at the JPL Small-Body DatabaseClose approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters vteMinor planets navigator (471325) 2011 KT19 vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris vte2016 in space « 2015 2017 » Space probe launches Hitomi (X-ray observatory; Feb 2016) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (Mars orbiter; Mar 2016) OSIRIS-REx (asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016) Impact events DN160822 03 Selected NEOs Asteroid close approaches (85990) 1999 JV6 1994 WR12 2013 TX68 2016 EU85 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 PQ (164121) 2003 YT1 Exoplanets 38 Virginis b atmospheric composition of 55 Cancri e BD+20 594b Gliese 536 b HD 19467 b HD 131399 Ab (retracted in 2022) HD 164922 c HIP 41378 b c d e f K2-33b K2-332 b K2-72 b c d e KELT-9b KELT-11b Kepler-20g Kepler-56d Kepler-737b Kepler-1229b Kepler-1520b Kepler-1625b Kepler-1638b Kepler-1647b OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb Proxima Centauri b Pr0211 c Qatar-3b Qatar-4b Qatar-5b TRAPPIST-1 b c d TW Hydrae b V830 Tauri b 2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB 2MASS J2126–8140 as planet Discoveries GW150914 (announced) IDCS 1426 Planet Nine (hypothesized) GN-z11 SDSS J1240+6710 Crater 2 GW151226 (announced) 2015 RR245 (announced) BOSS Great Wall GRB 160625B (471325) 2011 KT19 (announced) 2014 UZ224 (announced) WISE J080822.18-644357.3 Virgo I Novae ASASSN-15lh SN 2016aps ASASSN-16kt ASASSN-16ma Comets 252P/LINEAR 460P/PanSTARRS 53P/Van Biesbroeck C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) 81P/Wild 9P/Tempel 144P/Kushida 43P/Wolf–Harrington 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková Space exploration Juno (entered Jupiter orbit; Jul 2016) Rosetta / Philae (end of mission to comet 67P; Sep 2016) Schiaparelli EDM (Mars lander; Oct 2016) Outer space portal Category:2015 in outer space — Category:2016 in outer space — Category:2017 in outer space Authority control databases JPL SBDB MPC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/niːkuː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"trans-Neptunian object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object"},{"link_name":"°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"orbital plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane"},{"link_name":"retrograde orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_orbit"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newscientist-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv5aug-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"(471325) 2011 KT19, nicknamed Niku (/niːkuː/), is a trans-Neptunian object whose orbit is tilted 110° with respect to the planets' orbital plane. Thus, it has a nearly polar retrograde orbit around the Sun.[2][7][8][9]While the object has not received a formal name, it received the moniker \"Niku\" (逆骨), meaning \"rebellious\" in the Chinese language, by its discoverers.[10][11]","title":"(471325) 2011 KT19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Lemmon Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Survey"},{"link_name":"Pan-STARRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-STARRS"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)"},{"link_name":"observation arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_arc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPEC2011-L09-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv5aug-7"},{"link_name":"resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morais_Namouni_2017-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget-13"},{"link_name":"2008 KV42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_KV42"},{"link_name":"2002 XU93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_XU93"},{"link_name":"2010 WG9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_WG9"},{"link_name":"2007 BP102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_BP102"},{"link_name":"2011 MM4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_MM4"},{"link_name":"Planet Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arxiv5aug-7"}],"text":"(471325) 2011 KT19 was discovered by the Mount Lemmon Survey on 31 May 2011. Its rediscovery was announced in August 2016 by a team of astronomers using the Pan-STARRS telescope. It was soon linked with a supposed prograde centaur (2011 KT19; inclination = 38° and semi-major axis = 28 AU) that had been lost due to a short observation arc.[1][7] 2011 KT19 is in a 7:9 resonance with Neptune. Currently it is the only object with a nearly polar orbit that is in resonance with a planet.[12] Notably, it is part of a group of objects that orbit the Sun in a highly inclined orbit; the reasons for this unusual orbit are unknown as of August 2016.[13]The orbital characteristics of 2011 KT19 have been compared to those of 2008 KV42 (Drac). The orbits of 2011 KT19, 2008 KV42, 2002 XU93, 2010 WG9, 2007 BP102, 2011 MM4, appear to occupy a common plane, with three in prograde and three in retrograde orbits. The probability of this alignment occurring by chance is 0.016%. These orbits should leave a common plane in a few million years because the precession of prograde and retrograde orbits are in opposite directions. Simulations including the hypothetical Planet Nine did not maintain a common orbital plane and the plane does not coincide with the plane of the predicted high-inclination large semi-major axis objects of that model. Other simulations with a few Earth-mass dwarf planet on a high-inclination orbit also failed to reproduce the alignment.[7]","title":"Details"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"MPEC 2011-L09 : 2011 KT19\". IAU Minor Planet Center. 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/mpec/K11/K11L09.html","url_text":"\"MPEC 2011-L09 : 2011 KT19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"IAU Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Mystery object in weird orbit beyond Neptune cannot be explained\". New Scientist. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160811163627/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2100700-mystery-object-in-weird-orbit-beyond-neptune-cannot-be-explained/","url_text":"\"Mystery object in weird orbit beyond Neptune cannot be explained\""},{"url":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2100700-mystery-object-in-weird-orbit-beyond-neptune-cannot-be-explained/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database (2011 KT19)\". JPL. NASA. Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2011KT19","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database (2011 KT19)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Wm. Robert (18 August 2020). \"List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects\". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html","url_text":"\"List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAU Minor Planet Center - 2011 KT19\". Minor Planet Center. IAU. Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2011+KT19","url_text":"\"IAU Minor Planet Center - 2011 KT19\""}]},{"reference":"\"AstDyS (471325) 2011KT19 Ephemerides\". Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=2011KT19","url_text":"\"AstDyS (471325) 2011KT19 Ephemerides\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Ying-Tung; Lin, Hsing Wen; Holman, Matthew J; Payne, Matthew J; et al. (5 August 2016). \"Discovery of A New Retrograde Trans-Neptunian Object: Hint of A Common Orbital Plane for Low Semi-Major Axis, High Inclination TNOs and Centaurs\". The Astrophysical Journal. 827 (2): L24. arXiv:1608.01808. Bibcode:2016ApJ...827L..24C. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L24. S2CID 4975180.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F827%2F2%2FL24","url_text":"\"Discovery of A New Retrograde Trans-Neptunian Object: Hint of A Common Orbital Plane for Low Semi-Major Axis, High Inclination TNOs and Centaurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.01808","url_text":"1608.01808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...827L..24C","url_text":"2016ApJ...827L..24C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F827%2F2%2FL24","url_text":"10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4975180","url_text":"4975180"}]},{"reference":"Charles Q. Choi (2016-10-24). \"What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists\". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/34479-niku-weird-objects-orbit-puzzles-scientists.html","url_text":"\"What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Makes the Solar System Like a Crime Scene? - Science Friday\". 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/what-makes-the-solar-system-like-a-crime-scene/","url_text":"\"What Makes the Solar System Like a Crime Scene? - Science Friday\""}]},{"reference":"Grossman, David (11 August 2016). \"Meet Niku, the Weird Object Beyond Neptune That Nobody Can Figure Out\". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a22293/niku-weird-object-beyond-neptune/","url_text":"\"Meet Niku, the Weird Object Beyond Neptune That Nobody Can Figure Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics","url_text":"Popular Mechanics"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Charles Q. (24 October 2016). \"What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists\". Space.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/34479-niku-weird-objects-orbit-puzzles-scientists.html","url_text":"\"What's Up with 'Niku'? Object's Weird Orbit Puzzles Scientists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"}]},{"reference":"Morais, M. H. M.; Nomouni, F. (2017). \"First transneptunian object in polar resonance with Neptune\". Letters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 472 (1): L1–L4. arXiv:1708.00346. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.472L...1M. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00346","url_text":"1708.00346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.472L...1M","url_text":"2017MNRAS.472L...1M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslx125","url_text":"10.1093/mnrasl/slx125"}]},{"reference":"Dalton, Andrew (10 August 2016). \"There's something weird going on beyond Neptune\". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/10/beyond-neptune-niku-discovery/","url_text":"\"There's something weird going on beyond Neptune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duward_Crow
Duward Crow
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
United States Air Force general Duward CrowBorn(1919-06-26)June 26, 1919Fort Payne, AlabamaDiedOctober 29, 1997(1997-10-29) (aged 78)AllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States Air ForceRankLieutenant general Duward L. Crow (June 26, 1919 – October 29, 1997) was a United States Air Force lieutenant general. Crow graduated from DeKalb County High School in 1936 and entered the University of Alabama. He subsequently received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy, in West Point, New York, graduating in 1941, and joined what was then the Army Air Corps. He served in the China-Burma-India theater of operations during World War II. Crow was involved in planning and executing airborne resupply operations over the Himalayan Mountains to Chinese Nationalists and other allied forces, commonly known as The Hump operation. Following the war, Crow enrolled at Harvard University, where he was awarded a master of business administration degree in 1948. He then spent several years in various posts dealing with supply, procurement, logistics, finance and personnel matters. He attended the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1957 to 58. On October 1, 1973, Crow was appointed Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force. He retired from the Air Force on August 1, 1974. He was subsequently named Associate Deputy Administrator of NASA in 1975. During his military career, Crow was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, and the Army Commendation Medal. He was subsequently awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1978. Crow died on October 29, 1997. See also Biography portal References ^ "U.S. Air Force: Lieutenant General Duward Lowery Crow". Archived from the original on February 8, 2004. Retrieved 2008-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration: SP-4102 "Managing NASA in the Apollo Era" ^ SP-4012 NASA Historical Data Book: Vol. IV External links Duward Crow at Find a Grave This biographical article related to the United States Air Force is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1917
April 1917
["1 Sunday, April 1, 1917","2 Monday, April 2, 1917","3 Tuesday, April 3, 1917","4 Wednesday, April 4, 1917","5 Thursday, April 5, 1917","6 Friday, April 6, 1917","7 Saturday, April 7, 1917","8 Sunday, April 8, 1917","9 Monday, April 9, 1917","10 Tuesday, April 10, 1917","11 Wednesday, April 11, 1917","12 Thursday, April 12, 1917","13 Friday, April 13, 1917","14 Saturday, April 14, 1917","15 Sunday, April 15, 1917","16 Monday, April 16, 1917","17 Tuesday, April 17, 1917","18 Wednesday, April 18, 1917","19 Thursday, April 19, 1917","20 Friday, April 20, 1917","21 Saturday, April 21, 1917","22 Sunday, April 22, 1917","23 Monday, April 23, 1917","24 Tuesday, April 24, 1917","25 Wednesday, April 25, 1917","26 Thursday, April 26, 1917","27 Friday, April 27, 1917","28 Saturday, April 28, 1917","29 Sunday, April 29, 1917","30 Monday, April 30, 1917","31 References","32 Sources"]
Month in 1917 This article is about the month. For the novel, see The Red Wheel. 1917 January February March April May June July August September October November December << April 1917 >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30   The Battle of Vimy Ridge, painting by Richard Jack. The following events occurred in April 1917: Sunday, April 1, 1917 Federico Tinoco Granados, President of Costa Rica, held the first general elections since staging a military coup in January. The election results where Granados was declared the winner were contested as fraudulent after votes for former president and main opponent Rafael Yglesias Castro were considered invalid. The United States Army established the 41st Infantry Division as a National Guard unit, five days before the United States entered World War I. It was changed to an infantry unit in July. The 243rd Infantry Division was established as part of the last wave of new divisions created for the Imperial German Army. It was dissolved in 1919. The Dutch news agency Aneta was established as the first news organization in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and was the predecessor to Antara. The Russian newspaper Pravda Severa (Truth of the North) released its first edition in Arkhangelsk, Russia. The Spanish newspaper El Ideal Gallego released its first edition in A Coruña, Spain. The Nuneaton Museum & Art Gallery opened in Nuneaton, England. The Mære Station for the Norwegian State Railways line opened at Mære, Norway and operated until 2001. Born: Sydney Newman, Canadian television producer, created popular television shows including The Avengers and Doctor Who, in Toronto (d. 1997); Michel Donnet, Belgian air force officer, commander of the No. 64 and 350th Squadrons of the Royal Air Force during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Croix de guerre, in Richmond, London, England (d. 2013) Born: Mark Evans Austad, American broadcaster and diplomat, leading news broadcaster with WTTG in Washington, D.C. and diplomat for Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan, in Ogden, Utah (d. 1988); Bonnie Baker, American jazz and big band singer, best known for the hit single "Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!", in Orange, Texas (d. 1990); Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist, known for his interpretations of Johannes Brahms and Frédéric Chopin, in Bucharest (d. 1950) Died: Scott Joplin, American composer and pianist, most popular of the ragtime musical artists, including compositions "Maple Leaf Rag" and "The Entertainer" (b. 1867) Monday, April 2, 1917 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asked the United States Congress for a declaration of war on Germany, stating that the war would "make the world safe for democracy" and later that it would be a "war to end war". The Lillestrøm football club was founded after the merger of two local clubs. The team currently plays out of the Åråsen Stadion in Lillestrøm, Norway. Born: Dabbs Greer, American actor, best known for the role of Reverend Robert Alden on the television show Little House on the Prairie, in Fairview, Missouri (d. 2007) Tuesday, April 3, 1917 Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin left Switzerland for Russia using a "sealed train" to cross Germany. Louis J. Wilde was elected 17th Mayor of San Diego, beating George Marston with 58 percent of the vote. The Brazilian football club Maruinense was established in Maruim, Brazil as the Socialista Sport Club before it was renamed in the 1960s. Died: Arthur Graeme West, British poet, author of The Diary of a Dead Officer, killed in action (b. 1891); Milton Wright, American religious leader, bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, father to the Wright brothers (b. 1828) Wednesday, April 4, 1917 Walter Edward Foster replaced James Alexander Murray as Premier of New Brunswick, with the latter only serving two months. The first test flight of the French SPAD S.XIII was conducted. The National Sylvan Theater, the first federally-funded outdoor public theater, opened in Washington, D.C., in the presence of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Born: Richard John Cork, British air force officer, commander of the 880 Naval Air Squadron, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Distinguished Service Cross for actions during the Battle of Britain during World War II, in London (d. 1944, killed in a plane crash); William J. Hovde, American air force officer, commander of several squadrons in World War II, Korean War and Cold War including the 14th Fighter Group, six-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Silver Star and Legion of Merit, in Crookston, Minnesota (d. 1996) Thursday, April 5, 1917 Aerial shot of the defunct Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt, France 1920. The Imperial German Army completed its withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, the new main defensive line in the Western Front. Brazilian steamship Paraná was torpedoed by a German submarine, killing three crewmen. The attack on shipping from neutral countries boosted public pressure for Brazil to enter the war. The British government issued a Food Hoarding Order to prevent households from hoarding food in short supply during World War I. New U.S. military aircraft began landing at Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas, to improve military aircraft capacity for the Mexico–United States border. Born: Robert Bloch, American writer, author of many best-selling science fiction and horror fiction including Psycho, in Milwaukee (d. 1994) Died: E. H. Coombe, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1912, and 1915 to 1917 (b. 1858) Friday, April 6, 1917 The United States declared war on Germany after passing U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's resolution for military action against the Empire. The United States House of Representatives voted 373 to 50 in favor of declaring war. The United States Senate also voted 82 to 6 in favor of war. Ottoman authorities deported the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv on orders from Ottoman Syria Governor Djemal Pasha. Muslim evacuees were eventually allowed to return, but Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine. German flying ace Hans Berr died when he and his wingmate collided during a dogfight with planes from the Royal Flying Corps No. 57 Squadron. He had 10 victories to his credit. The United States Marine Corps aviation unit was built to a total strength of seven commissioned officers and 43 enlisted men. The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany was formed by expelled members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chair. Born: Leonora Carrington, English-Mexican painter, best known for her work in surrealism including El Mundo Magico de los Mayas and Mujeres conciencia as part of the women's liberation movement in Mexico, in Clayton-le-Woods, England (d. 2011); Howard L. Fogg, American artist, best known for his railroad art, particularly for the American Locomotive Company, in New York City (d. 1996) Died: Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, German noble and champion horse rider, bronze medalist in the 1912 Summer Olympics (died of gunshot wounds after being shot down in combat) (b. 1893) Saturday, April 7, 1917 Cuba and Panama declared war on Germany as allies to the United States. German merchant raider ship SMS Cormoran was scuttled at Guam shortly after the crew learned the United States had declared war on Germany, but nine crew members were accidentally killed during detonation. American songwriter George M. Cohan completed the most famous World War I-themed song, "Over There," but would not have it published until June 1. The American Friends Service Committee was established by members of the Religious Society of Friends to assist civilian victims in World War I. Born: R. G. Armstrong, American actor, best known for his collaborations with film director Sam Peckinpah including Ride the High Country, Major Dundee and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, in Pleasant Grove, Alabama (d. 2012); Mongo Santamaría, Cuban-American jazz musician and composer, best known for developing Afro-Caribbean Latin jazz including the standard "Afro Blue", in Havana (d. 2003) Died: Spyridon Samaras, Greek composer, known for operas including Messidor, Lionella and Rhea (b. 1861); George Brown, British missionary, founder of the Piula Theological College in Samoa (b. 1835) Sunday, April 8, 1917 In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demanded national autonomy within Russia. Born: John Whitney, American animator, pioneer in computer animation including Five Film Exercises and Moondrum, in Pasadena, California (d. 1995) Died: Richard Olney, American politician, 40th United States Attorney General (b. 1835); Arsenio Cruz Herrera, Filipino politician, first indigenous mayor of Manila and leader of the Progresista Party from 1907 to 1914 (b. 1863); Wilhelm Frankl, German air force officer, commander of Jagdstaffel 4 for the Luftstreitkräfte, recipient of the Iron Cross (killed in action) (b. 1893) Monday, April 9, 1917 British gun crew in action during Battle of Arras. Canadian machine gun squad at the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Battle of Arras – Fourteen British, Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African divisions attacked an 11 mi (18 km) portion of the German line near the city of Arras, France. The French Third Army also provided support by attacking the German line at St. Quentin–Arras, France. Battle of Vimy Ridge – Four divisions of the Canadian Corps attacked Vimy Ridge held by three divisions of the German Sixth Army as part of the Arras offensive, capturing most of the escarpment on the first day of the attack. Charles Burke, first commander of the No. 2 Squadron, was killed by a shell burst on the opening day of the Arras offensive while rejoining his old regiment. Although he wasn't part of the Royal Flying Corps at the time of death, his death became part of Bloody April. The Corps lost 245 aircraft — 140 in the first two weeks — out of an initial strength of 365. Casualties included 211 killed or missing and 108 captured. The opposing Germans lost only 66 aircraft. The Patriot Youth League of Sweden was established to promote the preservation of the monarchy and the official church of Sweden. Born: Brad Dexter, American actor, known for roles in The Magnificent Seven and Run Silent, Run Deep, in Goldfield, Nevada (d. 2002); Irene Morgan, American activist, noted plaintiff in Morgan v. Virginia, which was the first case to successfully challenge state segregation laws, in Baltimore (d. 2007) Born: Johannes Bobrowski, German poet, known for his lyric poetry collections including The Land of Sarmatia and Shadowland, in Tilsit, East Prussia, German Empire (d. 1965); Vincent O'Brien, Irish horse trainer, trained six champion race horses including the only British Triple Crown winner since World War II (d. 2009) Died: Edward Thomas, British poet, known for his poetry collections Six Poems, Poems and Last Poems (b. 1878); R. E. Vernède, English poet, known for poetry collection War Poems, And Other Verses, published posthumously (b. 1875); Charlie Gould, American baseball player, first baseman for the Cincinnati Red Stockings from 1869 to 1870 (b. 1847) Tuesday, April 10, 1917 Battle of Arras – The British 3rd and 12th Divisions captured much of German line along the Scarpe River, known as Monchyriegel, between the French villages of Feuchy and Wancourt. However, Germany still retained control of the village of Neuville-Vitasse in the center. Battle of Vimy Ridge – Canadian forces captured the French village of Thélus, forcing the German divisions to evacuate most of Vimy Ridge except for a defensive position on a hill code-named "The Pimple". An explosion at an ammunition factory in Chester, Pennsylvania, killed 139 workers. Red Cross hospital ship HMHS Salta struck a mine and sank at Le Havre, France with the loss of 130 of the 205 people on board. A British patrol boat that came to rescue survivors also struck a mine and sank, with the loss of 19 of 59 crewmen. Born: Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into organic synthesis, in Boston (d. 1979) Wednesday, April 11, 1917 Brazil severed diplomatic relations with Germany after submarines began targeting shipping from neutral countries. Battle of Arras – The British 56th Division forced German defenders out of the French village Neuville-Vitasse, securing most of the Monchyriegel line. However, attempts to capture and hold Bullecourt by the British 62nd Division and the Australian 4th Division failed. The New York State Police was established through state legislation. The Marinens floatplane, based on a design by Maurice Farman of Farman Aviation Works, took its first test flight. It would be used by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service until 1924. Japanese electric equipment manufacturer Nissin Electric was established in Kyoto. Born: Morton Sobell, American spy, member of a New York spy ring for the Soviet Union, in New York City (d. 2018); Danny Gallivan, Canadian sports commentator, broadcaster for Hockey Night in Canada from 1952 to 1984, in Sydney, Nova Scotia (d. 1993); Barney McCosky, American baseball player, outfielder for the Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics, Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Indians from 1939 to 1953, in Coal Run, Pennsylvania (d. 1996) Died: Percy Black, Australian army officer, commander of the 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and the Croix de guerre (killed in action) (b. 1877) Thursday, April 12, 1917 Senussi rebel leader Sayed Ahmed Battle of Vimy Ridge – Canadian forces captured the hill known as "The Pimple", the last German defense position on Vimy Ridge. The victory came at a cost of 10,602 casualties, including 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded. German casualties for the battle were unknown but 4,000 men were prisoners. Four Canadian soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross: William Johnstone Milne and Ellis Wellwood Sifton (posthumously as both were killed on the first day of battle), and John George Pattison and Thain Wendell MacDowell. The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia was formed within Russia from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia. Senussi campaign – A peace deal was brokered between the British and the Senussi, with Prince Idris recognized as Emir (ruler) of Cyrenaica in what is present-day Libya. Senussi rebel leader Sayed Ahmed was able to escape to Constantinople where he remained for the remainder of World War I. The daily newspaper Tiesa released its first edition, becoming the first official newspaper of Lithuania. Norwegian football club Grand Bodø was established in Bodø, Norway. Born: Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav state leader, 27th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 1977); William A. Campbell, American air force officer, member and commander of the 332d Expeditionary Operations Group, better known as the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II, recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and Legion of Merit, in Tuskegee, Alabama (d. 2012); Helen Forrest, American big band singer, lead vocalist for Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, and Harry James, in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 1999) Friday, April 13, 1917 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson made an executive order to establish the Committee on Public Information as an independent agency of the U.S. Government to influence public opinion on the United States entry into World War I. Royal Naval Air Service flying boats began flying "spider web" patrols over the North Sea to detect German submarines in the area. The new patrol pattern, resembling a spider web, allowed four aircraft to search a 4,000-square-mile (10,000-square-kilometer) area in about five hours, only half the time it took a surfaced submarine to transit the area. The flying boats made 27 patrols in the next 18 days, sighted eight German submarines, and made bombing attacks against three of them. U.S. Navy battleship New Mexico was launched by the New York Naval Shipyard in New York City. It was most famous for supporting the major amphibious landings during World War II against the Japanese in the Pacific before it was decommissioned in 1946. Danish composer Carl Nielsen premiered his most popular piano composition Chaconne. Born: Bill Clements, American politician, 42nd and 44th Governor of Texas, in Dallas (d. 2011); Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay, Burmese writer, known for works including short story collections A Slow Stream of Thoughts and Burmese Medicine Tales, in Bogale Township, British Burma (d. 1982) Born: Ian Bruce Ferguson, New Zealand-Australian army officer, commander of 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment during World War II and the Korean War, recipient of the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, in Wellington (d. 1988); Robert Orville Anderson, American industrialist, founder of the oil company ARCO, in Chicago (d. 2007) Died: Diamond Jim Brady, American business leader, leading sales agent for Manning, Maxwell and Moore and Pressed Steel Car Company, known for lavish lifestyle and collection of rare jewels (b. 1856) Saturday, April 14, 1917 A British machine gun post near Feuchy. Battle of Arras – British forces took control of the French commune Monchy-le-Preux, completing the objective to capture the entire German-held Monchyriegel line between Feuchy and Wancourt, France and ending the first phase of the battle for Scarpe River. German flying ace Hartmuth Baldamus died in a plane crash following a mid-air collision with a French aircraft near Sainte-Marie-à-Py, France. He was credited with 18 victories. Born: Valerie Hobson, Irish-British actress, best known for her roles in Great Expectations and Kind Hearts and Coronets, in Larne, Ireland (d. 1998); Albert Wattenberg, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, in New York City (d. 2007); Francis B. Wai, American army officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action during the Philippines Campaign during World War II, in Honolulu (d. 1944, killed in action) Born: Marvin Miller, American sports executive, executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association from 1966 to 1982, in New York City (d. 2012); Joe Kuharich, American football player and coach, guard for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team from 1935 to 1937, and coached the team from 1959 to 1962, in South Bend, Indiana (d. 1981) Died: L. L. Zamenhof, Polish physician, creator of Esperanto (b. 1859) Sunday, April 15, 1917 Battle of Arras – German forces attacked the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions defending the French village of Lagnicourt. The Australians repelled the attack at a cost of 1,010 casualties; the Germans suffered 2,313 casualties. Royal Navy troopship SS Arcadian was torpedoed and sunk in the Sea of Crete northeast of Milos, Greece by German submarine SM UC-74 with the loss of 277 lives. Royal Navy troopship Cameronia was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea east of Malta by German submarine SM U-33. Estimated casualties ranged from 140 to 210 of the 2,650 people on board. The Royal Flying Corps established air squadron No. 99. Born: Hans Conried, American voice actor, best known for the voice of Captain Hook in the Disney animated film Peter Pan, in Baltimore (d. 1982); Elmer Gedeon, American baseball player and air force officer, center fielder for the Cleveland Indians, bomber captain with the European Theater of Operations during World War II, in Cleveland (d. 1944, killed in action) Born: Charlotte Salomon, German painter, known for her works, including the series (Life? or Theater?: A Song-play), in Berlin (d. 1943, gassed at Auschwitz); Ishrat Hussain Usmani, Pakistani physicist, second chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and associate director of the Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, in Aligarh, British India (d. 1992) Died: Frank Rockefeller, American industrialist, member of the Rockefeller family, younger brother to John D. Rockefeller and William Rockefeller Jr., president of Columbus Castings from 1905 to 1908 (b. 1845); John Harry Grainger, British-Australian architect and engineer, designer of key bridges in Australia including the Princes Bridge in Melbourne, father to Percy Grainger (b. 1854) Monday, April 16, 1917 French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames line during the Second Battle of the Aisne. The Nivelle offensive commenced with the Second Battle of the Aisne, with the Fifth and Sixth French Armies attacking the German line at Chemin des Dames, France. Royal Navy destroyer HMS Melampus accidentally struck British submarine HMS C16 and sunk it, killing all 16 crew on board. Vladimir Lenin arrived at the Finland Station in Petrograd. The London Underground extended the Bakerloo line with new tube stations at Bushey, Harrow & Wealdstone, Hatch End, Headstone Lane, Kenton, North Wembley, Wembley Central, Harlesden, Watford Junction, and Watford High Street. The Charlie Chaplin comedy The Cure was released in one of the few films that year where Chaplin did not appear as The Tramp. The city of Urbandale, Iowa, was incorporated. Born: Betty Clay, leader of the Scouting and Guiding organizations, daughter of Scouting founder Robert Baden-Powell (d. 2004); Barry Nelson, American actor, first to play James Bond, in the 1954 television film version of Casino Royale, in San Francisco (d. 2007) Tuesday, April 17, 1917 French trench in the rear during the Battle of the Hills. Battle of the Hills – As part of the Nivelle offensive, thirteen divisions with the French Fourth Army attacked an 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) front east of Reims, France defended by 17 divisions with the German Fourth Army, with the bulk of the fighting occurring around the trench lines code-named Konstanzlager. Second Battle of Gaza – Three infantry divisions with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under command of Lieutenant-General Charles Macpherson Dobell attacked Ottoman-held Gaza, which was well-fortified with some 21,000 troops. British hospital ships Donegal and HMHS Lanfranc were torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarines, with each losing 40 passengers and crew. Vladimir Lenin's April Theses were published, and would become very influential in the following July Days and October Revolution. London newspapers The Times and the Daily Mail (both owned by Lord Alfred Northcliffe) printed atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies. American fighter pilot Edmond Genet was shot by anti-aircraft artillery and killed in France, the first American flier to die since the United States entered World War I. The Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party was established in Kiev. The River Forest Township was established in Cook County, Illinois. Born: José Soriano, Peruvian football player, goalkeeper for Club Atlético River Plate and the Peru national football team from 1940 to 1947, in Chiclayo, Peru (d. 2011) Died: Jane Barlow, Irish poet, known for her collections including Irish idylls (b. 1857) Wednesday, April 18, 1917 Battle of the Hills – French forces completed their capture of the Konstanzlager line. Second Battle of Gaza – After overrunning Ottoman outposts, British forces bombarded Gaza from land and sea before commencing frontal attacks east of the city and on the coast. Born: Frederica of Hanover, German-Greek noble, queen consort for Paul of Greece, in Blankenburg, Germany (d. 1981); Brian Mason, New Zealand geologist and chemist, pioneered the study of meteorites found in the Antarctic, in Port Chalmers, New Zealand (d. 2009) Died: Moritz von Bissing, German army officer, commander of the VII Corps for the Imperial German Army during World War I (b. 1844) Thursday, April 19, 1917 Ottoman machine gun corps defending Gaza against the British. Battle of the Hills – French forces captured the commune of Aubérive, France from the Germans. Second Battle of Gaza – The Egyptian Expeditionary Force failed to breach Ottoman defenses out of Gaza. With the cost heavy at 6,444 casualties and ammo running low, the attack was called off. Commander-in-Chief General Archibald Murray and Lieutenant-General Charles Macpherson Dobell were dismissed as a result and the stalemate in Southern Palestine began. U.S. Army transport ship Mongolia fired the first American shots in anger in World War I when her gun crew drove off a German U-boat in the English Channel seven miles southeast of Beachy Head, England. The All-Ukrainian National Congress was established in Kiev. German cruiser SMS Seeadler was destroyed in an accidental explosion after it was stripped down to a hulk in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. No casualties were reported but the wreck was never salvaged. Born: John Bushemi, American photographer, best known for his war photography during the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of World War II, in Centerville, Iowa (d. 1944, killed in action) Died: Georgina Hogarth, English literary editor, adviser and sister-in-law to Charles Dickens and editor of two volumes of his letters (b. 1827) Friday, April 20, 1917 The Nivelle offensive took 20,000 German prisoners and 147 guns, but no breakthrough on the German front around Aisne was achieved. Battle of the Hills – French forces captured the commune of Bois Noir, France, ending most of the fighting in the area. The French suffered 21,617 casualties but had taken 6,120 German prisoners. German casualties were unknown. The Rikken Seiyūkai party led by Hara Takashi emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives after winning 165 of the 381 seats in the Japanese general election. The United States Navy flew its first airship DN-1 at Pensacola, Florida. However, the aircraft proved to be a failure and test flights ended only nine days later. Born: Charles M. Williams, American academic, leading professor at the Harvard Business School for commercial banking, in Romney, West Virginia (d. 2011) Died: James Blenk, German-American clergy, Bishop of Puerto Rico from 1899 to 1906, and Archbishop of New Orleans from 1906 to 1917 (b. 1856); David C. Montgomery, American actor, best known for his stage role of the Tin Man in the 1902 Broadway musical The Wizard of Oz (b. 1870) Saturday, April 21, 1917 Second Battle of the Aisne – The French Tenth Army was mobilized to assist the Fifth and Sixth Armies at Chemin des Dames, France, but the added manpower and equipment did little to break through the German line. Battle of Dover Strait – Royal Navy destroyers HMS Broke and Swift engaged a half dozen German torpedo boats involved in the Dover Barrage, sinking two of the vessels. German submarine SM UC-30 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with the loss of all 26 crew. The Royal Navy destroyer Teazer was launched by John I. Thornycroft & Company in Southampton, England. It would serve with the Harwich Force for the remainder of World War I. Colorado industrialist Albert E. Carlton bought the Colorado Midland Railway after it declared bankruptcy for a second time. New York City Subway stations for the IRT Flushing Line, including Junction Boulevard, Rawson Street, Lowery Street, Bliss Street, 52nd Street, Woodside, 69th Street, Roosevelt Avenue, Jackson Heights, Elmhurst Avenue, and 103rd Street were opened for service. Born: Wu Zuguang, Chinese playwright and filmmaker, known for plays including City of Phoenix and Return on a Snowy Night, and films such as The Soul of the Nation, in Beijing (d. 2003) Sunday, April 22, 1917 Bulgarian soldiers observing the enemy's position during the Battle of Doiran. Battle of Doiran – A British force of 43,000 men under command of Lieutenant-General George Milne engaged a Bulgarian force of 30,000 men commanded by Colonel Vladimir Vazov entrenched at Doiran Lake in Serbia, beginning with a bombardment that while massive in shells spent failed to do significant damage on Bulgarian defenses. British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour met with the U.S. government on a formal diplomatic mission to discuss the country's role in World War I. The Uruguayan football Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes was established in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay. Born: Yvette Chauviré, French ballet dancer, considered one of the greatest performers with the Paris Opera Ballet, recipient of the Legion of Honour, in Paris (d. 2016); Sidney Nolan, Australian artist, known for paintings including The Trial, in Carlton, Victoria, Australia (d. 1992); Leo Abse, Welsh politician and activist, Member of Parliament for Pontypool from 1958 to 1983, leading advocate for gay rights, in Cardiff (d. 2008) Died: F. C. Burnand, English playwright, best known for his comic opera Cox and Box (b. 1836); Anton Eilers, American industrialist, co-founder of the American Smelting and Refining Company (now Asarco) (b. 1839); Marijan Varešanin, Croatian state leader, 7th Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1847) Monday, April 23, 1917 Samarra offensive – British forces captured Samarra in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and took control of the 130 km (81 mi) railroad that ran south to Baghdad, ensuring control of much of the region from the Ottoman Empire. British casualties were 18,000, along with 38,000 who had taken ill. Casualties from the Ottoman Empire were 15,000. Battle of Arras – The British Third Army launched new assaults against German-held positions along the Scarpe River, capturing the French villages of Guémappe, Gavrelle, and Cojeul. Buster Keaton made his film debut in the comedy short The Butcher Boy, which was also the first of Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle's series of films with the Comique Film Corporation. Born: Dorian Leigh, American model, considered one of the first supermodels, in San Antonio (d. 2008) Died: Robert Koehler, German-American painter, known for works such as Rainy Evening on Hennepin Avenue and First Snow Minnesota (b. 1850) Tuesday, April 24, 1917 Battle of Arras – German counterattacks to regain lost ground around the Scarpe River failed. Battle of Doiran – British infantry launched a night attack against Bulgarian forces at Doiran Lake in Serbia. The U.S. Treasury issued the first liberty bonds through the Emergency Loan Act. German air force pilot Eduard W. Zorer completed the first ever close air support action against enemy troops, when he dropped his Halberstadt aircraft down to an altitude of 60 feet (18 meters) and fired 500 rounds from his machine gun on counterattacking British trenches during the Battle of Arras. German submarine U-43 sank the British passenger steamer Abosso in the North Atlantic Ocean northwest of Ireland, resulting in 65 casualties. Among the casualties were several officials from the Gold Coast, including E. V. Collins, Inspector General of Police and Prisons; Treasurer E. B. Reece; K. R. Chatfield, Provincial Engineer, Public Works Department; and J. R. Whitaker, Assistant District Commissioner. Washington Federal bank was established as the Ballard Savings and Loan Association and changed to its present name when it merged in 1958 with the Washington Federal Savings and Loan Association. Died: Gordon Alexander, 31–32, British Olympic fencer, was killed in action at Villers-Plouich, France. Wednesday, April 25, 1917 Morale among French infantry reached all-time lows as casualties from the Nivelle offensive reached 96,125, contributing to widespread mutinies in May. Battle of Doiran – Bulgarian forces pushed back British attacks. The Imperial German Navy cruiser SMS Dresden was launched by AG Vulcan Stettin in Hamburg. Thomas Lincoln Tally co-founded the First National Pictures Exhibitors Circuit. Born: Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer, best known for her hits "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Cheek to Cheek", "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall", and "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)", winner of 14 Grammy Awards and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in Newport News, Virginia (d. 1996) Thursday, April 26, 1917 The Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne was signed between France, Italy and the United Kingdom to settle interests in the Middle East. The Pacific Aero Products Company was renamed the Boeing Airplane Company. The city of Clifton, New Jersey, was incorporated, replacing the Acquackanonk Township. Born: I. M. Pei, Chinese-American architect, best known for his modern designs including the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, in Guangzhou, China (d. 2019); Virgil Trucks, American baseball player, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox, Kansas City Athletics, and New York Yankees from 1941 to 1958, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 2013) Died: Mary Bangs, American spiritualist, noted promoter of "spirit portraits" with sister Elizabeth, later proven to be a hoax (b. 1862) Friday, April 27, 1917 Battle of Doiran – After three days of intense hand-to-hand combat, the British withdrew to their initial positions. A mine explosion in Hastings, Las Animas County, Colorado, killed 121 people. Romanian politician George Diamandy formed the Labor Party of Romania to focus on issues of land reform (some historians also attribute May 1 as the official date of the party's formation). Born: Tetratema, Irish race horse, thirteen-time race champion including the 2000 Guineas Stakes and July Cup in 1921, in Thomastown, Ireland (d. 1939) Died: Frederick Gutekunst, German-American photographer, best known for his portrait photography that included Abraham Lincoln, Grover Cleveland and Caroline Still Anderson (b. 1831) Saturday, April 28, 1917 Battle of Arras – British and Canadian troops attacked the German-held French village of Arleux-en-Gohelle along the Souchez River. Flagler County, Florida, was established using portions of Saint Johns and Volusia counties, with its county seat in Bunnell, Florida. Norwegian sports club Flint was established in Tønsberg, Norway. The club currently hosts football, team handball, volleyball, track and field and table tennis. Born: Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor, best known for his collaboration with Akira Kurosawa in Rashomon, Seven Samurai and The Hidden Fortress, in Onnenai, Hokkaido, Japan (d. 1999); Robert Cornthwaite, American actor, best known for starring in thrillers The Thing from Another World, The War of the Worlds, and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, in St. Helens, Oregon (d. 2006) Sunday, April 29, 1917 French General Robert Nivelle Robert Nivelle, commander-in-chief of the French armies on the Western Front, was now pressured to resign from his position as his planned offensive began to unravel. Battle of Arras – The 1st Canadian Division captured Arleux-en-Gohelle, France from the Germans. The first Moon Pie pastries were sold at Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee, at a nickel a piece. Born: Celeste Holm, American actor, first female lead for the stage musical Oklahoma!, recipient of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Gentleman's Agreement and nominee for Come to the Stable and All About Eve, in New York City (d. 2012); Urie Bronfenbrenner, Russian-American psychologist, developed the ecological systems theory for child development, in Moscow (d. 2005) Born: Shirley Becke, British law enforcer, first British female police officer to attain Chief Officer rank, in Chiswick, London, England (d. 2011); Fritz Loots, South African army officer, founder and first commander of the South African Special Forces, in Britstown, South Africa (d. 2008) Died: Florence Farr, British actress activist, best known for her collaborations with George Bernard Shaw and a leading advocate of women's suffrage (b. 1860); H. D. Harvey-Kelly, British flying ace, first British pilot to land in France and first British pilot to shoot down an enemy aircraft, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order (died from wounds received from an enemy attack) (b. 1891) Monday, April 30, 1917 The Norwegian government established the Ministry of Industrial Provisioning to handle materials shortages during World War I. The Uruguayan football club Progreso was established in Montevideo. Born: Bea Wain, American big band singer, best known for her hits "Deep Purple" and "Heart and Soul", in New York City (d. 2017); Mervyn Wood, Australian rower, three-time Olympic medalist including gold for the 1948 Summer Olympics, silver of the 1952 Summer Olympics and bronze in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in Kensington, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2006) References ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6 ^ "Lineage and Honors Information: 41st Infantry Division". 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(1919), Kelly field in the great world war, San Antonio Printing Company ^ North, Simon Newton Dexter; et al. (1918). The American Year Book: A Record of Events and Progress. Thomas Nelson & Sons. pp. 10–11 – via Internet Archive. ^ History.com Editors (April 4, 2024) . "The United States officially enters World War I". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ Friedman, Isaiah (1971). "German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv", 1917". Jewish Social Studies. 33: 23–43. ^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918. p. 71. ^ Butler, Glen, Colonel, USMC (June 2012). "That Other Air Service Centennial". Naval History. p. 56.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ On the relationship of Spartakusbund and USPD see Ottokar Luban: Die Rolle der Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919, in: Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, No. II/2008. ^ "Friedrich Karl, Prinz von Preußen". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ^ "World War: Declarations of War from Around the World". Library of Congress. ^ "Who Declared War and When". Firstworldwar.com. ^ "Germans Destroy Interned Gunboat in Harbor at Guam". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. 7 April 1917. p. 1. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ Vogel, Frederick G. (1995). World War I Songs: A history of Popular American Patriotic Tunes, with Over 300 Complete Lyrics. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 0-89950-952-5. OCLC 32241433. ^ "Origin of the American Friends Service Committee". 2010-03-29. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. 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ISBN 978-0-85052-568-7. ^ Campbell, David (2007), "The 2nd Canadian Division: A 'Most Spectacular Battle'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 179–182, ISBN 978-0-88920-508-6 ^ O'Neill, Robert F. (April 19, 1992). "The Mystery Lives Where 139 Perished". Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Marc Leroux (2008). "HMS Salta". union-castle.net. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2009. ^ "P26". Uboat.net. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ Schulze 2015 ^ Oldham 1997, pp. 38–40, 50. ^ Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1922). Grey Riders: The Story of the New York State Troopers. Putnam's Sons. ^ Hafsten, Bjørn; Tom Arheim (2003). Marinens Flygevåpen 1912–1944 (in Norwegian). Oslo: TankeStreken AS. pp. 20, 30. ISBN 82-993535-1-3. ^ "Company Outline". Nissin Electric. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2015. ^ Sheldon 2008, pp. 315-317 ^ Moran, Heather (2007), "The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-88920-508-6 ^ Raun 2001, p. 100 ^ The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik By John Hiden ^ Rickard, J. (9 September 2007). "Senussi Uprising, 1915–1917". Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. Retrieved 25 February 2015. ^ Macmunn, G; Falls, C. (1996) . Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917. Vol. I. Nashville, TN: Battery Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-89839-241-1. ^ Laimonas Tapinas; et al., eds. (1997). "Tiesa" (PDF). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija. Vilnius: Pradai. pp. 519–520. ISBN 9986-776-62-7. ^ "IK Grands historie" (in Norwegian). IK Grand Bodø. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. 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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Foreword by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu. No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 163. OCLC 43481698. ^ Falls, Cyril; G. MacMunn (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 348. OCLC 610273484. ^ "Donegal". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 November 2012. ^ "Fight in the Channel". The Times. No. 41459. London. 23 April 1917. col A, p. 8. ^ "Lanfranc". Uboat.net. Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ North, David (29 June 2001). "Toward a reconsideration of Trotsky's legacy and his place in the history of the 20th century". World Socialist Web Site. ICFI. ^ "Germans and their Dead. Revolting Treatment. Science and the Barbarian Spirit". The Times. No. 41454. London. 1917-04-17. p. 5. ^ "Cadavers Not Human.; Gruesome Tale Believed to be Somebody's Notion of an April Fool Joke" (PDF). The New York Times. 1917-04-20. ^ Badsey, Stephen (2014). The German Corpse Factory: a Study in First World War Propaganda. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781909982666. ^ Neander, Joachim (2013). The German Corpse Factory: The Master Hoax of British Propaganda in the First World War. Saarbrücken: Saarland University Press. ISBN 978-3-86223-117-1. ^ Marlin, Randal (2002). Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-55111-376-7. ^ "Genet, American Flier, Killed At The Front. Ossining Youth, Who Was a Descendant of Gov. Clinton, Enlisted at Beginning of War" (PDF). The New York Times. April 18, 1917. Retrieved 2015-05-05. ^ "Edmond Charles Clinton Genet". The New York Times. May 17, 1917. Retrieved 2015-05-05. We have just heard of the death of Edmond Charles Clinton Genet of the American Escadrille, killed on April 16. ^ Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Archived 2016-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Handbook on the History of Ukraine ^ "Township History". River Forest Township. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "The Times History of the War". The Times. Vol. XIV. London. 1914–1921. pp. 88–95. OCLC 70406275. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 334 ^ The Times 1918, pp. 87–93. ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p]. 347-348 ^ Erickson 2007 p. 99 ^ "Mongolia". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2017-04-25. ^ "Camden-Built Liner Sinks a Submarine". Evening Public Ledger. Philadelphia, PA. 25 April 1917. p. 1. ^ Khmil, I. All-Ukrainian National Congress. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev, 2003. ^ Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships 1815–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 98. 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Retrieved May 22, 2013. ^ "Transit Service on Corona Extension of Dual Subway System Opened to the Public". The New York Times. April 22, 1917. p. RE1. Retrieved October 2, 2011. ^ Вазов, Вл. Пос. съч., с.25 ^ Towne, Charles Hanson (1 September 2015). The Balfour Visit: How America Received Her Distinguished Guest. BiblioBazaar. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-341-06014-4. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. ^ Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2 December 2013). "Balfour Mission". The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. ^ "History - Plaza Colonia". Plaza Colonia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection - 5 volumes. ABC-CLIO. p. 1411. ISBN 9781851099658.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Stewart, J.; Buchan, J. (2003) . The Fifteenth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919 (repr. The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Edinburgh: Blakwood. pp. 129–133. ISBN 978-1-84342-639-4. ^ Knopf, Robert (2 August 1999). The theater and cinema of Buster Keaton. Princeton University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-691-00442-6. Retrieved 21 October 2010. ^ Boraston, J. H. (1920) . Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches (repr. ed.). London: Dent. pp. 97–98. OCLC 633614212. ^ Вазов, Вл. Пос. съч., с.25 ^ Sakolski, Aaron Morton (1925). Wall Street and the Security Markets. ^ Blumberg, Arnold (November 2014). "The First Ground-Pounders". Aviation History. pp. 41–42. ^ "Passenger steamer Abosso". Ships hit during WWI. uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 998. Gold Coast. REPORT FOR 1917 (PDF). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. August 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 21 April 2024 – via University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. ^ "Company History". Washington Federal. Retrieved 9 April 2017. ^ "Gordon Alexander". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ^ Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (25 September 2003). The First World War: The War To End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 1-84176-738-7. ^ Вазов, Вл. Пос. съч., с.25 ^ Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. ^ First National filmography. ^ "Films of the Golden Age". Archived from the original on 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2017-07-14. ^ C.J. Lowe, and M.L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1914-22 (vol 2 1972) pp 223-27 ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 63. ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 209. Accessed March 16, 2012 ^ Вазов, Вл. Пос. съч., с.25 ^ Clare Vernon McKanna (1997). Homicide, Race, and Justice in the American West, 1880-1920. University of Arizona Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8165-1708-4. ^ Duca, Ion G. (1981). Amintiri politice, II (in Romanian). Munich: Jon Dumitru-Verlag. pp. 179–80. ^ Popescu, Cornel; Ungureanu, George Daniel (2014). "Romanian Peasantry and Bulgarian Agrarianism in the Interwar Period: Benchmarks for a Comparative Analysis". The Romanian Review of Social Sciences (in Romanian) (16): 21. ^ a b Boraston 1920, p. 99. ^ "Centennial Main Even April 29". Flagler County. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "Historien" (in Norwegian). FK Tønsberg. Retrieved 27 July 2010. ^ Simkins, p. 122 ^ "MoonPie: The Original Marshmallow Snack" ^ Ministries since 1814 - Government.no ^ "Home". Club Atletico Progreso (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 April 2017. Sources The Times History of the War. Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London. 1914–1921. OCLC 70406275. Retrieved 26 October 2013 – via Archive Foundation. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteEvents by month1921 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1920 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1919 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1918 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1917 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1916 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1915 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1914 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1913 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1912 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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For the novel, see The Red Wheel.1917\nJanuary\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nDecemberThe Battle of Vimy Ridge, painting by Richard Jack.The following events occurred in April 1917:","title":"April 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Tinoco Granados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Tinoco_Granados"},{"link_name":"President of Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Costa_Rican_general_election"},{"link_name":"military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Costa_Rican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January"},{"link_name":"Rafael Yglesias Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Yglesias_Castro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States 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Leaf Rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Rag"},{"link_name":"The Entertainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entertainer_(rag)"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867"}],"text":"Federico Tinoco Granados, President of Costa Rica, held the first general elections since staging a military coup in January. The election results where Granados was declared the winner were contested as fraudulent after votes for former president and main opponent Rafael Yglesias Castro were considered invalid.[1]\nThe United States Army established the 41st Infantry Division as a National Guard unit, five days before the United States entered World War I. It was changed to an infantry unit in July.[2]\nThe 243rd Infantry Division was established as part of the last wave of new divisions created for the Imperial German Army. It was dissolved in 1919.[3]\nThe Dutch news agency Aneta was established as the first news organization in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and was the predecessor to Antara.[4]\nThe Russian newspaper Pravda Severa (Truth of the North) released its first edition in Arkhangelsk, Russia.[5]\nThe Spanish newspaper El Ideal Gallego released its first edition in A Coruña, Spain.[6]\nThe Nuneaton Museum & Art Gallery opened in Nuneaton, England.[7]\nThe Mære Station for the Norwegian State Railways line opened at Mære, Norway and operated until 2001.[8]\nBorn: Sydney Newman, Canadian television producer, created popular television shows including The Avengers and Doctor Who, in Toronto (d. 1997); Michel Donnet, Belgian air force officer, commander of the No. 64 and 350th Squadrons of the Royal Air Force during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Croix de guerre, in Richmond, London, England (d. 2013)\nBorn: Mark Evans Austad, American broadcaster and diplomat, leading news broadcaster with WTTG in Washington, D.C. and diplomat for Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan, in Ogden, Utah (d. 1988); Bonnie Baker, American jazz and big band singer, best known for the hit single \"Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!\", in Orange, Texas (d. 1990); Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist, known for his interpretations of Johannes Brahms and Frédéric Chopin, in Bucharest (d. 1950)\nDied: Scott Joplin, American composer and pianist, most popular of the ragtime musical artists, including compositions \"Maple Leaf Rag\" and \"The Entertainer\" (b. 1867)","title":"Sunday, April 1, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lillestrøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Åråsen Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r%C3%A5sen_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Lillestrøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dabbs Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbs_Greer"},{"link_name":"Robert Alden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alden"},{"link_name":"television show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fairview, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"}],"text":"U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asked the United States Congress for a declaration of war on Germany, stating that the war would \"make the world safe for democracy\" and later that it would be a \"war to end war\".[9]\nThe Lillestrøm football club was founded after the merger of two local clubs. The team currently plays out of the Åråsen Stadion in Lillestrøm, Norway.[10]\nBorn: Dabbs Greer, American actor, best known for the role of Reverend Robert Alden on the television show Little House on the Prairie, in Fairview, Missouri (d. 2007)","title":"Monday, April 2, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenin.gif"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Louis J. Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Wilde"},{"link_name":"Mayor of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"George Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marston_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Maruinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Sportivo_Maruinense"},{"link_name":"Maruim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruim"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arthur Graeme West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Graeme_West"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891"},{"link_name":"Milton Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wright_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Church of the United Brethren in Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ"},{"link_name":"Wright brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers"},{"link_name":"1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828"}],"text":"Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin left Switzerland for Russia using a \"sealed train\" to cross Germany.[11]\nLouis J. Wilde was elected 17th Mayor of San Diego, beating George Marston with 58 percent of the vote.[12]\nThe Brazilian football club Maruinense was established in Maruim, Brazil as the Socialista Sport Club before it was renamed in the 1960s.[13]\nDied: Arthur Graeme West, British poet, author of The Diary of a Dead Officer, killed in action (b. 1891); Milton Wright, American religious leader, bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, father to the Wright brothers (b. 1828)","title":"Tuesday, April 3, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Edward Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Edward_Foster"},{"link_name":"James Alexander Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexander_Murray"},{"link_name":"Premier of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SPAD S.XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_S.XIII"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National Sylvan Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sylvan_Theater"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard John Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_John_Cork"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"880 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/880_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"William J. Hovde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hovde"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"14th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Crookston, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookston,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"}],"text":"Walter Edward Foster replaced James Alexander Murray as Premier of New Brunswick, with the latter only serving two months.[14]\nThe first test flight of the French SPAD S.XIII was conducted.[15]\nThe National Sylvan Theater, the first federally-funded outdoor public theater, opened in Washington, D.C., in the presence of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.[16]\nBorn: Richard John Cork, British air force officer, commander of the 880 Naval Air Squadron, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Distinguished Service Cross for actions during the Battle of Britain during World War II, in London (d. 1944, killed in a plane crash); William J. Hovde, American air force officer, commander of several squadrons in World War II, Korean War and Cold War including the 14th Fighter Group, six-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Silver Star and Legion of Merit, in Crookston, Minnesota (d. 1996)","title":"Wednesday, April 4, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Bullecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullecourt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"steamship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Kelly Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Field"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Mexico–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Robert Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bloch"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"horror fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"Psycho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994"},{"link_name":"E. H. Coombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Coombe"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917"},{"link_name":"1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858"}],"text":"Aerial shot of the defunct Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt, France 1920.The Imperial German Army completed its withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, the new main defensive line in the Western Front.[17]\nBrazilian steamship Paraná was torpedoed by a German submarine, killing three crewmen. The attack on shipping from neutral countries boosted public pressure for Brazil to enter the war.[18]\nThe British government issued a Food Hoarding Order to prevent households from hoarding food in short supply during World War I.[19]\nNew U.S. military aircraft began landing at Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas, to improve military aircraft capacity for the Mexico–United States border.[20][21][22]\nBorn: Robert Bloch, American writer, author of many best-selling science fiction and horror fiction including Psycho, in Milwaukee (d. 1994)\nDied: E. H. Coombe, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1912, and 1915 to 1917 (b. 1858)","title":"Thursday, April 5, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"declared war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Djemal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djemal_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"British conquest of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Hans Berr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berr"},{"link_name":"dogfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"No. 57 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._57_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"enlisted men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_rank"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hugo Haase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Haase"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Leonora Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Carrington"},{"link_name":"surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"women's liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Clayton-le-Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton-le-Woods"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_art"},{"link_name":"Howard L. Fogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_L._Fogg"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"American Locomotive Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1893%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The United States declared war on Germany after passing U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's resolution for military action against the Empire. The United States House of Representatives voted 373 to 50 in favor of declaring war. The United States Senate also voted 82 to 6 in favor of war.[23][24]\nOttoman authorities deported the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv on orders from Ottoman Syria Governor Djemal Pasha. Muslim evacuees were eventually allowed to return, but Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine.[25]\nGerman flying ace Hans Berr died when he and his wingmate collided during a dogfight with planes from the Royal Flying Corps No. 57 Squadron. He had 10 victories to his credit.[26]\nThe United States Marine Corps aviation unit was built to a total strength of seven commissioned officers and 43 enlisted men.[27]\nThe Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany was formed by expelled members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chair.[28]\nBorn: Leonora Carrington, English-Mexican painter, best known for her work in surrealism including El Mundo Magico de los Mayas and Mujeres conciencia as part of the women's liberation movement in Mexico, in Clayton-le-Woods, England (d. 2011); Howard L. Fogg, American artist, best known for his railroad art, particularly for the American Locomotive Company, in New York City (d. 1996)\nDied: Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia, German noble and champion horse rider, bronze medalist in the 1912 Summer Olympics (died of gunshot wounds after being shot down in combat) (b. 1893)[29]","title":"Friday, April 6, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"merchant raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_raider"},{"link_name":"SMS Cormoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Cormoran_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"George M. Cohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Cohan"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Over There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_There"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"American Friends Service Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee"},{"link_name":"Religious Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"R. G. Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Armstrong"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Sam Peckinpah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah"},{"link_name":"Ride the High Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_the_High_Country"},{"link_name":"Major Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Garrett_and_Billy_the_Kid"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Grove, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Grove,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"Mongo Santamaría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_Santamar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Afro-Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Afro Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Blue"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Samaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861"},{"link_name":"George Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brown_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"Piula Theological College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piula_Theological_College"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835"}],"text":"Cuba and Panama declared war on Germany as allies to the United States.[30][31]\nGerman merchant raider ship SMS Cormoran was scuttled at Guam shortly after the crew learned the United States had declared war on Germany, but nine crew members were accidentally killed during detonation.[32]\nAmerican songwriter George M. Cohan completed the most famous World War I-themed song, \"Over There,\" but would not have it published until June 1.[33]\nThe American Friends Service Committee was established by members of the Religious Society of Friends to assist civilian victims in World War I.[34]\nBorn: R. G. Armstrong, American actor, best known for his collaborations with film director Sam Peckinpah including Ride the High Country, Major Dundee and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, in Pleasant Grove, Alabama (d. 2012); Mongo Santamaría, Cuban-American jazz musician and composer, best known for developing Afro-Caribbean Latin jazz including the standard \"Afro Blue\", in Havana (d. 2003)\nDied: Spyridon Samaras, Greek composer, known for operas including Messidor, Lionella and Rhea (b. 1861); George Brown, British missionary, founder of the Piula Theological College in Samoa (b. 1835)","title":"Saturday, April 7, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Estonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"John Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitney_(animator)"},{"link_name":"computer animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Richard Olney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Olney"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835"},{"link_name":"Arsenio Cruz Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Cruz_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Progresista Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progresista_Party"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frankl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frankl"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"Jagdstaffel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdstaffel_4"},{"link_name":"Luftstreitkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893"}],"text":"In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demanded national autonomy within Russia.[35]\nBorn: John Whitney, American animator, pioneer in computer animation including Five Film Exercises and Moondrum, in Pasadena, California (d. 1995)\nDied: Richard Olney, American politician, 40th United States Attorney General (b. 1835); Arsenio Cruz Herrera, Filipino politician, first indigenous mayor of Manila and leader of the Progresista Party from 1907 to 1914 (b. 1863); Wilhelm Frankl, German air force officer, commander of Jagdstaffel 4 for the Luftstreitkräfte, recipient of the Iron Cross (killed in action) (b. 1893)","title":"Sunday, April 8, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"French Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494%E2%80%93497-38"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"German Sixth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Arras offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Charles Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burke_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"No. 2 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Arras offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Bloody April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_April"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Patriot Youth League of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Youth_League_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Brad Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Dexter"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven"},{"link_name":"Run Silent, Run Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep_(film)"},{"link_name":"Goldfield, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfield,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"Irene Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Morgan v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"state segregation laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Johannes Bobrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bobrowski"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"lyric poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry"},{"link_name":"Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965"},{"link_name":"Vincent O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"horse trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"race horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"British Triple Crown winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009"},{"link_name":"Edward Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(poet)"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878"},{"link_name":"R. E. Vernède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._Vern%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gould"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847"}],"text":"British gun crew in action during Battle of Arras.Canadian machine gun squad at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.Battle of Arras – Fourteen British, Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African divisions attacked an 11 mi (18 km) portion of the German line near the city of Arras, France.[36][37] The French Third Army also provided support by attacking the German line at St. Quentin–Arras, France.[38]\nBattle of Vimy Ridge – Four divisions of the Canadian Corps attacked Vimy Ridge held by three divisions of the German Sixth Army as part of the Arras offensive, capturing most of the escarpment on the first day of the attack.[39]\nCharles Burke, first commander of the No. 2 Squadron, was killed by a shell burst on the opening day of the Arras offensive while rejoining his old regiment.[40] Although he wasn't part of the Royal Flying Corps at the time of death, his death became part of Bloody April. The Corps lost 245 aircraft — 140 in the first two weeks — out of an initial strength of 365. Casualties included 211 killed or missing and 108 captured. The opposing Germans lost only 66 aircraft.[41]\nThe Patriot Youth League of Sweden was established to promote the preservation of the monarchy and the official church of Sweden.[42]\nBorn: Brad Dexter, American actor, known for roles in The Magnificent Seven and Run Silent, Run Deep, in Goldfield, Nevada (d. 2002); Irene Morgan, American activist, noted plaintiff in Morgan v. Virginia, which was the first case to successfully challenge state segregation laws, in Baltimore (d. 2007)\nBorn: Johannes Bobrowski, German poet, known for his lyric poetry collections including The Land of Sarmatia and Shadowland, in Tilsit, East Prussia, German Empire (d. 1965); Vincent O'Brien, Irish horse trainer, trained six champion race horses including the only British Triple Crown winner since World War II (d. 2009)\nDied: Edward Thomas, British poet, known for his poetry collections Six Poems, Poems and Last Poems (b. 1878); R. E. Vernède, English poet, known for poetry collection War Poems, And Other Verses, published posthumously (b. 1875); Charlie Gould, American baseball player, first baseman for the Cincinnati Red Stockings from 1869 to 1870 (b. 1847)","title":"Monday, April 9, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division"},{"link_name":"12th Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_(Eastern)_Division"},{"link_name":"Scarpe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe_(river)"},{"link_name":"Feuchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuchy"},{"link_name":"Wancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wancourt"},{"link_name":"Neuville-Vitasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuville-Vitasse"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Thélus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9lus"},{"link_name":"Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone_explosion"},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"hospital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"HMHS Salta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Salta"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979"}],"text":"Battle of Arras – The British 3rd and 12th Divisions captured much of German line along the Scarpe River, known as Monchyriegel, between the French villages of Feuchy and Wancourt. However, Germany still retained control of the village of Neuville-Vitasse in the center.[43]\nBattle of Vimy Ridge – Canadian forces captured the French village of Thélus, forcing the German divisions to evacuate most of Vimy Ridge except for a defensive position on a hill code-named \"The Pimple\".[44]\nAn explosion at an ammunition factory in Chester, Pennsylvania, killed 139 workers.[45]\nRed Cross hospital ship HMHS Salta struck a mine and sank at Le Havre, France with the loss of 130 of the 205 people on board.[46] A British patrol boat that came to rescue survivors also struck a mine and sank, with the loss of 19 of 59 crewmen.[47]\nBorn: Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into organic synthesis, in Boston (d. 1979)","title":"Tuesday, April 10, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"56th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Neuville-Vitasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuville-Vitasse"},{"link_name":"Bullecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullecourt"},{"link_name":"British 62nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_(2nd_West_Riding)_Division"},{"link_name":"Australian 4th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199738%E2%80%9340,_50-49"},{"link_name":"New York State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Marinens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinens_Flyvebaatfabrikk_M.F.3"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"Maurice Farman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Farman"},{"link_name":"Farman Aviation Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_Aviation_Works"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Nissin Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissin_Electric"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Morton Sobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Sobell"},{"link_name":"New York spy ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_spies"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018"},{"link_name":"Danny Gallivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gallivan"},{"link_name":"sports commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"Hockey Night in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993"},{"link_name":"Barney McCosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_McCosky"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Percy Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Black"},{"link_name":"16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Battalion,_Royal_Western_Australia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Croix de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"}],"text":"Brazil severed diplomatic relations with Germany after submarines began targeting shipping from neutral countries.[48]\nBattle of Arras – The British 56th Division forced German defenders out of the French village Neuville-Vitasse, securing most of the Monchyriegel line. However, attempts to capture and hold Bullecourt by the British 62nd Division and the Australian 4th Division failed.[49]\nThe New York State Police was established through state legislation.[50]\nThe Marinens floatplane, based on a design by Maurice Farman of Farman Aviation Works, took its first test flight. It would be used by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service until 1924.[51]\nJapanese electric equipment manufacturer Nissin Electric was established in Kyoto.[52]\nBorn: Morton Sobell, American spy, member of a New York spy ring for the Soviet Union, in New York City (d. 2018); Danny Gallivan, Canadian sports commentator, broadcaster for Hockey Night in Canada from 1952 to 1984, in Sydney, Nova Scotia (d. 1993); Barney McCosky, American baseball player, outfielder for the Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics, Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Indians from 1939 to 1953, in Coal Run, Pennsylvania (d. 1996)\nDied: Percy Black, Australian army officer, commander of the 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and the Croix de guerre (killed in action) (b. 1877)","title":"Wednesday, April 11, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_Sharif_es_Senussi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya"},{"link_name":"Sayed Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif_as-Senussi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"William Johnstone Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Johnstone_Milne"},{"link_name":"Ellis Wellwood Sifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Wellwood_Sifton"},{"link_name":"John George Pattison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Pattison"},{"link_name":"Thain Wendell MacDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thain_Wendell_MacDowell"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Governorate of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Governorate_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Governorate of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Governorate of Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Senussi campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_campaign"},{"link_name":"Senussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya"},{"link_name":"Prince Idris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Senussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusiyya"},{"link_name":"Sayed Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif_as-Senussi"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Tiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiesa"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Grand Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Grand_Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Džemal Bijedić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEemal_Bijedi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"},{"link_name":"William A. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Campbell_(Tuskegee_Airman)"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"332d Expeditionary Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/332d_Expeditionary_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee Airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"Helen Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Forrest"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"Artie Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"}],"text":"Senussi rebel leader Sayed AhmedBattle of Vimy Ridge – Canadian forces captured the hill known as \"The Pimple\", the last German defense position on Vimy Ridge.[53] The victory came at a cost of 10,602 casualties, including 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded. German casualties for the battle were unknown but 4,000 men were prisoners. Four Canadian soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross: William Johnstone Milne and Ellis Wellwood Sifton (posthumously as both were killed on the first day of battle), and John George Pattison and Thain Wendell MacDowell.[54]\nThe Autonomous Governorate of Estonia was formed within Russia from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia.[55][56]\nSenussi campaign – A peace deal was brokered between the British and the Senussi, with Prince Idris recognized as Emir (ruler) of Cyrenaica in what is present-day Libya.[57] Senussi rebel leader Sayed Ahmed was able to escape to Constantinople where he remained for the remainder of World War I.[58]\nThe daily newspaper Tiesa released its first edition, becoming the first official newspaper of Lithuania.[59]\nNorwegian football club Grand Bodø was established in Bodø, Norway.[60]\nBorn: Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav state leader, 27th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 1977); William A. Campbell, American air force officer, member and commander of the 332d Expeditionary Operations Group, better known as the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II, recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and Legion of Merit, in Tuskegee, Alabama (d. 2012); Helen Forrest, American big band singer, lead vocalist for Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, and Harry James, in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 1999)","title":"Thursday, April 12, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Committee on Public Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"spider web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"spider web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Mexico_(BB-40)"},{"link_name":"New York Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Carl Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Chaconne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaconne_(Nielsen)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Bill Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clements"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Kyaw_Ma_Ma_Lay"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Bogale Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogale_Township"},{"link_name":"British Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Ian Bruce Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bruce_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"Robert Orville Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orville_Anderson"},{"link_name":"oil company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"ARCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Diamond Jim Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jim_Brady"},{"link_name":"Manning, Maxwell and Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning,_Maxwell_and_Moore"},{"link_name":"Pressed Steel Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856"}],"text":"U.S. President Woodrow Wilson made an executive order to establish the Committee on Public Information as an independent agency of the U.S. Government to influence public opinion on the United States entry into World War I.[61]\nRoyal Naval Air Service flying boats began flying \"spider web\" patrols over the North Sea to detect German submarines in the area. The new patrol pattern, resembling a spider web, allowed four aircraft to search a 4,000-square-mile (10,000-square-kilometer) area in about five hours, only half the time it took a surfaced submarine to transit the area. The flying boats made 27 patrols in the next 18 days, sighted eight German submarines, and made bombing attacks against three of them.[62][63]\nU.S. Navy battleship New Mexico was launched by the New York Naval Shipyard in New York City. It was most famous for supporting the major amphibious landings during World War II against the Japanese in the Pacific before it was decommissioned in 1946.[64]\nDanish composer Carl Nielsen premiered his most popular piano composition Chaconne.[65]\nBorn: Bill Clements, American politician, 42nd and 44th Governor of Texas, in Dallas (d. 2011); Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay, Burmese writer, known for works including short story collections A Slow Stream of Thoughts and Burmese Medicine Tales, in Bogale Township, British Burma (d. 1982)\nBorn: Ian Bruce Ferguson, New Zealand-Australian army officer, commander of 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment during World War II and the Korean War, recipient of the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, in Wellington (d. 1988); Robert Orville Anderson, American industrialist, founder of the oil company ARCO, in Chicago (d. 2007)\nDied: Diamond Jim Brady, American business leader, leading sales agent for Manning, Maxwell and Moore and Pressed Steel Car Company, known for lavish lifestyle and collection of rare jewels (b. 1856)","title":"Friday, April 13, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MachinGunCorps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Monchy-le-Preux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monchy-le-Preux"},{"link_name":"Feuchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuchy"},{"link_name":"Wancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wancourt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Scarpe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe_(river)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldham199750-66"},{"link_name":"Hartmuth Baldamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmuth_Baldamus"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Marie-à-Py","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Marie-%C3%A0-Py"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Valerie Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Hobson"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Kind Hearts and Coronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_Hearts_and_Coronets"},{"link_name":"Larne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"Albert Wattenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wattenberg"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Francis B. Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_B._Wai"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Philippines Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"Marvin Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Miller"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"Joe Kuharich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kuharich"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Fighting Irish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"L. L. Zamenhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859"}],"text":"A British machine gun post near Feuchy.Battle of Arras – British forces took control of the French commune Monchy-le-Preux, completing the objective to capture the entire German-held Monchyriegel line between Feuchy and Wancourt, France and ending the first phase of the battle for Scarpe River.[66]\nGerman flying ace Hartmuth Baldamus died in a plane crash following a mid-air collision with a French aircraft near Sainte-Marie-à-Py, France. He was credited with 18 victories.[67]\nBorn: Valerie Hobson, Irish-British actress, best known for her roles in Great Expectations and Kind Hearts and Coronets, in Larne, Ireland (d. 1998); Albert Wattenberg, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, in New York City (d. 2007); Francis B. Wai, American army officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action during the Philippines Campaign during World War II, in Honolulu (d. 1944, killed in action)\nBorn: Marvin Miller, American sports executive, executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association from 1966 to 1982, in New York City (d. 2012); Joe Kuharich, American football player and coach, guard for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team from 1935 to 1937, and coached the team from 1959 to 1962, in South Bend, Indiana (d. 1981)\nDied: L. L. Zamenhof, Polish physician, creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)","title":"Saturday, April 14, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"2nd Australian Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lagnicourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagnicourt-Marcel"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"troopship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"SS Arcadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Arcadian"},{"link_name":"torpedoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Sea of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Milos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"SM UC-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-74"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cameronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cameronia_(1911)"},{"link_name":"torpedoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"SM U-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-33_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"No. 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Hans Conried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Conried"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Captain Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Disney animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Elmer Gedeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Gedeon"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"European Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Ishrat Hussain Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishrat_Hussain_Usmani"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission"},{"link_name":"Aligarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Frank Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_family"},{"link_name":"John D. Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"William Rockefeller Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rockefeller_Jr."},{"link_name":"Columbus Castings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Castings"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1845"},{"link_name":"John Harry Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harry_Grainger"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Princes Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854"}],"text":"Battle of Arras – German forces attacked the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions defending the French village of Lagnicourt. The Australians repelled the attack at a cost of 1,010 casualties; the Germans suffered 2,313 casualties.[68]\nRoyal Navy troopship SS Arcadian was torpedoed and sunk in the Sea of Crete northeast of Milos, Greece by German submarine SM UC-74 with the loss of 277 lives.[69]\nRoyal Navy troopship Cameronia was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea east of Malta by German submarine SM U-33. Estimated casualties ranged from 140 to 210 of the 2,650 people on board.[70]\nThe Royal Flying Corps established air squadron No. 99.[71]\nBorn: Hans Conried, American voice actor, best known for the voice of Captain Hook in the Disney animated film Peter Pan, in Baltimore (d. 1982); Elmer Gedeon, American baseball player and air force officer, center fielder for the Cleveland Indians, bomber captain with the European Theater of Operations during World War II, in Cleveland (d. 1944, killed in action)\nBorn: Charlotte Salomon, German painter, known for her works, including the series (Life? or Theater?: A Song-play), in Berlin (d. 1943, gassed at Auschwitz); Ishrat Hussain Usmani, Pakistani physicist, second chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and associate director of the Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, in Aligarh, British India (d. 1992)\nDied: Frank Rockefeller, American industrialist, member of the Rockefeller family, younger brother to John D. Rockefeller and William Rockefeller Jr., president of Columbus Castings from 1905 to 1908 (b. 1845); John Harry Grainger, British-Australian architect and engineer, designer of key bridges in Australia including the Princes Bridge in Melbourne, father to Percy Grainger (b. 1854)","title":"Sunday, April 15, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chemin des Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Nivelle offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Sixth French Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Chemin des Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494%E2%80%93497-38"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Melampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Melampus_(1914)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"HMS C16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_C16"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Finland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Station"},{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bakerloo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerloo_line"},{"link_name":"Bushey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushey_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Harrow & Wealdstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station"},{"link_name":"Hatch End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_End_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Headstone Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstone_Lane_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton_station"},{"link_name":"North Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wembley_station"},{"link_name":"Wembley Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Central_station"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden_station"},{"link_name":"Watford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Watford High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_High_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"The Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tramp"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Urbandale, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbandale,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Betty Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Clay"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Guiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"},{"link_name":"Barry Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Nelson"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954"},{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Casino Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(Climax!)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"}],"text":"French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames line during the Second Battle of the Aisne.The Nivelle offensive commenced with the Second Battle of the Aisne, with the Fifth and Sixth French Armies attacking the German line at Chemin des Dames, France.[38]\nRoyal Navy destroyer HMS Melampus accidentally struck British submarine HMS C16 and sunk it, killing all 16 crew on board.[72]\nVladimir Lenin arrived at the Finland Station in Petrograd.[73]\nThe London Underground extended the Bakerloo line with new tube stations at Bushey, Harrow & Wealdstone, Hatch End, Headstone Lane, Kenton, North Wembley, Wembley Central, Harlesden, Watford Junction, and Watford High Street.[74]\nThe Charlie Chaplin comedy The Cure was released in one of the few films that year where Chaplin did not appear as The Tramp.[75]\nThe city of Urbandale, Iowa, was incorporated.[76]\nBorn: Betty Clay, leader of the Scouting and Guiding organizations, daughter of Scouting founder Robert Baden-Powell (d. 2004); Barry Nelson, American actor, first to play James Bond, in the 1954 television film version of Casino Royale, in San Francisco (d. 2007)","title":"Monday, April 16, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tranch%C3%A9e_Monts_de_Champagne_10009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Nivelle offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"French Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"German Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general"},{"link_name":"Charles Macpherson Dobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macpherson_Dobell"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"hospital ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Donegal"},{"link_name":"HMHS Lanfranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Lanfranc"},{"link_name":"torpedoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"April Theses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Theses"},{"link_name":"July Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Days"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Lord Alfred Northcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe"},{"link_name":"atrocity propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda"},{"link_name":"German Corpse Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Edmond Genet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Genet"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"River Forest Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forest_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cook County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"José Soriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Club Atlético River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Peru national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Chiclayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiclayo"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"Jane Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Barlow"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857"}],"text":"French trench in the rear during the Battle of the Hills.Battle of the Hills – As part of the Nivelle offensive, thirteen divisions with the French Fourth Army attacked an 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) front east of Reims, France defended by 17 divisions with the German Fourth Army, with the bulk of the fighting occurring around the trench lines code-named Konstanzlager.[77]\nSecond Battle of Gaza – Three infantry divisions with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under command of Lieutenant-General Charles Macpherson Dobell attacked Ottoman-held Gaza, which was well-fortified with some 21,000 troops.[78][79]\nBritish hospital ships Donegal and HMHS Lanfranc were torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarines, with each losing 40 passengers and crew.[80][81][82]\nVladimir Lenin's April Theses were published, and would become very influential in the following July Days and October Revolution.[83]\nLondon newspapers The Times and the Daily Mail (both owned by Lord Alfred Northcliffe) printed atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies.[84][85][86][87][88]\nAmerican fighter pilot Edmond Genet was shot by anti-aircraft artillery and killed in France, the first American flier to die since the United States entered World War I.[89][90]\nThe Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party was established in Kiev.[91]\nThe River Forest Township was established in Cook County, Illinois.[92]\nBorn: José Soriano, Peruvian football player, goalkeeper for Club Atlético River Plate and the Peru national football team from 1940 to 1947, in Chiclayo, Peru (d. 2011)\nDied: Jane Barlow, Irish poet, known for her collections including Irish idylls (b. 1857)","title":"Tuesday, April 17, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Frederica of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Paul of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Blankenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenburg_(Harz)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Brian Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mason_(geochemist)"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Port Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009"},{"link_name":"Moritz von Bissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Bissing"},{"link_name":"VII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Corps_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844"}],"text":"Battle of the Hills – French forces completed their capture of the Konstanzlager line.[93]\nSecond Battle of Gaza – After overrunning Ottoman outposts, British forces bombarded Gaza from land and sea before commencing frontal attacks east of the city and on the coast.[94]\nBorn: Frederica of Hanover, German-Greek noble, queen consort for Paul of Greece, in Blankenburg, Germany (d. 1981); Brian Mason, New Zealand geologist and chemist, pioneered the study of meteorites found in the Antarctic, in Port Chalmers, New Zealand (d. 2009)\nDied: Moritz von Bissing, German army officer, commander of the VII Corps for the Imperial German Army during World War I (b. 1844)","title":"Wednesday, April 18, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Aubérive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aub%C3%A9rive"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times191887%E2%80%9393-95"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Archibald Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Murray"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general"},{"link_name":"Charles Macpherson Dobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macpherson_Dobell"},{"link_name":"stalemate in Southern Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalemate_in_Southern_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mongolia_(1903)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Head"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"All-Ukrainian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"SMS Seeadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Seeadler"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"John Bushemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bushemi"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"war photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Centerville, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerville,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"Georgina Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"1827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1827"}],"text":"Ottoman machine gun corps defending Gaza against the British.Battle of the Hills – French forces captured the commune of Aubérive, France from the Germans.[95]\nSecond Battle of Gaza – The Egyptian Expeditionary Force failed to breach Ottoman defenses out of Gaza. With the cost heavy at 6,444 casualties and ammo running low, the attack was called off.[96] Commander-in-Chief General Archibald Murray and Lieutenant-General Charles Macpherson Dobell were dismissed as a result and the stalemate in Southern Palestine began.[97]\nU.S. Army transport ship Mongolia fired the first American shots in anger in World War I when her gun crew drove off a German U-boat in the English Channel seven miles southeast of Beachy Head, England.[98][99]\nThe All-Ukrainian National Congress was established in Kiev.[100]\nGerman cruiser SMS Seeadler was destroyed in an accidental explosion after it was stripped down to a hulk in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. No casualties were reported but the wreck was never salvaged.[101]\nBorn: John Bushemi, American photographer, best known for his war photography during the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of World War II, in Centerville, Iowa (d. 1944, killed in action)\nDied: Georgina Hogarth, English literary editor, adviser and sister-in-law to Charles Dickens and editor of two volumes of his letters (b. 1827)","title":"Thursday, April 19, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nivelle offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992498-102"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times191894-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918101-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Rikken Seiyūkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"Hara Takashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Takashi"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"DN-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN-1"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Williams_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"commercial banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank"},{"link_name":"Romney, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"James Blenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blenk"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_de_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856"},{"link_name":"David C. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Tin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Woodman"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870"}],"text":"The Nivelle offensive took 20,000 German prisoners and 147 guns, but no breakthrough on the German front around Aisne was achieved.[102]\nBattle of the Hills – French forces captured the commune of Bois Noir, France, ending most of the fighting in the area.[103] The French suffered 21,617 casualties but had taken 6,120 German prisoners. German casualties were unknown.[104][105]\nThe Rikken Seiyūkai party led by Hara Takashi emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives after winning 165 of the 381 seats in the Japanese general election.[106]\nThe United States Navy flew its first airship DN-1 at Pensacola, Florida. However, the aircraft proved to be a failure and test flights ended only nine days later.[107]\nBorn: Charles M. Williams, American academic, leading professor at the Harvard Business School for commercial banking, in Romney, West Virginia (d. 2011)\nDied: James Blenk, German-American clergy, Bishop of Puerto Rico from 1899 to 1906, and Archbishop of New Orleans from 1906 to 1917 (b. 1856); David C. Montgomery, American actor, best known for his stage role of the Tin Man in the 1902 Broadway musical The Wizard of Oz (b. 1870)","title":"Friday, April 20, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"French Tenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Chemin des Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992500%E2%80%93501-108"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dover Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Broke_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Swift_(1907)"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Dover Barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Barrage"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"SM UC-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-30"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Teazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Teazer_(1917)"},{"link_name":"John I. Thornycroft & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Harwich Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Force"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Albert E. Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Carlton"},{"link_name":"Colorado Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"Junction Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_Boulevard_station"},{"link_name":"Rawson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Street%E2%80%93Rawson_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Lowery Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Street%E2%80%93Lowery_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Bliss Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Street%E2%80%93Bliss_Street_station"},{"link_name":"52nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Street_station_(IRT_Flushing_Line)"},{"link_name":"Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Street%E2%80%93Woodside_station"},{"link_name":"69th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Street_station_(IRT_Flushing_Line)"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights%E2%80%93Roosevelt_Avenue/74th_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Street%E2%80%93Jackson_Heights_station"},{"link_name":"Elmhurst Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Street%E2%80%93Elmhurst_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"103rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd_Street%E2%80%93Corona_Plaza_station"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Wu Zuguang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zuguang"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003"}],"text":"Second Battle of the Aisne – The French Tenth Army was mobilized to assist the Fifth and Sixth Armies at Chemin des Dames, France, but the added manpower and equipment did little to break through the German line.[108]\nBattle of Dover Strait – Royal Navy destroyers HMS Broke and Swift engaged a half dozen German torpedo boats involved in the Dover Barrage, sinking two of the vessels.[109]\nGerman submarine SM UC-30 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with the loss of all 26 crew.[110]\nThe Royal Navy destroyer Teazer was launched by John I. Thornycroft & Company in Southampton, England. It would serve with the Harwich Force for the remainder of World War I.[111]\nColorado industrialist Albert E. Carlton bought the Colorado Midland Railway after it declared bankruptcy for a second time.[112]\nNew York City Subway stations for the IRT Flushing Line, including Junction Boulevard, Rawson Street, Lowery Street, Bliss Street, 52nd Street, Woodside, 69th Street, Roosevelt Avenue, Jackson Heights, Elmhurst Avenue, and 103rd Street were opened for service.[113]\nBorn: Wu Zuguang, Chinese playwright and filmmaker, known for plays including City of Phoenix and Return on a Snowy Night, and films such as The Soul of the Nation, in Beijing (d. 2003)","title":"Saturday, April 21, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doiran_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general"},{"link_name":"George Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Milne,_1st_Baron_Milne"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Vazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vazov"},{"link_name":"Doiran Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doiran_Lake"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Arthur Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour"},{"link_name":"formal diplomatic mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Mission"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Plaza_Colonia_de_Deportes"},{"link_name":"Colonia del Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Yvette Chauviré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Chauvir%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"ballet dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_dancer"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016"},{"link_name":"Sidney Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Nolan"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"The Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Carlton, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Leo Abse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Abse"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"F. C. Burnand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._C._Burnand"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"comic opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_opera"},{"link_name":"Cox and Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_and_Box"},{"link_name":"1836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836"},{"link_name":"Anton Eilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Eilers"},{"link_name":"Asarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asarco"},{"link_name":"1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839"},{"link_name":"Marijan Varešanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijan_Vare%C5%A1anin"},{"link_name":"Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847"}],"text":"Bulgarian soldiers observing the enemy's position during the Battle of Doiran.Battle of Doiran – A British force of 43,000 men under command of Lieutenant-General George Milne engaged a Bulgarian force of 30,000 men commanded by Colonel Vladimir Vazov entrenched at Doiran Lake in Serbia, beginning with a bombardment that while massive in shells spent failed to do significant damage on Bulgarian defenses.[114]\nBritish Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour met with the U.S. government on a formal diplomatic mission to discuss the country's role in World War I.[115][116]\nThe Uruguayan football Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes was established in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay.[117]\nBorn: Yvette Chauviré, French ballet dancer, considered one of the greatest performers with the Paris Opera Ballet, recipient of the Legion of Honour, in Paris (d. 2016); Sidney Nolan, Australian artist, known for paintings including The Trial, in Carlton, Victoria, Australia (d. 1992); Leo Abse, Welsh politician and activist, Member of Parliament for Pontypool from 1958 to 1983, leading advocate for gay rights, in Cardiff (d. 2008)\nDied: F. C. Burnand, English playwright, best known for his comic opera Cox and Box (b. 1836); Anton Eilers, American industrialist, co-founder of the American Smelting and Refining Company (now Asarco) (b. 1839); Marijan Varešanin, Croatian state leader, 7th Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1847)","title":"Sunday, April 22, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samarra offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra_offensive"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"British Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Scarpe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe_(river)"},{"link_name":"Guémappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9mappe"},{"link_name":"Gavrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrelle"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"The Butcher Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butcher_Boy_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Dorian Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Leigh"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"supermodels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"Robert Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koehler"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_in_art"}],"text":"Samarra offensive – British forces captured Samarra in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and took control of the 130 km (81 mi) railroad that ran south to Baghdad, ensuring control of much of the region from the Ottoman Empire. British casualties were 18,000, along with 38,000 who had taken ill. Casualties from the Ottoman Empire were 15,000.[118]\nBattle of Arras – The British Third Army launched new assaults against German-held positions along the Scarpe River, capturing the French villages of Guémappe, Gavrelle, and Cojeul.[119]\nBuster Keaton made his film debut in the comedy short The Butcher Boy, which was also the first of Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle's series of films with the Comique Film Corporation.[120]\nBorn: Dorian Leigh, American model, considered one of the first supermodels, in San Antonio (d. 2008)\nDied: Robert Koehler, German-American painter, known for works such as Rainy Evening on Hennepin Avenue and First Snow Minnesota (b. 1850)","title":"Monday, April 23, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Scarpe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe_(river)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Doiran Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doiran_Lake"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"U.S. Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"liberty bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_bond"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"Halberstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt_CL.II"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"U-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-43_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"E. V. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._V._Collins"},{"link_name":"Inspector General of Police and Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police_of_the_Ghana_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Washington Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaFd_Bank"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Gordon Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Villers-Plouich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Plouich"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"text":"Battle of Arras – German counterattacks to regain lost ground around the Scarpe River failed.[121]\nBattle of Doiran – British infantry launched a night attack against Bulgarian forces at Doiran Lake in Serbia.[122]\nThe U.S. Treasury issued the first liberty bonds through the Emergency Loan Act.[123]\nGerman air force pilot Eduard W. Zorer completed the first ever close air support action against enemy troops, when he dropped his Halberstadt aircraft down to an altitude of 60 feet (18 meters) and fired 500 rounds from his machine gun on counterattacking British trenches during the Battle of Arras.[124]\nGerman submarine U-43 sank the British passenger steamer Abosso in the North Atlantic Ocean northwest of Ireland, resulting in 65 casualties.[125] Among the casualties were several officials from the Gold Coast, including E. V. Collins, Inspector General of Police and Prisons; Treasurer E. B. Reece; K. R. Chatfield, Provincial Engineer, Public Works Department; and J. R. Whitaker, Assistant District Commissioner.[126]\nWashington Federal bank was established as the Ballard Savings and Loan Association and changed to its present name when it merged in 1958 with the Washington Federal Savings and Loan Association.[127]\nDied: Gordon Alexander, 31–32, British Olympic fencer, was killed in action at Villers-Plouich, France.[128]","title":"Tuesday, April 24, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Nivelle offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"mutinies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"SMS Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1917)"},{"link_name":"AG Vulcan Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lincoln Tally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln_Tally"},{"link_name":"First National Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Dream a Little Dream of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_a_Little_Dream_of_Me"},{"link_name":"Cheek to Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Each_Life_Some_Rain_Must_Fall"},{"link_name":"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Presidential Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Newport News, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"}],"text":"Morale among French infantry reached all-time lows as casualties from the Nivelle offensive reached 96,125, contributing to widespread mutinies in May.[129]\nBattle of Doiran – Bulgarian forces pushed back British attacks.[130]\nThe Imperial German Navy cruiser SMS Dresden was launched by AG Vulcan Stettin in Hamburg.[131]\nThomas Lincoln Tally co-founded the First National Pictures Exhibitors Circuit.[132][133]\nBorn: Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer, best known for her hits \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Cheek to Cheek\", \"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall\", and \"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)\", winner of 14 Grammy Awards and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in Newport News, Virginia (d. 1996)","title":"Wednesday, April 25, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Boeing Airplane Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Clifton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Acquackanonk Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquackanonk_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"I. M. Pei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019"},{"link_name":"Virgil Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Trucks"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Oakland_Athletics#Kansas_City_(1955%E2%80%931967)"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013"},{"link_name":"Mary Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangs_Sisters"},{"link_name":"spiritualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangs_Sisters"},{"link_name":"hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862"}],"text":"The Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne was signed between France, Italy and the United Kingdom to settle interests in the Middle East.[134]\nThe Pacific Aero Products Company was renamed the Boeing Airplane Company.[135]\nThe city of Clifton, New Jersey, was incorporated, replacing the Acquackanonk Township.[136]\nBorn: I. M. Pei, Chinese-American architect, best known for his modern designs including the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, in Guangzhou, China (d. 2019); Virgil Trucks, American baseball player, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox, Kansas City Athletics, and New York Yankees from 1941 to 1958, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 2013)\nDied: Mary Bangs, American spiritualist, noted promoter of \"spirit portraits\" with sister Elizabeth, later proven to be a hoax (b. 1862)","title":"Thursday, April 26, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"mine explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_mine_explosion"},{"link_name":"Las Animas County, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Animas_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"George Diamandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Diamandy"},{"link_name":"Labor Party of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Tetratema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratema"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"July Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Cup"},{"link_name":"Thomastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomastown,_County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939"},{"link_name":"Frederick Gutekunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gutekunst"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"portrait photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Caroline Still Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Still_Anderson"},{"link_name":"1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831"}],"text":"Battle of Doiran – After three days of intense hand-to-hand combat, the British withdrew to their initial positions.[137]\nA mine explosion in Hastings, Las Animas County, Colorado, killed 121 people.[138]\nRomanian politician George Diamandy formed the Labor Party of Romania to focus on issues of land reform[139] (some historians also attribute May 1 as the official date of the party's formation).[140]\nBorn: Tetratema, Irish race horse, thirteen-time race champion including the 2000 Guineas Stakes and July Cup in 1921, in Thomastown, Ireland (d. 1939)\nDied: Frederick Gutekunst, German-American photographer, best known for his portrait photography that included Abraham Lincoln, Grover Cleveland and Caroline Still Anderson (b. 1831)","title":"Friday, April 27, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Arleux-en-Gohelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleux-en-Gohelle"},{"link_name":"Souchez River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souchez"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston192099-141"},{"link_name":"Flagler County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Saint Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Volusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bunnell, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnell,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL_Flint"},{"link_name":"Tønsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Minoru Chiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_Chiaki"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Rashomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashomon"},{"link_name":"Seven Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Samurai"},{"link_name":"The Hidden Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Onnenai, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifuka,_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Robert Cornthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cornthwaite_(actor)"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"The Thing from Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_from_Another_World"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"St. Helens, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helens,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"}],"text":"Battle of Arras – British and Canadian troops attacked the German-held French village of Arleux-en-Gohelle along the Souchez River.[141]\nFlagler County, Florida, was established using portions of Saint Johns and Volusia counties, with its county seat in Bunnell, Florida.[142]\nNorwegian sports club Flint was established in Tønsberg, Norway. The club currently hosts football, team handball, volleyball, track and field and table tennis.[143]\nBorn: Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor, best known for his collaboration with Akira Kurosawa in Rashomon, Seven Samurai and The Hidden Fortress, in Onnenai, Hokkaido, Japan (d. 1999); Robert Cornthwaite, American actor, best known for starring in thrillers The Thing from Another World, The War of the Worlds, and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, in St. Helens, Oregon (d. 2006)","title":"Saturday, April 28, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_nivelle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Nivelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nivelle"},{"link_name":"Robert Nivelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nivelle"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_offensive"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"1st Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"Arleux-en-Gohelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleux-en-Gohelle"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoraston192099-141"},{"link_name":"Moon Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Pie"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Celeste Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Holm"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Gentleman's Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Come to the Stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_to_the_Stable"},{"link_name":"All About Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Eve"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"Urie Bronfenbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"ecological systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"child development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005"},{"link_name":"Shirley Becke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Becke"},{"link_name":"police officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"Chiswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"Fritz Loots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Loots"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"South African Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Britstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britstown"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"Florence Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Farr"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860"},{"link_name":"H. D. Harvey-Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Harvey-Kelly"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891"}],"text":"French General Robert NivelleRobert Nivelle, commander-in-chief of the French armies on the Western Front, was now pressured to resign from his position as his planned offensive began to unravel.[144]\nBattle of Arras – The 1st Canadian Division captured Arleux-en-Gohelle, France from the Germans.[141]\nThe first Moon Pie pastries were sold at Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee, at a nickel a piece.[145]\nBorn: Celeste Holm, American actor, first female lead for the stage musical Oklahoma!, recipient of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Gentleman's Agreement and nominee for Come to the Stable and All About Eve, in New York City (d. 2012); Urie Bronfenbrenner, Russian-American psychologist, developed the ecological systems theory for child development, in Moscow (d. 2005)\nBorn: Shirley Becke, British law enforcer, first British female police officer to attain Chief Officer rank, in Chiswick, London, England (d. 2011); Fritz Loots, South African army officer, founder and first commander of the South African Special Forces, in Britstown, South Africa (d. 2008)\nDied: Florence Farr, British actress activist, best known for her collaborations with George Bernard Shaw and a leading advocate of women's suffrage (b. 1860); H. D. Harvey-Kelly, British flying ace, first British pilot to land in France and first British pilot to shoot down an enemy aircraft, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order (died from wounds received from an enemy attack) (b. 1891)","title":"Sunday, April 29, 1917"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Industrial Provisioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industrial_Provisioning"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Progreso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A._Progreso"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Bea Wain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Wain"},{"link_name":"big 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Times History of the War. Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London. 1914–1921. OCLC 70406275. Retrieved 26 October 2013 – via Archive Foundation. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)vteEvents by month1921\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1920\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1919\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1918\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1917\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1916\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1915\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1914\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1913\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\n1912\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The Battle of Vimy Ridge, painting by Richard Jack.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Richard_Jack-The_Taking_of_Vimy_Ridge_%28CWM_19710261-0160%29.jpg/500px-Richard_Jack-The_Taking_of_Vimy_Ridge_%28CWM_19710261-0160%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vladimir Lenin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Lenin.gif"},{"image_text":"Aerial shot of the defunct Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt, France 1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/240px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg"},{"image_text":"British gun crew in action during Battle of Arras.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg/200px-Positioning18pdrBattleOfArrasApril1917.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canadian machine gun squad at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg/200px-Vimy_Ridge_-_Canadian_machine_gun_crews.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Senussi rebel leader Sayed Ahmed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ahmed_Sharif_es_Senussi.jpg/150px-Ahmed_Sharif_es_Senussi.jpg"},{"image_text":"A British machine gun post near Feuchy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MachinGunCorps.jpg/200px-MachinGunCorps.jpg"},{"image_text":"French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames line during the Second Battle of the Aisne.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg/200px-Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg"},{"image_text":"French trench in the rear during the Battle of the Hills.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tranch%C3%A9e_Monts_de_Champagne_10009.jpg/200px-Tranch%C3%A9e_Monts_de_Champagne_10009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ottoman machine gun corps defending Gaza against the British.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg/200px-Machine_gun_corps_Gaza_line_WWIb_edit2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bulgarian soldiers observing the enemy's position during the Battle of Doiran.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doiran_Front.jpg/200px-Doiran_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"French General Robert Nivelle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/General_nivelle.jpg/150px-General_nivelle.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lineage and Honors Information: 41st Infantry Division\". United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108092844/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/cc/041id.htm","url_text":"\"Lineage and Honors Information: 41st Infantry Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/cc/041id.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maters, Mirjam (1998). Van Zachte Wenk tot Harde Hand: Persvrijheid en Persbreidel in Nederlands-Indië, 1906–1942 [From Gentle Hint to Harsh Action: The Press and \"Persbreidel\" in the Dutch East Indies, 1906–1942] (in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 141. ISBN 978-90-6550-596-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6550-596-5","url_text":"978-90-6550-596-5"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Pravda Severa (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravdasevera.ru/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Barreiro Gordillo, Cristina (2013). \"El Ideal Gallego (1935-1955): baluarte católico en Galicia\". Comunicación y Hombre (in Spanish). 9: 168. ISSN 1885-365X.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=129429455011","url_text":"\"El Ideal Gallego (1935-1955): baluarte católico en Galicia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1885-365X","url_text":"1885-365X"}]},{"reference":"\"Museum and Art Gallery\". Nuneaton & Bedworth Borough Council. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006051142/http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/leisure-culture/museums-galleries/museum-and-art-gallery","url_text":"\"Museum and Art Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/leisure-culture/museums-galleries/museum-and-art-gallery","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mære\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Railway Club. Retrieved 28 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://forsk.njk.no/stdb/index.php?mod=st&aut=&detaljert=1&baneID=139&Stnr=4513&sid=1667","url_text":"\"Mære\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Railway_Club","url_text":"Norwegian Railway Club"}]},{"reference":"\"President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes\". The New York Times. No. April 3, 1917. April 2, 1917. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0402.html","url_text":"\"President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Lillestrøm Sports Club's history\". Lillestrøm Sports Club (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lskhistorikk.com/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Lillestrøm Sports Club's history\""}]},{"reference":"Moorehead, Alan (1958). The Russian Revolution. New York: Harper. pp. 183–187.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Election History - Mayor of San Diego\" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved April 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/city-clerk/pdf/mayorresults.pdf","url_text":"\"Election History - Mayor of San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 94.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Walter E. Foster\" (PDF). Government of New Brunswick. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219204039/http://www.gnb.ca/legis/leglibbib/special_projects/premiers-bios/english/WEFoster.pdf","url_text":"\"Walter E. Foster\""},{"url":"http://www.gnb.ca/legis/leglibbib/special_projects/premiers-bios/english/WEFoster.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winchester, Jim (2006). Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft – 1913 to the Present Day. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 0-7607-7957-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-7957-0","url_text":"0-7607-7957-0"}]},{"reference":"Society of Arts and Crafts (Detroit (1917). Theatre arts (Now in the public domain. ed.). Theatre Publications. pp. 171–172. Retrieved 26 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA171","url_text":"Theatre arts"}]},{"reference":"Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 138–153. ISBN 978-0-89839-180-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Falls","url_text":"Falls, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-180-0","url_text":"978-0-89839-180-0"}]},{"reference":"Schulze, Frederick (March 16, 2015). \"Brazil - The War\". 1914-1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. 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Thomas Nelson & Sons. pp. 10–11 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._D._North","url_text":"North, Simon Newton Dexter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanyearboo00schugoog","url_text":"The American Year Book: A Record of Events and Progress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_%26_Sons","url_text":"Thomas Nelson & Sons"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanyearboo00schugoog/page/n34","url_text":"10"}]},{"reference":"History.com Editors (April 4, 2024) [February 9, 2010]. \"The United States officially enters World War I\". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. 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If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. p. 116. ISBN 0-8371-5029-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5029-9","url_text":"0-8371-5029-9"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, Jack (2008), The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917, Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword Military, pp. 298–311, ISBN 978-1-84415-680-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-680-1","url_text":"978-1-84415-680-1"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Mike (2004). Airfields & Airmen: Arras. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 9781844151257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844151257","url_text":"9781844151257"}]},{"reference":"Tillägg, Öyen (1926). \"Nordisk familjebok\". Projekt Runeberg (in Swedish). Riksdagens bibliotek. pp. 709–710.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/nfcr/0391.html","url_text":"\"Nordisk familjebok\""}]},{"reference":"Oldham, Peter (1997). The Hindenburg Line. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0-85052-568-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-568-7","url_text":"978-0-85052-568-7"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, David (2007), \"The 2nd Canadian Division: A 'Most Spectacular Battle'\", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 179–182, ISBN 978-0-88920-508-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&q=Vimy%20Ridge%3A%20A%20Canadian%20Reassessment&pg=PA171","url_text":"Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6","url_text":"978-0-88920-508-6"}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Robert F. (April 19, 1992). \"The Mystery Lives Where 139 Perished\". Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1992-04-19/news/26001794_1_shells-munitions-plant-sabotage","url_text":"\"The Mystery Lives Where 139 Perished\""}]},{"reference":"Marc Leroux (2008). \"HMS Salta\". union-castle.net. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831220711/http://union-castle.net/ship_Salta_wreck_01.html","url_text":"\"HMS Salta\""},{"url":"http://union-castle.net/ship_Salta_wreck_01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"P26\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4629.html","url_text":"\"P26\""}]},{"reference":"Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1922). Grey Riders: The Story of the New York State Troopers. 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W."},{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069753/","url_text":"The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_Australia_in_the_War_of_1914%E2%80%931918","url_text":"Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9945668","url_text":"9945668"}]},{"reference":"\"Arcadian\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/409.html","url_text":"\"Arcadian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameronia (1129599)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 3 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1129599","url_text":"\"Cameronia (1129599)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"99 Squadron\". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. 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Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 348. OCLC 610273484.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610273484","url_text":"610273484"}]},{"reference":"\"Donegal\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1686.html","url_text":"\"Donegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight in the Channel\". The Times. No. 41459. London. 23 April 1917. col A, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lanfranc\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 6 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3492.html","url_text":"\"Lanfranc\""}]},{"reference":"North, David (29 June 2001). \"Toward a reconsideration of Trotsky's legacy and his place in the history of the 20th century\". World Socialist Web Site. ICFI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/06/dn-j29.html","url_text":"\"Toward a reconsideration of Trotsky's legacy and his place in the history of the 20th century\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germans and their Dead. Revolting Treatment. Science and the Barbarian Spirit\". The Times. No. 41454. London. 1917-04-17. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cadavers Not Human.; Gruesome Tale Believed to be Somebody's Notion of an April Fool Joke\" (PDF). The New York Times. 1917-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/04/20/102335496.pdf","url_text":"\"Cadavers Not Human.; Gruesome Tale Believed to be Somebody's Notion of an April Fool Joke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Badsey, Stephen (2014). The German Corpse Factory: a Study in First World War Propaganda. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781909982666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909982666","url_text":"9781909982666"}]},{"reference":"Neander, Joachim (2013). The German Corpse Factory: The Master Hoax of British Propaganda in the First World War. Saarbrücken: Saarland University Press. ISBN 978-3-86223-117-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86223-117-1","url_text":"978-3-86223-117-1"}]},{"reference":"Marlin, Randal (2002). Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-55111-376-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-376-7","url_text":"1-55111-376-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Genet, American Flier, Killed At The Front. Ossining Youth, Who Was a Descendant of Gov. Clinton, Enlisted at Beginning of War\" (PDF). The New York Times. April 18, 1917. Retrieved 2015-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/04/18/102334681.pdf","url_text":"\"Genet, American Flier, Killed At The Front. Ossining Youth, Who Was a Descendant of Gov. Clinton, Enlisted at Beginning of War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmond Charles Clinton Genet\". The New York Times. May 17, 1917. Retrieved 2015-05-05. We have just heard of the death of Edmond Charles Clinton Genet of the American Escadrille, killed on April 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/17/archives/edmond-charles-clinton-genet.html","url_text":"\"Edmond Charles Clinton Genet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Township History\". River Forest Township. 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ISBN 0-87021-790-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-790-9","url_text":"0-87021-790-9"}]},{"reference":"Logier, D. (2003). \"Historiques des Regiments 14/18 et ses 5000 Photos: Les Offensives d'avril 1917\" [Reviews of Regiments 14/18 and their 5000 Photographs: The Offensives of April, 1917]. chtimiste.com. France. Retrieved 1 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chtimiste.com/","url_text":"\"Historiques des Regiments 14/18 et ses 5000 Photos: Les Offensives d'avril 1917\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boats: UC 30\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 22 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UC+30","url_text":"\"WWI U-boats: UC 30\""}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of the Royal Navy: a complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th century to the present. London: Chatham. p. 398.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gladys R Bueler (1 June 1981). Colorado's Colorful Characters. Pruett Publishing. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-87108-595-5. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtTA0jxdAJsC&pg=PA85","url_text":"Colorado's Colorful Characters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87108-595-5","url_text":"978-0-87108-595-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Service on Corona Extension of Dual Subway System Opened to the Public\". The New York Times. April 22, 1917. p. RE1. Retrieved October 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/22/archives/transit-service-on-corona-extension-of-dual-subway-system-opened-to.html","url_text":"\"Transit Service on Corona Extension of Dual Subway System Opened to the Public\""}]},{"reference":"Towne, Charles Hanson (1 September 2015). The Balfour Visit: How America Received Her Distinguished Guest. BiblioBazaar. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-341-06014-4. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F9L7jwEACAAJ","url_text":"The Balfour Visit: How America Received Her Distinguished Guest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-341-06014-4","url_text":"978-1-341-06014-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093431/https://books.google.com/books?id=F9L7jwEACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2 December 2013). \"Balfour Mission\". 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Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/18.html","url_text":"\"Passenger steamer Abosso\""}]},{"reference":"COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 998. Gold Coast. REPORT FOR 1917 (PDF). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. August 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 21 April 2024 – via University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.","urls":[{"url":"https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1917/5530214_1917_opt.pdf","url_text":"COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 998. Gold Coast. REPORT FOR 1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office","url_text":"His Majesty's Stationery Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana_Champaign","url_text":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Washington Federal. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonfederal.com/investor-relations/company-history","url_text":"\"Company History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaFd_Bank","url_text":"Washington Federal"}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon Alexander\". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/22078","url_text":"\"Gordon Alexander\""}]},{"reference":"Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (25 September 2003). The First World War: The War To End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 1-84176-738-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-738-7","url_text":"1-84176-738-7"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 115. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_North_America
Women's liberation movement in North America
["1 Canada","2 United States","3 Mexico","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]
Women's liberation movement in North AmericaPart of the Women's liberation movementPoster showing four women demonstrating for release of six members of the Black Panther Party from the Niantic State Women's Farm in Connecticut 1972.DateLate 1960s - 1980sLocationNorth AmericaCaused byInstitutional sexismGoalsTotal equal rights for womenMethods Consciousness raising Protest Reform Part of a series onFeminism History Feminist history History of feminism Women's history American British Canadian German Waves First Second Third Fourth Timelines Women's suffrage Muslim countries US Other women's rights Women's suffrage by country Austria Australia Canada Colombia India Japan Kuwait Liechtenstein New Zealand Spain Second Republic Francoist Switzerland United Kingdom Cayman Islands Wales United States states Intersectional variants Fat Lesbian Lesbian of color Radical lesbianism Separatist Sex-positive Transfeminism Postgenderism Vegetarian ecofeminism Socialist Anarchist Queer Jineology 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late 1960s and through the 1980s. Derived from the civil rights movement, student movement and anti-war movements, the Women's Liberation Movement took rhetoric from the civil rights idea of liberating victims of discrimination from oppression. They were not interested in reforming existing social structures, but instead were focused on changing the perceptions of women's place in society and the family and women's autonomy. Rejecting hierarchical structure, most groups which formed operated as collectives where all women could participate equally. Typically, groups associated with the Women's Liberation Movement held consciousness-raising meetings where women could voice their concerns and experiences, learning to politicize their issues. To members of the WLM rejecting sexism was the most important objective in eliminating women's status as second-class citizens. In North America, the movement began in the United States and Canada almost simultaneously with the first articles articulating their aims appearing around 1965. By 1967, organizations had formed in major US and Canadian cities spreading within a year throughout both countries. In Mexico, sparked by the movement in the north, groups began to form in 1971. Characterized as man-haters and radicals, the movement in North America gave way to more liberal reformers by the mid-1970s in the United States and Canada and by the early 1980s in Mexico. Canada The Women's Liberation Movement in Canada derived from the anti-war movement, Native Rights Movement and the New Left student movement of the 1960s. An increase in university enrollment, sparked by the post-World War II baby boom, created a student body which believed that they could be catalysts for social change. Rejecting authority and espousing participatory democracy as well as direct action, they promoted a wide agenda including civil rights, ethnic empowerment, and peace, as well as gay and women's liberation. The Canadian magazine, Chatelaine serialized Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique and published articles on birth control, modifications needed for the divorce laws, and other women's issues, making them public concerns. Institutionalized feminists, (liberal feminism) focused efforts on forming a royal commission to evaluate women's status and address them through reforms, but grass-roots feminists desired more radical change. As early as 1967, women in Toronto had formed a Women's Liberation Group and in July 1968, a group of women students at Simon Fraser University (SFU) organized the Feminine Action League (FAL). Faculty, like Margaret Benston supported Women's Lib encouraging studies to gain an understanding of women's societal roles and the perception of women's place both by themselves and by men. In that year, the U.S. organization SNCC barred whites from participating in leadership positions, influencing the founders of FAL to ban men in their organization. Though often depicted in media as a sign of "man-hating", separation was a focused attempt to eliminate defining women via their relationship to men. Since women's inequality as child-rearers, citizens, sexual objects, wives, workers, etc. were commonly experienced by women, separation meant unity of purpose to evaluate their second-class status. Politicizing personal issues was done in consciousness-raising sessions aimed at eliminating the need to rally support for abstract causes, because the issues were those impacting women's daily lives. Soon after their forming, the group changed their name to the SFU Women's Caucus and initially focused on contraception and pregnancy prevention for students. In July 1969, the group moved off-campus, to downtown Vancouver, opening offices as the Vancouver Women's Caucus (VWC). They began publishing a newspaper, Pedestal, focused on women's liberation and protesting sexist hierarchy and male-domination in the student movement. Women's Caucuses also formed at the University of Alberta and the University of Regina, as offshoots of the Students for a Democratic Union (SDU) and at the University of Toronto aligned with the Student Union for Peace Action (SUPA). As in the U.S. a network of women's centers, which included spaces like the Ste-Famille Women's Centre in Montreal and the Prince George Women's Centre in northern British Columbia developed to facilitate meetings of women and provide them with services. WLM groups sprang up throughout Canada, though in Quebec there was a struggle over whether women's liberation or Québécois liberation should be the focus for women radicals. Advocating public self-expression, such as participating in protests and sit-ins, organizations affiliated with the movement tended to operate on a consensus-based structure and participated in consciousness-raising, like their U.S. counterparts. However, Canadian Women's Lib groups typically incorporated a class-based component into their theory of oppression which was mostly missing from U.S. liberation theory. For example, Frances Wasserlein, a prominent LGBT and feminist activist who chronicled the history of the Abortion Caravan, argued that to be involved in the WLM in Vancouver equated to being a socialist. Some of the first actions of the VWC were to protest discriminatory hiring and wage practices of the Civil Service Commission against women. Other direct actions included the occupation of a building on the University of Toronto campus by the Toronto Women Liberation Movement. Having tried to negotiate with the university to establish day care centers and failing in their efforts, they took over a university-owned house, cleared out the squatters, and renovated it for their children. In response to the passage of a reform to the civil code on abortions in 1969, the VWC began a series of protests focused on abortion. Marge Hollibaugh and other liberationists organized the Western Regional Conference on Women's Liberation, which was held during the Thanksgiving weekend at the University of British Columbia campus to spread the word about the upcoming caravan. Betsy Wood organized a guerrilla theatre performance on Valentine's Day 1970 at the Vancouver Courthouse to illustrate the inequalities which could emerge from allowing Therapeutic Abortion Committees to make decisions for women and the consequences of denying procedures which could be suicide or back-alley abortions. It was also Wood's idea to organize the caravan, which she had proposed at the October conference. Members of the VWC left Vancouver on 27 April performing guerrilla theatre along the way. They reached Ottawa on 9 May and assembled with other WLM groups from throughout Canada at Parliament Hill. Over the next three days, they managed to stage a protest at the home of the Prime Minister and disrupt the House of Commons, shutting it down for the first time in history. In Quebec, 1969 was also pivotal, with the establishment of the Women's Liberation Front (French: Le Front de libération des femmes (FLF)). Their slogan was "Pas de libération des femmes sans libération du Québec! Pas de libération du Québec sans libération des femmes!" (No liberation of women without liberation of Quebec! No liberation of Quebec without women's liberation!) and they supported changes to gain socio-economic and political equality, but also pressed for Quebec's autonomy and a recognition of the unpaid labor of women working in the home and in family businesses. One of their first demonstrations was against the prohibition of public protests put forth by the administration of Montreal's mayor, Jean Drapeau. In 1970, Nicole Thérien and Louise Toupin set forth a manifesto proclaiming that in a society defined by exploiters and the exploited, woman and Québécois citizens were slaves of the exploited. That same year the FLF founded a newspaper called Québécoise deboytte! (Quebec women standing up!) in protest to mainstream media's curtailment of women's voices. In November 1970 the first national conference of the WLM was held in Saskatoon. Marlene Dixon, a sociology professor teaching at McGill University debunked the idea of an autonomous women's movement, encouraging women to join extant movements fighting racism and classism. The radical movement in Canada was shaped by these opposing views of whether women could gain equality within the existing socio-economic/political system or whether capitalism had to be overturned to create human equality. In 1973, Rosemary Brown, the first Black Canadian woman elected to a provincial legislature in the country, spoke at the national congress of the Canadian Negro Women's Association. She embraced the ideas of the WLM and rejected the idea that black women were needed in the struggle for black men to achieve equality. Rather than being an anti-male position, she believed that black men were not weak and in need of women propping them up. She saw the movement as one which validated the human import of males and females. In 1971, Lisa Balcer, called as a witness for the trial of Paul Rose in the kidnappings perpetrated by the Quebec Liberation Front the previous year, refused to testify because women were not allowed to serve as jurors. She was declared to be in contempt of court. Seven women from the courtroom who were members of the FLF stood and protested legal discrimination of women. All seven were arrested and served from one to two months in jail, but their action brought attention to the problems of inequality. A few months after their protest, women gained the right to serve as jurors in Quebec. By the late 1970s, the Marxist and liberationists' alliance fractured in part because of media characterization of radicals in the grass-roots movement as "crazy", but in part because the radical grass-roots groups had difficulty mobilizing women under abstract theories. Bonnie Kreps, who wrote "Radical Feminism 1" which was published in 1973 in the anthology Radical Feminism: The Book portrayed Canadian feminists as falling into three categories: socialist feminists, who were opposed to capitalism; liberal feminists, who were concerned with equal rights and equal pay; and radical feminists who focused on "the oppression of women as women" or sexism. Activists who had been involved in the WLM turned their efforts toward violence against women, when the liberal feminists gained the dominant position and public perception that legal change to the existing systems were the legitimate concerns of the women's movement. In 2007, Marjolaine Péloquin, published a history of the movement in Quebec, En prison pour la cause des femmes: la conquête du banc des jurés (In prison for the cause of women: the conquest of the jury box), critically analyzing the short-lived but significant impact of the FLF. United States Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective on roof of Westbeth in NYC 1971 Just as the Women's Suffrage movement grew out of the Abolition Movement, the Women's Liberation Movement grew out of the struggle for civil rights. Though challenging patriarchy and the anti-patriarchal message of the Women's Liberation Movement was considered radical, it was not the only, nor the first, radical movement in the early period of second-wave feminism. Rather than simply desiring legal equality, members believed that the moral and social climate in the United States needed to change. Though most groups operated independently—there was no national umbrella organization—there were unifying philosophies of women participating in the movement. Challenging patriarchy and the hierarchical organization of society which defined women as subordinate, participants in the movement believed that women should be free to define their own individual identity as part of human society. One of the reasons that women who supported the movement chose not to create a single approach to addressing the problem of women being treated as second-class citizens was that they did not want to foster an idea that anyone was an expert or that any one group or idea could address all of the societal problems women faced. They also wanted women, whose voices had been silenced to be able to express their own views on solutions. Among the issues were the objectification of women, reproductive rights, opportunities for women in the workplace, redefining familial roles. A dilemma faced by movement members was how they could challenge the definition of femininity without compromising the principals of feminism. The publication of The Feminine Mystique by Friedan pointed to the dissatisfaction of many women in American society and was seen as a catalyst for the movement, though after she co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, Friedan was seen by radicals as too mainstream. NOW's stated purpose was to work within established social and legal systems to gain equality, which clashed with radical feminists who believed that traditional power-structures had failed women and needed to be reformed. In 1964, an anonymous paper (later revealed to have been written by Elaine Delott Baker, Casey Hayden, Mary King, and Emmie Schrader), "The Position of Women in SNCC" (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was presented by Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson at the Waveland conference. The paper discussed the analogous relationship between sex and race discrimination within the context of the work environment and was seen as a critically important document for evaluating gender and women's issues. Stokely Carmichael's response to the paper, "The only position for women in SNCC is prone", has been taken by some to have been condescending, but Carol Giardina argued in her work Freedom for Women: Forging the Women's Liberation Movement that the statement was made jokingly and that focus on the controversy about Carmichael's remark deflects the positive reinforcement and leadership opportunities that many women found within the SNCC. Between 1965 and 1966 meetings, at which papers and conversations about women's place in society were discussed, became more prevalent. An article published in Random, a Canadian journal, advocated that women should participate in self-examination without male scrutiny or advice to embark on their own path of self-discovery. In the summer of 1967 at the Students for a Democratic Society’s national conference, a manifesto drafted by the Women’s Liberation Workshop defined the relationship of women to men as one that a colonial power had toward its colonies. The document demanded that men take responsibility for their male chauvinism and that women demand full participation in all activities of the organization. Following the meeting, women's groups such as the Bread and Roses in Boston and Women's Liberation Group of Berkeley were founded. In Chicago, at a women's workshop held over Labor Day weekend that same year during the National Conference of New Politics (NCNP), Jo Freeman and Shulamith Firestone presented demands from the woman's caucus to the plenary session. The moderator advised that the points of their resolution were insignificant and did not merit discussion on the floor. Over their protests and refusing to discuss the demands further, NCNP Director William F. Pepper moved the topic toward a discussion of Native Americans, but agreed to tack on their concerns to the end of the agenda. Dismissively, Pepper patted Firestone on the head and said, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation", or possibly, "Cool down, little girl. We have more important things to talk about than women's problems." Soon after the meeting Freeman, Heather Booth, and Naomi Weisstein founded the Women's Radical Action Project (WRAP), as a vehicle for consciousness-raising. At these meetings, women met regularly to discuss personal dilemmas and to analyze how politics shaped and impacted women's lives. Consciousness-raising discussions were wide-ranging from intimate relationships to social justice issues, with participants stressing the importance of not only having choices but being free to make them. Their discussions recognized that legislation could not change many of the issues which confronted women, but that education and redefining societal roles would be required to change attitudes and mores. Within six months, the voice of women's liberation began publication by Freeman as the first radical newspaper of the movement. Firestone left the Chicago conference and returned to New York to found the New York Radical Women (NYRW) with Pamela Allen, among others. It was the "first women's liberation group in New York City", and followed a radical feminist ideology that declared that "the personal is political" and "sisterhood is powerful"—formulations that arose from these consciousness-raising sessions. Within the year, women's liberation groups sprang up all over America. In 1968, the first American national gathering of women's liberation activists was held in Lake Villa, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. That same year, at the University of Washington, a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organizer reflected on a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and "noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills, the men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick?'" After the meeting, a handful of women formed Seattle's first women's liberation group. In June 1968, Notes from the First Year, containing essays, speeches and transcripts of consciousness-raising sessions was distributed by the NYRW. The mimeographed booklet, which covered topics on sex, including abortion and orgasm, became the "most circulated source material on the New York women's liberation movement". Liberationists gained nationwide attention when they protested the Miss America beauty pageant on 7 September 1968. Though cameramen were prohibited from showing the protesters on television, newspapers headlined the story the following day. Because the pageant promoted beauty as the ideal for measuring women's worth, NYRW activists targeted the iconic event. Gathering items they considered to be objects of female oppression, such as bras, curlers, typing textbooks and copies of Ladies' Home Journal, among other items, the activists intended to set fire to the trash cans containing them. They were prohibited from doing so, but the myth of "bra-burning", led to liberationists being called "bra-burners". By 1969, NYRW had split into two factions—politicos and feminists, dividing over whether the oppressor of women was the political and economic system or whether it was patriarchy. Politicos, who were tired of being labeled as man-haters and who believed the capitalist system was the root of the problem, formed the Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H), which focused on achieving equality through leftist politics. Feminists, who remained committed to fighting sexism, formed the Redstockings. Poster for the Second Congress to Unite Women in 1970. The split did not slow activity down. W.I.T.C.H. protested the 1969 Miss America pageant and the Redstockings demonstrated at a hearing of the New York State Joint Legislative Committee considering a reform of abortion law. Angered that of the 15 experts called, 14 were men, the group held their own "public hearings" at the Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church, allowing only women to "testify". By 1969, Women's Liberation was being featured in national magazines, like Life, Newsweek and Time. Vernita Gray, along with Michelle Brody, E. Kitch Child, Margaret E. Sloan and other women formed a group called the Women's Caucus of the Chicago Gay Liberation in 1969. Within a year, the multi-racial group, renamed the Chicago Lesbian Liberation (CLL), had established regular consciousness-raising events, known as "Monday Night Meetings". That same year, at a NOW meeting, Friedan, who feared feminists being associated with lesbians, referred to lesbian activists within the movement as the "lavender menace". Subsequently, Susan Brownmiller wrote an article for The New York Times Magazine describing the perceived threat to the movement. Lesbian activists responded by embracing the term, staging a protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women held in 1970, in which they revealed lavender t-shirts emblazoned with the term. Groups such as Columbia Women's Liberation, Daughters of Bilitis (which was a member of NOW) and RadicaLesbian pushed the drive for women to gain autonomy. 1969 was a pivotal year, in that it marked the beginning of mainstream incorporation of the liberationsists' focus on sexism. Gloria Steinem, a member of NOW, wrote an article for New York magazine, After Black Power, Women's Liberation, which was recognized with the Penney-Missouri Journalism Award as one of the first treatments of the women's movement. The Female Liberation Newsletter, was founded that same year by Julie Morse and Rosina Richter in Minnesota, with the intent of centralizing publications on the varying views of the movement in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metro area. By 1970, they had formed the Amazon Bookstore Cooperative, hoping to provide a physical space for women-centered dialogue. Influential texts written by liberationists and published in 1970 included The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm by Anne Koedt, The Political Economy of Women's Liberation by Margaret Benston, The Politics of Housework by Pat Mainardi, Sexual Politics by Kate Millett, and Sisterhood Is Powerful, An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement edited by Robin Morgan By early 1970, "Women's Lib" was featured as a cover story in Saturday Review written by Lucy Komisar, vice president of NOW. Atlantic Monthly and Mademoiselle devoted sections to the subject, some of which were written by feminists. Brownmiller, a member of New York Radical Feminists, wrote one of the articles in the February Mademoiselle issue and followed it up with an article in March, published in the New York Times Magazine. Network news followed print media in a rush to cover the "story of the year". CBS was the first major network to cover women's liberation when it aired coverage on 15 January 1970 of the D.C. Women's Liberation group's disruption of Senate hearings on birth control as a small item in their broadcast. Within a week, the women's protests became leading stories on both CBS and ABC. Early stories focused on behavior, rather than motivations, but NBC broke with the tradition when it aired a story on 23 January evaluating the underlying causes of concern were that the side-effects of the pill had not disclosed safety hazards. In March, CBS televised a series, with all-male correspondents, focused on radicals in the feminist movement, highlighting liberationists' tactics, rather than their underlying issues and portraying sexism as an unsubstantiated claim, which should be treated with skepticism. It was followed by a 6-part series broadcast by NBC anchored by four women, who presented an analysis of the issues with sexual discrimination portrayed as a reality in women's lives. These various treatments, served to undermine the radical message, as on the one hand they were portrayed as extremists and on the other, their sexual politics were assimilated into the mainstream liberal feminist view to present a unified vision for women's equality. In May Marlene Sanders, a member of NOW and one of the two women journalists working for ABC at the time, produced a documentary on the WLM for ABC. The timing of her report was calculated, to curtail the view of advocacy, as it had been approved in 1969, but it did not air until other media outlets had covered the topic, paving the way for an objective presentation. Sander's production attempted to add legitimacy to women's claims and shed a homogenized evaluation of the movement, "edging lesbians, women of color and the movement's most radical" elements out of the portrait. By redefining the movement, Sanders attempted to legitimize the need for social justice and present the demands of women as socially acceptable goals. The media coverage brought forth one of the problems of the WLM's loose organizational structure. Though thousands of organizations had formed in the 1960s and 1970s and there were chapters from coast to coast and throughout the Heartland, finding an organization to join was difficult for many. Unable to locate organizations in the phonebook, many felt that the movement was invisible, while still others embraced the ideals without actually joining formal institutions. There were few public spaces where unattended women could gather freely and urban settings with racially segregated spaces were ingrained in the culture. The problem of finding spaces to meet was compounded by the practice of denying women credit without men's consent, thus renting a visible meeting place for women to come together was complicated, forcing women to gather in unconventional settings. For example, the Chicago Lesbian Liberation solved their meeting problems by gathering on a "slow night" at a local bar known as King's Ransom, which welcomed their multi-racial composition. The proprietor was happy for the business and ladies night became a regular feature of the establishment. Women's centers began to be created all over the country as a place for women to meet outside the home. Most of them were run as collectives and spaces for consciousness-raising groups to meet in a non-competitive environment, where women could discuss the intersection of their personal lives, as well as politics and the economy. By 1972, the New York Radical Feminist had prepared a set of instructions for developing consciousness-raising groups. The analysis that went on in these sessions was not therapeutic, but instead an evaluation of how one's personal experience had been shaped by cultural norms. "Meetings were designed to turn the personal into the political", by making women aware that the personal experiences were not unique and had social constructs. It soon became apparent that small groups and loose cooperative organization was effective for building awareness, but to turn awareness into action more efficient structures were required. For example, the Crenshaw Women's Center in Los Angeles initially opened in 1970 with participants bringing their own pillows as seats. Eventually they collected second-hand furniture and developed a playground, assuming that their evening functions would be attended by women with children. Nine groups—“Haymarket Liberation, the New Adult Community of Women, NOW, Socialist Women’s Organizing Project, the Union of Women’s International Liberation, the Venice-Santa Monica Women’s Liberation, Women’s Liberation Front—UCLA, Women’s Liberation One and Working Women's Group”—came together to offer services to some 1500 women. They offered abortion and contraceptive counseling; personal and vocational consultations; ran a suicide hotline; published a monthly newsletter, The Women’s Center News; maintained a library of feminist writings; provided lectures on legal rights; and taught courses on self-defense. Following their ideal that new structures were needed to build women-only spaces, the center was open to all women and their children. Within a year, NOW withdrew from the collective and established an almost identical center which was open only to their members and invited guests, which included men. By 1973, with the oil crisis and in reaction to 1960s radicalism, the US environment became more politically conservative. Combined with economic stagflation, radicalism lost favor. The fragile solidarity which had existed between various WLM groups began to fracture as the movement had developed no mechanism for political action other than direct confrontation. Though leftist, they did not adhere to any specific political alignment. The drive to create women-only spaces eliminated the need to confront sexism, as it allowed women to simply evade patriarchal organizations. Thus, rather than rendering gender irrelevant, for which liberationists argued, the cultural feminists, who evolved from them, created a counter-cultural movement to celebrate female difference. For example, Ms. began publication in 1972 co-opting the radicals' ideas of women's oppression and personal introspection, but blamed systemic causes for the issues, rather than men, and promoted self-improvement as a means to change women's lives, rather than politicization. Other groups embracing the idea of a utopian society composed solely of women were inspired by Jill Johnston's 1973 publication of Lesbian Nation. Johnston promoted the idea of a complete break from men and patriarchal institutions arguing for women's separatism. Believing that lesbianism was a political stance, she argued that regardless of who they slept with, whether they knew it or not, "all women were lesbians". In 1974, the Combahee River Collective was founded in Boston by twins Barbara and Beverly Smith, and former Black Panther activist Demita Frazier. Formed as a consciousness-raising group for lesbian feminists, it soon attracted members including Akasha Gloria Hull and Audre Lorde and began hosting retreats across the Northeastern United States. At the retreats intersectionality and overlapping identities were explored. The group continued meeting through 1980. By 1975, the Women's Liberation Movement had become simply the women's movement with liberals, who were pursuing reformist cultural feminism prevailing as the dominant group. Radical groups became marginalized and those that did not support the reformist climate splintered. However, in the short history of the WLM the movement exploded into a world-wide awareness of sexism and pushed the liberal feminists far to the left of their original aims. Mexico The first group affiliated with the ideas of the Women's Liberation Movement in Mexico was the Mujeres en Acción Solidaria (Women Acting in Solidarity, MAS) formed informally in Mexico City in 1970. The student movement and women's movement in the United States called into question not just needed educational reforms and social imbalances, but led to the realization that the political system and the structures of power were authoritarian and coercive and needed restructuring. Initially members of MAS met informally to question the roles of women in Mexican society. In April 1971, Magdalena Zapián attempted to get a permit for a protest to be held at the Monument to the Mother, but was denied permission. Deciding to go ahead with the demonstration, MAS' first public action was to hold a protest on Mother's Day 1971 to question why motherhood was required for all women. At regular consciousness-raising sessions, the women met to discuss collective solutions to politicize their personal issues. That same year, Susan Sontag gave a presentation on feminism at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and so many women began wanting to participate that the group split into a north and south group. Their ideas spread in 1972 after publication of an article "La situación de la mujer en México" (The Situation of Women in Mexico) was published in the magazine Punto Crítico and members began organizing events at universities in Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Jalapa, Morelia, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas, to discuss topics like child care centers, employment inequality, and reproductive rights. By 1973, the group was known throughout Mexico and hosted conferences at UNAM on abortion, sexuality, feminism and politics, as well as other topics. They also established a day care center, where meetings could be held, but increasingly the diverse points of view fractured MAS. In February 1974 a group of former MAS members split off and formed the Movimiento de Liberación de la Mujer (MLM). The more radical members of the MAS did not join MLM, which incorporated class struggles with the struggle against sexism. To expand their membership, they wanted to embrace a wider definition of women's issues, but in effect, it had the opposite effect, as small interest groups formed in the new organization focusing on specific goals. The small interest groups worked collectively on issues like abortion and a plan to host a counter-conference during the World Conference on Women hosted by Mexico in 1975. The planning of the conference again the official UN conference created discord, and yet another split occurred, when a group of women split off to form the Colectivo La Revuelta (Collective Revolt) with the purpose of establishing a magazine to disseminate their ideas on the movement. The remaining members of the MLM continued to change and evolve, with groups splitting off such as the Movimiento Feminista Mexicano (Movement of Mexican Feminists, MFM), which in 1976 became the main members of the Coalición de Mujeres Feministas (Coalition of Feminist Women, CMF) The CMF focused mainly on voluntary maternity and violence against women and began to establish women's shelters. The Lucha Feminista (Feminist Struggle), which formed in 1978, reformed into the Frente Nacional por los Derechos y la Liberación de las Mujeres (National Front for the Rights and the Liberation of Women, FNALIDM) in 1980, but it would dissolve a year after formation. That same year, the remaining MLM members formed the Colectivo de Acción Solidaria con Empleadas Domésticas (Collective of Solidarity Action with Domestic Employees, CASED), to support women working as housekeepers. The Colectivo began publishing in 1977, a journal titled with the same name as their group to discuss the topics ranging from abortion to domestic obligation and including rape, sexuality, and prostitution. They were the most radical group which formed in Mexico, supporting separation from hierarchical structures, such as political parties and unions, and even other feminist groups. After publishing nine issues of Colectivo La Revuelta they started a newspaper with the name UnomásLlno (One plus one) in 1980, disseminating ideas about women's autonomy and living collectively with other women. In 1983, the group dissolved after their publication of Revuelta, reflexiones, testimonios y reportajes de Mujeres en México, 1975–1983 (Revolt, reflections, testimonies and stories of women in Mexico, 1975–1983), which gave the history of the group and summary of their objectives. By the early 1980s, the dominant feminists in Mexico had become the Movimiento Nacional de Mujeres (National Movement of Women, MNM), which had been founded in 1973 following the model of the United States' organization National Organization for Women. Like its US counterpart, the MNM were mainly middle-class women who were interested in reforming existing civil codes as a means to attain women's equality. See also Women's liberation movement in Asia Women's liberation movement in Europe Women's liberation movement in Oceania Feminism in the United States Second-wave feminism § Overview in the United States References Citations ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 39. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 466. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 41. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 42. ^ The Ottawa Journal 1967, p. 4. ^ a b c Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 467. ^ The Ottawa Journal 1969, p. 36. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 8. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 45. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 468. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 44. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, pp. 45, 56. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, pp. 468–469. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 50. ^ Johnston 2009, p. 251. ^ Wasserlein 1990, p. 54. ^ Wasserlein 1990, p. 64. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 47. ^ a b Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 472. ^ Wasserlein 1990, p. 43. ^ a b Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 481. ^ Stettner 2011, p. 190. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 486. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, p. 488. ^ Sethna & Hewitt 2009, pp. 490–493. ^ Beaudet 2010. ^ a b Behiels & Hayday 2011, p. 323. ^ Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, pp. 48–49. ^ Stettner 2011, pp. 256–257. ^ The Brandon Sun 1973, p. 19. ^ Mills 2010, p. 128. ^ a b Dupuis-Déri 2007. ^ a b c Adamson, Briskin & McPhail 1988, p. 70. ^ Kreps 1973, p. 238. ^ Beaulieu 2008. ^ a b c Wiegers 1970, p. 50. ^ a b The Dayton Daily News 1969, p. 11. ^ Thompson 2002, pp. 344–345. ^ Foley 1971, p. 22. ^ a b c d Bennett 1970, p. 40. ^ Fox 2006. ^ Yates 1975, pp. 6–7. ^ a b c Sklar 2015. ^ a b Yates 1975, p. 7. ^ Bucy 2010, p. 306. ^ a b Yates 1975, pp. 7–8. ^ a b c Hall 2011, p. 61. ^ a b c d Freeman 1999. ^ Magarey 2014, p. 20. ^ a b Kanes 1969, p. 11. ^ Yates 1975, p. 8. ^ Willis 1984, p. 93. ^ a b c Willis 1984, p. 92. ^ a b c Brownmiller 1970. ^ a b Freeman 1972. ^ Kesselman 1973. ^ Hole & Levine 1971, p. 120. ^ Bucy 2010, p. 307. ^ a b c Echols 1997, p. 456. ^ a b Greenfieldboyce 2008. ^ Echols 1997, p. 471. ^ a b Howarth 1969, p. 9. ^ Nelson 2003, pp. 33–34. ^ Asbury 1969. ^ a b Dow 2014, p. 53. ^ Enke 2007, p. 52. ^ Dalzell 2010, p. 157. ^ Aron 2017. ^ Klemesrud 1970. ^ Wittekind 2011, p. 55. ^ Enke 2007, p. 67. ^ a b Spain 2016, p. 59. ^ a b Woo 2010. ^ Gilley 2014, p. 1. ^ Dow 2014, pp. 54–55. ^ a b Dow 2014, p. 56. ^ Dow 2014, p. 57. ^ Dow 2014, pp. 121–122. ^ Dow 2014, p. 122. ^ Enke 2007, p. 2. ^ Enke 2007, p. 3. ^ Enke 2007, p. 5. ^ a b Enke 2007, p. 6. ^ Enke 2007, p. 53. ^ a b Spain 2016, p. 51. ^ Spain 2016, p. 52. ^ Spain 2016, p. 57. ^ Spain 2016, p. 54. ^ Spain 2016, pp. 58–59. ^ Willis 1984, p. 95. ^ Echols 1989, p. 5. ^ Echols 1989, p. 6. ^ Willis 1984, p. 108. ^ Levy 2009. ^ Bindel 2009. ^ Grimes 2010. ^ Smith 2018. ^ Willis 1984, pp. 91–92. ^ Lau 2003, p. 69. ^ a b González Alvarado 2002, p. 58. ^ a b El Universal 2012. ^ González Alvarado 2002, p. 56. ^ González Alvarado 2002, p. 59. ^ González Alvarado 2002, p. 60. ^ González Alvarado 2002, p. 61. ^ a b González Alvarado 2002, p. 63. ^ González Alvarado 2002, p. 62. 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Typically, groups associated with the Women's Liberation Movement held consciousness-raising meetings where women could voice their concerns and experiences, learning to politicize their issues. To members of the WLM rejecting sexism was the most important objective in eliminating women's status as second-class citizens.In North America, the movement began in the United States and Canada almost simultaneously with the first articles articulating their aims appearing around 1965. By 1967, organizations had formed in major US and Canadian cities spreading within a year throughout both countries. In Mexico, sparked by the movement in the north, groups began to form in 1971. 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feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonBriskinMcPhail198870-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreps1973238-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsonBriskinMcPhail198870-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-D%C3%A9ri2007-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2008-35"}],"text":"The Women's Liberation Movement in Canada derived from the anti-war movement, Native Rights Movement[1] and the New Left student movement of the 1960s. An increase in university enrollment, sparked by the post-World War II baby boom, created a student body which believed that they could be catalysts for social change. Rejecting authority and espousing participatory democracy as well as direct action, they promoted a wide agenda including civil rights, ethnic empowerment, and peace, as well as gay and women's liberation.[2] The Canadian magazine, Chatelaine serialized Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique and published articles on birth control, modifications needed for the divorce laws, and other women's issues, making them public concerns.[3] Institutionalized feminists, (liberal feminism) focused efforts on forming a royal commission to evaluate women's status and address them through reforms, but grass-roots feminists desired more radical change.[4]As early as 1967, women in Toronto had formed a Women's Liberation Group[5] and in July 1968, a group of women students at Simon Fraser University (SFU) organized the Feminine Action League (FAL).[6] Faculty, like Margaret Benston supported Women's Lib encouraging studies to gain an understanding of women's societal roles and the perception of women's place both by themselves and by men.[7] In that year, the U.S. organization SNCC barred whites from participating in leadership positions, influencing the founders of FAL to ban men in their organization.[6] Though often depicted in media as a sign of \"man-hating\", separation was a focused attempt to eliminate defining women via their relationship to men. Since women's inequality as child-rearers, citizens, sexual objects, wives, workers, etc. were commonly experienced by women, separation meant unity of purpose to evaluate their second-class status.[8] Politicizing personal issues was done in consciousness-raising sessions aimed at eliminating the need to rally support for abstract causes, because the issues were those impacting women's daily lives.[9] Soon after their forming, the group changed their name to the SFU Women's Caucus and initially focused on contraception and pregnancy prevention for students.[6] In July 1969, the group moved off-campus, to downtown Vancouver, opening offices as the Vancouver Women's Caucus (VWC). They began publishing a newspaper, Pedestal, focused on women's liberation and protesting sexist hierarchy and male-domination in the student movement.[10] Women's Caucuses also formed at the University of Alberta and the University of Regina, as offshoots of the Students for a Democratic Union (SDU) and at the University of Toronto aligned with the Student Union for Peace Action (SUPA).[11] As in the U.S. a network of women's centers, which included spaces like the Ste-Famille Women's Centre in Montreal and the Prince George Women's Centre in northern British Columbia developed to facilitate meetings of women and provide them with services.[12]WLM groups sprang up throughout Canada, though in Quebec there was a struggle over whether women's liberation or Québécois liberation should be the focus for women radicals. Advocating public self-expression, such as participating in protests and sit-ins, organizations affiliated with the movement tended to operate on a consensus-based structure and participated in consciousness-raising, like their U.S. counterparts. However, Canadian Women's Lib groups typically incorporated a class-based component into their theory of oppression which was mostly missing from U.S. liberation theory.[13][14] For example, Frances Wasserlein, a prominent LGBT and feminist activist who chronicled the history of the Abortion Caravan,[15] argued that to be involved in the WLM in Vancouver equated to being a socialist.[16] Some of the first actions of the VWC were to protest discriminatory hiring and wage practices of the Civil Service Commission against women.[17] Other direct actions included the occupation of a building on the University of Toronto campus by the Toronto Women Liberation Movement. Having tried to negotiate with the university to establish day care centers and failing in their efforts, they took over a university-owned house, cleared out the squatters, and renovated it for their children.[18]In response to the passage of a reform to the civil code on abortions in 1969, the VWC began a series of protests focused on abortion.[19] Marge Hollibaugh and other liberationists organized the Western Regional Conference on Women's Liberation, which was held during the Thanksgiving weekend at the University of British Columbia campus to spread the word about the upcoming caravan.[20][21] Betsy Wood organized a guerrilla theatre performance on Valentine's Day 1970 at the Vancouver Courthouse to illustrate the inequalities which could emerge from allowing Therapeutic Abortion Committees to make decisions for women and the consequences of denying procedures which could be suicide or back-alley abortions.[19] It was also Wood's idea to organize the caravan,[22] which she had proposed at the October conference.[21] Members of the VWC left Vancouver on 27 April performing guerrilla theatre along the way.[23] They reached Ottawa on 9 May and assembled with other WLM groups from throughout Canada at Parliament Hill.[24] Over the next three days, they managed to stage a protest at the home of the Prime Minister and disrupt the House of Commons, shutting it down for the first time in history.[25]In Quebec, 1969 was also pivotal, with the establishment of the Women's Liberation Front (French: Le Front de libération des femmes (FLF)). Their slogan was \"Pas de libération des femmes sans libération du Québec! Pas de libération du Québec sans libération des femmes!\" (No liberation of women without liberation of Quebec! No liberation of Quebec without women's liberation!) and they supported changes to gain socio-economic and political equality, but also pressed for Quebec's autonomy and a recognition of the unpaid labor of women working in the home and in family businesses. One of their first demonstrations was against the prohibition of public protests put forth by the administration of Montreal's mayor, Jean Drapeau. In 1970, Nicole Thérien and Louise Toupin set forth a manifesto proclaiming that in a society defined by exploiters and the exploited, woman and Québécois citizens were slaves of the exploited.[26] That same year the FLF founded a newspaper called Québécoise deboytte! (Quebec women standing up!) in protest to mainstream media's curtailment of women's voices.[27]In November 1970 the first national conference of the WLM was held in Saskatoon. Marlene Dixon, a sociology professor teaching at McGill University debunked the idea of an autonomous women's movement, encouraging women to join extant movements fighting racism and classism.[28] The radical movement in Canada was shaped by these opposing views of whether women could gain equality within the existing socio-economic/political system or whether capitalism had to be overturned to create human equality.[29] In 1973, Rosemary Brown, the first Black Canadian woman elected to a provincial legislature in the country, spoke at the national congress of the Canadian Negro Women's Association. She embraced the ideas of the WLM and rejected the idea that black women were needed in the struggle for black men to achieve equality. Rather than being an anti-male position, she believed that black men were not weak and in need of women propping them up. She saw the movement as one which validated the human import of males and females.[30]In 1971, Lisa Balcer, called as a witness for the trial of Paul Rose in the kidnappings perpetrated by the Quebec Liberation Front the previous year, refused to testify because women were not allowed to serve as jurors. She was declared to be in contempt of court. Seven women from the courtroom who were members of the FLF stood and protested legal discrimination of women.[27] All seven were arrested and served from one to two months in jail, but their action brought attention to the problems of inequality.[31] A few months after their protest, women gained the right to serve as jurors in Quebec.[32]By the late 1970s, the Marxist and liberationists' alliance fractured in part because of media characterization of radicals in the grass-roots movement as \"crazy\", but in part because the radical grass-roots groups had difficulty mobilizing women under abstract theories.[33] Bonnie Kreps, who wrote \"Radical Feminism 1\" which was published in 1973 in the anthology Radical Feminism: The Book portrayed Canadian feminists as falling into three categories: socialist feminists, who were opposed to capitalism; liberal feminists, who were concerned with equal rights and equal pay; and radical feminists who focused on \"the oppression of women as women\" or sexism.[33][34] Activists who had been involved in the WLM turned their efforts toward violence against women, when the liberal feminists gained the dominant position and public perception that legal change to the existing systems were the legitimate concerns of the women's movement.[33] In 2007, Marjolaine Péloquin, published a history of the movement in Quebec, En prison pour la cause des femmes: la conquête du banc des jurés (In prison for the cause of women: the conquest of the jury box), critically analyzing the short-lived but significant impact of the FLF.[32][35]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westbeth_Playwrights_Feminist_Collective_on_roof_of_Westbeth_in_NYC_1971.jpg"},{"link_name":"Women's Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage"},{"link_name":"Abolition 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stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_lesbianism"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoo2010-73"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBindel2009-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes2010-96"},{"link_name":"Combahee River Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective"},{"link_name":"Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Smith"},{"link_name":"Beverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Smith"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"Demita Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demita_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Akasha Gloria Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasha_Gloria_Hull"},{"link_name":"Audre Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde"},{"link_name":"intersectionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2018-97"},{"link_name":"women's movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis198492-53"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis198491%E2%80%9392-98"}],"text":"Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective on roof of Westbeth in NYC 1971Just as the Women's Suffrage movement grew out of the Abolition Movement, the Women's Liberation Movement grew out of the struggle for civil rights.[36][37] Though challenging patriarchy and the anti-patriarchal message of the Women's Liberation Movement was considered radical, it was not the only, nor the first, radical movement in the early period of second-wave feminism.[38] Rather than simply desiring legal equality, members believed that the moral and social climate in the United States needed to change. Though most groups operated independently—there was no national umbrella organization—there were unifying philosophies of women participating in the movement. Challenging patriarchy and the hierarchical organization of society which defined women as subordinate, participants in the movement believed that women should be free to define their own individual identity as part of human society.[36][37] One of the reasons that women who supported the movement chose not to create a single approach to addressing the problem of women being treated as second-class citizens was that they did not want to foster an idea that anyone was an expert or that any one group or idea could address all of the societal problems women faced.[39] They also wanted women, whose voices had been silenced to be able to express their own views on solutions.[40] Among the issues were the objectification of women, reproductive rights, opportunities for women in the workplace, redefining familial roles. A dilemma faced by movement members was how they could challenge the definition of femininity without compromising the principals of feminism.[36]The publication of The Feminine Mystique by Friedan pointed to the dissatisfaction of many women in American society and was seen as a catalyst for the movement,[40] though after she co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, Friedan was seen by radicals as too mainstream.[41][40] NOW's stated purpose was to work within established social and legal systems to gain equality, which clashed with radical feminists who believed that traditional power-structures had failed women and needed to be reformed.[40] In 1964, an anonymous paper (later revealed to have been written by Elaine Delott Baker, Casey Hayden, Mary King, and Emmie Schrader), \"The Position of Women in SNCC\" (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was presented by Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson at the Waveland conference.[42][43] The paper discussed the analogous relationship between sex and race discrimination within the context of the work environment and was seen as a critically important document for evaluating gender and women's issues.[43] Stokely Carmichael's response to the paper, \"The only position for women in SNCC is prone\", has been taken by some to have been condescending,[44] but Carol Giardina argued in her work Freedom for Women: Forging the Women's Liberation Movement that the statement was made jokingly and that focus on the controversy about Carmichael's remark deflects the positive reinforcement and leadership opportunities that many women found within the SNCC.[45][43]Between 1965 and 1966 meetings, at which papers and conversations about women's place in society were discussed, became more prevalent. An article published in Random, a Canadian journal, advocated that women should participate in self-examination without male scrutiny or advice to embark on their own path of self-discovery.[44] In the summer of 1967 at the Students for a Democratic Society’s national conference, a manifesto drafted by the Women’s Liberation Workshop defined the relationship of women to men as one that a colonial power had toward its colonies. The document demanded that men take responsibility for their male chauvinism and that women demand full participation in all activities of the organization. Following the meeting, women's groups such as the Bread and Roses in Boston and Women's Liberation Group of Berkeley were founded.[46] In Chicago, at a women's workshop held over Labor Day weekend that same year during the National Conference of New Politics (NCNP), Jo Freeman and Shulamith Firestone presented demands from the woman's caucus to the plenary session.[47] The moderator advised that the points of their resolution were insignificant and did not merit discussion on the floor. Over their protests and refusing to discuss the demands further, NCNP Director William F. Pepper moved the topic toward a discussion of Native Americans, but agreed to tack on their concerns to the end of the agenda.[48] Dismissively, Pepper patted Firestone on the head and said, \"Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation\", or possibly, \"Cool down, little girl. We have more important things to talk about than women's problems.\"[47][48]Soon after the meeting Freeman, Heather Booth, and Naomi Weisstein founded the Women's Radical Action Project (WRAP), as a vehicle for consciousness-raising.[46] At these meetings, women met regularly to discuss personal dilemmas and to analyze how politics shaped and impacted women's lives. Consciousness-raising discussions were wide-ranging from intimate relationships to social justice issues, with participants stressing the importance of not only having choices but being free to make them.[49][50] Their discussions recognized that legislation could not change many of the issues which confronted women, but that education and redefining societal roles would be required to change attitudes and mores.[50] Within six months, the voice of women's liberation began publication by Freeman as the first radical newspaper of the movement.[47] Firestone left the Chicago conference and returned to New York to found the New York Radical Women (NYRW) with Pamela Allen,[51] among others. It was the \"first women's liberation group in New York City\",[52] and followed a radical feminist ideology that declared that \"the personal is political\" and \"sisterhood is powerful\"—formulations that arose from these consciousness-raising sessions.[53][54]Within the year, women's liberation groups sprang up all over America.[55] In 1968, the first American national gathering of women's liberation activists was held in Lake Villa, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois.[56] That same year, at the University of Washington, a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organizer reflected on a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and \"noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills, the men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick?'\"[48][57] After the meeting, a handful of women formed Seattle's first women's liberation group.[48] In June 1968, Notes from the First Year, containing essays, speeches and transcripts of consciousness-raising sessions was distributed by the NYRW. The mimeographed booklet, which covered topics on sex, including abortion and orgasm, became the \"most circulated source material on the New York women's liberation movement\".[54]Liberationists gained nationwide attention when they protested the Miss America beauty pageant on 7 September 1968.[58] Though cameramen were prohibited from showing the protesters on television, newspapers headlined the story the following day.[59] Because the pageant promoted beauty as the ideal for measuring women's worth, NYRW activists targeted the iconic event.[59][60] Gathering items they considered to be objects of female oppression, such as bras, curlers, typing textbooks and copies of Ladies' Home Journal, among other items, the activists intended to set fire to the trash cans containing them. They were prohibited from doing so,[59][60] but the myth of \"bra-burning\", led to liberationists being called \"bra-burners\".[61] By 1969, NYRW had split into two factions—politicos and feminists, dividing over whether the oppressor of women was the political and economic system or whether it was patriarchy. Politicos, who were tired of being labeled as man-haters and who believed the capitalist system was the root of the problem, formed the Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H), which focused on achieving equality through leftist politics. Feminists, who remained committed to fighting sexism, formed the Redstockings.[54]Poster for the Second Congress to Unite Women in 1970.The split did not slow activity down. W.I.T.C.H. protested the 1969 Miss America pageant[62] and the Redstockings demonstrated at a hearing of the New York State Joint Legislative Committee considering a reform of abortion law. Angered that of the 15 experts called, 14 were men, the group held their own \"public hearings\" at the Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church, allowing only women to \"testify\".[63][64] By 1969, Women's Liberation was being featured in national magazines, like Life, Newsweek and Time.[65][62] Vernita Gray, along with Michelle Brody, E. Kitch Child, Margaret E. Sloan and other women formed a group called the Women's Caucus of the Chicago Gay Liberation in 1969. Within a year, the multi-racial group, renamed the Chicago Lesbian Liberation (CLL), had established regular consciousness-raising events, known as \"Monday Night Meetings\".[66] That same year, at a NOW meeting, Friedan, who feared feminists being associated with lesbians, referred to lesbian activists within the movement as the \"lavender menace\". Subsequently, Susan Brownmiller wrote an article for The New York Times Magazine describing the perceived threat to the movement. Lesbian activists responded by embracing the term, staging a protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women held in 1970, in which they revealed lavender t-shirts emblazoned with the term.[67][68] Groups such as Columbia Women's Liberation, Daughters of Bilitis (which was a member of NOW) and RadicaLesbian pushed the drive for women to gain autonomy.[69]1969 was a pivotal year, in that it marked the beginning of mainstream incorporation of the liberationsists' focus on sexism. Gloria Steinem, a member of NOW, wrote an article for New York magazine, After Black Power, Women's Liberation, which was recognized with the Penney-Missouri Journalism Award as one of the first treatments of the women's movement.[70] The Female Liberation Newsletter, was founded that same year by Julie Morse and Rosina Richter in Minnesota, with the intent of centralizing publications on the varying views of the movement in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metro area. By 1970, they had formed the Amazon Bookstore Cooperative, hoping to provide a physical space for women-centered dialogue.[71] Influential texts written by liberationists and published in 1970 included The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm by Anne Koedt, The Political Economy of Women's Liberation by Margaret Benston, The Politics of Housework by Pat Mainardi,[72] Sexual Politics by Kate Millett,[73] and Sisterhood Is Powerful, An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement edited by Robin Morgan[74] By early 1970, \"Women's Lib\" was featured as a cover story in Saturday Review written by Lucy Komisar, vice president of NOW. Atlantic Monthly and Mademoiselle devoted sections to the subject, some of which were written by feminists. Brownmiller, a member of New York Radical Feminists, wrote one of the articles in the February Mademoiselle issue and followed it up with an article in March, published in the New York Times Magazine. Network news followed print media in a rush to cover the \"story of the year\".[65]CBS was the first major network to cover women's liberation when it aired coverage on 15 January 1970 of the D.C. Women's Liberation group's disruption of Senate hearings on birth control as a small item in their broadcast. Within a week, the women's protests became leading stories on both CBS and ABC. Early stories focused on behavior, rather than motivations, but NBC broke with the tradition when it aired a story on 23 January evaluating the underlying causes of concern were that the side-effects of the pill had not disclosed safety hazards.[75] In March, CBS televised a series, with all-male correspondents, focused on radicals in the feminist movement, highlighting liberationists' tactics, rather than their underlying issues and portraying sexism as an unsubstantiated claim,[76] which should be treated with skepticism.[77] It was followed by a 6-part series broadcast by NBC anchored by four women, who presented an analysis of the issues with sexual discrimination portrayed as a reality in women's lives. These various treatments, served to undermine the radical message, as on the one hand they were portrayed as extremists and on the other, their sexual politics were assimilated into the mainstream liberal feminist view to present a unified vision for women's equality.[76] In May Marlene Sanders, a member of NOW and one of the two women journalists working for ABC at the time, produced a documentary on the WLM for ABC. The timing of her report was calculated, to curtail the view of advocacy, as it had been approved in 1969, but it did not air until other media outlets had covered the topic, paving the way for an objective presentation. Sander's production attempted to add legitimacy to women's claims and shed a homogenized evaluation of the movement, \"edging lesbians, women of color and the movement's most radical\" elements out of the portrait.[78] By redefining the movement, Sanders attempted to legitimize the need for social justice and present the demands of women as socially acceptable goals.[79]The media coverage brought forth one of the problems of the WLM's loose organizational structure. Though thousands of organizations had formed in the 1960s and 1970s and there were chapters from coast to coast and throughout the Heartland, finding an organization to join was difficult for many.[80] Unable to locate organizations in the phonebook, many felt that the movement was invisible,[81] while still others embraced the ideals without actually joining formal institutions.[82] There were few public spaces where unattended women could gather freely and urban settings with racially segregated spaces were ingrained in the culture.[83] The problem of finding spaces to meet was compounded by the practice of denying women credit without men's consent, thus renting a visible meeting place for women to come together was complicated, forcing women to gather in unconventional settings.[83] For example, the Chicago Lesbian Liberation solved their meeting problems by gathering on a \"slow night\" at a local bar known as King's Ransom, which welcomed their multi-racial composition. The proprietor was happy for the business and ladies night became a regular feature of the establishment.[84] Women's centers began to be created all over the country as a place for women to meet outside the home. Most of them were run as collectives and spaces for consciousness-raising groups to meet in a non-competitive environment, where women could discuss the intersection of their personal lives, as well as politics and the economy.[85] By 1972, the New York Radical Feminist had prepared a set of instructions for developing consciousness-raising groups. The analysis that went on in these sessions was not therapeutic, but instead an evaluation of how one's personal experience had been shaped by cultural norms. \"Meetings were designed to turn the personal into the political\",[86] by making women aware that the personal experiences were not unique and had social constructs.[55]It soon became apparent that small groups and loose cooperative organization was effective for building awareness, but to turn awareness into action more efficient structures were required.[85] For example, the Crenshaw Women's Center in Los Angeles initially opened in 1970 with participants bringing their own pillows as seats. Eventually they collected second-hand furniture and developed a playground, assuming that their evening functions would be attended by women with children.[87] Nine groups—“Haymarket Liberation, the New Adult Community of Women, NOW, Socialist Women’s Organizing Project, the Union of Women’s International Liberation, the Venice-Santa Monica Women’s Liberation, Women’s Liberation Front—UCLA, Women’s Liberation One and Working Women's Group”[88]—came together to offer services to some 1500 women. They offered abortion and contraceptive counseling; personal and vocational consultations; ran a suicide hotline; published a monthly newsletter, The Women’s Center News; maintained a library of feminist writings; provided lectures on legal rights; and taught courses on self-defense.[89] Following their ideal that new structures were needed to build women-only spaces, the center was open to all women and their children. Within a year, NOW withdrew from the collective and established an almost identical center which was open only to their members and invited guests, which included men.[72]By 1973, with the oil crisis and in reaction to 1960s radicalism, the US environment became more politically conservative. Combined with economic stagflation, radicalism lost favor.[53] The fragile solidarity which had existed between various WLM groups began to fracture as the movement had developed no mechanism for political action other than direct confrontation. Though leftist, they did not adhere to any specific political alignment.[90] The drive to create women-only spaces eliminated the need to confront sexism, as it allowed women to simply evade patriarchal organizations.[91] Thus, rather than rendering gender irrelevant, for which liberationists argued, the cultural feminists, who evolved from them, created a counter-cultural movement to celebrate female difference.[92] For example, Ms. began publication in 1972 co-opting the radicals' ideas of women's oppression and personal introspection, but blamed systemic causes for the issues, rather than men, and promoted self-improvement as a means to change women's lives, rather than politicization.[93] Other groups embracing the idea of a utopian society composed solely of women were inspired by Jill Johnston's 1973 publication of Lesbian Nation.[94] Johnston promoted the idea of a complete break from men and patriarchal institutions arguing for women's separatism. Believing that lesbianism was a political stance, she argued that regardless of who they slept with,[73][95] whether they knew it or not, \"all women were lesbians\".[96]In 1974, the Combahee River Collective was founded in Boston by twins Barbara and Beverly Smith, and former Black Panther activist Demita Frazier. Formed as a consciousness-raising group for lesbian feminists, it soon attracted members including Akasha Gloria Hull and Audre Lorde and began hosting retreats across the Northeastern United States. At the retreats intersectionality and overlapping identities were explored. The group continued meeting through 1980.[97] By 1975, the Women's Liberation Movement had become simply the women's movement with liberals, who were pursuing reformist cultural feminism prevailing as the dominant group. Radical groups became marginalized and those that did not support the reformist climate splintered.[53] However, in the short history of the WLM the movement exploded into a world-wide awareness of sexism and pushed the liberal feminists far to the left of their original aims.[98]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mujeres en Acción Solidaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujeres_en_Acci%C3%B3n_Solidaria"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau200369-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200258-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''El_Universal''2012-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200256-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200258-100"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''El_Universal''2012-101"},{"link_name":"Susan Sontag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200259-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200260-104"},{"link_name":"World Conference on Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conference_on_Women,_1975"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200261-105"},{"link_name":"Coalición de Mujeres Feministas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalici%C3%B3n_de_Mujeres_Feministas"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200263-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200262-107"},{"link_name":"feminists in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"National Organization for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Alvarado200263-106"}],"text":"The first group affiliated with the ideas of the Women's Liberation Movement in Mexico was the Mujeres en Acción Solidaria (Women Acting in Solidarity, MAS) formed informally in Mexico City in 1970.[99][100] The student movement and women's movement in the United States called into question not just needed educational reforms and social imbalances, but led to the realization that the political system and the structures of power were authoritarian and coercive and needed restructuring.[101][102] Initially members of MAS met informally to question the roles of women in Mexican society. In April 1971, Magdalena Zapián attempted to get a permit for a protest to be held at the Monument to the Mother, but was denied permission.[100] Deciding to go ahead with the demonstration, MAS' first public action was to hold a protest on Mother's Day 1971 to question why motherhood was required for all women.[101]At regular consciousness-raising sessions, the women met to discuss collective solutions to politicize their personal issues. That same year, Susan Sontag gave a presentation on feminism at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and so many women began wanting to participate that the group split into a north and south group. Their ideas spread in 1972 after publication of an article \"La situación de la mujer en México\" (The Situation of Women in Mexico) was published in the magazine Punto Crítico and members began organizing events at universities in Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Jalapa, Morelia, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas, to discuss topics like child care centers, employment inequality, and reproductive rights.[103] By 1973, the group was known throughout Mexico and hosted conferences at UNAM on abortion, sexuality, feminism and politics, as well as other topics. They also established a day care center, where meetings could be held, but increasingly the diverse points of view fractured MAS.[104]In February 1974 a group of former MAS members split off and formed the Movimiento de Liberación de la Mujer (MLM). The more radical members of the MAS did not join MLM, which incorporated class struggles with the struggle against sexism. To expand their membership, they wanted to embrace a wider definition of women's issues, but in effect, it had the opposite effect, as small interest groups formed in the new organization focusing on specific goals. The small interest groups worked collectively on issues like abortion and a plan to host a counter-conference during the World Conference on Women hosted by Mexico in 1975. The planning of the conference again the official UN conference created discord, and yet another split occurred, when a group of women split off to form the Colectivo La Revuelta (Collective Revolt) with the purpose of establishing a magazine to disseminate their ideas on the movement.[105] The remaining members of the MLM continued to change and evolve, with groups splitting off such as the Movimiento Feminista Mexicano (Movement of Mexican Feminists, MFM), which in 1976 became the main members of the Coalición de Mujeres Feministas (Coalition of Feminist Women, CMF) The CMF focused mainly on voluntary maternity and violence against women and began to establish women's shelters. The Lucha Feminista (Feminist Struggle), which formed in 1978, reformed into the Frente Nacional por los Derechos y la Liberación de las Mujeres (National Front for the\nRights and the Liberation of Women, FNALIDM) in 1980, but it would dissolve a year after formation. That same year, the remaining MLM members formed the Colectivo de Acción Solidaria con Empleadas Domésticas (Collective of Solidarity Action with Domestic Employees,\nCASED), to support women working as housekeepers.[106]The Colectivo began publishing in 1977, a journal titled with the same name as their group to discuss the topics ranging from abortion to domestic obligation and including rape, sexuality, and prostitution. They were the most radical group which formed in Mexico, supporting separation from hierarchical structures, such as political parties and unions, and even other feminist groups. After publishing nine issues of Colectivo La Revuelta they started a newspaper with the name UnomásLlno (One plus one) in 1980, disseminating ideas about women's autonomy and living collectively with other women. In 1983, the group dissolved after their publication of Revuelta, reflexiones, testimonios y reportajes de Mujeres en México, 1975–1983 (Revolt, reflections, testimonies\nand stories of women in Mexico, 1975–1983), which gave the history of the group and summary of their objectives.[107]By the early 1980s, the dominant feminists in Mexico had become the Movimiento Nacional de Mujeres (National Movement of Women, MNM), which had been founded in 1973 following the model of the United States' organization National Organization for Women. Like its US counterpart, the MNM were mainly middle-class women who were interested in reforming existing civil codes as a means to attain women's equality.[106]","title":"Mexico"}]
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[{"title":"Women's liberation movement in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Asia"},{"title":"Women's liberation movement in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Europe"},{"title":"Women's liberation movement in Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Oceania"},{"title":"Feminism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Second-wave feminism § Overview in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism#Overview_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Adamson, Nancy; Briskin, Linda; McPhail, Margaret (1988). Feminist Organizing for Change: The contemporary women's movement in Canada. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-540658-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/feministorganizi0000adam","url_text":"Feminist Organizing for Change: The contemporary women's movement in Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540658-0","url_text":"978-0-19-540658-0"}]},{"reference":"Aron, Nina Renata (19 January 2017). \"Lesbians battled for their place in 1960s feminism\". Timeline. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211222803/https://timeline.com/lesbians-battled-for-their-place-in-1960s-feminism-25082853be90","url_text":"\"Lesbians battled for their place in 1960s feminism\""},{"url":"https://timeline.com/lesbians-battled-for-their-place-in-1960s-feminism-25082853be90","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Asbury, Edith Evans (14 February 1969). \"Women Break Up Abortion Hearing; Shouts for Repeal of Law Force Panel to Move\". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/14/archives/women-break-up-abortion-hearing-shouts-for-repeal-of-law-force.html","url_text":"\"Women Break Up Abortion Hearing; Shouts for Repeal of Law Force Panel to Move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Beaudet, Pierre (21 October 2010). \"Pas de libération des femmes sans libération du Québec! Pas de libération du Québec sans libération des femmes!\" [No liberation of women without liberation for Quebec! No liberation of Quebec without women's liberation!]. New Cahiers du socialisme (in French). Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Collective of Political Analysis. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150811/https://www.cahiersdusocialisme.org/%C2%ABpas-de-liberation-des-femmes-sans-liberation-du-quebec-pas-de-liberation-du-quebec-sans-liberation-des-femmes%C2%BB/","url_text":"\"Pas de libération des femmes sans libération du Québec! Pas de libération du Québec sans libération des femmes!\""},{"url":"https://www.cahiersdusocialisme.org/%C2%ABpas-de-liberation-des-femmes-sans-liberation-du-quebec-pas-de-liberation-du-quebec-sans-liberation-des-femmes%C2%BB/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beaulieu, Elsa (February–March 2008). \"Revue de En prison pour la cause des femmes: la conquête du banc des jurés\" [Review of In prison for the cause of women: the conquest of the jury box]. À Bâbord (23). Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507164915/https://www.ababord.org/En-prison-pour-la-cause-des-femmes","url_text":"\"Revue de En prison pour la cause des femmes: la conquête du banc des jurés\""},{"url":"https://www.ababord.org/En-prison-pour-la-cause-des-femmes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Behiels, Michael D.; Hayday, Matthew (2011). Contemporary Quebec: Selected Readings and Commentaries. Kingston, Ontario, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-3GEtIsei78C&pg=PA323","url_text":"Contemporary Quebec: Selected Readings and Commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press","url_text":"McGill-Queen's University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3890-0","url_text":"978-0-7735-3890-0"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Lorraine M. (5 April 1970). \"How Far Yet to Go, Baby?\". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. p. 40. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19413172/the_atlanta_constitution/","url_text":"\"How Far Yet to Go, Baby?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bindel, Julie (30 January 2009). \"My sexual revolution\". The Guardian. London, England. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111044709/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights","url_text":"\"My sexual revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brownmiller, Susan (15 March 1970). \"'Sisterhood Is Powerful'\". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/15/archives/sisterhood-is-powerful-a-member-of-the-womens-liberation-movement.html","url_text":"\"'Sisterhood Is Powerful'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bucy, Carole (Summer 2010). \"Reviewed Work: Freedom for Women: Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953–1970 by Carol Giardina\". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 108 (3): 305–308. ISSN 0023-0243. JSTOR 23387564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register_of_the_Kentucky_Historical_Society","url_text":"The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-0243","url_text":"0023-0243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23387564","url_text":"23387564"}]},{"reference":"Dalzell, Tom (2010). Damn the Man!: Slang of the Oppressed in America. Mineola, New York: Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-47591-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJnRSWfwJUEC&pg=PA157","url_text":"Damn the Man!: Slang of the Oppressed in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47591-2","url_text":"978-0-486-47591-2"}]},{"reference":"Dow, Bonnie J. (2014). Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09648-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmtzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120","url_text":"Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09648-8","url_text":"978-0-252-09648-8"}]},{"reference":"Dupuis-Déri, Francis (10 November 2007). \"Retour sur le Front de libération des femmes\". Le Devoir (in French). Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. Back to the Women's Liberation Front","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dupuis-D%C3%A9ri","url_text":"Dupuis-Déri, Francis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507163912/https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/163897/retour-sur-le-front-de-liberation-des-femmes","url_text":"\"Retour sur le Front de libération des femmes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Devoir","url_text":"Le Devoir"},{"url":"https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/163897/retour-sur-le-front-de-liberation-des-femmes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Echols, Alice (1989). Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8166-1787-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo","url_text":"Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press","url_text":"University of Minnesota Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/5","url_text":"5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1787-6","url_text":"978-0-8166-1787-6"}]},{"reference":"Echols, Alice (1997). \"Nothing Distant About It\". In Cohen, Cathy; Jones, Kathy; Tronto, Joan C. (eds.). Women Transforming Politics: An Alternative Reader. New York, New York: NYU Press. pp. 456–477. ISBN 978-0-8147-1558-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BFBXX0fI99wC&pg=PA456","url_text":"Women Transforming Politics: An Alternative Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Press","url_text":"NYU Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1558-1","url_text":"978-0-8147-1558-1"}]},{"reference":"Enke, Anne (2007). Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Activism. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9038-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aiYz7ArJt_AC&pg=PT18","url_text":"Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Activism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9038-1","url_text":"978-0-8223-9038-1"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Eileen (29 January 1971). \"The Many Facets of Women's Lib\". The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 22. Retrieved 20 April 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19413058/detroit_free_press/","url_text":"\"The Many Facets of Women's Lib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"The Detroit Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Margalit (5 February 2006). \"Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85\". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/betty-friedan-who-ignited-cause-in-feminine-mystique-dies-at-85.html","url_text":"\"Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jo (1972). \"The Women's Liberation Movement: Its Origins, Structures and Ideas\". In Dreitzel, Hans Peter (ed.). Family, Marriage, and the Struggle of the Sexes. Recent Sociology. Vol. 4. New York, New York: Macmillan Publishers. OCLC 433026433.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/liberationmov.htm","url_text":"Family, Marriage, and the Struggle of the Sexes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433026433","url_text":"433026433"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jo (1999). \"On the Origins of Social Movements\". Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties. Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 7–24. ISBN 978-0-8476-8748-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jofreeman.com/socialmovements/origins.htm","url_text":"Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8748-0","url_text":"978-0-8476-8748-0"}]},{"reference":"Gilley, Jennifer (March 2014). \"This Book Is An Action\": The Grand Experiment of Sisterhood is Powerful (PDF). \"A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s\"—27–29 March 2014. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151211151343/http://www.bu.edu:80/wgs/files/2013/10/Gilley-This-Book-Is-An-Action-The-Grand-Experiment-of-Sisterhood-is-Powerful.pdf","url_text":"\"This Book Is An Action\": The Grand Experiment of Sisterhood is Powerful"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University","url_text":"Boston University"},{"url":"https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Gilley-This-Book-Is-An-Action-The-Grand-Experiment-of-Sisterhood-is-Powerful.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"González Alvarado, Rocío (2002). \"El espíritu de una época\". In Millán, Márgara; García, Nora Nínive (eds.). Cartografías del feminismo mexicano 1970–2000 (PDF). Mexico City, Mexico: Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 56–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511223849/http://132.248.9.34/libroe_2007/0989429/07_c03.pdf","url_text":"Cartografías del feminismo mexicano 1970–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_M%C3%A9xico","url_text":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México"},{"url":"http://132.248.9.34/libroe_2007/0989429/07_c03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenfieldboyce, Nell (5 September 2008). \"Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth\". NPR. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620100415/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94240375&from=mobile","url_text":"\"Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94240375&from=mobile","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (21 September 2010). \"Jill Johnston, Critic Who Wrote 'Lesbian Nation,' Dies at 81\". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180202212529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/arts/21johnston.html","url_text":"\"Jill Johnston, Critic Who Wrote 'Lesbian Nation,' Dies at 81\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/arts/21johnston.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Simon (2011). American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0365-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jhmQvhJMUagC&pg=PA61","url_text":"American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0365-3","url_text":"978-0-8122-0365-3"}]},{"reference":"Hole, Judith; Levine, Ellen (1971). Rebirth of Feminism. New York, New York: Quadrangle Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-6211-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6211-6","url_text":"978-0-8129-6211-6"}]},{"reference":"Howarth, Joan (25 December 1969). \"From The College Level\". The Chatham Press. Chatham, New Jersey. p. 9. Retrieved 22 April 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19475812/howarth_joan_the_chatham_press/","url_text":"\"From The College Level\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Hugh (2009). Radical Campus: Making Simon Fraser University. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-926706-30-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NPHoZMnPrekC&pg=PA251","url_text":"Radical Campus: Making Simon Fraser University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926706-30-6","url_text":"978-1-926706-30-6"}]},{"reference":"Kanes, Candy (26 October 1969). \"Women Trying to Break 'Role as Sex Object'\". The Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. p. 11. 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Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/18/archives/the-lesbian-issue-and-womens-lib.html","url_text":"\"The Lesbian Issue and Women's Lib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Bonnie (1973). \"Radical Feminism 1\". In Koedt, Anne; Levine, Ellen; Rapone, Anita (eds.). Radical feminism. New York, New York: Quadrangle Books. pp. 234–239. ISBN 978-0-8129-6220-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich/page/234","url_text":"Radical feminism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich/page/234","url_text":"234–239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6220-8","url_text":"978-0-8129-6220-8"}]},{"reference":"Lau, Ana (February 2003). \"Feminismo en México\" [Feminism in Mexico] (PDF). Revista Casa del Tiempo (in Spanish): 69–72. ISSN 0185-4275. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040506045050/http://www.uam.mx:80/difusion/revista/feb2003/lau.pdf","url_text":"\"Feminismo en México\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0185-4275","url_text":"0185-4275"},{"url":"http://www.uam.mx/difusion/revista/feb2003/lau.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Ariel (2 March 2009). \"Lesbian Nation\". The New Yorker. New York City, New York: Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. 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ISBN 978-1-922064-95-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dangerous-ideas#page/n9/mode/1up","url_text":"Dangerous Ideas: Women's Liberation–Women's Studies–Around the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide_Press","url_text":"University of Adelaide Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922064-95-0","url_text":"978-1-922064-95-0"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Sean (2010). The Empire Within: Postcolonial Thought and Political Activism in Sixties Montreal. Kingston, Ontario, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-8348-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-T890UY70H0C&pg=PA128","url_text":"The Empire Within: Postcolonial Thought and Political Activism in Sixties Montreal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press","url_text":"McGill-Queen's University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8348-1","url_text":"978-0-7735-8348-1"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Jennifer (2003). Women of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement. New York, New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5827-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qFQTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34","url_text":"Women of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5827-4","url_text":"978-0-8147-5827-4"}]},{"reference":"Sethna, Christabelle; Hewitt, Steve (September 2009). \"Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP\". The Canadian Historical Review. 90 (3): 463–495. doi:10.1353/can.0.0189. ISSN 0008-3755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Historical_Review","url_text":"The Canadian Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcan.0.0189","url_text":"10.1353/can.0.0189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-3755","url_text":"0008-3755"}]},{"reference":"Sklar, Kathryn Kish (March 2015). \"How and Why Did Women in SNCC (the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) Author a Pathbreaking Feminist Manifesto, 1964–1965?\". Womhist.alexanderstreet.com. Alexandria, Virginia: Women and Social Movements. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2018 – via Alexander Street Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511004256/http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/SNCC/intro.htm","url_text":"\"How and Why Did Women in SNCC (the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) Author a Pathbreaking Feminist Manifesto, 1964–1965?\""},{"url":"http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/SNCC/intro.htm","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Street_Press","url_text":"Alexander Street Press"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Laura (20 February 2018). \"When feminism ignored the needs of black women, a mighty force was born\". Timeline. San Francisco, California: Medium Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529153419/https://timeline.com/feminism-ignored-black-women-44ee502a3c6?gi=285f6079351","url_text":"\"When feminism ignored the needs of black women, a mighty force was born\""},{"url":"https://timeline.com/feminism-ignored-black-women-44ee502a3c6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spain, Daphne (2016). Constructive Feminism: Women's Spaces and Women's Rights in the American City. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0412-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d0_fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51","url_text":"Constructive Feminism: Women's Spaces and Women's Rights in the American City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0412-3","url_text":"978-1-5017-0412-3"}]},{"reference":"Stettner, Shannon Lea (2011). Women and Abortion in English Canada: public debates and political participation, 1959–70 (PDF) (PhD). Toronto, Canada: York University. ISBN 978-0-494-88709-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Falkowska
Jadwiga Falkowska
["1 Awards","2 Works","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
Jadwiga Falkowskaps. "Jaga"Born(1889-11-13)November 13, 1889Tver, RussiaDiedAugust 7, 1944(1944-08-07) (aged 54)Warsaw, General Government Scouting portal Jadwiga Falkowska codename: Jaga, Zdzisława, Ludwika, Zaleska (November 13, 1889 in Tver, Russia – August 7, 1944 in Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish teacher, social activist, Scoutmaster (harcmistrzyni) and one of the founders of Girl Scouting in Poland. During the Second World War she served in the Polish resistance (Armia Krajowa). Jadwiga was murdered by RONA units during the Warsaw Uprising. Awards Order of Polonia Restituta Gold Cross of Merit (Krzyż Zasługi) Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych) Armia Krajowa Cross (Krzyż Armii Krajowej) Works "Czym są sprawności?" (wstęp do książki „Sprawności harcerek”); "Dzieje żeńskich kursów instruktorskich" "Konferencje programowe instruktorek na tle rozwoju harcerskiej myśli wychowawczej" "Rzut oka na rozwój Harcerstwa Żeńskiego w Polsce" "Skautki polskie - zarys organizacyjny" (together with Kazimierz Wyrzykowski, Andrzej Małkowski and Emilia Czechwiczówna). Bibliography Anna Zawadzka „Gawędy o tych, które przewodziły” External links Jaga Falkowska – Harcmistrzyni Rzeczypospolitej at jaga.harc.pl Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Poland This article about a Polish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to the military of Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a notable individual during World War II is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Scouting or Guiding article about a person is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Balta_Liman
Convention of Balta Liman
["1 References","2 Sources"]
1849 treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire For the 1838 Anglo-Ottoman treaty, see Treaty of Balta Liman. The Convention of Balta Liman of 1 May 1849 was an agreement between the Russian Empire and the Ottomans regulating the political situation of the two Danubian Principalities (the basis of present-day Romania), signed during the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848. Moldavia, which had been placed under Russian occupation in late spring 1848 following a revolutionary attempt, and Wallachia, where a liberal Provisional Government had briefly assumed power before facing a common Ottoman-Russian reaction, were confirmed their previous status of Ottoman suzerainty and Russian protectorate (first established in 1831–32 by the Regulamentul Organic). Minor provisions were added, signifying a relative increase in Ottoman influence—namely, hospodars were no longer elected by the local National Assemblies for life, and instead appointed by the Sublime Porte for seven-year terms. A common military presence was maintained until 1851. The document led to the appointment of Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei as hospodar of Wallachia and Grigore Alexandru Ghica as hospodar of Moldavia. The Convention was rendered void by the Crimean War (during which the Principalities fell under Austrian occupation), and the statutory system itself was annulled by the 1856 Treaty of Paris. References ^ Hitchins, pp. 335–336. Sources Keith Hitchins, Românii, 1774–1866, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition The Romanians, 1774–1866, Oxford University Press, USA, 1996).
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dzagoev
Alan Dzagoev
["1 Early and personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Akademiya Tolyatti","2.2 CSKA Moscow","2.3 Rubin Kazan","2.4 Lamia","3 International career","4 Style of play","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"]
Russian footballer (born 1990) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yelizbarovich and the family name is Dzagoev. Alan Dzagoev Dzagoev with CSKA Moscow in 2018Personal informationFull name Alan Yelizbarovich DzagoevDate of birth (1990-06-17) 17 June 1990 (age 34)Place of birth Beslan, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career1999–2005 Yunost Vladikavkaz2005–2006 Konoplyov football academySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2007 Krylia Sovetov-SOK 37 (6)2008–2022 CSKA Moscow 282 (55)2022–2023 Rubin Kazan 20 (3)2023 Lamia 2 (0)Total 341 (64)International career2007 Russia U-17 6 (4)2009–2013 Russia U-21 3 (1)2008–2018 Russia 59 (9) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Alan Yelizbarovich Dzagoev (Russian: Алан Елизбарович Дзагоев, pronounced ; Ossetian: Дзӕгъойты Елизбары фырт Алан; romanized as Dzagoyev; born 17 June 1990) is a Russian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. After joining Akademiya Tolyatti in 2006, he remained there for two seasons before transferring to CSKA Moscow. Following a successful debut season in the Russian Premier League, he won the award for Best Young Player in the league and made his way into the Russian national team. He is regarded as a star in his native North Ossetia. Dzagoev has won 3 Russian Premier League titles and 4 Russian Cups. A full international for Russia since 2008, he was the joint top scorer at UEFA Euro 2012 and also played at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup. Early and personal life Dzagoev (born Zagoshvili), the younger of two sons of Yelizbar (who is commonly referred to as Tariel) and Lyana, was born and raised in Beslan, North Ossetia–Alania, to which his family, ethnic Ossetians from Georgia, moved in 1989. He played football on the streets with his brother Gela right up to the second grade of elementary school, when their mother, a passionate football fan, brought them to the Terek Beslan youth team. In 2000, Dzagoev moved to Vladikavkaz to play for a local youth team, Yunost. As their team used to attend Alania Vladikavkaz matches, he became their fan. He describes Valery Gazzaev, an Ossetic footballing legend who later became his coach at CSKA Moscow, as his childhood hero, also stating that Evgeni Aldonin and Frank Lampard were role models for him. In July 2005, Dzagoev joined the Konoplyov football academy. In July 2012, Dzagoev married Zarema Abayeva, who is originally from North Ossetia-Alania's capital, Vladikavkaz. They have two children - Elana (born 2013) and Khetag (born 2016). Club career Akademiya Tolyatti From January 2006 to December 2007, Dzagoev played for Akademiya Tolyatti, formerly known as Krylia Sovetov-SOK, of the Russian Second Division. He made his professional debut on 29 April 2006 in a 1–2 home defeat against Tyumen. He appeared in 37 matches and scored six goals for the team. CSKA Moscow Dzagoev playing for CSKA in May 2011 Dzagoev signed for CSKA Moscow before the start of the 2008 Russian Premier League season. His first appearance was as a substitute in a match against Luch. A couple of games later, he appeared in the starting lineup in the home match against FC Khimki and managed to score a goal and two assists. He was also a starter when the team won the 2008 Russian Cup final. In the round 13 game against bitter rivals Spartak Moscow, Dzagoev made three assists, helping CSKA to secure a 5–1 victory and since then he has become an undisputed member of the first eleven. Dzagoev was also the man of the match when he scored two goals in a 1–3 away victory against UEFA Cup winners Zenit Saint Petersburg. At the end of the 2008 season, Dzagoev was chosen as Best Young Player of the Year by the Russian Football Union. In October 2008, it was reported that Real Madrid were interested in signing the player, but it was not confirmed. In the 2008 season Dzagoev played 29 matches and scored 13 goals. Dzagoev scored from a very tight angle during a Champions League match against Manchester United on 4 November 2009, which finished 3–3. In 2009 season he played 40 matches and scored 10 goals. On 2 December 2010, Dzagoev provided an assist for Sekou Oliseh and later added a cool finish as CSKA defeated Lausanne-Sports 5–1 in their penultimate group game, securing first place in Group F of the Europa League. In the final group game against Sparta Prague on 15 December, Dzagoev scored the opening goal as CSKA dropped their first points of their European campaign, succumbing to a 1–1 draw. On 24 September 2011, Dzagoev scored the winning goal of a 3–1 Premier League victory over Volga Nizhny Novgorod. Three days later, Dzagoev scored a 45th-minute goal against Internazionale and a later strike from Vágner Love put the hosts level, until a late goal from Mauro Zárate gave the Italians a 3–2 victory. Dzagoev provided the cross from which CSKA debutant Pontus Wernbloom netted the equalizer in their 1–1 draw against Real Madrid in their first leg Round of 16 clash on 21 February 2012. In the 2012–13 season CSKA won the Russian Premier League title and Dzagoev was considered by some to be the best left midfielder. In 2013/2014 season CSKA became the champion of Russian Premier League again and Dzagoev played 23 matches and scored 3 goals in all competitions. The 2015–16 season became one of the best in his career. On 21 May 2016 in the last match of Premier League with Rubin Dzagoev scored the winning goal and CSKA won another Russian Premier League title. In this season he played 43 matches, scores 8 goals and 11 assists in all club competitions. Dzagoev scored twice in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage, against Bayer Leverkusen and Tottenham Hotspur though the Moscow club exited Europe at this stage. Having been sidelined with injury for much of 2017–18, Dzagoev returned to the CSKA side as a substitute in a Champions League match with FC Basel, scoring the goal at St. Jakob-Park. On 21 June 2019, Dzagoev signed a new two-year contract with CSKA Moscow, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2021. On 1 July 2021, Dzagoev's contract with CSKA expired. At the end of the same month, the possibility of extending the contract until the end of the 2022–23 season was announced. In the 2021–22 season, Dzagoev appeared in 20 matches and recorded 3 assists, and CSKA itself was not going to win medals again. In May 2022, information appeared that, despite the current contract, Dzagoev would leave the club at the end of the season. Dzagoev soon denied these reports. On 20 May 2022, CSKA's official website confirmed the midfielder's departure at the end of the season. Rubin Kazan On 2 September 2022, Dzagoev signed a contract until the end of the season with recently-relegated to Russian First League club Rubin Kazan, reuniting with his former manager at CSKA, Leonid Slutsky. Lamia On 28 September 2023, after his contract with Rubin Kazan had expired, Dzagoev signed a one-year deal with Super League Greece club Lamia. On 21 November 2023, Dzagoev announced his retirement due to persistent injuries. International career Dzagoev with the Russia national football team in 2011 After a string of impressive performances at club level, Dzagoev was called up to Russia squad for a 2010 World Cup qualification match against Germany scheduled for 11 October 2008. He made his debut as a half-time substitute, at the age of 18 years and 116 days, thus becoming the youngest outfield player ever to compete for Russia, and second youngest overall after goalkeeper and CSKA teammate Igor Akinfeev. Dzagoev nearly earned the team a crucial away draw as he flicked the ball past Germany's goalkeeper René Adler, but hit the crossbar. After the game, Russia manager Guus Hiddink stated, "He's gelled into the team very well... Alan is a really clever player with the ability to make a killer pass and stretch the play. He proved that in Germany once again." Dzagoev himself, however, being unhappy with the defeat, labeled his debut "a flop." He scored his first international goal on 8 October 2010 in a 2–3 away victory over the Republic of Ireland in the qualifying round of UEFA Euro 2012. He was confirmed for the finalized squad for Euro 2012 on 25 May 2012. Dzagoev scored two goals in Russia's opening game of the Euro 2012 tournament against the Czech Republic on 8 June 2012, a 4–1 victory, in which he was named Man of the Match. Dzagoev added his third goal of the tournament in his side's second game against Poland, earning a 1–1 draw for his side. With three goals scored, he finished the tournament as joint-top scorer, alongside Cristiano Ronaldo, Fernando Torres, Mario Gómez, Mario Balotelli, and Mario Mandžukić. Dzagoev playing for Russia against Belgium, 2017 On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Dzagoev appeared as a substitute in all three of the team's matches as Russia were eliminated at the group stage. Dzagoev was included in Russia's squad for UEFA Euro 2016; however he withdrew due to injury on 22 May 2016. He was excluded from the nation's squad for the FIFA Confederations Cup exactly a year later, again with an injury. On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He featured in the opening match of the tournament against Saudi Arabia but was withdrawn through injury after just 24 minutes. He recovered from injury to come on as a substitute in extra time against Croatia in the quarterfinals. He took a free kick that went brilliantly on to the head of Mariò Fernandes that was Russia's 2–2 equalizer with 5 minutes left to play in extra time. Dzagoev converted his shot in the eventual penalty shoot-out, but Russia lost to Croatia in the end of it. Style of play Dzagoev in Russian colours, 2014 Dzagoev is a playmaker, who "enjoys playing behind the strikers". His main position is on the left side of midfield. However, he is versatile, having also played "on the right side of Russia's three-man attack" in their win over the Czech Republic at EURO 2012 in which Dzagoev scored two. In 2009, ESPN SoccerNet called Dzagoev "one of the hottest prospects on the continent", commenting that he is "quick, good in the air and with exceptional technical skills". He has been recognised as the finest in the country in his position, being declared the best left-midfielder in 2013. He was also named as Russia's "star man" by BBC Sport when they compiled their UEFA EURO 2012 team profiles. When CSKA manager Leonid Slutsky was asked of Dzagoev following a goal against Tottenham Hotspur in 2016, he opined: "it's obvious Alan Dzagoev is one of the top players in the Russian league", adding that it was "not surprising that scouts were watching him and it will not be surprising if he continues his career in one of the top British clubs". Shortly before the last round of international friendlies in the run-up to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, The Guardian branded Dzagoev as one of "three Russia players with the capacity to harm top-level opponents". Career statistics Club As of match played 29 October 2023 Club Season League National Cup Super Cup Europe Total Division Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Krylia Sovetov SOK 2006 Russian Second Division 12 1 0 1 0 0 — 13 1 0 2007 Russian Second Division 25 5 0 1 0 0 — 26 5 0 Total 37 6 0 2 0 0 — 39 6 0 CSKA Moscow 2008 Russian Premier League 20 8 10 3 2 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 29 13 10 2009 Russian Premier League 27 7 12 2 0 0 1 0 0 10 3 1 40 10 13 2010 Russian Premier League 24 6 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 2 4 36 8 10 2011–12 Russian Premier League 31 5 14 5 0 0 1 0 0 11 1 4 48 6 18 2012–13 Russian Premier League 24 7 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 30 7 10 2013–14 Russian Premier League 18 3 5 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 23 3 6 2014–15 Russian Premier League 21 5 6 4 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 28 7 8 2015–16 Russian Premier League 29 6 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 10 2 1 43 9 6 2016–17 Russian Premier League 15 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 18 5 6 2017–18 Russian Premier League 21 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 4 1 36 7 8 2018–19 Russian Premier League 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 11 0 0 2019–20 Russian Premier League 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 0 0 2020–21 Russian Premier League 15 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 22 2 3 2021–22 Russian Premier League 20 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 3 Total 282 55 86 32 5 3 5 0 1 78 17 11 397 77 101 Rubin Kazan 2022–23 Russian First League 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 3 0 Lamia 2023–24 Super League Greece 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Career total 341 64 86 34 5 3 5 0 1 78 17 11 458 86 101 International As of 7 July 2018 Dzagoev on international duty, facing Spain in 2017 National team Year Apps Goals Russia 2008 2 0 2009 3 0 2010 6 1 2011 6 3 2012 10 4 2013 2 0 2014 13 0 2015 6 1 2016 2 0 2017 3 0 2018 6 0 Total 59 9 International goals Scores and results list Russia's goal tally first. No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 8 October 2010 Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Republic of Ireland  Republic of Ireland 2–0 3–2 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 2. 7 October 2011 Štadión pod Dubňom, Žilina, Slovakia  Slovakia 1–0 1–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 3. 11 October 2011 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, Russia  Andorra 1–0 6–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 4. 4–0 5. 8 June 2012 Stadion Miejski, Wrocław, Poland  Czech Republic 1–0 4–1 UEFA Euro 2012 6. 3–1 7. 12 June 2012 Stadion Narodowy, Warsaw, Poland  Poland 1–0 1–1 UEFA Euro 2012 8. 15 August 2012 Lokomotiv Stadium, Moscow, Russia  Ivory Coast 1–0 1–1 Friendly 9. 8 September 2015 Rheinpark Stadion, Vaduz, Liechtenstein  Liechtenstein 6–0 7–0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Honours CSKA Moscow Russian Premier League: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16 Russian Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 Russian Super Cup: 2009, 2013, 2018 Rubin Kazan Russian First League: 2022–23 Individual In the list of 33 best football players of the championship of Russia: 2008 (No. 3 Central Midfielder), 2009 (No. 2 Central Midfielder), 2011/12 (No. 2 Central Midfielder), 2012/13 (No. 1 Left Midfielder), 2013/14 (No. 3 Central Midfielder), 2014/2015 (No. 3 Left Midfielder), 2015/2016 (No. 1 Left Midfielder) Russian Premier League Best Young Player: 2008 UEFA European Football Championship Top Goalscorer: 2012 Member of symbolic team of UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship: 2013 GQ Russia Men of The Year Awards - 2013 References ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players" (PDF). FIFA. 17 June 2018. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018. ^ a b Дзагоев красиво разбил "Депортиво" (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 25 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ Футболист Дзагоев Алан - биография (in Russian). Euro-football.ru. ^ Мой сын не зазвездится! (in Russian). Sovetsky Sport. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ a b Полузащитник ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев: "Надо прислушиваться к старшим" (in Russian). 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ "Our stars: Alan Dzagoyev". Konoplyov football academy site. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2009. ^ 22-летний хавбек ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев женился на 25-летней танцовщице из ансамбля "Алания" (in Russian). 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. ^ "У футболиста ЦСКА Алана Дзагоева родилась дочь". ТАСС. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "У Алана и Заремы Дзагоевых родился сын!". Alan Dzagoev. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "Profile at". Stats.sportbox.ru. 17 June 1990. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ "Alan Dzagoev Bio, Stats, News – Football / Soccer – - ESPN Soccernet". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 17 June 1990. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Алан Дзагоев признан главным открытием футбольной России (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ Man Utd 3–3 CSKA Moscow ^ "Report: CSKA Moscow v Lausanne Sports – UEFA Europa League – ESPN Soccernet". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "Sparta Prague 1–1 CSKA Moscow: Vaclav Kadlec Rescues Point For Czechs". Goal.com. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "Match: CSKA Moscow v Volga Nizhny Novgorod – Russian Premier League – ESPN Soccernet". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "UEFA Champions League 2011/12 – History – CSKA Moskva-Internazionale –". Uefa.com. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "UEFA Champions League 2011/12 – History – CSKA Moskva-Real Madrid –". Uefa.com. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ a b c "10 важнейших событий сезона для московского ЦСКА". Sports.ru. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "Футбол. Золотой гол Дзагоева – лучший в 30-м туре!". Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "Алан Дзагоев - 2015-2016 - Сезоны - Футбол - СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС". football.sport-express.ru. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "CSKA bounce back to draw at Leverkusen". uefa.com. Union of European Football Associations. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ a b "Slutsky unsurprised by apparent Premier League interest in Dzagoev". FourFourTwo. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ "Goncharenko thrilled by CSKA's resilience in comeback win". FourFourTwo. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ "Алан Дзагоев подписал новый контракт с ПФК ЦСКА". pfc-cska.com (in Russian). 21 June 2019. ^ "Дзагоев и Марио Фернандес уйдут из ЦСКА по окончании сезона". www.osnmedia.ru (in Russian). 17 May 2022. ^ "Alan Dzagoev left CSKA". westobserver.com. 20 May 2022. ^ "АЛАН ДЗАГОЕВ СТАЛ ИГРОКОМ "РУБИНА"" (in Russian). Rubin Kazan. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ "Έναρξη συνεργασίας με Alan Dzagoev" (in Greek). PAS Lamia. 28 September 2023. ^ "Dzagoev found a new club in Europe after the window closed. He had never played such a role before! - ePrimefeed". EPrimeFeed. 28 September 2023. ^ "Λύση συνεργασίας με Alan Dzagoev – Δήλωση του ποδοσφαιριστή" (in Greek). PAS Lamia. 21 November 2023. ^ Хиддинк вызвал в сборную Прудникова и Дзагоева (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ Mark Lomas 1 (18 May 2012). "Euro 2012: Window shopping | Live football and soccer news". ESPNFC.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b c Carter, Jon (7 January 2009). "Youngsters out to impress in 2009". ESPNsoccernet. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ Сборная России проиграла Германии в отборочном матче ЧМ-2010 (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 12 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ a b Если бы не стойка (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2009. ^ "UEFA EURO – Republic of Ireland-Russia –". Uefa.com. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ "Advocaat announced the finalized Euro Squad" (in Russian). 25 May 2012. ^ Holyman, Ian (8 June 2012). "Dzagoev double helps Russia to flying start". Unions of Football Associations. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ "Russia 4 Czech Republic 1". BBC Sport. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ^ van Poortvliet, Richard (9 June 2012). "Dzagoev hits ground running for Russia". uefa.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ Corder, Mike. "Dzagoev scores his 3rd goal as Russia draws with Poland". Calgaryherald.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "Euro 2012: Poland 1–1 Russia – Two points dropped for deflated Russia – Vladimir Semenets – Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ Состав национальной сборной России на ЧМ-2014 (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 2 June 2014. ^ "Dzagoev out of Russia squad for Euro 2016". FourFourTwo. 22 May 2016. ^ "Russia loses injured Dzagoev, Fernandes ahead of Confed Cup". USA Today. 22 May 2017. ^ "Расширенный состав для подготовки к Чемпионату мира" (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 11 May 2018. ^ Заявка сборной России на Чемпионат мира FIFA 2018 (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 3 June 2018. ^ "Russia's Alan Dzagoev likely to miss rest of World Cup - club doctor". ESPN. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018. ^ "Russia - Croatia quarterfinal report". FIFA. 7 July 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. ^ "Dzagoev and Pilař share Index spoils". uefa.com. Union of European Football Associations. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ "Euro 2012: Russia team profile". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ Ames, Nick; Doyle, Paul (22 March 2018). "International football: 10 things to look out for in this round of friendlies". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ a b Alan Dzagoev at Soccerway ^ Alan Dzagoev at Russian Premier League ^ a b "Alan Dzagoyev". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 14 October 2016. ^ "2018 Russian Super Cup game report" (in Russian). Russian Premier League. 27 July 2018. ^ "Футболист Дзагоев вошел в символическую сборную молодежного Евро". rsport.ru. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "Победители премии "GQ Человек года 2013"". www.gq.ru. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alan Dzagoev. Wikiquote has quotations related to Alan Dzagoev. Alan Dzagoev – UEFA competition record (archive)  Profile at CSKA Moscow site cskainfo.com profile vteUEFA European Championship top scorers 1960: Galić, Heutte, Ivanov, Jerković & Ponedelnik 1964: Bene, Novák & Pereda 1968: Džajić 1972: G. Müller 1976: D. Müller 1980: Allofs 1984: Platini 1988: Van Basten 1992: Bergkamp, Brolin, Larsen & Riedle 1996: Shearer 2000: Kluivert & Milošević 2004: Baroš 2008: Villa 2012: Balotelli, Dzagoev, Gómez, Mandžukić, Ronaldo & Torres* 2016: Griezmann 2020: Ronaldo* & Schick * – Golden Boot award winner (when goals scored are tied) Russia squads vteRussia squad – UEFA Euro 2012 1 Akinfeev 2 Anyukov 3 Sharonov 4 Ignashevich 5 Zhirkov 6 Shirokov 7 Denisov 8 Zyryanov 9 Izmailov 10 Arshavin (c) 11 Kerzhakov 12 A. Berezutski 13 Shunin 14 Pavlyuchenko 15 Kombarov 16 Malafeev 17 Dzagoev 18 Kokorin 19 Granat 20 Pogrebnyak 21 Nababkin 22 Glushakov 23 Semshov Coach: Advocaat vteRussia squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Akinfeev 2 Kozlov 3 Shchennikov 4 Ignashevich 5 Semyonov 6 Kanunnikov 7 Denisov 8 Glushakov 9 Kokorin 10 Dzagoev 11 Kerzhakov 12 Lodygin 13 Granat 14 V. Berezutski (c) 15 Mogilevets 16 Ryzhikov 17 Shatov 18 Zhirkov 19 Samedov 20 Fayzulin 21 Ionov 22 Yeshchenko 23 Kombarov Coach: Capello vteRussia squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Akinfeev (c) 2 Fernandes 3 Kutepov 4 Ignashevich 5 Semyonov 6 Cheryshev 7 Kuzyayev 8 Gazinsky 9 Dzagoev 10 Smolov 11 Zobnin 12 Lunyov 13 Kudryashov 14 Granat 15 Al. Miranchuk 16 An. Miranchuk 17 Golovin 18 Zhirkov 19 Samedov 20 Gabulov 21 Yerokhin 22 Dzyuba 23 Smolnikov Coach: Cherchesov
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[ɐˈlan jɪlʲɪˈzbarəvʲɪdʑ dzɐˈgo(j)ɪf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Akademiya Tolyatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Akademiya_Tolyatti"},{"link_name":"debut season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League_2008"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp25.10.08-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Cups.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yelizbarovich and the family name is Dzagoev.Alan Yelizbarovich Dzagoev (Russian: Алан Елизбарович Дзагоев, pronounced [ɐˈlan jɪlʲɪˈzbarəvʲɪdʑ dzɐˈgo(j)ɪf]; Ossetian: Дзӕгъойты Елизбары фырт Алан; romanized as Dzagoyev; born 17 June 1990) is a Russian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.After joining Akademiya Tolyatti in 2006, he remained there for two seasons before transferring to CSKA Moscow. Following a successful debut season in the Russian Premier League, he won the award for Best Young Player in the league and made his way into the Russian national team. He is regarded as a star in his native North Ossetia.[2]Dzagoev has won 3 Russian Premier League titles and 4 Russian Cups.A full international for Russia since 2008, he was the joint top scorer at UEFA Euro 2012 and also played at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup.","title":"Alan Dzagoev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia–Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"Ossetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp25.10.08-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gela_Dzagoyev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview30.09.08-5"},{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Alania Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Alania_Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Valery Gazzaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gazzaev"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Evgeni Aldonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeni_Aldonin"},{"link_name":"Frank Lampard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lampard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview30.09.08-5"},{"link_name":"Konoplyov football academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoplyov_football_academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-td120709-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Dzagoev (born Zagoshvili[3]), the younger of two sons of Yelizbar (who is commonly referred to as Tariel) and Lyana, was born and raised in Beslan, North Ossetia–Alania, to which his family, ethnic Ossetians from Georgia,[2] moved in 1989.[4] He played football on the streets with his brother Gela right up to the second grade of elementary school, when their mother, a passionate football fan, brought them to the Terek Beslan youth team.[5]In 2000, Dzagoev moved to Vladikavkaz to play for a local youth team, Yunost. As their team used to attend Alania Vladikavkaz matches, he became their fan. He describes Valery Gazzaev, an Ossetic footballing legend who later became his coach at CSKA Moscow, as his childhood hero, also stating that Evgeni Aldonin and Frank Lampard were role models for him.[5]In July 2005, Dzagoev joined the Konoplyov football academy.[6]In July 2012, Dzagoev married Zarema Abayeva, who is originally from North Ossetia-Alania's capital, Vladikavkaz.[7] They have two children - Elana (born 2013) and Khetag (born 2016).[8][9]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akademiya Tolyatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Akademiya_Tolyatti"},{"link_name":"Krylia Sovetov-SOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Akademiya_Tolyatti"},{"link_name":"Russian Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Tyumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tyumen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Akademiya Tolyatti","text":"From January 2006 to December 2007, Dzagoev played for Akademiya Tolyatti, formerly known as Krylia Sovetov-SOK, of the Russian Second Division. He made his professional debut on 29 April 2006 in a 1–2 home defeat against Tyumen.[10] He appeared in 37 matches and scored six goals for the team.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Dzagoev_6588.jpg"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"2008 Russian Premier League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League_2008"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Luch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch-Energiya_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"FC Khimki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Khimki"},{"link_name":"2008 Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Zenit Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sekou Oliseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekou_Oliseh"},{"link_name":"Lausanne-Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lausanne-Sport"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sparta Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-12_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Volga Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Internazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"Vágner Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1gner_Love"},{"link_name":"Mauro Zárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Z%C3%A1rate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pontus Wernbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Wernbloom"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"left midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_midfielder"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_LM-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Bayer Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tottenham-23"},{"link_name":"FC Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"St. Jakob-Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jakob-Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"CSKA Moscow","text":"Dzagoev playing for CSKA in May 2011Dzagoev signed for CSKA Moscow before the start of the 2008 Russian Premier League season.[11] His first appearance was as a substitute in a match against Luch. A couple of games later, he appeared in the starting lineup in the home match against FC Khimki and managed to score a goal and two assists. He was also a starter when the team won the 2008 Russian Cup final. In the round 13 game against bitter rivals Spartak Moscow, Dzagoev made three assists, helping CSKA to secure a 5–1 victory and since then he has become an undisputed member of the first eleven. Dzagoev was also the man of the match when he scored two goals in a 1–3 away victory against UEFA Cup winners Zenit Saint Petersburg.[citation needed]At the end of the 2008 season, Dzagoev was chosen as Best Young Player of the Year by the Russian Football Union.[12]In October 2008, it was reported that Real Madrid were interested in signing the player, but it was not confirmed. In the 2008 season Dzagoev played 29 matches and scored 13 goals.[citation needed]Dzagoev scored from a very tight angle during a Champions League match against Manchester United on 4 November 2009, which finished 3–3.[13] In 2009 season he played 40 matches and scored 10 goals.[citation needed]On 2 December 2010, Dzagoev provided an assist for Sekou Oliseh and later added a cool finish as CSKA defeated Lausanne-Sports 5–1 in their penultimate group game, securing first place in Group F of the Europa League.[14] In the final group game against Sparta Prague on 15 December, Dzagoev scored the opening goal as CSKA dropped their first points of their European campaign, succumbing to a 1–1 draw.[15]On 24 September 2011, Dzagoev scored the winning goal of a 3–1 Premier League victory over Volga Nizhny Novgorod.[16] Three days later, Dzagoev scored a 45th-minute goal against Internazionale and a later strike from Vágner Love put the hosts level, until a late goal from Mauro Zárate gave the Italians a 3–2 victory.[17] Dzagoev provided the cross from which CSKA debutant Pontus Wernbloom netted the equalizer in their 1–1 draw against Real Madrid in their first leg Round of 16 clash on 21 February 2012.[18] In the 2012–13 season CSKA won the Russian Premier League title and Dzagoev was considered by some to be the best left midfielder.[19] In 2013/2014 season CSKA became the champion of Russian Premier League again and Dzagoev played 23 matches and scored 3 goals in all competitions.[citation needed]The 2015–16 season became one of the best in his career. On 21 May 2016 in the last match of Premier League with Rubin Dzagoev scored the winning goal and CSKA won another Russian Premier League title.[20] In this season he played 43 matches, scores 8 goals and 11 assists in all club competitions.[21]Dzagoev scored twice in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage, against Bayer Leverkusen[22] and Tottenham Hotspur though the Moscow club exited Europe at this stage.[23]Having been sidelined with injury for much of 2017–18, Dzagoev returned to the CSKA side as a substitute in a Champions League match with FC Basel, scoring the goal at St. Jakob-Park.[24]On 21 June 2019, Dzagoev signed a new two-year contract with CSKA Moscow, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2021.[25]On 1 July 2021, Dzagoev's contract with CSKA expired. At the end of the same month, the possibility of extending the contract until the end of the 2022–23 season was announced.In the 2021–22 season, Dzagoev appeared in 20 matches and recorded 3 assists, and CSKA itself was not going to win medals again.In May 2022, information appeared that, despite the current contract, Dzagoev would leave the club at the end of the season. Dzagoev soon denied these reports.[26]On 20 May 2022, CSKA's official website confirmed the midfielder's departure at the end of the season.[27]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recently-relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_FC_Rubin_Kazan_season"},{"link_name":"Russian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Leonid Slutsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Rubin Kazan","text":"On 2 September 2022, Dzagoev signed a contract until the end of the season with recently-relegated to Russian First League club Rubin Kazan, reuniting with his former manager at CSKA, Leonid Slutsky.[28]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAS_Lamia_1964"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Lamia","text":"On 28 September 2023, after his contract with Rubin Kazan had expired, Dzagoev signed a one-year deal with Super League Greece club Lamia.[29][30] On 21 November 2023, Dzagoev announced his retirement due to persistent injuries.[31]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Dzagoev_2011_Russia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Igor Akinfeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Akinfeev"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccernet-34"},{"link_name":"René Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Adler"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Guus Hiddink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Hiddink"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rg15.10.08-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rg15.10.08-36"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying_Group_B"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_squads#Russia"},{"link_name":"Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Man of the Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_Match"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOTM-41"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Fernando Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Torres"},{"link_name":"Mario Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"Mario Balotelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Balotelli"},{"link_name":"Mario Mandžukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_RUS_v_BEL_exhibition_-_Alan_Dzagoev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_squads#Russia"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_H"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_squads#Russia"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup_squads#Russia"},{"link_name":"FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"year later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mariò Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Fernandes_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Dzagoev with the Russia national football team in 2011After a string of impressive performances at club level, Dzagoev was called up to Russia squad for a 2010 World Cup qualification match against Germany scheduled for 11 October 2008.[32] He made his debut as a half-time substitute, at the age of 18 years and 116 days,[33] thus becoming the youngest outfield player ever to compete for Russia, and second youngest overall after goalkeeper and CSKA teammate Igor Akinfeev.[34] Dzagoev nearly earned the team a crucial away draw as he flicked the ball past Germany's goalkeeper René Adler, but hit the crossbar.[35]After the game, Russia manager Guus Hiddink stated, \"He's gelled into the team very well... Alan is a really clever player with the ability to make a killer pass and stretch the play. He proved that in Germany once again.\"[36] Dzagoev himself, however, being unhappy with the defeat, labeled his debut \"a flop.\"[36]He scored his first international goal on 8 October 2010 in a 2–3 away victory over the Republic of Ireland in the qualifying round of UEFA Euro 2012.[37]\nHe was confirmed for the finalized squad for Euro 2012 on 25 May 2012.[38] Dzagoev scored two goals in Russia's opening game of the Euro 2012 tournament against the Czech Republic on 8 June 2012, a 4–1 victory,[39][40] in which he was named Man of the Match.[41] Dzagoev added his third goal of the tournament in his side's second game against Poland,[42] earning a 1–1 draw for his side.[43] With three goals scored, he finished the tournament as joint-top scorer, alongside Cristiano Ronaldo, Fernando Torres, Mario Gómez, Mario Balotelli, and Mario Mandžukić.[citation needed]Dzagoev playing for Russia against Belgium, 2017On 2 June 2014, he was included in Russia's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup .[44] Dzagoev appeared as a substitute in all three of the team's matches as Russia were eliminated at the group stage.[citation needed]Dzagoev was included in Russia's squad for UEFA Euro 2016; however he withdrew due to injury on 22 May 2016.[45] He was excluded from the nation's squad for the FIFA Confederations Cup exactly a year later, again with an injury.[46]On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad.[47] On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad.[48] He featured in the opening match of the tournament against Saudi Arabia but was withdrawn through injury after just 24 minutes.[49] He recovered from injury to come on as a substitute in extra time against Croatia in the quarterfinals. He took a free kick that went brilliantly on to the head of Mariò Fernandes that was Russia's 2–2 equalizer with 5 minutes left to play in extra time. Dzagoev converted his shot in the eventual penalty shoot-out, but Russia lost to Croatia in the end of it.[50]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Moldova_(14).jpg"},{"link_name":"playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccernet-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_LM-19"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"ESPN SoccerNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_FC"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccernet-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_LM-19"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Leonid Slutsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tottenham-23"},{"link_name":"friendlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Dzagoev in Russian colours, 2014Dzagoev is a playmaker, who \"enjoys playing behind the strikers\".[34] His main position is on the left side of midfield.[19] However, he is versatile, having also played \"on the right side of Russia's three-man attack\" in their win over the Czech Republic at EURO 2012 in which Dzagoev scored two.[51]In 2009, ESPN SoccerNet called Dzagoev \"one of the hottest prospects on the continent\", commenting that he is \"quick, good in the air and with exceptional technical skills\".[34] He has been recognised as the finest in the country in his position, being declared the best left-midfielder in 2013.[19] He was also named as Russia's \"star man\" by BBC Sport when they compiled their UEFA EURO 2012 team profiles.[52] When CSKA manager Leonid Slutsky was asked of Dzagoev following a goal against Tottenham Hotspur in 2016, he opined: \"it's obvious Alan Dzagoev is one of the top players in the Russian league\", adding that it was \"not surprising that scouts were watching him and it will not be surprising if he continues his career in one of the top British clubs\".[23] Shortly before the last round of international friendlies in the run-up to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, The Guardian branded Dzagoev as one of \"three Russia players with the capacity to harm top-level opponents\".[53]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 29 October 2023[54][55]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia-Spain_2017_(14).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-56"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of 7 July 2018[54][56]Dzagoev on international duty, facing Spain in 2017International goalsScores and results list Russia's goal tally first.[56]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Russian_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Russian_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Russian_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Russian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Russian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_First_League"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Russian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Football Championship Top Goalscorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"CSKA MoscowRussian Premier League: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16\nRussian Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13\nRussian Super Cup: 2009, 2013, 2018[57]Rubin KazanRussian First League: 2022–23IndividualIn the list of 33 best football players of the championship of Russia: 2008 (No. 3 Central Midfielder), 2009 (No. 2 Central Midfielder), 2011/12 (No. 2 Central Midfielder), 2012/13 (No. 1 Left Midfielder), 2013/14 (No. 3 Central Midfielder), 2014/2015 (No. 3 Left Midfielder), 2015/2016 (No. 1 Left Midfielder)\nRussian Premier League Best Young Player: 2008\nUEFA European Football Championship Top Goalscorer: 2012\nMember of symbolic team of UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship: 2013[58]\nGQ Russia Men of The Year Awards - 2013[59]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Dzagoev playing for CSKA in May 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Dzagoev_6588.jpg/170px-Alan_Dzagoev_6588.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dzagoev with the Russia national football team in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alan_Dzagoev_2011_Russia.jpg/170px-Alan_Dzagoev_2011_Russia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dzagoev playing for Russia against Belgium, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2017_RUS_v_BEL_exhibition_-_Alan_Dzagoev.jpg/170px-2017_RUS_v_BEL_exhibition_-_Alan_Dzagoev.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dzagoev in Russian colours, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Russia-Moldova_%2814%29.jpg/170px-Russia-Moldova_%2814%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dzagoev on international duty, facing Spain in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Russia-Spain_2017_%2814%29.jpg/220px-Russia-Spain_2017_%2814%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players\" (PDF). FIFA. 17 June 2018. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206135930/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"\"2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players\""},{"url":"https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Дзагоев красиво разбил \"Депортиво\" (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 25 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kp.ru/daily/24187/395162/","url_text":"Дзагоев красиво разбил \"Депортиво\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda","url_text":"Komsomolskaya Pravda"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004115333/http://www.kp.ru/daily/24187/395162/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Футболист Дзагоев Алан - биография (in Russian). Euro-football.ru.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euro-football.ru/person/Dzagoev_Alan","url_text":"Футболист Дзагоев Алан - биография"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro-football.ru&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Euro-football.ru"}]},{"reference":"Мой сын не зазвездится! (in Russian). Sovetsky Sport. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091011031444/http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/310170","url_text":"Мой сын не зазвездится!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsky_Sport","url_text":"Sovetsky Sport"},{"url":"http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/article-item/310170","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Полузащитник ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев: \"Надо прислушиваться к старшим\" (in Russian). 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004090914/http://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/poluzaschitnik-tsska-alan-dzagoev-c-abnado-prislushivatsya-k-starshim-c-bb-21308","url_text":"Полузащитник ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев: \"Надо прислушиваться к старшим\""},{"url":"http://sportsdaily.ru/articles/poluzaschitnik-tsska-alan-dzagoev-c-abnado-prislushivatsya-k-starshim-c-bb-21308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our stars: Alan Dzagoyev\". Konoplyov football academy site. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225152348/http://afbk.ru/stars/Alan_Dzagoev/","url_text":"\"Our stars: Alan Dzagoyev\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoplyov_football_academy","url_text":"Konoplyov football academy"},{"url":"http://www.afbk.ru/stars/Alan_Dzagoev/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"22-летний хавбек ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев женился на 25-летней танцовщице из ансамбля \"Алания\" [22-year-old midfielder Alan Dzagoev CSKA married 25-year-old dancer from the group \"Alania\"] (in Russian). 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231958/http://tden.ru/articles/show/22284","url_text":"22-летний хавбек ЦСКА Алан Дзагоев женился на 25-летней танцовщице из ансамбля \"Алания\""},{"url":"http://tden.ru/articles/show/22284","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"У футболиста ЦСКА Алана Дзагоева родилась дочь\". ТАСС. Retrieved 18 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tass.ru/sport/533509","url_text":"\"У футболиста ЦСКА Алана Дзагоева родилась дочь\""}]},{"reference":"\"У Алана и Заремы Дзагоевых родился сын!\". Alan Dzagoev. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://alan-dzagoev.com/2016/04/23/%d1%83-%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%b4%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%85-%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bb%d1%81%d1%8f-%d1%81%d1%8b%d0%bd/","url_text":"\"У Алана и Заремы Дзагоевых родился сын!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile at\". Stats.sportbox.ru. 17 June 1990. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716233911/http://stats.sportbox.ru/player.php?sp=fb&turnir=23&club=1146248567&player=1146301088","url_text":"\"Profile at\""},{"url":"http://stats.sportbox.ru/player.php?sp=fb&turnir=23&club=1146248567&player=1146301088","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Dzagoev Bio, Stats, News – Football / Soccer – - ESPN Soccernet\". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 17 June 1990. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610214249/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/117351/alan-dzagoev?cc=5901","url_text":"\"Alan Dzagoev Bio, Stats, News – Football / Soccer – - ESPN Soccernet\""},{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/117351/alan-dzagoev?cc=5901","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Алан Дзагоев признан главным открытием футбольной России (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.rian.ru/sport/20081216/157376975.html","url_text":"Алан Дзагоев признан главным открытием футбольной России"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIA_Novosti","url_text":"RIA Novosti"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: CSKA Moscow v Lausanne Sports – UEFA Europa League – ESPN Soccernet\". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=307708&cc=5901","url_text":"\"Report: CSKA Moscow v Lausanne Sports – UEFA Europa League – ESPN Soccernet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sparta Prague 1–1 CSKA Moscow: Vaclav Kadlec Rescues Point For Czechs\". Goal.com. 15 December 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshad_Ahmad
Shamshad Ahmad
["1 Education","2 Diplomatic career","3 Foreign secretary","4 Pakistan ambassador to UN","5 Books","6 References"]
Pakistani diplomat and former Foreign Secretary Shamshad AhmadPermanent Representative of Pakistan to the United NationsIn officeFebruary 2000 – May 2002Preceded byInam-ul-HaqSucceeded byMunir AkramForeign Secretary of PakistanIn office25 February 1997 – 17 February 2000Preceded byNajmuddin ShaikhSucceeded byInam-ul-Haq Personal detailsBorn (1941-12-10) 10 December 1941 (age 82)Alma materGovernment College Lahore Shamshad Ahmad (Urdu: شمشاد احمد) (born 10 December 1941) is a veteran Pakistani diplomat, international relations expert and an author who served in BPS-22 grade as the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan from 1997 to 2000. He also served as the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations between 2000 till 2002. Shamshad Ahmad also was the Pakistan's ambassador to South Korea and Iran. He currently writes a weekly column for English daily The News International (newspaper). Before that, he was a regular contributor to The Nation (Pakistan) (newspaper). He also writes occasionally for the Dawn (newspaper) and The Express Tribune (newspaper) – all of them Pakistani newspapers. Education Shamshad Ahmad did his master's degree in Political Science and B.A (Hons) from Government College Lahore before joining Foreign Service of Pakistan in 1965. Diplomatic career His diplomatic career includes various posts at the capital of Pakistan, in Islamabad at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in Pakistani missions abroad. He served as Ambassador to South Korea (1987–1990) and Iran (1990–1992), as Secretary-General, Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) (1992–1996), Pakistan's Foreign Secretary (1997–2000), and as Pakistan's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN (2000–2002). As Secretary-General of ECO, a regional cooperation organization headquartered in Tehran, he steered its expansion in 1992 from a trilateral entity (Iran, Pakistan and Turkey) into a 10-member regional organization with the induction of seven new members, namely, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, giving it a new global dimension and fresh regional framework and common socio-economic development strategy. Foreign secretary As Pakistan's Foreign Secretary, he managed and executed his country's foreign policy during an extraordinary period of its history that saw the resumption of India-Pakistan peace process, overt nuclearization of first India and then Pakistan, the Kargil War and the October 12, 1999 military coup in Pakistan. Foreign Secretary, Shamshad Ahmad was the one who had announced the last nuclear test (Pakistan's 6th one compared to India's 5 nuclear tests) in a defiant, nationally televised speech on 30 May 1998 stating that the world powers had ignored the long-simmering conflict between India and Pakistan until these nuclear explosions by both countries only because it raised the possibility of a nuclear war back into the global agenda and focus. He also stated that no radiation escaped into the atmosphere but refused to share technical data about the explosion. Speaking after the nuclear tests, Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmad told reporters that it was not Pakistan's purpose to enter into an arms race with India and that Pakistan was forced to develop its nuclear capability only in self-defense and only to restore the strategic balance with India after their nuclear tests earlier. Earlier, he signed the June 23, 1997 agreement in Islamabad with his Indian counterpart Salman Haider on resumption of India-Pakistan peace process which is today the basis of the ongoing "composite dialogue" between the two countries. In the aftermath of India-Pakistan nuclear tests in May 1998, he played a key role in promoting mutual "restraint and responsibility" between India and Pakistan, and on the occasion of the Lahore Summit, signed a memorandum of understanding with his Indian counterpart on February 21, 1999, laying down a framework of mutual "nuclear risk reduction" and other confidence-building measures aimed at preventing the risk of nuclear conflict and unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons. Shamshad Ahmad also held eight rounds of talks with his US counterpart Strobe Talbott from May 1998 to February 1999 on issues of peace and security in South Asia, including nuclear and strategic stability stabilization measures. Pakistan ambassador to UN During his tenure as Ambassador to the United Nations, he co-chaired together with Ambassador of New Zealand UN General Assembly's Working Group on Conflict Resolution and Sustainable Development in Africa, and also served as Senior Consultant to the UN on economic and social matters (2002–2003) with particular focus on sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Ambassador Shamshad Ahmad also co-chaired, together with Ambassador Ruth Jacoby of Sweden, the International Conference on Financing for Development held in Monterrey (Mexico) on 18–22 March 2002. Books Dreams Unfulfilled by Shamshad Ahmad, published by Jahangir Books Pakistan and World Affairs by Shamshad Ahmad, published in 2014 by Jahangir Books Pakistan's Foreign Policy Dilemma: A perennial Quest for Survival by Shamshad Ahmad, published in January 2020 References ^ a b c Former Foreign Secretaries' list on Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan website Retrieved 31 October 2022 ^ a b c d e politics: An insider's account (profile and book review of Shamshad Ahmad) Dawn (newspaper), Published 6 September 2009, Retrieved 15 March 2018 ^ Profile of Shamshad Ahmad Google Books website ^ a b c Taliban to receive ultimatum The Washington Times (newspaper), Published 17 September 2001, Retrieved 16 March 2018 ^ a b c Profile of Ambassador Shamshad Ahmad Khan Institute of Policy Studies website, Published 11 December 2009, Retrieved 31 October 2022 ^ John Ward Anderson and Kamran Khan (31 May 1998). "Pakistan Again Explodes Bomb". The Washington Post (newspaper). Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ John Kifner (31 May 1998). "NUCLEAR ANXIETY: THE OVERVIEW; PAKISTAN SETS OFF ATOM TEST AGAIN, BUT URGES 'PEACE'". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2018. ^ The Nuclear Subcontinent: Bringing Stability to South Asia Foreign Affairs (magazine), Published July 1999, Retrieved 16 March 2018 ^ Shamshad Ahmad's book 'Dreams Unfulfilled' on goodreads.com website Retrieved 15 March 2018 ^ Shamshad Ahmad's book 'Pakistan and World Affairs' on goodreads.com website Retrieved 15 March 2018 Diplomatic posts Preceded byNajmuddin Shaikh Foreign Secretary of Pakistan 1997–2000 Succeeded byInam-ul-Haq Preceded byInam-ul-Haq Pakistan Ambassador to the United Nations 2000–2002 Succeeded byMunir Akram vteForeign Secretaries of Pakistan Mohammed Ikramullah (1947-1951) Mirza Osman Ali Baig (1951-1952) Akhter Husain (1952-1953) J.A. Rahim (1953-1955) Sikandar Ali Baig (1955-1959) Mohammed Ikramullah (1959-1961) S.K. Dehlavi (1961-1963) Aziz Ahmed (1963-1966) S.M. Yusuf (1966-1970) Sultan Mohammed Khan (1970-1972) Iftikhar Ali (1972-1973) Mumtaz Ali Alvie (1973) Agha Shahi (1973-1977) Sardar Shah Nawaz (1977-1980) Riaz Piracha (1980-1982) Niaz A. Naik (1982-1986) Abdul Sattar (1986-1988) Humayun Khan (1988-1989) Tanvir Ahmad Khan (1989-1990) Shahryar Khan (1990-1994) Najmuddin Shaikh (1994-1997) Shamshad Ahmad (1997-2000) Inam-ul-Haq (2000-2002) Riaz Khokhar (2002-2005) Riaz Mohammad Khan (2005-2008) Salman Bashir (2008-2012) Jalil Abbas Jilani (2012-2013) Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry (2013-2017) Tehmina Janjua (2017-2019) Sohail Mahmood (2019-2022) Asad Majeed Khan (2022-2023) Syrus Sajjad Qazi (2023-present) vtePermanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations Syed Itaat Husain (1948–1951) Patras Bokhari (1951–1954) Prince Aly Khan (1958–1960) Muhammad Zafrullah Khan (1961–1964) Syed Amjad Ali (1964–1967) Agha Shahi (1967–1972) Iqbal Akhund (1972) Niaz A. Naik (1978–1982) Sardar Shah Nawaz (1982–1989) Jamsheed Marker (1990–1995) Ahmad Kamal (1995–1999) Inam-ul-Haq (1999–2000) Shamshad Ahmad (2000–2002) Munir Akram (2002–2008) Hussain Haroon (2008–2012) Masood Khan (2012–2015) Maleeha Lodhi (2015–2019) Munir Akram (2019–2023) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"international relations expert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_affairs"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"BPS-22 grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_22"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mofa-1"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WT-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"},{"link_name":"The News International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_International"},{"link_name":"The Nation (Pakistan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Dawn (newspaper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Express Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Express_Tribune"}],"text":"Shamshad Ahmad (Urdu: شمشاد احمد) (born 10 December 1941)[3] is a veteran Pakistani diplomat, international relations expert and an author who served in BPS-22 grade as the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan from 1997 to 2000.[1] He also served as the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations between 2000 till 2002. Shamshad Ahmad also was the Pakistan's ambassador to South Korea and Iran.[4][2]He currently writes a weekly column for English daily The News International (newspaper). Before that, he was a regular contributor to The Nation (Pakistan) (newspaper). He also writes occasionally for the Dawn (newspaper) and The Express Tribune (newspaper) – all of them Pakistani newspapers.","title":"Shamshad Ahmad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government College Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Foreign Service of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Service_of_Pakistan"}],"text":"Shamshad Ahmad did his master's degree in Political Science and B.A (Hons) from Government College Lahore before joining Foreign Service of Pakistan in 1965.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Economic Cooperation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Pakistan's Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPS-5"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPS-5"}],"text":"His diplomatic career includes various posts at the capital of Pakistan, in Islamabad at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in Pakistani missions abroad. He served as Ambassador to South Korea (1987–1990) and Iran (1990–1992), as Secretary-General, Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) (1992–1996), Pakistan's Foreign Secretary (1997–2000), and as Pakistan's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN (2000–2002).[4][5]As Secretary-General of ECO, a regional cooperation organization headquartered in Tehran, he steered its expansion in 1992 from a trilateral entity (Iran, Pakistan and Turkey) into a 10-member regional organization with the induction of seven new members, namely, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, giving it a new global dimension and fresh regional framework and common socio-economic development strategy.[5]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India-Pakistan peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_relations"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Kargil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War"},{"link_name":"October 12, 1999 military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPOST-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Salman Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Haider"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPS-5"},{"link_name":"Lahore Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Declaration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"},{"link_name":"Strobe Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_Talbott"},{"link_name":"strategic stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_stability"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As Pakistan's Foreign Secretary, he managed and executed his country's foreign policy during an extraordinary period of its history that saw the resumption of India-Pakistan peace process, overt nuclearization of first India and then Pakistan, the Kargil War and the October 12, 1999 military coup in Pakistan. Foreign Secretary, Shamshad Ahmad was the one who had \nannounced the last nuclear test (Pakistan's 6th one compared to India's 5 nuclear tests) in a defiant, nationally televised speech on 30 May 1998 stating that the world powers had ignored the long-simmering conflict between India and Pakistan until these nuclear explosions by both countries only because it raised the possibility of a nuclear war back into the global agenda and focus. He also stated that no radiation escaped into the atmosphere but refused to share technical data about the explosion.[6] Speaking after the nuclear tests, Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmad told reporters that it was not Pakistan's purpose to enter into an arms race with India and that Pakistan was forced to develop its nuclear capability only in self-defense and only to restore the strategic balance with India after their nuclear tests earlier.[7]Earlier, he signed the June 23, 1997 agreement in Islamabad with his Indian counterpart Salman Haider on resumption of India-Pakistan peace process which is today the basis of the ongoing \"composite dialogue\" between the two countries.[2][5]In the aftermath of India-Pakistan nuclear tests in May 1998, he played a key role in promoting mutual \"restraint and responsibility\" between India and Pakistan, and on the occasion of the Lahore Summit, signed a memorandum of understanding with his Indian counterpart on February 21, 1999, laying down a framework of mutual \"nuclear risk reduction\" and other confidence-building measures aimed at preventing the risk of nuclear conflict and unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons.[2]Shamshad Ahmad also held eight rounds of talks with his US counterpart Strobe Talbott from May 1998 to February 1999 on issues of peace and security in South Asia, including nuclear and strategic stability stabilization measures.[8]","title":"Foreign secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WT-4"}],"text":"During his tenure as Ambassador to the United Nations, he co-chaired together with Ambassador of New Zealand UN General Assembly's Working Group on Conflict Resolution and Sustainable Development in Africa, and also served as Senior Consultant to the UN on economic and social matters (2002–2003) with particular focus on sustainable development and poverty alleviation.[4]\nAmbassador Shamshad Ahmad also co-chaired, together with Ambassador Ruth Jacoby of Sweden, the International Conference on Financing for Development held in Monterrey (Mexico) on 18–22 March 2002.","title":"Pakistan ambassador to UN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Dreams Unfulfilled by Shamshad Ahmad, published by Jahangir Books[9][2]\nPakistan and World Affairs by Shamshad Ahmad, published in 2014 by Jahangir Books[10]\nPakistan's Foreign Policy Dilemma: A perennial Quest for Survival by Shamshad Ahmad, published in January 2020","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"John Ward Anderson and Kamran Khan (31 May 1998). \"Pakistan Again Explodes Bomb\". The Washington Post (newspaper). Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/southasia/stories/pakistan053198.htm","url_text":"\"Pakistan Again Explodes Bomb\""}]},{"reference":"John Kifner (31 May 1998). \"NUCLEAR ANXIETY: THE OVERVIEW; PAKISTAN SETS OFF ATOM TEST AGAIN, BUT URGES 'PEACE'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-overview-pakistan-sets-off-atom-test-again-but-urges-peace.html","url_text":"\"NUCLEAR ANXIETY: THE OVERVIEW; PAKISTAN SETS OFF ATOM TEST AGAIN, BUT URGES 'PEACE'\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://mofa.gov.pk/former-foreign-secretaries/","external_links_name":"Former Foreign Secretaries' list on Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan website"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/827607","external_links_name":"politics: An insider's account (profile and book review of Shamshad Ahmad)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jpyLAAAAMAAJ&q=Shamshad+Ahmad+10th+Dec.,+1941","external_links_name":"Profile of Shamshad Ahmad"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/sep/17/20010917-025431-3600r/","external_links_name":"Taliban to receive ultimatum"},{"Link":"https://www.ips.org.pk/shamshad-ahmad-khan/","external_links_name":"Profile of Ambassador Shamshad Ahmad Khan"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/southasia/stories/pakistan053198.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Again Explodes Bomb\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-overview-pakistan-sets-off-atom-test-again-but-urges-peace.html","external_links_name":"\"NUCLEAR ANXIETY: THE OVERVIEW; PAKISTAN SETS OFF ATOM TEST AGAIN, BUT URGES 'PEACE'\""},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/1999-07-01/nuclear-subcontinent-bringing-stability-south-asia","external_links_name":"The Nuclear Subcontinent: Bringing Stability to South Asia"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21898084-dreams-unfulfilled","external_links_name":"Shamshad Ahmad's book 'Dreams Unfulfilled' on goodreads.com website"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22752257-pakistan-and-world-affairs","external_links_name":"Shamshad Ahmad's book 'Pakistan and World Affairs' on goodreads.com website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/101432311","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmp8XfXrJdgRQfTFHdbBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1045172510","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009206350","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_car
Zero car
["1 See also","2 References"]
Car used in rallying to open the road This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Zero car" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Subaru Impreza WRX STI Zero car for the 2010 Rally Japan. A zero car (or opening car) is a car used in rallying to open the road for the competing cars. The zero car has two main purposes: so that the public is not surprised by the first car and so that its driver can warn the organization if there is a problem on the stage. Originally only one zero car (number zero) was used. These days it is not unusual for a rally to have two or three zero cars (numbered 000, 00 and 0). The 000 and 00 cars are sometimes called safety cars. The cars are driven through the stage in order from 000 to 0, with the 000 car going slowest and the 0 car going near race speeds. The 0 car is the last car to drive the stage before the competing cars. The drivers are usually retired rally drivers. The cars can be ordinary production sport cars, old rally cars (which lost homologation or are simply no longer competitive) or even new models (which the manufacturer wants to test before the homologation). The driver and co-driver wear normal safety equipment (helmets, racing suits, etc.). The zero car is usually driven at almost rally pace. Zero cars should not be confused with the organization car or the FIA inspection car, which also pass through the special stage before the rally cars, but are driven much slower. See also Safety car, similar cars that lead the racing pack in a reduced speed during a "caution period". References ^ "MSA Safety Car R&R" (PDF). Rally Future. ^ "Rally Safety Guidelines" (PDF). FIA. This motorsport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subaru_WRC_Rally_Japan_Zero_car_2010_Motorsport_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subaru Impreza WRX STI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Impreza_WRX_STI"},{"link_name":"2010 Rally Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Rally_Japan"},{"link_name":"rallying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"homologation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologation_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"special stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_stage_(rallying)"}],"text":"The Subaru Impreza WRX STI Zero car for the 2010 Rally Japan.A zero car (or opening car) is a car used in rallying to open the road for the competing cars.The zero car has two main purposes:so that the public is not surprised by the first car and\nso that its driver can warn the organization if there is a problem on the stage.Originally only one zero car (number zero) was used. These days it is not unusual for a rally to have two or three zero cars (numbered 000, 00 and 0). The 000 and 00 cars are sometimes called safety cars. The cars are driven through the stage in order from 000 to 0, with the 000 car going slowest and the 0 car going near race speeds. The 0 car is the last car to drive the stage before the competing cars.[1][2]The drivers are usually retired rally drivers. The cars can be ordinary production sport cars, old rally cars (which lost homologation or are simply no longer competitive) or even new models (which the manufacturer wants to test before the homologation). The driver and co-driver wear normal safety equipment (helmets, racing suits, etc.). The zero car is usually driven at almost rally pace.Zero cars should not be confused with the organization car or the FIA inspection car, which also pass through the special stage before the rally cars, but are driven much slower.","title":"Zero car"}]
[{"image_text":"The Subaru Impreza WRX STI Zero car for the 2010 Rally Japan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Subaru_WRC_Rally_Japan_Zero_car_2010_Motorsport_Japan.jpg/220px-Subaru_WRC_Rally_Japan_Zero_car_2010_Motorsport_Japan.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Safety car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_car"}]
[{"reference":"\"MSA Safety Car R&R\" (PDF). Rally Future.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2019-05-20-stage-rally-safety-car-guidelines.pdf","url_text":"\"MSA Safety Car R&R\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rally Safety Guidelines\" (PDF). FIA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/rally_safety_guidelines_2021_en_v6_web.pdf","url_text":"\"Rally Safety Guidelines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA","url_text":"FIA"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Mesharshiya
Rav Mesharshiya
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim vte Rav Mesharshiya (or R. Mesharshya, or Rav Mesharsheya, or Rav Mesharshia; Hebrew: רב משרשיא) was a Babylonian rabbi, of the fifth generation of amoraim. Biography It would appear that "Rav Acha the son of Rav" was his grandfather, making Mesharshiya himself a great-grandson of the great Amora Rav. His father-in-law appears under the name "R. Kahana the father-in-law of R. Mesharshiya". His principle teacher was Rava, and they are mentioned together dozens of times in the Talmud. It is possible he was also a pupil of Abaye. He was a close colleague of Rav Papa, who was also a pupil of Rava, and he even sent his son to study under Rav Papa. R. Joseph the son of R. Ila'i was also among his colleagues. Three of his sons became Amora sages. Their names were Raba, R. Sama, and R. Isaac. It is said that when he died, the palm trees became full of thorns in place of dates, as a sign of mourning. References ^ Rav Mesharshiya | רב משרשיא, sages of the talmud | חכמי התלמוד ^ On his son: TANNAIM AND AMORAIM, jewishencyclopedia.com; "Rabbah b. Mesharshiya" ^ Tractate Bava Batra, 97b ^ On his son: "Raba b. Mesharsheya": Tractate Nazir, 40b ^ Sanhedrin 77a ^ Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra 97b ^ In the Babylonian Talmud, Kiddushin 33a, Abaye says to him : ‘Am I not your teacher par excellence?!’, though it is possible he said so because he was Gedol haDor (Aaron Hyman) ^ Babylonian Talmud, Eruvin 48a ^ Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah 26a ^ Babylonian Talmud, Nazir 40b ^ Babylonian Talmud, Hullin 17b ^ R. Judah ben Kalonymus, Yihusei Tannaim ve-Amoraim, based on the Babylonian Talmud, Avodah Zarah 8b ^ Moed Kattan 25b vteAmoraimAmoraim of Eretz IsraelFirst Generation (until 250 CE): Gamaliel III R. Hiyya Rabbi Yannai Hoshaiah Rabbah Epes the Southerner Joshua ben Levi Hanina bar Hama Levi ben Sisi Bar Kappara Jeremiah (I) Simeon ben Jehozadak Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi Second Generation (until 280 CE): Judah II (Nesi'ah I) Johanan bar Nappaha Shimon ben Lakish Eleazar ben Pedat Isaac Nappaha Jose bar Hanina Rav Kahana II Jacob bar Idi Hezekiah Judah b. Hiyya Abba of Jaffa Hama bar Hanina Shimon bar Abba Simlai Hillel, son of Gamaliel III Zeiri Third Generation (until 310 CE): Gamaliel IV Rabbi Ammi Rabbi Assi Abbahu Ulla Rabbi Yitzchak Hama bar Ukva Zeira Helbo Samuel ben Nahman Abin I Hiyya bar Abba Rabbah bar bar Hana Levi II Rabbi Ilai II Abba bar Kahana Rav Avira Hanina bar Papi Hanina ben Pappa Jose of Yokereth Jeremiah (II) Hoshaiah II Hanina Abba bar Memel Tachlifa of the West Avdimi of Haifa Luliani ben Tabrin Abba of Acre Shimon ben Pazi Me'asha Shila of Kefar Tamarta Anani ben Sason Alexandri Kahana bar Tahlifa Ḥiyya bar Ami Fourth Generation (until 340 CE): Judah III (Nesi'ah II) Jeremiah (III) Rabbi Aha Rabbi Berekhiah Jose bar Zevida Rabbi Jonah Rabbi Hilkiah Zerika Isaac ben Eliashiv Rabbi Aibu Hasa of Eshtemoa Abba bar Hiyya bar Abba Rabin Abba bar Zemina Pedat ben Eleazar Abba bar Pappai Acha bar Hanina Fifth Generation (until 380 CE): Hillel II Gamaliel V Jose ben Abin Rabbi Mana II Sixth Generation (until 410 CE): Judah IV (Nesi'ah III) Tanhuma bar Abba Hanina of Sepphoris Samuel b. Jose b. Boon Amoraim of BabylonFirst Generation (until 250 CE): Abba Arikha (Rav) Samuel of Nehardea Mar Ukva Karna Rav Shela Rav Assi Abba bar Abba Second Generation (until 280 CE): Rav Huna Judah bar Ezekiel Hamnuna II Hamnuna Saba Rabbah bar Abuha Jeremiah bar Abba Rav Kahana II Rav Berona Hiyya bar Joseph Rav Giddel Hiyya bar Ashi Raba Bar Jeremiah (Abba) Adda bar Ahavah Anan Third Generation (until 310 CE): Rabbah bar Nahmani (Rabbah) Rav Nachman Sheshet Rav Chisda Hamnuna III Rav Yosef bar Hiyya Rabbah bar Rav Huna Joseph bar Hama Ammi b. Abba Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah Rav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak Fourth Generation (until 340 CE): Abaye Rava Rami bar Hama Aha bar Jacob Rav Safra Rav Kahana III Idi b. Abin Naggara Hiyya b. Abin Naggara Mar son of Ravina Rav Shizbi Isaac b. Judah Rabbah b. Shela Mari bar Rachel Acha Bar Yosef Fifth Generation (until 380 CE): Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak Rav Papa Rav Papi Huna ben Joshua Rav Zevid Amemar Mar Zutra Rav Mesharshiya Hanina of Sura Bevai bar Abaye Sixth Generation (until 430 CE): Rav Ashi Ravina I Maremar Rami b. Abba Huna bar Nathan Rav Kahana IV Sama bar Raqta Seventh Generation (until 465 CE): Rav Yemar Mar bar Rav Ashi Rafram II Aha b. Rava Judah b. Meremar Eighth Generation (until 500 CE): Rabbah Tosafa'ah Ravina II Rabbah Jose Rav Rahumi III Samuel b. Abbahu This biographical article about a rabbi from the Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"amoraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraim"}],"text":"Rav Mesharshiya [1][2] (or R. Mesharshya,[3] or Rav Mesharsheya,[4] or Rav Mesharshia; Hebrew: רב משרשיא) was a Babylonian rabbi, of the fifth generation of amoraim.","title":"Rav Mesharshiya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Arikha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"principle teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikhah#Rav_Muvhak"},{"link_name":"Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rava_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Abaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaye"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rav Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Papa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"It would appear that \"Rav Acha the son of Rav\" was his grandfather, making Mesharshiya himself a great-grandson of the great Amora Rav.[5] His father-in-law appears under the name \"R. Kahana the father-in-law of R. Mesharshiya\".[6]His principle teacher was Rava, and they are mentioned together dozens of times in the Talmud. It is possible he was also a pupil of Abaye.[7] He was a close colleague of Rav Papa, who was also a pupil of Rava, and he even sent his son to study under Rav Papa.[8] R. Joseph the son of R. Ila'i was also among his colleagues.[9]Three of his sons became Amora sages. Their names were Raba,[10] R. Sama,[11] and R. Isaac.[12]It is said that when he died, the palm trees became full of thorns in place of dates, as a sign of mourning.[13]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_Monorail
Patna Monorail
["1 Network","2 Project detail","3 See also","4 References"]
Proposed monorail system for the city of Patna Patna MonorailOverviewLocalePatna, BiharTransit typestraddle-beam MonorailNumber of lines4 (planned)Daily ridership32,000 (Estd.)OperationBegan operationGovernment of Bihar preferred metro rail over mono railTrain length4 coachesTechnicalSystem length32 kilometers (20 mi)Electrification750 V DCAverage speed31 km/h (19 mph)Top speed80 km/h (50 mph) Patna Monorail was a proposed monorail system for the city of Patna. Network There were 4 lines proposed to be built. RITES, the consultancy arm of Indian Railways had begun soil inspection as well as ground survey for the monorail network. Patna Junction to Gandhi Maidan. Patna Junction to Patliputra Colony. Patna Junction to Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport. Patna Junction to Kankarbagh. Project detail The total estimated cost of the project was ₹2000-2500 Crore. The total length of the proposed 4 monorail corridors in Patna would be 32 km and in the first phase route length between 20 km and 25 km was to be completed. As of 2021 the project has not commenced. See also Patna metro References ^ "Mono-Rail for Patna soon". Samaylive.com. 28 December 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011. ^ Monorail News Briefs Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ RITES begins ground survey for monorail in Patna - Rediff.com Business ^ Monorail ground survey tees off - Yahoo! News India ^ "Capital monorail project shifts gear". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. vte Urban rail transit in IndiaSuburbanrailOperational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Suburban Railway Lucknow Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Underconstruction Bengaluru Suburban Railway Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Nagpur broad-gauge Metro Proposed Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System RapidtransitOperational Agra Metro Ahmedabad Metro Bengaluru Metro Chennai Metro Chennai MRTS Delhi Metro Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kanpur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Underconstruction Bhoj Metro (Bhopal) Indore Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Planned Bhubaneswar Metro Chandigarh Metro Coimbatore Metro Gorakhpur Metro Guwahati Metro Jabalpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Varanasi Metro Proposed Bareilly Metro Jammu Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Thane Metro Madurai Metro Trichy Metro MonorailOperational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Proposed Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Warangal Monorail MetrolitePlanned Chennai Metrolite Delhi Metrolite Gorakhpur Metro Greater Nashik Metro Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Proposed Prayagraj Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Uttarakhand Metro TramOperational Kolkata Tram Defunct Bhavnagar Tram Chennai Tram Delhi Tram Kanpur Tram Kochi Tram Mumbai Tram Nashik Tram Patna Tram vteRailways in Eastern IndiaNational network/trunk lines Howrah–Delhi main line Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line Howrah–Chennai main line Sahibganj loop Grand Chord Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line Barauni–Guwahati line Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line Other lines/sectionsInterstate Asansol–Gaya section Asansol–Patna section Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines Barkakana–Son Nagar line Barsoi–New Farakka section Barsoi–Radhikapur branch line Dumka–Bhagalpur line Gaya–Mughalsarai section Hatia–Rourkela line Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line Katihar–Siliguri line Kharagpur–Puri line Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section Kothavalasa–Kirandul line New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section Tatanagar–Bilaspur section Bihar Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line Barauni–Katihar section Barauni–Samastipur section Fatuha–Tilaiya line Gaya–Kiul line Mokama–Barauni section Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi) Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi section Muzaffarpur–Hajipur section Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line Neora–Jatdumari–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line Patna–Gaya line Patna–Mughalsarai section Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section Raxaul–Sagauli line Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section Jharkhand Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line Barkakana–Muri–Chandil line Dhanbad–Chandrapura line Railways in Jharia Coalfield Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line Odisha Khurda Road–Bolangir line Cuttack–Sambalpur line West Bengal Ahmadpur–Katwa line Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line Andal–Sainthia branch line Andal–Sitarampur loop line Bandel–Katwa line Bankura–Masagram line Bardhaman–Asansol section Bardhaman–Katwa line Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line Howrah–Barddhaman main line Howrah–Bardhaman chord Howrah–Kharagpur line Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line Santragachi–Amta branch line Sealdah Main and North section Calcutta Chord link line Kolkata Circular Railway Sealdah–Bangaon line Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line Sealdah South section Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line Suburbanrail transport Kolkata Metro Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Monorail Kolkata Monorail Patna Monorail Defunct linesRevived/Under revival Ahmedpur–Katwa Railway Bankura–Damodar Railway Barasat–Basirhat Light Railway Burdwan–Katwa Railway Bakhtiarpur–Bihar Light Railway Futwah–Islampur Light Railway Inactive Bengal Provincial Railway East Coast State Railway Kalighat Falta Railway Mayurbhanj State Railway Dehri Rohtas Light Railway Patna–Digha Ghat line Parlakimedi Light Railway Zones & DivisionsEastern Asansol Howrah Malda Sealdah East Central Danapur Dhanbad Mughalsarai Samastipur Sonpur East Coast Sambalpur Khurda Road Waltair North Eastern Varanasi Northeast Frontier Katihar Alipurduar South Eastern Adra Chakradharpur Kharagpur Ranchi Production units/workshops Chittaranjan Locomotive Works Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Braithwaite & Co. Burn Standard Company Bharat Wagon and Engineering Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company Carriage Repair Workshop, Harnaut Transit pointswith BangladeshActive Haldibari–Chilahati Singhabad–Rohanpur Radhikapur–Biral Gede–Darshana Petrapole–Benapole Defunct Mahisasan–Shahbajpur Changrabandha–Burimari Gitaldaha–Mogalhat Indian railheadsnear India–Nepal border Raxaul Junction Bairgania Jaynagar Jogbani Laukaha Bazar Thakurganj Railway companies East Indian Railway Company Bengal Nagpur Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Indian Railways Martin's Light Railways See also Bholu (mascot) Suburban rail in India This Indian rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This monorail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Modification
Genetic engineering
["1 Overview","2 History","3 Process","3.1 Gene isolation and cloning","3.2 Inserting DNA into the host genome","4 Applications","4.1 Medicine","4.2 Research","4.3 Industrial","4.4 Agriculture","4.5 Other applications","5 Regulation","6 Controversy","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Manipulation of an organism's genome For a non-technical introduction to the topic of genetics, see Introduction to genetics. For the song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, see Genetic Engineering (song). For the Montreal hardcore band, see Genetic Control. Part of a series onGenetic engineering   Genetically modified organisms Bacteria Viruses Animals Mammals Fish Insects Plants Maize/corn Rice Soybean Potato History and regulation History Regulation Substantial equivalence Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Process Techniques Molecular cloning Recombinant DNA Gene delivery Transformation Transfection Transduction Genome editing TALEN CRISPR Applications Genetically modified crops food Gene therapy Designer baby Controversies Genetically modified food controversies GMO conspiracy theories Pusztai affair Séralini affair StarLink corn recall He Jiankui affair vte Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome. An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold. Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research, GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used in industrial genetic engineering. Additionally mRNA vaccines are made through genetic engineering to treat viruses such as COVID-19. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products. The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use; the first field trials were destroyed by anti-GM activists. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, critics consider GM food safety a leading concern. Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues. These concerns have led to the development of a regulatory framework, which started in 1975. It has led to an international treaty, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, that was adopted in 2000. Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the United States and Europe. IUPAC definition Genetic engineering: Process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing its characteristics. Note: Adapted from ref. Overview Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification Genetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic structure of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA, or modifying existing genetic material in situ. Unlike traditional animal and plant breeding, which involves doing multiple crosses and then selecting for the organism with the desired phenotype, genetic engineering takes the gene directly from one organism and delivers it to the other. This is much faster, can be used to insert any genes from any organism (even ones from different domains) and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added. Genetic engineering could potentially fix severe genetic disorders in humans by replacing the defective gene with a functioning one. It is an important tool in research that allows the function of specific genes to be studied. Drugs, vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them. Crops have been developed that aid food security by increasing yield, nutritional value and tolerance to environmental stresses. The DNA can be introduced directly into the host organism or into a cell that is then fused or hybridised with the host. This relies on recombinant nucleic acid techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro-injection, macro-injection or micro-encapsulation. Genetic engineering does not normally include traditional breeding, in vitro fertilisation, induction of polyploidy, mutagenesis and cell fusion techniques that do not use recombinant nucleic acids or a genetically modified organism in the process. However, some broad definitions of genetic engineering include selective breeding. Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering, are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them. Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism. Plants, animals or microorganisms that have been changed through genetic engineering are termed genetically modified organisms or GMOs. If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic. If genetic material from the same species or a species that can naturally breed with the host is used the resulting organism is called cisgenic. If genetic engineering is used to remove genetic material from the target organism the resulting organism is termed a knockout organism. In Europe genetic modification is synonymous with genetic engineering while within the United States of America and Canada genetic modification can also be used to refer to more conventional breeding methods. History Main article: History of genetic engineering Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial selection: 1 : 1  as contrasted with natural selection. More recently, mutation breeding has used exposure to chemicals or radiation to produce a high frequency of random mutations, for selective breeding purposes. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s. The term "genetic engineering" was coined by the Russian-born geneticist Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky in his 1934 paper "The Experimental Production of Mutations", published in the British journal Biological Reviews. Jack Williamson used the term in his science fiction novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951 – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story Proteus Island. In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a genetically modified mouse, the first GM animal. In 1972, Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus. In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium. A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world's first transgenic animal These achievements led to concerns in the scientific community about potential risks from genetic engineering, which were first discussed in depth at the Asilomar Conference in 1975. One of the main recommendations from this meeting was that government oversight of recombinant DNA research should be established until the technology was deemed safe. In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E. coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court in the Diamond v. Chakrabarty case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented. The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982. In 1983, a biotech company, Advanced Genetic Sciences (AGS) applied for U.S. government authorisation to perform field tests with the ice-minus strain of Pseudomonas syringae to protect crops from frost, but environmental groups and protestors delayed the field tests for four years with legal challenges. In 1987, the ice-minus strain of P. syringae became the first genetically modified organism (GMO) to be released into the environment when a strawberry field and a potato field in California were sprayed with it. Both test fields were attacked by activist groups the night before the tests occurred: "The world's first trial site attracted the world's first field trasher". The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the US in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides. The People's Republic of China was the first country to commercialise transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992. In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the first genetically modified food, the Flavr Savr, a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life. In 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialised in Europe. In 1995, Bt potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US. In 2009 11 transgenic crops were grown commercially in 25 countries, the largest of which by area grown were the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay and South Africa. In 2010, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute created the first synthetic genome and inserted it into an empty bacterial cell. The resulting bacterium, named Mycoplasma laboratorium, could replicate and produce proteins. Four years later this was taken a step further when a bacterium was developed that replicated a plasmid containing a unique base pair, creating the first organism engineered to use an expanded genetic alphabet. In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier collaborated to develop the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a technique which can be used to easily and specifically alter the genome of almost any organism. Process Main article: Genetic engineering techniques Polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool used in molecular cloning. Creating a GMO is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism. This is driven by what the aim is for the resultant organism and is built on earlier research. Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates. The development of microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing has made it much easier to find suitable genes. Luck also plays its part; the Roundup Ready gene was discovered after scientists noticed a bacterium thriving in the presence of the herbicide. Gene isolation and cloning Main article: Molecular cloning The next step is to isolate the candidate gene. The cell containing the gene is opened and the DNA is purified. The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify up the gene segment. These segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. If the chosen gene or the donor organism's genome has been well studied it may already be accessible from a genetic library. If the DNA sequence is known, but no copies of the gene are available, it can also be artificially synthesised. Once isolated the gene is ligated into a plasmid that is then inserted into a bacterium. The plasmid is replicated when the bacteria divide, ensuring unlimited copies of the gene are available. The RK2 plasmid is notable for its ability to replicate in a wide variety of single-celled organisms, which makes it suitable as a genetic engineering tool. Before the gene is inserted into the target organism it must be combined with other genetic elements. These include a promoter and terminator region, which initiate and end transcription. A selectable marker gene is added, which in most cases confers antibiotic resistance, so researchers can easily determine which cells have been successfully transformed. The gene can also be modified at this stage for better expression or effectiveness. These manipulations are carried out using recombinant DNA techniques, such as restriction digests, ligations and molecular cloning. Inserting DNA into the host genome Main article: Gene delivery A gene gun uses biolistics to insert DNA into plant tissue. There are a number of techniques used to insert genetic material into the host genome. Some bacteria can naturally take up foreign DNA. This ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress (e.g. thermal or electric shock), which increases the cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA. DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence that allows natural insertion of genetic material into plant cells. Other methods include biolistics, where particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plant cells, and electroporation, which involves using an electric shock to make the cell membrane permeable to plasmid DNA. As only a single cell is transformed with genetic material, the organism must be regenerated from that single cell. In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture. In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem cells. Bacteria consist of a single cell and reproduce clonally so regeneration is not necessary. Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells. These markers are usually present in the transgenic organism, although a number of strategies have been developed that can remove the selectable marker from the mature transgenic plant. A. tumefaciens attaching itself to a carrot cell Further testing using PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing is conducted to confirm that an organism contains the new gene. These tests can also confirm the chromosomal location and copy number of the inserted gene. The presence of the gene does not guarantee it will be expressed at appropriate levels in the target tissue so methods that look for and measure the gene products (RNA and protein) are also used. These include northern hybridisation, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, ELISA and phenotypic analysis. The new genetic material can be inserted randomly within the host genome or targeted to a specific location. The technique of gene targeting uses homologous recombination to make desired changes to a specific endogenous gene. This tends to occur at a relatively low frequency in plants and animals and generally requires the use of selectable markers. The frequency of gene targeting can be greatly enhanced through genome editing. Genome editing uses artificially engineered nucleases that create specific double-stranded breaks at desired locations in the genome, and use the cell's endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by the natural processes of homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining. There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR). TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages. TALENs have greater target specificity, while CRISPR is easier to design and more efficient. In addition to enhancing gene targeting, engineered nucleases can be used to introduce mutations at endogenous genes that generate a gene knockout. Applications Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates. Plants have been modified for insect protection, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, enhanced nutrition, tolerance to environmental pressures and the production of edible vaccines. Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants. Genetically modified animals have been used for research, model animals and the production of agricultural or pharmaceutical products. The genetically modified animals include animals with genes knocked out, increased susceptibility to disease, hormones for extra growth and the ability to express proteins in their milk. Medicine Genetic engineering has many applications to medicine that include the manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy. One of the earliest uses of genetic engineering was to mass-produce human insulin in bacteria. This application has now been applied to human growth hormones, follicle stimulating hormones (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines and many other drugs. Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies. Genetically engineered viruses are being developed that can still confer immunity, but lack the infectious sequences. Genetic engineering is also used to create animal models of human diseases. Genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model. They have been used to study and model cancer (the oncomouse), obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Potential cures can be tested against these mouse models. Gene therapy is the genetic engineering of humans, generally by replacing defective genes with effective ones. Clinical research using somatic gene therapy has been conducted with several diseases, including X-linked SCID, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and Parkinson's disease. In 2012, Alipogene tiparvovec became the first gene therapy treatment to be approved for clinical use. In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease, epidermolysis bullosa, in order to grow, and then graft healthy skin onto 80 percent of the boy's body which was affected by the illness. Germline gene therapy would result in any change being inheritable, which has raised concerns within the scientific community. In 2015, CRISPR was used to edit the DNA of non-viable human embryos, leading scientists of major world academies to call for a moratorium on inheritable human genome edits. There are also concerns that the technology could be used not just for treatment, but for enhancement, modification or alteration of a human beings' appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character or behavior. The distinction between cure and enhancement can also be difficult to establish. In November 2018, He Jiankui announced that he had edited the genomes of two human embryos, to attempt to disable the CCR5 gene, which codes for a receptor that HIV uses to enter cells. The work was widely condemned as unethical, dangerous, and premature. Currently, germline modification is banned in 40 countries. Scientists that do this type of research will often let embryos grow for a few days without allowing it to develop into a baby. Researchers are altering the genome of pigs to induce the growth of human organs, with the aim of increasing the success of pig to human organ transplantation. Scientists are creating "gene drives", changing the genomes of mosquitoes to make them immune to malaria, and then looking to spread the genetically altered mosquitoes throughout the mosquito population in the hopes of eliminating the disease. Research Knockout mice Human cells in which some proteins are fused with green fluorescent protein to allow them to be visualised Genetic engineering is an important tool for natural scientists, with the creation of transgenic organisms one of the most important tools for analysis of gene function. Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically modified bacteria in the process. Bacteria are cheap, easy to grow, clonal, multiply quickly, relatively easy to transform and can be stored at -80 °C almost indefinitely. Once a gene is isolated it can be stored inside the bacteria providing an unlimited supply for research. Organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. This could be the effect on the phenotype of the organism, where the gene is expressed or what other genes it interacts with. These experiments generally involve loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression. Loss of function experiments, such as in a gene knockout experiment, in which an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes. In a simple knockout a copy of the desired gene has been altered to make it non-functional. Embryonic stem cells incorporate the altered gene, which replaces the already present functional copy. These stem cells are injected into blastocysts, which are implanted into surrogate mothers. This allows the experimenter to analyse the defects caused by this mutation and thereby determine the role of particular genes. It is used especially frequently in developmental biology. When this is done by creating a library of genes with point mutations at every position in the area of interest, or even every position in the whole gene, this is called "scanning mutagenesis". The simplest method, and the first to be used, is "alanine scanning", where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactive amino acid alanine. Gain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout experiments to more finely establish the function of the desired gene. The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently. Gain of function is used to tell whether or not a protein is sufficient for a function, but does not always mean it is required, especially when dealing with genetic or functional redundancy. Tracking experiments, which seek to gain information about the localisation and interaction of the desired protein. One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene, which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualisation of the products of the genetic modification. While this is a useful technique, the manipulation can destroy the function of the gene, creating secondary effects and possibly calling into question the results of the experiment. More sophisticated techniques are now in development that can track protein products without mitigating their function, such as the addition of small sequences that will serve as binding motifs to monoclonal antibodies. Expression studies aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced. In these experiments, the DNA sequence before the DNA that codes for a protein, known as a gene's promoter, is reintroduced into an organism with the protein coding region replaced by a reporter gene such as GFP or an enzyme that catalyses the production of a dye. Thus the time and place where a particular protein is produced can be observed. Expression studies can be taken a step further by altering the promoter to find which pieces are crucial for the proper expression of the gene and are actually bound by transcription factor proteins; this process is known as promoter bashing. Industrial Main article: Industrial microbiologyOrganisms can have their cells transformed with a gene coding for a useful protein, such as an enzyme, so that they will overexpress the desired protein. Mass quantities of the protein can then be manufactured by growing the transformed organism in bioreactor equipment using industrial fermentation, and then purifying the protein. Some genes do not work well in bacteria, so yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells can also be used. These techniques are used to produce medicines such as insulin, human growth hormone, and vaccines, supplements such as tryptophan, aid in the production of food (chymosin in cheese making) and fuels. Other applications with genetically engineered bacteria could involve making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels, cleaning up oil spills, carbon and other toxic waste and detecting arsenic in drinking water. Certain genetically modified microbes can also be used in biomining and bioremediation, due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more easily recoverable. In materials science, a genetically modified virus has been used in a research laboratory as a scaffold for assembling a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery. Bacteria have also been engineered to function as sensors by expressing a fluorescent protein under certain environmental conditions. Agriculture Main articles: Genetically modified crops and Genetically modified food Bt-toxins present in peanut leaves (bottom image) protect it from extensive damage caused by lesser cornstalk borer larvae (top image). One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation and use of genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food. Crops have been developed to increase production, increase tolerance to abiotic stresses, alter the composition of the food, or to produce novel products. The first crops to be released commercially on a large scale provided protection from insect pests or tolerance to herbicides. Fungal and virus resistant crops have also been developed or are in development. This makes the insect and weed management of crops easier and can indirectly increase crop yield. GM crops that directly improve yield by accelerating growth or making the plant more hardy (by improving salt, cold or drought tolerance) are also under development. In 2016 Salmon have been genetically modified with growth hormones to reach normal adult size much faster. GMOs have been developed that modify the quality of produce by increasing the nutritional value or providing more industrially useful qualities or quantities. The Amflora potato produces a more industrially useful blend of starches. Soybeans and canola have been genetically modified to produce more healthy oils. The first commercialised GM food was a tomato that had delayed ripening, increasing its shelf life. Plants and animals have been engineered to produce materials they do not normally make. Pharming uses crops and animals as bioreactors to produce vaccines, drug intermediates, or the drugs themselves; the useful product is purified from the harvest and then used in the standard pharmaceutical production process. Cows and goats have been engineered to express drugs and other proteins in their milk, and in 2009 the FDA approved a drug produced in goat milk. Other applications Genetic engineering has potential applications in conservation and natural area management. Gene transfer through viral vectors has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease. Transgenic trees have been suggested as a way to confer resistance to pathogens in wild populations. With the increasing risks of maladaptation in organisms as a result of climate change and other perturbations, facilitated adaptation through gene tweaking could be one solution to reducing extinction risks. Applications of genetic engineering in conservation are thus far mostly theoretical and have yet to be put into practice. Genetic engineering is also being used to create microbial art. Some bacteria have been genetically engineered to create black and white photographs. Novelty items such as lavender-colored carnations, blue roses, and glowing fish have also been produced through genetic engineering. Regulation Main article: Regulation of genetic engineering The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of GMOs. The development of a regulatory framework began in 1975, at Asilomar, California. The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntary guidelines regarding the use of recombinant technology. As the technology improved the US established a committee at the Office of Science and Technology, which assigned regulatory approval of GM food to the USDA, FDA and EPA. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of GMOs, was adopted on 29 January 2000. One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol, and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation. Some countries allow the import of GM food with authorisation, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation even though no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea). Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research. Some of the most marked differences occur between the US and Europe. The US policy focuses on the product (not the process), only looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence. The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world. All GMOs, along with irradiated food, are considered "new food" and subject to extensive, case-by-case, science-based food evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. The criteria for authorisation fall in four broad categories: "safety", "freedom of choice", "labelling", and "traceability". The level of regulation in other countries that cultivate GMOs lie in between Europe and the United States. Regulatory agencies by geographical region Region Regulators Notes US USDA, FDA and EPA Europe European Food Safety Authority Canada Health Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Regulated products with novel features regardless of method of origin Africa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Final decision lies with each individual country. China Office of Agricultural Genetic Engineering Biosafety Administration India Institutional Biosafety Committee, Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation and Genetic Engineering Approval Committee Argentina National Agricultural Biotechnology Advisory Committee (environmental impact), the National Service of Health and Agrifood Quality (food safety) and the National Agribusiness Direction (effect on trade) Final decision made by the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishery and Food. Brazil National Biosafety Technical Commission (environmental and food safety) and the Council of Ministers (commercial and economical issues) Australia Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (oversees all GM products), Therapeutic Goods Administration (GM medicines) and Food Standards Australia New Zealand (GM food). The individual state governments can then assess the impact of release on markets and trade and apply further legislation to control approved genetically modified products. One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled. The European Commission says that mandatory labeling and traceability are needed to allow for informed choice, avoid potential false advertising and facilitate the withdrawal of products if adverse effects on health or the environment are discovered. The American Medical Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science say that absent scientific evidence of harm even voluntary labeling is misleading and will falsely alarm consumers. Labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in 64 countries. Labeling can be mandatory up to a threshold GM content level (which varies between countries) or voluntary. In Canada and the US labeling of GM food is voluntary, while in Europe all food (including processed food) or feed which contains greater than 0.9% of approved GMOs must be labelled. Controversy Main article: Genetically modified food controversies Critics have objected to the use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical, ecological and economic concerns. Many of these concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries. Accusations that scientists are "playing God" and other religious issues have been ascribed to the technology from the beginning. Other ethical issues raised include the patenting of life, the use of intellectual property rights, the level of labeling on products, control of the food supply and the objectivity of the regulatory process. Although doubts have been raised, economically most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers. Gene flow between GM crops and compatible plants, along with increased use of selective herbicides, can increase the risk of "superweeds" developing. Other environmental concerns involve potential impacts on non-target organisms, including soil microbes, and an increase in secondary and resistant insect pests. Many of the environmental impacts regarding GM crops may take many years to be understood and are also evident in conventional agriculture practices. With the commercialisation of genetically modified fish there are concerns over what the environmental consequences will be if they escape. There are three main concerns over the safety of genetically modified food: whether they may provoke an allergic reaction; whether the genes could transfer from the food into human cells; and whether the genes not approved for human consumption could outcross to other crops. There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. In popular culture Main article: Genetics in fiction § Genetic engineering Genetic engineering features in many science fiction stories. Frank Herbert's novel The White Plague describes the deliberate use of genetic engineering to create a pathogen which specifically kills women. Another of Herbert's creations, the Dune series of novels, uses genetic engineering to create the powerful Tleilaxu. Few films have informed audiences about genetic engineering, with the exception of the 1978 The Boys from Brazil and the 1993 Jurassic Park, both of which make use of a lesson, a demonstration, and a clip of scientific film. Genetic engineering methods are weakly represented in film; Michael Clark, writing for the Wellcome Trust, calls the portrayal of genetic engineering and biotechnology "seriously distorted" in films such as The 6th Day. 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Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU). ^ Ronald P (May 2011). "Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010). ^ But see also: Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants". Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies. Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story. And contrast: Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm. The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality. and Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome. ^ "Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2016. The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.Pinholster G (25 October 2012). "AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 8 February 2016. ^ European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2016. ^ "AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)". American Medical Association. January 2001. Retrieved 19 March 2016. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts. (from online summary prepared by ISAAA)" "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts."Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2016. Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion". Library of Congress. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved 19 May 2016. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts. ^ "Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods. GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods. ^ Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–41. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects. ^ Some medical organizations, including the British Medical Association, advocate further caution based upon the precautionary principle:"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement" (PDF). British Medical Association. March 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2016. In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently available. When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis. Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects. The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit. ^ Funk C, Rainie L (29 January 2015). "Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2016. The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points. ^ Marris C (July 2001). "Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 545–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142. PMC 1083956. PMID 11463731. ^ Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001). "Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe". Commission of European Communities. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–324. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060. ^ a b "Genetic Engineering". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018. ^ Koboldt D (29 August 2017). "The Science of Sci-Fi: How Science Fiction Predicted the Future of Genetics". Outer Places. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018. ^ Moraga R (November 2009). "Modern Genetics in the World of Fiction". Clarkesworld Magazine (38). Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. ^ a b c Clark M. "Genetic themes in fiction films: Genetics meets Hollywood". The Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Further reading British Medical Association (1999). The Impact of Genetic Modification on Agriculture, Food and Health. BMJ Books. ISBN 0-7279-1431-6. Donnellan, Craig (2004). Genetic Modification (Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-288-3. Morgan S (1 January 2009). Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-2455-3. Smiley, Sophie (2005). Genetic Modification: Study Guide (Exploring the Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-307-3. Watson JD (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2866-5. Weaver S, Michael M (2003). An Annotated Bibliography of Scientific Publications on the Risks Associated with Genetic Modification (Report). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University. Zaid A, Hughes HG, Porceddu E, Nicholas F (2001). Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture – A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Rome, Italy: FAO. ISBN 92-5-104683-2. External links Library resources about Genetic engineering Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genetic engineering. Wikiquote has quotations related to Genetic engineering. GMO Safety - Information about research projects on the biological safety of genetically modified plants. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"},{"link_name":"Introduction to genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics"},{"link_name":"Genetic Engineering (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Engineering_(song)"},{"link_name":"Genetic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Control"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"artificially synthesising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis"},{"link_name":"construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"Paul Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berg"},{"link_name":"SV40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40"},{"link_name":"lambda virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"knock out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"targeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_targeting"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genetically modified organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism"},{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacterium"},{"link_name":"Herbert Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Jaenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse"},{"link_name":"Genentech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"Genetically modified food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food"},{"link_name":"Flavr Savr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavr_Savr"},{"link_name":"GloFish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GloFish"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AquAdvantage_salmon"},{"link_name":"animal model organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_hamster_ovary_cell"},{"link_name":"mRNA vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"genetically modified crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops"},{"link_name":"controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies"},{"link_name":"scientific consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus"},{"link_name":"Gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"IUPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Manipulation of an organism's genomeFor a non-technical introduction to the topic of genetics, see Introduction to genetics. For the song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, see Genetic Engineering (song). For the Montreal hardcore band, see Genetic Control.Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus.As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or \"knock out\", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.[1]An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold.Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research, GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used in industrial genetic engineering. Additionally mRNA vaccines are made through genetic engineering to treat viruses such as COVID-19. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products.The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use; the first field trials were destroyed by anti-GM activists. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, critics consider GM food safety a leading concern. Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues. These concerns have led to the development of a regulatory framework, which started in 1975. It has led to an international treaty, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, that was adopted in 2000. Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the United States and Europe.IUPAC definition\n\nGenetic engineering: Process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing its characteristics.\nNote: Adapted from ref.[2][3]","title":"Genetic engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg"},{"link_name":"transgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic"},{"link_name":"cisgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgenic"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_breeding"},{"link_name":"plant breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"genetic disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetically_modified_crops"},{"link_name":"food security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"host organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_organism"},{"link_name":"fused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fusion"},{"link_name":"hybridised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU17-9"},{"link_name":"recombinant nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"micro-injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinjection"},{"link_name":"micro-encapsulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulation"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation"},{"link_name":"polyploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"},{"link_name":"mutagenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis"},{"link_name":"nucleic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"genetically modified organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU17-9"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Synthetic biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"genetically modified organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"transgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic"},{"link_name":"cisgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgenic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modificationGenetic engineering is a process that alters the genetic structure of an organism by either removing or introducing DNA, or modifying existing genetic material in situ. Unlike traditional animal and plant breeding, which involves doing multiple crosses and then selecting for the organism with the desired phenotype, genetic engineering takes the gene directly from one organism and delivers it to the other. This is much faster, can be used to insert any genes from any organism (even ones from different domains) and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added.[4]Genetic engineering could potentially fix severe genetic disorders in humans by replacing the defective gene with a functioning one.[5] It is an important tool in research that allows the function of specific genes to be studied.[6] Drugs, vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them.[7] Crops have been developed that aid food security by increasing yield, nutritional value and tolerance to environmental stresses.[8]The DNA can be introduced directly into the host organism or into a cell that is then fused or hybridised with the host.[9] This relies on recombinant nucleic acid techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or directly through micro-injection, macro-injection or micro-encapsulation.Genetic engineering does not normally include traditional breeding, in vitro fertilisation, induction of polyploidy, mutagenesis and cell fusion techniques that do not use recombinant nucleic acids or a genetically modified organism in the process.[9] However, some broad definitions of genetic engineering include selective breeding.[10] Cloning and stem cell research, although not considered genetic engineering,[11] are closely related and genetic engineering can be used within them.[12] Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism.[13]Plants, animals or microorganisms that have been changed through genetic engineering are termed genetically modified organisms or GMOs.[14] If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic. If genetic material from the same species or a species that can naturally breed with the host is used the resulting organism is called cisgenic.[15] If genetic engineering is used to remove genetic material from the target organism the resulting organism is termed a knockout organism.[16] In Europe genetic modification is synonymous with genetic engineering while within the United States of America and Canada genetic modification can also be used to refer to more conventional breeding methods.[17][18][19]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Root-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zohary-21"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"mutation breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Timofeev-Ressovsky"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jack Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"heredity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Martha Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Chase"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"James Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Weinbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Jaenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch"},{"link_name":"genetically modified mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse"},{"link_name":"Paul Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berg"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"SV40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40"},{"link_name":"lambda virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Herbert Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen"},{"link_name":"transgenic organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_organism"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance#Applications"},{"link_name":"plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Jaenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch"},{"link_name":"transgenic mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_mouse"},{"link_name":"transgenic animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_animal"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4364530-30"},{"link_name":"Asilomar Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_on_Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Robert Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Swanson"},{"link_name":"somatostatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Diamond v. Chakrabarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_(medication)"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"ice-minus strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas syringae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"genetically modified organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2002-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2002-37"},{"link_name":"genetically engineered plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_plants"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James1997-40"},{"link_name":"Calgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto#Spin-offs_and_mergers"},{"link_name":"genetically modified food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food"},{"link_name":"Flavr Savr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavr_Savr"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"bromoxynil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoxynil"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bt potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato#NewLeaf"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"J. Craig Venter Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute"},{"link_name":"synthetic genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_genome"},{"link_name":"Mycoplasma laboratorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_laboratorium"},{"link_name":"replicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicate_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"base pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Doudna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna"},{"link_name":"Emmanuelle Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier"},{"link_name":"CRISPR/Cas9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial selection[20]: 1 [21]: 1  as contrasted with natural selection. More recently, mutation breeding has used exposure to chemicals or radiation to produce a high frequency of random mutations, for selective breeding purposes. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s. The term \"genetic engineering\" was coined by the Russian-born geneticist Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky in his 1934 paper \"The Experimental Production of Mutations\", published in the British journal Biological Reviews.[22] Jack Williamson used the term in his science fiction novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951[23] – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase,[24] and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story Proteus Island.[25][26]In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a genetically modified mouse, the first GM animal.In 1972, Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus.[27] In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium.[28][29] A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world's first transgenic animal[30] These achievements led to concerns in the scientific community about potential risks from genetic engineering, which were first discussed in depth at the Asilomar Conference in 1975. One of the main recommendations from this meeting was that government oversight of recombinant DNA research should be established until the technology was deemed safe.[31][32]In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E. coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978.[33] In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court in the Diamond v. Chakrabarty case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented.[34] The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.[35]In 1983, a biotech company, Advanced Genetic Sciences (AGS) applied for U.S. government authorisation to perform field tests with the ice-minus strain of Pseudomonas syringae to protect crops from frost, but environmental groups and protestors delayed the field tests for four years with legal challenges.[36] In 1987, the ice-minus strain of P. syringae became the first genetically modified organism (GMO) to be released into the environment[37] when a strawberry field and a potato field in California were sprayed with it.[38] Both test fields were attacked by activist groups the night before the tests occurred: \"The world's first trial site attracted the world's first field trasher\".[37]The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the US in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides.[39] The People's Republic of China was the first country to commercialise transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992.[40] In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the first genetically modified food, the Flavr Savr, a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life.[41] In 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialised in Europe.[42] In 1995, Bt potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US.[43] In 2009 11 transgenic crops were grown commercially in 25 countries, the largest of which by area grown were the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay and South Africa.[44]In 2010, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute created the first synthetic genome and inserted it into an empty bacterial cell. The resulting bacterium, named Mycoplasma laboratorium, could replicate and produce proteins.[45][46] Four years later this was taken a step further when a bacterium was developed that replicated a plasmid containing a unique base pair, creating the first organism engineered to use an expanded genetic alphabet.[47][48] In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier collaborated to develop the CRISPR/Cas9 system,[49][50] a technique which can be used to easily and specifically alter the genome of almost any organism.[51]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Master_Mix_with_Primers_form_PCR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction"},{"link_name":"molecular cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning"},{"link_name":"Genetic screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_screen"},{"link_name":"microarrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray"},{"link_name":"transcriptomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics"},{"link_name":"genome sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Roundup Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup_Ready"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool used in molecular cloning.Creating a GMO is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism. This is driven by what the aim is for the resultant organism and is built on earlier research. Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates. The development of microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing has made it much easier to find suitable genes.[52] Luck also plays its part; the Roundup Ready gene was discovered after scientists noticed a bacterium thriving in the presence of the herbicide.[53]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"restriction enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzymes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"polymerase chain reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"gel electrophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"genetic library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(biology)"},{"link_name":"DNA sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"},{"link_name":"artificially synthesised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"ligated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligation_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"RK2 plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK2_plasmid"},{"link_name":"single-celled organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-celled_organism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)"},{"link_name":"terminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"selectable marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_marker"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance"},{"link_name":"recombinant DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"restriction digests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_digest"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Gene isolation and cloning","text":"The next step is to isolate the candidate gene. The cell containing the gene is opened and the DNA is purified.[54] The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments[55] or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify up the gene segment.[56] These segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. If the chosen gene or the donor organism's genome has been well studied it may already be accessible from a genetic library. If the DNA sequence is known, but no copies of the gene are available, it can also be artificially synthesised.[57] Once isolated the gene is ligated into a plasmid that is then inserted into a bacterium. The plasmid is replicated when the bacteria divide, ensuring unlimited copies of the gene are available.[58] The RK2 plasmid is notable for its ability to replicate in a wide variety of single-celled organisms, which makes it suitable as a genetic engineering tool.[59]Before the gene is inserted into the target organism it must be combined with other genetic elements. These include a promoter and terminator region, which initiate and end transcription. A selectable marker gene is added, which in most cases confers antibiotic resistance, so researchers can easily determine which cells have been successfully transformed. The gene can also be modified at this stage for better expression or effectiveness. These manipulations are carried out using recombinant DNA techniques, such as restriction digests, ligations and molecular cloning.[60]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genegun.jpg"},{"link_name":"biolistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolistics"},{"link_name":"take up foreign DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence_(biology)"},{"link_name":"thermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock"},{"link_name":"extrachromosomal DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA"},{"link_name":"microinjection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinjection"},{"link_name":"nuclear envelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelope"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"viral vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vectors"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium"},{"link_name":"T-DNA binary vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_DNA_binary_system"},{"link_name":"Agrobacterium-mediated transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium#Uses_in_biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"T-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_DNA"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"biolistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolistics"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"electroporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroporation"},{"link_name":"regenerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)"},{"link_name":"tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Selectable markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_markers"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png"},{"link_name":"A. tumefaciens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._tumefaciens"},{"link_name":"Southern hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hybridization"},{"link_name":"DNA sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"expressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"northern hybridisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hybridization"},{"link_name":"RT-PCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-PCR"},{"link_name":"Western blot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_blot"},{"link_name":"immunofluorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence"},{"link_name":"ELISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"gene targeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_targeting"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"endogenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous"},{"link_name":"selectable markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_markers"},{"link_name":"genome editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing"},{"link_name":"nucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease"},{"link_name":"double-stranded breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-strand_breaks"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"nonhomologous end-joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonhomologous_end_joining"},{"link_name":"meganucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganuclease"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"zinc finger nucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"transcription activator-like effector nucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"CRISPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-79"},{"link_name":"gene knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Inserting DNA into the host genome","text":"A gene gun uses biolistics to insert DNA into plant tissue.There are a number of techniques used to insert genetic material into the host genome. Some bacteria can naturally take up foreign DNA. This ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress (e.g. thermal or electric shock), which increases the cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA. DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors.[61]Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,[62] taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence that allows natural insertion of genetic material into plant cells.[63] Other methods include biolistics, where particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plant cells,[64] and electroporation, which involves using an electric shock to make the cell membrane permeable to plasmid DNA.As only a single cell is transformed with genetic material, the organism must be regenerated from that single cell. In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture.[65][66] In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem cells.[67] Bacteria consist of a single cell and reproduce clonally so regeneration is not necessary. Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells. These markers are usually present in the transgenic organism, although a number of strategies have been developed that can remove the selectable marker from the mature transgenic plant.[68]A. tumefaciens attaching itself to a carrot cellFurther testing using PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing is conducted to confirm that an organism contains the new gene.[69] These tests can also confirm the chromosomal location and copy number of the inserted gene. The presence of the gene does not guarantee it will be expressed at appropriate levels in the target tissue so methods that look for and measure the gene products (RNA and protein) are also used. These include northern hybridisation, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, ELISA and phenotypic analysis.[70]The new genetic material can be inserted randomly within the host genome or targeted to a specific location. The technique of gene targeting uses homologous recombination to make desired changes to a specific endogenous gene. This tends to occur at a relatively low frequency in plants and animals and generally requires the use of selectable markers. The frequency of gene targeting can be greatly enhanced through genome editing. Genome editing uses artificially engineered nucleases that create specific double-stranded breaks at desired locations in the genome, and use the cell's endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by the natural processes of homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining. There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases,[71][72] zinc finger nucleases,[73][74] transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),[75][76] and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR).[77][78] TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages.[79] TALENs have greater target specificity, while CRISPR is easier to design and more efficient.[79] In addition to enhancing gene targeting, engineered nucleases can be used to introduce mutations at endogenous genes that generate a gene knockout.[80][81]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_substrate_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"herbicide resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide_resistance"},{"link_name":"edible vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_vaccines"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"genes knocked out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-out_mice"},{"link_name":"increased susceptibility to disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomouse"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates.[82][83] Plants have been modified for insect protection, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, enhanced nutrition, tolerance to environmental pressures and the production of edible vaccines.[84] Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants.[85] Genetically modified animals have been used for research, model animals and the production of agricultural or pharmaceutical products. The genetically modified animals include animals with genes knocked out, increased susceptibility to disease, hormones for extra growth and the ability to express proteins in their milk.[86]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"model animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-33"},{"link_name":"growth hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"follicle stimulating hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"human albumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin_human"},{"link_name":"monoclonal antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies"},{"link_name":"antihemophilic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihemophilic_factor"},{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"hybridomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridoma_technology"},{"link_name":"monoclonal antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Genetically engineered viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_engineered_virus"},{"link_name":"infectious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_Disease"},{"link_name":"sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Genetically modified mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"oncomouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomouse"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering of humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Clinical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research"},{"link_name":"somatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology)"},{"link_name":"X-linked SCID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"chronic lymphocytic leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Alipogene tiparvovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipogene_tiparvovec"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards2012-98"},{"link_name":"epidermolysis bullosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Germline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"human embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryos"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20150423-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC-20150418-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20151203-nw-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"He Jiankui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jiankui"},{"link_name":"edited the genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing"},{"link_name":"CCR5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"pig to human organ transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotransplantation"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medical_News_Today-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Medicine","text":"Genetic engineering has many applications to medicine that include the manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy. One of the earliest uses of genetic engineering was to mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.[33] This application has now been applied to human growth hormones, follicle stimulating hormones (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines and many other drugs.[87][88] Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.[89] Genetically engineered viruses are being developed that can still confer immunity, but lack the infectious sequences.[90]Genetic engineering is also used to create animal models of human diseases. Genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model.[91] They have been used to study and model cancer (the oncomouse), obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease.[92] Potential cures can be tested against these mouse models.Gene therapy is the genetic engineering of humans, generally by replacing defective genes with effective ones. Clinical research using somatic gene therapy has been conducted with several diseases, including X-linked SCID,[93] chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),[94][95] and Parkinson's disease.[96] In 2012, Alipogene tiparvovec became the first gene therapy treatment to be approved for clinical use.[97][98] In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease, epidermolysis bullosa, in order to grow, and then graft healthy skin onto 80 percent of the boy's body which was affected by the illness.[99]Germline gene therapy would result in any change being inheritable, which has raised concerns within the scientific community.[100][101] In 2015, CRISPR was used to edit the DNA of non-viable human embryos,[102][103] leading scientists of major world academies to call for a moratorium on inheritable human genome edits.[104] There are also concerns that the technology could be used not just for treatment, but for enhancement, modification or alteration of a human beings' appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character or behavior.[105] The distinction between cure and enhancement can also be difficult to establish.[106] In November 2018, He Jiankui announced that he had edited the genomes of two human embryos, to attempt to disable the CCR5 gene, which codes for a receptor that HIV uses to enter cells. The work was widely condemned as unethical, dangerous, and premature.[107] Currently, germline modification is banned in 40 countries. Scientists that do this type of research will often let embryos grow for a few days without allowing it to develop into a baby.[108]Researchers are altering the genome of pigs to induce the growth of human organs, with the aim of increasing the success of pig to human organ transplantation.[109] Scientists are creating \"gene drives\", changing the genomes of mosquitoes to make them immune to malaria, and then looking to spread the genetically altered mosquitoes throughout the mosquito population in the hopes of eliminating the disease.[110]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCWmice1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knockout mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_mouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png"},{"link_name":"green fluorescent protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"},{"link_name":"natural scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_scientists"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"genetically modified bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria"},{"link_name":"clonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"gene knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"Embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells"},{"link_name":"blastocysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-113"},{"link_name":"alanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-113"},{"link_name":"green fluorescent protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-113"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)"},{"link_name":"promoter bashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_bashing"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"Knockout miceHuman cells in which some proteins are fused with green fluorescent protein to allow them to be visualisedGenetic engineering is an important tool for natural scientists, with the creation of transgenic organisms one of the most important tools for analysis of gene function.[111] Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically modified bacteria in the process. Bacteria are cheap, easy to grow, clonal, multiply quickly, relatively easy to transform and can be stored at -80 °C almost indefinitely. Once a gene is isolated it can be stored inside the bacteria providing an unlimited supply for research.[112]Organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. This could be the effect on the phenotype of the organism, where the gene is expressed or what other genes it interacts with. These experiments generally involve loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression.Loss of function experiments, such as in a gene knockout experiment, in which an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes. In a simple knockout a copy of the desired gene has been altered to make it non-functional. Embryonic stem cells incorporate the altered gene, which replaces the already present functional copy. These stem cells are injected into blastocysts, which are implanted into surrogate mothers. This allows the experimenter to analyse the defects caused by this mutation and thereby determine the role of particular genes. It is used especially frequently in developmental biology.[113] When this is done by creating a library of genes with point mutations at every position in the area of interest, or even every position in the whole gene, this is called \"scanning mutagenesis\". The simplest method, and the first to be used, is \"alanine scanning\", where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactive amino acid alanine.[114]\nGain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout experiments to more finely establish the function of the desired gene. The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently. Gain of function is used to tell whether or not a protein is sufficient for a function, but does not always mean it is required, especially when dealing with genetic or functional redundancy.[113]\nTracking experiments, which seek to gain information about the localisation and interaction of the desired protein. One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene, which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualisation of the products of the genetic modification. While this is a useful technique, the manipulation can destroy the function of the gene, creating secondary effects and possibly calling into question the results of the experiment. More sophisticated techniques are now in development that can track protein products without mitigating their function, such as the addition of small sequences that will serve as binding motifs to monoclonal antibodies.[113]\nExpression studies aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced. In these experiments, the DNA sequence before the DNA that codes for a protein, known as a gene's promoter, is reintroduced into an organism with the protein coding region replaced by a reporter gene such as GFP or an enzyme that catalyses the production of a dye. Thus the time and place where a particular protein is produced can be observed. Expression studies can be taken a step further by altering the promoter to find which pieces are crucial for the proper expression of the gene and are actually bound by transcription factor proteins; this process is known as promoter bashing.[115]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overexpress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_expression_(biotechnology)"},{"link_name":"bioreactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor"},{"link_name":"industrial fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation"},{"link_name":"purifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"human growth hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_growth_hormone"},{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"chymosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymosin"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"biofuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"biomining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomining"},{"link_name":"bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"lithium-ion battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Industrial","text":"Organisms can have their cells transformed with a gene coding for a useful protein, such as an enzyme, so that they will overexpress the desired protein. Mass quantities of the protein can then be manufactured by growing the transformed organism in bioreactor equipment using industrial fermentation, and then purifying the protein.[116] Some genes do not work well in bacteria, so yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells can also be used.[117] These techniques are used to produce medicines such as insulin, human growth hormone, and vaccines, supplements such as tryptophan, aid in the production of food (chymosin in cheese making) and fuels.[118] Other applications with genetically engineered bacteria could involve making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels,[119] cleaning up oil spills, carbon and other toxic waste[120] and detecting arsenic in drinking water.[121] Certain genetically modified microbes can also be used in biomining and bioremediation, due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more easily recoverable.[122]In materials science, a genetically modified virus has been used in a research laboratory as a scaffold for assembling a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery.[123][124] Bacteria have also been engineered to function as sensors by expressing a fluorescent protein under certain environmental conditions.[125]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bt_plants.png"},{"link_name":"peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"lesser cornstalk borer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_cornstalk_borer"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"controversial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies"},{"link_name":"genetically modified crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops"},{"link_name":"genetically modified livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_livestock"},{"link_name":"genetically modified food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food"},{"link_name":"abiotic stresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_stress"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicides"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biodiversity-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deborah_B._Whitman_2000-132"},{"link_name":"Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AquAdvantage_salmon"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genetically_Engineered_Salmon-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deborah_B._Whitman_2000-132"},{"link_name":"Amflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amflora"},{"link_name":"Soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean"},{"link_name":"canola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"tomato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavr_Savr"},{"link_name":"shelf life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Pharming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Bt-toxins present in peanut leaves (bottom image) protect it from extensive damage caused by lesser cornstalk borer larvae (top image).[126]One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation and use of genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food. Crops have been developed to increase production, increase tolerance to abiotic stresses, alter the composition of the food, or to produce novel products.[127]The first crops to be released commercially on a large scale provided protection from insect pests or tolerance to herbicides. Fungal and virus resistant crops have also been developed or are in development.[128][129] This makes the insect and weed management of crops easier and can indirectly increase crop yield.[130][131] GM crops that directly improve yield by accelerating growth or making the plant more hardy (by improving salt, cold or drought tolerance) are also under development.[132] In 2016 Salmon have been genetically modified with growth hormones to reach normal adult size much faster.[133]GMOs have been developed that modify the quality of produce by increasing the nutritional value or providing more industrially useful qualities or quantities.[132] The Amflora potato produces a more industrially useful blend of starches. Soybeans and canola have been genetically modified to produce more healthy oils.[134][135] The first commercialised GM food was a tomato that had delayed ripening, increasing its shelf life.[136]Plants and animals have been engineered to produce materials they do not normally make. Pharming uses crops and animals as bioreactors to produce vaccines, drug intermediates, or the drugs themselves; the useful product is purified from the harvest and then used in the standard pharmaceutical production process.[137] Cows and goats have been engineered to express drugs and other proteins in their milk, and in 2009 the FDA approved a drug produced in goat milk.[138][139]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"maladaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladaptation"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"microbial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_art"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"carnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus#Colors"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physorg-145"},{"link_name":"blue roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_rose"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"glowing fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GloFish"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"Other applications","text":"Genetic engineering has potential applications in conservation and natural area management. Gene transfer through viral vectors has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease.[140] Transgenic trees have been suggested as a way to confer resistance to pathogens in wild populations.[141] With the increasing risks of maladaptation in organisms as a result of climate change and other perturbations, facilitated adaptation through gene tweaking could be one solution to reducing extinction risks.[142] Applications of genetic engineering in conservation are thus far mostly theoretical and have yet to be put into practice.Genetic engineering is also being used to create microbial art.[143] Some bacteria have been genetically engineered to create black and white photographs.[144] Novelty items such as lavender-colored carnations,[145] blue roses,[146] and glowing fish[147][148] have also been produced through genetic engineering.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asilomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_Grounds"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Asilomar meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_conference_on_recombinant_DNA"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"},{"link_name":"Office of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McHughen2007-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-151"},{"link_name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimani-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"substantial equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantial_equivalence"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsen-160"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davison2010-161"},{"link_name":"irradiated food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiated_food"},{"link_name":"European Food Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-162"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"false advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC1-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC2-174"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA-175"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-176"},{"link_name":"misleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burlington-2014-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RegGMFood-178"},{"link_name":"processed food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processed_food"},{"link_name":"feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_feed"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davison2010-161"}],"text":"The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of GMOs. The development of a regulatory framework began in 1975, at Asilomar, California.[149] The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntary guidelines regarding the use of recombinant technology.[31] As the technology improved the US established a committee at the Office of Science and Technology,[150] which assigned regulatory approval of GM food to the USDA, FDA and EPA.[151] The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of GMOs,[152] was adopted on 29 January 2000.[153] One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol, and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations.[154]The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.[155][156][157][158] Some countries allow the import of GM food with authorisation, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation even though no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea). Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research.[159] Some of the most marked differences occur between the US and Europe. The US policy focuses on the product (not the process), only looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence.[160] The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world.[161] All GMOs, along with irradiated food, are considered \"new food\" and subject to extensive, case-by-case, science-based food evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. The criteria for authorisation fall in four broad categories: \"safety\", \"freedom of choice\", \"labelling\", and \"traceability\".[162] The level of regulation in other countries that cultivate GMOs lie in between Europe and the United States.One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled. The European Commission says that mandatory labeling and traceability are needed to allow for informed choice, avoid potential false advertising[173] and facilitate the withdrawal of products if adverse effects on health or the environment are discovered.[174] The American Medical Association[175] and the American Association for the Advancement of Science[176] say that absent scientific evidence of harm even voluntary labeling is misleading and will falsely alarm consumers. Labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in 64 countries.[177] Labeling can be mandatory up to a threshold GM content level (which varies between countries) or voluntary. In Canada and the US labeling of GM food is voluntary,[178] while in Europe all food (including processed food) or feed which contains greater than 0.9% of approved GMOs must be labelled.[161]","title":"Regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"playing God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)"},{"link_name":"religious issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_genetically_modified_foods"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"patenting of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_patent"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide"},{"link_name":"superweeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superweeds"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"soil microbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_microbes"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-192"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"genetically modified fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"allergic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_reaction"},{"link_name":"outcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"scientific consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"text":"Critics have objected to the use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical, ecological and economic concerns. Many of these concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries.[179]Accusations that scientists are \"playing God\" and other religious issues have been ascribed to the technology from the beginning.[180] Other ethical issues raised include the patenting of life,[181] the use of intellectual property rights,[182] the level of labeling on products,[183][184] control of the food supply[185] and the objectivity of the regulatory process.[186] Although doubts have been raised,[187] economically most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers.[188][189][190]Gene flow between GM crops and compatible plants, along with increased use of selective herbicides, can increase the risk of \"superweeds\" developing.[191] Other environmental concerns involve potential impacts on non-target organisms, including soil microbes,[192] and an increase in secondary and resistant insect pests.[193][194] Many of the environmental impacts regarding GM crops may take many years to be understood and are also evident in conventional agriculture practices.[192][195] With the commercialisation of genetically modified fish there are concerns over what the environmental consequences will be if they escape.[196]There are three main concerns over the safety of genetically modified food: whether they may provoke an allergic reaction; whether the genes could transfer from the food into human cells; and whether the genes not approved for human consumption could outcross to other crops.[197] There is a scientific consensus[198][199][200][201] that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food,[202][203][204][205][206] but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction.[207][208][209] Nonetheless, members of the public are less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.[210][211][212][213]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-214"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"The White Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Plague"},{"link_name":"pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-214"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Tleilaxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tleilaxu"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"The Boys from Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moraga2-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellcome-217"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellcome-217"},{"link_name":"The 6th Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_6th_Day"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellcome-217"}],"text":"Genetic engineering features in many science fiction stories.[214] Frank Herbert's novel The White Plague describes the deliberate use of genetic engineering to create a pathogen which specifically kills women.[214] Another of Herbert's creations, the Dune series of novels, uses genetic engineering to create the powerful Tleilaxu.[215] Few films have informed audiences about genetic engineering, with the exception of the 1978 The Boys from Brazil and the 1993 Jurassic Park, both of which make use of a lesson, a demonstration, and a clip of scientific film.[216][217] Genetic engineering methods are weakly represented in film; Michael Clark, writing for the Wellcome Trust, calls the portrayal of genetic engineering and biotechnology \"seriously distorted\"[217] in films such as The 6th Day. In Clark's view, the biotechnology is typically \"given fantastic but visually arresting forms\" while the science is either relegated to the background or fictionalised to suit a young audience.[217]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7279-1431-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7279-1431-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86168-288-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86168-288-3"},{"link_name":"Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=48QpTA2P6O0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4329-2455-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4329-2455-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86168-307-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86168-307-3"},{"link_name":"Watson JD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7167-2866-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2866-5"},{"link_name":"An Annotated Bibliography of Scientific Publications on the Risks Associated with Genetic Modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/3"},{"link_name":"Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture – A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fao.org/docrep/004/y2775e/y2775e00.htm"},{"link_name":"FAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-5-104683-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104683-2"}],"text":"British Medical Association (1999). The Impact of Genetic Modification on Agriculture, Food and Health. BMJ Books. ISBN 0-7279-1431-6.\nDonnellan, Craig (2004). Genetic Modification (Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-288-3.\nMorgan S (1 January 2009). Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-2455-3.\nSmiley, Sophie (2005). Genetic Modification: Study Guide (Exploring the Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-307-3.\nWatson JD (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2866-5.\nWeaver S, Michael M (2003). An Annotated Bibliography of Scientific Publications on the Risks Associated with Genetic Modification (Report). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University.\nZaid A, Hughes HG, Porceddu E, Nicholas F (2001). Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture – A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Rome, Italy: FAO. ISBN 92-5-104683-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg/370px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png"},{"image_text":"In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a genetically modified mouse, the first GM animal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg/170px-Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool used in molecular cloning.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Master_Mix_with_Primers_form_PCR.jpg/170px-Master_Mix_with_Primers_form_PCR.jpg"},{"image_text":"A gene gun uses biolistics to insert DNA into plant tissue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Genegun.jpg/170px-Genegun.jpg"},{"image_text":"A. tumefaciens attaching itself to a carrot cell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png/170px-Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png"},{"image_text":"Knockout mice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/PCWmice1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Human cells in which some proteins are fused with green fluorescent protein to allow them to be visualised","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png/220px-Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png"},{"image_text":"Bt-toxins present in peanut leaves (bottom image) protect it from extensive damage caused by lesser cornstalk borer larvae (top image).[126]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bt_plants.png/170px-Bt_plants.png"}]
[{"title":"Biological engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering"},{"title":"Modifications (genetics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifications_(genetics)"},{"title":"Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Genetic Engineering\". Genome.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Engineering","url_text":"\"Genetic Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terms and Acronyms\". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency online. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/gterms.html","url_text":"\"Terms and Acronyms\""}]},{"reference":"Vert M, Doi Y, Hellwich KH, Hess M, Hodge P, Kubisa P, Rinaudo M, Schué F (2012). \"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04. S2CID 98107080.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04","url_text":"\"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04","url_text":"10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98107080","url_text":"98107080"}]},{"reference":"\"How does GM differ from conventional plant breeding?\". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 14 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/how-does-gm-differ-from-conventional-plant-breeding/","url_text":"\"How does GM differ from conventional plant breeding?\""}]},{"reference":"Erwin E, Gendin S, Kleiman L (22 December 2015). Ethical Issues in Scientific Research: An Anthology. Routledge. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-134-81774-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81774-0","url_text":"978-1-134-81774-0"}]},{"reference":"Alexander DR (May 2003). \"Uses and abuses of genetic engineering\". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 79 (931): 249–51. doi:10.1136/pmj.79.931.249. PMC 1742694. 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Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130918203331/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/genetically-modified-foods","url_text":"\"Genetically Modified Foods\""},{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/genetically-modified-foods","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McHugen A (14 September 2000). \"Chapter 1: Hors-d'oeuvres and entrees/What is genetic modification? What are GMOs?\". Pandora's Picnic Basket. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850674-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pandoraspicnicba00mchu","url_text":"\"Chapter 1: Hors-d'oeuvres and entrees/What is genetic modification? What are GMOs?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850674-4","url_text":"978-0-19-850674-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial: Transgenic harvest\". Nature. 467 (7316): 633–634. 2010. 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Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160725141840/http://www.agbioforum.org/v5n4/v5n4a01-huang.htm","url_text":"\"AgBioForum 5(4): Agricultural Biotechnology Development and Policy in China\""},{"url":"http://www.agbioforum.org/v5n4/v5n4a01-huang.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TNAU Agritech Portal :: Bio Technology\". agritech.tnau.ac.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/bio-tech/biotech_gmcrop_gmregulation.html","url_text":"\"TNAU Agritech Portal :: Bio Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"BASF presentation\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104527/http://www.eurofins.com/media/11753/dcontri.pdf","url_text":"\"BASF presentation\""},{"url":"http://www.eurofins.com/media/11753/dcontri.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator Website\". Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ogtr.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 On Genetically Modified Food And Feed\" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2014. The labeling should include objective information to the effect that a food or feed consists of, contains or is produced from GMOs. Clear labeling, irrespective of the detectability of DNA or protein resulting from the genetic modification in the final product, meets the demands expressed in numerous surveys by a large majority of consumers, facilitates informed choice and precludes potential misleading of consumers as regards methods of manufacture or production.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140120113714/http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/labelling/Reg_1829_2003_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 On Genetically Modified Food And Feed\""},{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/labelling/Reg_1829_2003_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC\". Official Journal L 268. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2003. pp. 24–28. (3) Traceability requirements for GMOs should facilitate both the withdrawal of products where unforeseen adverse effects on human health, animal health or the environment, including ecosystems, are established, and the targeting of monitoring to examine potential effects on, in particular, the environment. Traceability should also facilitate the implementation of risk management measures in accordance with the precautionary principle. (4) Traceability requirements for food and feed produced from GMOs should be established to facilitate accurate labeling of such products.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32003R1830","url_text":"\"Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods\" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. 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Retrieved 5 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610170104/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/biotech/reg_gen_mod-eng.php","url_text":"\"The Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods\""},{"url":"http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/biotech/reg_gen_mod-eng.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon IM (1 March 2002). \"Regulation of biotechnology: will we ever 'freely' trade GMOs?\". European Review of Agricultural Economics. 29 (1): 155–76. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.596.7670. doi:10.1093/erae/29.1.155. 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Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11693-009-9028-5","url_text":"10.1007/s11693-009-9028-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759421","url_text":"2759421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19816799","url_text":"19816799"}]},{"reference":"Brown C (October 2000). \"Patenting life: genetically altered mice an invention, court declares\". CMAJ. 163 (7): 867–8. PMC 80518. PMID 11033718.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80518","url_text":"\"Patenting life: genetically altered mice an invention, court declares\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80518","url_text":"80518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11033718","url_text":"11033718"}]},{"reference":"Zhou W (10 August 2015). \"The Patent Landscape of Genetically Modified Organisms\". Science in the News. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/the-patent-landscape-of-genetically-modified-organisms/","url_text":"\"The Patent Landscape of Genetically Modified Organisms\""}]},{"reference":"Puckett L (20 April 2016). \"Why The New GMO Food-Labeling Law Is So Controversial\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/teen-vogue/why-the-new-gmo-foodlabel_b_9738698.html","url_text":"\"Why The New GMO Food-Labeling Law Is So Controversial\""}]},{"reference":"Miller H (12 April 2016). \"GMO food labels are meaningless\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0412-miller-gmo-labels-unscientific-20160412-story.html","url_text":"\"GMO food labels are meaningless\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Savage S. \"Who Controls The Food Supply?\". Forbes. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensavage/2015/06/26/who-controls-the-food-supply/#449914fe2f9d","url_text":"\"Who Controls The Food Supply?\""}]},{"reference":"Knight AJ (14 April 2016). Science, Risk, and Policy. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-317-28081-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jGD7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156","url_text":"Science, Risk, and Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28081-1","url_text":"978-1-317-28081-1"}]},{"reference":"Hakim D (29 October 2016). \"Doubts About the Promised Bounty of Genetically Modified Crops\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/business/gmo-promise-falls-short.html","url_text":"\"Doubts About the Promised Bounty of Genetically Modified Crops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/business/gmo-promise-falls-short.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodríguez-Cerezo E (1 February 2013). \"Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: a meta-analysis\". The Journal of Agricultural Science. 151 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1017/S0021859612000111. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/42242/1/sustainability-03-00743.pdf","url_text":"\"A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu3050743","url_text":"10.3390/su3050743"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719124037/https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/42242/1/sustainability-03-00743.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klümper W, Qaim M (3 November 2014). \"A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops\". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111629. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1629K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629. PMC 4218791. PMID 25365303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218791","url_text":"\"A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9k1629K","url_text":"2014PLoSO...9k1629K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0111629","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0111629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218791","url_text":"4218791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25365303","url_text":"25365303"}]},{"reference":"Qiu J (2013). \"Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds\". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517. S2CID 87415065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Qiu","url_text":"Qiu J"},{"url":"http://www.nature.com/news/genetically-modified-crops-pass-benefits-to-weeds-1.13517","url_text":"\"Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13517","url_text":"10.1038/nature.2013.13517"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87415065","url_text":"87415065"}]},{"reference":"\"GMOs and the environment\". www.fao.org. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X9602E/x9602e07.htm","url_text":"\"GMOs and the environment\""}]},{"reference":"Dively GP, Venugopal PD, Finkenbinder C (30 December 2016). \"Field-Evolved Resistance in Corn Earworm to Cry Proteins Expressed by Transgenic Sweet Corn\". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0169115. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1169115D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169115. PMC 5201267. PMID 28036388.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5201267","url_text":"\"Field-Evolved Resistance in Corn Earworm to Cry Proteins Expressed by Transgenic Sweet Corn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1169115D","url_text":"2016PLoSO..1169115D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0169115","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0169115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5201267","url_text":"5201267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28036388","url_text":"28036388"}]},{"reference":"Qiu, Jane (13 May 2010). \"GM crop use makes minor pests major problem\". Nature News. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.7885. doi:10.1038/news.2010.242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.464.7885","url_text":"10.1.1.464.7885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.242","url_text":"10.1038/news.2010.242"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert N (May 2013). \"Case studies: A hard look at GM crops\". Nature. 497 (7447): 24–6. Bibcode:2013Natur.497...24G. doi:10.1038/497024a. PMID 23636378. S2CID 4417399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.497...24G","url_text":"2013Natur.497...24G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F497024a","url_text":"10.1038/497024a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23636378","url_text":"23636378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417399","url_text":"4417399"}]},{"reference":"\"Are GMO Fish Safe for the Environment? | Accumulating Glitches | Learn Science at Scitable\". www.nature.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/accumulating-glitches/are_gmo_fish_safe_for","url_text":"\"Are GMO Fish Safe for the Environment? | Accumulating Glitches | Learn Science at Scitable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: genetically modified food\". World Health Organization. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/","url_text":"\"Q&A: genetically modified food\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). \"An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research\". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops. The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F07388551.2013.823595","url_text":"10.3109/07388551.2013.823595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24041244","url_text":"24041244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9836802","url_text":"9836802"}]},{"reference":"\"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops\". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm#P3_1651The","url_text":"\"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald P (May 2011). \"Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security\". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120150","url_text":"\"Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.111.128553","url_text":"10.1534/genetics.111.128553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120150","url_text":"3120150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21546547","url_text":"21546547"}]},{"reference":"Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). \"A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants\". Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnInt..37..734D","url_text":"2011EnInt..37..734D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2011.01.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21296423","url_text":"21296423"}]},{"reference":"Krimsky S (2015). \"An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment\" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207171524/http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Illusory%20Consensus%20GMOs.PDF","url_text":"\"An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0162243915598381","url_text":"10.1177/0162243915598381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40855100","url_text":"40855100"},{"url":"http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Illusory%20Consensus%20GMOs.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). \"Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons\". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm. The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F07388551.2015.1130684","url_text":"10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26767435","url_text":"26767435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11786594","url_text":"11786594"}]},{"reference":"Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). \"Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health\". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JSFA...96.1851Y","url_text":"2016JSFA...96.1851Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.7523","url_text":"10.1002/jsfa.7523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26536836","url_text":"26536836"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods\" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2016. The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: \"The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies.\" The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods\""}]},{"reference":"Pinholster G (25 October 2012). \"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could \"Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers\"\". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm","url_text":"\"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could \"Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers\"\""}]},{"reference":"European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf","url_text":"A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2777%2F97784","url_text":"10.2777/97784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-16344-9","url_text":"978-92-79-16344-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101224152216/http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)\". American Medical Association. January 2001. Retrieved 19 March 2016. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts. (from online summary prepared by ISAAA)\" \"Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/htm/articles/Position/ama.htm","url_text":"\"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Service_for_the_Acquisition_of_Agri-biotech_Applications","url_text":"ISAAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods\" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2016. Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120907023039/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf","url_text":"\"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion\". Library of Congress. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php#Opinion","url_text":"\"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion\""}]},{"reference":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved 19 May 2016. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/7#149","url_text":"Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F23395","url_text":"10.17226/23395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-43738-7","url_text":"978-0-309-43738-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28230933","url_text":"28230933"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods\". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2016. Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods. GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/","url_text":"\"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods\""}]},{"reference":"Haslberger AG (July 2003). \"Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects\". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–41. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt0703-739","url_text":"10.1038/nbt0703-739"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12833088","url_text":"12833088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2533628","url_text":"2533628"}]},{"reference":"\"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement\" (PDF). British Medical Association. March 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2016. In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently available. When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis. Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects. The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322224425/http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Funk C, Rainie L (29 January 2015). \"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society\". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2016. The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190109232405/http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/","url_text":"\"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society\""},{"url":"http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marris C (July 2001). \"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?\". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 545–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142. PMC 1083956. PMID 11463731.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083956","url_text":"\"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve142","url_text":"10.1093/embo-reports/kve142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083956","url_text":"1083956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11463731","url_text":"11463731"}]},{"reference":"Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001). \"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe\". Commission of European Communities. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://csec.lancs.ac.uk/archive/pabe/docs/pabe_finalreport.doc","url_text":"\"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). \"Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States\". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–324. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691615621275","url_text":"10.1177/1745691615621275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27217243","url_text":"27217243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261060","url_text":"261060"}]},{"reference":"\"Genetic Engineering\". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/genetic_engineering","url_text":"\"Genetic Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"Koboldt D (29 August 2017). \"The Science of Sci-Fi: How Science Fiction Predicted the Future of Genetics\". Outer Places. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/16677-genetics-science-fiction-future","url_text":"\"The Science of Sci-Fi: How Science Fiction Predicted the Future of Genetics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233445/https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/16677-genetics-science-fiction-future","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moraga R (November 2009). \"Modern Genetics in the World of Fiction\". Clarkesworld Magazine (38). Archived from the original on 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/moraga_11_09/","url_text":"\"Modern Genetics in the World of Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkesworld_Magazine","url_text":"Clarkesworld Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114128/http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/moraga_11_09/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clark M. \"Genetic themes in fiction films: Genetics meets Hollywood\". The Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518055848/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD023539.html","url_text":"\"Genetic themes in fiction films: Genetics meets Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wellcome_Trust","url_text":"The Wellcome Trust"},{"url":"http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD023539.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"British Medical Association (1999). The Impact of Genetic Modification on Agriculture, Food and Health. BMJ Books. ISBN 0-7279-1431-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association","url_text":"British Medical Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7279-1431-6","url_text":"0-7279-1431-6"}]},{"reference":"Donnellan, Craig (2004). Genetic Modification (Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-288-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86168-288-3","url_text":"1-86168-288-3"}]},{"reference":"Morgan S (1 January 2009). Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-2455-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=48QpTA2P6O0C","url_text":"Superfoods: Genetic Modification of Foods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4329-2455-3","url_text":"978-1-4329-2455-3"}]},{"reference":"Smiley, Sophie (2005). Genetic Modification: Study Guide (Exploring the Issues). Independence Educational Publishers. ISBN 1-86168-307-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86168-307-3","url_text":"1-86168-307-3"}]},{"reference":"Watson JD (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes: A Short Course. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2866-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson","url_text":"Watson JD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2866-5","url_text":"978-0-7167-2866-5"}]},{"reference":"Weaver S, Michael M (2003). An Annotated Bibliography of Scientific Publications on the Risks Associated with Genetic Modification (Report). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University.","urls":[{"url":"http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/3","url_text":"An Annotated Bibliography of Scientific Publications on the Risks Associated with Genetic Modification"}]},{"reference":"Zaid A, Hughes HG, Porceddu E, Nicholas F (2001). Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture – A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Rome, Italy: FAO. ISBN 92-5-104683-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y2775e/y2775e00.htm","url_text":"Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture – A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO","url_text":"FAO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104683-2","url_text":"92-5-104683-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Book_of_Nephi
First Nephi
["1 Structure","2 Narrative","2.1 Fleeing Jerusalem","2.2 Killing Laban and returning for Ishmael's family","2.3 Visions of Lehi and Nephi","2.4 Traveling the desert and building the ship","2.5 Nephi's explanation of the plates","3 Interpretation and themes","3.1 Exodus","3.2 The Great and Abominable Church","3.3 Killing Laban","3.4 Women","4 Significant textual variants","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
First book in the Book of Mormon This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (March 2024) Books of the Book of Mormon Small Plates of Nephi First Nephi Second Nephi Book of Jacob Book of Enos Book of Jarom Book of Omni Contribution of Mormon Words of Mormon Mormon's abridgment of the Large Plates of Nephi Book of Mosiah Book of Alma Book of Helaman Third Nephi Fourth Nephi Book of Mormon Additions by Moroni Parts of the Book of Mormon Book of Ether Book of Moroni Latter Day Saints Portalvte The First Book of Nephi: His Reign and Ministry (/ˈniːfaɪ/), usually referred to as First Nephi or 1 Nephi, is the first book of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text of churches within the Latter Day Saint Movement, and one of four books with the name Nephi. First Nephi tells the story of his family's escape from Jerusalem prior to the exile to Babylon, struggle to survive in the wilderness, build a ship and sail to the "promised land," commonly interpreted by Mormons as the Americas. The book is composed of two intermingled genres; one a historical narrative describing the events and conversations that occurred and the other a recounting of visions, sermons, poetry, and doctrinal discourses as shared by either Nephi or Lehi to members of the family. Structure First Nephi is a first-person narrative of events that the narrative itself reports were recorded on a set of objects referred to by Mormons as the Plates of Nephi by the prophet Nephi. The beginning part of First Nephi consists of Nephi's abridgement of his father Lehi's record (1 Nephi 1-9). The next section is Nephi's own narrative of events (1 Nephi 10-22). The Second Book of Nephi is a continuation. Narrative Summary Chapters Lehi's vision of Jerusalem's destruction; fleeing Jerusalem 1–2 Return for the plates 3–5 Second return for Ishmael's family 6–7 Lehi's Vision 8–9 Nephi's Vision of Israel's history 10–14 Nephi's explanation of Lehi's vision to his brothers 15 Traveling the desert and building the ship 16–18 Nephi's explanation of the plates 20–22 Fleeing Jerusalem Beginning in Jerusalem at the time of King Zedekiah's reign, Nephi's father, Lehi, has a vision and is warned of the imminent Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. Lehi attempts to share this warning with the people of Jerusalem, but they dismiss his warning and try to kill him. Lehi and his family (wife Sariah, four sons Laman, Lemuel, Sam and Nephi, and unnamed daughters) leave Jerusalem and establish a camp in the wilderness. Killing Laban and returning for Ishmael's family See also: Killing of Laban Lehi sends his sons back to Jerusalem to retrieve some brass plates, a record in the possession of Laban, a leader in Jerusalem and relative of Lehi. Nephi and his brothers make two failed attempts after which Nephi tries a third time by himself only to find Laban drunk and unconscious. Prompted by the Holy Spirit, Nephi kills Laban with his own sword and dresses in Laban's clothes. Impersonating Laban, Nephi commands Laban's servant, Zoram, to bring the brass plates outside the city to his brothers. Zoram discovers Nephi's subterfuge and tries to flee, but Nephi persuades him to travel with his family, and they all return with the plates. The brass plates indicate that Lehi is a descendant of Joseph, the son of Jacob. The plates also contain the five books of Moses, the writings of Isaiah and other prophets. Lehi's sons return to Jerusalem once more to retrieve the family of Ishmael, some of whom later become spouses for Lehi's children. The vision of Nephi Visions of Lehi and Nephi See also: Tree of life vision Lehi has a vision of the tree of life, which includes a revelation that a Messiah would visit the earth within 600 years. In the vision, Lehi sees a tree next to a river and eats its fruit, which makes him joyful. Wishing to share the fruit with his family, he sees his wife, Sariah, and two sons, Nephi and Sam, who come and eat with him. His two oldest sons, Laman and Lemuel, stay near the river and do not eat the fruit. Then Lehi sees an iron rod and a "strait and narrow path" which leads to the tree. People try to get to the tree, but are lost in the "mist of darkness". Some get to the tree by holding on to the rod, but they are ashamed when they eat the fruit. Across the river, a "great and spacious building" is full of people who are making fun of those who ate the fruit, and subsequently, the fruit-eaters become lost. Nephi prays to the Lord for a similar vision and for help understanding his father's vision. Nephi then has a vision that matches the one his father had. He is told an explanation of its symbolism. Additionally, Nephi is shown past and future events, including the life of the Son of God and his appearances in both the New and the Old World. He also sees, according to a Pentecostal interpretation, "the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the troubles faced by latter-day Christianity, the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, and the final gathering of Israel". After Nephi's vision, Laman and Lemuel argue over the meaning of Lehi's vision. Nephi chastises them for not asking the Lord for interpretation, and explains the point of disputation. He pleads with them to pray and repent. Traveling the desert and building the ship After Lehi's sons marry Ishmael's daughters, Lehi discovers a "ball of curious workmanship" (a compass) at his tent door which they call a Liahona. Follow the Liahona's direction, they journey in the wilderness. As they travel, Nephi's steel bow breaks while hunting. Upon hearing the news, members of the camp complain and "murmur against the Lord" for their misfortune, including Lehi. Lehi repents and gives Nephi the Lord's direction for fertile hunting ground. Ishmael dies on their journey. His daughters, in mourning, respond by complaining. Laman and Lemuel conspire to kill Lehi and Nephi, but the voice of the Lord chastises them, and they repent. After eight years of wandering, they arrive at a coast and the voice of the Lord commands Nephi to build a ship. As he begins, Laman and Lemuel mock him for attempting an impossible task. Nephi recounts the Israelite's exodus and colonization of Canaan to Laman and Lemuel, and touches them with a divine shock as a sign of God's power. They complete the ship, and depart on the ocean. Laman and Lemuel continue to persecute Nephi. Many days later, they arrive in the promised land, where they settle. Artistic depiction of the first sacrifice in the promised land Nephi's explanation of the plates Nephi writes about God's command that he chronicle the events of his people, their genealogy, and the gospel. In dialogue with his brothers, he quotes prophecies of Christ and quotes Isaiah 48–49. He interprets his quotations from Zenos (who is not found in the Bible) and the Biblical prophet Isaiah, saying that all the ancient prophets testified of the savior, and only through him can they be redeemed for their sins. He writes that God's covenants with Israel will eventually be restored, including to the descendants of his father Lehi. Interpretation and themes Exodus Multiple scholars have noticed parallels between Nephi's journey in first Nephi and the Exodus story in the Bible. Nephi consciously encourages Laman and Lemuel to compare their situation to Moses's. He compares their situation to that of Moses after failing to get the plates from Laban in 1 Nephi 4:2-3. When a miracle provides them with food, Nephi writes that it was like when the Israelites were fed with manna (1 Nephi 17:28). He compares their being led by God to when the Israelites were led by a light at night (1 Nephi 17:13, 30). In one of the first examinations of the Exodus type in the Book of Mormon, George S. Tate, a professor of comparative literature at Brigham Young University, argues that Nephi uses parallels to Moses' Exodus as a rhetorical technique to encourage and unify his people. Nephi's use of the Exodus type sets up other Exodus patterns in the Book of Mormon, which is also a pattern of personal conversion. S. Kent Brown, a professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University, states that Nephi uses the Exodus type to prove God's power, and by extension, his own prophetic power. Nephi writes that God gave power to Moses to part the Red Sea, so he could give Nephi a similar power to know "the judgements that shall come" (1 Nephi 8:12). Brant Gardner, an LDS scholar of Mesoamerican ethnohistory with previous publications in FARMS, wrote in his commentary on the Book of Mormon that Nephi likely wrote first Nephi to fit the pattern of Exodus in the Old Testament, as a way to create a foundational narrative for his people. In his book The Testimony of Two Nations published with the University of Illinois Press, Michael Austin examines 1 Nephi 17:33-35 passage. Nephi refutes the logic of the Deuteronomists and Laman and Lemuel, who believe that the Exodus story proves God loves His chosen people more than other people. Nephi says that the Exodus story proves that God "esteemeth all flesh in one" and favors those who keep his commandments. The Great and Abominable Church Main article: Great and abominable church Nephi sees the persecution of the apostles and their followers by the "house of Israel", then later sees a "great church" that is, according to the description of the angel, "...most abominable above all other churches, which slayeth the saints of God, yea, and tortureth them and bindeth them down, and yoketh them with a yoke of iron...". The LDS teaching of a Great Apostasy implies that the Catholic church is no longer true. Early Saints believed that the "great and abominable church" described the Catholic church. LDS general authority Bruce R. McConkie famously identified the "great and abominable church" as the Catholic church in his book Mormon Doctrine (1958). After its publication, church leaders at the time recognized McConkie’s problematic claims and pushed for discontinuation of the book. When a second edition came out, many of McConkie’s opinions of Catholicism were moderated. Official LDS publications discourage the identification of the great and abominable church with the Catholic Church, as well as with any other specific religion, denomination or organization. According to a 1988 article by Stephen E. Robinson in Ensign, an official magazine of LDS Church, "no single known historical church, denomination, or set of believers meets all the requirements for the great and abominable church... Rather, the role of Babylon has been played by many different agencies, ideologies, and churches in many different times." Killing Laban Main article: Killing of Laban Many scholars have commented on the theological implications of Nephi reporting that the Holy Ghost told him to slay Laban. Latter-day Saint critic Eugene England analyzed Laban as a scapegoat figure common in ancient times, but saw this as a flawed argument. For BYU religion professor Charles Swift, Nephi acted out of necessity; but acknowledges that there were many other ways God could have provided the brass plates to Nephi. Jeffrey R. Holland and Swift argue that Nephi had to slay Laban in order to obey God, and that is the most important thing. Women In First Nephi, the only named woman in the narrative is Nephi's mother, Sariah. Ishmael's wife and daughters are not given names. The existence of Nephi's sisters is not mentioned until 2 Nephi. Nephi refers to Ishmael's daughters as Ishmael's daughters or the wives/women of him and his brothers, showing that their social relation to other men is what gives them importance for Nephi. Similarly, Sariah is always referred to as a mother or wife, not as an individual. The two scenes of female resistance—Sariah worrying that her sons have not returned because they have died and Ishmael's daughters wishing to return to Jerusalem after their father's death—create a type scene with instructive differences between the two. For Spencer, the latter story illustrates how treatment of women has changed after the "Nephite-Lamanite" divide. In Sariah's story, she reconciles with Lehi after she sees that the Lord protected her sons. In contrast, no one attempts to comfort the daughters of Ishmael and instead, Laman and Lemuel conspire with the sons of Ishmael to kill Lehi and Nephi, silencing the women and using their discontent for their own designs. Significant textual variants The original translation of the book's title did not include the word "first". First and Second were added to the titles of the Books of Nephi by Oliver Cowdery when preparing the book for printing. Originally, Joseph Smith indicated seven chapter breaks in First Nephi: Chapter organization in 1 Nephi in Joseph's manuscript in current LDS edition (since 1879) Chapter I 1 Nephi 1-5 Chapter II 1 Nephi 6-9 Chapter III 1 Nephi 10-14 Chapter IV 1 Nephi 15 Chapter V 1 Nephi 16:1-19:21 Chapter VI 1 Nephi 19:22-21:26 Chapter VII 1 Nephi 22 Editions of the Book of Mormon from the Community of Christ still use the original chapter organization. In 1879, Orson Pratt reformatted the LDS edition to include twenty-two thematically-arranged chapters. Textual variations in 1 Nephi concern the nature of God. In the first edition of the Book of Mormon, 1 Nephi 11:21 reads "behold the Lamb of God yea even the Eternal Father". Joseph Smith inserted "the Son of" in this verse and three others in 1 Nephi. According to Skousen, this was simply to clarify that these verses referred to the Son of God, since other references to Christ as the Father are left as is. Joseph Spencer, examining the same passage, writes that the reason for clarifying these passages is unclear, but notes that 1 Nephi 12:18 clearly delineates the three separate members of the Godhead. In that verse, God the Father is referred to as "the Eternal Father." See also The Book of Mormon Movie, Vol. 1: The Journey Notes ^ a b Spencer 2020, pp. 17–20. ^ Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism : The history, scripture, doctrine and procedure of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-0-02-904040-9. ^ Bowen, Donna; Williams, Camille (1992). "Women in the Book of Mormon - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism". eom.byu.edu. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 2016-11-06. ^ Spencer, Marjorie (Sep 1977). "My Book of Mormon Sisters". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 2016-11-06. ^ Thomas 2016, p. 33; Spencer 2020, p. 13; Hardy 2023, p. 14 ^ Thomas 2016, p. 33; Spencer 2020, p. 13 ^ 1 Nephi 8:19-20 ^ 1 Nephi 8:23 ^ 1 Nephi 8:26 ^ Swift 2005, p. 60. ^ Spencer 2020, p. 27. ^ Thomas 2016, pp. 33–35. ^ 1 Nephi 16:20 ^ Thomas 2016, p. 36; Hardy 2023, p. 8; Spencer 2020, p. 111 ^ Thomas 2016, p. 36; Hardy 2023, p. 8 ^ Thomas 2016, pp. 36–37; Hardy 2023, p. 8 ^ Tate, George S. (1981). "The Typology of the Exodus Pattern in the Book of Mormon". In Lambert, Neal E. (ed.). Literature of Belief. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. ISBN 0884944093.; "George S. Tate". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024.; Austin 2024, p. 80 ^ Brown, S. Kent (1998). From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University.; "Brown, S. Kent". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024. ^ Gardner 2007, p. 47; Gardner, Brant (September 2002). "Too Good to be True: Questionable Archaeology and the Book of Mormon" (PDF). FAIR Papers. Mesa, Arizona: Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research. Retrieved 2009-01-14. ^ Austin 2024, p. 80. ^ 1 Nephi 11:35 ^ 1 Nephi 13:5 ^ Young, Neil J. (2016). We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-19-973898-4. ^ Salleh and Hemming 2020, pp. 24–25. ^ Adams, Stirling (2012). "The End of Bruce R. McConkie's Mormon Doctrine". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 32 (2). John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA): 60–65. JSTOR 43201315 – via JSTOR. ^ Robinson, Stephen E. (January 1988). "Warring against the Saints of God". The Ensign. ^ England, Eugene (1989). "Why Nephi Killed Laban: Reflections on Truth in the Book of Mormon". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 22 (3): 43. doi:10.2307/45225787. JSTOR 45225787. ^ Swift, Charles (2019). ""The Lord slayeth the wicked": Coming to Terms with Nephi Killing Laban". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 29 (1): 138. ^ Holland, Jeffrey (September 1976). "How can I explain Nephi's killing Laban to my nonmember friends?". The Ensign. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ Spencer 2020, pp. 100–115. ^ "Restoring the Original Text of the Book of Mormon".; Skousen 2004, p. 42 ^ Skousen 2004, pp. 44–45; Spencer 2020, p. 17 ^ Skousen 2004, pp. 44–45; Spencer 2020, pp. 57–59 Sources Austin, Michael (2024). The Testimony of Two Nations: How the Book of Mormon Reads, and Rereads, the Bible. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-08747-9. Wikidata Q123671090. Gardner, Brant (2007). Second Witness. Volume 1 First Nephi. Vol. 1. Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-041-1. Wikidata Q123118187. Hardy, Grant, ed. (2023). The Annotated Book of Mormon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008220-8. OL 46783409M. Wikidata Q122259222. Salleh, Fatimah; Hemming, Margaret Olsen (2020). The Book of Mormon for the Least of These Vol. 1. Vol. 1. By Common Consent Press. ISBN 978-1-948218-23-8. Wikidata Q123378840. Skousen, Royal (2004), Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon. Volume 1 1 Nephi 1 - 2 Nephi 10, vol. 1, Wikidata Q123273058 Spencer, Joseph M. (2020). 1st Nephi. Brief Theological Introductions. Maxwell Institute. ISBN 978-0-8425-0007-4. Wikidata Q123273199. Swift, Charles (2005). "Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life: Understanding the Dream as Visionary Literature". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 14 (2): 60. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud.14.2.0052. Retrieved 20 November 2023. Thomas, John Christopher (2016). A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction. CPT Press. ISBN 978-1-935931-55-3. Wikidata Q123196681. Further reading Nyman, Monte; Tate, Charles D. (1988), The Book of Mormon: First Nephi, the Doctrinal Foundation, Book of Mormon Symposium Series (Volume 2), Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0-8849-4647-9, OCLC 18177802 Seely, David Rolph; Welch, John; Seely, Jo Ann H. (2004), Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem, Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0934893748, OCLC 53434620, archived from the original on 2014-02-02, retrieved 2014-01-21 Eames, Rulon E. (1992), "Book of Mormon: First Book of Nephi", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 144–146, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: First Book of Nephi The First Book of Nephi from the official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints First Nephi Small Plates of Nephi Preceded byNone Book of Mormon Succeeded bySecond Nephi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈniːfaɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_Movement"},{"link_name":"exile to Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi"},{"link_name":"Lehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer202017%E2%80%9320-1"}],"text":"The First Book of Nephi: His Reign and Ministry (/ˈniːfaɪ/), usually referred to as First Nephi or 1 Nephi, is the first book of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text of churches within the Latter Day Saint Movement, and one of four books with the name Nephi. First Nephi tells the story of his family's escape from Jerusalem prior to the exile to Babylon, struggle to survive in the wilderness[clarification needed], build a ship and sail to the \"promised land,\" commonly interpreted by Mormons as the Americas[citation needed]. The book is composed of two intermingled genres; one a historical narrative describing the events and conversations that occurred and the other a recounting of visions, sermons, poetry, and doctrinal discourses as shared by either Nephi or Lehi to members of the family.[1]","title":"First Nephi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plates of Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plates_of_Nephi"},{"link_name":"prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Second Book of Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Book_of_Nephi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer202017%E2%80%9320-1"}],"text":"First Nephi is a first-person narrative of events that the narrative itself reports were recorded on a set of objects referred to by Mormons as the Plates of Nephi by the prophet Nephi.[2] The beginning part of First Nephi consists of Nephi's abridgement of his father Lehi's record[clarification needed] (1 Nephi 1-9). The next section is Nephi's own narrative of events (1 Nephi 10-22). The Second Book of Nephi is a continuation.[1]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(religion)"},{"link_name":"imminent Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Fleeing Jerusalem","text":"Beginning in Jerusalem at the time of King Zedekiah's reign, Nephi's father, Lehi, has a vision and is warned of the imminent Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. Lehi attempts to share this warning with the people of Jerusalem, but they dismiss his warning and try to kill him. Lehi and his family (wife Sariah, four sons Laman, Lemuel, Sam and Nephi, and unnamed daughters[3][4]) leave Jerusalem and establish a camp in the wilderness.[5]","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing of Laban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Laban"},{"link_name":"brass plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_plates"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Laban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laban_(Book_of_Mormon)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vision_of_Nephi.PNG"}],"sub_title":"Killing Laban and returning for Ishmael's family","text":"See also: Killing of LabanLehi sends his sons back to Jerusalem to retrieve some brass plates, a record[clarification needed] in the possession of Laban, a leader in Jerusalem and relative of Lehi. Nephi and his brothers make two failed attempts after which Nephi tries a third time by himself only to find Laban drunk and unconscious. Prompted by the Holy Spirit,[clarification needed] Nephi kills Laban with his own sword and dresses in Laban's clothes. Impersonating Laban, Nephi commands Laban's servant, Zoram, to bring the brass plates outside the city to his brothers. Zoram discovers Nephi's subterfuge and tries to flee, but Nephi persuades him to travel with his family, and they all return with the plates. The brass plates indicate that Lehi is a descendant of Joseph, the son of Jacob. The plates also contain the five books of Moses, the writings of Isaiah and other prophets. Lehi's sons return to Jerusalem once more to retrieve the family of Ishmael,[clarification needed] some of whom later become spouses for Lehi's children.[6]The vision of Nephi","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tree of life vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_vision"},{"link_name":"vision of the tree of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_vision"},{"link_name":"a Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Sariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariah"},{"link_name":"Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_(Book_of_Mormon)"},{"link_name":"Laman and Lemuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_and_Lemuel"},{"link_name":"strait and narrow path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_and_narrow_path"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift200560-10"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer202027-11"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201633%E2%80%9335-12"}],"sub_title":"Visions of Lehi and Nephi","text":"See also: Tree of life visionLehi has a vision of the tree of life, which includes a revelation that a Messiah would visit the earth within 600 years.[clarification needed] In the vision, Lehi sees a tree next to a river and eats its fruit, which makes him joyful. Wishing to share the fruit with his family, he sees his wife, Sariah, and two sons, Nephi and Sam, who come and eat with him. His two oldest sons, Laman and Lemuel, stay near the river and do not eat the fruit. Then Lehi sees an iron rod and a \"strait and narrow path\" which leads to the tree.[7] People try to get to the tree, but are lost in the \"mist of darkness\".[8] Some get to the tree by holding on to the rod, but they are ashamed when they eat the fruit.[clarification needed] Across the river, a \"great and spacious building\" is full of people who are making fun of those who ate the fruit, and subsequently, the fruit-eaters become lost.[9][10]Nephi prays to the Lord for a similar vision and for help understanding his father's vision. Nephi then has a vision that matches the one his father had. He is told an explanation of its symbolism. Additionally, Nephi is shown past and future events, including the life of the Son of God[clarification needed] and his appearances in both the New and the Old World.[clarification needed] He also sees, according to a Pentecostal interpretation,[why?] \"the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the troubles faced by latter-day Christianity, the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, and the final gathering of Israel\".[11] After Nephi's vision, Laman and Lemuel argue over the meaning of Lehi's vision. Nephi chastises them for not asking the Lord for interpretation, and explains the point of disputation.[clarification needed] He pleads with them to pray and repent.[12]","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_(Book_of_Mormon)"},{"link_name":"\"ball of curious workmanship\" (a compass)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liahona_(Book_of_Mormon)"},{"link_name":"steel bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_steel#Early_history"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"voice of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_God"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Sacrifice_in_the_Promised_Land.PNG"}],"sub_title":"Traveling the desert and building the ship","text":"After Lehi's sons marry Ishmael's daughters, Lehi discovers a \"ball of curious workmanship\" (a compass) at his tent door which they call a Liahona. Follow the Liahona's direction, they journey in the wilderness. As they travel, Nephi's steel bow breaks while hunting. Upon hearing the news, members of the camp complain and \"murmur against the Lord\" for their misfortune, including Lehi.[13] Lehi repents and gives Nephi the Lord's direction for fertile hunting ground. Ishmael dies on their journey. His daughters, in mourning, respond by complaining. Laman and Lemuel conspire to kill Lehi and Nephi, but the voice of the Lord chastises them, and they repent.[14]After eight years of wandering, they arrive at a coast and the voice of the Lord commands Nephi to build a ship. As he begins, Laman and Lemuel mock him for attempting an impossible task. Nephi recounts the Israelite's exodus and colonization of Canaan to Laman and Lemuel, and touches them with a divine shock as a sign of God's power. They complete the ship, and depart on the ocean. Laman and Lemuel continue to persecute Nephi. Many days later, they arrive in the promised land, where they settle.[15]Artistic depiction of the first sacrifice in the promised land","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenos"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"redeemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Nephi's explanation of the plates","text":"Nephi writes about God's command that he chronicle the events of his people, their genealogy, and the gospel. In dialogue with his brothers, he quotes prophecies of Christ and quotes Isaiah 48–49. He interprets his quotations from Zenos (who is not found in the Bible) and the Biblical prophet Isaiah, saying that all the ancient prophets testified of the savior, and only through him can they be redeemed for their sins. He writes that God's covenants with Israel will eventually be restored, including to the descendants of his father Lehi.[16]","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interpretation and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michael Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Austin_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202480-20"}],"sub_title":"Exodus","text":"Multiple scholars have noticed parallels between Nephi's journey in first Nephi and the Exodus story in the Bible. Nephi consciously encourages Laman and Lemuel to compare their situation to Moses's. He compares their situation to that of Moses after failing to get the plates from Laban in 1 Nephi 4:2-3. When a miracle provides them with food, Nephi writes that it was like when the Israelites were fed with manna (1 Nephi 17:28). He compares their being led by God to when the Israelites were led by a light at night (1 Nephi 17:13, 30). In one of the first examinations of the Exodus type in the Book of Mormon, George S. Tate, a professor of comparative literature at Brigham Young University, argues that Nephi uses parallels to Moses' Exodus as a rhetorical technique to encourage and unify his people. Nephi's use of the Exodus type sets up other Exodus patterns in the Book of Mormon, which is also a pattern of personal conversion.[17] S. Kent Brown, a professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University, states that Nephi uses the Exodus type to prove God's power, and by extension, his own prophetic power. Nephi writes that God gave power to Moses to part the Red Sea, so he could give Nephi a similar power to know \"the judgements that shall come\" (1 Nephi 8:12).[18] Brant Gardner, an LDS scholar of Mesoamerican ethnohistory with previous publications in FARMS, wrote in his commentary on the Book of Mormon that Nephi likely wrote first Nephi to fit the pattern of Exodus in the Old Testament, as a way to create a foundational narrative for his people.[19] In his book The Testimony of Two Nations published with the University of Illinois Press, Michael Austin examines 1 Nephi 17:33-35 passage. Nephi refutes the logic of the Deuteronomists and Laman and Lemuel, who believe that the Exodus story proves God loves His chosen people more than other people. Nephi says that the Exodus story proves that God \"esteemeth all flesh in one\" and favors those who keep his commandments.[20]","title":"Interpretation and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Great Apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Apostasy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-23"},{"link_name":"general authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_authority"},{"link_name":"Bruce R. McConkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalleh_and_Hemming202024%E2%80%9325-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Stephen E. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"The Great and Abominable Church","text":"Nephi sees the persecution of the apostles and their followers by the \"house of Israel\",[21] then later sees a \"great church\" that is, according to the description of the angel, \"...most abominable above all other churches, which slayeth the saints of God, yea, and tortureth them and bindeth them down, and yoketh them with a yoke of iron...\".[22]The LDS teaching of a Great Apostasy implies that the Catholic church is no longer true. Early Saints believed that the \"great and abominable church\" described the Catholic church.[23] LDS general authority Bruce R. McConkie famously identified the \"great and abominable church\" as the Catholic church in his book Mormon Doctrine (1958).[24] After its publication, church leaders at the time recognized McConkie’s problematic claims and pushed for discontinuation of the book. When a second edition came out, many of McConkie’s opinions of Catholicism were moderated.[25] Official LDS publications discourage the identification of the great and abominable church with the Catholic Church, as well as with any other specific religion, denomination or organization. According to a 1988 article by Stephen E. Robinson in Ensign, an official magazine of LDS Church, \"no single known historical church, denomination, or set of believers meets all the requirements for the great and abominable church... Rather, the role of Babylon has been played by many different agencies, ideologies, and churches in many different times.\"[26]","title":"Interpretation and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugene England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_England"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-29"}],"sub_title":"Killing Laban","text":"Many scholars have commented on the theological implications of Nephi reporting that the Holy Ghost told him to slay Laban. Latter-day Saint critic Eugene England analyzed Laban as a scapegoat figure common in ancient times, but saw this as a flawed argument.[27] For BYU religion professor Charles Swift, Nephi acted out of necessity; but acknowledges that there were many other ways God could have provided the brass plates to Nephi. Jeffrey R. Holland and Swift argue that Nephi had to slay Laban in order to obey God, and that is the most important thing.[28][29]","title":"Interpretation and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariah"},{"link_name":"type scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_scene"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2020100%E2%80%93115-30"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"In First Nephi, the only named woman in the narrative is Nephi's mother, Sariah. Ishmael's wife and daughters are not given names. The existence of Nephi's sisters is not mentioned until 2 Nephi. Nephi refers to Ishmael's daughters as Ishmael's daughters or the wives/women of him and his brothers, showing that their social relation to other men is what gives them importance for Nephi. Similarly, Sariah is always referred to as a mother or wife, not as an individual. The two scenes of female resistance—Sariah worrying that her sons have not returned because they have died and Ishmael's daughters wishing to return to Jerusalem after their father's death—create a type scene with instructive differences between the two. For Spencer, the latter story illustrates how treatment of women has changed after the \"Nephite-Lamanite\" divide. In Sariah's story, she reconciles with Lehi after she sees that the Lord protected her sons. In contrast, no one attempts to comfort the daughters of Ishmael and instead, Laman and Lemuel conspire with the sons of Ishmael to kill Lehi and Nephi, silencing the women and using their discontent for their own designs.[30]","title":"Interpretation and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Cowdery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Orson Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Mormonism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The original translation of the book's title did not include the word \"first\". First and Second were added to the titles of the Books of Nephi by Oliver Cowdery when preparing the book for printing.[31]Originally, Joseph Smith indicated seven chapter breaks in First Nephi:Editions of the Book of Mormon from the Community of Christ still use the original chapter organization. In 1879, Orson Pratt reformatted the LDS edition to include twenty-two thematically-arranged chapters.[32]Textual variations in 1 Nephi concern the nature of God. In the first edition of the Book of Mormon, 1 Nephi 11:21 reads \"behold the Lamb of God yea even the Eternal Father\". Joseph Smith inserted \"the Son of\" in this verse and three others in 1 Nephi. According to Skousen, this was simply to clarify that these verses referred to the Son of God, since other references to Christ as the Father are left as is. Joseph Spencer, examining the same passage, writes that the reason for clarifying these passages is unclear, but notes that 1 Nephi 12:18 clearly delineates the three separate members of the Godhead. In that verse, God the Father is referred to as \"the Eternal Father.\"[33]","title":"Significant textual variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer202017%E2%80%9320_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer202017%E2%80%9320_1-1"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism : The history, scripture, doctrine and procedure of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo03ludl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-02-904040-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904040-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Women in the Book of Mormon - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eom.byu.edu/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"My Book of Mormon Sisters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1977/09/my-book-of-mormon-sisters"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 8:19-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#8:19-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 8:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#8:23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 8:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#8:26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift200560_10-0"},{"link_name":"Swift 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSwift2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer202027_11-0"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201633%E2%80%9335_12-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 16:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#16:20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2023"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2016"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Literature of Belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsc.byu.edu/literature-belief/typology-exodus-pattern-book-mormon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0884944093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884944093"},{"link_name":"\"George S. Tate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsc.byu.edu/author/tate-george-s"},{"link_name":"Austin 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAustin2024"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsc.byu.edu/jerusalem-zarahemla/exodus-pattern-book-mormon"},{"link_name":"\"Brown, S. Kent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsc.byu.edu/author/brown-s-kent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Gardner 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardner2007"},{"link_name":"\"Too Good to be True: Questionable Archaeology and the Book of Mormon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fairlds.org/pubs/QArch.pdf"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Apologetic_Information_%26_Research"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin202480_20-0"},{"link_name":"Austin 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAustin2024"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 11:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#11:35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"1 Nephi 13:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#13:5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Young_23-0"},{"link_name":"We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CgDWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-973898-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973898-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalleh_and_Hemming202024%E2%80%9325_24-0"},{"link_name":"Salleh and Hemming 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSalleh_and_Hemming2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"The End of Bruce R. McConkie's Mormon Doctrine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43201315"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43201315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43201315"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Warring against the Saints of God\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/01/warring-against-the-saints-of-god"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_27-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/45225787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F45225787"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45225787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45225787"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"\"The Lord slayeth the wicked\": Coming to Terms with Nephi Killing Laban\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol28/iss1/6/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"How can I explain Nephi's killing Laban to my nonmember friends?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1976/09/i-have-a-question/how-can-i-explain-nephis-killing-laban-to-my-nonmember-friends?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2020100%E2%80%93115_30-0"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Restoring the Original Text of the Book of Mormon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fairmormon.org/perspectives/fair-conferences/2010-fair-conference/2010-restoring-the-original-text-of-the-book-of-mormon"},{"link_name":"Skousen 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkousen2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Skousen 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkousen2004"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Skousen 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkousen2004"},{"link_name":"Spencer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer2020"}],"text":"^ a b Spencer 2020, pp. 17–20.\n\n^ Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism : The history, scripture, doctrine and procedure of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ([2nd print.] ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-0-02-904040-9.\n\n^ Bowen, Donna; Williams, Camille (1992). \"Women in the Book of Mormon - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism\". eom.byu.edu. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ Spencer, Marjorie (Sep 1977). \"My Book of Mormon Sisters\". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 2016-11-06.\n\n^ Thomas 2016, p. 33; Spencer 2020, p. 13; Hardy 2023, p. 14\n\n^ Thomas 2016, p. 33; Spencer 2020, p. 13\n\n^ 1 Nephi 8:19-20\n\n^ 1 Nephi 8:23\n\n^ 1 Nephi 8:26\n\n^ Swift 2005, p. 60.\n\n^ Spencer 2020, p. 27.\n\n^ Thomas 2016, pp. 33–35.\n\n^ 1 Nephi 16:20\n\n^ Thomas 2016, p. 36; Hardy 2023, p. 8; Spencer 2020, p. 111\n\n^ Thomas 2016, p. 36; Hardy 2023, p. 8\n\n^ Thomas 2016, pp. 36–37; Hardy 2023, p. 8\n\n^ Tate, George S. (1981). \"The Typology of the Exodus Pattern in the Book of Mormon\". In Lambert, Neal E. (ed.). Literature of Belief. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. ISBN 0884944093.; \"George S. Tate\". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024.; Austin 2024, p. 80\n\n^ Brown, S. Kent (1998). From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University.; \"Brown, S. Kent\". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024.\n\n^ Gardner 2007, p. 47; Gardner, Brant (September 2002). \"Too Good to be True: Questionable Archaeology and the Book of Mormon\" (PDF). FAIR Papers. Mesa, Arizona: Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research. Retrieved 2009-01-14.\n\n^ Austin 2024, p. 80.\n\n^ 1 Nephi 11:35\n\n^ 1 Nephi 13:5\n\n^ Young, Neil J. (2016). We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-19-973898-4.\n\n^ Salleh and Hemming 2020, pp. 24–25.\n\n^ Adams, Stirling (2012). \"The End of Bruce R. McConkie's Mormon Doctrine\". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 32 (2). John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA): 60–65. JSTOR 43201315 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Robinson, Stephen E. (January 1988). \"Warring against the Saints of God\". The Ensign.\n\n^ England, Eugene (1989). \"Why Nephi Killed Laban: Reflections on Truth in the Book of Mormon\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 22 (3): 43. doi:10.2307/45225787. JSTOR 45225787.\n\n^ Swift, Charles (2019). \"\"The Lord slayeth the wicked\": Coming to Terms with Nephi Killing Laban\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 29 (1): 138.\n\n^ Holland, Jeffrey (September 1976). \"How can I explain Nephi's killing Laban to my nonmember friends?\". The Ensign. Retrieved November 19, 2023.\n\n^ Spencer 2020, pp. 100–115.\n\n^ \"Restoring the Original Text of the Book of Mormon\".; Skousen 2004, p. 42\n\n^ Skousen 2004, pp. 44–45; Spencer 2020, p. 17\n\n^ Skousen 2004, pp. 44–45; Spencer 2020, pp. 57–59","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Austin_(writer)"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-252-08747-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08747-9"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123671090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123671090"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58958-041-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-041-1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123118187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123118187"},{"link_name":"Hardy, Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-008220-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008220-8"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46783409M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL46783409M"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q122259222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122259222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-948218-23-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948218-23-8"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123378840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123378840"},{"link_name":"Skousen, Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Skousen"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123273058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123273058"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Institute"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8425-0007-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8425-0007-4"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123273199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123273199"},{"link_name":"\"Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life: Understanding the Dream as Visionary Literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=jbms"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jbookmormstud.14.2.0052","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormstud.14.2.0052"},{"link_name":"Thomas, John Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Thomas"},{"link_name":"A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=09VxAQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-935931-55-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935931-55-3"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q123196681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123196681"}],"text":"Austin, Michael (2024). The Testimony of Two Nations: How the Book of Mormon Reads, and Rereads, the Bible. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-08747-9. Wikidata Q123671090.\nGardner, Brant (2007). Second Witness. Volume 1 First Nephi. Vol. 1. Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-041-1. Wikidata Q123118187.\nHardy, Grant, ed. (2023). The Annotated Book of Mormon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008220-8. OL 46783409M. Wikidata Q122259222.\nSalleh, Fatimah; Hemming, Margaret Olsen (2020). The Book of Mormon for the Least of These Vol. 1. Vol. 1. By Common Consent Press. ISBN 978-1-948218-23-8. Wikidata Q123378840.\nSkousen, Royal (2004), Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon. Volume 1 1 Nephi 1 - 2 Nephi 10, vol. 1, Wikidata Q123273058\nSpencer, Joseph M. (2020). 1st Nephi. Brief Theological Introductions. Maxwell Institute. ISBN 978-0-8425-0007-4. Wikidata Q123273199.\nSwift, Charles (2005). \"Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life: Understanding the Dream as Visionary Literature\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 14 (2): 60. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud.14.2.0052. Retrieved 20 November 2023.\nThomas, John Christopher (2016). A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction. CPT Press. ISBN 978-1-935931-55-3. Wikidata Q123196681.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nyman, Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_S._Nyman"},{"link_name":"The Book of Mormon: First Nephi, the Doctrinal Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/excavationsatsei00grig"},{"link_name":"Religious Studies Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Studies_Center"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8849-4647-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8849-4647-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18177802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18177802"},{"link_name":"Welch, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Welch"},{"link_name":"Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140202170115/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/book/glimpses-of-lehi-s-jerusalem/"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0934893748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934893748"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53434620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53434620"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/book/glimpses-of-lehi-s-jerusalem/"},{"link_name":"\"Book of Mormon: First Book of Nephi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5531"},{"link_name":"Ludlow, Daniel H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-02-879602-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24502140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140"}],"text":"Nyman, Monte; Tate, Charles D. (1988), The Book of Mormon: First Nephi, the Doctrinal Foundation, Book of Mormon Symposium Series (Volume 2), Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0-8849-4647-9, OCLC 18177802\nSeely, David Rolph; Welch, John; Seely, Jo Ann H. (2004), Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem, Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0934893748, OCLC 53434620, archived from the original on 2014-02-02, retrieved 2014-01-21\nEames, Rulon E. (1992), \"Book of Mormon: First Book of Nephi\", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 144–146, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The vision of Nephi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vision_of_Nephi.PNG/300px-Vision_of_Nephi.PNG"},{"image_text":"Artistic depiction of the first sacrifice in the promised land","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/First_Sacrifice_in_the_Promised_Land.PNG/350px-First_Sacrifice_in_the_Promised_Land.PNG"}]
[{"title":"The Book of Mormon Movie, Vol. 1: The Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_Movie,_Vol._1:_The_Journey"}]
[{"reference":"Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism : The history, scripture, doctrine and procedure of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ([2nd print.] ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-0-02-904040-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo03ludl","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism : The history, scripture, doctrine and procedure of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-904040-9","url_text":"978-0-02-904040-9"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Donna; Williams, Camille (1992). \"Women in the Book of Mormon - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism\". eom.byu.edu. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 2016-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://eom.byu.edu/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Book_of_Mormon","url_text":"\"Women in the Book of Mormon - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Marjorie (Sep 1977). \"My Book of Mormon Sisters\". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 2016-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1977/09/my-book-of-mormon-sisters","url_text":"\"My Book of Mormon Sisters\""}]},{"reference":"Tate, George S. (1981). \"The Typology of the Exodus Pattern in the Book of Mormon\". In Lambert, Neal E. (ed.). Literature of Belief. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. ISBN 0884944093.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsc.byu.edu/literature-belief/typology-exodus-pattern-book-mormon","url_text":"Literature of Belief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884944093","url_text":"0884944093"}]},{"reference":"\"George S. Tate\". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsc.byu.edu/author/tate-george-s","url_text":"\"George S. Tate\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, S. Kent (1998). From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsc.byu.edu/jerusalem-zarahemla/exodus-pattern-book-mormon","url_text":"From Jerusalem to Zarahemla: Literary and Historical Studies of the Book of Mormon"}]},{"reference":"\"Brown, S. Kent\". Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsc.byu.edu/author/brown-s-kent","url_text":"\"Brown, S. Kent\""}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Brant (September 2002). \"Too Good to be True: Questionable Archaeology and the Book of Mormon\" (PDF). FAIR Papers. Mesa, Arizona: Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research. Retrieved 2009-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairlds.org/pubs/QArch.pdf","url_text":"\"Too Good to be True: Questionable Archaeology and the Book of Mormon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Apologetic_Information_%26_Research","url_text":"Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research"}]},{"reference":"Young, Neil J. (2016). We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-19-973898-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CgDWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973898-4","url_text":"978-0-19-973898-4"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Stirling (2012). \"The End of Bruce R. McConkie's Mormon Doctrine\". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 32 (2). John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA): 60–65. JSTOR 43201315 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43201315","url_text":"\"The End of Bruce R. McConkie's Mormon Doctrine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43201315","url_text":"43201315"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Stephen E. (January 1988). \"Warring against the Saints of God\". The Ensign.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/01/warring-against-the-saints-of-god","url_text":"\"Warring against the Saints of God\""}]},{"reference":"England, Eugene (1989). \"Why Nephi Killed Laban: Reflections on Truth in the Book of Mormon\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 22 (3): 43. doi:10.2307/45225787. JSTOR 45225787.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225787","url_text":"10.2307/45225787"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225787","url_text":"45225787"}]},{"reference":"Swift, Charles (2019). \"\"The Lord slayeth the wicked\": Coming to Terms with Nephi Killing Laban\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 29 (1): 138.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol28/iss1/6/","url_text":"\"\"The Lord slayeth the wicked\": Coming to Terms with Nephi Killing Laban\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jeffrey (September 1976). \"How can I explain Nephi's killing Laban to my nonmember friends?\". The Ensign. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1976/09/i-have-a-question/how-can-i-explain-nephis-killing-laban-to-my-nonmember-friends?lang=eng","url_text":"\"How can I explain Nephi's killing Laban to my nonmember friends?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restoring the Original Text of the Book of Mormon\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairmormon.org/perspectives/fair-conferences/2010-fair-conference/2010-restoring-the-original-text-of-the-book-of-mormon","url_text":"\"Restoring the Original Text of the Book of Mormon\""}]},{"reference":"Austin, Michael (2024). The Testimony of Two Nations: How the Book of Mormon Reads, and Rereads, the Bible. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-08747-9. Wikidata Q123671090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Austin_(writer)","url_text":"Austin, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08747-9","url_text":"978-0-252-08747-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123671090","url_text":"Q123671090"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Brant (2007). Second Witness. Volume 1 First Nephi. Vol. 1. Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-041-1. Wikidata Q123118187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-041-1","url_text":"978-1-58958-041-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123118187","url_text":"Q123118187"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Grant, ed. (2023). The Annotated Book of Mormon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008220-8. OL 46783409M. Wikidata Q122259222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hardy","url_text":"Hardy, Grant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008220-8","url_text":"978-0-19-008220-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL46783409M","url_text":"46783409M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122259222","url_text":"Q122259222"}]},{"reference":"Salleh, Fatimah; Hemming, Margaret Olsen (2020). The Book of Mormon for the Least of These Vol. 1. Vol. 1. By Common Consent Press. ISBN 978-1-948218-23-8. Wikidata Q123378840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948218-23-8","url_text":"978-1-948218-23-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123378840","url_text":"Q123378840"}]},{"reference":"Skousen, Royal (2004), Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon. Volume 1 1 Nephi 1 - 2 Nephi 10, vol. 1, Wikidata Q123273058","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Skousen","url_text":"Skousen, Royal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123273058","url_text":"Q123273058"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Joseph M. (2020). 1st Nephi. Brief Theological Introductions. Maxwell Institute. ISBN 978-0-8425-0007-4. Wikidata Q123273199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Institute","url_text":"Maxwell Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8425-0007-4","url_text":"978-0-8425-0007-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123273199","url_text":"Q123273199"}]},{"reference":"Swift, Charles (2005). \"Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life: Understanding the Dream as Visionary Literature\". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 14 (2): 60. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud.14.2.0052. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=jbms","url_text":"\"Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life: Understanding the Dream as Visionary Literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjbookmormstud.14.2.0052","url_text":"10.5406/jbookmormstud.14.2.0052"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, John Christopher (2016). A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction. CPT Press. ISBN 978-1-935931-55-3. Wikidata Q123196681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Thomas","url_text":"Thomas, John Christopher"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09VxAQAACAAJ","url_text":"A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon: A Literary and Theological Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935931-55-3","url_text":"978-1-935931-55-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123196681","url_text":"Q123196681"}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Monte; Tate, Charles D. (1988), The Book of Mormon: First Nephi, the Doctrinal Foundation, Book of Mormon Symposium Series (Volume 2), Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0-8849-4647-9, OCLC 18177802","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_S._Nyman","url_text":"Nyman, Monte"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/excavationsatsei00grig","url_text":"The Book of Mormon: First Nephi, the Doctrinal Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Studies_Center","url_text":"Religious Studies Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University","url_text":"Brigham Young University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8849-4647-9","url_text":"0-8849-4647-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18177802","url_text":"18177802"}]},{"reference":"Seely, David Rolph; Welch, John; Seely, Jo Ann H. (2004), Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem, Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, ISBN 0934893748, OCLC 53434620, archived from the original on 2014-02-02, retrieved 2014-01-21","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Welch","url_text":"Welch, John"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170115/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/book/glimpses-of-lehi-s-jerusalem/","url_text":"Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies","url_text":"Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934893748","url_text":"0934893748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53434620","url_text":"53434620"},{"url":"http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/book/glimpses-of-lehi-s-jerusalem/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eames, Rulon E. (1992), \"Book of Mormon: First Book of Nephi\", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 144–146, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140","urls":[{"url":"http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5531","url_text":"\"Book of Mormon: First Book of Nephi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow","url_text":"Ludlow, Daniel H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing","url_text":"Macmillan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0","url_text":"0-02-879602-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140","url_text":"24502140"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel_(British_TV_channel)
The Comedy Channel (British TV channel)
["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 American","2.2 Australian","2.3 British","2.4 Canadian","3 References"]
Former British short-lived satellite television network (1991–1992) For other uses, see The Comedy Channel (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Comedy Channel" British TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel The Comedy ChannelCountryUnited KingdomOwnershipOwnerBritish Sky BroadcastingHistoryLaunched1 October 1991Closed30 September 1992 (365 days)Replaced bySky Movies Gold The Comedy Channel was a short-lived satellite television network owned by British Sky Broadcasting during the early 1990s. History The channel launched on 1 October 1991, soon after the merger of Sky Television plc and British Satellite Broadcasting. The merged company called British Sky Broadcasting, brought together comedy programming from its existing libraries – Sky having an archive of American imports (including Three's Company, I Love Lucy, Green Acres, The Beverly Hillbillies and Seinfeld) and BSB having obtained rights to a number of BBC sitcoms such as 'Allo 'Allo!, Steptoe and Son, Are You Being Served?, Porridge, Dad's Army and The Goodies. The Comedy Channel existed in the days before the basic Sky Multichannels subscription package, so was made available as a premium service to subscribers of either Sky Movies or The Movie Channel. Listings for the channel were carried in Radio Times and other listings magazines. The network lost its broadcasting rights following the expiry of the contract between the BBC and former BSB. Eventually the channel closed on 30 September 1992 to be replaced by Sky Movies Gold, a service dedicated to "classic movies". Following the end of the contract with Sky, the BBC's archive programming was subsequently used to launch UK Gold on satellite and cable from 1 November 1992. Sky would not relaunch a comedy-based channel until the arrival of Sky Comedy on 27 January 2020, it retains a minority interest in the domestic version of ViacomCBS's Comedy Central. Programming This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American The Abbott and Costello Show The Addams Family Ann Jillian Babes Barney Miller The Beverly Hillbillies The Bob Newhart Show Car 54, Where Are You? Comic Strip Live Doctor Doctor F Troop Free Spirit Gilligan's Island Green Acres Here's Lucy Hogan's Heroes Homeroom The Honeymooners I Love Lucy In Living Color It's Garry Shandling's Show Leave It to Beaver The Love Boat The Lucy Show The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour The Mary Tyler Moore Show McHale's Navy Mister Ed The Monkees Moonlighting The Munsters Night Court Petticoat Junction Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Seinfeld The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour The Sunday Comics Three's Company Wings Working It Out Australian The Comedy Company Mother and Son British 'Allo 'Allo! Are You Being Served? Dad's Army The Good Life The Goodies Oh, Brother! Porridge Steptoe and Son Till Death Us Do Part The Young Ones Canadian The Kids in the Hall Maniac Mansion References ^ Crisell, Andrew (2005). An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-134-53805-8. ^ Currie, Tony (2001). The Radio Times Story. Kelly. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-903053-09-6. Portals: United Kingdom Television Comedy 1990s vteSky GroupA subsidiary of ComcastUK and IrelandChannels Challenge Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci-Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Box Office F1 News Sky Witness Defunct channels Now Galaxy The Power Station The Sports Channel The Comedy Channel Sky Arts Sky 2 The Movie Channel Sky Scottish Sky Soap .tv PremPlus Sky News Ireland The Amp Sky One Sky Travel Sky Real Lives Bravo 2 Challenge Jackpot Channel One Sky Living Loves Sky 3D Real Lives Merit Joint ventures Sky Sports Racing A&E Networks UK History H2 Blaze Crime & Investigation Ginx TV Paramount UK Partnership Comedy Central Extra Sky News Arabia Defunct JVs A&E Networks UK Lifetime Bio Defunct magazines Sky Magazine Sky Kids Other Amstrad Diagonal View Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky Sports Active Digibox Minidish Sky+ HD Sky Q Sky Betting & Gaming Sky Broadband Sky Active Sky Go Sky News Radio Sky Store Sky Text Sky Vision Now The Cloud Open.... Sky Multichannels Germany and AustriaChannels Sky One Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Krimi Sky Crime Sky Sport Sky Sport News Sky Sport Bundesliga Sky Sport F1 Defunct Sky 3D Sky Arts Sky Select Sky Comedy Other Sky Store ItalyChannels Sky Uno Sky Arte Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Due Sky Meteo 24 Sky Primafila Sky Sport Sky Sport F1 Sky Sport MotoGP Sky Sport 24 Sky Calcio Sky TG24 Cielo TV8 Sky Documentaries Sky Investigation Sky Nature Sky Serie Defunct Sky Vivo Sky Show Sky 3D Sky Music Sky Radio History Timeline Criticisms British Satellite Broadcasting Sky Television (1984–1990) Living TV Group Former joint ventures & properties Australian News Channel Granada Sky Broadcasting Japan Sky Broadcasting Sky México Sky Brasil Stream TV See also Sky Campus Sky Studios Jupiter Entertainment (60%) Love Productions Sky España Sky Switzerland
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The merged company called British Sky Broadcasting, brought together comedy programming from its existing libraries – Sky having an archive of American imports (including Three's Company, I Love Lucy, Green Acres, The Beverly Hillbillies and Seinfeld) and BSB having obtained rights to a number of BBC sitcoms such as 'Allo 'Allo!, Steptoe and Son, Are You Being Served?, Porridge, Dad's Army and The Goodies.The Comedy Channel existed in the days before the basic Sky Multichannels subscription package, so was made available as a premium service to subscribers of either Sky Movies or The Movie Channel.[citation needed] Listings for the channel were carried in Radio Times[2] and other listings magazines.The network lost its broadcasting rights following the expiry of the contract between the BBC and former BSB. Eventually the channel closed on 30 September 1992 to be replaced by Sky Movies Gold, a service dedicated to \"classic movies\".[citation needed] Following the end of the contract with Sky, the BBC's archive programming was subsequently used to launch UK Gold on satellite and cable from 1 November 1992.Sky would not relaunch a comedy-based channel until the arrival of Sky Comedy on 27 January 2020, it retains a minority interest in the domestic version of ViacomCBS's Comedy Central.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Abbott and Costello Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abbott_and_Costello_Show"},{"link_name":"The Addams Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ann Jillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Jillian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Babes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barney Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Miller"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"Car 54, Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_54,_Where_Are_You%3F"},{"link_name":"Comic Strip Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Strip_Live_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doctor_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"F Troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Troop"},{"link_name":"Free Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Spirit_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gilligan's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Green Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Acres"},{"link_name":"Here's Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Hogan's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Homeroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeroom_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Honeymooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymooners"},{"link_name":"I Love Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Lucy"},{"link_name":"In Living Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Living_Color"},{"link_name":"It's Garry Shandling's Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Garry_Shandling%27s_Show"},{"link_name":"Leave It to Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"The Lucy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lucy_Show"},{"link_name":"The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lucy-Desi_Comedy_Hour"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"McHale's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McHale%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Mister Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Ed"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moonlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlighting_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"Night Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Court"},{"link_name":"Petticoat Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat_Junction"},{"link_name":"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_%26_Martin%27s_Laugh-In"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Comedy_Hour"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Comics"},{"link_name":"Three's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Working It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_It_Out"}],"sub_title":"American","text":"The Abbott and Costello Show\nThe Addams Family\nAnn Jillian\nBabes\nBarney Miller\nThe Beverly Hillbillies\nThe Bob Newhart Show\nCar 54, Where Are You?\nComic Strip Live\nDoctor Doctor\nF Troop\nFree Spirit\nGilligan's Island\nGreen Acres\nHere's Lucy\nHogan's Heroes\nHomeroom\nThe Honeymooners\nI Love Lucy\nIn Living Color\nIt's Garry Shandling's Show\nLeave It to Beaver\nThe Love Boat\nThe Lucy Show\nThe Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour\nThe Mary Tyler Moore Show\nMcHale's Navy\nMister Ed\nThe Monkees\nMoonlighting\nThe Munsters\nNight Court\nPetticoat Junction\nRowan & Martin's Laugh-In\nSeinfeld\nThe Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\nThe Sunday Comics\nThree's Company\nWings\nWorking It Out","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Comedy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Company"},{"link_name":"Mother and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Son"}],"sub_title":"Australian","text":"The Comedy Company\nMother and Son","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Allo 'Allo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!"},{"link_name":"Are You Being Served?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F"},{"link_name":"Dad's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"The Good Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Goodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goodies_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Oh, Brother!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Brother!"},{"link_name":"Porridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Steptoe and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son"},{"link_name":"Till Death Us Do Part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Death_Us_Do_Part"},{"link_name":"The Young Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Ones_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"British","text":"'Allo 'Allo!\nAre You Being Served?\nDad's Army\nThe Good Life\nThe Goodies\nOh, Brother!\nPorridge\nSteptoe and Son\nTill Death Us Do Part\nThe Young Ones","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Kids in the Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maniac Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_Mansion_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Canadian","text":"The Kids in the Hall\nManiac Mansion","title":"Programming"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animus_(Marvel_Comics)
Hate-Monger
["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Adolf Hitler clone","2.2 National Force Hate-Monger","2.3 Edmund Heidler","2.4 Josh Glenn","2.5 Other Hate-Mongers","3 Powers and abilities","4 In other media","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Comic book character Comics character Hate-MongerCover to Fantastic Four #21 (December 1963). Art by Jack Kirby.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceFantastic Four #21 (December, 1963)Created byStan Lee (writer)Jack Kirby (artist)In-story informationAlter egoClone of Adolf HitlerSpeciesHuman cloneTeam affiliationsNazi GermanyNotable aliasesThe Fuhrer, Nazi "X", Edmund Heidler, Adam HauserAbilitiesCunning strategistCharismatic leaderGood hand-to-hand combatantArmored exoskeleton battle-suit grants:Superhuman strengthVia H-Ray:Ability to cause feelings of intense hatred, fear and dread and to consume fearAfter resurrection:Being of pure energyShapeshiftingRegenerationAbility to fire laser-like beams from his eyes The Hate-Monger is the name of several different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016) The original character first appeared in Fantastic Four #21 (December, 1963) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Fictional character biography Adolf Hitler clone The Hate-Monger first appeared in the small fictional nation of San Gusto in South America, and came to the attention of authorities when he took over with the use of storm troopers, hoping to upset the balance of power in South America. The Fantastic Four saw a hate rally in New York City and the Thing tried to wreck it, but the Fantastic Four were caught off guard by the Hate-Monger's weapon — the Hate-Ray — which instilled hate for others, causing them to fight each other. As a result, the team disbanded and went their separate ways. Nick Fury, at the time a CIA agent, then managed to trick Mister Fantastic into traveling to San Gusto with him to fight the Hate-Monger, knowing the other members would follow. The Hate-Monger saw the plane leaving and used a device that traveled underground by the use of flames that carved out tunnels to quickly get to South America. Fury and Reed fought off some of the rebels, and infiltrated the Hate-Monger's headquarters after Reed found a device sending out beams and found the source of the disturbance. However, Reed was paralyzed with nerve gas and captured by the Hate-Monger, who revealed he had been bouncing his ray off the Moon, which had been causing abnormal effects on the tides. Fury managed to cure Mister Fantastic after getting the cure for the ray and gas from the Hate-Monger at gunpoint, though the Hate-Monger stopped them from capturing him by lowering bulletproof glass. Mister Fantastic then gave the antidote to the other members, and together they got to the base to help Nick Fury. In the final confrontation, the Hate-Monger was shot and killed by some of his own stormtroopers when an H-Ray beam struck some soldiers by mistake due to the Invisible Girl. When Mr. Fantastic removed the Hate-Monger's mask, it was revealed that Hate-Monger was Adolf Hitler who apparently survived World War II, though it is claimed it may be one of his doubles. It was discovered later that Arnim Zola had perfected a means of transferring the mind to the body of a clone, thereby allowing Hitler to live on in the event of the death of his body. The Hate-Monger suffered a succession of defeats by Nick Fury, who wrecked the Hate-Monger's attempt to blackmail the nations of Earth with the "Hate-Ray" from an orbiting space station. The Hate-Monger was killed again. The Hate-Monger returned and planned to use a spacecraft to recapture his space station from S.H.I.E.L.D. He fought the Man-Wolf, but his base was invaded by S.H.I.E.L.D. and he was killed again. His consciousness then resided within a cloned brain mounted on an android. Zola and the Red Skull unsuccessfully attempted to transplant the brain into the body of his old enemy, Captain America. He later battled Captain America again. The Hate-Monger eventually allied himself with his old pupil the Red Skull, and the two villains began plotting against each other when they gained possession of the Cosmic Cube, which could only be wielded by one person. The Hate-Monger decided to use his mind-transference powers to gain control of the Cube itself, rather than another clone. It was only after he had transferred his mind into the Cube that he realized that the Cube was not complete and nothing more than an empty shell. With the Hate-Monger's mind trapped within the featureless void of the incomplete Cube's matrix, he eventually went mad until fading into nothingness. Years later, the Red Skull revived the Hate-Monger as a being of pure energy, able to project the H-Ray at will. Using his new abilities, the Hate-Monger caused strikes and revolts in New York City under the guise of union representative Adam Hauser. The Hate-Monger then stole a mind-amplification device from S.H.I.E.L.D., which allowed him to incite violence and destruction all over the United States. The Hate-Monger then captured his old foes Captain America, Nick Fury, and Namor, and boasted that they were powerless to stop him. While Fury and Namor succumbed to the H-Ray, Captain America refused to surrender to his hatred. This failure infuriated the Hate-Monger to such a degree that the mind-amplifier exploded, apparently destroying him for once and for all. National Force Hate-Monger A new Hate-Monger appeared wearing a version of Captain America's uniform, and is seen murdering illegal immigrants, saying "America belongs to Americans". This Hate-Monger and his organization, a new iteration of the National Force, were all wiped out by the Punisher, who wore his own version of the Captain America uniform for the occasion. Edmund Heidler Years later during the Heroic Age event, Steve Rogers discovered a clone of Hitler with no memory of his programming. This clone goes by the name of Edmund Heidler and is a painter. Steve Rogers talks to him trying to find any evidence of his original protocol, but he does not receive anything other than a few racist comments. Leaving his art sale, Steve Rogers returns to Sharon Carter who wants to flat-out kill him. She is stopped by Rogers who tells her that he has not done anything wrong. They agree to keep an eye on him. After Rogers leaves, Heidler begins to subconsciously paint swastikas in his apartment. Josh Glenn A new Hate-Monger named Josh Glenn eventually emerges during the Fear Itself storyline. Originally an office worker who became frustrated by what he perceived as persecution at the hands of immigrants, Glenn took it upon himself to continue the Hate-Monger's legacy after learning about the villain through various conspiracy theory websites. Glenn's paranoid anti-immigrant attitudes culminated in an attempt to steal firearms from a local pawn shop, which resulted in his capture at the hands of the Black Panther. Following Glenn's release, the essence of the original Hate-Monger somehow returned from space and entered his body, granting him the abilities of his predecessor. The new Hate-Monger then set out to enact his revenge on Black Panther, recruiting a new nationalist vigilante known as the American Panther as part of his scheme, but T'Challa was eventually able to drive the spirit out of its current host. The Hate-Monger later uses HYDRA's time travel technology to try to alter history by assassinating Barack Obama in 1965, but is prevented from doing so by both Nick Fury and Nick Fury Jr. Glenn as Hate-Monger would join the Hellfire Club on an assault on Krakoa. Other Hate-Mongers The Man-Beast once impersonated the Hate-Monger. Psycho-Man created an android he called the Hate-Monger which was destroyed by the Scourge of the Underworld. An energy vampire who fed off hate adopted the name of the Hate-Monger for a time, then changed his name to Animus. Powers and abilities The Hate-Monger was an ordinary man with no superhuman powers, created as the result of cloning and genetic engineering. The Hate-Monger's brain has been "energized" by Arnim Zola's techniques, enabling him to project his consciousness into the brain of a body cloned from his own if his current body is dying. He used several such bodies, including one which possessed superhuman strength, but was mute. The Hate-Monger wears chain-mail body armor under his hood, tunic, and boots. He has sometimes worn an armored battle-suit containing an exoskeleton that amplifies his strength to superhuman levels. Scientists and technicians in the Hate-Monger's employ, including Arnim Zola, have manufactured and supplied him with a number of other paraphernalia and contrivances. He is often armed with his handgun projecting the "Hate-ray" or "H-ray", high frequency microwave radiation that affects the centers of the human brain controlling emotions so as to stimulate and magnify the victims' feelings of dread, fear, and anger to unreasonable levels, including repressed or subconscious sentiments of this kind. The hate-ray can also transform feelings of love into equally strong or perhaps even stronger hatreds. He also had access to large-scale "Hate-ray" projectors, missiles armed with nuclear warheads, disease-carrying bacilli, and various advanced aircraft and spacecraft. After his resurrection by the Cosmic Cube, the Hate-Monger was now a being of pure energy that could take on any form he wished, and his H-Ray powers were now his own. He was able to regenerate from most wounds and could fire laser-like beams from his eyes. As Hitler, the Hate-Monger was also a cunning strategist and a charismatic leader, and able to incite fanatical loyalty to him through his rhetoric and persuasive personality. He is a good hand-to-hand combatant, and has apparently received some training in physical combat. He also had some talent in painting. In other media Hate-Monger appears in Marvel Avengers Alliance. Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2020) The Hate-Monger is discussed by C. Richard King and David J. Leonard in Beyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture. See also Adolf Hitler in popular culture References ^ Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1465455505. ^ Fantastic Four #21 ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 154. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X. ^ Nick Fury, Agent of SHIELD #9–11 ^ Creatures on the Loose #34–35 ^ Captain America #211–212 ^ Captain America #227–228 ^ Super-Villain Team-Up #16–17 ^ Captain America vol. 3 #45–48 ^ Punisher: War Journal #6 ^ Captain America #616 ^ Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #521 ^ Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #523 ^ Walker, David F. (w), Ferguson, Lee (p), Ferguson, Lee (i), Keith, Jason (col), Cowles, Clayton (let), Moisan, Jon (ed). Fury: S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary, vol. 1, no. 1 (23 September 2015). United States: Marvel Comics. ^ Marauders #5–6 ^ The Spectacular Spider-Man #13–15 ^ Byrne, John (w), Byrne, John (p), Ordway, Jerry (i), Oliver, Glynis (col), Workman, John (let), Carlin, Michael (ed). "With Malice Towards All!" Fantastic Four, vol. 1, no. 281 (July 1985). Marvel Comics. ^ Shooter, Jim (w), Milgrom, Al (p), Leialoha, Steve, Rubinstein, Josef (i), Many Hands (col), Parker, Rick, Rosen, Joe (let), Budiansky, Bob (ed). "I'll Take Manhattan..." Secret Wars II, vol. 1, no. 2 (August 1985). Marvel Comics. ^ The Avengers #342 ^ "Marvel Avengers Alliance Season 2 Still Coming". Wonder World Comics. July 10, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2018. ^ King, C. Richard; Leonard, David J. (2014). Beyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781472427465. External links Hate-Monger (Adolf Hitler) at Marvel.com Hate-Monger (Animus) at Marvel.com Hate-Monger at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe Hate-Monger (Psycho-Man's android) at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe vteCaptain America charactersIncarnations ofCaptain America Steve Rogers William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker Isaiah Bradley Bucky Barnes Sam Wilson SupportingcharactersBucky Bucky Barnes Jack Monroe Rick Jones Lemar Hoskins Rikki Barnes Primary Falcon Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Other Arnie Roth Betsy Ross Demolition Man Diamondback Jack Flag Nick Fury Superhero allies Black Widow Deathlok Fabian Stankowicz Fantastic Four Hawkeye Maria Hill Howling Commandos Hulk Iron Man Robert Maverick Namor Spider-Man Thunderbolt Ross Thor Wolverine X-Men Teams All-Winners Squad Avengers New Uncanny Secret Illuminati Invaders Secret Defenders S.H.I.E.L.D. AntagonistsPrimary rogues'gallery Arnim Zola Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Crossbones Doctor Faustus Flag-Smasher Grand Director Machinesmith Madame Hydra MODOK Red Skull Sin Winter Soldier Groups A.I.M. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"}],"text":"Comics characterThe Hate-Monger is the name of several different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Hate-Monger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The original character first appeared in Fantastic Four #21 (December, 1963) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.[1]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Mister Fantastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Fantastic"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arnim Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnim_Zola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Man-Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jameson_(character)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Cube"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Namor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Adolf Hitler clone","text":"The Hate-Monger first appeared in the small fictional nation of San Gusto in South America, and came to the attention of authorities when he took over with the use of storm troopers, hoping to upset the balance of power in South America. The Fantastic Four saw a hate rally in New York City and the Thing tried to wreck it, but the Fantastic Four were caught off guard by the Hate-Monger's weapon — the Hate-Ray — which instilled hate for others, causing them to fight each other. As a result, the team disbanded and went their separate ways. Nick Fury, at the time a CIA agent, then managed to trick Mister Fantastic into traveling to San Gusto with him to fight the Hate-Monger, knowing the other members would follow. The Hate-Monger saw the plane leaving and used a device that traveled underground by the use of flames that carved out tunnels to quickly get to South America. Fury and Reed fought off some of the rebels, and infiltrated the Hate-Monger's headquarters after Reed found a device sending out beams and found the source of the disturbance. However, Reed was paralyzed with nerve gas and captured by the Hate-Monger, who revealed he had been bouncing his ray off the Moon, which had been causing abnormal effects on the tides. Fury managed to cure Mister Fantastic after getting the cure for the ray and gas from the Hate-Monger at gunpoint, though the Hate-Monger stopped them from capturing him by lowering bulletproof glass. Mister Fantastic then gave the antidote to the other members, and together they got to the base to help Nick Fury. In the final confrontation, the Hate-Monger was shot and killed by some of his own stormtroopers when an H-Ray beam struck some soldiers by mistake due to the Invisible Girl. When Mr. Fantastic removed the Hate-Monger's mask, it was revealed that Hate-Monger was Adolf Hitler who apparently survived World War II, though it is claimed it may be one of his doubles.[2]It was discovered later that Arnim Zola had perfected a means of transferring the mind to the body of a clone, thereby allowing Hitler to live on in the event of the death of his body.[3] The Hate-Monger suffered a succession of defeats by Nick Fury, who wrecked the Hate-Monger's attempt to blackmail the nations of Earth with the \"Hate-Ray\" from an orbiting space station. The Hate-Monger was killed again.[4] The Hate-Monger returned and planned to use a spacecraft to recapture his space station from S.H.I.E.L.D. He fought the Man-Wolf, but his base was invaded by S.H.I.E.L.D. and he was killed again.[5]His consciousness then resided within a cloned brain mounted on an android. Zola and the Red Skull unsuccessfully attempted to transplant the brain into the body of his old enemy, Captain America.[6] He later battled Captain America again.[7] The Hate-Monger eventually allied himself with his old pupil the Red Skull, and the two villains began plotting against each other when they gained possession of the Cosmic Cube, which could only be wielded by one person. The Hate-Monger decided to use his mind-transference powers to gain control of the Cube itself, rather than another clone. It was only after he had transferred his mind into the Cube that he realized that the Cube was not complete and nothing more than an empty shell. With the Hate-Monger's mind trapped within the featureless void of the incomplete Cube's matrix, he eventually went mad until fading into nothingness.[8]Years later, the Red Skull revived the Hate-Monger as a being of pure energy, able to project the H-Ray at will. Using his new abilities, the Hate-Monger caused strikes and revolts in New York City under the guise of union representative Adam Hauser. The Hate-Monger then stole a mind-amplification device from S.H.I.E.L.D., which allowed him to incite violence and destruction all over the United States. The Hate-Monger then captured his old foes Captain America, Nick Fury, and Namor, and boasted that they were powerless to stop him. While Fury and Namor succumbed to the H-Ray, Captain America refused to surrender to his hatred. This failure infuriated the Hate-Monger to such a degree that the mind-amplifier exploded, apparently destroying him for once and for all.[9]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Force"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"National Force Hate-Monger","text":"A new Hate-Monger appeared wearing a version of Captain America's uniform, and is seen murdering illegal immigrants, saying \"America belongs to Americans\". This Hate-Monger and his organization, a new iteration of the National Force, were all wiped out by the Punisher, who wore his own version of the Captain America uniform for the occasion.[10]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heroic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Age_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"swastikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Edmund Heidler","text":"Years later during the Heroic Age event, Steve Rogers discovered a clone of Hitler with no memory of his programming. This clone goes by the name of Edmund Heidler and is a painter. Steve Rogers talks to him trying to find any evidence of his original protocol, but he does not receive anything other than a few racist comments. Leaving his art sale, Steve Rogers returns to Sharon Carter who wants to flat-out kill him. She is stopped by Rogers who tells her that he has not done anything wrong. They agree to keep an eye on him. After Rogers leaves, Heidler begins to subconsciously paint swastikas in his apartment.[11]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fear Itself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Itself_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"HYDRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury_Jr."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hellfire Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_Club_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Krakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakoa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Josh Glenn","text":"A new Hate-Monger named Josh Glenn eventually emerges during the Fear Itself storyline. Originally an office worker who became frustrated by what he perceived as persecution at the hands of immigrants, Glenn took it upon himself to continue the Hate-Monger's legacy after learning about the villain through various conspiracy theory websites. Glenn's paranoid anti-immigrant attitudes culminated in an attempt to steal firearms from a local pawn shop, which resulted in his capture at the hands of the Black Panther. Following Glenn's release, the essence of the original Hate-Monger somehow returned from space and entered his body, granting him the abilities of his predecessor. The new Hate-Monger then set out to enact his revenge on Black Panther, recruiting a new nationalist vigilante known as the American Panther as part of his scheme,[12] but T'Challa was eventually able to drive the spirit out of its current host.[13]The Hate-Monger later uses HYDRA's time travel technology to try to alter history by assassinating Barack Obama in 1965, but is prevented from doing so by both Nick Fury and Nick Fury Jr.[14] Glenn as Hate-Monger would join the Hellfire Club on an assault on Krakoa.[15]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man-Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Beast"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Psycho-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Man"},{"link_name":"Scourge of the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FF281-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecretWarsII_2-18"},{"link_name":"Animus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animus_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Other Hate-Mongers","text":"The Man-Beast once impersonated the Hate-Monger.[16]\nPsycho-Man created an android he called the Hate-Monger which was destroyed by the Scourge of the Underworld.[17][18]\nAn energy vampire who fed off hate adopted the name of the Hate-Monger for a time, then changed his name to Animus.[19]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hate-Monger was an ordinary man with no superhuman powers, created as the result of cloning and genetic engineering. The Hate-Monger's brain has been \"energized\" by Arnim Zola's techniques, enabling him to project his consciousness into the brain of a body cloned from his own if his current body is dying. He used several such bodies, including one which possessed superhuman strength, but was mute.The Hate-Monger wears chain-mail body armor under his hood, tunic, and boots. He has sometimes worn an armored battle-suit containing an exoskeleton that amplifies his strength to superhuman levels. Scientists and technicians in the Hate-Monger's employ, including Arnim Zola, have manufactured and supplied him with a number of other paraphernalia and contrivances. He is often armed with his handgun projecting the \"Hate-ray\" or \"H-ray\", high frequency microwave radiation that affects the centers of the human brain controlling emotions so as to stimulate and magnify the victims' feelings of dread, fear, and anger to unreasonable levels, including repressed or subconscious sentiments of this kind. The hate-ray can also transform feelings of love into equally strong or perhaps even stronger hatreds. He also had access to large-scale \"Hate-ray\" projectors, missiles armed with nuclear warheads, disease-carrying bacilli, and various advanced aircraft and spacecraft.After his resurrection by the Cosmic Cube, the Hate-Monger was now a being of pure energy that could take on any form he wished, and his H-Ray powers were now his own. He was able to regenerate from most wounds and could fire laser-like beams from his eyes.As Hitler, the Hate-Monger was also a cunning strategist and a charismatic leader, and able to incite fanatical loyalty to him through his rhetoric and persuasive personality. He is a good hand-to-hand combatant, and has apparently received some training in physical combat. He also had some talent in painting.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Avengers Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Avengers_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Hate-Monger appears in Marvel Avengers Alliance.[20]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KL-21"}],"text":"The Hate-Monger is discussed by C. Richard King and David J. Leonard in Beyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture.[21]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture"}]
[{"reference":"Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1465455505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465455505","url_text":"978-1465455505"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 154. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin","url_text":"Rovin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Avengers Alliance Season 2 Still Coming\". Wonder World Comics. July 10, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://wonderworldcomics.com/tag/marvel-avengers-alliance-season-2/","url_text":"\"Marvel Avengers Alliance Season 2 Still Coming\""}]},{"reference":"King, C. Richard; Leonard, David J. (2014). Beyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781472427465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing","url_text":"Ashgate Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472427465","url_text":"9781472427465"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hate-Monger&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hate-Monger&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/154/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://wonderworldcomics.com/tag/marvel-avengers-alliance-season-2/","external_links_name":"\"Marvel Avengers Alliance Season 2 Still Coming\""},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/hate-monger-adolf-hitler","external_links_name":"Hate-Monger (Adolf Hitler)"},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/hate-monger-animus","external_links_name":"Hate-Monger (Animus)"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/hatemonh.htm","external_links_name":"Hate-Monger"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/hatemongerungerff.htm","external_links_name":"Hate-Monger (Psycho-Man's android)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Newcastle_(1909)
HMS Newcastle (1909)
["1 Service history","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
1909 Town-class light cruiser For other ships with the same name, see HMS Newcastle. Newcastle History United Kingdom NameHMS Newcastle NamesakeNewcastle upon Tyne BuilderArmstrong Whitworth Laid down14 April 1909 Launched25 November 1909 CommissionedSeptember 1910 FateSold for scrapping 9 May 1921 General characteristics Class and typeTown-class light cruiser Displacement4,800 tons Length453 ft (138 m) Overall Beam47 ft (14 m) Draught15.5 ft (4.7 m) Propulsion Parsons turbines Four screws Twelve Yarrow boilers 22,000 hp Speed25 knots (46 km/h) Range carried 600 tons (1353 tons maximum) coal 260 tons fuel oil Complement411 Armament 2 × BL 6-inch (152.4 mm) Mk XI guns 10 × BL 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk VII guns 1 × 3-inch (76 mm) guns 4 × 3-pounder guns 4 × machine guns 2 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes Armour 2 inch, 1¾ inch, ¾ inch deck 6 inch conning tower HMS Newcastle was a Town-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy launched on 25 November 1909 from the yards of Armstrong Whitworth. She formed part of the Bristol subgroup. Service history On the outbreak of the First World War she was stationed in the Far East on the China and Pacific station, being involved in operations during the Shanghai Rebellion in 1913, that had arisen as a result of the Xinhai Revolution that had broken out two years earlier. When war broke out she bombarded Yap, prior to deploying to Valparaíso to search for the armed merchant raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich. In late January 1916, Newcastle captured the German ship Mazatlan, which was then operating as the American ship Edna. In 1917 she was reassigned to the East Indies and in 1918 she was again moved to operate off South America. After an uneventful war service in comparison with her sisters, Newcastle was sold for scrapping on 9 May 1921 to the breaking firm of Thos. W. Ward. She arrived at the yards at Lelant on 3 May 1923 to be broken up. Notes ^ Transcribed Ship's Log at naval-history.net. References Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War One (1919), Jane's Publishing Company Gray, Randal (ed), "Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921", (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1985), ISBN 0-85177-245-5 Ships of the Bristol group Bristol cruisers External links Media related to HMS Newcastle (1909) at Wikimedia Commons vteTown-class cruisersBristol class Royal Navy Glasgow Gloucester Liverpool Newcastle Bristol Weymouth class Royal Navy Weymouth Yarmouth Falmouth Dartmouth Chatham class Royal Navy Chatham Dublin Southampton  Royal Australian Navy Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Birmingham class Royal Navy Birmingham Nottingham Lowestoft  Royal Australian Navy Adelaide Birkenhead class Royal Hellenic Navy Antinavarchos Kountouriotis Lambros Katsonis  Royal Navy Birkenhead (ex-Antinavarchos Kountouriotis) Chester (ex-Lambros Katsonis) Preceded by: None Followed by: Arethusa class List of cruisers of the Royal Navy List of cruisers of the Royal Australian Navy List of cruisers of the Royal Hellenic Navy
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Newcastle.htm","external_links_name":"Transcribed Ship's Log at naval-history.net"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/light-cruiser/hms-Bristol.html","external_links_name":"Ships of the Bristol group"},{"Link":"http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/bristol_class.htm","external_links_name":"Bristol cruisers"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua-fresh
List of toothpaste brands
["1 Toothpastes","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrush Toothpaste is a gel dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene; it functions as an abrasive agent that helps to remove dental plaque and food from the teeth, works to suppress halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to the teeth and gums to help prevent tooth decay (cavity) and gum disease (gingivitis). Toothpastes This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. A 1949 Chlorodont advertisement, published in Germany's Voice (a New York publication) This list includes notable brands of toothpaste, both historic and contemporary. Aim: a brand of toothpaste from Church and Dwight. Aim was introduced in 1973 by Unilever, and the brand was purchased by Church and Dwight in 2003. In Australia, it is manufactured and distributed by Pental. Aquafresh: available since 1973, it is manufactured by consumer healthcare product maker GlaxoSmithKline. Babool: launched in by Balsara Hygiene in 1987, Babool is made from the bark of the Babool tree, which has traditionally been used to clean teeth in India. Bentodent: launched in by Indian Dental Organization a team of dentists to help resolve specific oral care issues using natural and sustainable oral care products, Bentodent is made with Bentonite clay, an old age cleanser in India. Binaca: an oral hygiene brand that is marketed in India and owned by Dabur. BlueM: a leading oral health brand based in The Netherlands BioMIn F: BioMin F Toothpaste Cedel: Australian brand owned by Heritage Brands Cleure: independently owned flavor-free, mint-free, fluoride-free, SLS-free toothpaste made in the USA. Dermatologist recommended for sensitive skin, dry mouth, canker sores and perioral dermatitis. Chlorodont: Saxon brand by Ottomar von Mayenburg (Dresden, 1907) Close-Up: marketed by Unilever, it was launched in 1967 and was the first gel toothpaste in the world. Colgate: marketed by Colgate-Palmolive, it is the first toothpaste in a collapsible tube, introduced in 1896, after having been sold in glass jars since 1873. Corsodyl: Corsodyl, also known as Parodontax, is a fluoride-based toothpaste that is meant to cure and prevent gum bleeding and gingivitis. It was first produced by GlaxoSmithKline in 1937 (although it is now produced by Haleon). It is available in over 30 countries including the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The active ingredient that makes this toothpaste unique is chlorhexidine. It also contains sodium bicarbonate, which is what gives it a slight salty taste. Crest: a Procter & Gamble product. At first it used stannous fluoride, marketed as "Fluoristan" (this was also the original brand name it was sold under—it was later changed from "Fluoristan" to "Crest with Fluoristan"). Dabur: first introduced in India by Dr. S.K. Burman in 1884. Dant Kanti: introduced in India by Patanjali Ayurved. It is now one of the top selling toothpaste brands in India. Darlie: first manufactured in Shanghai in 1933 and later based in Hong Kong and Taiwan, Hawley & Hazel was acquired in 1985 by the United States corporation Colgate-Palmolive, although the product is not marketed by Colgate-Palmolive. Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste: produced from 1940 to 1945 in Germany by Auergesellschaft of Berlin, it contained small amounts of thorium, although later analysis showed its radioactivity levels to be very low. Dr. Lyon's Tooth Powder: a brand of powdered dentifrice mainly popular during the mid twentieth century. It is still available today in independent drug stores and certain drug store chains. Created by Dr. I. W. Lyon, D.D.S. Elmex: sold since 1962, was manufactured by GABA International AG, a Swiss manufacturer of branded oral care products. GABA International AG was acquired by Colgate-Palmolive in December 2003. Euthymol: a brand of antiseptic, fluoride-free toothpaste distributed by Johnson & Johnson that is characterised by its bright pink colour and medicinal taste. The antiseptic ingredient in the product is thymol. Formula: an oral care brand from Indonesia since 1984, it was owned by PT Ultra Prima Abadi company and marketed through OT consumer goods brand. Gleem: a brand of toothpaste made by the Procter & Gamble company. Grants of Australia is an Australian brand of oral hygiene GUM, made by Sunstar Ipana a popular toothpaste during the 20th century, first introduced in 1901 by Bristol-Myers of New York. The brand is now owned by Maxill Inc. of Canada. The famous Disney-created mascot named Bucky Beaver joined the Ipana marketing efforts in the 1950s. Jāsön offers toothpaste among a variety of other personal care products. Jāsön is a brand of Hain Celestial. Kalodont: discontinued in 1981, it was originally produced by F. A. Sarg’s Sohn & Co. from Vienna and first sold in Austria-Hungary in 1887. It later became widely distributed, in 34 other countries, and obtained a near-monopoly status that caused the word "kalodont" to become synonymous with the word for "tooth paste" in South Slavic languages. It was also available in Russia in 1927. Macleans: a brand of toothpaste by GlaxoSmithKline, introduced in UK in the 1930s by the Maclean's Company which was taken over by the Beecham Group and eventually by SKB. Sold and made in many countries and available in the US until the early 1980s, now marketed in Australia and New Zealand. KIN: Laboratios KIN is a Spanish brand of Oral hygiene products that focuses on specific needs of the user i.e. GingiKIN for Gingivitis, Gingikin B5 for Gingivitis and prevents Tooth decay, KINfresh for Bad breath, and sensiKIN for Sensitive teeth. Kolynos as the name of an old-time line of oral care products that was created by Newell Sill Jenkins in 1908 and acquired by Colgate-Palmolive in 1995.Although not now readily available in The US, the brand remains strong in Latin America, and also manufactured in Hungary. In Brazil, for instance, Kolynos was the second best-selling brand, after Colgate (toothpaste) itself. K P Namboodiri's herbal toothpaste is an ayurvedic dental product manufactured by Ramco Herbals pvt ltd and marketed by K P Namboodiri's Ayurvedics based from Shornur, Kerala, India. Mentadent: a brand name for a line of dental products manufactured by Unilever everywhere but United States and Canada, where it was acquired by the Church & Dwight Company in 2003. Mentadent SR formerly named "Gibbs SR", is a brand of toothpaste owned by Unilever. Meswak: launched in India by Balsara Hygiene in 1998, it is marketed as a herbal toothpaste. It is prepared from extracts of the Salvadora persica plant. Oral-B: a brand of the Procter & Gamble company. Oral-B is an American brand of oral hygiene products, including toothpastes, toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes, and mouthwashes. It has been owned by American multinational Procter & Gamble (P&G) since 2006. Oxygenol: Finnish toothpaste brand manufactured by Finnish Company Berner Oy Parodontax: is a brand name of toothpaste and mouthwash currently owned by GlaxoSmithKline and was developed in 1937 in Germany. Peak toothpaste; a brand of toothpaste featuring baking soda produced by Colgate-Palmolive, circa 1973–1977. Pepsodent: a brand of toothpaste with a minty flavour derived from sassafras. It was advertised for its purported properties fighting tooth decay, attributed in advertisements to the supposed ingredient Irium. Irium is another word for sodium lauryl sulfate, an inexpensive ionic surfactant. It was first introduced in The US in 1915 by the Pepsodent Company of Chicago, later purchased by Unilever in 1944. Pomorin by Rubella is one of the most well-known Bulgarian toothpastes for its rich content of sea salts and Black sea lye, useful in treatment of periodontal disease. Promise: launched by Balsara hygiene in 1978 in India, the brand's tagline was "The unique toothpaste with time-tested clove oil." P/S: a Vietnamese brand of toothpaste and toothbrush. However, in 2012, they made 3 actions called "P/S 123". Rembrandt toothpaste: a brand of toothpaste that has built its brand on the promise of whitening. R.O.C.S. - "unique toothpastes, which are made with natural ingredients using their own low-temperature technology, under the R.O.C.S. brand." Sensodyne: a brand of toothpaste by Haleon, marketed for people with sensitive teeth and/or dentine hypersensitivity. Signal: marketed by Unilever. Sozodont: a popular brand of oral hygiene product from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. According to an 1889 issue of the journal American Druggist, Sozodont was made from a liquid and powder mixture. The powder contained orris root, carbonate of calcium, and magnesia. The liquid contained castile soap (soap made exclusively from vegetable oil), glycerin, sizable portions of water and alcohol, and, for flavoring, a small quantity of oil of peppermint, clover, cinnamon, and star anise, as well as, for coloring, cochineal (a dye made from an insect of the same name). Stomatol: first sold in Sweden at the beginning of the 20th century, it was particularly notable as having been one of the first Swedish brands to recognize and to use the power of mass media. Stripe with hexachlorophene. Marketed by Lever Brothers. TartarEnd: founded by John Gontarz, Phd, only toothpaste which actually removes tartar when used according to manufacturer's directions. TartarEnd softens tartar so that it can be removed by brushing or flossing. Tom's of Maine: founded by Tom and Kate Chappell in 1970 with US$5,000. In 2006, a controlling 84% stake in Tom's of Maine was purchased by Colgate-Palmolive for US$100 million. The Chappells own the remaining sixteen percent. Ultra Brite: an American toothpaste and tooth-whitener marketed by Colgate-Palmolive in the United States. White Birch: a brand of toothpaste with White Charcoal. White Birch is a brand of Total Clean LLC which has the patent on white charcoal in oral care formulations. White Glo: established in NSW in 1993. Zendium: a brand of toothpaste made by Unilever and marketed in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Scandinavia for some years, with its expansion into the French and Italian markets in 2015. See also Medicine portalLists portal Dental care List of dental topics References ^ American Dental Association Description of Toothpaste"Toothpaste". April 15, 2010. ^ "Church & Dwight to buy Avid Health for $650M". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. August 20, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ "Aim". Pental. Retrieved 2023-08-10. ^ "Aquafresh: How a leading global brand has earned its stripes" (PDF). Business 2000. The Irish Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011. ^ All India Management Association (1989). Indian Management. 28: 23. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Balsara to revamp toothpaste portfolio". The Hindu Business Line. August 6, 2002. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ "How-This-D2C-Oral-Care-Startup-Develops-Sustainable-And-Green-Products". Business World. Retrieved April 28, 2023. ^ "From household names to forgotten history: Story of India's grand old brands such as Binaca, Dalda & Moti Soaps". The Economic Times. November 28, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ "Cedel Australia". Cedel Australia. ^ "Toothpaste - Original Without Flavor 4oz". Cleure. Retrieved 2023-10-05. ^ "Colgate and Unilever battle in India with the same smile". The Financial Express. April 21, 1999. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ "A unique oral care brand for up-close situations". Unileverme.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Colgate-Palmolive Company History | Creating Bright Smiles for 200 Years | Colgate.com ^ "Dabur India History". economictimes.indiatimes.com. ^ Malviya, Sagar. "Herbal brands like Baba Ramdev's Patanjali dent Colgate's toothpaste share". The Economic Times. ^ Fish, Isaac Stone (November 30, 2010). "Back to the Days of Blackface". Newsweek. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ "Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste". Retrieved October 1, 2011. Doramad radioactive toothpaste was produced during World War II by Auergesellschaft of Berlin. ^ "Famous Tooth Powder Bossy Product". Retrieved November 11, 2016. ^ "Gaba International". Gaba International. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ "Colgate Announces Acquisition of GABA Holding AG - Strengthening its Oral Care Business in Europe & Confirms 4th QTR. & Full Year 2003 Earnings Estimates | Colgate-Palmolive Company". ^ "Gigi Kuat, Gigi Formula". OT. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ "Advertising & Marketing", The New York Times, November 21, 1952, Page 36. ^ "It's the new ipana". Maxill Inc. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ "Oral Care | Jason Naturals". ^ "Our Brands | Hain Celestial". www.hain.com. ^ "Zubne paste – kozmetika i higijena". Poslovni dnevnik (in Croatian). January 20, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011. ^ Kiaer, Christina; Naiman, Eric (2006). Everyday life in early Soviet Russia: taking the Revolution inside. Indiana University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-253-21792-9. Retrieved September 4, 2011. ^ Namboodiri's, K P. "K P Namboodiri's". ^ "The end of a golden age". Marketing Week. January 6, 2005. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ a b c "How Balsara Lost Its Bite". Business Standard. August 6, 2002. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Deborah J. Macinnis, Pinaki Dasgupta, Wayne D. Hoyer (2008). Consumer Behaviour. Dreamtech Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-8177227543. ^ "The natural barrier". The Indian Express. February 3, 2008. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ "Peak Toothpaste with Baking Soda". National Museum of American History. ^ Susan Budavari, Maryadele J. O'Neil, Ann Smith, Patricia E. Heckelman, Joanne F. Kinneary. 1996. The Merck Index, twelfth edition. Merk & Co., Inc.: White house Station, NJ. Page 1478 ^ "Pomorin". Cosmetics Bulgaria. ^ Majumdar, Ramanuj (2004). Product Management in India. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 978-8120312524. ^ Lesch, William C.; David Rupert (1994). New Product Screening. Haworth Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-56024-404-2. Retrieved September 29, 2008. ^ "Join Our Mission To Defeat Tooth Decay - Signal® Arabia". Signal.sa. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ Roswell Van Buskirk obituary, American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record (1902). ^ "Questions & Answers: Sozodont". American Druggist. July 1889. Retrieved July 17, 2007. ^ "Colgate expands reach of quirky toothpaste". USATODAY.com. Gannett Co. Inc. The Associated Press. March 22, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ Marconi, Joe (1999). The Brand Marketing Book. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-0-8442-2257-8. ^ "Vision". ^ "WhiteGlo | Shop Ethical! company profile". guide.ethical.org.au. Sources For fair oral health, a toothbrush is absolutely essential External links Media related to Toothpaste at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Toothpaste at Wiktionary
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothpasteonbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"gel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel"},{"link_name":"dentifrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentifrice"},{"link_name":"toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth"},{"link_name":"Toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"oral hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene"},{"link_name":"dental plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"halitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis"},{"link_name":"fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride"},{"link_name":"xylitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol"},{"link_name":"tooth decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay"},{"link_name":"gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADA-toothpaste-1"}],"text":"Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrushToothpaste is a gel dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene; it functions as an abrasive agent that helps to remove dental plaque and food from the teeth, works to suppress halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to the teeth and gums to help prevent tooth decay (cavity) and gum disease (gingivitis).[1]","title":"List of toothpaste brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_toothpaste_brands"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorodont-Werbung_1949.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church and Dwight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_Dwight"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Babool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babool_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Babool tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babool"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bentodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bentodent_(brand)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Binaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaca_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Dabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabur"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etn11-8"},{"link_name":"BioMIn F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BioMIn_F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritage_Brands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heritage Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritage_Brands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ottomar von Mayenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomar_von_Mayenburg"},{"link_name":"Close-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-Up_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfe99-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unilever-12"},{"link_name":"Colgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"Colgate-Palmolive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride"},{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"Haleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleon"},{"link_name":"chlorhexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"stannous fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannous_fluoride"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Patanjali Ayurved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanjali_Ayurved"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Darlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlie"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doramad_Radioactive_Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"Auergesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auergesellschaft"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Elmex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmex"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"GABA International AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GABA_International_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colgate-Palmolive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Euthymol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymol"},{"link_name":"antiseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"thymol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tua_(perusahaan)"},{"link_name":"OT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tua_(perusahaan)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gleem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleem"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Grants of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sunstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstar_Group"},{"link_name":"Ipana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jāsön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81s%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kalodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalodont"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"F. A. Sarg’s Sohn & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._A._Sarg%E2%80%99s_Sohn_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"South Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Macleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macleans_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oral hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene"},{"link_name":"Gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"Gingivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis"},{"link_name":"Tooth decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay"},{"link_name":"Bad breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath"},{"link_name":"Sensitive teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_teeth"},{"link_name":"Kolynos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolynos"},{"link_name":"Newell Sill Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Sill_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Colgate-Palmolive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive"},{"link_name":"The US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_US"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Colgate (toothpaste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"K P Namboodiri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K_P_Namboodiri%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mentadent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentadent"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mentadent SR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentadent_SR"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Meswak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meswak"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessStandard-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessStandard-30"},{"link_name":"herbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whdmpd-31"},{"link_name":"Salvadora persica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persica"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie08-32"},{"link_name":"Oral-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral-B"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"mouthwashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oxygenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parodontax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodontax"},{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Peak toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_toothpaste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colgate-Palmolive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pepsodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsodent"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"sassafras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras"},{"link_name":"sodium lauryl sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate"},{"link_name":"ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"surfactant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Susan_Budavari-34"},{"link_name":"The US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_US"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"Pomorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomorin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessStandard-30"},{"link_name":"clove oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_of_cloves"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"P/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P/S&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_toothpaste"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sensodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensodyne"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"Haleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"dentine hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentine_hypersensitivity"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sozodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozodont"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"orris root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orris_root"},{"link_name":"carbonate of calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"magnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide"},{"link_name":"castile soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_soap"},{"link_name":"glycerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerin"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"peppermint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint"},{"link_name":"clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"star anise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_anise"},{"link_name":"cochineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochineal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Stomatol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lever Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Chappell"},{"link_name":"Kate Chappell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Chappell"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ultra Brite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Brite"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Colgate-Palmolive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive"},{"link_name":"White Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Birch"},{"link_name":"Total Clean LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Clean_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"White Glo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Glo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Zendium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendium"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.A 1949 Chlorodont advertisement, published in Germany's Voice (a New York publication)This list includes notable brands of toothpaste, both historic and contemporary.Aim: a brand of toothpaste from Church and Dwight. Aim was introduced in 1973 by Unilever, and the brand was purchased by Church and Dwight in 2003.[2] In Australia, it is manufactured and distributed by Pental.[3]\nAquafresh: available since 1973, it is manufactured by consumer healthcare product maker GlaxoSmithKline.[4]\nBabool: launched in by Balsara Hygiene in 1987,[5] Babool is made from the bark of the Babool tree, which has traditionally been used to clean teeth in India.[6]\nBentodent: launched in by Indian Dental Organization a team of dentists to help resolve specific oral care issues using natural and sustainable oral care products, Bentodent is made with Bentonite clay, an old age cleanser in India.[7]\nBinaca: an oral hygiene brand that is marketed in India and owned by Dabur.[8]\nBlueM: a leading oral health brand based in The Netherlands\nBioMIn F: BioMin F Toothpaste\nCedel: Australian brand owned by Heritage Brands[9]\nCleure: independently owned flavor-free, mint-free, fluoride-free, SLS-free toothpaste made in the USA. Dermatologist recommended for sensitive skin, dry mouth, canker sores and perioral dermatitis.[10]\nChlorodont: Saxon brand by Ottomar von Mayenburg (Dresden, 1907)\nClose-Up: marketed by Unilever,[11] it was launched in 1967 and was the first gel toothpaste in the world.[12]\nColgate: marketed by Colgate-Palmolive, it is the first toothpaste in a collapsible tube, introduced in 1896, after having been sold in glass jars since 1873.[13]\nCorsodyl: Corsodyl, also known as Parodontax, is a fluoride-based toothpaste that is meant to cure and prevent gum bleeding and gingivitis. It was first produced by GlaxoSmithKline in 1937 (although it is now produced by Haleon). It is available in over 30 countries including the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The active ingredient that makes this toothpaste unique is chlorhexidine. It also contains sodium bicarbonate, which is what gives it a slight salty taste.\nCrest: a Procter & Gamble product. At first it used stannous fluoride, marketed as \"Fluoristan\" (this was also the original brand name it was sold under—it was later changed from \"Fluoristan\" to \"Crest with Fluoristan\").[citation needed]\nDabur: first introduced in India by Dr. S.K. Burman in 1884.[14]\nDant Kanti: introduced in India by Patanjali Ayurved. It is now one of the top selling toothpaste brands in India.[15]\nDarlie: first manufactured in Shanghai in 1933 and later based in Hong Kong and Taiwan, Hawley & Hazel was acquired in 1985 by the United States corporation Colgate-Palmolive, although the product is not marketed by Colgate-Palmolive.[16]\nDoramad Radioactive Toothpaste: produced from 1940 to 1945 in Germany by Auergesellschaft of Berlin, it contained small amounts of thorium, although later analysis showed its radioactivity levels to be very low.[17]\nDr. Lyon's Tooth Powder: a brand of powdered dentifrice mainly popular during the mid twentieth century. It is still available today in independent drug stores and certain drug store chains. Created by Dr. I. W. Lyon, D.D.S.[18]\nElmex:[19] sold since 1962, was manufactured by GABA International AG, a Swiss manufacturer of branded oral care products. GABA International AG was acquired by Colgate-Palmolive in December 2003.[20]\nEuthymol: a brand of antiseptic, fluoride-free toothpaste distributed by Johnson & Johnson that is characterised by its bright pink colour and medicinal taste. The antiseptic ingredient in the product is thymol.[citation needed]\nFormula: an oral care brand from Indonesia since 1984, it was owned by PT Ultra Prima Abadi company and marketed through OT consumer goods brand.[21]\nGleem:[22] a brand of toothpaste made by the Procter & Gamble company.\nGrants of Australia is an Australian brand of oral hygiene\nGUM, made by Sunstar\nIpana[23] a popular toothpaste during the 20th century, first introduced in 1901 by Bristol-Myers of New York. The brand is now owned by Maxill Inc. of Canada. The famous Disney-created mascot named Bucky Beaver joined the Ipana marketing efforts in the 1950s.[citation needed]\nJāsön[24] offers toothpaste among a variety of other personal care products. Jāsön is a brand of Hain Celestial.[25]\nKalodont: discontinued in 1981,[26] it was originally produced by F. A. Sarg’s Sohn & Co. from Vienna and first sold in Austria-Hungary in 1887. It later became widely distributed, in 34 other countries, and obtained a near-monopoly status that caused the word \"kalodont\" to become synonymous with the word for \"tooth paste\" in South Slavic languages. It was also available in Russia in 1927.[27]\nMacleans: a brand of toothpaste by GlaxoSmithKline, introduced in UK in the 1930s by the Maclean's Company which was taken over by the Beecham Group and eventually by SKB. Sold and made in many countries and available in the US until the early 1980s, now marketed in Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]\nKIN: Laboratios KIN is a Spanish brand of Oral hygiene products that focuses on specific needs of the user i.e. GingiKIN for Gingivitis, Gingikin B5 for Gingivitis and prevents Tooth decay, KINfresh for Bad breath, and sensiKIN for Sensitive teeth.\nKolynos as the name of an old-time line of oral care products that was created by Newell Sill Jenkins in 1908 and acquired by Colgate-Palmolive in 1995.Although not now readily available in The US, the brand remains strong in Latin America, and also manufactured in Hungary. In Brazil, for instance, Kolynos was the second best-selling brand, after Colgate (toothpaste) itself.[citation needed]\nK P Namboodiri's herbal toothpaste is an ayurvedic dental product manufactured by Ramco Herbals pvt ltd and marketed by K P Namboodiri's Ayurvedics based from Shornur, Kerala, India.[28]\nMentadent: a brand name for a line of dental products manufactured by Unilever everywhere but United States and Canada, where it was acquired by the Church & Dwight Company in 2003.[citation needed]\nMentadent SR[29] formerly named \"Gibbs SR\", is a brand of toothpaste owned by Unilever.\nMeswak:[30] launched in India by Balsara Hygiene in 1998,[30] it is marketed as a herbal toothpaste.[31] It is prepared from extracts of the Salvadora persica plant.[32]\nOral-B: a brand of the Procter & Gamble company. Oral-B is an American brand of oral hygiene products, including toothpastes, toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes, and mouthwashes. It has been owned by American multinational Procter & Gamble (P&G) since 2006.[citation needed]\nOxygenol: Finnish toothpaste brand manufactured by Finnish Company Berner Oy\nParodontax: is a brand name of toothpaste and mouthwash currently owned by GlaxoSmithKline and was developed in 1937 in Germany.[citation needed]\nPeak toothpaste; a brand of toothpaste featuring baking soda produced by Colgate-Palmolive, circa 1973–1977.[33]\nPepsodent: a brand of toothpaste with a minty flavour derived from sassafras. It was advertised for its purported properties fighting tooth decay, attributed in advertisements to the supposed ingredient Irium. Irium is another word for sodium lauryl sulfate, an inexpensive ionic surfactant.[34] It was first introduced in The US in 1915 by the Pepsodent Company of Chicago, later purchased by Unilever in 1944.\nPomorin by Rubella is one of the most well-known Bulgarian toothpastes for its rich content of sea salts and Black sea lye, useful in treatment of periodontal disease.[35]\nPromise:[30] launched by Balsara hygiene in 1978 in India, the brand's tagline was \"The unique toothpaste with time-tested clove oil.\"[36]\nP/S: a Vietnamese brand of toothpaste and toothbrush. However, in 2012, they made 3 actions called \"P/S 123\".\nRembrandt toothpaste: a brand of toothpaste that has built its brand on the promise of whitening.[citation needed]\nR.O.C.S. - \"unique toothpastes, which are made with natural ingredients using their own low-temperature technology, under the R.O.C.S. brand.\"\nSensodyne: a brand of toothpaste by Haleon, marketed for people with sensitive teeth[37] and/or dentine hypersensitivity.\nSignal: marketed by Unilever.[38]\nSozodont:[39] a popular brand of oral hygiene product from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. According to an 1889 issue of the journal American Druggist, Sozodont was made from a liquid and powder mixture. The powder contained orris root, carbonate of calcium, and magnesia. The liquid contained castile soap (soap made exclusively from vegetable oil), glycerin, sizable portions of water and alcohol, and, for flavoring, a small quantity of oil of peppermint, clover, cinnamon, and star anise, as well as, for coloring, cochineal (a dye made from an insect of the same name).[40]\nStomatol: first sold in Sweden at the beginning of the 20th century, it was particularly notable as having been one of the first Swedish brands to recognize and to use the power of mass media.[citation needed]\nStripe with hexachlorophene. Marketed by Lever Brothers.\nTartarEnd: founded by John Gontarz, Phd, only toothpaste which actually removes tartar when used according to manufacturer's directions. TartarEnd softens tartar so that it can be removed by brushing or flossing.\nTom's of Maine: founded by Tom and Kate Chappell in 1970 with US$5,000. In 2006, a controlling 84% stake in Tom's of Maine was purchased by Colgate-Palmolive for US$100 million.[41] The Chappells own the remaining sixteen percent.\nUltra Brite:[42] an American toothpaste and tooth-whitener marketed by Colgate-Palmolive in the United States.\nWhite Birch: a brand of toothpaste with White Charcoal. White Birch is a brand of Total Clean LLC which has the patent on white charcoal in oral care formulations.\nWhite Glo: established in NSW in 1993.[43][44]\nZendium: a brand of toothpaste made by Unilever and marketed in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Scandinavia for some years, with its expansion into the French and Italian markets in 2015.[citation needed]","title":"Toothpastes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toothbrush is absolutely essential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prifis.org/experts-share-the-benefits-of-fasting-for-tooth/"}],"text":"For fair oral health, a toothbrush is absolutely essential","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Toothpaste from a tube being applied to a toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Toothpasteonbrush.jpg/250px-Toothpasteonbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1949 Chlorodont advertisement, published in Germany's Voice (a New York publication)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chlorodont-Werbung_1949.jpg/220px-Chlorodont-Werbung_1949.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"title":"Lists portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lists"},{"title":"Dental care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"title":"List of dental topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dental_topics"}]
[{"reference":"\"Toothpaste\". April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ada.org/1322.aspx","url_text":"\"Toothpaste\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church & Dwight to buy Avid Health for $650M\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. August 20, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130119034807/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-08-20/church-and-dwight-to-buy-avid-health-for-650m","url_text":"\"Church & Dwight to buy Avid Health for $650M\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-08-20/church-and-dwight-to-buy-avid-health-for-650m","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aim\". Pental. Retrieved 2023-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://pental.com.au/brands/aim/","url_text":"\"Aim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquafresh: How a leading global brand has earned its stripes\" (PDF). Business 2000. The Irish Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122952/http://www.business2000.ie/images/pdfs/smithkline_beecham_2nd_ed.pdf","url_text":"\"Aquafresh: How a leading global brand has earned its stripes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"http://www.business2000.ie/images/pdfs/smithkline_beecham_2nd_ed.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"All India Management Association (1989). Indian Management. 28: 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Balsara to revamp toothpaste portfolio\". The Hindu Business Line. August 6, 2002. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/08/06/stories/2002080601060600.htm","url_text":"\"Balsara to revamp toothpaste portfolio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu_Business_Line","url_text":"The Hindu Business Line"}]},{"reference":"\"How-This-D2C-Oral-Care-Startup-Develops-Sustainable-And-Green-Products\". Business World. Retrieved April 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessworld.in/article/How-This-D2C-Oral-Care-Startup-Develops-Sustainable-And-Green-Products/28-04-2023-474619/","url_text":"\"How-This-D2C-Oral-Care-Startup-Develops-Sustainable-And-Green-Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_World","url_text":"Business World"}]},{"reference":"\"From household names to forgotten history: Story of India's grand old brands such as Binaca, Dalda & Moti Soaps\". The Economic Times. November 28, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/news/30450336_1_swiss-heritage-brand-bunge-india-oral-care-brand","url_text":"\"From household names to forgotten history: Story of India's grand old brands such as Binaca, Dalda & Moti Soaps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cedel Australia\". Cedel Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cedel.com.au/","url_text":"\"Cedel Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toothpaste - Original Without Flavor 4oz\". Cleure. Retrieved 2023-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleure.com/products/toothpaste-original-without-flavor","url_text":"\"Toothpaste - Original Without Flavor 4oz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colgate and Unilever battle in India with the same smile\". The Financial Express. April 21, 1999. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19990421/fle21069.html","url_text":"\"Colgate and Unilever battle in India with the same smile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)","url_text":"The Financial Express"}]},{"reference":"\"A unique oral care brand for up-close situations\". Unileverme.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224174607/http://www.unileverme.com/brands/personalcarebrands/closeup.aspx","url_text":"\"A unique oral care brand for up-close situations\""},{"url":"http://www.unileverme.com/brands/personalcarebrands/closeup.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dabur India History\". economictimes.indiatimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dabur-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11796.cms","url_text":"\"Dabur India History\""}]},{"reference":"Malviya, Sagar. \"Herbal brands like Baba Ramdev's Patanjali dent Colgate's toothpaste share\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/herbal-brands-like-baba-ramdevs-patanjali-dent-colgates-toothpaste-share/articleshow/64969333.cms","url_text":"\"Herbal brands like Baba Ramdev's Patanjali dent Colgate's toothpaste share\""}]},{"reference":"Fish, Isaac Stone (November 30, 2010). \"Back to the Days of Blackface\". Newsweek. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/11/30/china-s-controversial-toothpaste.html","url_text":"\"Back to the Days of Blackface\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste\". Retrieved October 1, 2011. Doramad radioactive toothpaste was produced during World War II by Auergesellschaft of Berlin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/quackcures/toothpaste.htm","url_text":"\"Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste\""}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Tooth Powder Bossy Product\". Retrieved November 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.old-time.com/commercials/1930's/Famous%20Tooth%20Powder.htm","url_text":"\"Famous Tooth Powder Bossy Product\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaba International\". Gaba International. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaba.com/","url_text":"\"Gaba International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colgate Announces Acquisition of GABA Holding AG - Strengthening its Oral Care Business in Europe & Confirms 4th QTR. & Full Year 2003 Earnings Estimates | Colgate-Palmolive Company\".","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.colgatepalmolive.com/news-releases/news-release-details/colgate-announces-acquisition-gaba-holding-ag-strengthening-its/","url_text":"\"Colgate Announces Acquisition of GABA Holding AG - Strengthening its Oral Care Business in Europe & Confirms 4th QTR. & Full Year 2003 Earnings Estimates | Colgate-Palmolive Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gigi Kuat, Gigi Formula\". OT. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ot.id/produk/perawatan/pasta-gigi/pasta-gigi-formula","url_text":"\"Gigi Kuat, Gigi Formula\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's the new ipana\". Maxill Inc. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxill.com/ipana","url_text":"\"It's the new ipana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oral Care | Jason Naturals\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jason-personalcare.com/product-category/oral-care/","url_text":"\"Oral Care | Jason Naturals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Brands | Hain Celestial\". www.hain.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hain.com/brands/?_brand_categories=personal-care","url_text":"\"Our Brands | Hain Celestial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zubne paste – kozmetika i higijena\". Poslovni dnevnik (in Croatian). January 20, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poslovni.hr/vijesti/zubne-paste--kozmetika-i-higijena-169730.aspx","url_text":"\"Zubne paste – kozmetika i higijena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslovni_dnevnik","url_text":"Poslovni dnevnik"}]},{"reference":"Kiaer, Christina; Naiman, Eric (2006). Everyday life in early Soviet Russia: taking the Revolution inside. Indiana University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-253-21792-9. Retrieved September 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBTUPKGxwYC&pg=PA148","url_text":"Everyday life in early Soviet Russia: taking the Revolution inside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21792-9","url_text":"978-0-253-21792-9"}]},{"reference":"Namboodiri's, K P. \"K P Namboodiri's\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kpnamboodiris.com/","url_text":"\"K P Namboodiri's\""}]},{"reference":"\"The end of a golden age\". Marketing Week. January 6, 2005. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/home/the-end-of-a-golden-age/2006905.article","url_text":"\"The end of a golden age\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Balsara Lost Its Bite\". Business Standard. August 6, 2002. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=114199","url_text":"\"How Balsara Lost Its Bite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"Deborah J. Macinnis, Pinaki Dasgupta, Wayne D. Hoyer (2008). Consumer Behaviour. Dreamtech Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-8177227543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8177227543","url_text":"978-8177227543"}]},{"reference":"\"The natural barrier\". The Indian Express. February 3, 2008. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204164942/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/The-natural-barrier/268339/","url_text":"\"The natural barrier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-natural-barrier/268339/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peak Toothpaste with Baking Soda\". National Museum of American History.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1061046","url_text":"\"Peak Toothpaste with Baking Soda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pomorin\". Cosmetics Bulgaria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmeticsbulgaria.com/en/brand/rubella/pomorin/","url_text":"\"Pomorin\""}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, Ramanuj (2004). Product Management in India. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 978-8120312524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120312524","url_text":"978-8120312524"}]},{"reference":"Lesch, William C.; David Rupert (1994). New Product Screening. Haworth Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-56024-404-2. Retrieved September 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lksHeiq6KGAC&q=Sensodyne&pg=PA79","url_text":"New Product Screening"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-404-2","url_text":"978-1-56024-404-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Join Our Mission To Defeat Tooth Decay - Signal® Arabia\". Signal.sa. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.signal.sa/en/Socialmission.html","url_text":"\"Join Our Mission To Defeat Tooth Decay - Signal® Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Questions & Answers: Sozodont\". American Druggist. July 1889. Retrieved July 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdIAAAAAYAAJ&q=sozodont+alcohol&pg=PA138","url_text":"\"Questions & Answers: Sozodont\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colgate expands reach of quirky toothpaste\". USATODAY.com. Gannett Co. Inc. The Associated Press. March 22, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2006-03-21-colgate-toms_x.htm","url_text":"\"Colgate expands reach of quirky toothpaste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USATODAY.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company","url_text":"Gannett Co. Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Marconi, Joe (1999). The Brand Marketing Book. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-0-8442-2257-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brandmarketingbo00marc/page/108","url_text":"The Brand Marketing Book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brandmarketingbo00marc/page/108","url_text":"108–9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-2257-8","url_text":"978-0-8442-2257-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Vision\".","urls":[{"url":"https://whiteglo.com/pages/vision","url_text":"\"Vision\""}]},{"reference":"\"WhiteGlo | Shop Ethical! company profile\". guide.ethical.org.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://guide.ethical.org.au/company/?company=86","url_text":"\"WhiteGlo | Shop Ethical! company profile\""}]}]
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Original Without Flavor 4oz\""},{"Link":"http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19990421/fle21069.html","external_links_name":"\"Colgate and Unilever battle in India with the same smile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224174607/http://www.unileverme.com/brands/personalcarebrands/closeup.aspx","external_links_name":"\"A unique oral care brand for up-close situations\""},{"Link":"http://www.unileverme.com/brands/personalcarebrands/closeup.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/History/1806.cvsp","external_links_name":"Colgate-Palmolive Company History | Creating Bright Smiles for 200 Years | Colgate.com"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dabur-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11796.cms","external_links_name":"\"Dabur India History\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/herbal-brands-like-baba-ramdevs-patanjali-dent-colgates-toothpaste-share/articleshow/64969333.cms","external_links_name":"\"Herbal brands like Baba Ramdev's Patanjali dent Colgate's toothpaste share\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/11/30/china-s-controversial-toothpaste.html","external_links_name":"\"Back to the Days of Blackface\""},{"Link":"http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/quackcures/toothpaste.htm","external_links_name":"\"Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste\""},{"Link":"http://www.old-time.com/commercials/1930's/Famous%20Tooth%20Powder.htm","external_links_name":"\"Famous Tooth Powder Bossy Product\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaba.com/","external_links_name":"\"Gaba International\""},{"Link":"https://investor.colgatepalmolive.com/news-releases/news-release-details/colgate-announces-acquisition-gaba-holding-ag-strengthening-its/","external_links_name":"\"Colgate Announces Acquisition of GABA Holding AG - Strengthening its Oral Care Business in Europe & Confirms 4th QTR. & Full Year 2003 Earnings Estimates | Colgate-Palmolive Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.ot.id/produk/perawatan/pasta-gigi/pasta-gigi-formula","external_links_name":"\"Gigi Kuat, Gigi Formula\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxill.com/ipana","external_links_name":"\"It's the new ipana\""},{"Link":"https://www.jason-personalcare.com/product-category/oral-care/","external_links_name":"\"Oral Care | Jason Naturals\""},{"Link":"https://www.hain.com/brands/?_brand_categories=personal-care","external_links_name":"\"Our Brands | Hain Celestial\""},{"Link":"http://www.poslovni.hr/vijesti/zubne-paste--kozmetika-i-higijena-169730.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Zubne paste – kozmetika i higijena\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBTUPKGxwYC&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"Everyday life in early Soviet Russia: taking the Revolution inside"},{"Link":"http://www.kpnamboodiris.com/","external_links_name":"\"K P Namboodiri's\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/home/the-end-of-a-golden-age/2006905.article","external_links_name":"\"The end of a golden age\""},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=114199","external_links_name":"\"How Balsara Lost Its Bite\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204164942/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/The-natural-barrier/268339/","external_links_name":"\"The natural barrier\""},{"Link":"http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-natural-barrier/268339/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1061046","external_links_name":"\"Peak Toothpaste with Baking Soda\""},{"Link":"https://www.cosmeticsbulgaria.com/en/brand/rubella/pomorin/","external_links_name":"\"Pomorin\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lksHeiq6KGAC&q=Sensodyne&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"New Product Screening"},{"Link":"https://www.signal.sa/en/Socialmission.html","external_links_name":"\"Join Our Mission To Defeat Tooth Decay - Signal® Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdIAAAAAYAAJ&q=sozodont+alcohol&pg=PA138","external_links_name":"\"Questions & Answers: Sozodont\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2006-03-21-colgate-toms_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Colgate expands reach of quirky toothpaste\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/brandmarketingbo00marc/page/108","external_links_name":"The Brand Marketing Book"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/brandmarketingbo00marc/page/108","external_links_name":"108–9"},{"Link":"https://whiteglo.com/pages/vision","external_links_name":"\"Vision\""},{"Link":"https://guide.ethical.org.au/company/?company=86","external_links_name":"\"WhiteGlo | Shop Ethical! company profile\""},{"Link":"https://prifis.org/experts-share-the-benefits-of-fasting-for-tooth/","external_links_name":"toothbrush is absolutely essential"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babulal_Marandi
Babulal Marandi
["1 Early life","2 Political career","2.1 First CM of Jharkhand","2.2 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (JVM)","2.3 Bharatiya Janata Party","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian politician Babulal MarandiLeader of the BJP Legislatury PartyJharkhand Legislative AssemblyIn office24 February 2020 - 16 October 2023Chief MinisterHemant SorenPreceded byRaghubar DasSucceeded byAmar Kumar Bauri1st Chief Minister of JharkhandIn office15 November 2000 (2000-11-15) – 17 March 2003 (2003-03-17)Preceded byOffice EstablishedSucceeded byArjun MundaPresident of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)In officeSeptember 2006 (2006-09) – February 2020 (2020-02)Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byOffice abolishedMember of Jharkhand Legislative AssemblyIncumbentAssumed office 2019 (2019)Preceded byRaj Kumar YadavConstituencyDhanwarIn office2001 (2001)–2004 (2004)Succeeded byChandra Prakash ChoudharyConstituencyRamgarhMinister of state for Environment and ForestsIn office19 March 1998 – 7 November 2000Prime MinisterAtal Bihari VajpayeeMinisterT. R. BaaluMember of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office2004 (2004)–2014 (2014)Preceded byTilakdhari SinghSucceeded byRavindra Kumar RayConstituencyKodarmaIn office1998 (1998)–2002 (2002)Preceded byShibu SorenSucceeded byShibu SorenConstituencyDumkaPresident of Bharatiya Janata Party, JharkhandIncumbentAssumed office 4 July 2023Preceded byDeepak Prakash Personal detailsBorn (1958-01-11) 11 January 1958 (age 66)Giridih, Bihar(now in Jharkhand), IndiaPolitical partyBharatiya Janata Party(till 2006), (2020 – present)Other politicalaffiliationsJharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)(2006 – 2020)SpouseShanti MurmuChildren2ResidenceRanchiAlma materRanchi UniversityWebsiteOfficial websiteSource: ] Babulal Marandi (Hindi pronunciation: ; born 11 January 1958) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and it's Jharkhand unit president. He was the first Chief Minister of Jharkhand and formerly Leader of the Legislature Party of BJP in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. He was also the founder and national President of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), which he later merged with BJP. He was the Member of Parliament in 12th, 13th 14th and 15th Lok Sabha from Jharkhand. He was the Union State Minister (MoS) for Forests & Environment of India in the BJP – led National Democratic Alliance Government in 1998 to 2000. He was appointed as Jharkhand BJP president on 04 July 2023. Early life Babulal was born in a remote Kodia Bandh village under Tisri block of Giridih district of the now Jharkhand province. He belongs to Santal family. After passing high school, he moved to Giridih College from where he did his intermediate and graduation. It was there that he came in contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Later, he moved to Ranchi where he did his post-graduation in Geography from Ranchi University. He worked as a teacher in a village primary school for a year before giving up the job to work for the Sangh Parivar. He served as the organising secretary of the Jharkhand region of Vishva Hindu Parishad. In 1983, he moved to Dumka and worked in the Santhal Pargana division, which he toured extensively and where he became close to Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya, his then companion. There he used to spend some time at his Jamtara Residence but mainly he used to live in the RSS office in Dumka. Thereafter his journey to Ranchi and Delhi began. Political career In 1991, the Bharatiya Janata Party gave him the ticket to contest from the Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency), but he lost. In 1996, he lost to Shibu Soren by just 5,000 odd votes. The BJP, in the meantime, made him president of the party's Jharkhand unit. It was under Marandi's leadership that the party won 12 out of 14 Lok Sabha seats in Jharkhand region in the 1998 election. Marandi, a Santal, led the tally by defeating Jharkhand Mukti Morcha leader Shibu Soren, another Santhal. The victory gave an immense boost to Marandi's profile and he was included in the Union Council of Ministers, one of four ministers from Bihar. First CM of Jharkhand After bifurcation of Bihar in 2000 in states of Bihar and Jharkhand, NDA came to power in Jharkhand with Marandi as the 1st Chief Minister of Jharkhand. Political analysts believe that this government initiated many developmental schemes in the state, the most visible being, improvement of the road network in the state. He also put forward the idea to develop Greater Ranchi to reduce the crowding in the city. However, Marandi's tenure proved rather short-lived, as he had to resign and make way for Arjun Munda for the post in 2003 following pressure exerted by coalition allies primarily Janata Dal United. Thereafter, his increasing moved away from political mainstage of Jharkhand irrespective of NDA being in power in Ranchi. In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, he contested from Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency as a BJP candidate. He won the seat while all the other sitting MPs of NDA from Jharkhand including union ministers Yashwant Sinha and Reeta Verma lost their respective seats. His differences with the state leadership continued to increase and he even started criticising the state government in public. Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (JVM) Marandi resigned from both the Kodarma seat and the primary membership of the BJP in 2006 and floated a new political outfit named Jharkhand Vikas Morcha. He was followed by 5 MLAs of the BJP. In the subsequent by-elections for the Kodarma seat, he contested as an independent candidate and emerged victoriously. Marandi, who was the incumbent MP from Kodarma, contested the elections on Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ticket in the 2009 general election, and retained the seat. But in the Narendra Modi wave of 2014, Marandi's party failed to win any seat in the state as BJP won 12 out of 14 seats; from Koderma, BJP's Ravindra Kumar Ray was elected to Lok Sabha. In February 2020, he merged JVM into BJP. Bharatiya Janata Party Marandi merged Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) with the BJP on February 17, 2020, at Jagannathpur Maidan, Ranchi in presence of Union Home Minister Amit Shah, BJP president Jagat Prakash Nadda and former Chief Ministers of Jharkhand Arjun Munda and Raghubar Das. Former CM Babulal Marandi became the new state president of Jharkhand BJP. Personal life Babulal Marandi is married to Shanti Murmu. His younger son Anup Marandi was killed in a Naxal attack at Chilkhari village in Jharkhand's Giridih district on 27 October 2007. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "rediff.com Special: Profile of Babu Lal Marandi". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021. ^ "BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand". Hindustan Times. 4 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ "How BJP succeeded in ghar wapasi of Babulal Marandi". India Today. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "As Babulal Marandi goes back to BJP, his JVM-P MLAs join Congress". www.timesnownews.com. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Merger of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), a recognized State Party in the State of Jharkhand with the Bharatiya Janata Party". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Jharkhand Vikas Morcha Prajatantrik To Merge With BJP On February 17: Babulal Marandi". ndtv. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Babulal Marandi announces merger of JVM(P) and BJP on Feb. 17". thehindu. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Jharkhand Vikas Morcha pleases BJP, keeps out rebel MLAs from panel". newindianexpress. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Former CM Babulal Marandi became the new state president of Jharkhand BJP". Prabhat Khabar.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Former Jharkhand CM Marandi on their hitlist, Naxals kill son, 17 more External links Parliamentary website Political offices Preceded byoffice created 1st Chief Minister of Jharkhand 15 November 2000 - 18 March 2003 Succeeded byArjun Munda Party political offices Preceded byOffice established President of JVM (P) September 2009 - February 2020 Succeeded byoffice abolished vteChief Ministers of Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Shibu Soren Madhu Koda Raghubar Das Hemant Soren Champai Soren vteChief Ministers from the Bharatiya Janata PartyArunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu (incumbent) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Himanta Biswa Sarma (incumbent) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Vishnu Deo Sai (incumbent) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar Laxmikant Parsekar Pramod Sawant (incumbent) Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani Bhupendrabhai Patel (incumbent) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Nayab Singh Saini (incumbent) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jai Ram Thakur Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das Karnataka B. S. Yediyurappa D. V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Basavaraj Bommai Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan Mohan Yadav (incumbent) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh (incumbent) Odisha Mohan Charan Majhi (incumbent) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje Bhajan Lal Sharma (incumbent) Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Manik Saha (incumbent) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B. C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat Tirath Singh Rawat Pushkar Singh Dhami (incumbent) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath (incumbent) Bharatiya Janata Party
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Bābulāl maraṇḍi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"National Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJP_reshuffle:_Kishan_Reddy_is_new_Telangana_BJP_chief,_Babulal_Marandi_in_Jharkhand-2"}],"text":"Babulal Marandi (Hindi pronunciation: [Bābulāl maraṇḍi]; born 11 January 1958) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and it's Jharkhand unit president. He was the first Chief Minister of Jharkhand and formerly Leader of the Legislature Party of BJP in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly.[1] He was also the founder and national President of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), which he later merged with BJP. He was the Member of Parliament in 12th, 13th 14th and 15th Lok Sabha from Jharkhand. He was the Union State Minister (MoS) for Forests & Environment of India in the BJP – led National Democratic Alliance Government in 1998 to 2000. He was appointed as Jharkhand BJP president on 04 July 2023.[2]","title":"Babulal Marandi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tisri block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisri_block"},{"link_name":"Giridih district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridih_district"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Santal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Ranchi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Sangh Parivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivar"},{"link_name":"Vishva Hindu Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Dumka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumka"},{"link_name":"Santhal Pargana division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal_Pargana_division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"}],"text":"Babulal was born in a remote Kodia Bandh village under Tisri block of Giridih district of the now Jharkhand province. He belongs to Santal family.[1] After passing high school, he moved to Giridih College from where he did his intermediate and graduation. It was there that he came in contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[1]Later, he moved to Ranchi where he did his post-graduation in Geography from Ranchi University.[1] He worked as a teacher in a village primary school for a year before giving up the job to work for the Sangh Parivar. He served as the organising secretary of the Jharkhand region of Vishva Hindu Parishad.[1]In 1983, he moved to Dumka and worked in the Santhal Pargana division, which he toured extensively and where he became close to Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya, his then companion. There he used to spend some time at his Jamtara Residence but mainly he used to live in the RSS office in Dumka. Thereafter his journey to Ranchi and Delhi began.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumka_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Shibu Soren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibu_Soren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Santal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhals"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand Mukti Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Shibu Soren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibu_Soren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"}],"text":"In 1991, the Bharatiya Janata Party gave him the ticket to contest from the Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency), but he lost. In 1996, he lost to Shibu Soren by just 5,000 odd votes. The BJP, in the meantime, made him president of the party's Jharkhand unit.[1]It was under Marandi's leadership that the party won 12 out of 14 Lok Sabha seats in Jharkhand region in the 1998 election. Marandi, a Santal, led the tally by defeating Jharkhand Mukti Morcha leader Shibu Soren, another Santhal.[1]The victory gave an immense boost to Marandi's profile and he was included in the Union Council of Ministers, one of four ministers from Bihar.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Greater Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Ranchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arjun Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Munda"},{"link_name":"Janata Dal United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_United"},{"link_name":"Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi"},{"link_name":"Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodarma_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Yashwant Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashwant_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Reeta Verma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reeta_Verma&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"First CM of Jharkhand","text":"After bifurcation of Bihar in 2000 in states of Bihar and Jharkhand, NDA came to power in Jharkhand with Marandi as the 1st Chief Minister of Jharkhand. Political analysts believe that this government initiated many developmental schemes in the state, the most visible being, improvement of the road network in the state.He also put forward the idea to develop Greater Ranchi to reduce the crowding in the city. However, Marandi's tenure proved rather short-lived, as he had to resign and make way for Arjun Munda for the post in 2003 following pressure exerted by coalition allies primarily Janata Dal United.Thereafter, his increasing moved away from political mainstage of Jharkhand irrespective of NDA being in power in Ranchi. In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, he contested from Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency as a BJP candidate. He won the seat while all the other sitting MPs of NDA from Jharkhand including union ministers Yashwant Sinha and Reeta Verma lost their respective seats. His differences with the state leadership continued to increase and he even started criticising the state government in public.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Ravindra Kumar Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Kumar_Ray"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (JVM)","text":"Marandi resigned from both the Kodarma seat and the primary membership of the BJP in 2006 and floated a new political outfit named Jharkhand Vikas Morcha. He was followed by 5 MLAs of the BJP. In the subsequent by-elections for the Kodarma seat, he contested as an independent candidate and emerged victoriously.Marandi, who was the incumbent MP from Kodarma, contested the elections on Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ticket in the 2009 general election, and retained the seat. But in the Narendra Modi wave of 2014, Marandi's party failed to win any seat in the state as BJP won 12 out of 14 seats; from Koderma, BJP's Ravindra Kumar Ray was elected to Lok Sabha.In February 2020, he merged JVM into BJP.[3]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)"},{"link_name":"Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi"},{"link_name":"Amit Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Shah"},{"link_name":"Jagat Prakash Nadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat_Prakash_Nadda"},{"link_name":"Arjun Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Munda"},{"link_name":"Raghubar Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubar_Das"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Babulal Marandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"BJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Bharatiya Janata Party","text":"Marandi merged Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) with the BJP on February 17, 2020, at Jagannathpur Maidan, Ranchi in presence of Union Home Minister Amit Shah, BJP president Jagat Prakash Nadda and former Chief Ministers of Jharkhand Arjun Munda and Raghubar Das.[4][5][6][7][8]Former CM Babulal Marandi became the new state president of Jharkhand BJP.[9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-1"},{"link_name":"Naxal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalite"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Giridih district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridih_district"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Babulal Marandi is married to Shanti Murmu.[1] His younger son Anup Marandi was killed in a Naxal attack at Chilkhari village in Jharkhand's Giridih district on 27 October 2007.[10]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"rediff.com Special: Profile of Babu Lal Marandi\". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/14babu.htm","url_text":"\"rediff.com Special: Profile of Babu Lal Marandi\""}]},{"reference":"\"BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand\". Hindustan Times. 4 July 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230704102122/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html","url_text":"\"BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand\""},{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How BJP succeeded in ghar wapasi of Babulal Marandi\". India Today. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/news-analysis/story/how-bjp-succeeded-in-ghar-wapasi-of-babulal-marandi-1647517-2020-02-18","url_text":"\"How BJP succeeded in ghar wapasi of Babulal Marandi\""}]},{"reference":"\"As Babulal Marandi goes back to BJP, his JVM-P MLAs join Congress\". www.timesnownews.com. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/as-babulal-marandi-goes-back-to-bjp-his-jvm-p-mlas-join-congress/554654","url_text":"\"As Babulal Marandi goes back to BJP, his JVM-P MLAs join Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merger of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), a recognized State Party in the State of Jharkhand with the Bharatiya Janata Party\". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11945-merger-of-jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-a-recognized-state-party-in-the-state-of-jharkhand-with-the-bharatiya-janata-party/","url_text":"\"Merger of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), a recognized State Party in the State of Jharkhand with the Bharatiya Janata Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha Prajatantrik To Merge With BJP On February 17: Babulal Marandi\". ndtv. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-to-merge-with-bjp-on-february-17-babulal-marandi-2178497","url_text":"\"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha Prajatantrik To Merge With BJP On February 17: Babulal Marandi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babulal Marandi announces merger of JVM(P) and BJP on Feb. 17\". thehindu. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/babulal-marandi-announces-merger-of-jvmp-and-bjp-with-immediate-effect/article30792674.ece","url_text":"\"Babulal Marandi announces merger of JVM(P) and BJP on Feb. 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha pleases BJP, keeps out rebel MLAs from panel\". newindianexpress. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/jan/19/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-pleases-bjp-keeps-out-rebel-mlas-from-panel-2091343.html","url_text":"\"Jharkhand Vikas Morcha pleases BJP, keeps out rebel MLAs from panel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former CM Babulal Marandi became the new state president of Jharkhand BJP\". Prabhat Khabar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/babulal-marandi-became-new-jharkhand-bjp-state-president-given-command-in-place-of-deepak-prakash-grj","url_text":"\"Former CM Babulal Marandi became the new state president of Jharkhand BJP\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_in_Tears
End in Tears
["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 References"]
2005 novel by Ruth Rendell End in Tears First edition (UK)AuthorRuth RendellLanguageEnglishSeriesInspector Wexford # 20GenreCrime/Mystery novelPublisherHutchinson (UK)Crown (US)Publication date20 Oct 2005Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages366 ppISBN0-09-179641-5OCLC62080784Preceded byThe Babes in the Wood Followed byNot in the Flesh  End in Tears (2005) is a novel by English crime writer Ruth Rendell, the twentieth in her acclaimed Inspector Wexford series. Synopsis When a lump of concrete is thrown from a bridge and into passing traffic one dark night, the wrong motorist dies. The killer soon rectifies his mistake, however, and Inspector Wexford finds himself under attack from the local press because of his 'old-fashioned' policing methods. Meanwhile, the difficult relationship he shares with his daughter Sylvia takes on new dimensions, as the case makes him ponder the terrible possibility of losing a child... Reception The novel was very well received by critics, and in 2007 received a nomination for the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award. References ^ "END IN TEARS | Kirkus Reviews". 25 July 2006. vteRuth RendellInspector Wexford novels From Doon with Death A New Lease of Death Wolf to the Slaughter The Best Man to Die A Guilty Thing Surprised No More Dying Then Murder Being Once Done Some Lie and Some Die Shake Hands Forever A Sleeping Life Put on By Cunning The Speaker of Mandarin An Unkindness of Ravens The Veiled One Kissing the Gunner's Daughter Simisola Road Rage Harm Done The Babes in the Wood End in Tears Not in the Flesh The Monster in the Box The Vault No Man's Nightingale Stand-alone novels To Fear a Painted Devil Vanity Dies Hard The Secret House of Death One Across, Two Down The Face of Trespass A Demon in My View A Judgement in Stone Make Death Love Me The Lake of Darkness Master of the Moor The Killing Doll The Tree of Hands Live Flesh Heartstones Talking to Strange Men The Bridesmaid Going Wrong The Crocodile Bird The Keys to the Street A Sight for Sore Eyes Adam and Eve and Pinch Me The Rottweiler Thirteen Steps Down The Thief The Water's Lovely Portobello Tigerlily's Orchids The Saint Zita Society The Girl Next Door Dark Corners As Barbara Vine A Dark-Adapted Eye A Fatal Inversion The House of Stairs Gallowglass King Solomon's Carpet Asta's Book No Night is Too Long The Brimstone Wedding The Chimney Sweeper's Boy Grasshopper The Blood Doctor The Minotaur The Birthday Present The Child's Child Short story collections The Fallen Curtain Means of Evil The Fever Tree The New Girlfriend The Copper Peacock Blood Lines Piranha to Scurfy A Spot of Folly TV series The Ruth Rendell Mysteries The Barbara Vine Mysteries This article about a crime novel of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereward_the_Wake_(TV_series)
Hereward the Wake (TV series)
["1 Cast","2 List of episodes","3 References","4 External links"]
Lost BBC TV Show from the 1960s This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Hereward the Wake" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hereward the WakeWritten byAnthony StevenDirected byPeter HammondJoan CraftStarringAlfred LynchComposerRichard Rodney BennettCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes16 (all missing)ProductionProducerCampbell LoganRunning time25 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC1Release12 September (1965-09-12) –26 December 1965 (1965-12-26) Hereward the Wake was a British television series, which was produced by the BBC in 1965, and was broadcast weekly on BBC1. It was based on the 1866 novel by Charles Kingsley. Alfred Lynch played the title role. Due to the BBC's policy of erasing video tape for reuse in the 1960s and 1970s, the entire series is lost; no episodes survive in the BBC archive. Cast Alfred Lynch as Hereward the Wake (16 episodes) Bryan Pringle as Martin Lightfoot (16 episodes) Yvonne Furneaux as Torfrida (11 episodes) John Carson as William the Conqueror (9 episodes) Alan Rowe as Ivo Taillebois (8 episodes) Francis de Wolff as Gilbert of Ghent (8 episodes) Justine Lord as Alftruda (7 episodes) David Swift as Prior Herluin (7 episodes) John Collin as Winter (6 episodes) Peter Needham as Gwenoch (6 episodes) Aimée Delamain as Lapp nurse (6 episodes) Clive Graham as Sir Raoul de Selignat (5 episodes) Dorothy Reynolds as Lady Godiva (5 episodes) Alan Lake as Edwin (4 episodes) Arthur Cox as Pery (4 episodes) Peter Stephens as Thorold (4 episodes) David Neal as Ranald of Ramsey (4 episodes) Kynaston Reeves as Baldwin (3 episodes) Patrick Holt as Abbot of St. Bertin (3 episodes) Raymond Platt as Arnoul (3 episodes) Peter Arne as Harold Godwinson (3 episodes) Margaret Vines as Gyda (3 episodes) Gilbert Wynne as Morcar (3 episodes) John Wentworth as Abbot Brand (3 episodes) Michael Miller as Horsa (3 episodes) John Harvey as Abbot Thurstan (2 episodes) Elizabeth Knight as Constance (2 episodes) Nicola Pagett as Princess Anja (2 episodes) Margaret John as Judith (2 episodes) John Sharp as King Alef (2 episodes) Archie Duncan as Ironhook (2 episodes) Anthony Boden as Raoul (2 episodes) Douglas Milvain as Asbjorn (2 episodes) Will Stampe as Landlord (2 episodes) George Merritt as Surturbrand (2 episodes) Toke Townley as Priest (2 episodes) Jonathan Hansen as Sir Ragnar (2 episodes) Jean Aubrey as Astrid (2 episodes) Lavender Sansom as Lise (2 episodes) Trudy Moors as Young Alftruda (2 episodes) William Hobbs as Sir Frotho (2 episodes) Nick Edmett as Sir Edgar (2 episodes) Clemence Bettany as Leonie (2 episodes) Donald Eccles as Witch (1 episode) George Coulouris as Thord Gunlaugsson (1 episode) Godfrey James as Svend (1 episode) Alethea Charlton as Gunhilda (1 episode) Desmond Newling as Olaf (1 episode) Peter Williams as King Sweyn (1 episode) Kathleen Byron as Adeta (1 episode) Michael Collins as Gareth (1 episode) Ian Patterson as Dolfin (1 episode) Pamela Reed as Queen to Edward the Confessor (1 episode) Walter Sparrow as Trewint (1 episode) Vernon Dobtcheff as Priest (1 episode) Raymond Llewellyn as Leofwyn (1 episode) John Kidd as Earl Godwin (1 episode) Paul Williamson as Tostig Godwinsson (1 episode) John Baker as Priest (1 episode) Roger Booth as Gilbert's Cook (1 episode) Kenton Moore as Jarl (1 episode) Kate O'Mara as Richilda (1 episode) John Ringham as Wilton of Ely(1 episode) Valerie Bell as Flemish Girl (1 episode) Nicholas Brent as Captain (1 episode) Sheila Dunn as Gertrude (1 episode) Milton Johns as First Witch (1 episode) Marie Adams as Second Witch (1 episode) Michael Bilton as Ursus (1 episode) Paddy Fast as English Woman (1 episode) Eric Francis as Yway (1 episode) Ronald Herdman as Gleeman (1 episode) Marguerite Young as Constance's Nurse (1 episode) Bernard Finch as Brother Simon (1 episode) Christopher Hodge as Priest (1 episode) Gertan Klauber as Chief Cook (1 episode) Anthony Sagar as François (1 episode) Steven Scott as Louis (1 episode) Anton Darby as Stable Boy (1 episode) Roger Brierley as Walfric the Heron (1 episode) Edward Caddick as First Gamekeeper (1 episode) Arthur R. Webb as Second Gamekeeper (1 episode) George Howe as Edward the Confessor (1 episode) Tony Steedman as Earl Leofric (1 episode) List of episodes No Title Directed by: Written by: Air date Archival status 1"Forfeit for Eternity"Peter HammondAnthony Steven12 September 1965 (1965-09-12)Missing How Hereward is outlawed and made to seek his fortune in the world. 2"A Single Blow"Peter HammondAnthony Steven19 September 1965 (1965-09-19)Missing Hereward fights the great white bear. 3"The Brain Biter"Peter HammondAnthony Steven26 September 1965 (1965-09-26)Missing How Hereward aids the Princess of Cornwall. 4"A Champion's Reward"Peter HammondAnthony Steven3 October 1965 (1965-10-03)Missing How Hereward wins the magic sword and goes from England. 5"The Sorceress of St. Omer"Peter HammondAnthony Steven10 October 1965 (1965-10-10)Missing How a fair lady uses the mechanical art to win Hereward's love. 6"The Court of Love"Peter HammondAnthony Steven17 October 1965 (1965-10-17)Missing How Hereward is given the enchanted armour but does not fight. 7"The Wind Blows"Peter HammondAnthony Steven24 October 1965 (1965-10-24)Missing How Hereward is angered by the Duke of Normandy's plans. 8"Death of a King"Peter HammondAnthony Steven31 October 1965 (1965-10-31)Missing How Hereward is made sad by news from England. 9"The War Arrow"Joan CraftAnthony Steven7 November 1965 (1965-11-07)Missing How Hereward clears Bourne of Frenchmen. 10"The Art of War"Joan CraftAnthony Steven14 November 1965 (1965-11-14)Missing How Hereward is knighted in the English fashion. 11"The Broken Promise"Joan CraftAnthony Steven21 November 1965 (1965-11-21)Missing How Hereward threatens to hang Gilbert of Ghent. 12"Live and Die"Joan CraftAnthony Steven28 November 1965 (1965-11-28)Missing How Hereward finds he and his men are trapped. 13"The Burning of the Golden Borough"Peter HammondAnthony Steven5 December 1965 (1965-12-05)Missing How Hereward fulfils his words to the Prior of Peterborough. 14"Face to Face"Peter HammondAnthony Steven12 December 1965 (1965-12-12)Missing How Hereward plays the potter and cheats the King. 15"The King's Vengeance"Peter HammondAnthony Steven19 December 1965 (1965-12-19)Missing How Hereward and his men defend Ely. 16"The Last of the English"Peter HammondAnthony Steven26 December 1965 (1965-12-26)Missing How Hereward gets his soul's price. References ^ "HEREWARD THE WAKE ". missingepisodes.com. Retrieved 21 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 1: Forfeit for Eternity". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 2: A Single Blow". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 3: The Brain Biter". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 4: A Champion's Reward". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 5: The Sorceress of St. Omer". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 6: The Court of Love". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 7: The Wind Blows". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 8: Death of a King". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 9: The War Arrow". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 10: The Art of War". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 11: The Broken Promise". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 12: Live and Die". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 13: The Burning of the Golden Borough". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 14: Face to Face". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: Episode 15: The King's Vengeance". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Hereward the Wake: 16: The Last of the English". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020. External links Hereward the Wake at IMDb
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Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Duncan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merritt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Toke Townley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toke_Townley"},{"link_name":"Jean Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Aubrey"},{"link_name":"Clemence Bettany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemence_Bettany"},{"link_name":"Donald Eccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Eccles"},{"link_name":"George Coulouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Coulouris"},{"link_name":"Godfrey James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_James"},{"link_name":"Alethea Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethea_Charlton"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Byron"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Walter Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Vernon Dobtcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dobtcheff"},{"link_name":"Raymond Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Roger Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Booth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Mara"},{"link_name":"John Ringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ringham"},{"link_name":"Sheila Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Milton Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Johns"},{"link_name":"Michael Bilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bilton"},{"link_name":"Gertan Klauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertan_Klauber"},{"link_name":"Anthony Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sagar"},{"link_name":"Roger Brierley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Brierley"},{"link_name":"Edward Caddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Caddick"},{"link_name":"George Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Tony Steedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Steedman"}],"text":"Alfred Lynch as Hereward the Wake (16 episodes)\nBryan Pringle as Martin Lightfoot (16 episodes)\nYvonne Furneaux as Torfrida (11 episodes)\nJohn Carson as William the Conqueror (9 episodes)\nAlan Rowe as Ivo Taillebois (8 episodes)\nFrancis de Wolff as Gilbert of Ghent (8 episodes)\nJustine Lord as Alftruda (7 episodes)\nDavid Swift as Prior Herluin (7 episodes)\nJohn Collin as Winter (6 episodes)\nPeter Needham as Gwenoch (6 episodes)\nAimée Delamain as Lapp nurse (6 episodes)\nClive Graham as Sir Raoul de Selignat (5 episodes)\nDorothy Reynolds as Lady Godiva (5 episodes)\nAlan Lake as Edwin (4 episodes)\nArthur Cox as Pery (4 episodes)\nPeter Stephens as Thorold (4 episodes)\nDavid Neal as Ranald of Ramsey (4 episodes)\nKynaston Reeves as Baldwin (3 episodes)\nPatrick Holt as Abbot of St. Bertin (3 episodes)\nRaymond Platt as Arnoul (3 episodes)\nPeter Arne as Harold Godwinson (3 episodes)\nMargaret Vines as Gyda (3 episodes)\nGilbert Wynne as Morcar (3 episodes)\nJohn Wentworth as Abbot Brand (3 episodes)\nMichael Miller as Horsa (3 episodes)\nJohn Harvey as Abbot Thurstan (2 episodes)\nElizabeth Knight as Constance (2 episodes)\nNicola Pagett as Princess Anja (2 episodes)\nMargaret John as Judith (2 episodes)\nJohn Sharp as King Alef (2 episodes)\nArchie Duncan as Ironhook (2 episodes)\nAnthony Boden as Raoul (2 episodes)\nDouglas Milvain as Asbjorn (2 episodes)\nWill Stampe as Landlord (2 episodes)\nGeorge Merritt as Surturbrand (2 episodes)\nToke Townley as Priest (2 episodes)\nJonathan Hansen as Sir Ragnar (2 episodes)\nJean Aubrey as Astrid (2 episodes)\nLavender Sansom as Lise (2 episodes)\nTrudy Moors as Young Alftruda (2 episodes)\nWilliam Hobbs as Sir Frotho (2 episodes)\nNick Edmett as Sir Edgar (2 episodes)\nClemence Bettany as Leonie (2 episodes)\nDonald Eccles as Witch (1 episode)\nGeorge Coulouris as Thord Gunlaugsson (1 episode)\nGodfrey James as Svend (1 episode)\nAlethea Charlton as Gunhilda (1 episode)\nDesmond Newling as Olaf (1 episode)\nPeter Williams as King Sweyn (1 episode)\nKathleen Byron as Adeta (1 episode)\nMichael Collins as Gareth (1 episode)\nIan Patterson as Dolfin (1 episode)\nPamela Reed as Queen to Edward the Confessor (1 episode)\nWalter Sparrow as Trewint (1 episode)\nVernon Dobtcheff as Priest (1 episode)\nRaymond Llewellyn as Leofwyn (1 episode)\nJohn Kidd as Earl Godwin (1 episode)\nPaul Williamson as Tostig Godwinsson (1 episode)\nJohn Baker as Priest (1 episode)\nRoger Booth as Gilbert's Cook (1 episode)\nKenton Moore as Jarl (1 episode)\nKate O'Mara as Richilda (1 episode)\nJohn Ringham as Wilton of Ely(1 episode)\nValerie Bell as Flemish Girl (1 episode)\nNicholas Brent as Captain (1 episode)\nSheila Dunn as Gertrude (1 episode)\nMilton Johns as First Witch (1 episode)\nMarie Adams as Second Witch (1 episode)\nMichael Bilton as Ursus (1 episode)\nPaddy Fast as English Woman (1 episode)\nEric Francis as Yway (1 episode)\nRonald Herdman as Gleeman (1 episode)\nMarguerite Young as Constance's Nurse (1 episode)\nBernard Finch as Brother Simon (1 episode)\nChristopher Hodge as Priest (1 episode)\nGertan Klauber as Chief Cook (1 episode)\nAnthony Sagar as François (1 episode)\nSteven Scott as Louis (1 episode)\nAnton Darby as Stable Boy (1 episode)\nRoger Brierley as Walfric the Heron (1 episode)\nEdward Caddick as First Gamekeeper (1 episode)\nArthur R. Webb as Second Gamekeeper (1 episode)\nGeorge Howe as Edward the Confessor (1 episode)\nTony Steedman as Earl Leofric (1 episode)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of episodes"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/13d6bc3d053243608516584835e3e893","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 3: The Brain Biter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 4: A Champion's Reward\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/7e09e1699b1247099b29246c2a6dda2b","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 4: A Champion's Reward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 5: The Sorceress of St. Omer\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/9a0b48462e6841a18b0c1afd44943448","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 5: The Sorceress of St. Omer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 6: The Court of Love\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/9e591df95fb54d70bfe1d38bafab9019","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 6: The Court of Love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 7: The Wind Blows\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/7c4ba03ff4d0486da9f99e2b8d2a6b96","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 7: The Wind Blows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 8: Death of a King\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3acb0e2f8d5a40babee697eae553004e","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 8: Death of a King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 9: The War Arrow\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/6468259d953c4a7ebbdb6ddca15d65a7","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 9: The War Arrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 10: The Art of War\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/378bf70665654c69bea3726ec335fe28","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 10: The Art of War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 11: The Broken Promise\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a1d5cfdaf66140e6a212ac5185f9bfc7","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 11: The Broken Promise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 12: Live and Die\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/9574e4587dbf40fdb9f05570b0757954","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 12: Live and Die\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 13: The Burning of the Golden Borough\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/17553639663f4637bfc4f9b733ad44b7","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 13: The Burning of the Golden Borough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 14: Face to Face\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/bd7c38913c8244999da0299c6d1edc54","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 14: Face to Face\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 15: The King's Vengeance\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/7843197aeecb4cb08cfe70f26fd7b452","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: Episode 15: The King's Vengeance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereward the Wake: 16: The Last of the English\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a303bbbc0e2b40ed82301cc46077804f","url_text":"\"Hereward the Wake: 16: The Last of the English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Genome_Project","url_text":"BBC Genome Project"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core
Leadership core
["1 History","2 References"]
Leader recognized as central in the Chinese Communist Party Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services  Public Security Police Judiciary Police  United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration  Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio International Xinhua News Agency Reference News China News Service People's Daily Global Times China Today Censorship in China Radio jamming Overseas censorship of Chinese issues Media of China Internal media Publishing industry in China Internet in China Internet censorship Great Firewall Great Cannon Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Director: Cai Qi Cyberspace Administration of China Director: Zhuang Rongwen Hong KongMacau Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader: Ding Xuexiang HK & Macau Affairs Office Director: Xia Baolong Hong Kong Liaison Office Macau Liaison Office One country, two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Pro-Beijing camp Pro-democracy camp Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macao Basic Law Chief Executive: Ho Iat-seng Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Cross-Strait relations Cross-Strait relations Chinese Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte In modern Chinese politics, a leadership core or core leader (Chinese: 领导核心; pinyin: lǐngdǎo héxīn) refers to a person who is recognized as central to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Four individuals so far have been given this designation: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping. The leader of the fourth generation, Hu Jintao, has never been referred to as core throughout his term as General Secretary. The designation is not a formal title and does not hold legal weight, but its use in official party documentation gives its holder a precisely defined place in theory on their relative standing to the rest of the CCP leadership. The leadership core operates as part of the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, and is intended to represent a vital center rather than a hierarchical peak, which differentiates it from the role of paramount leader. Although all core leaders have also been paramount leaders, not all paramount leaders are or have been designated 'leadership core'. History From the pivotal Zunyi Conference forward, Mao Zedong was the undisputed leader of the CCP, though he did not formally become CCP chairman until 1943. However, much of Mao's authority was informal, earned after years of building clout through the civil war and intra-party struggles. After Mao died in 1976, his successor as party chairman, Hua Guofeng, was unable to build a strong coalition of support in spite of having a wide range of official titles. Deng Xiaoping emerged as the pre-eminent leader of China in 1978, and was indisputably the highest authority in the country throughout the 1980s even though he held only one formal government post, that of chairman of the Central Military Commission. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Zhao Ziyang, the party's General Secretary and widely recognized as Deng's successor at the time, was sidelined due to his sympathy to student protesters. In his place, party elders brought in then Shanghai party secretary Jiang Zemin to take over the position of general secretary. However, Jiang, who had spent much of his career in Shanghai, was a compromise candidate who had no prior experience in the party's central organization. Consolidating his power and raising his stature in the party required the backing of Deng and other party elders, but also a recognition from other members of the party leadership that Jiang was now the dominant leadership figure. To strengthen Jiang's position in spite of his relatively thin political resume, Deng advanced the idea of the "leadership core", referencing Mao as the core of the party during the revolution in the early years of the People's Republic, and declaring himself the core of the party since the beginning of economic reforms. The term "core", which invoked a concentric, non-hierarchical image, was a clever political innovation that avoided designating any individual as "supreme" and "above the rest". It implicitly recognized the political ills of the personality cult during the Mao era while also allowing for the embodiment of unity around a single leadership figure. In June 1989, shortly following the military's advance on Beijing to quell the protests, Deng said to other party leaders, "every leadership collective must have a core; a leading collective without a core is unreliable." Ostensibly, Deng was making a reference to the diffusion of power after the death of Mao. In response, Deng declared, Jiang Zemin would become the core of the "third generation" of Communist Party leaders. Jiang was referred to as a "core" in official documentation for the first time on November 9, 1989, at the closing of the Fifth Plenum of the 13th Central Committee. Deng called for the party leaders to "closely rally around the party center with Jiang Zemin as its core." The phrase was then oft-repeated as a familiar slogan in official party documentation thereafter, until the succession of Hu Jintao as party leader in 2002. Upon Hu's taking on the titles of the party and the state, Jiang refused to relinquish the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission until 2005, in a move that paralleled Deng holding the title in the 1980s, when the party was nominally run by other people. However, Jiang lacked Deng's clout, and was criticized by some members of the party for overstaying his term and meddling in the affairs of his successor. Jiang had stacked the Politburo Standing Committee, which made decisions based on consensus, with his own allies, constraining Hu's authority. Hu was therefore largely seen as a "first-among-equals" figure with his Standing Committee colleagues. Not only could he not rule by fiat, but that he never earned recognition as "core" was also a signal that he possibly even lacked the power of arbitration that was normally accorded to a "core" figure. In this leadership collective, Hu was never referred to explicitly as the new "core" of the party. Instead, the party documents used the phrase, "united around the party center with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary." Xi Jinping succeeded Hu as General Secretary in 2012. He embarked on a series of bold programs to eliminate corruption and reform the economy. By 2016, his pre-eminent status became widely understood and many provincial party chiefs began declaring fealty to him and again invoking the term "leadership core". Xi's official status as the "core" was announced at a gathering of the Central Committee later that year. References ^ "习近平为什么被确立为"核心"". Duowei. October 28, 2016. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016. ^ a b "胡锦涛未获"核心"称号暗藏巨大秘密". Creaders via Duowei. February 5, 2016. ^ "第十三届中央委员会第五次全体会议公报". Communist Party History Archives. November 9, 1989. ^ a b "Xi Jinping becomes 'core' leader of China". The Guardian. 2016-10-27. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-03. vteXi Jinping General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party President of China Chairman of the Central Military Commission Policiesand theories Xi Jinping Administration paramount leader leadership core Li Qiang Government (2023–present) Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration Li Keqiang Government (2013–2023) Li Keqiang Xi Jinping Thought Culture Diplomacy Clear waters and green mountains Chinese Dream Chinese-style modernization Common prosperity Four Confidences Document Number Nine Dual circulation Eight Musts Eight-point Regulation Four Comprehensives New productive forces Party media takes the party's last name Holistic security concept Three Stricts and Three Honests Historical resolution Two Centenaries Two Establishes and Two Upholds Whole-process people's democracy EventsFirst term 2012 election as Party general secretary Anti-corruption campaign Wang Qishan (2012–2017) World Internet Conference 709 crackdown Toilet Revolution in China 2015 China Victory Day Parade Second term 2017 reelection as Party general secretary Persecution of Uyghurs in China Xinjiang internment camps China–United States trade war 2019–20 Hong Kong protests 2019 China 70th National Day grand parade COVID-19 pandemic Response 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party 2020 Inner Mongolia protests 2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 Hong Kong visit Third term 2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary DiplomacyPolicies Belt and Road Initiative 2017 BRI Forum Community of Common Destiny Global Development Initiative Global Security Initiative Wolf warrior diplomacy China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Meetings and trips Ma–Xi meeting 2015 Pakistan visit Xi–Chu Summit 2015 United States visit 2015 United Kingdom visit Kim–Xi meetings 2019 Italy and France visit CPC and World Political Parties Summit 2023 Russia visit 2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit New Zhijiang Army Cai Qi Chen Min'er Huang Kunming Lou Yangsheng Bayanqolu Ying Yong Li Qiang Ding Xuexiang Zhong Shaojun Works General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series The Governance of China The Hopes of President Xi Zhijiang Xinyu Quotations from Chairman Xi Jinping Family Xi Zhongxun (father) Qi Xin (mother) Ke Lingling (1st wife) Peng Liyuan (2nd wife) Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) Xi Yuanping (brother) Xi Mingze (daughter) Related Amazing China Accelerator-in-Chief Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh Cult of personality Panama Papers (Deng Jiagui) Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign Rhyzodiastes xii General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget Xuexi Qiangguo Category:Xi Jinping vteParamount leaders of the People's Republic of China General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong (Core 1) Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping (Core 2) Jiang Zemin (Core 3) Hu Jintao Xi Jinping (Core 4) Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC vte Chinese Communist PartyCentral CommitteeLeader Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) Bo Gu (1931–1935) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) Xi Jinping (2012–present) Decision-making bodies General Secretary Politburo (Standing Committee) Secretariat Central Military Commission Departments Organization Department Publicity Department United Front Work Department International Department Social Work Department Political and Legal Affairs Commission Directly administered General Office Office of the General Secretary Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Secrecy Office Cryptography Office Central Archives Policy Research Office Commissionsfor co-ordination Auditing Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Financial Financial and Economic Affairs Foreign Affairs Cyberspace Affairs Office National Security Science and Technology Spiritual Civilization Institutional Organization Office Secrecy Office Dispatched institutionsfor co-ordination Working Committee of Central and State Organs Central Financial Work Commission Hong Kong Work Committee Macau Work Committee Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong Leading groups Cryptography Work Office Education Rural Work Inspection Work Military Reform Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Taiwan Office Hong Kong and Macau Office Others Central Party School Chinese Academy of Governance Institute of Party History and Literature People's Daily Qiushi Guangming Daily Executive Leadership Academies Pudong Yan'an Jinggangshan National Congress 1st (1921) 2nd (1922) 3rd (1923) 4th (1925) 5th (1927) 6th (1928) 7th (1945) 8th (1956) 9th (1969) 10th (1973) 11th (1977) 12th (1982) 13th (1987) 14th (1992) 15th (1997) 16th (2002) 17th (2007) 18th (2012) 19th (2017) 20th (2022) Leadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo Standing Committee 4th: 1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Politburo 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Military Commission 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Approved by theCentral CommitteeSecretariat 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1980–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Standing Committee 7th 1949–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Secretary Zhu De (1949–55) Dong Biwu (1955–68) Chen Yun (1978–87) Qiao Shi (1987–92) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) He Guoqiang (2007–12) Wang Qishan (2012–17) Zhao Leji (2017–22) Li Xi (2022–) Others Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Elected byNational CongressCentral Committee 1st: 1921–1922 2nd: 1922–1923 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Discipline Inspection 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1933 & 1933–1945 7th: 1949–1955 & 1955–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2022 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Wider organisation People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia (China) Communist Youth League of China Young Pioneers of China United front (China) People's organization Ideologies Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought Groupings Shanghai clique Tuanpai Tsinghua clique Eight Elders Crown Prince Party Fujian clique New Zhijiang Army Xishan Society Gang of Four Related articles Shuanggui Neoauthoritarianism List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party Category Portals: China Communism Politics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"paramount leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In modern Chinese politics, a leadership core or core leader (Chinese: 领导核心; pinyin: lǐngdǎo héxīn) refers to a person who is recognized as central to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Four individuals so far have been given this designation: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping. The leader of the fourth generation, Hu Jintao, has never been referred to as core throughout his term as General Secretary. The designation is not a formal title and does not hold legal weight, but its use in official party documentation gives its holder a precisely defined place in theory on their relative standing to the rest of the CCP leadership. The leadership core operates as part of the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, and is intended to represent a vital center rather than a hierarchical peak, which differentiates it from the role of paramount leader.[citation needed] Although all core leaders have also been paramount leaders, not all paramount leaders are or have been designated 'leadership core'.[citation needed]","title":"Leadership core"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zunyi Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunyi_Conference"},{"link_name":"CCP chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Hua Guofeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"party secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"party elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xihexin-1"},{"link_name":"fact or opinion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huhexin-2"},{"link_name":"13th Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archives-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huhexin-2"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Politburo Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"}],"text":"From the pivotal Zunyi Conference forward, Mao Zedong was the undisputed leader of the CCP, though he did not formally become CCP chairman until 1943. However, much of Mao's authority was informal, earned after years of building clout through the civil war and intra-party struggles. After Mao died in 1976, his successor as party chairman, Hua Guofeng, was unable to build a strong coalition of support in spite of having a wide range of official titles. Deng Xiaoping emerged as the pre-eminent leader of China in 1978, and was indisputably the highest authority in the country throughout the 1980s even though he held only one formal government post, that of chairman of the Central Military Commission.[citation needed]Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Zhao Ziyang, the party's General Secretary and widely recognized as Deng's successor at the time, was sidelined due to his sympathy to student protesters. In his place, party elders brought in then Shanghai party secretary Jiang Zemin to take over the position of general secretary. However, Jiang, who had spent much of his career in Shanghai, was a compromise candidate who had no prior experience in the party's central organization. Consolidating his power and raising his stature in the party required the backing of Deng and other party elders, but also a recognition from other members of the party leadership that Jiang was now the dominant leadership figure.[1][fact or opinion?]To strengthen Jiang's position in spite of his relatively thin political resume, Deng advanced the idea of the \"leadership core\", referencing Mao as the core of the party during the revolution in the early years of the People's Republic, and declaring himself the core of the party since the beginning of economic reforms. The term \"core\", which invoked a concentric, non-hierarchical image, was a clever political innovation that avoided designating any individual as \"supreme\" and \"above the rest\". It implicitly recognized the political ills of the personality cult during the Mao era while also allowing for the embodiment of unity around a single leadership figure.[2]In June 1989, shortly following the military's advance on Beijing to quell the protests, Deng said to other party leaders, \"every leadership collective must have a core; a leading collective without a core is unreliable.\" Ostensibly, Deng was making a reference to the diffusion of power after the death of Mao. In response, Deng declared, Jiang Zemin would become the core of the \"third generation\" of Communist Party leaders. Jiang was referred to as a \"core\" in official documentation for the first time on November 9, 1989, at the closing of the Fifth Plenum of the 13th Central Committee. Deng called for the party leaders to \"closely rally around the party center with Jiang Zemin as its core.\"[3] The phrase was then oft-repeated as a familiar slogan in official party documentation thereafter,[2] until the succession of Hu Jintao as party leader in 2002.[4]Upon Hu's taking on the titles of the party and the state, Jiang refused to relinquish the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission until 2005, in a move that paralleled Deng holding the title in the 1980s, when the party was nominally run by other people.[citation needed] However, Jiang lacked Deng's clout, and was criticized by some members of the party for overstaying his term and meddling in the affairs of his successor.[citation needed] Jiang had stacked the Politburo Standing Committee, which made decisions based on consensus, with his own allies, constraining Hu's authority. Hu was therefore largely seen as a \"first-among-equals\" figure with his Standing Committee colleagues. Not only could he not rule by fiat, but that he never earned recognition as \"core\" was also a signal that he possibly even lacked the power of arbitration that was normally accorded to a \"core\" figure. In this leadership collective, Hu was never referred to explicitly as the new \"core\" of the party. Instead, the party documents used the phrase, \"united around the party center with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary.\"[citation needed]Xi Jinping succeeded Hu as General Secretary in 2012. He embarked on a series of bold programs to eliminate corruption and reform the economy. By 2016, his pre-eminent status became widely understood and many provincial party chiefs began declaring fealty to him and again invoking the term \"leadership core\". Xi's official status as the \"core\" was announced at a gathering of the Central Committee later that year.[4]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman_rule
Friedman rule
["1 Friedman's argument","2 Use in economic theory","3 Experimental evaluation","4 See also","5 References"]
Monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman   30 year mortgage average   30 Year Treasury Bond    10 Year Treasury Bond    2 Year Treasury Bond    3 month Treasury Bond    Effective Federal Funds Rate    CPI inflation year/year   Recessions The Friedman rule is a monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman. Friedman advocated monetary policy that would result in the nominal interest rate being at or very near zero. His rationale was that the opportunity cost of holding money faced by private agents should equal the social cost of creating additional fiat money. Assuming that the marginal cost of creating additional money is zero (or approximated by zero), nominal rates of interest should also be zero. In practice, this means that a central bank should seek a rate of inflation or deflation equal to the real interest rate on government bonds and other safe assets, to make the nominal interest rate zero. The result of this policy is that those who hold money do not suffer any loss in the value of that money due to inflation. The rule is motivated by long-run efficiency considerations. This is not to be confused with Friedman's k-percent rule which advocates a constant yearly expansion of the monetary base. Friedman's argument The marginal benefit of holding additional money is the decrease in transaction costs represented by (for example) costs associated with the purchase of consumption goods. With a positive nominal interest rate, people economise on their cash balances to the point that the marginal benefit (social and private) is equal to the marginal private cost (i.e., the nominal interest rate). This is not socially optimal, because the government can costlessly produce the cash until the supply is plentiful. A social optimum occurs when the nominal rate is zero (or deflation is at a rate equal to the real interest rate), so that the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost of holding money are equalized at zero. Thus, the Friedman rule is designed to remove an inefficiency, and by doing so, raise the mean of output. Use in economic theory The Friedman rule has been shown to be the welfare maximizing monetary policy in many economic models of money. It has been shown to be optimal in monetary economies with monopolistic competition (Ireland, 1996) and, under certain circumstances, in a variety of monetary economies where the government levies other distorting taxes. However, there do exist several notable cases where deviation from the Friedman rule becomes optimal. These include economies with decreasing returns to scale; economies with imperfect competition where the government does not either fully tax monopoly profits or set the tax equal to the labor income tax; economies with tax evasion; economies with sticky prices; and economies with downward nominal wage rigidity. While deviations from the Friedman rule are typically small, if there is a significant foreign demand for a nation's currency, such as in the United States, the optimal rate of inflation is found to deviate significantly from what is called for by Friedman rule in order to extract seigniorage revenue from foreign residents. In the case of the United States, where over half of all U.S. dollars are held overseas, the optimal rate of inflation is found to be anywhere from 2 to 10%, whereas the Friedman rule would call for deflation of almost 4%. Recent results have also suggested that in order to achieve the goal of the Friedman rule, namely to reduce the opportunity cost and monetary frictions associated with money, it may not be required that the nominal interest rate be set at zero. When the effects of financial intermediaries and credit spreads are taken into account, the welfare optimality implied by the Friedman rule can instead be achieved by eliminating the interest rate differential between the policy nominal interest rate and the interest rate paid on reserves by assuring that the rates are identical at all times. Experimental evaluation While no central bank has explicitly implemented the Friedman rule, experimental economists have evaluated the Friedman rule in a laboratory setting with paid human subjects. Contrary to theoretical predictions, the Friedman rule was not found to be welfare-improving, performing no better than a constant money supply regime. By one welfare measure, Friedman's k-percent rule performed best. See also Welfare cost of inflation Zero interest-rate policy Negative interest rate policy Money creation References ^ M. Friedman (1969), The Optimum Quantity of Money, Macmillan ^ Chari, V.V.; Christiano, Lawrence; Kehoe, Patrick (1996), "Optimality of the Friedman rule in economies with distorting taxes" (PDF), Journal of Monetary Economics, 37 (2–3): 203–23, doi:10.1016/0304-3932(96)01252-4 ^ Williamson, Stephen (1996), "Sequential markets and the suboptimality of the Friedman rule", Journal of Monetary Economics, 37 (3): 549–72, doi:10.1016/0304-3932(96)01259-7 ^ Gahvari, Firouz (2007), "The Friedman rule: Old and new", Journal of Monetary Economics, 54 (2): 581–89, doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2006.06.008 ^ Ireland, Peter (2003), "Implementing the Friedman Rule" (PDF), Review of Economic Dynamics, 6: 120–34, doi:10.1016/s1094-2025(02)00011-x ^ a b c Schmitt-Grohe, Stephanie; Uribe, Martin (2010), "The Optimal Rate of Inflation", Handbook of Monetary Economics, 3: 653–722, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53454-5.00001-3, ISBN 9780444534705, S2CID 12936645 ^ a b Curdi, Vasco; Woodford, Michael (2010), "The Central-Bank Balance Sheet as an Instrument of Monetary Policy", NBER Working Paper No. 16208 ^ Duffy, John; Puzzello, Daniela (2022), "The Friedman Rule: Experimental Evidence", International Economic Review, 63 (2): 671–98, doi:10.1111/iere.12549 vteMilton FriedmanAcademic career Statistics Friedman test Decision theory Friedman–Savage utility function Economics Monetarism Friedman rule Friedman's k-percent rule Miracle of Chile Permanent income hypothesis Works Essays in Positive Economics (1953) Capitalism and Freedom (1962) Price Theory (1962) A Monetary History of the United States (1963) Free to Choose (1980) Milton Friedman bibliography Philosophy Friedman doctrine Family Rose Friedman (wife) David D. Friedman (son) Patri Friedman (grandson)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FFR_treasuries.webp"},{"link_name":"30 year mortgage average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"30 Year Treasury Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_bond"},{"link_name":"Federal Funds Rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_funds_rate"},{"link_name":"CPI inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Consumer_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"Recessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"monetary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nominal interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate"},{"link_name":"opportunity cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"social cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cost"},{"link_name":"fiat money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money"},{"link_name":"marginal cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"deflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation"},{"link_name":"real interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_interest_rate"},{"link_name":"government bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_bond"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"long-run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-run"},{"link_name":"efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Friedman's k-percent rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule"},{"link_name":"monetary base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply"}],"text":"30 year mortgage average   30 Year Treasury Bond    10 Year Treasury Bond    2 Year Treasury Bond    3 month Treasury Bond    Effective Federal Funds Rate    CPI inflation year/year   RecessionsThe Friedman rule is a monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman.[1] Friedman advocated monetary policy that would result in the nominal interest rate being at or very near zero. His rationale was that the opportunity cost of holding money faced by private agents should equal the social cost of creating additional fiat money. Assuming that the marginal cost of creating additional money is zero (or approximated by zero), nominal rates of interest should also be zero. In practice, this means that a central bank should seek a rate of inflation or deflation equal to the real interest rate on government bonds and other safe assets, to make the nominal interest rate zero.The result of this policy is that those who hold money do not suffer any loss in the value of that money due to inflation. The rule is motivated by long-run efficiency considerations.This is not to be confused with Friedman's k-percent rule which advocates a constant yearly expansion of the monetary base.","title":"Friedman rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marginal benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_benefit"},{"link_name":"consumption goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_goods"},{"link_name":"marginal benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_benefit"},{"link_name":"marginal private cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal_private_cost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"optimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"inefficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inefficiency"}],"text":"The marginal benefit of holding additional money is the decrease in transaction costs represented by (for example) costs associated with the purchase of consumption goods. With a positive nominal interest rate, people economise on their cash balances to the point that the marginal benefit (social and private) is equal to the marginal private cost (i.e., the nominal interest rate). This is not socially optimal, because the government can costlessly produce the cash until the supply is plentiful. A social optimum occurs when the nominal rate is zero (or deflation is at a rate equal to the real interest rate), so that the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost of holding money are equalized at zero. Thus, the Friedman rule is designed to remove an inefficiency, and by doing so, raise the mean of output.","title":"Friedman's argument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_model"},{"link_name":"monetary economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economy"},{"link_name":"monopolistic competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic_competition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChariChristianoKehoe1996-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamson1996-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gahvari2007-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ireland2003-5"},{"link_name":"decreasing returns to scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decreasing_returns_to_scale"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(economics)"},{"link_name":"monopoly profits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_profit"},{"link_name":"income tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax"},{"link_name":"tax evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion"},{"link_name":"sticky prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_prices"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opt2010-6"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"seigniorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opt2010-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar"},{"link_name":"deflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opt2010-6"},{"link_name":"opportunity cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodford-7"},{"link_name":"financial intermediaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediary"},{"link_name":"credit spreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_spread_(bond)"},{"link_name":"interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate"},{"link_name":"reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_reserves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodford-7"}],"text":"The Friedman rule has been shown to be the welfare maximizing monetary policy in many economic models of money. It has been shown to be optimal in monetary economies with monopolistic competition (Ireland, 1996) and, under certain circumstances, in a variety of monetary economies where the government levies other distorting taxes.[2][3][4][5] However, there do exist several notable cases where deviation from the Friedman rule becomes optimal. These include economies with decreasing returns to scale; economies with imperfect competition where the government does not either fully tax monopoly profits or set the tax equal to the labor income tax; economies with tax evasion; economies with sticky prices; and economies with downward nominal wage rigidity.[6] While deviations from the Friedman rule are typically small, if there is a significant foreign demand for a nation's currency, such as in the United States, the optimal rate of inflation is found to deviate significantly from what is called for by Friedman rule in order to extract seigniorage revenue from foreign residents.[6] In the case of the United States, where over half of all U.S. dollars are held overseas, the optimal rate of inflation is found to be anywhere from 2 to 10%, whereas the Friedman rule would call for deflation of almost 4%.[6]Recent results have also suggested that in order to achieve the goal of the Friedman rule, namely to reduce the opportunity cost and monetary frictions associated with money, it may not be required that the nominal interest rate be set at zero.[7] When the effects of financial intermediaries and credit spreads are taken into account, the welfare optimality implied by the Friedman rule can instead be achieved by eliminating the interest rate differential between the policy nominal interest rate and the interest rate paid on reserves by assuring that the rates are identical at all times.[7]","title":"Use in economic theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DuffyPuzzello2022-8"},{"link_name":"Friedman's k-percent rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule"}],"text":"While no central bank has explicitly implemented the Friedman rule, experimental economists have evaluated the Friedman rule in a laboratory setting with paid human subjects.[8] \nContrary to theoretical predictions, the Friedman rule was not found to be welfare-improving, performing no better than a constant money supply regime. By one welfare measure, Friedman's k-percent rule performed best.","title":"Experimental evaluation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Johnson_(politician)
Nathaniel Johnson (politician)
["1 Early life","2 Governorships","3 Death and family","4 References"]
SirNathaniel JohnsonGovernor of the Leeward IslandsIn office1686–1689MonarchsJames II (1686–1688) William III (1688–1689)Preceded bySir William StapletonSucceeded byChristopher CodringtonGovernor of CarolinaIn office1703–1709MonarchQueen AnnePreceded byJames Moore Sr.Succeeded byEdward Tynte Personal detailsBorn(1644-04-07)7 April 1644Near Kibblesworth, DurhamDied1 July 1712(1712-07-01) (aged 68)Berkeley County, South CarolinaSignature Lady Johnson Sir Nathaniel Johnson (7 April 1644 – 1 July 1712) was an English Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who sat in the House of Commons of England representing the constituency of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1680 to 1689. He also served as the governor of the Leeward Islands and the governor of Carolina. Early life Coat of Arms of Nathaniel Johnson Nathaniel Johnson was born on 7 April 1644 near Kibblesworth, Durham. He joined the English Army in his youth. Eventually, he started serving as member of parliament in the House of Commons of England, representing the constituency of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1680 to 1689. Governorships In 1686, he was appointed governor of the Leeward Islands, governing Treves, Saint Kitts, Montserrat, and Antigua. He travelled to the Province of Carolina in 1689, becoming its governor in 1703. While he started his government sanctioned "a blow at the Spanish interest directed against Louisiana and Florida: the Apalachee expedition of 1704". In 1702, while he governed there, he oversaw the defense of Charles Town against an attempted Franco-Spanish assault. In addition, he created the Parish system in this colony. Johnson rejected the constitutions of church and state because he believed these were dissenters of all denominations. So, to reduce or eliminate their power and influence, the Commons House of Assembly established a new bill that expulsed to the dissenters (who were mostly in South Carolina) of the Common House. The bill forced to the people who would want to be chosen in the Assembly accept and practice the rites of the Church of England, doing an oath, subscribing to a declaration and receiving a sacrament own of this church. The dissenters refused this measure because they thought the governor had taken away their civil rights and religious liberties. The residents of Colleton County, elaborated and written about his "grievous circumstances" and gave it to the Lords Proprietors with order that they remove the law. It was enacted, that twenty lay-persons be constituted a corporation for the exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, with full power to deprive ministers of their livings at pleasure, not for immorality only, but also for imprudence, or on account of unreasonable prejudices taken against them. Death and family He ended his term in 1709 and died 1 July 1712 in Berkeley County, South Carolina. Johnson had, at least, two children: Robert, also a future Governor of South Carolina, and Ann (who married Gov. Thomas Broughton). References ^ a b c d Webber, Mabel L. (October 1937). "Sir Nathaniel Johnson and his son Robert Governors of South Carolina". The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. 38 (4): 109–115. JSTOR 27571509. ^ a b c d e "Sir Nathaniel Johnson". Carolana. Retrieved 13 November 2010. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "N" (part 1) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Legal offices Preceded bySir William Stapleton Governor of the Leeward Islands 1686 – 1689 Succeeded byChristopher Codrington Preceded byJames Moore Sr. Governor of Carolina 1703 – 1709 Succeeded byEdward Tynte This article about a 17th-century Member of the Parliament of England (up to 1707) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henrietta_Johnston_-_portrait_of_Lady_Johnson,_1728_(page_69_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"English Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Army"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"governor of the Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"governor of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina"}],"text":"Lady JohnsonSir Nathaniel Johnson (7 April 1644 – 1 July 1712) was an English Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who sat in the House of Commons of England representing the constituency of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1680 to 1689. He also served as the governor of the Leeward Islands and the governor of Carolina.","title":"Nathaniel Johnson (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nathaniel_Johnson.svg"},{"link_name":"Kibblesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibblesworth"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolana-2"},{"link_name":"English Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Army"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rayment-3"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Nathaniel JohnsonNathaniel Johnson was born on 7 April 1644 near Kibblesworth, Durham.[1][2] He joined the English Army in his youth. Eventually, he started serving as member of parliament in the House of Commons of England, representing the constituency of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1680 to 1689.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-1"},{"link_name":"Treves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treves"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_Island"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolana-2"},{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"attempted Franco-Spanish assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Town_expedition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolana-2"}],"text":"In 1686, he was appointed governor of the Leeward Islands,[1] governing Treves, Saint Kitts, Montserrat, and Antigua.[2] He travelled to the Province of Carolina in 1689, becoming its governor in 1703.[1] While he started his government sanctioned \"a blow at the Spanish interest directed against Louisiana and Florida: the Apalachee expedition of 1704\". In 1702, while he governed there, he oversaw the defense of Charles Town against an attempted Franco-Spanish assault. In addition, he created the Parish system in this colony.Johnson rejected the constitutions of church and state because he believed these were dissenters of all denominations. So, to reduce or eliminate their power and influence, the Commons House of Assembly established a new bill that expulsed to the dissenters (who were mostly in South Carolina) of the Common House. The bill forced to the people who would want to be chosen in the Assembly accept and practice the rites of the Church of England, doing an oath, subscribing to a declaration and receiving a sacrament own of this church.The dissenters refused this measure because they thought the governor had taken away their civil rights and religious liberties. The residents of Colleton County, elaborated and written about his \"grievous circumstances\" and gave it to the Lords Proprietors with order that they remove the law. It was enacted, that twenty lay-persons be constituted a corporation for the exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, with full power to deprive ministers of their livings at pleasure, not for immorality only, but also for imprudence, or on account of unreasonable prejudices taken against them.[2]","title":"Governorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkeley County, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolana-2"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Broughton_(acting_governor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolana-2"}],"text":"He ended his term in 1709 and died 1 July 1712 in Berkeley County, South Carolina.[1][2] Johnson had, at least, two children: Robert, also a future Governor of South Carolina, and Ann (who married Gov. Thomas Broughton).[2]","title":"Death and family"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Webber, Mabel L. (October 1937). \"Sir Nathaniel Johnson and his son Robert Governors of South Carolina\". The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. 38 (4): 109–115. JSTOR 27571509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27571509","url_text":"27571509"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Nathaniel Johnson\". Carolana. Retrieved 13 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carolana.com/Carolina/Governors/njohnson.html","url_text":"\"Sir Nathaniel Johnson\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-4
Sukhoi Su-2
["1 Development","2 Operational history","2.1 Loss rate comparison","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Specifications (Su-4)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
"Su-2" redirects here. For other uses, see SU2. Su-2 Sukhoi Su-2 on Volgograd Panorama Museum, Volgograd Role Short-range bomberType of aircraft National origin Soviet Union Manufacturer Sukhoi Designer Pavel SukhoiAndrei Tupolev First flight 25 August 1937 Introduction December 1939 Retired 1944 Primary user Soviet Air Forces Number built 910 The Sukhoi Su-2 (Russian: Сухой Су-2) was a Soviet reconnaissance and light bomber aircraft used in the early stages of World War II. It was the first airplane designed by Pavel Sukhoi. The basic design received an engine and armament upgrade (Su-4) and was modified for the ground-attack role (ShB). Development In 1936, Joseph Stalin released a requirement for a multipurpose combat aircraft. Codenamed Ivanov, the airplane had to be capable of performing reconnaissance and then attacking the targets it located. P. O. Sukhoi was working in the Tupolev OKB at the time and designed the "Ivanov" aircraft under the tutelage of Andrei Tupolev. The resulting ANT-51 flew on 25 August 1937 with M. M. Gromov at the controls. Powered by a 610 kW (820 hp) Shvetsov M-62 air-cooled radial engine, the ANT-51 reached 403 km/h (220 kn, 250 mph) at 4,700 m (15,420 ft). This was considered insufficient but since the basic design was sound, it was decided to re-test it with a more powerful engine. Equipped with a 746 kW (1,000 hp) Tumansky M-87 engine, the ANT-51 reached 468 km/h (255 kn, 290 mph) at 5,600 m (18,370 ft) and was accepted into production as BB-1 (Blizhniy Bombardirovschik; Russian: Ближний Бомбардировщик — "short-range bomber"). In 1940, the aircraft was renamed Su-2 and the unreliable M-87 engine was replaced with a Tumansky M-88. This lightened version with an M-88B engine reached 512 km/h (275 kn, 320 mph) in testing. The Su-2 was of mixed construction. The fuselage was semi-monocoque with wood spars and a plywood skin. The wings were of duralumin and steel construction with fabric-covered rod-actuated control surfaces. The pilot and gunner were protected with 9 mm (0.35 in) of armor. The taildragger landing gear was retractable, including the tailwheel. Operational history Su-2 flight crew and ground personnel Although 910 Su-2s were built by the time production was discontinued in 1942, the aircraft was obsolete and underarmed by the start of the Great Patriotic War. In combat, the Su-2 ground attack aircraft squadrons suffered heavy losses against the Germans, with some 222 aircraft destroyed. From 1942, the Su-2 was withdrawn from the frontline and replaced by Ilyushin Il-2, Petlyakov Pe-2 and Tupolev Tu-2 bombers. The Su-2 was relegated to a training and reconnaissance role. However, due to a critical shortage of aircraft in early World War II, some Su-2s were used as emergency fighters. Loss rate comparison Although the Su-2 has been criticized due to the number of losses it suffered, its loss rate compares favorably with other attack aircraft used by the Soviet Airforce in World War II. Type Average number of missions flown before loss Su-2 80 Pe-2 54 Il-2 (two seat) 26 A-20 19 Il-2 (single seat) 13 Variants Su-2 Two-seat light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. Original designation BB-1. ShB (Russian: ШБ — Штурмовик Бомбардировщик; "Attack aircraft-bomber") A proposed ground-attack version with an M-88A engine, modified landing gear which rotated 90° before retracting to the rear into the wings (like the American Curtiss P-40). Bombload was increased to 600 kg (1,235 lb). Created in 1940, the aircraft did not enter production due to availability of the Ilyushin Il-2. Su-4 An upgraded version, originally intended for the Urmin M-90 engine with 1,565 kW (2,100 hp), but later fitted with a Shvetsov M-82 (some Su-2s were also fitted with M-82). Due to a shortage of duralumin, the structural elements of the wings were made of wood with plywood skin. Wing armament was changed from four 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns to two 12.7 mm Berezin UB machine guns. One prototype was built and tested, but this improved version was not placed into production. Operators  Soviet Union Soviet Air Force Specifications (Su-4) Data from Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950General characteristics Crew: 2 Length: 10.46 m (34 ft 4 in) Wingspan: 14.3 m (46 ft 11 in) Height: 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in) Wing area: 29 m2 (310 sq ft) Empty weight: 3,220 kg (7,099 lb) Gross weight: 4,700 kg (10,362 lb) Fuel capacity: 1,240 L (330 US gal; 270 imp gal) Powerplant: 1 × Shvetsov M-82 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,000 kW (1,400 hp) Performance Maximum speed: 485 km/h (301 mph, 262 kn) at altitude Range: 1,100 km (680 mi, 590 nmi) Service ceiling: 8,400 m (27,600 ft) Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 9 minutes 48 seconds Armament 6 × 7.62 mm (0.300 in) ShKAS machine guns (4 in the wings, 1 in rear turret, 1 in the hatch in the floor) 10 × RS-82 rockets 8 × RS-82 rockets Up to 600 kg (1,300 lb) of bombs in the internal bomb bay and underwing hardpoints See also Related development Sukhoi Su-6 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Douglas SBD Dauntless Fairey Battle Ilyushin Il-2 Junkers Ju 87D Kawasaki Ki-32 Mitsubishi Ki-51 Related lists List of aircraft of World War II List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS References ^ a b c d e f g h i Shavrov V.B. (1994). Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950 (3 izd. ed.). Mashinostroenie. ISBN 5-217-00477-0. ^ Sukhoi Museum ^ Gordon, Yefim (1998–1999). Soviet combat aircraft of the Second World War. Khazanov, Dmitriĭ. Leicester: Midland. p. 77. ISBN 1857800842. OCLC 40494691. External links External videos Союзкиножурнал, выпуск № 100 от 14 октября 1941 год Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sukhoi Su-2. Su-2 from WINGS PALETTE Archived 2018-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Su-2 from Avia press Archived 2018-10-21 at the Wayback Machine "Sukhoi Su-2". Sukhoi Company Museum. Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2011-07-12. vteSukhoi aircraftFighters / interceptors Su-9 Su-11 Su-15 Su-27 Su-30 MKA MKI MKK MKM Su-33 Su-35 Su-57 Su-75 Bombers / attack Su-2 Su-4 Su-7 Su-17 Su-20 Su-22 Su-24 Su-25 Su-34 Su-39 S-70 Okhotnik Reconnaissance Su-12 Competitive aerobatic Su-26 Su-29 Su-31 Trainers Su-28 Su-29 Transports Su-80 Superjet 100 Experimental Su-1 Su-3 Su-5 Su-6 Su-7 (1944) Su-8 Su-9 (1946) Su-10 Su-11 (1946) Su-13 Su-15 (1949) Su-17 (1949) Su-37 Su-47 P-1 T-3 T-4 T-49 T-405 T-431 Agricultural Su-38 Cancelled projects KR-860 S-6 S-21 T-60S T-12 Shturmovik-90 Sukhoi Shkval List of Sukhoi aircraft vteSoviet military aircraft during World War IIFighters DI-6 I-15 I-153 I-16 LaGG-3 La-5 La-7 MiG-1 МiG-3 Pe-3 Yak-1 Yak-3 Yak-7 Yak-9 Bombers Ar-2 DB-3 Il-4 Pе-2 Pе-8 SB Su-2 TB-1 ТB-3 Тu-2 Yak-4 Yer-2 Ground attack BSh-1 BSh-2/Il-2 Il-10 Trainers U-2/Po-2 UT-1 UT-2 UTI-2/3/4/(I-16UTI UTI-26/Yak-7 Transports KhAI-1 P-5 PS-5 PS-9 PS-35 PS-43 PS-84/Li-2 R-5 Sh-2 Gliders А-7 G-11 КC-20 Reconnaissance Be-4 MBR-2 MDR-6 Po-2 R-5 R-10/KhAI-5 R-Z Su-2 Yak-2 Prototypes ANT-58 BI-1 I-28 (Yak-5) I-30 I-180 I-185 I-250 IS-1 ITP TIS Zveno/SPB vteSoviet bomber/attack aircraft designations, 1923–1940Short-range bomber (BB) BB-1 BB-2 BB-3 BB-4 through BB-211 BB-22 bis Long-range bomber (DB) DB-1 DB-2 DB-3 F DB-4 DB-5 through DB-2391 DB-240 DB-A DB-LK Heavy bomber (TB) TB-1 TB-2 TB-3 TB-4 TB-5 TB-6 TB-7 Heavy bomber seaplane (MTB) MTB-1 MTB-2 Armored bomber (BSh) BSh-1 BSh-2 Heavy ground-attack (TSh) TSh-1 TSh-2 TSh-3 Torpedo bomber (T) T-1 Torpedo bomber (TOM) TOM-1 Short-range dive bomber (BPB) BPB-1 through BPB-211 BPB-22 Descriptors Tactical bomber FB Light armored-attack LBSh Fast bomber SB RK Attack bomber ShB High-speed dive bomber SPB 1 Unknown/not assigned
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SU2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU2_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"link_name":"light bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pavel Sukhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Sukhoi"}],"text":"\"Su-2\" redirects here. For other uses, see SU2.The Sukhoi Su-2 (Russian: Сухой Су-2) was a Soviet reconnaissance and light bomber aircraft used in the early stages of World War II. It was the first airplane designed by Pavel Sukhoi. The basic design received an engine and armament upgrade (Su-4) and was modified for the ground-attack role (ShB).","title":"Sukhoi Su-2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"Tupolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev"},{"link_name":"OKB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKB"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tupolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tupolev"},{"link_name":"M. M. Gromov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gromov_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"Shvetsov M-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_M-62"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"Tumansky M-87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumansky_M-87"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"Tumansky M-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumansky_M-88"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"}],"text":"In 1936, Joseph Stalin released a requirement for a multipurpose combat aircraft. Codenamed Ivanov, the airplane had to be capable of performing reconnaissance and then attacking the targets it located.[1] P. O. Sukhoi was working in the Tupolev OKB at the time and designed the \"Ivanov\" aircraft under the tutelage of Andrei Tupolev. The resulting ANT-51 flew on 25 August 1937 with M. M. Gromov at the controls. Powered by a 610 kW (820 hp) Shvetsov M-62 air-cooled radial engine, the ANT-51 reached 403 km/h (220 kn, 250 mph) at 4,700 m (15,420 ft).[1] This was considered insufficient but since the basic design was sound, it was decided to re-test it with a more powerful engine. Equipped with a 746 kW (1,000 hp) Tumansky M-87 engine, the ANT-51 reached 468 km/h (255 kn, 290 mph) at 5,600 m (18,370 ft) and was accepted into production as BB-1 (Blizhniy Bombardirovschik; Russian: Ближний Бомбардировщик — \"short-range bomber\").[1] In 1940, the aircraft was renamed Su-2 and the unreliable M-87 engine was replaced with a Tumansky M-88.[1] This lightened version with an M-88B engine reached 512 km/h (275 kn, 320 mph) in testing.The Su-2 was of mixed construction. The fuselage was semi-monocoque with wood spars and a plywood skin. The wings were of duralumin and steel construction with fabric-covered rod-actuated control surfaces. The pilot and gunner were protected with 9 mm (0.35 in) of armor. The taildragger landing gear was retractable, including the tailwheel.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meylus_I.I._5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2"},{"link_name":"Petlyakov Pe-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"emergency fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_fighter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"}],"text":"Su-2 flight crew and ground personnelAlthough 910 Su-2s were built by the time production was discontinued in 1942,[2] the aircraft was obsolete and underarmed by the start of the Great Patriotic War. In combat, the Su-2 ground attack aircraft squadrons suffered heavy losses against the Germans, with some 222 aircraft destroyed. From 1942, the Su-2 was withdrawn from the frontline and replaced by Ilyushin Il-2, Petlyakov Pe-2 and Tupolev Tu-2 bombers. The Su-2 was relegated to a training and reconnaissance role. However, due to a critical shortage of aircraft in early World War II, some Su-2s were used as emergency fighters.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Loss rate comparison","text":"Although the Su-2 has been criticized due to the number of losses it suffered, its loss rate compares favorably with other attack aircraft used by the Soviet Airforce in World War II.[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Curtiss P-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"Urmin M-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urmin_M-90&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shvetsov M-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_M-82"},{"link_name":"duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"ShKAS machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShKAS_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Berezin UB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezin_UB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"}],"text":"Su-2Two-seat light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. Original designation BB-1.ShB (Russian: ШБ — Штурмовик Бомбардировщик; \"Attack aircraft-bomber\")A proposed ground-attack version with an M-88A engine, modified landing gear which rotated 90° before retracting to the rear into the wings (like the American Curtiss P-40). Bombload was increased to 600 kg (1,235 lb). Created in 1940, the aircraft did not enter production due to availability of the Ilyushin Il-2.[1]Su-4An upgraded version, originally intended for the Urmin M-90 engine with 1,565 kW (2,100 hp), but later fitted with a Shvetsov M-82 (some Su-2s were also fitted with M-82). Due to a shortage of duralumin, the structural elements of the wings were made of wood with plywood skin. Wing armament was changed from four 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns to two 12.7 mm Berezin UB machine guns.[1] One prototype was built and tested, but this improved version was not placed into production.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"}],"text":"Soviet UnionSoviet Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shavrov-1"},{"link_name":"Shvetsov M-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_M-82"},{"link_name":"7.62 mm (0.300 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR"},{"link_name":"ShKAS machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShKAS_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"RS-82 rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-82_rocket"},{"link_name":"RS-82 rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-82_rocket"}],"text":"Data from Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950[1]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nLength: 10.46 m (34 ft 4 in)\nWingspan: 14.3 m (46 ft 11 in)\nHeight: 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)\nWing area: 29 m2 (310 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 3,220 kg (7,099 lb)\nGross weight: 4,700 kg (10,362 lb)\nFuel capacity: 1,240 L (330 US gal; 270 imp gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × Shvetsov M-82 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,000 kW (1,400 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 485 km/h (301 mph, 262 kn) at altitude\nRange: 1,100 km (680 mi, 590 nmi)\nService ceiling: 8,400 m (27,600 ft)\nTime to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 9 minutes 48 secondsArmament6 × 7.62 mm (0.300 in) ShKAS machine guns (4 in the wings, 1 in rear turret, 1 in the hatch in the floor)\n10 × RS-82 rockets\n8 × RS-82 rockets\nUp to 600 kg (1,300 lb) of bombs in the internal bomb bay and underwing hardpoints","title":"Specifications (Su-4)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Pryce_Michell
Reginald Pryce Michell
["1 References","2 External links"]
Reginald Pryce Michell (9 April 1873 in Penzance – 19 May 1938 in Kingston-upon-Thames) was an English chess master. He was British Amateur Champion in 1902. He played in eight Anglo-American Cable Matches between 1901 and 1911, and twice represented England in the 1st Chess Olympiad at London 1927 and the 5th Chess Olympiad at Folkestone 1933. He received the brilliancy prize in an international match against the Netherlands in 1914. Michell was a frequent competitor in the Hastings International Chess Congress over 20 years, defeating Mir Sultan Khan and Vera Menchik in 1932/3. He finished 2nd, 3rd and 4th in the British Championship proper, defeating Henry Ernest Atkins on several occasions. In Margate 1923, he tied for second place with Alexander Alekhine, Bogolyubov, and Muffang. He scored 2.5/4 against Alekhine, Bogolyubov, Réti and Grünfeld. Michell was active in local chess. He was age 24 before he won the championship of the Metropolitan Chess Club. He won the championship of the West London Chess Club eight times and won the Open Tournament in Brighton in 1904. He won the London Major Open Tournament (i.e. not the Premier) in 1922. He won the prestigious City of London Championship once in 1925-6, coming second on six other occasions. J.H. Blake shared second prize. Michell and Blake subsequently became teammates at Kingston Chess Club. J.H. Blake shared second prize. Michell and Blake subsequently became teammates at Kingston Chess Club. Michell was Kingston Chess Club champion every year from 1931 to 1938. He worked in the Admiralty, and his wife Edith Michell (née Tapsell) was British Women's Champion in 1931 (jointly), 1932 and 1935. References ^ Kingston-upon-Thames Burial Records http://www2.kingston.gov.uk/GraveRecords/jpgs/KingstonCemetery/BurialRegister11_1936-1944/Jpeg/pge00086.jpg ^ "Home". chessmetrics.com. ^ "Home". olimpbase.org. ^ "BritBase.info: British Chess Game Archive". ^ R.P.Michell, A Master of British Chess by J. du Mont,1947 Pitman ^ R.P.Michell, A Master of British Chess by J. du Mont,1947 Pitman ^ https://kingstonchess.com/club-history-2/ External links Reginald Pryce Michell player profile and games at Chessgames.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Netherlands This biographical article relating to an English chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suno_AI
Suno AI
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Music generator Suno AIDeveloper(s)Suno, Inc.Initial releaseDecember 20, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-12-20)Stable releasev3.5 / May 24, 2024 TypeGenerative artificial intelligenceWebsitesuno.com Suno AI, or simply Suno, is a generative artificial intelligence music creation program designed to generate realistic songs that combine vocals and instrumentation, or are purely instrumental. Suno has been widely available since December 20, 2023, after the launch of a web application and a partnership with Microsoft, which included Suno as a plugin in Microsoft Copilot. Example of a two-minute song generated by Suno AI; its lyrics were generated by ChatGPT. The Style of Music prompt was "Calm, psychedelic rock". The program operates by producing songs based on text prompts provided by users. Suno does not disclose the dataset used to train its artificial intelligence but claims it has been safeguarded against plagiarism and copyright concerns. History Suno was founded by four people: Michael Shulman, Georg Kucsko, Martin Camacho, and Keenan Freyberg. They all worked for Kensho, an AI startup, before starting their own company in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In April 2023, Suno released their open-source text-to-speech and audio model called "Bark" on GitHub and Hugging Face, under the MIT License. On March 21, 2024, Suno released its v3 version for all users. The new version allows users to create a limited number of 2-minute songs using a free account. Users can pay to subscribe monthly or annually to unlock more capabilities of Suno. See also Music and artificial intelligence Udio References ^ a b Ward, Abby (2023-12-21). "How to Use Microsoft Copilot's New Suno AI Music Creation Tool". Tech.co. Retrieved 2024-04-05. ^ "Microsoft's Copilot and Suno AI team up to create a music generator extension". The Verge. Vox Media. December 19, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ King, Hope (2023-12-20). "Generative AI startup Suno wants to make songwriting as easy as taking iPhone photos". Axios. Retrieved 2024-04-05. ^ Bastian, Matthias (2023-09-17). "Suno AI's new text-to-music model generates impressive songs". the decoder. Retrieved 2024-04-26. ^ "Bark: The Ultimate Audio Generation Model". KDnuggets. Retrieved 2024-04-26. ^ Hiatt, Brian (2024-03-22). "Our AI-Generated Blues Song Went Viral -- and Sparked Controversy". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2024-04-05. ^ Wilson, Mark (2024-03-23). "What is Suno? The viral AI song generator explained – and how to use it for free". TechRadar. Retrieved 2024-04-05. External links Official website This artificial intelligence-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This music-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Example of a two-minute song generated by Suno AI; its lyrics were generated by ChatGPT. The Style of Music prompt was \"Calm, psychedelic rock\"."}]
[{"title":"Music and artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence"},{"title":"Udio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecto-
Hecto-
["1 See also","2 References"]
Look up hecto- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hecto (symbol: h) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one hundred. It was adopted as a multiplier in 1795, and comes from the Greek ἑκατόν hekatón, meaning "hundred". In 19th century English it was sometimes spelled "hecato", in line with a puristic opinion by Thomas Young. Its unit symbol as an SI prefix in the International System of Units (SI) is the lower case letter h. The prefix is rarely used in general, but has certain specific applications: hectopascal (hPa), in meteorology, for atmospheric pressure, the modern equivalent of the traditional millibar. hectolitre (hl or hL), in agriculture, for liquids (notably milk and alcoholic beverages) and bulk commodities (e.g., grain). hectogram (hg), in agronomy, for quantities of animal feed (hectogram/animal) and for measures of agricultural productivity (hectogram/hectare); also used in Italy abbreviated as etto, and in Canada, New Zealand and Sweden simply as 100 g, for retail sale of cold cuts and meat. hectometre (hm), in radio astronomy, occasionally used to indicate a radio band by wavelength In surveying, a square hectometre is called a hectare (ha, or 100 ares = 1 hm2 = 10,000 m2). SI prefixesvte Prefix Base 10 Decimal Adoption Name Symbol quetta Q 1030 1000000000000000000000000000000 2022 ronna R 1027 1000000000000000000000000000 yotta Y 1024 1000000000000000000000000 1991 zetta Z 1021 1000000000000000000000 exa E 1018 1000000000000000000 1975 peta P 1015 1000000000000000 tera T 1012 1000000000000 1960 giga G 109 1000000000 mega M 106 1000000 1873 kilo k 103 1000 1795 hecto h 102 100 deca da 101 10 — — 100 1 — deci d 10−1 0.1 1795 centi c 10−2 0.01 milli m 10−3 0.001 micro μ 10−6 0.000001 1873 nano n 10−9 0.000000001 1960 pico p 10−12 0.000000000001 femto f 10−15 0.000000000000001 1964 atto a 10−18 0.000000000000000001 zepto z 10−21 0.000000000000000000001 1991 yocto y 10−24 0.000000000000000000000001 ronto r 10−27 0.000000000000000000000000001 2022 quecto q 10−30 0.000000000000000000000000000001 Notes ^ Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. The introduction of the CGS system was in 1873. See also Metric prefix Numeral prefix References ^ Brewster, David (1832). The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Vol. 12 (1st American ed.). Joseph and Edward Parker. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ^ Dingler, Johann Gottfried (1823). Polytechnisches Journal (in German). Vol. 11. Stuttgart, Germany: J.W. Gotta'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ^ a b "On the extension of the range of SI prefixes". 18 November 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ "Metric (SI) Prefixes". NIST.
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[]
[{"title":"Metric prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix"},{"title":"Numeral prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_prefix"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%26_Wright
Pierre & Wright
["1 Works by Pierre & Wright Architects","2 References","2.1 Footnotes","2.2 Sources"]
Pierre & WrightIndiana State Library, Indianapolis, IndianaPractice informationPartnersEdward D. PierreGeorge Caleb WrightFounded1925 Pierre and Wright was an architectural firm in Indianapolis, Indiana in the United States. It was established in 1925 by partners Edward D. Pierre, AIA (1890–1971) and George Caleb Wright, AIA, (1889–1973). It was one of the predecessor firms of Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager. Pierre & Wright was responsible for many landmarks in Indianapolis and greater Indiana, and a number have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the partnership disbanded in 1944, Pierre started his firm Pierre and Associates. Among the architects employed by this firm were Kenneth B. Curtiss, D. B. Hill, James O. Lewis, James M. Merrifield, J. Parke Randall, D. P. Schlegel, and Richard C. Zimmer. Wright started a new firm with Kurt Vonnegut Sr. of Vonnegut, Bohn & Mueller called Vonnegut & Wright. After Ralph Oscar Yeager of Miller & Yeager joined, the firm became Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager. Later the firm was known as Wright Porteous & Lowe. Works by Pierre & Wright Architects Indianapolis Public School #7 Indianapolis Public School #78 Williams Creek Estates: Indianapolis News Model Houses Oxford Gables Apartments Tuckaway Country Club Sears Roebuck (320 N. New Jersey, Indianapolis) Indiana State Library and Historical Building, Indianapolis, Indiana Milo Stuart Memorial Building, Arsenal Technical High School (Indianapolis, Indiana) Old Trails office building (301–309 W. Washington Street) References Footnotes ^ a b c "Questionnaire for Architects' Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) June 13, 1946. Sources Huntington, Jeffrey. The Indianapolis Architectural Firm of Pierre and Wright: A History of the Firm, Discussion of Major Works, and Indes of Known Commissions, 1994 Pierre and Wright Architectural Records Collection, Drawings and Documents Archive, Ball State University Libraries.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Angel_in_Australia
An Angel in Australia
["1 Abstract","2 Publication history","3 Reception","4 Awards and nominations","5 References"]
Novel by Thomas Keneally An Angel in Australia First editionAuthorThomas KeneallyLanguageEnglishGenreNovelPublisherDoubleday, AustraliaPublication date2002Publication placeAustraliaMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages336 ppISBN1-86471-001-2OCLC51088306Dewey Decimal823/.914 21LC ClassPR9619.3.K46 A84 2002Preceded byBettany's Book Followed byThe Tyrant's Novel  An Angel in Australia is a 2002 novel by Thomas Keneally. Abstract Set in Australia during World War II, it follows the life of a young Catholic priest, Father Frank Darragh, in 1940s Sydney. Publication history An Angel in Australia, 2002, Australia, Doubleday Australia ISBN 978-1-864-71001-4 The Office of Innocence, 2002, England, Sceptre ISBN 978-0-340-62473-9 Office of Innocence, 2003, USA, Nan A. Talese/Doubleday ISBN 978-0-385-50763-9 Reception A review in the Australian Book Review called it "an oxymoronic book — a subdued novel", and further "Its accent is meditative, its notes of sadness leavened by the resilient self-regard of the characters he has mustered.". An Angel in Australia has also been reviewed by The Sydney Morning Herald, and The New York Times. Awards and nominations International Dublin Literary Award: nominated 2004 Miles Franklin Award: shortlisted 2003 References ^ "Austlit - An Angel in Australia". Austlit. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ "An Angel in Australia (Doubleday)". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ "The Office of Innocence (Sceptre)". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ "Office of Innocence (Doubleday)". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ a b Peter Pierce (December 2002). "Safety in Seminaries" (PDF). Australian Book Review. No. 247. Australian Book Review Inc. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "An Angel in Australia (subscription required)". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 October 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ Paul Buchanan (16 March 2003). "Father Knows Least". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ The 2004 Award Archived November 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "An Angel in Australia, by Tom Keneally". ANZ LitLovers LitBlog. 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-08-26. vteNovels by Thomas Keneally The Place at Whitton (1964) The Fear (1965) Bring Larks and Heroes (1967) Three Cheers for the Paraclete (1968) The Survivor (1969) A Dutiful Daughter (1971) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1972) Blood Red, Sister Rose (1974) Moses the Lawgiver (1975) Gossip from the Forest (1975) Season in Purgatory (1976) A Victim of the Aurora (1977) Passenger (1979) Confederates (1979) The Cut-Rate Kingdom (1980) Schindler's Ark (1982) A Family Madness (1985) The Playmaker (1987) Act of Grace (1988) By the Line (1989) Towards Asmara (1989) Flying Hero Class (1991) Chief of Staff (1991) Woman of the Inner Sea (1993) Jacko: The Great Intruder (1993) A River Town (1995) Bettany's Book (2000) An Angel in Australia (2000) The Tyrant's Novel (2003) The Widow and Her Hero (2007) The People's Train (2009) The Daughters of Mars (2012) Shame and the Captives (2014) Napoleon's Last Island (2015) Crimes of the Father (2016) The Soldier's Curse (2016) The Unmourned (2017) The Power Game (2018) Two Old Men Dying (2018) The Ink Stain (2019) The Dickens Boy (2020) Corporal Hitler's Pistol (2021) Fanatic Heart (2022) This article about a historical novel of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a World War II novel first published in the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Keneally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Keneally"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austlit-1"}],"text":"An Angel in Australia is a 2002 novel by Thomas Keneally.[1]","title":"An Angel in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"}],"text":"Set in Australia during World War II, it follows the life of a young Catholic priest, Father Frank Darragh, in 1940s Sydney.","title":"Abstract"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doubleday Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-864-71001-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-864-71001-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA1-2"},{"link_name":"Sceptre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceptre_(imprint)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-340-62473-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-62473-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA2-3"},{"link_name":"Nan A. Talese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_A._Talese"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-50763-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50763-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA3-4"}],"text":"An Angel in Australia, 2002, Australia, Doubleday Australia ISBN 978-1-864-71001-4 [2]\nThe Office of Innocence, 2002, England, Sceptre ISBN 978-0-340-62473-9 [3]\nOffice of Innocence, 2003, USA, Nan A. Talese/Doubleday ISBN 978-0-385-50763-9[4]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABR122002-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABR122002-5"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A review in the Australian Book Review called it \"an oxymoronic book — a subdued novel\",[5] and further \"Its accent is meditative, its notes of sadness leavened by the resilient self-regard of the characters he [Keneally] has mustered.\".[5]An Angel in Australia has also been reviewed by The Sydney Morning Herald,[6] and The New York Times.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impac-8"},{"link_name":"Miles Franklin Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Franklin_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"International Dublin Literary Award: nominated 2004[8]\nMiles Franklin Award: shortlisted 2003[9]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Horsfield
Geoff Horsfield
["1 Playing career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Fulham","1.3 Birmingham City","1.4 Wigan Athletic","1.5 West Bromwich Albion","1.6 Sheffield United and loans","1.7 Lincoln City","1.8 Port Vale","1.9 Alvechurch","2 Coaching career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 As a player","4.2 As a manager","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
English footballer Geoff Horsfield Horsfield in 2003Personal informationFull name Geoffrey Malcolm HorsfieldDate of birth (1973-11-01) 1 November 1973 (age 50)Place of birth Barnsley, EnglandHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)– Athersley Recreation – Worsbrough Bridge MW 1992–1994 Scarborough 12 (1)1994 Halifax Town 9 (0)1994–1995 Guiseley 58 (24)1995–1996 Witton Albion 1996–1998 Halifax Town 74 (46)1998–2000 Fulham 59 (22)2000–2003 Birmingham City 108 (23)2003 Wigan Athletic 16 (7)2003–2006 West Bromwich Albion 67 (14)2006 → Sheffield United (loan) 3 (0)2006–2008 Sheffield United 0 (0)2006–2007 → Leeds United (loan) 14 (2)2007 → Leicester City (loan) 13 (2)2008 → Scunthorpe United (loan) 12 (0)2009 Lincoln City 17 (1)2009–2010 Port Vale 9 (0)2013 Alvechurch Total 471+ (142+)Managerial career2010–2011 Port Vale (caretaker) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Geoffrey Malcolm Horsfield (born 1 November 1973) is an English former professional footballer and football coach. He made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a striker. He was a "strong and forceful" player, able to hold the ball up to bring other players into the game. Horsfield made his Football League debut with Scarborough as a teenager. Released by the club, he returned to part-time football with Halifax Town, Guiseley and Witton Albion, before a second spell at Halifax saw him help the club regain their Football League status. He moved on to Fulham, with whom he achieved promotion to the First Division, before joining Birmingham City for a club record fee. He played in the final of the 2001 League Cup with Birmingham, and the following season helped them reach the Premier League. After a short period at Wigan Athletic in 2003, he joined West Bromwich Albion, with whom he again won promotion to the Premier League. In 2006, he moved to Sheffield United, but much of his time there was spent on loan to other clubs, namely Leeds United, Leicester City and Scunthorpe United. Horsfield announced his retirement from football in 2008 after being diagnosed with testicular cancer, but after successful treatment, he resumed his career, signing a six-month contract for Lincoln City in January 2009. In July of that year, he was appointed player-assistant manager at Port Vale under Micky Adams, and the following summer, he took up coaching full-time before leaving the game completely in May 2012. In March 2013, he returned to playing football for Alvechurch. Playing career Early career Horsfield was born in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Terry, was a coal miner, as was his grandfather. While still a schoolboy he started playing football for a men's team, Athersley Recreation, in the Barnsley Sunday League, and had an unsuccessful trial with home-town club Barnsley F.C. On leaving school, Horsfield took a college course in bricklaying. He continued playing football part-time, with Athersley, with Worsbrough Bridge in the Northern Counties East League, and with Football League club Scarborough, where he turned professional in July 1992. Given his league debut in March 1993 by manager Ray McHale, he was released after playing 12 league matches and returned to bricklaying and part-time football. After a nine-game spell with Halifax Town in 1994, he rejoined manager McHale at Guiseley, where his goals helped the club to reach third place in the Northern Premier League Premier Division in the 1994–95 season. During the following season he moved on to Witton Albion, where he scored 6 goals in 26 appearances in all competitions. However, he also sustained a potentially career-threatening knee injury; after making a full recovery he returned to Halifax for a fee reported as £4,000. Horsfield made his second debut for Halifax in October 1996. On the last day of the 1996–97 season, needing to beat Stevenage Borough to avoid relegation from the Conference, Horsfield scored the goal that clinched a 4–2 victory. The following season, Halifax won the Conference title by a nine-point margin, thus regaining their Football League status. Horsfield's 30 goals in 40 league games, including hat-tricks against Yeovil Town, Telford United and Hereford United, made him that season's Conference top scorer. Together with teammate Mark Bradshaw, Horsfield was selected for England's semi-professional representative team for a match against their Dutch counterparts, but injury prevented him from playing. In the Conference, Horsfield had still been working in the building trade while playing football part-time, but promotion to the Football League meant he had to give up his job to become a full-time footballer. Seven goals in his first ten games in the Third Division attracted a bid from Fulham, then in the Second Division and managed by Kevin Keegan. Fulham An initial fee of £300,000 was agreed, plus an additional £50,000 depending on appearances, and in October 1998 Horsfield joined Fulham. A clause was also included in the contract which would allow Halifax a share of the profits from any future sale. The remainder of his 1998–99 season produced 15 goals from 28 games as Fulham won the Second Division title by 14 clear points. He was also named in the PFA's Second Division Team of the Year. Though less prolific in the First Division, seven league goals and another seven in the cups still made him the club's top scorer for the 1999–2000 season. After new manager Jean Tigana made it clear that Horsfield's aggressive style and perceived lack of pace and mobility would not fit the way he wanted his new team to play, and brought in Louis Saha as his main striker, the player agreed to join Fulham's First Division rivals Birmingham City. Birmingham City In July 2000, Horsfield signed a five-year contract with Birmingham, who paid a club record fee of £2.25 million, £350,000 of which went to Halifax Town under the sell-on clause. He was their top scorer in his first season, finding the net on twelve occasions, and his two goals in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final helped the club reach their first major final for nearly 40 years. In the starting eleven for the final against his boyhood heroes Liverpool, Horsfield had been substituted by the time Birmingham lost in a penalty shoot-out. In the 2001–02 season, Horsfield was chosen Player of the Year both by Birmingham's fans and by his teammates. His strike partnership with Stern John proved crucial in the unbeaten run which helped Birmingham reach the First Division play-offs, and he scored the equaliser against Norwich City in the play-off final, which the club went on to win on penalties to earn promotion to the Premier League. Horsfield had promised a donation to his first club, Athersley Rec, if he ever reached the Premiership; a few days after the play-off victory he gave them £25,000 towards improving their facilities. Horsfield's first Premier League goal came in the September 2002 local derby defeat of Aston Villa. He also scored in the return fixture at Villa Park, an eventful game in which he ended up keeping goal when Nico Vaesen was injured after Birmingham had used all their substitutes. Horsfield missed games through suspension and surgery, and was frustrated by manager Steve Bruce preferring to use him as a specialist substitute; after he came on to score a late winner against local rivals West Bromwich Albion, Bruce described him as "a manager's dream", saying that "when you're tiring, the last thing you need is Big Horse rampaging at you". Starting alongside World Cup-winner Christophe Dugarry late in the season, the pair formed "an unlikely combination, brilliance from Bordeaux alongside a brickie from Barnsley, but Horsfield's robust approach has complemented Dugarry's more delicate touches"; their partnership produced four wins and a draw from the last six games. Wigan Athletic Horsfield played in three Premier League matches for Birmingham City at the start of the 2003–04 season. When Bruce could not guarantee him a regular place in the team, Horsfield moved on to Wigan Athletic, signing a three-year contract in September 2003. A transfer fee of £500,000 was agreed, though this could have risen to £1 million if the player had gone on to make enough appearances for Wigan. Horsfield said of the move, "I could easily have sat out the last two years of my contract at Birmingham, but that's not my style – I just want to play football." He scored on his debut for Wigan, in a 4–2 win against Wimbledon on 13 September 2003. He continued to live in the West Midlands even after his transfer from Birmingham City, and after just three months at Wigan moved to West Bromwich Albion for £1 million. West Bromwich Albion "I actually went out on a bit of a limb by saying to the chairman that I think would get us promoted ... I think he just gave us that little something that was missing in getting hold of the ball, a little bit of cuteness up the front that enabled us to bring other people into the game." — Albion manager Gary Megson, reflecting on his reasons for signing Horsfield in 2003 Horsfield made his Albion debut in a 1–0 defeat away to Coventry City on 20 December 2003. The following month, he scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Albion's local rivals Walsall. It was the first of three goals he scored during January 2004, earning him the PFA First Division Player-of-the-Month award. In all he scored seven goals for Albion during 2003–04, including a vital winner in a 3-2 win against fellow promotion chasers Ipswich in April, helping the club to achieve promotion to the Premier League. The team struggled in their first season back in the top division, while Horsfield scored just three goals in 29 league appearances. His contribution on the final day of the season against Portsmouth however, proved vital to the club's survival. Coming on as a second-half substitute, he scored with his first touch, before setting up a goal for teammate Kieran Richardson. Combined with results from other matches, the 2–0 win ensured Albion's escape from relegation as the first club to survive in the Premier League after being bottom at Christmas. Horsfield said of the achievement, "Even though I have been promoted with every club I have been at this is the best moment of my career." Horsfield enjoyed a good start to 2005–06, signing a new two-year contract and scoring twice in each of Albion's first two home games, but these proved to be the last goals he would score for the club. He made a total of 20 appearances in league and cup during his final season at West Bromwich Albion. Sheffield United and loans Horsfield signed for Sheffield United on loan in February 2006, but appeared in just three games under manager Neil Warnock in the four months. Horsfield and Warnock wanted to terminate the loan prematurely, but West Bromwich Albion had already agreed to sell the player to United at the end of the season and refused to return on the deal. The permanent transfer went through in May 2006 for a fee of £1.2 million, with Horsfield commenting that he and Warnock had resolved their differences. On 3 August 2006, Horsfield signed for Championship club Leeds United on loan until Christmas with a view to a permanent move. He made his debut on the opening day of the season, against Norwich at Elland Road, and scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw away at Queens Park Rangers three days later. When Dennis Wise took over as Leeds manager, Horsfield was in and out of the side, and his loan was terminated in January 2007. At the end of the January 2007 transfer window, Leicester City took Horsfield on loan for the rest of the season. He made his debut for the club in their 1–1 draw with Luton Town on 3 February and scored his first goals for them in their 3–0 victory over local rivals Coventry City two weeks later. Horsfield's former West Bromwich Albion manager Bryan Robson became manager at Sheffield United at the start of the 2007–08 season, but Horsfield remained out of the side. His only appearances came in the League Cup, playing against Chesterfield in the first round and scoring against Milton Keynes Dons in the second. On 31 January 2008 he moved to Championship club Scunthorpe United on loan for the remainder of the season. He went straight into the Scunthorpe squad and made his debut against Charlton Athletic at Glanford Park; the team won 1–0 and Horsfield won the sponsors' "man of the match" award. He played twelve games while on loan and was released by Sheffield United at the end of the season. Horsfield had a trial at Chesterfield during the summer of 2008 but rejected a move to Saltergate because he wanted to join a club closer to his home in Leicester. He then had a trial with Kettering Town and in September began training with Walsall. Lincoln City On 10 October 2008, Horsfield revealed that he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer, and was advised that his playing career was finished. By December, after receiving successful treatment, he was reported to be considering a return to football, either as a player or in a coaching role. He linked up with Lincoln City, managed by former Halifax Town teammate Peter Jackson, for a week's training to assess his fitness levels, and after an extended trial period, signed a short-term playing contract to run from 2 January 2009 until the end of the season. He would also be involved with coaching the reserve team. Horsfield made his debut on 12 January against Brentford, setting up the equaliser for fellow debutant Anthony Elding in a 2–2 draw. After the game, he declared he was "glad to be back playing". He scored his first goal for the club on 27 January 2009, in a 2–1 win against Gillingham, describing the long-range shot "one of my sweetest strikes". Horsfield played regularly during his time with Lincoln, but scored only that one goal, and at the end of the season the club decided not to renew his contract. Port Vale In July 2009, Port Vale's Micky Adams appointed Horsfield as player-assistant manager. He aimed to play a majority of Vale's games in the 2009–10 season while learning the ropes of management. He played in the opening four games of the season despite needing painkillers for a cracked rib and a cracked bone in his hand, the first broken bones he had ever suffered. The club reached the third round of the League Cup, but after three consecutive defeats, Adams placed the entire squad on the transfer list. He suffered from niggling injuries, in addition to a tore hamstring, which limited his appearances. This caused him to consider his retirement in the summer of 2010. Port Vale did not offer him a new playing contract, but did retain him on the coaching staff. Alvechurch In March 2013, he joined Midland Football Alliance side Alvechurch after agreeing to an offer from the Alvechurch chairman to play until the end of the season. Coaching career Twelve months after he joined Port Vale as player-assistant manager in July 2009, Horsfield was offered a contract at the club as full-time assistant manager. Adams said that Horsfield would have a heavier workload over the 2010–11 season, which would include many hours of scouting to "formulate a catalogue of players get to know all the leagues at all levels", and he would retain his playing registration for emergencies. In December 2010, he was made joint caretaker manager at Vale, along with Mark Grew, following the departure of Adams. Vale were beaten 5–0 by Rotherham United in his first game in charge, but rallied to beat Burton Albion 2–1, before Jim Gannon was appointed manager. Gannon retained Horsfield as his assistant. On the way to a match at Aldershot on 25 February, Gannon left the team bus after an apparent bust-up with Horsfield. The national media reported that Gannon granted Horsfield's request for a day off for family reasons but then wrote to the board complaining about his conduct. Having been shown the letter by a director, Horsfield confronted Gannon over the issue. After an internal inquiry, during which Horsfield stayed away from the club, no disciplinary action was taken against either party. Gannon was sacked on 21 March, and Grew was appointed as caretaker manager with Horsfield as his assistant. "I have got a couple of business propositions I can go into at the moment and at this stage of my life I feel it is time for a change. I have absolutely loved my time here at Port Vale. I have got on with everybody apart from the previous manager, which is well-documented, but that happens in football and I have just got to look at the future now and look at my family." — Horsfield speaking on his decision to quit the game. In July 2011, Horsfield stepped down as assistant manager to concentrate on his coaching qualifications, remaining at Port Vale as a coach. Later in the month he scored in a friendly against Stone Dominoes, but dismissed speculation that he would make a return to the playing side of the game. In December 2011, loan striker Guy Madjo celebrated his first goal for the club by running over to Horsfield on the touchline, "to say thank you for all the finishing (practice) that we have been doing. He has shown me a lot of things that I haven't done in the past. In seven years, I have been so many places, to so many clubs and I haven't done that with anyone else, so I just feel it was a good dedication for him." Horsfield retired completely from football in May 2012 to pursue business interests. Personal life He is married to Tina and has four children: Chris, Chloe, Leah and Lexie-Brooke. In October 2008, Horsfield was diagnosed with testicular cancer, and advised that his playing career was over. As the disease was discovered in its early stages, no chemotherapy or radiotherapy was needed, surgery proved successful and less than two months later he was given the all-clear. Horsfield decided to make his illness public to help spread awareness of the disease and lent his support to a Premier League-backed project launched in 2009 to promote men's health issues. He said: "Getting cancer was something I had to get over. I got it, wanted to beat it and I did. Now I am just glad that I've got another chance in football." Shortly before he joined Port Vale, Horsfield fell victim to the swine flu pandemic. In January 2013, he received emergency treatment for blood clots on both lungs. After retiring from football, he began his own building business. He also established the Geoff Horsfield Foundation, a charity which offers accommodation to homeless people. Career statistics As a player Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Scarborough 1992–93 Third Division 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 1 1993–94 Third Division 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 Total 12 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 15 1 Halifax Town 1993–94 Football Conference 9 0 — — — 9 0 Guiseley 1994–95 NPL Premier Division 40 22 6 6 — 11 3 57 31 1995–96 NPL Premier Division 18 2 3 3 — 3 2 24 7 Total 58 24 9 9 — 14 5 81 38 Halifax Town 1996–97 Football Conference 24 9 0 0 — 4 0 28 9 1997–98 Football Conference 40 30 4 4 — 3 0 47 34 1998–99 Third Division 10 7 — 4 1 0 0 14 8 Total 74 46 4 4 4 1 7 0 89 51 Fulham 1998–99 Second Division 28 15 6 2 — 0 0 34 17 1999–2000 First Division 31 7 3 1 6 6 — 40 14 Total 59 22 9 3 6 6 0 0 74 31 Birmingham City 2000–01 First Division 34 7 1 0 6 4 2 1 43 12 2001–02 First Division 40 11 1 0 3 0 3 1 47 12 2002–03 Premier League 31 5 0 0 2 0 — 33 5 2003–04 Premier League 3 0 — — — 3 0 Total 108 23 2 0 11 4 5 2 126 29 Wigan Athletic 2003–04 First Division 16 7 — 1 0 — 17 7 West Bromwich Albion 2003–04 First Division 20 7 1 0 — — 21 7 2004–05 Premier League 29 3 2 0 1 1 — 32 4 2005–06 Premier League 18 4 1 0 1 0 — 20 4 Total 67 14 4 0 2 1 — 73 15 Sheffield United (loan) 2005–06 Championship 3 0 — — — 3 0 Sheffield United 2006–07 Premier League 0 0 0 0 — — 0 0 2007–08 Championship 0 0 0 0 2 1 — 2 1 Total 3 0 0 0 2 1 — 5 1 Leeds United (loan) 2006–07 Championship 14 2 — 1 0 — 15 2 Leicester City (loan) 2006–07 Championship 13 2 — — — 13 2 Scunthorpe United (loan) 2007–08 Championship 12 0 — — — 12 0 Lincoln City 2008–09 League Two 17 1 — — — 17 1 Port Vale 2009–10 League Two 9 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 12 0 Career total 471 142 30 16 29 13 28 7 558 178 ^ a b Appearance in Football League Trophy ^ Four appearances three goals in FA Trophy; three appearances in Yorkshire Electricity Cup; two appearances in Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup; two appearances in West Riding County Cup ^ Appearances in West Riding County Cup ^ Two appearances in FA Trophy, one in West Riding County Cup, one in West Riding Senior Cup ^ Appearances in FA Trophy ^ a b Appearances in Football League play-offs As a manager Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record Ref P W D L Win % Port Vale (caretaker) 30 December 2010 6 January 2011 2 1 0 1 050.0 Total 2 1 0 1 050.0 — Honours Halifax Town Football Conference: 1997–98 Fulham Football League Second Division: 1998–99 Birmingham City Football League First Division play-offs: 2002 Football League Cup runner-up: 2000–01 West Bromwich Albion Football League First Division second-place promotion: 2003–04 Individual Football Conference top scorer: 1997–98 PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Second Division References ^ a b c d e f Hugman, Barry J., ed. 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External links Geoff Horsfield at Soccerbase Awards vte1998–99 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year GK: Taylor DF: Finnan DF: Coleman DF: Davis DF: Brevett / Vincent MF: Wrack MF: Gregan MF: Kavanagh MF: Robinson FW: Stein FW: Horsfield vteNational League top scorersAlliance Premier League 1980: Smith* 1981: Williams* 1982: Williams 1984: Culpin 1985: Culpin 1986: Casey Conference 1987: Casey 1988: Davies, Derbyshire & Norris 1989: Butler & Gall 1990: Cooke 1991: Bull 1992: Cavell & Robbins 1993: Leworthy 1994: Dobson 1995: Dobson 1996: Hayles 1997: Hughes 1998: Horsfield 1999: Alford 2000: Jackson 2001: Darby 2002: Clare & Stein 2003: Barnes 2004: Clare Conference National/Conference Premier 2005: Grazioli 2006: Bishop 2007: Benson 2008: Fleetwood 2009: Mangan 2010: Brodie & Tubbs 2011: Tubbs 2012: Vardy 2013: Green 2014: Gray 2015: Akinde National League 2016: Amond & Holman 2017: Miller 2018: Cook 2019: McCallum & Rowe 2020: Quigley 2021: Cheek 2022: Mullin 2023: Langstaff 2024: McCallum * denotes that totals include Bob Lord Challenge Trophy statistics vteBirmingham City F.C. Player of the Year 1969: Hockey 1970: Martin 1971: Martin 1972: Hynd 1973: D. Latchford 1974: Burns 1976: Francis 1978: Francis 1979: Dennis 1980: Wealands 1981: Ainscow 1982: Langan 1983: Coton 1985: Wright 1989: Roberts 1992: Hicks 1994: Frain 1995: Claridge 1996: Hunt 1997: Devlin 1998: Bruce 1999: M. Johnson 2000: Grainger 2001: Purse 2002: Horsfield 2003: Savage 2004: Forssell 2005: Heskey 2006: D. Johnson 2007: Clemence 2008: Larsson 2009: Queudrue 2010: Hart 2011: Foster 2012: Burke 2013: Davies 2014: Robinson 2015: Donaldson 2016: Toral 2017: Davis 2018: Maghoma 2019: Adams 2020: Jutkiewicz 2021: Dean 2022: Sarkic 2023: Trusty 2024: Stansfield vteBirmingham City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2010 Bradford Burns Dugarry Forssell Francis Grainger Hall Hatton Horsfield Latchford Merrick 2012 Broadhurst Gallagher Govan Hopkins Hynd Page Pendrey 2015 Carney vtePort Vale F.C. – managers Gleavess (1896–1905) Clare (1905–06) Bennion (1906–07) Myatt (1913–14) Holford (1914–18) Cameron (1918–19) Schofield (1919–29) Morgan (1929–32) Holford (1932–35) Cresswell (1936–37) Morgan (1937–39) Diffin (1944) Pratt (1944–45) Frith (1945–46) Hodgson (1946–51) Powell (1951) Fishc (1951) Steele (1951–57) Low (1957–62) Steele (1962–65) Mudie (1965–67) Matthews (1967–68) Lee (1968–74) Sproson (1974–77) Harperc (1977) Smith (1977–78) Butler (1978–79) Bloor (1979) Bentleyc (1979) McGrath (1979–83) Rudge (1983–99) Horton (1999–2004) Foyle (2004–07) Gloverc (2007) Sinnott (2007–08) Glover & Porterc (2008) Glover (2008–09) Adams (2009–10) Grew & Horsfieldc (2010–11) Gannon (2011) Grewc (2011) Adams (2011–14) Page (2014–16) Ribeiro (2016) Brown (2016–17) Kelly & Morganc (2017) Aspin (2017–19) Askey (2019–21) Pughc (2021) Clarke (2021–22) Crosbya (2022) Clarke (2022–23) Crosby (2023–24) Ryder, Done & Lloydc (2024) Moore (2024–) (a) = acting in regular manager's absence; (c) = caretaker / interim manager; (s) = secretary
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBA_Whos_Who-2"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Guiseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiseley_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Witton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2001 League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Football_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"testicular cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_contracts"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"player-assistant manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Micky Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Adams"},{"link_name":"Alvechurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvechurch_F.C."}],"text":"English footballerGeoffrey Malcolm Horsfield (born 1 November 1973) is an English former professional footballer and football coach. He made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a striker.He was a \"strong and forceful\" player, able to hold the ball up to bring other players into the game.[2] Horsfield made his Football League debut with Scarborough as a teenager. Released by the club, he returned to part-time football with Halifax Town, Guiseley and Witton Albion, before a second spell at Halifax saw him help the club regain their Football League status. He moved on to Fulham, with whom he achieved promotion to the First Division, before joining Birmingham City for a club record fee. He played in the final of the 2001 League Cup with Birmingham, and the following season helped them reach the Premier League.After a short period at Wigan Athletic in 2003, he joined West Bromwich Albion, with whom he again won promotion to the Premier League. In 2006, he moved to Sheffield United, but much of his time there was spent on loan to other clubs, namely Leeds United, Leicester City and Scunthorpe United. Horsfield announced his retirement from football in 2008 after being diagnosed with testicular cancer, but after successful treatment, he resumed his career, signing a six-month contract for Lincoln City in January 2009. In July of that year, he was appointed player-assistant manager at Port Vale under Micky Adams, and the following summer, he took up coaching full-time before leaving the game completely in May 2012. In March 2013, he returned to playing football for Alvechurch.","title":"Geoff Horsfield"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugman2010-11-1"},{"link_name":"coal miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Athersley Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athersley_Recreation_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunday League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_league_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20020514-4"},{"link_name":"Barnsley F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"bricklaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"Worsbrough Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsbrough_Bridge_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern Counties East League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Counties_East_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBA_Whos_Who-2"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ray McHale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_McHale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaymen_Down_South-7"},{"link_name":"Guiseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiseley_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern Premier League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1994–95 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Northern_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Witton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20020514-4"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaymen_Down_South-7"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yeovil Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Telford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConfTop-15"},{"link_name":"England's semi-professional representative team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_C_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Kevin Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Keegan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Horsfield was born in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire.[1] His father, Terry, was a coal miner,[3] as was his grandfather.[citation needed] While still a schoolboy he started playing football for a men's team, Athersley Recreation, in the Barnsley Sunday League,[4] and had an unsuccessful trial with home-town club Barnsley F.C. On leaving school, Horsfield took a college course in bricklaying.[3] He continued playing football part-time, with Athersley, with Worsbrough Bridge in the Northern Counties East League,[5] and with Football League club Scarborough,[3] where he turned professional in July 1992.[2] Given his league debut in March 1993 by manager Ray McHale, he was released after playing 12 league matches and returned to bricklaying and part-time football.[3][6] After a nine-game spell with Halifax Town in 1994,[7] he rejoined manager McHale at Guiseley, where his goals helped the club to reach third place in the Northern Premier League Premier Division in the 1994–95 season.[3][8] During the following season he moved on to Witton Albion, where he scored 6 goals in 26 appearances in all competitions.[9][10] However, he also sustained a potentially career-threatening knee injury;[4] after making a full recovery he returned to Halifax for a fee reported as £4,000.[3]Horsfield made his second debut for Halifax in October 1996.[7] On the last day of the 1996–97 season, needing to beat Stevenage Borough to avoid relegation from the Conference, Horsfield scored the goal that clinched a 4–2 victory.[11] The following season, Halifax won the Conference title by a nine-point margin, thus regaining their Football League status.[12] Horsfield's 30 goals in 40 league games, including hat-tricks against Yeovil Town, Telford United and Hereford United,[13][14] made him that season's Conference top scorer.[15] Together with teammate Mark Bradshaw, Horsfield was selected for England's semi-professional representative team for a match against their Dutch counterparts, but injury prevented him from playing.[16] In the Conference, Horsfield had still been working in the building trade while playing football part-time, but promotion to the Football League meant he had to give up his job to become a full-time footballer.[3] Seven goals in his first ten games in the Third Division attracted a bid from Fulham, then in the Second Division and managed by Kevin Keegan.[3]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_contracts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sellon-18"},{"link_name":"1998–99 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Fulham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb9899-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"PFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFATotY-21"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1999–2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Fulham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulham9900-22"},{"link_name":"Jean Tigana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tigana"},{"link_name":"Louis Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Saha"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Fulham","text":"An initial fee of £300,000 was agreed, plus an additional £50,000 depending on appearances, and in October 1998 Horsfield joined Fulham.[17] A clause was also included in the contract which would allow Halifax a share of the profits from any future sale.[18] The remainder of his 1998–99 season produced 15 goals from 28 games as Fulham won the Second Division title by 14 clear points.[19][20] He was also named in the PFA's Second Division Team of the Year.[21] Though less prolific in the First Division, seven league goals and another seven in the cups still made him the club's top scorer for the 1999–2000 season.[22] After new manager Jean Tigana made it clear that Horsfield's aggressive style and perceived lack of pace and mobility would not fit the way he wanted his new team to play, and brought in Louis Saha as his main striker, the player agreed to join Fulham's First Division rivals Birmingham City.[23][24]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sellon-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"their first major final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Football_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"substituted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLC2001RU-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2001–02 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Birmingham_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"strike partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_partnership"},{"link_name":"Stern John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_John"},{"link_name":"First Division play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs#2002"},{"link_name":"equaliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equaliser_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Football_League_First_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20020514-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"local derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_derby"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0203-32"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"Nico Vaesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Vaesen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Steve Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bruce"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Christophe Dugarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Dugarry"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0203-32"}],"sub_title":"Birmingham City","text":"In July 2000, Horsfield signed a five-year contract with Birmingham, who paid a club record fee of £2.25 million, £350,000 of which went to Halifax Town under the sell-on clause.[18][25] He was their top scorer in his first season, finding the net on twelve occasions,[26] and his two goals in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final helped the club reach their first major final for nearly 40 years.[27] In the starting eleven for the final against his boyhood heroes Liverpool, Horsfield had been substituted by the time Birmingham lost in a penalty shoot-out.[28][29]In the 2001–02 season, Horsfield was chosen Player of the Year both by Birmingham's fans and by his teammates.[30] His strike partnership with Stern John proved crucial in the unbeaten run which helped Birmingham reach the First Division play-offs, and he scored the equaliser against Norwich City in the play-off final, which the club went on to win on penalties to earn promotion to the Premier League.[4] Horsfield had promised a donation to his first club, Athersley Rec, if he ever reached the Premiership; a few days after the play-off victory he gave them £25,000 towards improving their facilities.[3][31]Horsfield's first Premier League goal came in the September 2002 local derby defeat of Aston Villa.[32] He also scored in the return fixture at Villa Park, an eventful game in which he ended up keeping goal when Nico Vaesen was injured after Birmingham had used all their substitutes.[33] Horsfield missed games through suspension and surgery, and was frustrated by manager Steve Bruce preferring to use him as a specialist substitute; after he came on to score a late winner against local rivals West Bromwich Albion, Bruce described him as \"a manager's dream\", saying that \"when you're tiring, the last thing you need is Big Horse rampaging at you\".[34] Starting alongside World Cup-winner Christophe Dugarry late in the season, the pair formed \"an unlikely combination, brilliance from Bordeaux alongside a brickie from Barnsley, but Horsfield's robust approach has complemented Dugarry's more delicate touches\";[35] their partnership produced four wins and a draw from the last six games.[32]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003–04 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Birmingham_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0304-37"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Wigan Athletic","text":"Horsfield played in three Premier League matches for Birmingham City at the start of the 2003–04 season. When Bruce could not guarantee him a regular place in the team, Horsfield moved on to Wigan Athletic, signing a three-year contract in September 2003. A transfer fee of £500,000 was agreed, though this could have risen to £1 million if the player had gone on to make enough appearances for Wigan. Horsfield said of the move, \"I could easily have sat out the last two years of my contract at Birmingham, but that's not my style – I just want to play football.\"[36] He scored on his debut for Wigan, in a 4–2 win against Wimbledon on 13 September 2003.[37] He continued to live in the West Midlands even after his transfer from Birmingham City, and after just three months at Wigan moved to West Bromwich Albion for £1 million.[38]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Megson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Megson"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0304-37"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0304-37"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBA04RU-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kieran Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0506-48"}],"sub_title":"West Bromwich Albion","text":"\"I actually went out on a bit of a limb by saying to the chairman that I think [Horsfield] would get us promoted ... I think he just gave us that little something that was missing in getting hold of the ball, a little bit of cuteness up the front that enabled us to bring other people into the game.\"\n\n\n— Albion manager Gary Megson, reflecting on his reasons for signing Horsfield in 2003[39]Horsfield made his Albion debut in a 1–0 defeat away to Coventry City on 20 December 2003.[37] The following month, he scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Albion's local rivals Walsall.[40] It was the first of three goals he scored during January 2004, earning him the PFA First Division Player-of-the-Month award.[41] In all he scored seven goals for Albion during 2003–04,[37] including a vital winner in a 3-2 win against fellow promotion chasers Ipswich in April, helping the club to achieve promotion to the Premier League.[42]The team struggled in their first season back in the top division, while Horsfield scored just three goals in 29 league appearances.[43] His contribution on the final day of the season against Portsmouth however, proved vital to the club's survival. Coming on as a second-half substitute, he scored with his first touch,[44] before setting up a goal for teammate Kieran Richardson. Combined with results from other matches, the 2–0 win ensured Albion's escape from relegation as the first club to survive in the Premier League after being bottom at Christmas.[45] Horsfield said of the achievement, \"Even though I have been promoted with every club I have been at this is the best moment of my career.\"[46]Horsfield enjoyed a good start to 2005–06, signing a new two-year contract and scoring twice in each of Albion's first two home games,[47] but these proved to be the last goals he would score for the club. He made a total of 20 appearances in league and cup during his final season at West Bromwich Albion.[48]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Neil Warnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Warnock"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dennis Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wise"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"transfer window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_window"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0607-55"},{"link_name":"Bryan Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Robson"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C."},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0708-56"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glanford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanford_Park"},{"link_name":"man of the match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_match"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Saltergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltergate"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Kettering Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Sheffield United and loans","text":"Horsfield signed for Sheffield United on loan in February 2006,[49] but appeared in just three games under manager Neil Warnock in the four months. Horsfield and Warnock wanted to terminate the loan prematurely, but West Bromwich Albion had already agreed to sell the player to United at the end of the season and refused to return on the deal.[50] The permanent transfer went through in May 2006 for a fee of £1.2 million, with Horsfield commenting that he and Warnock had resolved their differences.[51]On 3 August 2006, Horsfield signed for Championship club Leeds United on loan until Christmas with a view to a permanent move.[52] He made his debut on the opening day of the season, against Norwich at Elland Road, and scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw away at Queens Park Rangers three days later. When Dennis Wise took over as Leeds manager, Horsfield was in and out of the side, and his loan was terminated in January 2007.[53] At the end of the January 2007 transfer window, Leicester City took Horsfield on loan for the rest of the season.[54] He made his debut for the club in their 1–1 draw with Luton Town on 3 February and scored his first goals for them in their 3–0 victory over local rivals Coventry City two weeks later.[55]Horsfield's former West Bromwich Albion manager Bryan Robson became manager at Sheffield United at the start of the 2007–08 season, but Horsfield remained out of the side. His only appearances came in the League Cup, playing against Chesterfield in the first round and scoring against Milton Keynes Dons in the second.[56] On 31 January 2008 he moved to Championship club Scunthorpe United on loan for the remainder of the season.[57] He went straight into the Scunthorpe squad and made his debut against Charlton Athletic at Glanford Park; the team won 1–0 and Horsfield won the sponsors' \"man of the match\" award.[58] He played twelve games while on loan and was released by Sheffield United at the end of the season.[59]Horsfield had a trial at Chesterfield during the summer of 2008 but rejected a move to Saltergate because he wanted to join a club closer to his home in Leicester.[60] He then had a trial with Kettering Town and in September began training with Walsall.[61]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"testicular cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancer_diagnosis-62"},{"link_name":"coaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"reserve team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_team"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Anthony Elding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Elding"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Lincoln City","text":"On 10 October 2008, Horsfield revealed that he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer, and was advised that his playing career was finished.[62] By December, after receiving successful treatment, he was reported to be considering a return to football, either as a player or in a coaching role.[63] He linked up with Lincoln City, managed by former Halifax Town teammate Peter Jackson, for a week's training to assess his fitness levels,[64] and after an extended trial period, signed a short-term playing contract to run from 2 January 2009 until the end of the season.[65] He would also be involved with coaching the reserve team.[66] Horsfield made his debut on 12 January against Brentford, setting up the equaliser for fellow debutant Anthony Elding in a 2–2 draw. After the game, he declared he was \"glad to be back playing\".[67] He scored his first goal for the club on 27 January 2009, in a 2–1 win against Gillingham, describing the long-range shot \"one of my sweetest strikes\".[68] Horsfield played regularly during his time with Lincoln, but scored only that one goal, and at the end of the season the club decided not to renew his contract.[69]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Micky Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Adams"},{"link_name":"player-assistant manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vale-71"},{"link_name":"painkillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"cracked rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_fracture"},{"link_name":"broken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"tore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(injury)"},{"link_name":"hamstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Port Vale","text":"In July 2009, Port Vale's Micky Adams appointed Horsfield as player-assistant manager. He aimed to play a majority of Vale's games in the 2009–10 season[70] while learning the ropes of management.[71] He played in the opening four games of the season despite needing painkillers for a cracked rib and a cracked bone in his hand, the first broken bones he had ever suffered.[72] The club reached the third round of the League Cup, but after three consecutive defeats, Adams placed the entire squad on the transfer list.[73] He suffered from niggling injuries, in addition to a tore hamstring, which limited his appearances.[74] This caused him to consider his retirement in the summer of 2010.[75] Port Vale did not offer him a new playing contract, but did retain him on the coaching staff.[76][77]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland Football Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Football_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Alvechurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvechurch_F.C."},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Alvechurch","text":"In March 2013, he joined Midland Football Alliance side Alvechurch after agreeing to an offer from the Alvechurch chairman to play until the end of the season.[78]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"caretaker manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_manager"},{"link_name":"Mark Grew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Grew"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Micky_leaves_Vale-81"},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Burton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jim Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gannon"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_F.C."},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Stone Dominoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Dominoes_F.C."},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Guy Madjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Madjo"},{"link_name":"touchline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchline"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"Twelve months after he joined Port Vale as player-assistant manager in July 2009, Horsfield was offered a contract at the club as full-time assistant manager. Adams said that Horsfield would have a heavier workload over the 2010–11 season, which would include many hours of scouting to \"formulate a catalogue of players [and] get to know all the leagues at all levels\", and he would retain his playing registration for emergencies.[79][80]In December 2010, he was made joint caretaker manager at Vale, along with Mark Grew, following the departure of Adams.[81] Vale were beaten 5–0 by Rotherham United in his first game in charge,[82] but rallied to beat Burton Albion 2–1, before Jim Gannon was appointed manager.[83] Gannon retained Horsfield as his assistant.[84] On the way to a match at Aldershot on 25 February, Gannon left the team bus after an apparent bust-up with Horsfield.[85] The national media reported that Gannon granted Horsfield's request for a day off for family reasons but then wrote to the board complaining about his conduct.[86] Having been shown the letter by a director, Horsfield confronted Gannon over the issue. After an internal inquiry, during which Horsfield stayed away from the club, no disciplinary action was taken against either party.[87] Gannon was sacked on 21 March, and Grew was appointed as caretaker manager with Horsfield as his assistant.[88]\"I have got a couple of business propositions I can go into at the moment and at this stage of my life I feel it is time for a change. I have absolutely loved my time here at Port Vale. I have got on with everybody apart from the previous manager, which is well-documented, but that happens in football and I have just got to look at the future now and look at my family.\"\n\n\n— Horsfield speaking on his decision to quit the game.[89]In July 2011, Horsfield stepped down as assistant manager to concentrate on his coaching qualifications, remaining at Port Vale as a coach.[90] Later in the month he scored in a friendly against Stone Dominoes, but dismissed speculation that he would make a return to the playing side of the game.[91] In December 2011, loan striker Guy Madjo celebrated his first goal for the club by running over to Horsfield on the touchline, \"to say thank you for all the finishing (practice) that we have been doing. He has shown me a lot of things that I haven't done in the past. In seven years, I have been so many places, to so many clubs and I haven't done that with anyone else, so I just feel it was a good dedication for him.\"[92] Horsfield retired completely from football in May 2012 to pursue business interests.[93]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancer_diagnosis-62"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"testicular cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancer_diagnosis-62"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health-95"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vale-71"},{"link_name":"swine flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flu-97"},{"link_name":"blood clots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clots"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"text":"He is married to Tina and has four children: Chris, Chloe, Leah and Lexie-Brooke.[62][94]In October 2008, Horsfield was diagnosed with testicular cancer, and advised that his playing career was over.[62] As the disease was discovered in its early stages, no chemotherapy or radiotherapy was needed, surgery proved successful and less than two months later he was given the all-clear.[95][96] Horsfield decided to make his illness public to help spread awareness of the disease and lent his support to a Premier League-backed project launched in 2009 to promote men's health issues.[95] He said: \"Getting cancer was something I had to get over. I got it, wanted to beat it and I did. Now I am just glad that I've got another chance in football.\"[71]Shortly before he joined Port Vale, Horsfield fell victim to the swine flu pandemic.[97] In January 2013, he received emergency treatment for blood clots on both lungs.[98]After retiring from football, he began his own building business.[99] He also established the Geoff Horsfield Foundation, a charity which offers accommodation to homeless people.[100]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_102-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_102-1"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Chairman%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"West Riding County Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_County_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-112"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsPO_115-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsPO_115-1"},{"link_name":"Football League play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_play-offs"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"^ a b Appearance in Football League Trophy\n\n^ Four appearances three goals in FA Trophy; three appearances in Yorkshire Electricity Cup; two appearances in Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup; two appearances in West Riding County Cup\n\n^ Appearances in West Riding County Cup\n\n^ Two appearances in FA Trophy, one in West Riding County Cup, one in West Riding Senior Cup\n\n^ Appearances in FA Trophy\n\n^ a b Appearances in Football League play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As a manager","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugman2010-11-1"},{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugman2010-11-1"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Football_League_play-offs#First_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20020514-4"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLC2001RU-28"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBA04RU-42"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConfTop-15"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1998–99 Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1990s)#1998%E2%80%9399"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFATotY-21"}],"text":"Halifax TownFootball Conference: 1997–98[1]FulhamFootball League Second Division: 1998–99[1]Birmingham CityFootball League First Division play-offs: 2002[4]\nFootball League Cup runner-up: 2000–01[28]West Bromwich AlbionFootball League First Division second-place promotion: 2003–04[42]IndividualFootball Conference top scorer: 1997–98[15]\nPFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Second Division[21]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-601-0","url_text":"978-1-84596-601-0"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (2005). The Who's Who of West Bromwich Albion. Derby: Breedon Books. pp. 115–116. ISBN 1-85983-474-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-474-4","url_text":"1-85983-474-4"}]},{"reference":"Clarkson, Ian (29 July 2003). \"Geoff Horsfield\". Professional Footballers' Association (PFA). Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212202426/http://www.givemefootball.com/league-one/geoff-horsfield-official-pfa-interview","url_text":"\"Geoff Horsfield\""},{"url":"http://www.givemefootball.com/league-one/geoff-horsfield-official-pfa-interview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Paul (14 May 2002). \"Horsfield's remarkable rise\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/birmingham_city/1986435.stm","url_text":"\"Horsfield's remarkable rise\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Paul (4 May 2007). \"Horsfield keen to get one over on McCarthy\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 15 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/horsfield-keen-to-get-one-over-on-mccarthy-40497","url_text":"\"Horsfield keen to get one over on McCarthy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geoff Horsfield\". UK A–Z Transfers. Neil Brown. Retrieved 20 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player6/geoffhorsfield.html","url_text":"\"Geoff Horsfield\""}]},{"reference":"Ashworth, Philip (February 2006). \"Halifax Town Histories 9: The ones that got away\". In Denton, Simon (ed.). Shaymen Down South (PDF) (issue 62 ed.). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090325150132/http://www.shaymendownsouth.co.uk/backissues/sds62c.pdf","url_text":"Shaymen Down South"},{"url":"http://www.shaymendownsouth.co.uk/backissues/sds62c.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guiseley\". Football Club History Database (FCHD). Richard Rundle. Retrieved 14 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fchd.info/GUISELEY.HTM","url_text":"\"Guiseley\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995-1996 Players Records\". www.wittonalbionfc.co.uk. 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Retrieved 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/8742199.stm","url_text":"\"Port Vale boss Micky Adams wants Geoff Horsfield help\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Steve (27 July 2010). \"Port Vale: Horsfield's number one focus now on his number two's job\". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505150855/http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/Port-Vale-Horsfield-s-number-focus-number-s-job/story-12495500-detail/story.html%23axzz2SQnH3oVi","url_text":"\"Port Vale: Horsfield's number one focus now on his number two's job\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/news/Port-Vale-Horsfield-s-number-focus-number-s-job/article-2456723-detail/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Micky leaves Vale\". Port Vale F.C. 30 December 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilly_Kristal
Hilly Kristal
["1 Early years","2 Venturing into music","3 CBGB","4 Death","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American club owner and musician Hilly KristalKristal in New York City in 1992Born(1931-09-23)September 23, 1931New York City, New York, U.S.DiedAugust 28, 2007(2007-08-28) (aged 75)New York City, New York, U.S.EducationSettlement Music SchoolOccupationsClub ownermanagermusicianKnown forOwner of CBGB nightclubChildren2 Hillel Kristal (September 23, 1931 – August 28, 2007) was an American club owner, manager and musician who was the owner of the iconic New York City club CBGB, which opened in 1973 and closed in 2006 over a rent dispute. Early years Kristal was born in New York City in 1931, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. His father, Shamai Kristal, was a Russian pogrom survivor. Shamai whose namesake was Shammai, named his son after Shammai's contemporary, Hillel the Elder. His family moved to Hightstown, New Jersey when he was an infant. He studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. Kristal also spent a period of time in the Marines. Venturing into music He moved back to New York City, where he worked as a singer, appearing on stage in the men's choral group at Radio City Music Hall. He later became the manager of the Village Vanguard, a jazz club in Greenwich Village, where he booked Miles Davis and other musicians. He married in 1951 and had two children: Lisa Kristal Burgman and Mark Dana Kristal. In 1966 he and Ron Delsener co-founded the Rheingold Central Park Music Festival, sponsored by Rheingold Beer. By 1968, Delsener had changed beer sponsors to Schaefer and Kristal was no longer involved. The festival took place every year until 1976 in Central Park and featured musicians from a range of genres, including Miles Davis, the Who, Chuck Berry, Bob Marley, B.B. King, Led Zeppelin, the Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, Ray Charles, Patti LaBelle, Ike & Tina Turner, Fleetwood Mac, the Allman Brothers, Slade, Kris Kristofferson, Curtis Mayfield, Bruce Springsteen, Aerosmith and the Doors. CBGB In 1970, Kristal opened a bar in the Bowery section of New York called "Hilly's on the Bowery", which closed within a couple of years. Then in December 1973, he created "CBGB and OMFUG", an abbreviation for the kinds of music he intended to feature there (the letters stood for "Country, Bluegrass, Blues and Other Music For Uplifting Gourmandizers"). The club, eventually called simply CBGB, became known as the starting point for the careers of such punk rock and new wave acts as the Ramones, Talking Heads, Patti Smith, Television and Blondie. Kristal also briefly managed Dead Boys and The Shirts, two bands that frequently performed at his club. CBGB featured many famous musicians over the years and remained very popular until its closing in 2006 due to a personal disagreement with the landlord, who opted not to renew the lease. For a short while after the closing, Kristal considered moving the club to Las Vegas. A film, CBGB, about Kristal and the origins of the club, was released in October 2013. Alan Rickman portrayed Kristal in the film. Death Kristal died on August 28, 2007, from complications of lung cancer, aged 75. See also CBGB References ^ "Sharenow, Robert, Hillel (Hilly) Kristal, Memory Lane Music Group, 2007". Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2014. ^ Garth Cartwright (August 31, 2007). "Cartwright, Garth, Hilly Kristal obituary, The Guardian, Friday, 31 August 2007". the Guardian. ^ Chan, Sewell (August 29, 2007). "Remembering Hilly Kristal, 75, CBGB Founder". The New York Times. ^ a b "The kosher birthplace of punk - The 1970s regeneration of rock started in CBGB, a tiny New York club owned by the son of Russian immigrants". The Jewish Chronicle. June 11, 2009. ^ "Hilly Kristal 1931-2007". NME. August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Hilly Kristal, founder of legendary punk venue CBGB has died at the age of 75. Born in New Jersey in 1932, Kristal moved across the Hudson River to New York City at age 18, where he worked as a singer, performing at venues around Manhattan including Radio City Music Hall. ^ a b "CBGB Founder Hilly Kristal Dies At 75". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2007. Kristal was born in Manhattan in 1931 but his family relocated to Hightstown, New Jersey, when he was an infant. Kristal studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. He then moved to New York, spending the '50s and '60s performing with a variety of music acts, and later became the manager of legendary jazz club the Village Vanguard. Kristal was also in the United States Marine Corps. ^ a b c "Hilly Kristal, CBGB Founder, Dies at 75". The New York Times. August 29, 2007. Hilly Kristal, who founded CBGB, the Bowery bar that became the cradle of punk and art-rock in New York in the 1970s and served as the inspiration for musician-friendly rock dives throughout the world, died in Manhattan on Tuesday. His son, Mark Dana Kristal, told The Associated Press that the cause was complications from lung cancer. Besides his son, Mr. Kristal is survived by a daughter, Lisa Kristal Burgman, and two grandchildren. ^ Gil de Rubio, Gavin (October 23, 2007). "Resurrecting The Dead Boys". long island weekly. Retrieved March 10, 2019. ^ Holmstrom, John (2007). "HILLY KRISTAL R.I.P. (1932-2007)". punk magazine. Retrieved March 10, 2019. ^ "Stars return in CBGB's last shows". BBC. October 12, 2006. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Debbie Harry and Patti Smith are among the artists returning to perform at legendary New York music club CBGB's, ahead of its closure after 33 years. Harry's band Blondie, Smith and acts including The Ramones and Talking Heads found fame after performing at the club which helped launch US punk music. ^ "CBGB, new film tells the history of New York City's legendary club". laughingsquid.com. April 10, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ "CBGB (2013)". imdb.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013. External links Hilly Kristal on National Public Radio Hilly Kristal at IMDb Hilly Kristal at Billboard Hilly Kristal at the Stereo Society vteHistoric rock and pop festivalsitalics = festival ongoingList offestivals1950s–1960s1950–1966 Big Sur Folk Festival Sanremo Music Festival Festival di Napoli Newport Jazz Festival Beaulieu Jazz Festival Nationaal Songfestival Eurovision Song Contest Melodifestivalen Benidorm International Song Festival Thessaloniki Song Festival Viña del Mar International Song Festival Melodi Grand Prix Sopot International Song Festival Reading and Leeds Festivals National Jazz and Blues Festival Festival Omladina National Festival of Polish Song in Opole Festivali i Këngës Festival da Canção Un disco per l'estate Parada ritma / Vatromet ritma Jazz Bilzen Gitarijada (Belgrade) Golden Orpheus Gitarijada (Zaječar) 1967–1968 Mantra-Rock Dance Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival Barbeque 67 Monterey Pop Festival Schaefer Music Festival Miami Pop Festival I Northern California Folk Rock Festival I Summerfest Quebec City Summer Festival Newport Pop Festival Festival de Ancón (Perú) Isle of Wight Festival Sky River Rock Festival Internationale Essener Songtage San Francisco Pop Festival Los Angeles Pop Festival Miami Pop Festival II 1969 Big Rock Pow-Wow Northern California Folk-Rock Festival II Newport 69 Pop Festival Denver Pop Festival Bath Festival of Blues Mississippi River Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival I The Stones in the Park Harlem Cultural Festival Laurel Pop Festival Midwest Rock Festival Seattle Pop Festival Atlantic City Pop Festival Woodstock Gold Rush Vancouver Pop Festival Texas International Pop Festival New Orleans Pop Festival Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Altamont Free Concert 1970s1970 Redwood 70 Festival of Political Songs Hollywood Music Festival The Kickapoo Creek Rock Festival World Popular Song Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival II Super Concert '70 Aachen Open Air Pop Festival Piedra Roja Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music Phun City Kralingen Music Festival Strawberry Fields Ruisrock Pinkpop Festival Powder Ridge Rock Festival Goose Lake International Music Festival Man-Pop Festival Glastonbury Festival Vortex I 1971–1973 Festival de Ancon Roskilde Festival Pesnya goda Vilar de Mouros Festival Myponga Pop Festival Bumbershoot Ilosaarirock Tokyo Music Festival Weeley Festival Northern Lights Festival Boréal Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Sunbury Pop Festival Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival Bickershaw Festival Concert 10 Mar y Sol Pop Festival Windsor Free Festival BOOM Festival Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival Aquarius Festival Day on the Green Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Hurricane Festival 1974–1979 Stonehenge Free Festival Volunteer Jam Ashton Court Festival Knebworth Festival Village Fair Zaire 74 August Jam Ozark Music Festival Rock Werchter California Jam Hollywood Rock Watchfield Free Festival Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Midtfyns Festival Stemweder Open Air Cropredy Convention 100 Club Punk Special Paléo Festival Nambassa Deeply Vale Festivals Texxas Jam Havana Jam Gurtenfestival Waikino Music Festival California Jam II Canada Jam Bele Chere Keypeople Chet Helms Tom Rounds Mel Lawrence Lou Adler John Phillips Hilly Kristal Michael Lang Bill Graham Wally Hope Ubi Dwyer Sid Rawle Bill Hanley Wavy Gravy Freddy Bannister Barry Fey Merry Pranksters Alex Cooley Graeme Dunstan Mick Farren Russ Gibb Shelly Finkel Jim Koplik Stewart Levine Hugh Masekela Leonard Stogel Robert Raymond Bruce Lundvall Jerry Masucci Michael Eavis Emily Eavis Related Counterculture of the 1960s Summer of Love UK underground hippies la Onda deadheads rock concert crowd surfing audience wave music festival folk festival pop festival rock festival free festival vteRock festivalsSubtypes List of folk festivals List of gothic festivals List of heavy metal festivals List of industrial music festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals Traveling(italics = ongoing) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out California Jam California Jam II Crüe Fest Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Good Things Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Ilosaarirock Knotfest Kuopiorock Lilith Fair Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Montebello Rock Nintendo Fusion Tour Provinssirock Qstock Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ruisrock Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sauna Open Air Metal Festival Sonisphere Festival Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos Tuska Open Air Metal Festival The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Wacken Open Air Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Heavy metal Hippies La Onda Moshing Pogo (dance) Punk rock Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Rock concert Concert tour Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_club"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hillel Kristal[1] (September 23, 1931[2] – August 28, 2007) was an American club owner, manager and musician who was the owner of the iconic New York City club CBGB, which opened in 1973 and closed in 2006 over a rent dispute.[3]","title":"Hilly Kristal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Russian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Jewish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-4"},{"link_name":"pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-4"},{"link_name":"Shammai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammai"},{"link_name":"Hillel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Hightstown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightstown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"},{"link_name":"Settlement Music School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_Music_School"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_marines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"}],"text":"Kristal was born in New York City in 1931, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants.[4]His father, Shamai Kristal, was a Russian pogrom survivor.[4] Shamai whose namesake was Shammai, named his son after Shammai's contemporary, Hillel the Elder.\nHis family moved to Hightstown, New Jersey when he was an infant.[5][6] He studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. Kristal also spent a period of time in the Marines.[6]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"Village Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Vanguard"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"},{"link_name":"Rheingold Central Park Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Rheingold Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingold_Beer"},{"link_name":"Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer_Beer"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"the Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Ike & Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"the Allman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade"},{"link_name":"Kris Kristofferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson"},{"link_name":"Curtis Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"the Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He moved back to New York City, where he worked as a singer, appearing on stage in the men's choral group at Radio City Music Hall. He later became the manager of the Village Vanguard, a jazz club in Greenwich Village, where he booked Miles Davis and other musicians.He married in 1951 and had two children: Lisa Kristal Burgman and Mark Dana Kristal.[7]In 1966 he and Ron Delsener co-founded the Rheingold Central Park Music Festival, sponsored by Rheingold Beer. By 1968, Delsener had changed beer sponsors to Schaefer and Kristal was no longer involved. The festival took place every year until 1976 in Central Park and featured musicians from a range of genres, including Miles Davis, the Who, Chuck Berry, Bob Marley, B.B. King, Led Zeppelin, the Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, Ray Charles, Patti LaBelle, Ike & Tina Turner, Fleetwood Mac, the Allman Brothers, Slade, Kris Kristofferson, Curtis Mayfield, Bruce Springsteen, Aerosmith and the Doors.[citation needed]","title":"Venturing into music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Gourmandizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"the Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dead Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Boys"},{"link_name":"The Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alan Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1970, Kristal opened a bar in the Bowery section of New York called \"Hilly's on the Bowery\", which closed within a couple of years. Then in December 1973, he created \"CBGB and OMFUG\", an abbreviation for the kinds of music he intended to feature there (the letters stood for \"Country, Bluegrass, Blues and Other Music For Uplifting Gourmandizers\").[7]The club, eventually called simply CBGB, became known as the starting point for the careers of such punk rock and new wave acts as the Ramones, Talking Heads, Patti Smith, Television and Blondie. Kristal also briefly managed Dead Boys and The Shirts, two bands that frequently performed at his club.[8][9]CBGB featured many famous musicians over the years and remained very popular until its closing in 2006 due to a personal disagreement with the landlord, who opted not to renew the lease. For a short while after the closing, Kristal considered moving the club to Las Vegas.[10]A film, CBGB, about Kristal and the origins of the club, was released in October 2013. Alan Rickman portrayed Kristal in the film.[11][12]","title":"CBGB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"}],"text":"Kristal died on August 28, 2007, from complications of lung cancer, aged 75.[7]","title":"Death"}]
[]
[{"title":"CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sharenow, Robert, Hillel (Hilly) Kristal, Memory Lane Music Group, 2007\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161004001328/http://www.memorylanemusicgroup.com/artist/MTU2NzYtMjE5NjBi/","url_text":"\"Sharenow, Robert, Hillel (Hilly) Kristal, Memory Lane Music Group, 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.memorylanemusicgroup.com/artist/MTU2NzYtMjE5NjBi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garth Cartwright (August 31, 2007). \"Cartwright, Garth, Hilly Kristal obituary, The Guardian, Friday, 31 August 2007\". the Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/sep/01/guardianobituaries.obituaries","url_text":"\"Cartwright, Garth, Hilly Kristal obituary, The Guardian, Friday, 31 August 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Chan, Sewell (August 29, 2007). \"Remembering Hilly Kristal, 75, CBGB Founder\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/hilly-kristal-75-founder-of-cbgb-is-dead/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Remembering Hilly Kristal, 75, CBGB Founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The kosher birthplace of punk - The 1970s regeneration of rock started in CBGB, a tiny New York club owned by the son of Russian immigrants\". The Jewish Chronicle. June 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/culture/features/the-kosher-birthplace-of-punk-1.9749","url_text":"\"The kosher birthplace of punk - The 1970s regeneration of rock started in CBGB, a tiny New York club owned by the son of Russian immigrants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle","url_text":"The Jewish Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilly Kristal 1931-2007\". NME. August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Hilly Kristal, founder of legendary punk venue CBGB has died at the age of 75. Born in New Jersey in 1932, Kristal moved across the Hudson River to New York City at age 18, where he worked as a singer, performing at venues around Manhattan including Radio City Music Hall.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nme.com/news/nme/30773","url_text":"\"Hilly Kristal 1931-2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"CBGB Founder Hilly Kristal Dies At 75\". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2007. Kristal was born in Manhattan in 1931 but his family relocated to Hightstown, New Jersey, when he was an infant. Kristal studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. He then moved to New York, spending the '50s and '60s performing with a variety of music acts, and later became the manager of legendary jazz club the Village Vanguard. Kristal was also in the United States Marine Corps.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049626/cbgb-founder-hilly-kristal-dies-at-75","url_text":"\"CBGB Founder Hilly Kristal Dies At 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightstown,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Hightstown, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_Music_School_(Philadelphia)","url_text":"Settlement Music School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Vanguard","url_text":"Village Vanguard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps","url_text":"United States Marine Corps"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilly Kristal, CBGB Founder, Dies at 75\". The New York Times. August 29, 2007. Hilly Kristal, who founded CBGB, the Bowery bar that became the cradle of punk and art-rock in New York in the 1970s and served as the inspiration for musician-friendly rock dives throughout the world, died in Manhattan on Tuesday. His son, Mark Dana Kristal, told The Associated Press that the cause was complications from lung cancer. Besides his son, Mr. Kristal is survived by a daughter, Lisa Kristal Burgman, and two grandchildren.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan","url_text":"Manhattan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Gil de Rubio, Gavin (October 23, 2007). \"Resurrecting The Dead Boys\". long island weekly. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://longislandweekly.com/resurrecting-dead-boys/","url_text":"\"Resurrecting The Dead Boys\""}]},{"reference":"Holmstrom, John (2007). \"HILLY KRISTAL R.I.P. (1932-2007)\". punk magazine. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://punkmagazine.com/stuff/stuff-hilly_obit.html","url_text":"\"HILLY KRISTAL R.I.P. (1932-2007)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stars return in CBGB's last shows\". BBC. October 12, 2006. Retrieved August 21, 2007. Debbie Harry and Patti Smith are among the artists returning to perform at legendary New York music club CBGB's, ahead of its closure after 33 years. Harry's band Blondie, Smith and acts including The Ramones and Talking Heads found fame after performing at the club which helped launch US punk music.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6045796.stm","url_text":"\"Stars return in CBGB's last shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"CBGB, new film tells the history of New York City's legendary club\". laughingsquid.com. April 10, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://laughingsquid.com/cbgb-film-tells-the-history-of-new-york-citys-legendary-club/","url_text":"\"CBGB, new film tells the history of New York City's legendary club\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBGB (2013)\". imdb.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1786751/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","url_text":"\"CBGB (2013)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161004001328/http://www.memorylanemusicgroup.com/artist/MTU2NzYtMjE5NjBi/","external_links_name":"\"Sharenow, Robert, Hillel (Hilly) Kristal, Memory Lane Music Group, 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.memorylanemusicgroup.com/artist/MTU2NzYtMjE5NjBi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/sep/01/guardianobituaries.obituaries","external_links_name":"\"Cartwright, Garth, Hilly Kristal obituary, The Guardian, Friday, 31 August 2007\""},{"Link":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/hilly-kristal-75-founder-of-cbgb-is-dead/?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Hilly Kristal, 75, CBGB Founder\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejc.com/culture/features/the-kosher-birthplace-of-punk-1.9749","external_links_name":"\"The kosher birthplace of punk - The 1970s regeneration of rock started in CBGB, a tiny New York club owned by the son of Russian immigrants\""},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/news/nme/30773","external_links_name":"\"Hilly Kristal 1931-2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049626/cbgb-founder-hilly-kristal-dies-at-75","external_links_name":"\"CBGB Founder Hilly Kristal Dies At 75\""},{"Link":"https://longislandweekly.com/resurrecting-dead-boys/","external_links_name":"\"Resurrecting The Dead Boys\""},{"Link":"http://punkmagazine.com/stuff/stuff-hilly_obit.html","external_links_name":"\"HILLY KRISTAL R.I.P. (1932-2007)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6045796.stm","external_links_name":"\"Stars return in CBGB's last shows\""},{"Link":"http://laughingsquid.com/cbgb-film-tells-the-history-of-new-york-citys-legendary-club/","external_links_name":"\"CBGB, new film tells the history of New York City's legendary club\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1786751/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"\"CBGB (2013)\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14033127","external_links_name":"Hilly Kristal"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961234/","external_links_name":"Hilly Kristal"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003632740","external_links_name":"Hilly Kristal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070318141425/http://www.stereosociety.com/hillykristal.html","external_links_name":"Hilly Kristal at the Stereo Society"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000035672043","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38603462","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBmRF9QJJQwrTVpbTGpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94045707","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4447f82d-2915-494d-9bba-5f3805e2f416","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6742w71","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Taranaki
Port Taranaki
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°03′S 174°02′E / 39.050°S 174.033°E / -39.050; 174.033 Port in New ZealandPort TaranakiClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationCountryNew ZealandLocationNew Plymouth, New ZealandCoordinates39°03′S 174°02′E / 39.050°S 174.033°E / -39.050; 174.033UN/LOCODENZTKIDetailsOwned by Taranaki Regional CouncilType of harbourPortNo. of berths10Draft depth12.5 m.CEOSimon CraddockStatisticsWebsitewww.porttaranaki.co.nz Port Taranaki is a port complex located in New Plymouth, New Zealand. It is the only deep water port on the west coast of New Zealand, and is owned by the Taranaki Regional Council. The port handles a wide range of coastal and international cargoes, mostly relating to the farming, engineering and petrochemical industries. Adjacent features include the city of New Plymouth, the New Plymouth Power Station and the Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area (SLIMPA). History Port Taranaki in 2003 The port was established in 1875, and construction of the main breakwater began in 1881 with Frederic Carrington ceremoniously laying the first stone. In 2007, Port Taranaki became the first port in New Zealand to receive official recognition for its harbour safety management systems. In 2013, the port purchased most of the site of the decommissioned New Plymouth Power Station. This site is adjacent to the port and provided an additional 18 ha of land. In 2016, the port became the first port in New Zealand to be smoke free. References ^ "UNLOCODE (NZ) – NEW ZEALAND". service.unece.org. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ a b "Port of New Plymouth, New Zealand". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "The Ceremony of Laying the Stone". Taranaki Herald. 8 February 1881. p. 2. ^ "Port Taranaki achieves first in harbour safety" (Press release). MaritimeNZ. 16 August 2007. ^ Rilkoff, Matt (14 June 2013). "Land purchase powers port's big plans". Taranaki Daily News. ^ Lee, Hannah (24 April 2016). "Port Taranaki claims first port in New Zealand to go smokefree". Taranaki Daily News. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Taranaki. Official website vteNew Plymouth District, New ZealandSeat: New Plymouth CentralPopulated placesNorth WardWaitara C.B. Huirangi Lepperton Waitara Clifton C.B. Ahititi Mimi Motunui Onaero Tikorangi Tongapōrutu Urenui Uruti Kōhanga Moa WardInglewood C.B. Egmont Village SW Hillsborough NPC Hurworth SW Inglewood SW Kaimata SW Norfolk SW Purangi SW Ratapiko SW Waitoriki SW Kaitake-Ngāmotu WardKaitake C.B. Ōkato SW Ōakura SW Omata SW Tataraimaka SW Puketapa-Bell Block C.B. Bell Block NPC Paraite NPC New Plymouth City Proper nonCB Blagdon NPC Brooklands NPC East End NPC Ferndale NPC Fitzroy NPC Frankleigh Park NPC Glen Avon NPC Highlands Park NPC Hurdon NPC Lynmouth NPC Mangorei NPC Marfell NPC Merrilands NPC Moturoa NPC New Plymouth C.B.D. NPC Ridgewood NPC Spotswood NPC Strandon NPC Vogeltown NPC Waiwhakaiho NPC Welbourn Westown NPC Whalers Gate NPC Geographic features Moturoa Sugar Loaf Islands North Taranaki Bight Facilities and attractions Bell Block Aerodrome Bertrand Road suspension bridge Festival of Lights G-TARanaki Guitar Festival Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Holy Trinity Church, New Plymouth McKee field McKee power station New Plymouth Airport New Plymouth Coastal Walkway New Plymouth Power Station Parininihi Marine Reserve Port Taranaki Public transport Puke Ariki Pukeiti Pukekura Park Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Reserve Area Taranaki Cathedral Te Henui Cemetery Te Rewa Rewa Bridge TSB Stadium Tapuae Marine Reserve Tūpare garden Wind Wand Yarrow Stadium Government District Council Mayor Regional Council Organisations Coastal Taranaki School Energy FM First Gas Francis Douglas Memorial College New Plymouth Boys' High School New Plymouth Girls' High School Radio Taranaki Sacred Heart Girls' College Spotswood College Taranaki Daily News Taranaki Herald Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki SW - locality that was formerly part of the defunct South-West Ward until 2022; NPC - locality that was formerly part of the defunct New Plymouth City Ward until 2022; nonCB - area not within a community board This article related to ports, harbors or marinas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a New Zealand building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Taranaki Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki"},{"link_name":"New Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"New Plymouth Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Sugar Loaf Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Loaf_Islands"}],"text":"Port in New ZealandPort Taranaki is a port complex located in New Plymouth, New Zealand. It is the only deep water port on the west coast of New Zealand, and is owned by the Taranaki Regional Council. The port handles a wide range of coastal and international cargoes, mostly relating to the farming, engineering and petrochemical industries.Adjacent features include the city of New Plymouth, the New Plymouth Power Station and the Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area (SLIMPA).","title":"Port Taranaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortTaranaki2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederic Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Carrington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Port Taranaki in 2003The port was established in 1875, and construction of the main breakwater began in 1881 with Frederic Carrington ceremoniously laying the first stone.[3]In 2007, Port Taranaki became the first port in New Zealand to receive official recognition for its harbour safety management systems.[4]In 2013, the port purchased most of the site of the decommissioned New Plymouth Power Station. This site is adjacent to the port and provided an additional 18 ha of land.[5]In 2016, the port became the first port in New Zealand to be smoke free.[6]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Port Taranaki in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PortTaranaki2003.jpg/220px-PortTaranaki2003.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"UNLOCODE (NZ) – NEW ZEALAND\". service.unece.org. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://service.unece.org/trade/locode/nz.htm","url_text":"\"UNLOCODE (NZ) – NEW ZEALAND\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port of New Plymouth, New Zealand\". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findaport.com/port-of-new-plymouth","url_text":"\"Port of New Plymouth, New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ceremony of Laying the Stone\". Taranaki Herald. 8 February 1881. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TH18810208.2.6","url_text":"\"The Ceremony of Laying the Stone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Taranaki achieves first in harbour safety\" (Press release). MaritimeNZ. 16 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/news/media-releases-2007/20070816.asp","url_text":"\"Port Taranaki achieves first in harbour safety\""}]},{"reference":"Rilkoff, Matt (14 June 2013). \"Land purchase powers port's big plans\". Taranaki Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/8794679/Land-purchase-powers-ports-big-plans","url_text":"\"Land purchase powers port's big plans\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Hannah (24 April 2016). \"Port Taranaki claims first port in New Zealand to go smokefree\". Taranaki Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/79266706/Port-Taranaki-claims-first-port-in-New-Zealand-to-go-smokefree","url_text":"\"Port Taranaki claims first port in New Zealand to go smokefree\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Taranaki&params=39_03_S_174_02_E_region:NZ_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°03′S 174°02′E / 39.050°S 174.033°E / -39.050; 174.033"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Taranaki&params=39_03_S_174_02_E_region:NZ_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°03′S 174°02′E / 39.050°S 174.033°E / -39.050; 174.033"},{"Link":"http://www.porttaranaki.co.nz/","external_links_name":"www.porttaranaki.co.nz"},{"Link":"https://service.unece.org/trade/locode/nz.htm","external_links_name":"\"UNLOCODE (NZ) – NEW ZEALAND\""},{"Link":"https://www.findaport.com/port-of-new-plymouth","external_links_name":"\"Port of New Plymouth, New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TH18810208.2.6","external_links_name":"\"The Ceremony of Laying the Stone\""},{"Link":"http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/news/media-releases-2007/20070816.asp","external_links_name":"\"Port Taranaki achieves first in harbour safety\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/8794679/Land-purchase-powers-ports-big-plans","external_links_name":"\"Land purchase powers port's big plans\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/79266706/Port-Taranaki-claims-first-port-in-New-Zealand-to-go-smokefree","external_links_name":"\"Port Taranaki claims first port in New Zealand to go smokefree\""},{"Link":"http://www.porttaranaki.co.nz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Taranaki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Taranaki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Flowers_(Miranda_Lambert_song)
Dead Flowers (Miranda Lambert song)
["1 Content","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Charts","5 Awards and nominations","6 Dead Flowers - EP","6.1 Track listing","7 References"]
2009 single by Miranda Lambert"Dead Flowers"Single by Miranda Lambertfrom the album Revolution ReleasedMay 4, 2009Recorded2009GenreCountryLength3:59LabelColumbia NashvilleSongwriter(s)Miranda LambertProducer(s)Frank LiddellMike WruckeMiranda Lambert singles chronology "More Like Her" (2008) "Dead Flowers" (2009) "White Liar" (2009) Music video"Dead Flowers" on YouTube "Dead Flowers" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. On May 4, 2009, the song was released as the lead-off single from her album Revolution. Additionally, the song was included on an EP release also titled Dead Flowers. Lambert debuted "Dead Flowers" at the 44th annual Academy of Country Music Awards on April 5, 2009. Content The song is a ballad in the key of E major about a love gone bad, driven by acoustic guitar and percussion. The narrator is saddened by the images of dead flowers and Christmas lights that are burned out, that symbolize their current relationship. Lambert got the inspiration to write the song from a personal experience. "I had some flowers that I got for Valentines Day in a vase on the kitchen table. I was going on the road so I had to throw them in the yard. They were just laying there and it was a really sad image. The song came to me right away and was one of those ones that kinda wrote itself." Critical reception The song was well-received with critics, garnering numerous positive reviews. The Slant Magazine spoke positively of the song. "The track gives her plenty of material to work with and just as many reasons to be optimistic about the quality of that upcoming record. Offering a surfeit of dense, loaded phrases and sharply drawn images, the song hits with devastating accuracy because of how well Lambert sustains its central conceit." Roughstock reviewer Matt Bjorke praised the song for showing a different side to Lambert. "The lyrics are smart, the melody is moody and the vocal performance is just stunning. This is the kind of song Miranda's always had in her and while I love her rock 'tude, "Dead Flowers" shows us a softer, more tuneful side of Miranda Lambert that wasn't ever really shown to radio fans before." Frequency Magazine, who gave the song five-out-of-five stars, felt that it "may be the best song Miranda has ever done. From the lyrics to the vocal delivery to the production, everything is just gorgeous. If the rest of the songs on her album are of the same quality, she might very well win the coveted ACM Album of the Year again." Music video The music video for the song was directed by Randee St. Nicholas, and was released to CMT on July 16, 2009. The video begins with Lambert sitting at a table with a vase of dead flowers. She gets up and walks into the kitchen, where Christmas lights are lying, strung across the counter. Lambert is then shown performing in the living room with fans blowing on her hair, while a man is watching from the sofa beside her. After that, she is shown outside the house, both in and in front of her car, with more holiday lights hung up on her house. "Dead Flowers" debuted at number 17 on CMT's Top Twenty Countdown for the week of July 31, 2009. The song spent only two weeks on the countdown, peaking at number 15. However, the video debuted at number 10 on GAC's Top 20 countdown; it has since reached number 5. Charts "Dead Flowers" debuted at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated for May 2, 2009, and entered the Top 40 in its third week. It fell below Top 40 on the week of May 23, and re-entered the Top 40 at number 39 on the week of June 20. The song spent 16 weeks on the chart, and reached a peak of number 37 in July 2009. Chart (2009) Peakposition US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 37 Awards and nominations Award Category Result 52nd Grammy Awards Best Female Country Vocal Performance Nominated Dead Flowers - EP Dead Flowers - EPEP by Miranda LambertReleasedSeptember 8, 2009 (2009-09-08)GenreCountryLength15:24LabelColumbia NashvilleProducerFrank LiddellMike WruckeMiranda Lambert chronology Crazy Ex-Girlfriend(2007) Dead Flowers - EP(2009) Revolution(2009) Dead Flowers is the first EP by American country singer-songwriter Miranda Lambert, released on September 8, 2009 through Columbia Nashville. The EP, titled after her song of the same name, was released exclusively through Best Buy to help promote her upcoming album, Revolution (2009), for which "Dead Flowers" (the song) serves as the lead single. It contains "Dead Flowers", as well as three other songs previously released as bonus tracks on various versions of her 2007 album, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Dead Flowers"Miranda Lambert3:592."Take It Out on Me"M. Lambert, Travis Howard, Dennis Matkosky3:293."I Just Really Miss You"M. Lambert, Keith Gattis, Howard5:244."Nobody's Used to Be"M. Lambert, Rick Lambert2:48 References ^ "Single Releases". MusicRow. Archived from the original on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 2009-05-10. ^ "Cherry Limeaid and Puppy to go please :: Blog". Miranda Lambert. Archived from the original on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-10. ^ "Slant Magazine Blog". Slantmagazine.com. 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10. ^ "Roughstock Blog". Roughstock.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-06-11. ^ "Frequency Magazine". Frequencymagazine.net. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-20. ^ CMT Insider Interview: Miranda Lambert Talks About "Dead Flowers" ^ CMT Videos: Music Binge 7.16.09 : Dead Flowers ^ CMT Top 20 Countdown: July 31, 2009 ^ "Miranda Lambert Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ a b "Revolution: Pre-sale & Bonus Offers". Miranda Lambert official site. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013. vteMiranda Lambert singlesKerosene "Me and Charlie Talking" "Bring Me Down" "Kerosene" "New Strings" Crazy Ex-Girlfriend "Famous in a Small Town" "Gunpowder & Lead" "More Like Her" Revolution "Dead Flowers" "White Liar" "The House That Built Me" "Only Prettier" "Heart Like Mine" Four the Record "Baggage Claim" "Over You" "Fastest Girl in Town" "Mama's Broken Heart" "All Kinds of Kinds" Platinum "Automatic" "Somethin' Bad" "Little Red Wagon" "Smokin' and Drinkin'" The Weight of These Wings "Vice" "We Should Be Friends" "Tin Man" Wildcard "It All Comes Out in the Wash" "Bluebird" "Settling Down" Palomino "If I Was a Cowboy" Other singles "Forever Country" "Drunk (And I Don't Wanna Go Home)" "Space in My Heart" "Wranglers" Featured singles "Coal Miner's Daughter" "Boys 'Round Here" "We Were Us" "Drowns the Whiskey" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Miranda Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_(Miranda_Lambert_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dead Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Flowers_-_EP"},{"link_name":"Academy of Country Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards"}],"text":"\"Dead Flowers\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. On May 4, 2009, the song was released as the lead-off single from her album Revolution.[1] Additionally, the song was included on an EP release also titled Dead Flowers.Lambert debuted \"Dead Flowers\" at the 44th annual Academy of Country Music Awards on April 5, 2009.","title":"Dead Flowers (Miranda Lambert song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_major"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The song is a ballad in the key of E major about a love gone bad, driven by acoustic guitar and percussion. The narrator is saddened by the images of dead flowers and Christmas lights that are burned out, that symbolize their current relationship.Lambert got the inspiration to write the song from a personal experience. \"I had some flowers that I got for Valentines Day in a vase on the kitchen table. I was going on the road so I had to throw them in the yard. They were just laying there and it was a really sad image. The song came to me right away and was one of those ones that kinda wrote itself.\"[2]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song was well-received with critics, garnering numerous positive reviews.The Slant Magazine spoke positively of the song. \"The track gives her plenty of material to work with and just as many reasons to be optimistic about the quality of that upcoming record. Offering a surfeit of dense, loaded phrases and sharply drawn images, the song hits with devastating accuracy because of how well Lambert sustains its central conceit.\"[3] Roughstock reviewer Matt Bjorke praised the song for showing a different side to Lambert. \"The lyrics are smart, the melody is moody and the vocal performance is just stunning. This is the kind of song Miranda's always had in her and while I love her rock 'tude, \"Dead Flowers\" shows us a softer, more tuneful side of Miranda Lambert that wasn't ever really shown to radio fans before.\"[4] Frequency Magazine, who gave the song five-out-of-five stars, felt that it \"may be the best song Miranda has ever done. From the lyrics to the vocal delivery to the production, everything is just gorgeous. If the rest of the songs on her album are of the same quality, she might very well win the coveted ACM Album of the Year again.\"[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The music video for the song was directed by Randee St. Nicholas,[6] and was released to CMT on July 16, 2009.[7] The video begins with Lambert sitting at a table with a vase of dead flowers. She gets up and walks into the kitchen, where Christmas lights are lying, strung across the counter. Lambert is then shown performing in the living room with fans blowing on her hair, while a man is watching from the sofa beside her. After that, she is shown outside the house, both in and in front of her car, with more holiday lights hung up on her house.\"Dead Flowers\" debuted at number 17 on CMT's Top Twenty Countdown for the week of July 31, 2009.[8] The song spent only two weeks on the countdown, peaking at number 15. However, the video debuted at number 10 on GAC's Top 20 countdown; it has since reached number 5.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"}],"text":"\"Dead Flowers\" debuted at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated for May 2, 2009, and entered the Top 40 in its third week. It fell below Top 40 on the week of May 23, and re-entered the Top 40 at number 39 on the week of June 20. The song spent 16 weeks on the chart, and reached a peak of number 37 in July 2009.","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Miranda Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Columbia Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfEP-10"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfEP-10"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_(Miranda_Lambert_album)"},{"link_name":"Crazy Ex-Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Ex-Girlfriend_(album)"}],"text":"Dead Flowers is the first EP by American country singer-songwriter Miranda Lambert, released on September 8, 2009 through Columbia Nashville.[10] The EP, titled after her song of the same name, was released exclusively through Best Buy[10] to help promote her upcoming album, Revolution (2009), for which \"Dead Flowers\" (the song) serves as the lead single. It contains \"Dead Flowers\", as well as three other songs previously released as bonus tracks on various versions of her 2007 album, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend.","title":"Dead Flowers - EP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Gattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gattis"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Dead Flowers\"Miranda Lambert3:592.\"Take It Out on Me\"M. Lambert, Travis Howard, Dennis Matkosky3:293.\"I Just Really Miss You\"M. Lambert, Keith Gattis, Howard5:244.\"Nobody's Used to Be\"M. Lambert, Rick Lambert2:48","title":"Dead Flowers - EP"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Single Releases\". MusicRow. Archived from the original on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 2009-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140212165034/http://www.musicrow.com/calendars-2/single-releases/","url_text":"\"Single Releases\""},{"url":"http://www.musicrow.com/calendars-2/single-releases/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Limeaid and Puppy to go please :: Blog\". Miranda Lambert. Archived from the original on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090410182524/http://www.mirandalambert.com/blog/entry.php?entry=59","url_text":"\"Cherry Limeaid and Puppy to go please :: Blog\""},{"url":"http://www.mirandalambert.com/blog/entry.php?entry=59","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Slant Magazine Blog\". Slantmagazine.com. 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/single-review-miranda-lamberts-dead-flowers","url_text":"\"Slant Magazine Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roughstock Blog\". Roughstock.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519114439/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/mirana-lambert-dead-flowers-","url_text":"\"Roughstock Blog\""},{"url":"http://www.roughstock.com/blog/mirana-lambert-dead-flowers-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequency Magazine\". Frequencymagazine.net. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601185926/http://frequencymagazine.net/single-reviews/miranda-lambert-dead-flowers/","url_text":"\"Frequency Magazine\""},{"url":"http://frequencymagazine.net/single-reviews/miranda-lambert-dead-flowers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Revolution: Pre-sale & Bonus Offers\". Miranda Lambert official site. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420002205/http://www.mirandalambert.com/news/article.php?article=161","url_text":"\"Revolution: Pre-sale & Bonus Offers\""},{"url":"http://www.mirandalambert.com/news/article.php?article=161","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPB-16
VPB-16
["1 Operational history","2 Aircraft assignments","3 Home port assignments","4 See also","5 References"]
Patrol Bombing Squadron 16Active20 December 1943 – 30 June 1945CountryUnited States of AmericaBranch United States NavyTypesquadronRoleMaritime patrolEngagementsWorld War IIAircraft flownPatrolPBM-3DMilitary unit VPB-16 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 16 (VP-16) on 20 December 1943, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 16 (VPB-16) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 30 June 1945. Operational history 3 January 1944: VP-16 was established at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, under the operational control of FAW-5, as a seaplane patrol squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner. 12 March 1944: After a brief period of shakedown training, the squadron was relocated to NAS Key West, Florida, for further training in Anti-submarine warfare (ASW). On 6 April 1944, orders were received to transfer the squadron assets and personnel to NAS Alameda, California, for deployment to the South Pacific. 11 April 1944: VP-16 began the trans-Pacific flight from NAS Alameda to NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. By 8 May 1944, the squadron was ready for the continuation of combat training, commencing with patrols and ASW training in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands under the operational command of FAW-2. Lieutenant W. R. Briggs and his crew ditched en route and spent 44 hours in life rafts before being rescued without injuries. 7 June 1944: VP-16 departed for Eniwetok, having been operational at the beginning of the month. By 17 June 1944, the squadron was conducting searches and patrols during the Marianas Campaign. Tender support at Eniwetok was provided by USS Pocomoke. 17 June 1944: When word of the approach of the Japanese fleet reached Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, commander of the forces engaged in the capture of Saipan, he called for patrol aircraft from the Marshalls to assist other forces in guarding against a surprise attack. Five PBMs of VP-16 arrived off Saipan on 17 June 1944 and based aboard USS Ballard, which was operating in the open sea within range of enemy guns ashore. One of the aircraft became inoperative, reducing the number available for patrol to four. These aircraft conducted a search to the west, and at 01:15 on 19 June one of them located the enemy force of about 40 ships 470 miles (760 km) west of Guam. Unable to contact the base because of radio problems, the pilot was forced to fly back to deliver the message. The information did not reach Admiral Spruance until seven hours after the contact. Because the exact location of the enemy was not known, he launched the aircraft of Task Force 58 late, but just in time to catch the enemy aircraft as they approached. The resulting battle became known as the "Marianas Turkey Shoot," and was the opening day of the Battle of the Philippine Sea. 19 and 22 June 1944: Casualties from friendly fire occurred on two occasions. On the 19th one crewman was killed after a squadron PBM returning from patrol was fired on by F6F Hellcats. On the 22nd, Lieutenant Harry R. Flachsbarth and his crew were shot down at night by a destroyer of TG 58. There were no survivors. 1 August 1944: The remaining squadron aircraft arrived at NAB Saipan. At that time, VP-16 was the only night flying PBM squadron in the Pacific. USS Pocomoke became overcrowded, and the overflow crews moved aboard USS Onslow. The squadron flew 249 missions during the remainder of the Saipan campaign. It was relieved on 19 August 1944 by VP-18. 21 August 1944: VP-16 had been operating from several remote bases with tender support for two months. It regrouped at Ebeye Island for maintenance and repair before further deployment. The squadron was transferred to FAW-1 for operations in the western Caroline Islands. 17 September 1944: VP-16 was transferred to Kossol Passage, Palau, with tender support by USS Pocomoke. During this period the squadron conducted night operations and Dumbo (air-sea rescue) work during the Palau Campaign. 28 September 1944: Lieutenant Daniel U. Thomas crashed at sea while on night patrol. One crewman survived and was rescued the next day. 1 October 1944: VP-16 was redesignated VPB-16. The squadron continued to conduct anti-shipping patrols at night and Dumbo missions in the area around the Palau island group through the middle of November 1944. On the night of 1–2 October 1944, a squadron PBM-3D flown by Lieutenant Floyd H. Wardlow Jr. dropped a Mark 24 mine on a suspected submarine target 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Palau. No further Sonobuoy contact was obtained after the attack and Lieutenant Wardlow and crew returned to their patrol sector. The next day a hunter-killer group located a badly damaged submarine 12 miles (19 km) from Lieutenant Wardlow's attack, indicating that his efforts were successful in at least damaging the enemy. USS Samuel B. Miles sank the submarine, later identified by postwar records as I-177. There were 101 men aboard when she was sunk, including the commanding officer of Submarine Division 34, Captain Kanji Matsumura. 23 November 1944: VPB-16 was relieved at Kossol Passage for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and the continental United States. After a brief period of maintenance and refit, the squadron commenced the trans-Pacific flight back to NAS Alameda on 9 December, with the last squadron aircraft arriving on 13 December 1944. 30 June 1945: VPB-16 was disestablished at NAS Alameda. Aircraft assignments The squadron was assigned the following aircraft, effective on the dates shown: PBM-3D - March 1944 Home port assignments The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown: NAS Norfolk, Virginia - 3 January 1944 NAS Key West, Florida - 12 March 1944 NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii - 11 April 1944 NAS Alameda, California - 9 December 1944 See also Maritime patrol aircraft List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of squadrons in the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons History of the United States Navy References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons. ^ a b c d Roberts, Michael D. (2000). Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2, Chapter 4 Patrol Bombing Squadron (VPB) Histories (VPB-1 to VPB-16). Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. pp. 416–7. Retrieved 19 June 2016. vte United States Navy Category Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4-star admirals 3-star admirals 1864–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present 2-star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Active ships Future ships Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operatingforces Fleet Forces Command Commander Pacific Fleet Commander Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Naval Supply Systems Command Naval Information Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Naval Safety Center Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Navy Working Capital Fund Fleets Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A–B C D–F G–H I–K L M N–O P Q–R S T–V W–Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Registered civilian vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Torpedo retrievers Unclassified miscellaneous vessels Yard and district craft PersonnelandtrainingPeopleOfficers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master-at-arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Officer Candidate School STA-21 NROTC Naval University System (Naval War College, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Academy, Naval Community College, Marine Corps University) BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Future fleet Reserve fleet Current aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History "Anchors Aweigh" Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line-crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Ceremonial Guard Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Ship naming conventions Tingey House USS Constitution WAVES Wetting-down United States battleship retirement debate vteActive United States Navy Aircraft Squadrons Category:Aircraft squadrons of the United States Navy Electronic Attack (VAQ) 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 209 Carrier Airborne Early Warning (VAW) 112 113 115 116 117 120 121 123 124 125 126 Strike Fighter (VFA) 2 11 14 15 22 25 27 31 32 34 37 41 81 83 86 87 94 97 102 103 105 106 113 115 122 125 131 136 137 143 146 147 151 154 192 195 211 213 Fleet Air Reconnaissance (VQ) 1 3 4 7 Fleet Fighter Composite (VFC) 12 13 111 204 Fleet Logistics Support (VR) 1 46 48 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 64 Carrier Fleet Logistics Support (VRC) 30 40 Carrier Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission (VRM) 30 40 50 PatrolVP 1 4 5 6 8 9 10 16 22 23 24 26 30 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 60 62 64 65 66 67 68 69 90 91 92 93 VPU 1 2 Unmanned (VUP) 19 Training (VT) 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 21 22 27 28 31 35 86 Helicopter Mine Countermeasures (HM) 14 15 Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 21 22 23 25 26 28 84 85 Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM) 35 37 40 41 46 48 49 50 51 60 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 Helicopter Training (HT) 8 18 28
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANAS2-4-1"}],"text":"Military unitVPB-16 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 16 (VP-16) on 20 December 1943, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 16 (VPB-16) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 30 June 1945.[1]","title":"VPB-16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAS Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"PBM-3D Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner"},{"link_name":"NAS Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Key_West"},{"link_name":"Anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"NAS Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Alameda"},{"link_name":"NAS Kaneohe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Kaneohe_Bay"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll#Parry_Island_seaplane_base"},{"link_name":"Marianas Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"USS Pocomoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pocomoke_(AV-9)"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"USS Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ballard_(DD-267)"},{"link_name":"Task Force 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"F6F Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"NAB Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAB_Saipan"},{"link_name":"USS Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Onslow"},{"link_name":"VP-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPB-18"},{"link_name":"Ebeye Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebeye_Island"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kossol Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kossol_Roads"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Dumbo (air-sea rescue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo_(air-sea_rescue)"},{"link_name":"Palau Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"Mark 24 mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_24_mine"},{"link_name":"Sonobuoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonobuoy"},{"link_name":"USS Samuel B. Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Samuel_B._Miles_(DE-183)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I-177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-177"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANAS2-4-1"}],"text":"3 January 1944: VP-16 was established at NAS Norfolk, Virginia, under the operational control of FAW-5, as a seaplane patrol squadron flying the PBM-3D Mariner.\n12 March 1944: After a brief period of shakedown training, the squadron was relocated to NAS Key West, Florida, for further training in Anti-submarine warfare (ASW). On 6 April 1944, orders were received to transfer the squadron assets and personnel to NAS Alameda, California, for deployment to the South Pacific.\n11 April 1944: VP-16 began the trans-Pacific flight from NAS Alameda to NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. By 8 May 1944, the squadron was ready for the continuation of combat training, commencing with patrols and ASW training in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands under the operational command of FAW-2. Lieutenant W. R. Briggs and his crew ditched en route and spent 44 hours in life rafts before being rescued without injuries.\n7 June 1944: VP-16 departed for Eniwetok, having been operational at the beginning of the month. By 17 June 1944, the squadron was conducting searches and patrols during the Marianas Campaign. Tender support at Eniwetok was provided by USS Pocomoke.\n17 June 1944: When word of the approach of the Japanese fleet reached Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, commander of the forces engaged in the capture of Saipan, he called for patrol aircraft from the Marshalls to assist other forces in guarding against a surprise attack. Five PBMs of VP-16 arrived off Saipan on 17 June 1944 and based aboard USS Ballard, which was operating in the open sea within range of enemy guns ashore. One of the aircraft became inoperative, reducing the number available for patrol to four. These aircraft conducted a search to the west, and at 01:15 on 19 June one of them located the enemy force of about 40 ships 470 miles (760 km) west of Guam. Unable to contact the base because of radio problems, the pilot was forced to fly back to deliver the message. The information did not reach Admiral Spruance until seven hours after the contact. Because the exact location of the enemy was not known, he launched the aircraft of Task Force 58 late, but just in time to catch the enemy aircraft as they approached. The resulting battle became known as the \"Marianas Turkey Shoot,\" and was the opening day of the Battle of the Philippine Sea.\n19 and 22 June 1944: Casualties from friendly fire occurred on two occasions. On the 19th one crewman was killed after a squadron PBM returning from patrol was fired on by F6F Hellcats. On the 22nd, Lieutenant Harry R. Flachsbarth and his crew were shot down at night by a destroyer of TG 58. There were no survivors.\n1 August 1944: The remaining squadron aircraft arrived at NAB Saipan. At that time, VP-16 was the only night flying PBM squadron in the Pacific. USS Pocomoke became overcrowded, and the overflow crews moved aboard USS Onslow. The squadron flew 249 missions during the remainder of the Saipan campaign. It was relieved on 19 August 1944 by VP-18.\n21 August 1944: VP-16 had been operating from several remote bases with tender support for two months. It regrouped at Ebeye Island for maintenance and repair before further deployment. The squadron was transferred to FAW-1 for operations in the western Caroline Islands.\n17 September 1944: VP-16 was transferred to Kossol Passage, Palau, with tender support by USS Pocomoke. During this period the squadron conducted night operations and Dumbo (air-sea rescue) work during the Palau Campaign.\n28 September 1944: Lieutenant Daniel U. Thomas crashed at sea while on night patrol. One crewman survived and was rescued the next day.\n1 October 1944: VP-16 was redesignated VPB-16. The squadron continued to conduct anti-shipping patrols at night and Dumbo missions in the area around the Palau island group through the middle of November 1944. On the night of 1–2 October 1944, a squadron PBM-3D flown by Lieutenant Floyd H. Wardlow Jr. dropped a Mark 24 mine on a suspected submarine target 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Palau. No further Sonobuoy contact was obtained after the attack and Lieutenant Wardlow and crew returned to their patrol sector. The next day a hunter-killer group located a badly damaged submarine 12 miles (19 km) from Lieutenant Wardlow's attack, indicating that his efforts were successful in at least damaging the enemy. USS Samuel B. Miles sank the submarine, later identified by postwar records as I-177. There were 101 men aboard when she was sunk, including the commanding officer of Submarine Division 34, Captain Kanji Matsumura.\n23 November 1944: VPB-16 was relieved at Kossol Passage for return to NAS Kaneohe Bay and the continental United States. After a brief period of maintenance and refit, the squadron commenced the trans-Pacific flight back to NAS Alameda on 9 December, with the last squadron aircraft arriving on 13 December 1944.\n30 June 1945: VPB-16 was disestablished at NAS Alameda.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANAS2-4-1"},{"link_name":"PBM-3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner"}],"text":"The squadron was assigned the following aircraft, effective on the dates shown:[1]PBM-3D - March 1944","title":"Aircraft assignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANAS2-4-1"},{"link_name":"NAS Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"NAS Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Key_West"},{"link_name":"NAS Kaneohe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Kaneohe_Bay"},{"link_name":"NAS Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Alameda"}],"text":"The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:[1]NAS Norfolk, Virginia - 3 January 1944\nNAS Key West, Florida - 12 March 1944\nNAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii - 11 April 1944\nNAS Alameda, California - 9 December 1944","title":"Home port assignments"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Roberts, Michael D. (2000). Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2, Chapter 4 Patrol Bombing Squadron (VPB) Histories (VPB-1 to VPB-16). Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. pp. 416–7. Retrieved 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/naval-aviation-history/dictionary-of-american-naval-aviation-squadrons-volume-2/chapter-4-patrol-bombing-squadron-vpb-histories-vpb-1-to-vpb-16.html","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2, Chapter 4 Patrol Bombing Squadron (VPB) Histories (VPB-1 to VPB-16)"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/naval-aviation-history/dictionary-of-american-naval-aviation-squadrons-volume-2/chapter-4-patrol-bombing-squadron-vpb-histories-vpb-1-to-vpb-16.html","external_links_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2, Chapter 4 Patrol Bombing Squadron (VPB) Histories (VPB-1 to VPB-16)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_Medeiros
Elli Medeiros
["1 Career","1.1 Stinky Toys","1.2 Elli et Jacno","1.3 Solo","2 Filmography","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
Uruguayan-French singer and actress (born 1956) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Elli Medeiros" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Elli MedeirosMedeiros at the 2008 Cannes Film FestivalBackground informationBorn (1956-01-18) 18 January 1956 (age 68)Montevideo, UruguayOccupation(s)Singer, actressMusical artist Elli Medeiros (born 18 January 1956) is a Uruguayan-French singer and actress. Career Stinky Toys Originally from Uruguay, Medeiros moved to Paris, France, at the age of 14, dropped out of high school a couple of years later and joined the punk band Stinky Toys. Elli et Jacno After the group disbanded, Medeiros joined another Stinky Toy member Jacno to form the electropop duo Elli et Jacno. Together they released several albums, one of them the soundtrack to an Éric Rohmer film Les nuits de la pleine lune. Solo The singer went solo in 1986. The songs, "Toi mon toit" (1986) and "A bailar calypso" (1987), were big hits in France and had a more Latin sound than her previous records. She sang back-up vocals on several of pop star Etienne Daho's songs from his 1996 album Eden. She also helped co-write his song "Me manquer" from the same album. Elli Medeiros appears in a number of French films and has worked with, among others, Olivier Assayas and Philippe Garrel. Filmography 1978: Copyright : Anne 1980: Rectangle – Deux chansons de Jacno (music video) : Elli 1982: Tokyo no yami (Laissé inachevé à Tokyo) 1982: L'Enfant secret : The whore 1991: Petits travaux tranquilles : Paule 1991: Paris s'éveille 1997: Tempête dans un verre d'eau 1998: Il suffirait d'un pont 1998: Fin août, début septembre 1999: Derrière la porte 1999: Pourquoi pas moi? : Malou 1999: Venus Beauty Institute (Vénus beauté (institut)) : Mlle Evelyne 2000: Mamirolle : Irène 2000: Paris, mon petit corps est bien las de ce grand monde : The girl 2000: Jet Set : Danièle Joubert 2002: Lulu : Lulu 2002: House Hunting : The girl 2003: Rosa la nuit 2005: Panorama : The mother 2007: After Him (Après lui) : Pauline 2008: Leonera : Sofia 2018: Amanda : Eve 2024: To Live, To Die, To Live Again (Vivre, mourir, renaître) Discography 1977: grey album (Polydor) Stinky Toys 1979: yellow album (Vogue) Stinky Toys 1980: Tout va sauter (Vogue) Elli et Jacno 1981: Inedits 77-81 (Celluloid/EJC/Vogue) Elli et Jacno 1982: Boomerang (Celluloid/EJC/ Vogue) Elli et Jacno 1984: Les Nuits de la pleine lune Bof 'Les nuits de la pleine lune d'Éric Rohmer (EJC/CBS) Elli et Jacno 1987: Bom Bom... (Barclay) 1989: Elli (Barclay) 1994" Les Symphonies de poche compilation de Elli et Jacno (Virgin) 1998: Best of Elli (Barclay) 2006: E M (V2) References ^ Holden, Stephen (2 July 2009). "Movie Review: Lion's Den: Even Behind Bars, Motherhood Can Be Liberating in Pablo Trapero's Film". New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2018. ^ Deluxe, Jean-Emmanuel (2013). Yé-Yé Girls of '60s French Pop. Feral House. ISBN 9781936239726. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elli Medeiros. Elli Medeiros at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about a French singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a French film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an actor from Uruguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistElli Medeiros (born 18 January 1956) is a Uruguayan-French singer and actress.[1]","title":"Elli Medeiros"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Stinky Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinky_toys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Stinky Toys","text":"Originally from Uruguay, Medeiros moved to Paris, France, at the age of 14, dropped out of high school a couple of years later and joined the punk band Stinky Toys.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacno"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Éric Rohmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer"}],"sub_title":"Elli et Jacno","text":"After the group disbanded, Medeiros joined another Stinky Toy member Jacno to form the electropop duo Elli et Jacno. Together they released several albums, one of them the soundtrack to an Éric Rohmer film Les nuits de la pleine lune.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etienne Daho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Daho"},{"link_name":"Olivier Assayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Assayas"},{"link_name":"Philippe Garrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garrel"}],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"The singer went solo in 1986. The songs, \"Toi mon toit\" (1986) and \"A bailar calypso\" (1987), were big hits in France and had a more Latin sound than her previous records.She sang back-up vocals on several of pop star Etienne Daho's songs from his 1996 album Eden. She also helped co-write his song \"Me manquer\" from the same album.Elli Medeiros appears in a number of French films and has worked with, among others, Olivier Assayas and Philippe Garrel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copyright_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L'Enfant secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_secret"},{"link_name":"Petits travaux tranquilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petits_travaux_tranquilles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paris s'éveille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_s%27%C3%A9veille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tempête dans un verre d'eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temp%C3%AAte_dans_un_verre_d%27eau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Il suffirait d'un pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_suffirait_d%27un_pont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fin août, début septembre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_ao%C3%BBt,_d%C3%A9but_septembre"},{"link_name":"Derrière la porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derri%C3%A8re_la_porte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pourquoi pas moi?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourquoi_pas_moi%3F"},{"link_name":"Venus Beauty Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Beauty_Institute"},{"link_name":"Mamirolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamirolle_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paris, mon petit corps est bien las de ce grand monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris,_mon_petit_corps_est_bien_las_de_ce_grand_monde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jet Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Set_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(2002_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"House Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Hunting"},{"link_name":"Rosa la nuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_la_nuit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"After Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Him"},{"link_name":"Leonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonera"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"To Live, To Die, To Live Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Live,_To_Die,_To_Live_Again"}],"text":"1978: Copyright : Anne\n1980: Rectangle – Deux chansons de Jacno (music video) : Elli\n1982: Tokyo no yami (Laissé inachevé à Tokyo)\n1982: L'Enfant secret : The whore\n1991: Petits travaux tranquilles : Paule\n1991: Paris s'éveille\n1997: Tempête dans un verre d'eau\n1998: Il suffirait d'un pont\n1998: Fin août, début septembre\n1999: Derrière la porte\n1999: Pourquoi pas moi? : Malou\n1999: Venus Beauty Institute (Vénus beauté (institut)) : Mlle Evelyne\n2000: Mamirolle : Irène\n2000: Paris, mon petit corps est bien las de ce grand monde : The girl\n2000: Jet Set : Danièle Joubert\n2002: Lulu : Lulu\n2002: House Hunting : The girl\n2003: Rosa la nuit\n2005: Panorama : The mother\n2007: After Him (Après lui) : Pauline\n2008: Leonera : Sofia\n2018: Amanda : Eve\n2024: To Live, To Die, To Live Again (Vivre, mourir, renaître)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grey album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_album"},{"link_name":"Stinky Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinky_Toys"},{"link_name":"yellow album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_album&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stinky Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinky_Toys"},{"link_name":"Tout va sauter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tout_va_sauter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Inedits 77-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inedits_77-81&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Les Nuits de la pleine lune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nuits_de_la_pleine_lune"},{"link_name":"Éric Rohmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Les Symphonies de poche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Symphonies_de_poche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elli et Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_et_Jacno"},{"link_name":"Best of Elli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_of_Elli&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1977: grey album (Polydor) Stinky Toys\n1979: yellow album (Vogue) Stinky Toys\n1980: Tout va sauter (Vogue) Elli et Jacno\n1981: Inedits 77-81 (Celluloid/EJC/Vogue) Elli et Jacno\n1982: Boomerang (Celluloid/EJC/ Vogue) Elli et Jacno\n1984: Les Nuits de la pleine lune Bof 'Les nuits de la pleine lune d'Éric Rohmer (EJC/CBS) Elli et Jacno\n1987: Bom Bom... (Barclay)\n1989: Elli (Barclay)\n1994\" Les Symphonies de poche compilation de Elli et Jacno (Virgin)\n1998: Best of Elli (Barclay)\n2006: E M (V2)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (2 July 2009). \"Movie Review: Lion's Den: Even Behind Bars, Motherhood Can Be Liberating in Pablo Trapero's Film\". New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/03/movies/03lion.html","url_text":"\"Movie Review: Lion's Den: Even Behind Bars, Motherhood Can Be Liberating in Pablo Trapero's Film\""}]},{"reference":"Deluxe, Jean-Emmanuel (2013). Yé-Yé Girls of '60s French Pop. Feral House. ISBN 9781936239726.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT489","url_text":"Yé-Yé Girls of '60s French Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936239726","url_text":"9781936239726"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Keyser%27s_Royal_Hotel
De Keyser's Royal Hotel
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°30′42.46″N 0°6′20.73″W / 51.5117944°N 0.1057583°W / 51.5117944; -0.1057583Former hotel in Blackfriars, London This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) De Keyser's Royal Hotel, London 1887 De Keyser's Royal Hotel was a large hotel on the Victoria Embankment, at its junction with New Bridge Street (now the A201), Blackfriars, London. The location was formerly the site of Bridewell Palace. The Royal Hotel was founded before 1845 by Constant de Keyser, an immigrant to England from Belgium. It was a high-end hotel, catering mainly to visitors from continental Europe. His son Polydore de Keyser ran the hotel from around 1856. A new hotel building with five storeys and two basements was opened at the same site on 5 September 1874, designed by the English architect Edward Augustus Gruning. The foundation stone was laid by the daughter of the Belgian Vice-Counsul. The new building had a long curved façade facing the River Thames, close to Sion College and near the site of the new City of London School building that opened in 1883. The exterior was in an Anglicised form of the Second Empire Style, faced by white Suffolk bricks and Portland stone, with a Mansard roof covered with green slates and hips, ridges and dormers in zinc. An archway to through to an internal courtyard, at the centre of which was a glass dome covering a billiard room below, later used as a lounge. The interior was decorated in opulent French style, with 230 guest rooms and many function rooms, including a dining hall 110 by 40 feet (34 m × 12 m) with space for 400 people. Furniture was imported from Paris. A second wing opened in 1882, when the hotel became the largest in London, accommodating up to 480 guests, with a second dining room for another 250 people, and rooms for 150 staff. Sir Polydore de Keyser had no children. His hotel was sold to a limited company in 1897, and a nephew Polydor Welchand de Keyser took over the management. Following the outbreak of the First World War, the hotel suffered serious decline. Anti-German sentiment had increased across Britain and the internment of German nationals and German-British citizens during the conflict had led to the arrest and confinement of many of the hotel's German staff, including its manager. It was eventually taken over by a receiver. With a shortage of office space in London for the wartime ministries, the hotel was requisitioned in May 1916 by the Office of Works for the wartime use of the Royal Flying Corps. Renamed "Adastral House", the first building to bear that name, it was the London headquarters of the Royal Flying Corps until it moved to Hotel Cecil on the formation of the new Air Ministry and the Royal Air Force in 1918. For a short period it was occupied by the Royal Army Medical Corps, until 1919. The owner of the hotel claimed compensation, leading to a legal case on the power of the royal prerogative, Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited. The case reached the House of Lords, which held that the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 replaced the royal prerogative, and that compensation was due under the Defence Act 1842. Unilever House, built on the site of De Keyser's The hotel never reopened. The building was sold to Lever Brothers in 1921, and it became their London headquarters. The hotel building was demolished in 1931 to make way for the construction of Unilever House. References Anita McConnell, ‘Keyser, Sir Polydor de (1832–1898)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 Dec 2016 Private Property, Government Requisition and the Constitution, 1914-1927, G. R. Rubin, p. 71-91 Unilever House, De Keyser’s Royal Hotel and the Drinking Fountain Association, A London Inheritance, 28 September 2014 The British Architect, 9 October 1874, p. 235-236 HC Deb 12 August 1919 vol 119 c1114W 51°30′42.46″N 0°6′20.73″W / 51.5117944°N 0.1057583°W / 51.5117944; -0.1057583
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The location was formerly the site of Bridewell Palace.The Royal Hotel was founded before 1845 by Constant de Keyser, an immigrant to England from Belgium. It was a high-end hotel, catering mainly to visitors from continental Europe. His son Polydore de Keyser ran the hotel from around 1856.A new hotel building with five storeys and two basements was opened at the same site on 5 September 1874, designed by the English architect Edward Augustus Gruning. The foundation stone was laid by the daughter of the Belgian Vice-Counsul. The new building had a long curved façade facing the River Thames, close to Sion College and near the site of the new City of London School building that opened in 1883. The exterior was in an Anglicised form of the Second Empire Style, faced by white Suffolk bricks and Portland stone, with a Mansard roof covered with green slates and hips, ridges and dormers in zinc. An archway to through to an internal courtyard, at the centre of which was a glass dome covering a billiard room below, later used as a lounge. The interior was decorated in opulent French style, with 230 guest rooms and many function rooms, including a dining hall 110 by 40 feet (34 m × 12 m) with space for 400 people. Furniture was imported from Paris.A second wing opened in 1882, when the hotel became the largest in London, accommodating up to 480 guests, with a second dining room for another 250 people, and rooms for 150 staff.Sir Polydore de Keyser had no children. His hotel was sold to a limited company in 1897, and a nephew Polydor Welchand de Keyser took over the management.Following the outbreak of the First World War, the hotel suffered serious decline. Anti-German sentiment had increased across Britain and the internment of German nationals and German-British citizens during the conflict had led to the arrest and confinement of many of the hotel's German staff, including its manager. It was eventually taken over by a receiver. With a shortage of office space in London for the wartime ministries, the hotel was requisitioned in May 1916 by the Office of Works for the wartime use of the Royal Flying Corps. Renamed \"Adastral House\", the first building to bear that name, it was the London headquarters of the Royal Flying Corps until it moved to Hotel Cecil on the formation of the new Air Ministry and the Royal Air Force in 1918. For a short period it was occupied by the Royal Army Medical Corps, until 1919.The owner of the hotel claimed compensation, leading to a legal case on the power of the royal prerogative, Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited. The case reached the House of Lords, which held that the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 replaced the royal prerogative, and that compensation was due under the Defence Act 1842.Unilever House, built on the site of De Keyser'sThe hotel never reopened. The building was sold to Lever Brothers in 1921, and it became their London headquarters. The hotel building was demolished in 1931 to make way for the construction of Unilever House.","title":"De Keyser's Royal Hotel"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mole_Lighthouse
North Mole Lighthouse
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°03′14″S 115°43′28.3″E / 32.05389°S 115.724528°E / -32.05389; 115.724528Lighthouse at mouth of Fremantle Harbour Western Australia LighthouseFremantle North Mole Lighthouse Fremantle North Mole LighthouseLocationFremantle Harbour Western AustraliaCoordinates32°03′14″S 115°43′28.3″E / 32.05389°S 115.724528°E / -32.05389; 115.724528TowerConstructed1906Constructioncast iron towerHeight9 metres (30 ft)Shapetapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lanternMarkingsred tower with white trim and lanternPower sourcemains electricity OperatorFremantle Port AuthorityLightFirst lit1906Focal height15 metres (49 ft)Range11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi)CharacteristicR Oc. 2s. The North Mole Lighthouse began operation in 1906 at the entrance to Fremantle Harbour, in Western Australia. The occulting red light, emitted from a fixed lightsource at a focal plane height of 15 metres (49 ft) above sea level, is visible for 11 miles (18 km) and indicates the westernmost point of the harbour and its entrance. The lighthouse established permanent service from 1906; after the mole's foundations had settled a temporary lighting arrangement there was discharged. The light originally planned for the house was found to be too powerful and was sent to Broome for the steel lighthouse at Gantheume Point. The lighthouse and its technically identical yet green coloured partner on the south mole are the last remaining of their type. It has an 'indicative place' status of the Register of the National Estate and is a well-known landmark to seamen visiting the port. It was designed by Charles Yelverton O'Connor, an engineer responsible for the construction of Fremantle Harbour and who advanced the proposal of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. The 15 m tower is made of cast iron, painted red and features classical decorations. It is located at the end of North Mole Drive. The position is a well used recreational fishing spot and a vantage point for ocean yacht racing or birdwatching. In June in 1927 and July 1935, severe storms were recorded affecting the Moles but not seriously damaging the lighthouses. See also Western Australia portalEngineering portal Lighthouses and lightvessels in Australia Woodman Light References ^ "At Fremantle". The Advertiser. South Australia. 18 June 1927. p. 13. Retrieved 6 July 2023 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Gale at Fremantle". The West Australian. Vol. 51, no. 15, 302. Western Australia. 10 July 1935. p. 18. Retrieved 6 July 2023 – via National Library of Australia. Further reading O'Brien, Pauline; John O'Brien (12 July 2006). "North Mole Lighthouse, Admiralty Reference # 1764 (1906 – present)". Lighthouses of Western Australia. Lighthouses of Australia Inc. Retrieved 2 May 2007. "Fremantle Lighthouse / North Mole (Place ID 16653)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Retrieved 2 May 2007. Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Australia: Western Australia". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 23 July 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Mole Lighthouse. Authority control databases: Geographic Admiralty K1764 ARLHS MarineTraffic NGA OLL
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Again_(Jessica_Sutta_song)
Again (Jessica Sutta song)
["1 Background and release","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Live performances","5 Track list","6 Charts","7 References"]
This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (May 2022) 2013 single by Jessica Sutta featuring Kemal Golden"Again"Single by Jessica Sutta featuring Kemal GoldenReleasedMarch 26, 2013GenreElectropopdance-pophousedanceLength4:11 (Radio Edit)LabelCitrusonic RecordsSongwriter(s)Jessica SuttaKemal GoldenAlana Da FonsecaCameron NacsonProducer(s)Kemal GoldenJessica Sutta singles chronology "Show Me" (2011) "Again" (2013) "Lights Out" (2013) Kemal Golden singles chronology "Again"(2013) "Again" is a song by American recording artist Jessica Sutta which featured American musician, deejay and record producer Kemal Golden. It was released as her second single from her scrapped debut album Sutta Pop, via Citrusonic Records. The song was written by Sutta, Golden, Alana Da Fonseca and Cameron Nacson and produced by Golden. It was released on March 26, 2013. The track comes after the release of Sutta's number 1 dance single "Show Me" (2011). The extended version and remixes of "Again" were released on May 28, 2013. The song was a successful hit on the Dance Club Songs chart, peaking at #14 on the week of July 13, 2013. Background and release "Again" is an uplifting electropop, dance-pop, house and dance song with elements of EDM genres. It was written by Sutta, Golden, Alana Da Fonseca and Cameron Nacson, and produced by Golden. The song marks an intriguing next step for the former girl group member of the Pussycat Dolls. Sutta has already scored a Hot Dance Charts hit with her 2011 single "Show Me," but the 30-year-old pop singer tells Billboard that "Again" is a particularly personal dance track. "It talks about the cyclone of energy that happens when the wrong decisions are made in your life over and over again," she says. "Whether it's a lifestyle choice or a bad relationship, it talks about a darker part of my life, but there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. I'm grateful for every experience in my life no matter how good or bad they are. It makes me who I am." Critical reception The song received positive reviews from critics and fans. It was described as "emotionally uplifting song with a huge chorus backed by melodic synths and breathtaking vocals by Jessica Sutta. Packed with dancefloor highs and smart lyrics, this anthemic track was produced by and features Kemal Golden. DjGrind.net wrote that "Again" is an instant dance floor filler, with a driving beat, soaring synths and huge vocals from Jessica. MTV buzzworthy wrote: |The new track recalls the twinkling, summery House sound of Kelly Rowland's "When Love Takes Over." But it's not such a sweet serenade: "And then you do it again/ 'Cause you needed to feed the sensation," Sutta cries out on the aching club cut edging toward a heavy beat breakdown, as she regretfully returns again and again to a less-than-sugary situation. It's an important lesson: Don't beat yourself up over a bad decision—just dance." With an intro of invincibility and strength, Sutta allows her soft yet powerful vocals evoke a response from the listener before the dance beat and infectious synths completely take over. While the vibe may feel like one of a carefree nature, the emotional lyrics paint a different picture of an aching heart. "I’ll be waiting, faithful, patient, Always the savior, never, never the saved", she sings. NotableDance.com described "Again" as an epic dancefloor filler with catchy hooks that are primed for crossover. The airy synth line in the breakdowns are as pretty as the lyrics are dark, making the contrast even more defined. "Again" has one of the most creative lyric videos – combining performance and scenes with the lyric on the screen. Jessica's dancing and performance is quite emotional, which elevates the clip to a higher level as well. Music video The music video, a hybrid of a performance and lyric video, premiered on VIBE on April 8, 2013, and was released on YouTube on Jessica's official VEVO channel on April 9, 2013. It was directed by Ryan Rabih Zeidan. "I wanted the audience to connect with the emotion of the song through Jessica's performance, not only the lyrics" says the director. Live performances Sutta performed the song for the first time in Las Vegas at Krave on March 23, 2013. On May 14, she performed the song on AXS Live. She also performed an acoustic version of her unreleased song, "Daddy’s Girl" on the same show. Track list Digital download single "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 4:11 Remixes 1 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:53 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 7:35 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:46 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:44 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 4:12 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:57 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:57 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:35 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:35 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:09 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 4:09 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:38 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:24 Remixes 2 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:49 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:45 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:51 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:45 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:45 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 4:18 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 6:40 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 4:07 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 7:48 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 7:21 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:42 "Again" (feat. Kemal Golden) – 5:42 Charts Chart (2013) Peakposition US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 14 References ^ "Facebook". Facebook.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "ITunes - Music - Again (Feat. Kemal Golden) - Single by Jessica Sutta". iTunes. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2013-03-26. ^ "Jessica Sutta feat Kevin Golden Exclusive Song premiere". Billboard. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-25. ^ "Jessica Sutta to guest on the Jimmy Star Show". Prlog.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26. ^ "Jessica Sutta Again". DJGrind.net. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ "Jessica Sutta 5 Must-Hear Pop Songs Of The Week". Buzzworthy.mtv.com. Retrieved 2013-03-26. ^ "Again by Jessica Sutta". EQMusicBlog.com. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-02. ^ "SONG OF THE DAY: Jessica Sutta ft Kemal Golden – "Again"". Notabledance.com. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-11. ^ ""Again" Lyrics Video". Vibe.com. Retrieved 2013-04-08. ^ "Jessica Sutta at Krave, Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino (28 Apr 2012)". Songkick.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ AXS Live (May 15, 2013). ".@IAmJessicaSutta is here in our Artist Lounge for an acoustic rendition of her second song of the night, "Daddy's Girl". #AXSlive" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Chart Highlights: P!nk's 'Reason' Powers to No. 1 on Pop Songs". Billboard. 6 May 2013. vteJessica SuttaDiscographyStudio albums I Say Yes Mixtape Feline Resurrection Singles "Show Me" "Again" Promotional singles "I Wanna Be Bad" "Candy" Featured singles "Make It Last" "White Lies" "Where Ever U Are" Related articles The Pussycat Dolls
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jessica Sutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Sutta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Show Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_(Jessica_Sutta_song)"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"}],"text":"2013 single by Jessica Sutta featuring Kemal Golden\"Again\" is a song by American recording artist Jessica Sutta which featured American musician, deejay and record producer Kemal Golden. It was released as her second single from her scrapped debut album Sutta Pop, via Citrusonic Records. The song was written by Sutta, Golden, Alana Da Fonseca and Cameron Nacson and produced by Golden. It was released on March 26, 2013.[2] The track comes after the release of Sutta's number 1 dance single \"Show Me\" (2011). The extended version and remixes of \"Again\" were released on May 28, 2013. The song was a successful hit on the Dance Club Songs chart, peaking at #14 on the week of July 13, 2013.","title":"Again (Jessica Sutta song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Pussycat Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussycat_Dolls"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Again\" is an uplifting electropop, dance-pop, house and dance song with elements of EDM genres. It was written by Sutta, Golden, Alana Da Fonseca and Cameron Nacson, and produced by Golden. The song marks an intriguing next step for the former girl group member of the Pussycat Dolls. Sutta has already scored a Hot Dance Charts hit with her 2011 single \"Show Me,\" but the 30-year-old pop singer tells Billboard that \"Again\" is a particularly personal dance track. \"It talks about the cyclone of energy that happens when the wrong decisions are made in your life over and over again,\" she says. \"Whether it's a lifestyle choice or a bad relationship, it talks about a darker part of my life, but there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. I'm grateful for every experience in my life no matter how good or bad they are. It makes me who I am.\"[3]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The song received positive reviews from critics and fans. It was described as \"emotionally uplifting song with a huge chorus backed by melodic synths and breathtaking vocals by Jessica Sutta. Packed with dancefloor highs and smart lyrics, this anthemic track was produced by and features Kemal Golden.[4] DjGrind.net wrote that \"Again\" is an instant dance floor filler, with a driving beat, soaring synths and huge vocals from Jessica.[5] MTV buzzworthy wrote: |The new track recalls the twinkling, summery House sound of Kelly Rowland's \"When Love Takes Over.\" But it's not such a sweet serenade: \"And then you do it again/ 'Cause you needed to feed the sensation,\" Sutta cries out on the aching club cut edging toward a heavy beat breakdown, as she regretfully returns again and again to a less-than-sugary situation. It's an important lesson: Don't beat yourself up over a bad decision—just dance.\"[6]With an intro of invincibility and strength, Sutta allows her soft yet powerful vocals evoke a response from the listener before the dance beat and infectious synths completely take over. While the vibe may feel like one of a carefree nature, the emotional lyrics paint a different picture of an aching heart. \"I’ll be waiting, faithful, patient, Always the savior, never, never the saved\", she sings.[7] NotableDance.com described \"Again\" as an epic dancefloor filler with catchy hooks that are primed for crossover. The airy synth line in the breakdowns are as pretty as the lyrics are dark, making the contrast even more defined. \"Again\" has one of the most creative lyric videos – combining performance and scenes with the lyric on the screen. Jessica's dancing and performance is quite emotional, which elevates the clip to a higher level as well.[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The music video, a hybrid of a performance and lyric video, premiered on VIBE on April 8, 2013, and was released on YouTube on Jessica's official VEVO channel on April 9, 2013. It was directed by Ryan Rabih Zeidan. \"I wanted the audience to connect with the emotion of the song through Jessica's performance, not only the lyrics\" says the director.[9]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"AXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_TV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sutta performed the song for the first time in Las Vegas at Krave on March 23, 2013.[10] On May 14, she performed the song on AXS Live. She also performed an acoustic version of her unreleased song, \"Daddy’s Girl\" on the same show.[11]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Digital download single\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Radio Edit] – 4:11Remixes 1\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Extended] – 5:53\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Hector Fonseca & Tommy Love Big Room Mix] – 7:35\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Hector Fonseca & Tommy Love Big Room Dub] – 6:46\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [JRMX Club Mix] – 6:44\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [JRMX Club Edit] – 4:12\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Jesse Voorn Remix] – 5:57\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Jesse Voorn Remix Instrumental] – 5:57\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Nikno Remix] – 6:35\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Nikno Dub] – 6:35\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Farley & Del Pino Bros. Club] – 6:09\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Farley & Del Pino Bros. Radio Edit] – 4:09\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [IDeaL & J-Break Remix] – 5:38\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [IDeaL & J-Break Dub] – 5:24Remixes 2\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [DJ Theresa Remix] – 6:49\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [DJ Theresa Dub] – 6:45\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Dany Cohiba & The Henchmen Remix] – 5:51\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Emjae Club] – 5:45\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Emjae Club Instrumental] – 5:45\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Emjae Radio Edit] – 4:18\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Farley & Dickinson Club] – 6:40\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Farley & Dickinson Radio Edit] – 4:07\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Myke Rossi Remix] – 7:48\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Myke Rossi Dub] – 7:21\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Gianluca Cesaro & Venz DC aka DB Killers Remix] – 5:42\n\"Again\" (feat. Kemal Golden) [Gianluca Cesaro & Venz DC aka DB Killers Remix Instrumental] – 5:42","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Beaumont
Ermengarde de Beaumont
["1 Life","2 Children","3 References","4 Sources"]
Queen of Scotland from 1186 to 1214This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ermengarde de Beaumont" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ermengarde de BeaumontQueen consort of ScotlandTenure1186–1214Bornc. 1170Died12 February 1233(1233-02-12) (aged 62–63) or12 February 1234(1234-02-12) (aged 63–64)ScotlandBurialBalmerino Abbey, Fife, ScotlandSpouse William I of Scotland ​ ​(m. 1186; died 1214)​IssueMargaret, Countess of KentIsabella, Countess of NorfolkAlexander II, King of ScotsMarjorie, Countess of PembrokeFatherRichard I, Viscount de Beaumont-le-Vicomte, de Fresnay et de Ste-SuzanneMotherLucie de l'Aigle Ermengarde de Beaumont (c. 1170 – 12 February 1233/1234) was Queen of Scotland as the wife of King William I. She is reported to have exerted influence over the affairs of state as queen, though the information on her is lacking in detail. Her paternal grandmother was Constance FitzRoy, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Ermengarde was born c. 1170 to a minor French noble, Richard I, Viscount of Beaumont-le-Vicomte, Fresnay and Ste-Suzanne, and Lucie de l'Aigle  (died aft. 1217). Ermengarde married King William I of Scotland at the royal chapel at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford, in England on 5 September 1186, performed by Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury. The marriage was arranged by King Henry II of England, who was at the time the acknowledged overlord of Scotland: William considered her status beneath him, but agreed after Henry offered to pay for the entire wedding, land valued at 100 merks and 40 knight's fees, and to return the castles that he had forfeited, one of them being Edinburgh. The chronicler Walter Bower described Ermengarde as 'an extraordinary woman, gifted with a charming and witty eloquence'. Though William had many lovers before his marriage, the aging monarch was reportedly never unfaithful to her after their wedding. The relatives of Ermengarde benefited from her status as queen. She is recorded to have presided with the Bishop of St. Andrews over a complex court case. In 1207, there was a complaint by a canon that a royal chaplain obtained the bishopric of Glasgow by bribing the King and the Queen. Queen Ermengarde is credited with mediating a renegotiation of the 1209 treaty, probably due to her husband's incapacity. Due to the illness of William, Ermengarde took over some of his duties during his later years, and there is evidence that she wielded considerable influence in public affairs. In 1212, she accompanied William with their children to King John of England to secure the succession of their son Alexander. Ermengarde was described as distraught and lethargic over her husband's death in 1214. As queen dowager, she devoted her time to the foundation of a Cistercian abbey at Balmerino in Fife. It was completed in 1229, and she often visited it as a guest with her son Alexander. She stayed at the abbey many times. She died on 12 February 1233/1234, and was buried at St Edward of Balmerino Abbey, Fife. Children Eremendgarde and William the Lion, King of Scotland had: Margaret of Scotland (1193–1259). Married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent Isabella of Scotland (1195–1253). Married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk. Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249) Marjorie of Scotland (1200–1244). Married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke. References ^ Pollock 2015, p. 132. ^ a b c Panton, Kenneth J. (15 October 2023). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 598. ISBN 978-1-5381-7577-4. ^ a b Parsons 1977, p. 43. ^ Connolly, Sharon Bennett (30 May 2020). Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-4528-6. ^ a b c d Pollock 2015, p. xiv. ^ Frojmovic, Eva; Karkov, Catherine E. (16 March 2017). Postcolonising the Medieval Image. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-86724-5. Sources Parsons, John Carmi (1977). The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 77. Pollock, M.A. (2015). Scotland, England and France after the Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296. The Boydell Press. Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy "The Kings and Queens of Scotland" edited by Richard Oram "Scottish Queens 1034-1714" by Rosalind K. Marshall "British Kings and Queens" by Mike Ashley Scottish royalty Preceded byMaud of Huntingdon Queen consort of Scotland 1186–1214 Succeeded byJoan of England vteEnglish, Scottish and British royal consortsRoyal consorts in England until 1603Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"King William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015132-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"}],"text":"Queen of Scotland from 1186 to 1214Ermengarde de Beaumont (c. 1170 – 12 February 1233/1234) was Queen of Scotland as the wife of King William I.[1] She is reported to have exerted influence over the affairs of state as queen, though the information on her is lacking in detail.[2] Her paternal grandmother was Constance FitzRoy, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England.","title":"Ermengarde de Beaumont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons197743-3"},{"link_name":"Lucie de l'Aigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucie_de_l%27Aigle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_de_Laigle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xiv-5"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Walter Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bower"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Balmerino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmerino"},{"link_name":"Balmerino Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmerino_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ermengarde was born c. 1170 to a minor French noble, Richard I, Viscount of Beaumont-le-Vicomte,[3] Fresnay and Ste-Suzanne, and Lucie de l'Aigle [fr] (died aft. 1217).[2][4]Ermengarde married King William I of Scotland at the royal chapel at Woodstock Palace,[5] near Oxford, in England on 5 September 1186, performed by Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury.[6] The marriage was arranged by King Henry II of England, who was at the time the acknowledged overlord of Scotland: William considered her status beneath him, but agreed after Henry offered to pay for the entire wedding, land valued at 100 merks and 40 knight's fees, and to return the castles that he had forfeited, one of them being Edinburgh.[2]The chronicler Walter Bower described Ermengarde as 'an extraordinary woman, gifted with a charming and witty eloquence'. Though William had many lovers before his marriage, the aging monarch was reportedly never unfaithful to her after their wedding. The relatives of Ermengarde benefited from her status as queen. She is recorded to have presided with the Bishop of St. Andrews over a complex court case. In 1207, there was a complaint by a canon that a royal chaplain obtained the bishopric of Glasgow by bribing the King and the Queen. Queen Ermengarde is credited with mediating a renegotiation of the 1209 treaty, probably due to her husband's incapacity. Due to the illness of William, Ermengarde took over some of his duties during his later years, and there is evidence that she wielded considerable influence in public affairs. In 1212, she accompanied William with their children to King John of England to secure the succession of their son Alexander. Ermengarde was described as distraught and lethargic over her husband's death in 1214.As queen dowager, she devoted her time to the foundation of a Cistercian abbey at Balmerino in Fife. It was completed in 1229, and she often visited it as a guest with her son Alexander. She stayed at the abbey many times.She died on 12 February 1233/1234, and was buried at St Edward of Balmerino Abbey, Fife.[citation needed]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xiv-5"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_4th_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xiv-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons197743-3"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Marshal,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2015xiv-5"}],"text":"Eremendgarde and William the Lion, King of Scotland had:Margaret of Scotland (1193–1259). Married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent[5]\nIsabella of Scotland (1195–1253). Married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk.[5]\nAlexander II of Scotland (1198–1249)[3]\nMarjorie of Scotland (1200–1244). Married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke.[5]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alison Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Weir"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_consort"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_consort"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_consort"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Æthelflæd of Damerham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham"},{"link_name":"Ælfgifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_(wife_of_Eadwig)"},{"link_name":"Ælfthryth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)"},{"link_name":"Ælfgifu of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York"},{"link_name":"Sigrid the Haughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty"},{"link_name":"Świętosława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Ealdgyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdgyth_(wife_of_Edmund_Ironside)"},{"link_name":"Emma of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Edith of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Edith of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Matilda of 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Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville"},{"link_name":"Anne Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Neville"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Anne of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"Catherine Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard"},{"link_name":"Catherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr"},{"link_name":"Guildford Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Gruoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruoch"},{"link_name":"Ingibiorg Finnsdottir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ethelreda of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)"},{"link_name":"Sybilla of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Maud of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Ermengarde de Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Joan of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Marie de Coucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy"},{"link_name":"Margaret of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_England"},{"link_name":"Yolande de Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"Joan of the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Euphemia de Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross"},{"link_name":"Anabella Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabella_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Joan Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Mary of Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Madeleine of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Mary of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Francis II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley"},{"link_name":"James Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Union of the Crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Maria of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Mary of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"George of Denmark and Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"George of Denmark and Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Alexandra of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Mary of Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Philip of Greece and Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Camilla Shand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Camilla"}],"text":"Parsons, John Carmi (1977). The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 77.\nPollock, M.A. (2015). Scotland, England and France after the Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296. The Boydell Press.\nAlison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy\n\"The Kings and Queens of Scotland\" edited by Richard Oram\n\"Scottish Queens 1034-1714\" by Rosalind K. Marshall\n\"British Kings and Queens\" by Mike AshleyvteEnglish, Scottish and British royal consortsRoyal consorts in England until 1603Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603\nÆlfgifu of Shaftesbury\nÆthelflæd of Damerham\nÆlfgifu\nÆlfthryth\nÆlfgifu of York\nSigrid the Haughty/Świętosława\nEaldgyth\nEmma of Normandy\nEdith of Wessex\nEdith of Mercia\nMatilda of Flanders\nMatilda of Scotland\nAdeliza of Louvain\nMatilda of Boulogne\nGeoffrey Plantagenet\nEleanor of Aquitaine\nMargaret of France\nBerengaria of Navarre\nIsabella of Angoulême\nBlanche of Castile\nEleanor of Provence\nEleanor of Castile\nMargaret of France\nIsabella of France\nPhilippa of Hainault\nAnne of Bohemia\nIsabella of Valois\nJoan of Navarre\nCatherine of Valois\nMargaret of Anjou\nElizabeth Woodville\nAnne Neville\nElizabeth of York\nCatherine of Aragon\nAnne Boleyn\nJane Seymour\nAnne of Cleves\nCatherine Howard\nCatherine Parr\nGuildford Dudley\n\nGruoch\nIngibiorg Finnsdottir\nMargaret of Wessex\nEthelreda of Northumbria\nSybilla of Normandy\nMaud of Northumbria\nErmengarde de Beaumont\nJoan of England\nMarie de Coucy\nMargaret of England\nYolande de Dreux\nElizabeth de Burgh\nJoan of the Tower\nMargaret Drummond\nEuphemia de Ross\nAnabella Drummond\nJoan Beaufort\nMary of Guelders\nMargaret of Denmark\nMargaret Tudor\nMadeleine of Valois\nMary of Guise\nFrancis II of France\nHenry Stuart\nJames Hepburn\nAnne of Denmark\n\nRoyal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603\n\nAnne of Denmark\nHenrietta Maria of France\nCatherine of Braganza\nMary of Modena\nGeorge of Denmark and Norway\n\nBritish royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707\n\nGeorge of Denmark and Norway\nCaroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach\nCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz\nCaroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel\nAdelaide of Saxe-Meiningen\nAlbert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\nAlexandra of Denmark\nMary of Teck\nElizabeth Bowes-Lyon\nPhilip of Greece and Denmark\nCamilla Shand\nSpouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Panton, Kenneth J. (15 October 2023). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 598. ISBN 978-1-5381-7577-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oeDwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ermengarde+de+Beaumont&pg=PA193","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-7577-4","url_text":"978-1-5381-7577-4"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Sharon Bennett (30 May 2020). Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-4528-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GQLoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ermengarde+de+Beaumont&pg=PA115","url_text":"Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4528-6","url_text":"978-1-5267-4528-6"}]},{"reference":"Frojmovic, Eva; Karkov, Catherine E. (16 March 2017). Postcolonising the Medieval Image. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-86724-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XzUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ermengarde+de+Beaumont&pg=PA176","url_text":"Postcolonising the Medieval Image"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-86724-5","url_text":"978-1-351-86724-5"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, John Carmi (1977). The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pollock, M.A. (2015). Scotland, England and France after the Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296. The Boydell Press.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Lekapene
Irene Lekapene
["1 References"]
Empress consort of Bulgaria Irene LekapeneSeal depicting Irene with Peter IEmpress consort of BulgariaBornUnknownByzantine EmpireSpousePeter I of BulgariaIssuePlenimir, Boris II, RomanFatherChristopher LekapenosMotherAugusta Sophia Irene Lekapene (born Maria; Bulgarian: Ирина Лакапина, Greek: Μαρία/Ειρήνη Λεκαπηνή, died ca. 966) was the Empress consort of Peter I of Bulgaria. She was а daughter of Christopher Lekapenos, son and co-emperor of Romanos I Lekapenos, and his wife Augusta Sophia. To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Bulgaria's new emperor Peter I made a show of force by invading Byzantine Thrace in May 927, but showed himself ready to negotiate for a more permanent peace. Romanos seized the occasion and proposed a marriage alliance between the imperial houses of Byzantium and Bulgaria to end the War of 913–927. Romanos arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch. For the first time in Byzantine history, a Byzantine princess was to be married to a foreign ruler; decades later, Romanos' son-in-law and co-ruler Constantine VII criticized Romanos for this concession. In October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on November 8. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, Maria was renamed Irene ("peace"). Irene and Peter I of Bulgaria had several children, including: Plenimir Boris II, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria in 969 Roman, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria in 977 References ^ Charles William Previté-Orton (1975) Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century. Volume 1 of The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, ISBN 0-521-09976-5 p. 256 ^ Milan Loos (1974). Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 382. vteBulgarian royal consortsFirst Empire (681–1018) Maria Irene Lekapene Agatha Margaret of Hungary Irene of Larissa Maria Second Empire (1186–1396) Elena-Evgenia Kumankata Elisabeth of Courtenay Anna Maria of Hungary Irene Komnene Doukaina Anna of Halych Maria Asenina of Bulgaria Irene Doukaina Laskarina Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene Irene Palaiologina Kira Maria Asenina of Bulgaria Smiltsena Palaiologina Euphrosyne of Bulgaria Theodora Palaiologina Ana-Neda Theodora of Wallachia Sarah-Theodora Kira Maria Dragana of Serbia Anna of Wallachia Principality (1878–1908) andKingdom (1908–1946) Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz Giovanna of Savoy Consorts to Pretenders (1946–present) Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Empress consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_consorts"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Romanos I Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b1-1"},{"link_name":"his father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace_(theme)"},{"link_name":"War of 913–927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_913%E2%80%93927"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Plenimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenimir_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Boris II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_II_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_I_of_Bulgaria"}],"text":"Irene Lekapene (born Maria; Bulgarian: Ирина Лакапина, Greek: Μαρία/Ειρήνη Λεκαπηνή, died ca. 966) was the Empress consort of Peter I of Bulgaria. She was а daughter of Christopher Lekapenos, son and co-emperor of Romanos I Lekapenos, and his wife Augusta Sophia.[1]To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Bulgaria's new emperor Peter I made a show of force by invading Byzantine Thrace in May 927, but showed himself ready to negotiate for a more permanent peace. Romanos seized the occasion and proposed a marriage alliance between the imperial houses of Byzantium and Bulgaria to end the War of 913–927. Romanos arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch.[2] For the first time in Byzantine history, a Byzantine princess was to be married to a foreign ruler; decades later, Romanos' son-in-law and co-ruler Constantine VII criticized Romanos for this concession. In October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on November 8. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, Maria was renamed Irene (\"peace\").Irene and Peter I of Bulgaria had several children, including:Plenimir\nBoris II, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria in 969\nRoman, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria in 977","title":"Irene Lekapene"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frink_ideal
Frink ideal
["1 Basic definitions","2 Remarks","3 Related notions","4 References"]
In mathematics, a Frink ideal, introduced by Orrin Frink, is a certain kind of subset of a partially ordered set. Basic definitions LU(A) is the set of all common lower bounds of the set of all common upper bounds of the subset A of a partially ordered set. A subset I of a partially ordered set (P, ≤) is a Frink ideal, if the following condition holds: For every finite subset S of I, we have LU(S)  ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq }  I. A subset I of a partially ordered set (P, ≤) is a normal ideal or a cut if LU(I)  ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq }  I. Remarks Every Frink ideal I is a lower set. A subset I of a lattice (P, ≤) is a Frink ideal if and only if it is a lower set that is closed under finite joins (suprema). Every normal ideal is a Frink ideal. Related notions pseudoideal Doyle pseudoideal References Frink, Orrin (1954). "Ideals in Partially Ordered Sets". American Mathematical Monthly. 61 (4): 223–234. doi:10.2307/2306387. JSTOR 2306387. MR 0061575. Niederle, Josef (2006). "Ideals in ordered sets". Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo. 55: 287–295. doi:10.1007/bf02874708. S2CID 121956714.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Frink ideal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lower bounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_bound"},{"link_name":"upper bounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_bound"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"}],"text":"LU(A) is the set of all common lower bounds of the set of all common upper bounds of the subset A of a partially ordered set.A subset I of a partially ordered set (P, ≤) is a Frink ideal, if the following condition holds:For every finite subset S of I, we have LU(S) \n \n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\subseteq }\n \n I.A subset I of a partially ordered set (P, ≤) is a normal ideal or a cut if LU(I) \n \n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\subseteq }\n \n I.","title":"Basic definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lower set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_set"},{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"suprema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprema"}],"text":"Every Frink ideal I is a lower set.\nA subset I of a lattice (P, ≤) is a Frink ideal if and only if it is a lower set that is closed under finite joins (suprema).\nEvery normal ideal is a Frink ideal.","title":"Remarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoideal"},{"link_name":"Doyle pseudoideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_pseudoideal"}],"text":"pseudoideal\nDoyle pseudoideal","title":"Related notions"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Viejo_Cl%C3%A1sico
El Viejo Clásico
["1 History","1.1 First league matches, Francoist Spain and beyond","1.2 21st century","2 Head-to-head statistics","2.1 Head-to-head ranking in La Liga (1929–2024)","3 Notable results","3.1 Highest scoring games","3.2 Biggest wins","4 Personnel at both clubs","4.1 Players","4.2 Managers","5 See also","6 References","7 Notes"]
Football rivalry in Spain El Viejo ClásicoOther namesEl Otro ClásicoLocationSpainTeamsAthletic BilbaoReal MadridFirst meetingAthletic Bilbao 3–2 Real Madrid1903 Copa del Rey final(8 April 1903; 121 years ago (1903-04-08))Latest meeting31 March 2024La LigaReal Madrid 2–0 Athletic BilbaoStadiumsSan Mamés (Bilbao)Santiago Bernabéu (Madrid)StatisticsMeetings total244Most winsReal Madrid (123)Most player appearancesAgustín Gainza (42)Top scorerTelmo Zarra (24)Largest victoryReal Madrid 8–1 Athletic Bilbao(19 June 1960) Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid El Viejo Clásico (The Old Classic), also known as El Otro Clásico (The Other Classic) is the name given to any football match between Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. Until 10 December 2011, this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football, when it was surpassed by El Clásico (between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona). However, it remains the most played game in the Copa del Rey – although only five of the 56 matches took place in the 21st century. These two clubs, along with Barcelona, are the only participants in all editions of La Liga, the national league championship. Both are owned by their socios (members) who elect a club president to oversee its affairs. History Their first meeting occurred in the final of the first edition of the Copa del Rey, played on 8 April 1903; Athletic won 3–2. That match has been identified as a catalyst for the establishment a few weeks later of what would eventually become Club Atlético de Madrid, after some Madrid-based Basque students among the spectators were inspired by the comeback victory by Athletic Bilbao and decided to form a local branch of the club. Their first match at the original San Mamés took place in that competition in 1920. Meetings became common as Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid dominated the regional tournaments (Biscay Championship and Madrid Regional Championship respectively), the winning of which granted access to the Copa del Rey. The Basques and Castilians met in nine Cup finals between 1903 and 1958; Athletic won six of these matches. First league matches, Francoist Spain and beyond On 21 April 1929, Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid met for the first time in La Liga; Real Madrid won the match at Chamartín 5–1. The 1929 Copa del Rey semi-final second leg in Bilbao became known as the 'frog match', after a local company distributed toys which made frog-like noises to increase the noise level in the stadium to distract the visitors, who were 3–1 up from the first leg. The ploy failed resoundingly, with Real Madrid recording a 4–1 win to progress 7–2; however they would lose the final. The two clubs would share ten of the first 25 championships (Athletic six, Madrid four) either side of the Spanish Civil War up to 1956, but from that point Los Blancos became the dominant club in the country, winning 16 titles from 26 available (plus six European Cups). Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo (left) and Athletic Bilbao's Ander Iturraspe during a match at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 2010 In that era, the caudillo General Franco used the success of Real Madrid (based in the capital city, the seat of power) as a vehicle to promote the Spanish State to foreigners, whereas Athletic Bilbao – the largest club in the peripheral Basque region whose customs and language were repressed by the central government – won no titles in the same period, only even finishing runners-up once. The Basques and other regions regained more self-control in the years following Franco's death in 1975, symbolised by the joint display of the banned Basque flag by the captains of Athletic and local rivals Real Sociedad at a match between them a year later. However, many of the supporters of Athletic and Real Madrid, including their Ultras groups (Herri Norte and Ultras Sur respectively), still adhere to opposing views in terms of their national identity. In this regard, the relationship has similarities with the more famous and intense El Clásico rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona (representing Catalonia). On the field, a competitive edge was briefly restored in the early 1980s when Athletic built a strong combative team that won the league twice, finishing ahead of Real Madrid by one point in 1983 with the top spot changing hands on the last day; the season was nothing short of a disaster for the Meringues, who also lost in the finals of the Supercopa, the Copa del Rey (to a last-minute goal), the European Cup Winners' Cup (in extra time), and the Copa de la Liga. In the following campaign, Athletic pipped Madrid by a single goal and better head-to-head record, but their league and cup double that year was the last time they lifted either trophy; Real Madrid soon responded with a run of five-in-a-row, led by their group of homegrown talent, La Quinta del Buitre. During a hotly-contested fixture in Bilbao in March 1990, the referee awarded a dubious penalty to the away side and had to halt the game for 12 minutes after objects were thrown at the linesman and Madrid goalkeeper Paco Buyo. The match finished as normal, but as a consequence the San Mamés stadium was closed for one match, with Athletic playing Real Valladolid at the Atotxa Stadium in San Sebastián. 21st century Kaká scoring a penalty at the old San Mamés in 2011 Entering the 21st century, other clubs offered significant challenges to Real Madrid, such as Atlético Madrid (their city rivals who were originally formed as an offshoot of Athletic Bilbao and thus have a similar name, crest and kit), Valencia and Barcelona. Athletic Bilbao were not among this group, now hampered by their self-imposed restrictive Basque-only player policy in an age of worldwide recruitment, exemplified by Madrid's Galácticos who won eight further Champions Leagues between 1998 and 2022. Real Madrid have a global fanbase and are one of the world's richest, most decorated and best-attended clubs. Athletic have a much lower profile and have occasionally flirted with relegation (a situation observed with derision at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium), although they have consistently ranked among the top half-dozen clubs in Spain for performance, matchday attendance and popularity. Nevertheless, despite the disparities in stature between the two clubs, the fixtures remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance. There is no doubt who has the upper hand in recent meetings: in 2004–05 Athletic won home and away against Real Madrid, but since then they won just two of their home matches in the dozen seasons up to 2016–17, and took no points at all from the 12 matches at the Bernabéu with Real Madrid registering four or five goals on several occasions; the Merengues also won both legs of the cup tie between the sides in 2006 (they would not be paired again for 15 years). In April 2011, Real Madrid registered a 3–0 away win over Athletic despite resting several players for important upcoming games, and in the same fixture in May 2012 they achieved the same result and scoreline to clinch their 32nd title in Bilbao, becoming the first visiting team to win the league in the city. Cristiano Ronaldo scored in both matches, and he is Real Madrid's top goalscorer in the fixture, having overtaken Raúl's tally of 15 in 2016. Both Ronaldo and Athletic's Zarra have 17 league goals in the fixture, but Zarra is still some way ahead overall with 24. The clubs' first meeting in the Supercopa de España was in 2020–21, when Athletic Bilbao defeated La Liga title holders Real Madrid in the semi-final and went on to win the trophy. The outcome was reversed the following season, as Madrid won the 2022 final 2–0 in Saudi Arabia – the first time the two teams had met to directly compete for a trophy since the 1958 Copa del Generalísimo Final. Two weeks after that, Athletic eliminated Real Madrid from the 2021–22 Copa del Rey at the quarter-final stage in their first meeting in the competition since 2006. Head-to-head statistics As of 31 March 2024 Competition Pld ATH D RM ATG RMG La Liga 186 51 37 98 243 367 Copa del Rey 56 24 8 24 83 89 Supercopa de España 2 1 0 1 2 3 Total in official games 244 76 45 123 328 459 Head-to-head ranking in La Liga (1929–2024) P. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 • Total: Athletic Bilbao with 20 higher finishes, Real Madrid with 73 higher finishes (as of the end of the 2023–24 season). Notable results Highest scoring games 9 goals: Real Madrid 3–6 Athletic Bilbao, January 1947, La Liga Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Bilbao, June 1960, Copa del Generalísimo semi-final 8 goals: Athletic Bilbao 6–2 Real Madrid, March 1950, La Liga Real Madrid 7–1 Athletic Bilbao, September 1980, La Liga 7 goals: Real Madrid 5–2 Athletic Bilbao, March 1935, La Liga Athletic Bilbao 2–5 Real Madrid, November 1950, La Liga Athletic Bilbao 2–5 Real Madrid, March 2009, La Liga Biggest wins 7 goal margin: Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Bilbao, June 1960, Copa del Generalísimo semi-final 6 goal margin: Real Madrid 0–6 Athletic Bilbao, January 1931, La Liga Real Madrid 6–0 Athletic Bilbao, November 1957, La Liga Real Madrid 7–1 Athletic Bilbao, September 1980, La Liga 5 goal margin: Athletic Bilbao 5–0 Real Madrid, April 1923, Copa del Rey Athletic Bilbao 5–0 Real Madrid, February 1970, La Liga Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, March 1988, La Liga Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, February 1992, La Liga Athletic Bilbao 0–5 Real Madrid, January 1996, La Liga Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, October 2014, La Liga Personnel at both clubs Aitor Karanka played for both clubs Players Over their long histories, only eleven players have played for both clubs in La Liga (all Basques, due to Athletic's policy): Luis Bergareche  Juan Urquizu Luis María Uribe Hermenegildo Elices Cándido Gardoy Martín (Macala)  Antonio Ortiz Alonso  Manolín Mikel Lasa Rafael Alkorta Aitor Karanka Kepa Arrizabalaga The careers of Alkorta and Karanka closely mirrored one another: both central defenders, each started at Athletic then had a successful spell at Real Madrid before returning to Bilbao, with Karanka – five years younger – actually replacing Alkorta at every turn. Ismael Urzaiz, who played over 400 times for Athletic, started his career at Real Madrid's La Fabrica academy in the 1990s but did not make a league appearance for the club. Decades earlier, others were contracted to both clubs but only appeared in La Liga for one, including José Mandaluniz . Jupp Heynckes managed both clubs Managers Five coaches have been at the helm of both clubs: Lippo Hertzka Antonio Barrios Baltasar Albéniz Juan Antonio Ipiña Jupp Heynckes The early Madrid player and manager Arthur Johnson is also named by some sources as being manager of Athletic Bilbao, but the club does not include him in the list on their website. Also, in July 2010 Aitor Karanka was appointed assistant manager at Real Madrid by manager José Mourinho. See also Athletic–Barcelona clásico Basque derby El Clásico Madrid derby National and regional identity in Spain Nationalism and sport References ^ "Gainza ". BDFutbol. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ a b "Zarra [Filter:Matches against Real Madrid". BDFutbol. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ Real Madrid 8–1 Atlético de Bilbao, BDFutbol ^ a b c "Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ a b c David Child (18 April 2018). "More than a game: How politics and football interplay in Spain". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ a b c "El viejo Clásico español, Athletic–Madrid, se despide de San Mamés" (in Spanish). RTVE. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "¿Por qué al Athletic-Real Madrid también se le denomina 'El Clásico'?" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 21 December 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ "El Clásico de los Clásicos: 216 partidos oficiales" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "Classic club: Athletic Bilbao". FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2017. ^ "Perez to return as Real president". BBC Sport. 1 June 2009. 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The Guardian. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ a b "Real Madrid repelled as Gorka Iraizoz emulates the Squid". The Guardian. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "La Liga seasons: Athletic Bilbao's Basque Glory – 1982/83". Football Republik. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ a b "The Real Madrid of La Quinta". Marca. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ Rodrigálvarez, Eduardo (18 March 1990). "La fuerza del Athlétic devaluó el arte del Madrid" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 2–2 Real Valladolid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ Fabregues, F. (27 March 1990). "El Athlétic-Valladolid se juega en Atocha" . El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Classic club: Atlético Madrid". FIFA. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2017. ^ "General Franco, Real Madrid & the king: The history behind club's link to Spain's establishment". Ryan Kelly. goal.com. Retrieved 1 July 2022. ^ a b "Virtues and consequences of being a club fielding only homegrown talent". Athletic Bilbao. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (15 July 2013). "Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "World Football: The 11 Most Successful European Clubs in History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ a b "Attendances (Filter: Europe)". European Football Statistics. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Celtic & Rangers among top 20 most watched clubs". BBC Sport. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019. ^ "El fantasma del bienio negro ronda San Mamés" . El País (in Spanish). 7 November 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019. ^ "Are Bilbao about to bow out?". The Guardian. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "Domestic League Rankings (Filters: Spain, Table of Last 25 seasons)". European Football Statistics. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona" (in Spanish). www.as.com. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Madrid: A Tale of 2 Transfer Policies". Bleacher Report. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "Athletic Bilbao 1–0 Real Madrid". BBC Sport. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 1-1 Athletic Bilbao: Late Cristiano Ronaldo flick denies Bilbao historic win". Sky Sports. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018. ^ a b "Past seasons (filter: versus Real Madrid, League Championship)". Athletic Bilbao. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "Real overpower sorry Bilbao with 4–0 Cup win". China Daily. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Bilbao 0–3 Real Madrid: Kaka & Cristiano Ronaldo ease Los Blancos past Basques ahead of next week's El Clasico". Goal. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid clinch 32nd La Liga title as Cristiano Ronaldo rounds off 3–0 win against Athletic Bilbao". The Daily Telegraph. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Matches played by Cristiano Ronaldo against Athletic Club". BDFutbol.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Bell, Arch (17 January 2021). "Williams sinks Barcelona and Athletic claim the Supercopa". Marca. Retrieved 17 January 2022. ^ Mctear, Euan (16 January 2022). "Modric and Benzema fire Real Madrid to the Supercopa title". Marca. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ José Félix Díaz; Connor Clancy (16 January 2022). "A classic final between Real Madrid and Athletic Club... 64 years later". Marca. Retrieved 17 January 2022. ^ "Athletic Bilbao strike late to send Real Madrid crashing out of Copa del Rey". The Guardian. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ a b "Real Madrid matches (filter: versus Athletic Club)". Bdfutbol.com. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Bilbao vs Real Madrid (filter: Spanish League)" (in Spanish). CIHEFE. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017. ^ "El Athlétic, de Bilbao, derrota al Real Madrid" . El Imparcial (in Spanish). 27 December 1927. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "El partido de hoy" . La Epoca (in Spanish). 17 May 1928. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "Friendly games 1927–28". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 3–6 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 6–2 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ a b "Real Madrid 7–1 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 5–2 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 2–5 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 2–5 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 0–6 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 6–0 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 5–0 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 5–0 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Athletic Club 0–5 Real Madrid". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Real Madrid 5–0 Athletic Club". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "11 futbolistas que jugaron en el Athletic Club y el Real Madrid" . Diario AS (in Spanish). 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ father of Ignacio Uribe ^ "El traspaso de Alkorta al Real Madrid solventaría el déficit del Athletic" . El País (in Spanish). 8 July 1993. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Karanka, defensa central del Athletic, acepta la oferta para fichar por el Madrid" . El País (in Spanish). 13 August 1997. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "El mejor refuerzo" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 29 May 2002. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Urzaiz es otro ex del Athletic con pasado en el Real Madrid" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ "Mandalúniz: José Mandalúniz Ealo". bdfutbol.com (in Spanish). Bdfutbol. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ "Eguia: Francisco Alfredo Eguia". bdfutbol.com (in Spanish). Bdfutbol. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ "Ochandiano: José Ramón Ochandiano Asporosa". bdfutbol.com (in Spanish). Bdfutbol. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ "Tellado: Gregorio Tellado Urraburu". bdfutbol.com (in Spanish). Bdfutbol. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ "Managers of Athletic Club". BDfutbol.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ "Managers of Real Madrid". BDfutbol.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "The 10 Most Influential Englishmen in Spanish Football". Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ "Coaches history". Athletic Bilbao. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017. ^ Colino, Carmen (6 June 2010). "Karanka será el segundo entrenador que pidió Mourinho" . Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2012. Notes ^ Real Madrid have won more league matches at Athletic's stadium than any other club (36, as of season 2023–24) ^ Does not include two matches in the 1907 Copa del Rey in which Athletic competed as part of Club Biscaya (Biscaya 3–2 Madrid and Madrid 1–0 Biscaya) ^ The clubs have never met in UEFA or other international competitions, nor in the defunct Copa Eva Duarte or Copa de la Liga. ^ The totals do not include two fixtures played in the Champions Tournament of 1927–28 (Athletic 4–0 Real Madrid and Real Madrid 3–0 Athletic), part of the Liga Española de Football, a predecessor of the Spanish league which was never completed. Athletic Bilbao's archive lists the matches in the competition as friendlies. vteAthletic Bilbao History Players Managers Presidents Statistics Men's seasons Women's seasons Europe Other teams Bilbao Athletic Athletic Femenino (women) Femenino B (women) Athletic Cantera (youth) Home stadium Lamiako (1901–1910) Jolaseta (1910–1913) San Mamés (1913–2013) San Mamés (2013–) Training groundLezama FacilitiesAffiliated Clubs CD Basconia Related articles Biscay Championship Bilbao FC Bizcaya Athletic Bilbao signing policy One Club Award Rivalries Basque football derbies Basque derby (Real Sociedad) El Viejo Clásico (Real Madrid) Barcelona rivalry Category Category vteReal Madrid Club de Fútbol History Players Managers Presidents Seasons International Records and statistics Honours Current season Culture and lore Yé-yé La Quinta del Buitre Galácticos Real, The Movie Goal II: Living the Dream Blond Arrow Home stadium Tiro del Pichón Campo de Jorge Juan Campo de O'Donnell Campo de Ciudad Lineal Estadio Chamartín Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Estadio Alfredo Di Stéfano Training ground Ciudad Deportiva Ciudad Real Madrid Academy La Fábrica (Real Madrid) Real Madrid youth Real Madrid Castilla Real Madrid C Basketball Real Madrid Baloncesto (current season) Real Madrid Baloncesto B Media Real Madrid TV Hala Madrid Rivalries El Clásico list of matches Madrid derby El Viejo Clásico Bayern Munich El Clásico (basketball) Madrid basketball derby Discontinued sections Handball Rugby Volleyball Related articles Moderno Football Club Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Real Madrid Fantasy Manager Real Madrid Resort Island Real Madrid Femenino (current season) Hala Madrid y nada más RSC Internacional FC 2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos Category Commons vteSpanish football rivalries Aragonese derby Asturian derby Athletic–Barcelona clásico Derbi barceloní Derbi de la Comunitat Basque derby Canary Islands derby El Clásico list of matches Derby of eastern Andalusia Galician derby Madrid derby Other Basque derbies Palma derby Seville derby South Madrid derby Valencia derby El Viejo Clásico
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interplay-5"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTVE-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md2021-7"},{"link_name":"Spanish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"El Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA_AC-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interplay-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"El Viejo Clásico (The Old Classic), also known as El Otro Clásico (The Other Classic)[5] is the name given to any football match between Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid.[6][7] Until 10 December 2011, this fixture was the most played in the history of Spanish football, when it was surpassed by El Clásico (between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona).[8] However, it remains the most played game in the Copa del Rey – although only five of the 56 matches took place in the 21st century.These two clubs, along with Barcelona, are the only participants in all editions of La Liga, the national league championship.[9][5] Both are owned by their socios (members) who elect a club president to oversee its affairs.[10][11][12]","title":"El Viejo Clásico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Copa_del_Rey_Final"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Club Atlético de Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Mamés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(1913)"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"Biscay Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay_Championship"},{"link_name":"Madrid Regional Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Regional_Centro"},{"link_name":"Basques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques"},{"link_name":"Castilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilians"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACpastcopa-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Their first meeting occurred in the final of the first edition of the Copa del Rey, played on 8 April 1903; Athletic won 3–2.[13] That match has been identified as a catalyst for the establishment a few weeks later of what would eventually become Club Atlético de Madrid, after some Madrid-based Basque students among the spectators were inspired by the comeback victory by Athletic Bilbao and decided to form a local branch of the club.[14]Their first match at the original San Mamés took place in that competition in 1920.[15] Meetings became common as Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid dominated the regional tournaments (Biscay Championship and Madrid Regional Championship respectively), the winning of which granted access to the Copa del Rey.The Basques and Castilians met in nine Cup finals between 1903 and 1958; Athletic won six of these matches.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chamartín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Chamart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"first 25 championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"the dominant club in the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Real_Madrid_CF#The_Bernab%C3%A9u_Era_(1943%E2%80%931978)"},{"link_name":"European Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristiano_(4590945149).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Ander Iturraspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ander_Iturraspe"},{"link_name":"Santiago Bernabéu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium"},{"link_name":"caudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"General Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spanish State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Basque region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"regained more self-control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"Basque flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikurri%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"local rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"Herri Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_Norte_Taldea"},{"link_name":"Ultras Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras_Sur"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalities_and_regions_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmundo.es-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_mapa_ultra_de_Espa%C3%B1a-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squid-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interplay-5"},{"link_name":"won the league twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athletic_Bilbao#The_Clemente_years"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Supercopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Copa_del_Rey_Final"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marcaquinta-35"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"La Quinta del Buitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quinta_del_Buitre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marcaquinta-35"},{"link_name":"linesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Paco Buyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Buyo"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Atotxa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atotxa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"First league matches, Francoist Spain and beyond","text":"On 21 April 1929, Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid met for the first time in La Liga; Real Madrid won the match at Chamartín 5–1.[18] The 1929 Copa del Rey semi-final second leg in Bilbao became known as the 'frog match', after a local company distributed toys which made frog-like noises to increase the noise level in the stadium to distract the visitors, who were 3–1 up from the first leg. The ploy failed resoundingly, with Real Madrid recording a 4–1 win to progress 7–2; however they would lose the final.[15] The two clubs would share ten of the first 25 championships (Athletic six, Madrid four) either side of the Spanish Civil War up to 1956, but from that point Los Blancos became the dominant club in the country, winning 16 titles from 26 available (plus six European Cups).Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo (left) and Athletic Bilbao's Ander Iturraspe during a match at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 2010In that era, the caudillo General Franco used the success of Real Madrid (based in the capital city, the seat of power) as a vehicle to promote the Spanish State to foreigners,[19][20][21] whereas Athletic Bilbao – the largest club in the peripheral Basque region[22][23][24][25] whose customs and language were repressed by the central government – won no titles in the same period, only even finishing runners-up once.The Basques and other regions regained more self-control in the years following Franco's death in 1975, symbolised by the joint display of the banned Basque flag by the captains of Athletic and local rivals Real Sociedad at a match between them a year later.[26] However, many of the supporters of Athletic and Real Madrid, including their Ultras groups (Herri Norte and Ultras Sur respectively), still adhere to opposing views in terms of their national identity.[27][28][29][30] In this regard, the relationship has similarities with the more famous and intense El Clásico rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona (representing Catalonia).[31][32][33][5]On the field, a competitive edge was briefly restored in the early 1980s when Athletic built a strong combative team that won the league twice, finishing ahead of Real Madrid by one point in 1983 with the top spot changing hands on the last day;[34] the season was nothing short of a disaster for the Meringues, who also lost in the finals of the Supercopa, the Copa del Rey (to a last-minute goal), the European Cup Winners' Cup (in extra time), and the Copa de la Liga. In the following campaign, Athletic pipped Madrid by a single goal and better head-to-head record,[35] but their league and cup double that year was the last time they lifted either trophy; Real Madrid soon responded with a run of five-in-a-row, led by their group of homegrown talent, La Quinta del Buitre.[35]During a hotly-contested fixture in Bilbao in March 1990, the referee awarded a dubious penalty to the away side and had to halt the game for 12 minutes after objects were thrown at the linesman and Madrid goalkeeper Paco Buyo.[36][15] The match finished as normal, but as a consequence the San Mamés stadium was closed for one match, with Athletic playing Real Valladolid at the Atotxa Stadium in San Sebastián.[37][38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athmadrid.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"old San Mamés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Atlético Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid"},{"link_name":"city rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Derby"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA_AM-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"restrictive Basque-only player policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_signing_policy"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virtues-41"},{"link_name":"Galácticos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1cticos"},{"link_name":"Champions Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"global fanbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF#Support"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports_teams-42"},{"link_name":"most decorated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_C.F._honours"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-att-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Santiago Bernabéu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virtues-41"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-att-44"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squid-33"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flick-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACpastliga-53"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTVE-6"},{"link_name":"Raúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Zarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmo_Zarra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarra-2"},{"link_name":"Supercopa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"2022 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a_Final"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-super22-59"},{"link_name":"1958 Copa del Generalísimo Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_Final"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-super22-64-60"},{"link_name":"2021–22 Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copa22-61"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Kaká scoring a penalty at the old San Mamés in 2011Entering the 21st century, other clubs offered significant challenges to Real Madrid, such as Atlético Madrid (their city rivals who were originally formed as an offshoot of Athletic Bilbao and thus have a similar name, crest and kit),[39][40] Valencia and Barcelona. Athletic Bilbao were not among this group, now hampered by their self-imposed restrictive Basque-only player policy in an age of worldwide recruitment,[41] exemplified by Madrid's Galácticos who won eight further Champions Leagues between 1998 and 2022.Real Madrid have a global fanbase and are one of the world's richest,[42] most decorated[43] and best-attended[44][45] clubs. Athletic have a much lower profile and have occasionally flirted with relegation[46] (a situation observed with derision at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium),[47] although they have consistently ranked among the top half-dozen clubs in Spain for performance,[41][48] matchday attendance[44] and popularity.[49] Nevertheless, despite the disparities in stature between the two clubs, the fixtures remain keenly fought due to their historical and cultural significance.[50]There is no doubt who has the upper hand in recent meetings: in 2004–05 Athletic won home and away against Real Madrid, but since then they won just two of their home matches[33][51] in the dozen seasons up to 2016–17, and took no points at all from the 12 matches at the Bernabéu[52] with Real Madrid registering four or five goals on several occasions;[53] the Merengues also won both legs of the cup tie between the sides in 2006 (they would not be paired again for 15 years).[54]In April 2011, Real Madrid registered a 3–0 away win over Athletic despite resting several players for important upcoming games,[55] and in the same fixture in May 2012 they achieved the same result and scoreline to clinch their 32nd title in Bilbao, becoming the first visiting team to win the league in the city.[56] Cristiano Ronaldo scored in both matches,[6] and he is Real Madrid's top goalscorer in the fixture, having overtaken Raúl's tally of 15 in 2016.[57] Both Ronaldo and Athletic's Zarra have 17 league goals in the fixture, but Zarra is still some way ahead overall with 24.[2]The clubs' first meeting in the Supercopa de España was in 2020–21, when Athletic Bilbao defeated La Liga title holders Real Madrid in the semi-final and went on to win the trophy.[58] The outcome was reversed the following season, as Madrid won the 2022 final 2–0 in Saudi Arabia[59] – the first time the two teams had met to directly compete for a trophy since the 1958 Copa del Generalísimo Final.[60] Two weeks after that, Athletic eliminated Real Madrid from the 2021–22 Copa del Rey at the quarter-final stage in their first meeting in the competition since 2006.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 31 March 2024","title":"Head-to-head statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E2%80%9345_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"93","url":"https://en.wik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season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_La_Liga"}],"sub_title":"Head-to-head ranking in La Liga (1929–2024)","text":"P.\n\n29\n\n30\n\n31\n\n32\n\n33\n\n34\n\n35\n\n36\n\n40\n\n41\n\n42\n\n43\n\n44\n\n45\n\n46\n\n47\n\n48\n\n49\n\n50\n\n51\n\n52\n\n53\n\n54\n\n55\n\n56\n\n57\n\n58\n\n59\n\n60\n\n61\n\n62\n\n63\n\n64\n\n65\n\n66\n\n67\n\n68\n\n69\n\n70\n\n71\n\n72\n\n73\n\n74\n\n75\n\n76\n\n77\n\n78\n\n79\n\n80\n\n81\n\n82\n\n83\n\n84\n\n85\n\n86\n\n87\n\n88\n\n89\n\n90\n\n91\n\n92\n\n93\n\n94\n\n95\n\n96\n\n97\n\n98\n\n99\n\n00\n\n01\n\n02\n\n03\n\n04\n\n05\n\n06\n\n07\n\n08\n\n09\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n6\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n7\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n22• Total: Athletic Bilbao with 20 higher finishes, Real Madrid with 73 higher finishes (as of the end of the 2023–24 season).","title":"Head-to-head statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo#Semi-finals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM8AC1-4"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM7AC1-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Highest scoring games","text":"9 goals:Real Madrid 3–6 Athletic Bilbao, January 1947, La Liga[67]\nReal Madrid 8–1 Athletic Bilbao, June 1960, Copa del Generalísimo semi-final[4]8 goals:Athletic Bilbao 6–2 Real Madrid, March 1950, La Liga[68][15]\nReal Madrid 7–1 Athletic Bilbao, September 1980, La Liga[69]7 goals:Real Madrid 5–2 Athletic Bilbao, March 1935, La Liga[70]\nAthletic Bilbao 2–5 Real Madrid, November 1950, La Liga[71]\nAthletic Bilbao 2–5 Real Madrid, March 2009, La Liga[72]","title":"Notable results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM8AC1-4"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM7AC1-73"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punto-15"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Biggest wins","text":"7 goal margin:Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Bilbao, June 1960, Copa del Generalísimo semi-final[4]6 goal margin:Real Madrid 0–6 Athletic Bilbao, January 1931, La Liga[73]\nReal Madrid 6–0 Athletic Bilbao, November 1957, La Liga[74]\nReal Madrid 7–1 Athletic Bilbao, September 1980, La Liga[69]5 goal margin:Athletic Bilbao 5–0 Real Madrid, April 1923, Copa del Rey[75]\nAthletic Bilbao 5–0 Real Madrid, February 1970, La Liga[76][15]\nReal Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, March 1988, La Liga[77]\nReal Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, February 1992, La Liga[78]\nAthletic Bilbao 0–5 Real Madrid, January 1996, La Liga[79][15]\nReal Madrid 5–0 Athletic Bilbao, October 2014, La Liga[80]","title":"Notable results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aitor_Karanka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aitor Karanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Karanka"}],"text":"Aitor Karanka played for both clubs","title":"Personnel at both clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Luis Bergareche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Bergareche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bergareche"},{"link_name":"Juan Urquizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Urquizu"},{"link_name":"Luis María Uribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Uribe"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Hermenegildo Elices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenegildo_Elices"},{"link_name":"Cándido Gardoy Martín (Macala)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ndido_Gardoy_Mart%C3%ADn_(Macala)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macala"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ortiz Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ortiz_Alonso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ortiz_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Manolín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Mart%C3%ADnez_Canales"},{"link_name":"Mikel Lasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Lasa"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alkorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alkorta"},{"link_name":"Aitor Karanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Karanka"},{"link_name":"Kepa Arrizabalaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepa_Arrizabalaga"},{"link_name":"central defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Central_defender"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Ismael Urzaiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Urzaiz"},{"link_name":"La Fabrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_F%C3%A1brica_(Real_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"José Mandaluniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mandaluniz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mandaluniz"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupp_Heynckes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"}],"sub_title":"Players","text":"Over their long histories, only eleven players have played for both clubs in La Liga (all Basques, due to Athletic's policy):[81]Luis Bergareche [es]\nJuan Urquizu\nLuis María Uribe[82]\nHermenegildo Elices\nCándido Gardoy Martín (Macala) [es]\nAntonio Ortiz Alonso [es]\nManolín\nMikel Lasa\nRafael Alkorta\nAitor Karanka\nKepa ArrizabalagaThe careers of Alkorta and Karanka closely mirrored one another: both central defenders, each started at Athletic then had a successful spell at Real Madrid before returning to Bilbao, with Karanka – five years younger – actually replacing Alkorta at every turn.[83][84][85]Ismael Urzaiz, who played over 400 times for Athletic, started his career at Real Madrid's La Fabrica academy in the 1990s but did not make a league appearance for the club.[86] Decades earlier, others were contracted to both clubs but only appeared in La Liga for one, including José Mandaluniz [es].[87][88][89][90]Jupp Heynckes managed both clubs","title":"Personnel at both clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Lippo Hertzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippo_Hertzka"},{"link_name":"Antonio Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barrios"},{"link_name":"Baltasar Albéniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Alb%C3%A9niz"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Ipiña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Ipi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"},{"link_name":"Arthur Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Johnson_(football_manager)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Managers","text":"Five coaches have been at the helm of both clubs:[91][92]Lippo Hertzka\nAntonio Barrios\nBaltasar Albéniz\nJuan Antonio Ipiña\nJupp HeynckesThe early Madrid player and manager Arthur Johnson is also named by some sources as being manager of Athletic Bilbao,[93] but the club does not include him in the list on their website.[94] Also, in July 2010 Aitor Karanka was appointed assistant manager at Real Madrid by manager José Mourinho.[95]","title":"Personnel at both clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTVE-6"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDFRMCF-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"1907 Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Club Biscaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizcaya_(football_team)#1907_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"Copa Eva Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Liga Española de Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Foot-ball#Torneo_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_players"},{"link_name":"Managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_managers"},{"link_name":"Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_presidents"},{"link_name":"Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"Men's seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_seasons"},{"link_name":"Women's seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athletic_Bilbao_Femenino_seasons"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_in_European_football"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_B"},{"link_name":"Athletic Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Club_Femenino"},{"link_name":"Femenino B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Club_Femenino_B"},{"link_name":"Athletic Cantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_Cantera"},{"link_name":"Lamiako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Lamiako"},{"link_name":"Jolaseta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolaseta_Stadium"},{"link_name":"San Mamés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(1913)"},{"link_name":"San Mamés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Lezama Facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezama_Facilities"},{"link_name":"CD Basconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Basconia"},{"link_name":"Biscay Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bilbao FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizcaya_(football_team)"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao signing policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao_signing_policy"},{"link_name":"One Club Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Club_Award"},{"link_name":"Basque football derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_football_derbies"},{"link_name":"Basque derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"link_name":"El Viejo Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Barcelona rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic%E2%80%93Barcelona_cl%C3%A1sico"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Athletic_Club_de_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Club de Fútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_players"},{"link_name":"Managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_managers"},{"link_name":"Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_presidents"},{"link_name":"Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_seasons"},{"link_name":"International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF_in_international_football"},{"link_name":"Records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_records_and_statistics#Honours"},{"link_name":"Current season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Real_Madrid_CF_season"},{"link_name":"Yé-yé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9_(Real_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"La Quinta del Buitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quinta_del_Buitre"},{"link_name":"Galácticos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1cticos"},{"link_name":"Goal II: Living the Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_II:_Living_the_Dream"},{"link_name":"Blond Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blond_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Tiro del Pichón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_del_Pich%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Campo de Jorge Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Jorge_Juan"},{"link_name":"Campo de O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Campo de Ciudad Lineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Ciudad_Lineal"},{"link_name":"Estadio Chamartín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Chamart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Estadio Santiago Bernabéu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Estadio Alfredo Di Stéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Deportiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Deportiva,_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real_Madrid"},{"link_name":"La Fábrica (Real Madrid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_F%C3%A1brica_(Real_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF_(youth)"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Castilla"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Baloncesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"current season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Real_Madrid_Baloncesto_season"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Baloncesto B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto_B"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_TV"},{"link_name":"El Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico"},{"link_name":"list of matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_El_Cl%C3%A1sico_matches"},{"link_name":"Madrid derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_derby"},{"link_name":"El Viejo Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich%E2%80%93Real_Madrid_rivalry"},{"link_name":"El Clásico (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Madrid basketball derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_basketball_derby"},{"link_name":"Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Balonmano"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Voleibol"},{"link_name":"Moderno Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderno_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Santiago Bernabéu Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Fantasy Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Fantasy_Manager"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Resort Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Resort_Island"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Femenino"},{"link_name":"current season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Real_Madrid_Femenino_season"},{"link_name":"Hala Madrid y nada más","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala_Madrid_y_nada_m%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"RSC Internacional FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSC_Internacional_FC"},{"link_name":"2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_final_chaos"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spanish_football_rivalries"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_football_rivalries"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_football_rivalries"},{"link_name":"Spanish football rivalries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_football_rivalries"},{"link_name":"Aragonese derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_derby"},{"link_name":"Asturian derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_derby"},{"link_name":"Athletic–Barcelona clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic%E2%80%93Barcelona_cl%C3%A1sico"},{"link_name":"Derbi barceloní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbi_barcelon%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Derbi de la Comunitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbi_de_la_Comunitat"},{"link_name":"Basque derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands_derby"},{"link_name":"El Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico"},{"link_name":"list of matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_El_Cl%C3%A1sico_matches"},{"link_name":"Derby of eastern Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_of_eastern_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Galician derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_derby"},{"link_name":"Madrid derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_derby"},{"link_name":"Other Basque derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_football_derbies"},{"link_name":"Palma derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_derby"},{"link_name":"Seville derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville_derby"},{"link_name":"South Madrid derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Madrid_derby"},{"link_name":"Valencia derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_derby"},{"link_name":"El Viejo Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"^ Real Madrid have won more league matches at Athletic's stadium than any other club (36, as of season 2023–24)[6][62]\n\n^ Does not include two matches in the 1907 Copa del Rey in which Athletic competed as part of Club Biscaya (Biscaya 3–2 Madrid and Madrid 1–0 Biscaya)\n\n^ The clubs have never met in UEFA or other international competitions, nor in the defunct Copa Eva Duarte or Copa de la Liga.\n\n^ The totals do not include two fixtures played in the Champions Tournament of 1927–28 (Athletic 4–0 Real Madrid[64] and Real Madrid 3–0 Athletic),[65] part of the Liga Española de Football, a predecessor of the Spanish league which was never completed. Athletic Bilbao's archive lists the matches in the competition as friendlies.[66]vteAthletic Bilbao\nHistory\nPlayers\nManagers\nPresidents\nStatistics\nMen's seasons\nWomen's seasons\nEurope\nOther teams\nBilbao Athletic\nAthletic Femenino (women)\nFemenino B (women)\nAthletic Cantera (youth)\nHome stadium\nLamiako (1901–1910)\nJolaseta (1910–1913)\nSan Mamés (1913–2013)\nSan Mamés (2013–)\nTraining groundLezama FacilitiesAffiliated Clubs\nCD Basconia\nRelated articles\nBiscay Championship\nBilbao FC\nBizcaya\nAthletic Bilbao signing policy\nOne Club Award\nRivalries\nBasque football derbies\nBasque derby (Real Sociedad)\nEl Viejo Clásico (Real Madrid)\nBarcelona rivalry\n\n Category\n CategoryvteReal Madrid Club de Fútbol\nHistory\nPlayers\nManagers\nPresidents\nSeasons\nInternational\nRecords and statistics\nHonours\nCurrent season\nCulture and lore\nYé-yé\nLa Quinta del Buitre\nGalácticos\nReal, The Movie\nGoal II: Living the Dream\nBlond Arrow\nHome stadium\nTiro del Pichón\nCampo de Jorge Juan\nCampo de O'Donnell\nCampo de Ciudad Lineal\nEstadio Chamartín\nEstadio Santiago Bernabéu\nEstadio Alfredo Di Stéfano\nTraining ground\nCiudad Deportiva\nCiudad Real Madrid\nAcademy\nLa Fábrica (Real Madrid)\nReal Madrid youth\nReal Madrid Castilla\nReal Madrid C\nBasketball\nReal Madrid Baloncesto (current season)\nReal Madrid Baloncesto B\nMedia\nReal Madrid TV\nHala Madrid\nRivalries\nEl Clásico\nlist of matches\nMadrid derby\nEl Viejo Clásico\nBayern Munich\nEl Clásico (basketball)\nMadrid basketball derby\nDiscontinued sections\nHandball\nRugby\nVolleyball\nRelated articles\nModerno Football Club\nSantiago Bernabéu Trophy\nReal Madrid Fantasy Manager\nReal Madrid Resort Island\nReal Madrid Femenino (current season)\nHala Madrid y nada más\nRSC Internacional FC\n2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos\n\n Category\n CommonsvteSpanish football rivalries\nAragonese derby\nAsturian derby\nAthletic–Barcelona clásico\nDerbi barceloní\nDerbi de la Comunitat\nBasque derby\nCanary Islands derby\nEl Clásico\nlist of matches\nDerby of eastern Andalusia\nGalician derby\nMadrid derby\nOther Basque derbies\nPalma derby\nSeville derby\nSouth Madrid derby\nValencia derby\nEl Viejo Clásico","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo (left) and Athletic Bilbao's Ander Iturraspe during a match at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cristiano_%284590945149%29.jpg/210px-Cristiano_%284590945149%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kaká scoring a penalty at the old San Mamés in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Athmadrid.jpg/200px-Athmadrid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aitor Karanka played for both clubs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aitor_Karanka.jpg/120px-Aitor_Karanka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jupp Heynckes managed both clubs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jupp_Heynckes.jpg/150px-Jupp_Heynckes.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Athletic–Barcelona clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic%E2%80%93Barcelona_cl%C3%A1sico"},{"title":"Basque derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"title":"El Clásico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico"},{"title":"Madrid derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_derby"},{"title":"National and regional identity in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain"},{"title":"Nationalism and sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_and_sport"}]
[{"reference":"\"Gainza [Filter:Matches against Real Madrid]\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j8389.html?rival=2","url_text":"\"Gainza [Filter:Matches against Real Madrid]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zarra [Filter:Matches against Real Madrid\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j9913.html","url_text":"\"Zarra [Filter:Matches against Real Madrid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Club\". Athletic Bilbao. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/match-statistics/1_2598/1959-60_real-madrid-cf_athletic-club.html","url_text":"\"Real Madrid 8–1 Athletic Club\""}]},{"reference":"David Child (18 April 2018). \"More than a game: How politics and football interplay in Spain\". Al Jazeera. 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Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 21 December 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20211221/1001728485/athletic-real-madrid-le-denomina-clasico.html","url_text":"\"¿Por qué al Athletic-Real Madrid también se le denomina 'El Clásico'?\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Clásico de los Clásicos: 216 partidos oficiales\" [The classic of all classics: 216 official matches]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://as.com/futbol/2011/12/10/mas_futbol/1323502015_850215.html","url_text":"\"El Clásico de los Clásicos: 216 partidos oficiales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_AS","url_text":"Diario AS"}]},{"reference":"\"Classic club: Athletic Bilbao\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. 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Retrieved 21 November 2017 – via In Bed With Maradona website.","urls":[{"url":"http://inbedwithmaradona.com/retro/2012/7/4/the-history-of-athletic-bilbao-1898-1936.html","url_text":"\"The history of Athletic Bilbao 1898–1936\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Soccer_(magazine)","url_text":"World Soccer"}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Richard (7 October 2012). \"Franco, Real Madrid and Spanish football's eternal power struggle\". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131334/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/franco-real-madrid-and-spanish-football-s-eternal-power-struggle-1-2564913","url_text":"\"Franco, Real Madrid and Spanish football's eternal power struggle\""},{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/franco-real-madrid-and-spanish-football-s-eternal-power-struggle-1-2564913","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE STORY OF REAL MADRID AND THE FRANCO REGIME\". Nick Fitzgerald. thesefootballtimes.co. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/09/27/real-madrid-and-the-franco-regime/","url_text":"\"THE STORY OF REAL MADRID AND THE FRANCO REGIME\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Franco, Real Madrid & the king: The history behind club's link to Spain's establishment\". Ryan Kelly. goal.com. 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Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111207082955/http://lesrosbifs.net/2010/10/the-10-most-influential-englishmen-in-spanish-football/","url_text":"\"The 10 Most Influential Englishmen in Spanish Football\""},{"url":"http://lesrosbifs.net/2010/10/the-10-most-influential-englishmen-in-spanish-football/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaches history\". Athletic Bilbao. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163132/https://www.athletic-club.eus/en/coaches.html","url_text":"\"Coaches history\""},{"url":"http://www.athletic-club.eus/en/coaches.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colino, Carmen (6 June 2010). \"Karanka será el segundo entrenador que pidió Mourinho\" [Karanka will be the assistant coach requested by Mourinho]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.as.com/futbol/articulo/karanka-sera-segundo-entrenador-pidio/20100606dasdaiftb_28/Tes","url_text":"\"Karanka será el segundo entrenador que pidió Mourinho\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_AS","url_text":"Diario AS"}]}]
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original"},{"Link":"http://www.as.com/futbol/articulo/karanka-sera-segundo-entrenador-pidio/20100606dasdaiftb_28/Tes","external_links_name":"\"Karanka será el segundo entrenador que pidió Mourinho\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Bevilacqua
Giulio Bevilacqua
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Not to be confused with Giulia Bevilacqua. His EminenceGiulio BevilacquaC.O.Cardinal-Deacon of San Girolamo della CaritàChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAppointed25 February 1965Term ended6 May 1965SuccessorAntonio RiberiOrdersOrdination13 June 1908by Giacomo Maria Corna Pellegrini SpandreConsecration18 February 1965by Luigi MorstabiliniCreated cardinal22 February 1965by Pope Paul VIRankCardinal-deaconPersonal detailsBornGiulio Bevilacqua(1881-11-14)14 November 1881Isola della Scala, Kingdom of ItalyDied6 May 1965(1965-05-06) (aged 83)Brescia, ItalyBuriedS. Antonio della Pace, Brescia, ItalyPrevious post(s)Titular Archbishop of Gaudiaba (1965)Alma materUniversity of LouvainMottoVirtus in infirmitateCoat of arms Giulio Bevilacqua, Orat (14 November 1881 – 6 May 1965) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who devoted himself to pastoral work in Brescia and served as a military chaplain, known for his opposition to fascism. A few weeks before his death he was made an auxiliary bishop of Brescia and a cardinal. He was a teacher and spiritual confidant of Pope Paul VI. Biography Giulio Bevilacqua was born in Isola della Scala to a family of merchants. He studied at the University of Louvain in Belgium and the seminary in Brescia, and later entered the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri. Bevilacqua was ordained to the priesthood on 13 June 1908, and then did pastoral work in Brescia until 1914. During World War I, he served as a chaplain to the Italian Army and was captured by Austrian forces in 1916. Following his release in 1918, he resumed his ministry in Brescia, where he became the spiritual director and a personal friend of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, while the latter was a student. He was made an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State for his protection against Fascist threats and lived in the Vatican from 1928 to 1933. He also did pastoral work in Rome during this time. He then returned to Brescia. During World War II, served as a chaplain on an Italian hospital ship. In 1964, he preached to Pope Paul and the small group of Church officials who were preparing to visit the Holy Land; he accompanied Pope Paul on that visit. On 15 February 1965, Bevilacqua was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brescia and Titular Archbishop of Gaudiaba by Paul VI, in advance of his elevation to the College of Cardinals. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 February from Bishop Luigi Morstabilini, with Bishops Giuseppe Carraro and Carlo Manziana, Orat, serving as co-consecrators, in the basilica of Saints Faustus and Jovita. Pope Paul created him Cardinal Deacon of San Girolamo della Carità in the consistory of 22 February of that year. By the special permission of the pope, Bevilacqua continued to serve as pastor of Sant'Antonio parish in Brescia. He assured his parishioners that he would also continue to wear a simple black cassock. He died fifteen weeks later in Brescia on 6 May at the age of 83. He is buried in the church of Santa Maria della Pace. References ^ a b c d e f "Cardinal Giulio Bevilacqua, 84, Confessor to Pope Paul, is Dead". The New York Times. 7 May 1965. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Hofmann, Paul (3 January 1964). "Paul Meditates as his Trip Nears". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LVII. 1965. p. 281. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LVII. 1965. pp. 278–9. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ "Pope Realizes a Wish by Honoring a Friend". The New York Times. 26 January 1965. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ "27 More Cardinals". Time. 5 February 1965. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. ^ Gagliarducci, Andrea (15 November 2020). "Il cardinale eletto Feroci ordinato arcivescovo. De Donatis: 'Sei dono per Roma'". ACI Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 15 November 2020. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LVII. 1965. p. 432. Retrieved 16 November 2020. External links Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Catholic-Hierarchy vteLiturgical MovementGeneral Catholic liturgy (Mass in the Catholic Church) Lex orandi, lex credendi French Benedictine Congregation Belgian Benedictine Congregation Gregorian chant Liturgy of the Hours Sacred Congregation of Rites Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mass of Paul VI Sacrosanctum concilium Consilium Mass of Paul VI Ottaviani Intervention Book of Common Prayer (1979) PeopleEarly Prosper Guéranger Pope Pius X Columba Marmion Fernand Cabrol Pierre Batiffol Lambert Beauduin Jacques Paul Migne Adrian Fortescue André-Jean Festugière Gaspar Lefebvre Edmund Bishop Adrien Gréa Gerard van Caloen Maurice de la Taille Later Augustin Bea Giulio Bevilacqua Louis Bouyer Annibale Bugnini Thomas J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giulia Bevilacqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulia_Bevilacqua"},{"link_name":"Orat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Brescia"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Giulia Bevilacqua.Giulio Bevilacqua, Orat (14 November 1881 – 6 May 1965) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who devoted himself to pastoral work in Brescia and served as a military chaplain, known for his opposition to fascism. A few weeks before his death he was made an auxiliary bishop of Brescia and a cardinal. He was a teacher and spiritual confidant of Pope Paul VI.","title":"Giulio Bevilacqua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isola della Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_della_Scala"},{"link_name":"merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"Oratory of Saint Philip Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"spiritual director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_direction"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Montini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"Vatican Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Brescia"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Carraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Carraro"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"San Girolamo della Carità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Girolamo_della_Carit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wish-5"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"cassock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Giulio Bevilacqua was born in Isola della Scala to a family of merchants. He studied at the University of Louvain in Belgium and the seminary in Brescia, and later entered the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri.Bevilacqua was ordained to the priesthood on 13 June 1908, and then did pastoral work in Brescia until 1914. During World War I, he served as a chaplain to the Italian Army and was captured by Austrian forces in 1916.[1] Following his release in 1918, he resumed his ministry in Brescia, where he became the spiritual director and a personal friend of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, while the latter was a student.[1]He was made an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State for his protection against Fascist threats and lived in the Vatican from 1928 to 1933.[1] He also did pastoral work in Rome during this time. He then returned to Brescia. During World War II, served as a chaplain on an Italian hospital ship.[1]In 1964, he preached to Pope Paul and the small group of Church officials who were preparing to visit the Holy Land; he accompanied Pope Paul on that visit.[1][2]On 15 February 1965, Bevilacqua was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brescia and Titular Archbishop of Gaudiaba by Paul VI,[3] in advance of his elevation to the College of Cardinals. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 February from Bishop Luigi Morstabilini, with Bishops Giuseppe Carraro and Carlo Manziana, Orat, serving as co-consecrators, in the basilica of Saints Faustus and Jovita.Pope Paul created him Cardinal Deacon of San Girolamo della Carità in the consistory of 22 February of that year.[4][5] By the special permission of the pope, Bevilacqua continued to serve as pastor of Sant'Antonio parish in Brescia. He assured his parishioners that he would also continue to wear a simple black cassock.[6][7]He died fifteen weeks later in Brescia on 6 May at the age of 83.[1][8] He is buried in the church of Santa Maria della Pace.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Badmayev
Peter Badmayev
["1 Early life","2 Selected publications by Badmayev","3 References","4 Sources"]
The Tibetan doctor Peter Badmayev Pyotr Aleksandrovich Badmayev or Peter Badmayev, born Zhamsaran (Russian: Пётр Александрович Бадмаев: Pyotr Aleksandrovich Badmayev; ca. 1850 – 29 July 1920), was a doctor and political figure in the Russian Empire. He was an ethnic Buryat from Buryatia. He played a large part in introducing Tibetan medicine to imperial Russia, and was also active in politics in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early life Badmayev came from a Buddhist family, and his elder brother was Alexander Badmayev, a doctor of Tibetan medicine whose skills so impressed Alexander II that the tsar allowed him to practice in St. Petersburg. Peter converted to Orthodoxy after he became Alexander III’s godson and trained as an Orientalist and doctor. He served for many years in the Asia department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. He then worked as a physician from 1875 to the end of his life. The members of the royal family were among his patients. Badmayev's older brother Sultim had a pharmacy in St. Petersburg; he invited his younger brother to the city after his graduation from the Russian Gymnasium in Irkutsk. In St. Petersburg, he studied at the Military Academy and the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg University, without graduating from either one. Instead, he began cutting a figure in the city's upper social classes. He married a wealthy woman, Nadezhda Vassilyevna around 1872 and set up a very successful clinic. Mysticism and the Tibetan worldview were all the rage in the upper reaches of Russian society at that time, and Badmayev translated the Tibetan Gyushi. He served as an adviser on the Russian Foreign Ministry's Asian desk in 1873 and became a well-known figure in Russia's hand in the Great Game. He established a trading house in Chita as a cover for spies. He proposed arming the Mongols as a prelude for a Russian conquest of Mongolia, Tibet and China. His plan was not well received by Czar Alexander, but Badmayev persisted, visiting Mongolia and Tibet and peddling his ideas to various people of power in Russia, e.g., Prince Uhtomskii. He was appointed adviser on Tibetan affairs in 1894 after Nicholas II became Czar, in whom the Asia hawk found a more willing audience for his aspirations. Badmayev's designs received strong support from multiple successive war ministers and the Czar himself, ultimately leading to Russian advance into Manchuria in 1900. Badmayev put out the first newspaper printed in Mongolian, a Russian-Mongolian affair called Light in the Far East in translation. He started a school at the end of the century. One of his pupils was Gombojab Tsybikov. In 1912 the monk Iliodor hid in his house for one week. One of his patients was Alexander Protopopov, the last minister of interior before the fall of the Romanov's in 1917. According to Felix Yusupov, Grigori Rasputin is said to have given drugs to Tsarevich Alexei of Russia and his parents, supplied by Badmayev. Selected publications by Badmayev Badmayev, P. A. Answer to the Unfounded Assault of Members of the Medical Council Regarding Medical Science in Tibet . 72 p., St. Petersburg 1911. Badmayev, P. A. "The Indo-Tibetan Medicine" . Izvestiya issue 72, 24 March 1935. Badmayev, P. A. Über das System der medizinischen Wissenschaft Tibets. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt von Grigori Agalzew. 228 S. Privatdruck, Studiengruppe für tibetische Medizin, Padma AG, Zollikon/Schweiz 1994. Badmayev, Pyotr, 1898, O Sisteme Vrachebnoy Nauki Tibeta. Skoropechatiya "Nadezhda": St. Petersburg. References ^ a b Saxer, Martin, 2004, Journeys with Tibetan Medicine: How Tibetan Medicine Came to the West. The Story of the Badmayev Family. M.A. thesis in Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zurich. http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf. Retrieved 2012.03.27. P. 25. ^ "Piotr Badmayev - biography and legend". ^ http://asia.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/30/from_royal_favorites_to_outcasts_the_shifting_fates_of_russian_buddhists_39419.html) ^ Saxer, Martin, 2004, Journeys with Tibetan Medicine: How Tibetan Medicine Came to the West. The Story of the Badmayev Family. M.A. thesis in Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zurich. http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf. Retrieved 2012.03.27. P. 26. ^ Saxer, Martin, 2004, Journeys with Tibetan Medicine: How Tibetan Medicine Came to the West. The Story of the Badmayev Family. M.A. thesis in Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zurich. . Retrieved 2012.03.27. P. 29. ^ a b Baabar, 1999, From World Power to Soviet Satellite: History of Mongolia edited by C. Kaplonski. University of Cambridge. P. 116. ^ Saxer, Martin, 2004, Journeys with Tibetan Medicine: How Tibetan Medicine Came to the West. The Story of the Badmayev Family. M.A. thesis in Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Zurich. Retrieved 2012.03.27. Pp. 32-34. ^ Baabar, 1999, From World Power to Soviet Satellite: History of Mongolia edited by C. Kaplonski. University of Cambridge. P. 118. ^ Snow, 2023, China & Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict & Concord. Yale University Press. P. 154. ^ Baabar, 1999, From World Power to Soviet Satellite: History of Mongolia edited by C. Kaplonski. University of Cambridge. P. 117, citing Delleg, G., 1978, Compilation of Mongolian Press , vol. II, p.3. Sources Gusev, Boris, 1995, Doktor Badmayev. Ruskaya kniga: Moscow. Gusev, Boris, 1995, Pyotr Badmayev . . .. OLMA-Press: Moscow. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Russia
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badmaev_P.A._1913-16_Karl_Bulla.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anyma2004-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_people"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatia"},{"link_name":"Tibetan medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_medicine"}],"text":"The Tibetan doctor Peter BadmayevPyotr Aleksandrovich Badmayev or Peter Badmayev, born Zhamsaran[1] (Russian: Пётр Александрович Бадмаев: Pyotr Aleksandrovich Badmayev; ca. 1850 – 29 July 1920[2]), was a doctor and political figure in the Russian Empire. He was an ethnic Buryat from Buryatia. He played a large part in introducing Tibetan medicine to imperial Russia, and was also active in politics in the late 19th and early 20th century.","title":"Peter Badmayev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Tibetan medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_medicine"},{"link_name":"Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"Alexander III’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"Orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anyma2004-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"worldview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview"},{"link_name":"Gyushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyushi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1999-6"},{"link_name":"Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1999-6"},{"link_name":"Prince Uhtomskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esper_Ukhtomsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gombojab Tsybikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombojab_Tsybikov"},{"link_name":"Iliodor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliodor"},{"link_name":"Alexander Protopopov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Protopopov"},{"link_name":"Felix Yusupov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Yusupov"},{"link_name":"Grigori Rasputin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin"},{"link_name":"Tsarevich Alexei of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia"}],"text":"Badmayev came from a Buddhist family, and his elder brother was Alexander Badmayev, a doctor of Tibetan medicine whose skills so impressed Alexander II that the tsar allowed him to practice in St. Petersburg. Peter converted to Orthodoxy after he became Alexander III’s godson and trained as an Orientalist and doctor. He served for many years in the Asia department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. He then worked as a physician from 1875 to the end of his life. The members of the royal family were among his patients.[3]Badmayev's older brother Sultim had a pharmacy in St. Petersburg; he invited his younger brother to the city after his graduation from the Russian Gymnasium in Irkutsk. In St. Petersburg, he studied at the Military Academy and the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg University, without graduating from either one. Instead, he began cutting a figure in the city's upper social classes.[1] He married a wealthy woman, Nadezhda Vassilyevna around 1872 and set up a very successful clinic.[4] Mysticism and the Tibetan worldview were all the rage in the upper reaches of Russian society at that time, and Badmayev translated the Tibetan Gyushi.[5]He served as an adviser on the Russian Foreign Ministry's Asian desk[6] in 1873 and became a well-known figure in Russia's hand in the Great Game. He established a trading house in Chita as a cover for spies.[7] He proposed arming the Mongols as a prelude for a Russian conquest of Mongolia, Tibet and China.[6] His plan was not well received by Czar Alexander, but Badmayev persisted, visiting Mongolia and Tibet and peddling his ideas to various people of power in Russia, e.g., Prince Uhtomskii.[8] He was appointed adviser on Tibetan affairs in 1894 after Nicholas II became Czar, in whom the Asia hawk found a more willing audience for his aspirations. Badmayev's designs received strong support from multiple successive war ministers and the Czar himself, ultimately leading to Russian advance into Manchuria in 1900.[9]Badmayev put out the first newspaper printed in Mongolian, a Russian-Mongolian affair called Light in the Far East in translation.[10] He started a school at the end of the century. One of his pupils was Gombojab Tsybikov.In 1912 the monk Iliodor hid in his house for one week. One of his patients was Alexander Protopopov, the last minister of interior before the fall of the Romanov's in 1917. According to Felix Yusupov, Grigori Rasputin is said to have given drugs to Tsarevich Alexei of Russia and his parents, supplied by Badmayev.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Badmayev, P. A. Answer to the Unfounded Assault of Members of the Medical Council Regarding Medical Science in Tibet [Russian]. 72 p., St. Petersburg 1911.\nBadmayev, P. A. \"The Indo-Tibetan Medicine\" [Russian]. Izvestiya [Moscow] issue 72, 24 March 1935.\nBadmayev, P. A. Über das System der medizinischen Wissenschaft Tibets. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt von Grigori Agalzew. 228 S. Privatdruck, Studiengruppe für tibetische Medizin, Padma AG, Zollikon/Schweiz 1994. [Russian original, 1898]\nBadmayev, Pyotr, 1898, O Sisteme Vrachebnoy Nauki Tibeta. Skoropechatiya \"Nadezhda\": St. Petersburg.","title":"Selected publications by Badmayev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962873#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/232547/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000011680321X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/84257326"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxG6Kv9wxMTpDRGpkCcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/123425247"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007333137005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87866440"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000100354&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2006312258&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p10205505X"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000047511&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Gusev, Boris, 1995, Doktor Badmayev. Ruskaya kniga: Moscow.\nGusev, Boris, 1995, Pyotr Badmayev . . .. OLMA-Press: Moscow.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nRussia","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The Tibetan doctor Peter Badmayev","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Badmaev_P.A._1913-16_Karl_Bulla.jpg/220px-Badmaev_P.A._1913-16_Karl_Bulla.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Piotr Badmayev - biography and legend\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.petersburg-mystic-history.info/people-bad_1.html","url_text":"\"Piotr Badmayev - biography and legend\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.petersburg-mystic-history.info/people-bad_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Piotr Badmayev - biography and legend\""},{"Link":"http://asia.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/30/from_royal_favorites_to_outcasts_the_shifting_fates_of_russian_buddhists_39419.html","external_links_name":"http://asia.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/30/from_royal_favorites_to_outcasts_the_shifting_fates_of_russian_buddhists_39419.html"},{"Link":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf"},{"Link":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://anyma.ch/journeys/doc/thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"Journeys with Tibetan Medicine: How Tibetan Medicine Came to the West. The Story of the Badmayev Family."},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/232547/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011680321X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84257326","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxG6Kv9wxMTpDRGpkCcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123425247","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007333137005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87866440","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000100354&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2006312258&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p10205505X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000047511&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Russia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Thomas
Ceri Thomas
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 LBC and BBC Radio","2.2 BBC Television","2.3 Tortoise Media","3 References","4 External links"]
British executive Ceri Thomas is a British journalist and communications professional, currently at Tortoise Media. Previously, he also worked as the director of public affairs and communication at Oxford University. A former radio news producer and media executive, he is a former editor of the BBC Radio 4's Today programme and BBC One's Panorama. Education Thomas attended the St Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire, England. Attending college starting 1981, he received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in French studies from the then Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester) in 1985. Career LBC and BBC Radio Thomas began his career in broadcasting at London's LBC in 1989 as a producer, remaining with the station until 1991. He moved to BBC Radio 4 to work as a junior producer with the Today programme in 1995, working on the programme from 1991 to 1997. He was promoted to a senior role on Today in 1995, before later moving to BBC Radio 5 Live in 1998. Initially, a producer for the breakfast programme, Thomas later became Head of News at 5 Live, leaving in 2004. He was subsequently appointed as the BBC's Editor of Newsgathering, before taking a year-long sabbatical to work as a Nieman Fellow in Journalism at Harvard University. On returning to the BBC in 2006, he became editor of Radio 4's Today programme. In March 2010, while discussing the domination of male presenters on the Today programme during an interview on Radio 4's Feedback (only one out of five was then female), he suggested the show was too tough an environment for women, although he did also say the mix of male and female on the programme was "not ideal". Shortly afterwards, he wrote in a Guardian article that the comments had been meant in the context of "a wider news world in which women have not been well represented in senior positions". BBC Television In November 2012, Thomas was appointed Acting Deputy Director of News at the BBC after the then incumbent, Stephen Mitchell stepped aside in the wake of the controversy surrounding a report on the BBC Two current affairs programme Newsnight. A clandestine visit to North Korea in March 2013 for an edition of Panorama involving the journalist John Sweeney and a group of students from the London School of Economics led to discontent between the BBC and the university with claims that the students lives had been put at risk without their consent. Thomas described the programme as "an important piece of public interest journalism" and defended putting the students lives at risk. Thomas formally began work as editor of Panorama in October 2014. He had been acting editor since the previous May when his predecessor, Tom Giles, had stepped down. It was announced in June 2016 that he was leaving the BBC to take up a post as the director of public affairs and communication at Oxford University. He assumed this role in the autumn of 2016. Thomas was succeeded by Rachel Jupp as the editor of Panorama. Tortoise Media Since 2019, Thomas has been at Tortoise Media, where he heads up the audio team. References ^ a b "Ceri Thomas, Tortoise Website". Retrieved 15 August 2023. ^ a b Plunkett, John (28 June 2016). "Panorama editor Ceri Thomas to leave BBC for Oxford University". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ Manchester ^ "Profile: Ceri Thomas". BBC News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. ^ Plunkett, John (31 March 2010). "Radio 4's Today editor under fire over comments on female presenters". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ Thomas, Ceri (5 April 2010). "BBC Radio 4: the fog of gender war". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ Ferguson, Brian (12 November 2012). "BBC turmoil deepens as news director and deputy quit". The Scotsman. Retrieved 12 November 2012. ^ Taylor, Jerome (13 April 2013). "Panorama was worth risking lives for, says BBC chief: Programme by John Sweeney based on secret footage taken on university field trip to North Korea". Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ "-Ceri Thomas, Former Editor, Panorama". Inside the BBC. BBC. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ Conlan, -Tara (17 October 2014). "BBC confirms Ceri Thomas, ex-head of programmes, as Panorama editor". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ "Staff: Senior appointments in Public Affairs". University of Oxford. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ Jackson, Jasper (7 September 2016). "BBC1's Panorama to get first female editor in 20 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 May 2017. External links Media offices Preceded byTom Giles Editor of Panorama 2014–2016 Succeeded byRachel Jupp Preceded byStephen Mitchell BBC Deputy Director of News 2012–2014 Succeeded by? Preceded byKevin Marsh Editor of Today 2006–2012 Succeeded byJamie Angus Preceded by? BBC Radio 5 Live Head of News 2001–2004 Succeeded by? Preceded by? Editor of 5 Live Breakfast 1998–2001 Succeeded by?
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tortoise-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plunkett280616-2"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Ceri Thomas is a British journalist and communications professional, currently at Tortoise Media.[1] Previously, he also worked as the director of public affairs and communication at Oxford University.[2] A former radio news producer and media executive, he is a former editor of the BBC Radio 4's Today programme and BBC One's Panorama.","title":"Ceri Thomas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Newbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Victoria University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Thomas attended the St Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire, England. Attending college starting 1981, he received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in French studies from the then Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester) in 1985.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBC"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"LBC and BBC Radio","text":"Thomas began his career in broadcasting at London's LBC in 1989 as a producer, remaining with the station until 1991.He moved to BBC Radio 4 to work as a junior producer with the Today programme in 1995, working on the programme from 1991 to 1997. He was promoted to a senior role on Today in 1995, before later moving to BBC Radio 5 Live in 1998. Initially, a producer for the breakfast programme, Thomas later became Head of News at 5 Live, leaving in 2004. He was subsequently appointed as the BBC's Editor of Newsgathering, before taking a year-long sabbatical to work as a Nieman Fellow in Journalism at Harvard University.[4] On returning to the BBC in 2006, he became editor of Radio 4's Today programme.In March 2010, while discussing the domination of male presenters on the Today programme during an interview on Radio 4's Feedback (only one out of five was then female), he suggested the show was too tough an environment for women, although he did also say the mix of male and female on the programme was \"not ideal\".[5] Shortly afterwards, he wrote in a Guardian article that the comments had been meant in the context of \"a wider news world in which women have not been well represented in senior positions\".[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Mitchell_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sweeney_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plunkett280616-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Rachel Jupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jupp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"BBC Television","text":"In November 2012, Thomas was appointed Acting Deputy Director of News at the BBC after the then incumbent, Stephen Mitchell stepped aside in the wake of the controversy surrounding a report on the BBC Two current affairs programme Newsnight.[7] A clandestine visit to North Korea in March 2013 for an edition of Panorama involving the journalist John Sweeney and a group of students from the London School of Economics led to discontent between the BBC and the university with claims that the students lives had been put at risk without their consent. Thomas described the programme as \"an important piece of public interest journalism\" and defended putting the students lives at risk.[8]Thomas formally began work as editor of Panorama in October 2014.[9] He had been acting editor since the previous May when his predecessor, Tom Giles, had stepped down.[10]It was announced in June 2016 that he was leaving the BBC to take up a post as the director of public affairs and communication at Oxford University.[2] He assumed this role in the autumn of 2016.[11] Thomas was succeeded by Rachel Jupp as the editor of Panorama.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tortoise-1"}],"sub_title":"Tortoise Media","text":"Since 2019, Thomas has been at Tortoise Media, where he heads up the audio team.[1]","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Ceri Thomas, Tortoise Website\". Retrieved 15 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tortoisemedia.com/contributor/ceri-thomas/","url_text":"\"Ceri Thomas, Tortoise Website\""}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, John (28 June 2016). \"Panorama editor Ceri Thomas to leave BBC for Oxford University\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/28/panorama-editor-ceri-thomas-to-leave-bbc-for-oxford-university","url_text":"\"Panorama editor Ceri Thomas to leave BBC for Oxford University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Ceri Thomas\". BBC News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20300267","url_text":"\"Profile: Ceri Thomas\""}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, John (31 March 2010). \"Radio 4's Today editor under fire over comments on female presenters\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/mar/31/bbc-radio-4-today-female-presenters","url_text":"\"Radio 4's Today editor under fire over comments on female presenters\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Ceri (5 April 2010). \"BBC Radio 4: the fog of gender war\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/05/bbc-today-programme-women-presenters","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4: the fog of gender war\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Brian (12 November 2012). \"BBC turmoil deepens as news director and deputy quit\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/tv-and-radio/bbc-turmoil-deepens-as-news-director-and-deputy-quit-1-2628301","url_text":"\"BBC turmoil deepens as news director and deputy quit\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jerome (13 April 2013). \"Panorama was worth risking lives for, says BBC chief: Programme by John Sweeney based on secret footage taken on university field trip to North Korea\". Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/panorama-was-worth-risking-lives-for-says-bbc-chief-programme-by-john-sweeney-based-on-secret-8572219.html","url_text":"\"Panorama was worth risking lives for, says BBC chief: Programme by John Sweeney based on secret footage taken on university field trip to North Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"-Ceri Thomas, Former Editor, Panorama\". Inside the BBC. BBC. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720055207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/thomas_ceri","url_text":"\"-Ceri Thomas, Former Editor, Panorama\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/thomas_ceri/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conlan, -Tara (17 October 2014). \"BBC confirms Ceri Thomas, ex-head of programmes, as Panorama editor\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/oct/17/bbc-ceri-thomas-editor-panorama","url_text":"\"BBC confirms Ceri Thomas, ex-head of programmes, as Panorama editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff: Senior appointments in Public Affairs\". University of Oxford. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/staff/news-listing/2016-07-01-senior-appointments-public-affairs","url_text":"\"Staff: Senior appointments in Public Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Jasper (7 September 2016). \"BBC1's Panorama to get first female editor in 20 years\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/sep/07/bbc1s-panorama-first-female-editor-rachel-jupp","url_text":"\"BBC1's Panorama to get first female editor in 20 years\""}]}]
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