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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Latin | Södra Latin | ["1 History","2 Education","3 Notable alumni","3.1 Notable teachers","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 59°19′00″N 18°04′09″E / 59.31667°N 18.06917°E / 59.31667; 18.06917Upper secondary schoolSödra Latins gymnasiumThe building of Södra Latin.LocationStockholm, SwedenInformationTypeUpper secondary schoolPublicOpened1654 (Södermalms pedagogia)
1879 (current building)Websitesodralatinsgymnasium.stockholm.se (in Swedish)
Södra Latin, officially Södra Latins gymnasium, ("Southern Latin" in Swedish) is an upper secondary school ("gymnasieskola"), situated in Södermalm, Stockholm. The current school building was inaugurated in 1891.
History
Södra Latin has a rich history, as its predecessor Södermalms Pedagogia employed its first headmaster as far back as in 1654. In 1820 it became a trivialskola and in 1879 it was merged with the southern part of Stockholms gymnasium, its new name being Stockholms högre allmänna å latinlinjen fullständiga läroverk å Södermalm. The school changed its name multiple times through the years until it decided upon its current one in 1971.
The current school building was designed by Per Emanuel Werming and opened in 1891 (its twin building Norra Real having opened a full year earlier). The structure was conceived in a way that would allow daylight to directly illuminate all rooms and corridors inside it, with 21 classrooms having been built in total. Typical of the design - in addition to the monumental orange-red brick facade - is a semicircular assembly hall placed centrally in the school's building plan. The last renovation took place in 1996.
Södra Latin was a boys-only institution until 1961.
Education
In modern times, Södra Latin is known for its high-level schooling in the arts. Between 1976 and 1978 the establishment successively replaced the music department of Statens normalskola in Östermalm, becoming consummate in 1980. In 1985 it launched one of the country's first drama programmes. Besides aesthetically and artistically oriented programmes, the school also offers education in the social sciences and natural sciences, among others.
Notable alumni
Several prominent Swedish people have received their schooling at Södra Latin, many of them artists or other cultural personalities.
Per Ahlmark, politician
Alba August, actress
Stig Dagerman, writer
Dirty Loops, band
Isaac Grünewald, painter
Carola Häggkvist, singer
Olle Hellbom, film director
Mattias Schulstad, classical guitarist
Jonas Hassen Khemiri, writer
Joel Kinnaman, actor
John Landquist, literary critic
Lykke Li, recording artist
Max Martin, songwriter and record producer
Helena Mattson, actress
Hjalmar Mehr, politician
Klas Östergren, novelist and screenwriter
Peter Pohl, author
Noomi Rapace, actress
Bengt Robertson, physician
Åsa Romson, politician
Mona Sahlin, politician
Helena af Sandeberg, actress
Danny Saucedo, singer
Alexander Skarsgård, actor
Bill Skarsgård, actor
Gustaf Skarsgård, actor
Sven Stolpe, writer
Anna-Lena Strindlund, actress
Tomas Tranströmer, poet and Nobel Prize winner
Yung Lean, rapper and singer
Lucas Brar guitarist
Yoko Alender, Estonian MP, architect, entrepreneur
Notable teachers
Alf Ahlberg
Immanuel Björkhagen
Svetlana Eriksson
Börge Ring
Roger Thorstensson
See also
education portalschools portalsweden portal
Education in Sweden
Norra Real
Östra Real
Norra Latin
Kungsholmens gymnasium
Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium
References
^ "Home". kartor.eniro.se.
^ "Kända skolhusarkitekter från förr - SISAB". Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
^ "Dismissed site: www.nada.kth.se".
^ "Intervju med Anna-Lena Strindlund".
External links
Official website (in Swedish)
Wikimedia Commons
Stockholm's inner-city upper secondary schools at the turn of the 20th century (in Swedish)
59°19′00″N 18°04′09″E / 59.31667°N 18.06917°E / 59.31667; 18.06917
Authority control databases
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Sahlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Sahlin"},{"link_name":"Helena af Sandeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_af_Sandeberg"},{"link_name":"Danny Saucedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Saucedo"},{"link_name":"Alexander Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Bill Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Sven Stolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Stolpe"},{"link_name":"Anna-Lena Strindlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna-Lena_Strindlund"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tomas Tranströmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Yung 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Excel | Optare Excel | ["1 Powertrain","2 Lengths","3 Excel 2","4 Operators","5 Replacement","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"] | Low-floor integral single-deck bus
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Optare Excel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Motor vehicle
Optare Excel/NABI 700SEBlackpool Transport Optare Excel inBlackpool in May 2013OverviewManufacturerOptareProduction1995-2004Body and chassisDoors1 or 2Floor typeLow floorStep-entrance (NABI 700SE)PowertrainEngineCummins B Series/ISBeMercedes-Benz OM906LACapacity27-45 seatedTransmissionAllison B300RDimensionsLength9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)10 m (32 ft 10 in)10.7 m (35 ft 1 in)11.5 m (37 ft 9 in)Width2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)ChronologyPredecessorOptare DeltaOptare SigmaSuccessorOptare Tempo
The Optare Excel was a low-floor full-size single-decker bus manufactured by Optare. Manufactured as an integral bus, the Excel was launched in 1995 as one of the first low floor single-deck vehicles, replacing the step-entrance Optare Sigma. The styling of the body was in keeping with existing Optare products. At the front, a simple flat panel with the Optare name was set between two pairs of twin headlamps, below a very large front windscreen. Approximately 600 were built.
Powertrain
Power came from a Cummins 6BT, a 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine. A Mercedes-Benz OM906LA engine was an option with the Excel 2. Both transmitted their power via an Allison B300R gearbox.
Lengths
The Excel was built in a range of lengths, and in Optare tradition, the chassis code reflected this. An L960 was 9.6m in length; an L1000 was 10.0m in length, and so on; with L1070 and L1150 variants built. Seating ranged from 27 in the L960, 35 in the L1070, 43 in the L1150 and 45 in the L1180, although these figures can vary.
Excel 2
The Excel was updated in 1999, with the front similar to that of the Optare Solo and with round headlights, two less rear lights, and a repositioned fuel-filler cap. This was known as the Excel 2, which also replaced the Delta which by then had finished production, as well as the original Excel, which was still being sold until late 2000. Excel 2s were only built in L1070, L1150 and L1180 configurations.
Operators
The first production examples of the Excel were purchased by Blackpool Transport in 1996, followed by orders from Nottingham City Transport and Reading Buses. Reading, a popular customer of Optare buses, would later go on to purchase 45 Excels from 1997 to 2000, as well as taking on second-hand acquisitions. These included 15 Excels purchased new by Cardiff Bus in 1997.
Trent Buses were the biggest operator of Excels, ordering a total of 112 of the type from 1998 to 2001.
East Yorkshire Motor Services purchased a total of 24 Excels between 1996 and 1999 for low-floor operations in Kingston upon Hull and Scarborough, while 16 Excels were purchased by the Stagecoach Group in 2001 for operation in Worksop with their East Midlands subsidiary. First Leicester purchased ten Excels in 1997, while Go North East also purchased examples.
In London, London United purchased six Excels in 1997, initially branded for use on route 371, while Metrobus purchased ten a year prior. Other London operators included Travel London and Thorpes, the latter purchasing four Excels for operation on the wheelchair-friendly Stationlink network.
Optare also built a small export market for the Excel, selling examples to Malta and Hungary. The Hungarian models were badged as the NABI 700SE and had three-door Excel bodies built on the Scania L94UB chassis.
Replacement
The Excel was replaced by the Optare Tempo, but the design is used for another Hungarian market bus, this time the NABI 700SE, which uses a Scania powerplant.
Gallery
Lodges Coaches Optare Excel 1 in High Easter in August 2010
First Devon and Cornwall Optare Excel 1 in Plymouth in 2012
P&O Ferries Optare Excel 2 running a port bus service in Dover in September 2012
Safeguard Coaches Optare Excel 2 in Guildford in January 2009
References
^ Optare Excel Bus Lists on the Web
^ a b c d Jones, Stewart (3 May 1996). "Excel - Optare's low floor takes to the road". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 356. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. pp. 9–13.
^ Street, Mike (15 May 2021). Buses and Coaches in Wales: 1980 to 2001. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-3981-0160-9. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ a b Jenkinson, Keith A. (15 August 2020). The History of Optare. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-9695-9. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Aldridge, John (February 1999). "Buses Profile: East Yorkshire Motor Services". Buses Focus. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 20–22.
^ "Stagecoach orders Optare buses". Mass Transit. No. 27. University of Michigan: PTN Publishing Company. 2001. p. 56. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Cole, Martin (15 August 1997). "Public reaction to the new FirstBus standard". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 422. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. pp. 18–19.
^ "Fleet Additions". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 422. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 15 August 1997. p. 21.
^ Beddall, David (15 November 2020). London's Low-floor Buses. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-3981-0120-3. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Stubbings, Richard (15 July 2019). British Independent Buses in the 1990s. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-8612-7. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Jones, Stewart (7 March 1997). "UK built low floor buses for overseas markets". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 399. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. p. 17.
^ "Hungarians warm to Excels". Optare (Press release). 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 15 October 2003. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
External links
Media related to Optare Excel at Wikimedia Commons
vteSwitch Mobility, a marque of Ashok Leyland, bus and coach timeline, 1985–present
Type
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
Minibus
StarRider
Alero
Alero+
Soroco
Soroco+
9000
Bonito
Viedo
Toro
Midibus
CityPacer
Solo
Metrocity
MetroRider
Solo SR
Vecta
Versa
EiV 7
Full-size bus
Delta
Agora Line
Esteem (ELC)
E1
Sigma
EiV 12
Prisma
Tempo SR
Excel
Excel 2
Tempo
Double-decker bus
Spectra
Olympus (ELC)
Metrodecker
OmniDekka (ELC)
EiV 22
Coach
Solera
Solera HD
LCV
eLCV Dost
Switch IeV Series
Switch Mobility (renamed from Optare)
who had a reverse takeover of Darwen Group
who acquired East Lancashire Coachbuilders (ELC) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"single-decker bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Optare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare"},{"link_name":"Optare Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Sigma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blow-1"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Optare Excel was a low-floor full-size single-decker bus manufactured by Optare. Manufactured as an integral bus, the Excel was launched in 1995 as one of the first low floor single-deck vehicles, replacing the step-entrance Optare Sigma. The styling of the body was in keeping with existing Optare products. At the front, a simple flat panel with the Optare name was set between two pairs of twin headlamps, below a very large front windscreen. Approximately 600 were built.[1]","title":"Optare Excel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_buses"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Transmission"}],"text":"Power came from a Cummins 6BT, a 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine. A Mercedes-Benz OM906LA engine was an option with the Excel 2. Both transmitted their power via an Allison B300R gearbox.","title":"Powertrain"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Excel was built in a range of lengths, and in Optare tradition, the chassis code reflected this. An L960 was 9.6m in length; an L1000 was 10.0m in length, and so on; with L1070 and L1150 variants built. Seating ranged from 27 in the L960, 35 in the L1070, 43 in the L1150 and 45 in the L1180, although these figures can vary.","title":"Lengths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optare Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Solo"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Delta"}],"text":"The Excel was updated in 1999, with the front similar to that of the Optare Solo and with round headlights, two less rear lights, and a repositioned fuel-filler cap. This was known as the Excel 2, which also replaced the Delta which by then had finished production, as well as the original Excel, which was still being sold until late 2000. Excel 2s were only built in L1070, L1150 and L1180 configurations.","title":"Excel 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackpool Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Transport"},{"link_name":"Nottingham City Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Transport"},{"link_name":"Reading Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Buses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExcelFeature-2"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Bus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Trent Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentbarton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OptareHistory-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"East Yorkshire Motor Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Motor_Services"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExcelFeature-2"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Group"},{"link_name":"Worksop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worksop"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"First Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Go North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_North_East"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExcelFeature-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Travel London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_London"},{"link_name":"Thorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExcelFeature-2"},{"link_name":"NABI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NABI"},{"link_name":"Scania L94UB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_L94UB"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OptareHistory-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first production examples of the Excel were purchased by Blackpool Transport in 1996, followed by orders from Nottingham City Transport and Reading Buses.[2] Reading, a popular customer of Optare buses, would later go on to purchase 45 Excels from 1997 to 2000, as well as taking on second-hand acquisitions. These included 15 Excels purchased new by Cardiff Bus in 1997.[3][page needed]Trent Buses were the biggest operator of Excels, ordering a total of 112 of the type from 1998 to 2001.[4][page needed]East Yorkshire Motor Services purchased a total of 24 Excels between 1996 and 1999 for low-floor operations in Kingston upon Hull and Scarborough,[5][2] while 16 Excels were purchased by the Stagecoach Group in 2001 for operation in Worksop with their East Midlands subsidiary.[6] First Leicester purchased ten Excels in 1997,[7] while Go North East also purchased examples.[8]In London, London United purchased six Excels in 1997, initially branded for use on route 371,[9][page needed] while Metrobus purchased ten a year prior.[2][10][page needed] Other London operators included Travel London and Thorpes, the latter purchasing four Excels for operation on the wheelchair-friendly Stationlink network.[2]Optare also built a small export market for the Excel, selling examples to Malta and Hungary. The Hungarian models were badged as the NABI 700SE and had three-door Excel bodies built on the Scania L94UB chassis.[11][4][page needed][12]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optare Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optare_Tempo"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_AB"}],"text":"The Excel was replaced by the Optare Tempo, but the design is used for another Hungarian market bus, this time the NABI 700SE, which uses a Scania powerplant.","title":"Replacement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lodges_Coaches_bus_Optare_Excel_V936_VUB_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"High Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Easter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_62936_T736JGB_(8041038927).jpg"},{"link_name":"First Devon and Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Devon_and_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_bus_service_(Optare)_P%26O_Ferries_-_Dover.JPG"},{"link_name":"P&O Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26O_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safeguard_Coaches_X308_CBT_rear.JPG"},{"link_name":"Safeguard Coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"}],"text":"Lodges Coaches Optare Excel 1 in High Easter in August 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst Devon and Cornwall Optare Excel 1 in Plymouth in 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP&O Ferries Optare Excel 2 running a port bus service in Dover in September 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSafeguard Coaches Optare Excel 2 in Guildford in January 2009","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Stewart (3 May 1996). \"Excel - Optare's low floor takes to the road\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 356. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. pp. 9–13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Street, Mike (15 May 2021). Buses and Coaches in Wales: 1980 to 2001. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-3981-0160-9. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlcuEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Buses and Coaches in Wales: 1980 to 2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3981-0160-9","url_text":"978-1-3981-0160-9"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, Keith A. (15 August 2020). The History of Optare. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-9695-9. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DFf9DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The History of Optare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-9695-9","url_text":"978-1-4456-9695-9"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (February 1999). \"Buses Profile: East Yorkshire Motor Services\". Buses Focus. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 20–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stagecoach orders Optare buses\". Mass Transit. No. 27. University of Michigan: PTN Publishing Company. 2001. p. 56. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=73ZUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Stagecoach orders Optare buses\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Martin (15 August 1997). \"Public reaction to the new FirstBus standard\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 422. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. pp. 18–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fleet Additions\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 422. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 15 August 1997. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beddall, David (15 November 2020). London's Low-floor Buses. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-3981-0120-3. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wuEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"London's Low-floor Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3981-0120-3","url_text":"978-1-3981-0120-3"}]},{"reference":"Stubbings, Richard (15 July 2019). British Independent Buses in the 1990s. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-8612-7. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvSiDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"British Independent Buses in the 1990s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-8612-7","url_text":"978-1-4456-8612-7"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Stewart (7 March 1997). \"UK built low floor buses for overseas markets\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 399. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hungarians warm to Excels\". Optare (Press release). 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 15 October 2003. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031015194429/http://www.optare.com/News/hugary%20xls.htm","url_text":"\"Hungarians warm to Excels\""},{"url":"http://www.optare.com/News/hugary%20xls.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Optare+Excel%22","external_links_name":"\"Optare Excel\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Optare+Excel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Optare+Excel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Optare+Excel%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Optare+Excel%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Optare+Excel%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.buslistsontheweb.co.uk/index.htm?http://www.buslistsontheweb.co.uk/list.asp?listname=722&Type=Chassis","external_links_name":"Optare Excel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlcuEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Buses and Coaches in Wales: 1980 to 2001"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DFf9DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The History of Optare"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=73ZUAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Stagecoach orders Optare buses\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wuEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"London's Low-floor Buses"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvSiDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"British Independent Buses in the 1990s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031015194429/http://www.optare.com/News/hugary%20xls.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hungarians warm to Excels\""},{"Link":"http://www.optare.com/News/hugary%20xls.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada_Buildings_(North_York) | Government of Canada Building (North York) | ["1 Stabbing","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°45′48″N 79°24′47″W / 43.763315°N 79.413042°W / 43.763315; -79.413042Canadian government building in North York, Toronto
Joseph Shepard BuildingÉdifice Joseph-ShepardBuilding exterior in 2012Alternative namesGovernment of Canada BuildingGeneral informationTypeOffice buildingArchitectural styleModernistAddress4900 Yonge StreetToronto, OntarioM2N 6B1Coordinates43°45′48″N 79°24′47″W / 43.763315°N 79.413042°W / 43.763315; -79.413042Construction started1975Completed1977OwnerGovernment of CanadaDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Macy DuBoisOther informationPublic transit access Sheppard–Yonge
The Joseph Shepard Building (French: Édifice Joseph-Shepard), also known as the Joseph Shepard Federal Building, Government of Canada Building, or simply 4900 Yonge, is an office complex used by the federal government of Canada in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located on Yonge Street in the North York neighbourhood of Lansing, the building lies within North York City Centre.
Built in 1977 as a medium-sized, planned consolidation project to service residents of the former Metropolitan Toronto districts of North York and Etobicoke, the building houses offices for passport services, Service Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, and Canadian Forces recruiting centre in addition to other federal departments. The building was designed by Macy DuBois and is a Classified Federal Heritage Building. The building is named for Joseph Shepard, an early settler in North York whom acquired 400 acres (160 ha) of land nearby and also the namesake of Sheppard Avenue.
The structure, with its multi-layered design, stands out among the surrounding skyscrapers along Yonge Street, which were built during the office boom of the 1990s surrounding the diversification of North York City Centre. The building is within walking distance to Sheppard–Yonge subway station and short distance from Ontario Highway 401.
The building is one of two buildings used by the federal government in North York, the other being the Environment and Climate Change Canada Building near York University Heights. Other federal facilities in Toronto include the Dominion Public Building, the Canada Centre Building, and the Health Canada Building; the latter two buildings located in the former city of Scarborough.
Stabbing
On March 14, 2016, two members of the Canadian Forces recruiting centre were stabbed by someone carrying a knife.
References
^ "Joseph Shepard Building". TERMIUM Plus. Government of Canada. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons. Canada, Auditor General of Canada, 1979.
^ "Canada's Historic Places: Joseph Shepard Building". www.historicplaces.ca. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
^ "North York military stabbing suspect faces nine charges". Toronto Star. 15 March 2016.
External links
Joseph Sheppard Federal Building Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"federal government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Yonge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"North York City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke"},{"link_name":"Service Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Canada"},{"link_name":"Employment and Social Development Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_and_Social_Development_Canada"},{"link_name":"Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"Macy DuBois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_DuBois"},{"link_name":"Classified Federal Heritage Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Heritage_Buildings_Review_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sheppard Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Sheppard–Yonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard%E2%80%93Yonge_station"},{"link_name":"Ontario Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401"},{"link_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"York University Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University_Heights"},{"link_name":"Dominion Public Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Public_Building"},{"link_name":"Canada Centre Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Centre_Building"},{"link_name":"Health Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto"}],"text":"Canadian government building in North York, TorontoThe Joseph Shepard Building (French: Édifice Joseph-Shepard),[1] also known as the Joseph Shepard Federal Building, Government of Canada Building, or simply 4900 Yonge, is an office complex used by the federal government of Canada in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located on Yonge Street in the North York neighbourhood of Lansing, the building lies within North York City Centre.Built in 1977 as a medium-sized, planned consolidation project[2] to service residents of the former Metropolitan Toronto districts of North York and Etobicoke, the building houses offices for passport services, Service Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, and Canadian Forces recruiting centre in addition to other federal departments. The building was designed by Macy DuBois and is a Classified Federal Heritage Building.[3] The building is named for Joseph Shepard, an early settler in North York whom acquired 400 acres (160 ha) of land nearby and also the namesake of Sheppard Avenue.The structure, with its multi-layered design, stands out among the surrounding skyscrapers along Yonge Street, which were built during the office boom of the 1990s surrounding the diversification of North York City Centre. The building is within walking distance to Sheppard–Yonge subway station and short distance from Ontario Highway 401.The building is one of two buildings used by the federal government in North York, the other being the Environment and Climate Change Canada Building near York University Heights. Other federal facilities in Toronto include the Dominion Public Building, the Canada Centre Building, and the Health Canada Building; the latter two buildings located in the former city of Scarborough.","title":"Government of Canada Building (North York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On March 14, 2016, two members of the Canadian Forces recruiting centre were stabbed by someone carrying a knife.[4]","title":"Stabbing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Joseph Shepard Building\". TERMIUM Plus. Government of Canada. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&index=alt&srchtxt=EDIFICE%20JOSEPH%2DSHEPARD","url_text":"\"Joseph Shepard Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Historic Places: Joseph Shepard Building\". www.historicplaces.ca. Retrieved 2018-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10230","url_text":"\"Canada's Historic Places: Joseph Shepard Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"North York military stabbing suspect faces nine charges\". Toronto Star. 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/03/15/north-york-cfb-centre-stabbing-suspect-due-in-court-tuesday.html","url_text":"\"North York military stabbing suspect faces nine charges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Government_of_Canada_Building_(North_York)¶ms=43.763315_N_79.413042_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°45′48″N 79°24′47″W / 43.763315°N 79.413042°W / 43.763315; -79.413042"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Government_of_Canada_Building_(North_York)¶ms=43.763315_N_79.413042_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°45′48″N 79°24′47″W / 43.763315°N 79.413042°W / 43.763315; -79.413042"},{"Link":"https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&index=alt&srchtxt=EDIFICE%20JOSEPH%2DSHEPARD","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Shepard Building\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s3gNeYrV0M8C&q=%22Government+of+Canada+Building+(North+York)%22","external_links_name":"Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons."},{"Link":"https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10230","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Historic Places: Joseph Shepard Building\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/03/15/north-york-cfb-centre-stabbing-suspect-due-in-court-tuesday.html","external_links_name":"\"North York military stabbing suspect faces nine charges\""},{"Link":"http://www.urbandb.com/canada/ontario/toronto/joseph_sheppard_fed_bldg/","external_links_name":"Joseph Sheppard Federal Building"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203436/http://www.urbandb.com/canada/ontario/toronto/joseph_sheppard_fed_bldg/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1912 | List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1912 | ["1 References"] | This is a list of the fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1912. There were no foreign members elected this year.
John Oliver Arnold
Charles Glover Barkla
Leonard Cockayne
Arthur Lee Dixon
Sir Thomas Little Heath
Humphrey Owen Jones
Sir Thomas Ranken Lyle
William McDougall
Rudolf Messel
Benjamin Moore
Edward Nettleship
Robert Newstead
Sir Henry John Oram
George Thurland Prior
Reginald Crundall Punnett
References
^ "Notes". Nature. 88 (2209): 591–596. February 1, 1912. doi:10.1038/088591a0 – via www.nature.com.
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Founder
Original
Health and human sciences | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Oliver Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Oliver_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Glover Barkla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cockayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cockayne"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lee Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lee_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Little Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Little_Heath"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Owen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Owen_Jones"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Ranken Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Ranken_Lyle"},{"link_name":"William McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Messel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Messel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_(biochemist)"},{"link_name":"Edward Nettleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Nettleship"},{"link_name":"Robert Newstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Newstead"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry John Oram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Henry_John_Oram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Thurland Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thurland_Prior"},{"link_name":"Reginald Crundall Punnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Crundall_Punnett"}],"text":"This is a list of the fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1912. There were no foreign members elected this year.[1]John Oliver Arnold\nCharles Glover Barkla\nLeonard Cockayne\nArthur Lee Dixon\nSir Thomas Little Heath\nHumphrey Owen Jones\nSir Thomas Ranken Lyle\nWilliam McDougall\nRudolf Messel\nBenjamin Moore\nEdward Nettleship\nRobert Newstead\nSir Henry John Oram\nGeorge Thurland Prior\nReginald Crundall Punnett","title":"List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1912"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Notes\". Nature. 88 (2209): 591–596. February 1, 1912. doi:10.1038/088591a0 – via www.nature.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/088591a0","url_text":"\"Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F088591a0","url_text":"10.1038/088591a0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/088591a0","external_links_name":"\"Notes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F088591a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/088591a0"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon | COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon | ["1 Background","2 Statistics","3 Response","4 Notes","5 References"] | Viral pandemic in Calabarzon, Philippines
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022)
COVID-19 pandemic in CalabarzonDiseaseCOVID-19Virus strainSARS-CoV-2LocationCalabarzonFirst outbreakWuhan, Hubei, ChinaIndex caseCainta, RizalArrival dateMarch 5, 2020(4 years, 3 months, 1 week and 1 day)Confirmed cases 731,358Active cases 1,340Recovered 723,294Deaths 6,724Government websitero4a.doh.gov.ph
The COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus reached Calabarzon on March 7, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Rizal. All provinces in the region has confirmed cases. As of May 2, 2023, the region has 731,358 confirmed cases, with 6,724 deaths.
Background
COVID-19 testing in Rizal.
The first confirmed COVID-19 case in Calabarzon is a 62-year-old male, a resident of Cainta, Rizal, who frequented a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila. The patient was admitted at the Cardinal Santos Medical Center in San Juan, Metro Manila on March 1, 2020, and was diagnosed with severe pneumonia. The case was confirmed on March 5 and the man was referred to the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Muntinlupa. The individual's case is also the first confirmed local transmission of COVID-19 in the country, having no travel history abroad. The patient's wife also contracted the disease.
Mayor Kit Nieto of Cainta ordered the immediate provision of face masks and disinfectants in areas near the residence of the patient. The patient's family, as well as his neighbors, were placed under quarantine. Nieto suspended classes in Cainta from March 7 to 10 and placed the city under community quarantine since March 15.
Aside from Rizal, all provinces have confirmed cases. The first case per province by date of confirmation as is as follows:
Cavite – March 10
Batangas – March 13
Laguna and Quezon – March 15; the first two cases in Quezon is from Lucena, which is geographically part of Quezon but is administered independently from the province. The first Quezon case outside Lucena is linked to the municipality of Sariaya.
Statistics
Cumulative COVID-19 cases in Calabarzonbased on numbers confirmed and validated by the DOH COVID-19 TrackerAs of January 3, 2022
Province or HUC
Cases
Deaths
Recov.
Active
Batangas
74,263
953
72,871
439
Cavite
163,524
1,220
160,820
1,364
Laguna
124,900
1,479
122,704
717
Quezon
23,458
304
22,651
503
Lucena
7,264
117
6,990
157
Rizal
105,560
1,531
103,013
1,016
Total
498,969
5,048
472,674
8,454
† Lucena is a highly-urbanized city; figures are excluded from Quezon province.
Response
Calabarzon was under the scope of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon imposed by the national government from March 16, 2020.
On May 16, Calabarzon (except Laguna) was downgraded to general community quarantine (GCQ).
On August 1, Lipa was placed under a 15-day lockdown and the province of Batangas was placed under GCQ. On August 4, the modified ECQ status was reinstated for Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal, all of which surround Metro Manila. On August 19, the aforementioned provinces were downgraded to GCQ.
On September 1, the entire region except for Batangas was downgraded to modified GCQ.
On March 22, 2021, in view of the grim rising of new COVID-19 cases, the GCQ status, this time with additional restrictions, was reinstated over Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal.
Alongside Metro Manila and Bulacan, these areas were collectively given the designation "NCR Plus" and the restrictions placed on the area is described essentially as a GCQ-MECQ hybrid. On March 27, it was announced that "NCR Plus" would be placed under ECQ from March 29 to April 4; it would later be extended up to April 11. On April 12, the area was then downgraded to modified ECQ, while Quezon was elevated to GCQ. On May 15, the provinces under the NCR Plus bubble were downgraded to GCQ with "heightened restrictions." From June 16 to July 15, the city of Lucena was placed under MECQ. On July 1, Rizal was downgraded to normal GCQ. On July 16, Lucena was downgraded to GCQ with "heightened restrictions," while Cavite was downgraded to normal GCQ. Effective August 1 to 15, Rizal and Cavite would be upgraded back to GCQ with "heightened restrictions," while Laguna was upgraded to MECQ.
Notes
References
^ "COVID-19 Tracker". doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
^ Santos, Elmor (March 7, 2020). "Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ San Juan, Ratziel (March 12, 2020). "First local COVID-19 transmission case, wife among 3 new deaths in Philippines". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Alcober, Neil (March 13, 2020). "Cainta couple dies from COVID-19". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Santos, Eimor (March 7, 2020). "Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ Hallare, Katrina (March 7, 2020). "Cainta, Rizal suspends classes, distributes face masks over coronavirus threat". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ "Cainta mayor to place town under quarantine over 3 confirmed cases of COVID-19". CNN Philippines. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^ "Cavite confirms first COVID-19 case". Tempo. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
^ "Batangas confirms 2 COVID-19 cases, suspends classes in all levels". GMA News. March 13, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
^ Molina, Carlo Jacob (March 22, 2020). "Laguna confirms second coronavirus case". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ "Quezon province confirms first COVID-19 patient". CNN Philippines. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
^ "2 new COVID-19 cases in Quezon traced to Lucena, Sariaya". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
^ Luna, Franco (March 16, 2020). "Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced' community quarantine". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Metro Manila eases to GCQ on June 1". CNN Philippines. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
^ "Lipa City under 15-day lockdown to prevent COVID-19 spread". CNN Philippines. August 1, 2020. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
^ "Duterte places NCR, nearby areas back to MECQ beginning Tuesday, August 4, 2020". GMA News Online. August 2, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
^ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (August 18, 2020). "Metro Manila, 4 neighboring provinces back under GCQ". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
^ "Metro Manila now in GCQ". PTV News. August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
^ "Iligan City placed under stricter lockdown, Metro Manila remains under GCQ". Manila Standard. August 31, 2020.
^ "Duterte approves 2-week GCQ for M. Manila, nearby provinces with add'l restrictions". ABS-CBN News. March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ Malasig, Jeline (March 22, 2021). "Greater Manila vs 'NCR Plus': Questions as gov't labels areas under GCQ 'bubble'". Interaksyon. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
^ Ranada, Pia; Tomacruz, Sofia (March 22, 2021). "Stricter GCQ, 'NCR Plus' bubble explained". Rappler. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
^ "NCR Plus to shift to stricter ECQ for one week". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ "Philippines extends coronavirus curbs in capital, nearby provinces". Channel News Asia. April 3, 2021. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
^ Punzalan, Jamaine (April 28, 2021). "Duterte extends MECQ in NCR Plus until May 14". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
^ Galvez, Daphne (April 11, 2021). "'NCR Plus' to be under MECQ starting April 12 until April 30 — Palace". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
^ Ranada, Pia (May 13, 2021). "'NCR Plus' shifts to 'stricter' GCQ on May 15". Rappler. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
^ Ranada, Pia (June 14, 2021). "Davao City, Zamboanga City, 19 other areas under MECQ until end-June". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
^ "July community quarantine classifications finalized". Presidential Communications Operations Office. June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ "GCQ status in NCR extended until July 31". Presidential Communications Operations Office. July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ Ranada, Pia (July 29, 2021). "NCR still under stricter GCQ in August; Iloilo, 3 other areas under ECQ". Rappler. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^ "Apayao, Laguna, Aklan now under MECQ; Cebu province down to 'strict GCQ'". ABS-CBN News. August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
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LeaveHomeSafe
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PeduliLindungi
SafeEntry
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StaySafe.ph
SwissCovid
TCN Protocol
Test, Trace, Protect
Thai Chana
TousAntiCovid
TraceTogether
Valtrace
Zoe Health Study
Prevention
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United States
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Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
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COVIran Barekat
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FAKHRAVAC
Minhai
QazCovid-in
Sinopharm BIBP
Sinopharm WIBP
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Valneva
mRNA
Moderna
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Subunit
Abdala
Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
COVAX-19
EpiVacCorona
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MVC
Noora
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Razi Cov Pars
Sinopharm CNBG
Soberana 02
Soberana Plus
ZF2001 (Zifivax)
Viral vector
Convidecia
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ARCT-021
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Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
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Subunit
202-CoV
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Nanocovax
ReCOV
Sanofi–GSK
S-268019
SCB-2019
SCTV01C
Skycovione
UB-612
V-01
V451 (terminated)
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West China Hospital
Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech
Viral vector
AdCLD-CoV19
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COH04S1
DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
GRAd-COV2
ImmunityBio
iNCOVACC
INNA-051
NDV-HXP-S
Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine
Virus-like particles
ABNCoV2
LYB001
MigVax-101
VBI-2902
Deploymentby locationAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
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Cameroon
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Others
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Treatment
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Open-source ventilator
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RECOVERY Trial (UK)
Solidarity trial (WHO)
Monoclonal antibodies
Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
Bamlanivimab
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Bebtelovimab
Casirivimab/imdevimab
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Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
Tocilizumab
Small molecule antivirals
Broad-spectrum
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Molnupiravir
Remdesivir
Co-packaged
Nirmatrelvir
ritonavir
VariantsSpecific
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Omicron
timeline
General
Cluster 5
Lineage B.1.617
Lineage B.1.640.2
Variant of concern
InstitutionsHospitals andmedical clinicsMainland China
Central Hospital of Wuhan
Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
Fangcang hospitals
Huoshenshan Hospital
Leishenshan Hospital
Xinjia Express Hotel
Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital
Others
Hospital ships
Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
Hospital El Salvador
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Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
Birmingham
London
North East
North West
Yorkshire and the Humber
NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)
OrganizationsGlobal
By location
National Cabinet (Australia)
ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)
Healthinstitutes
Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
Department of Health (Hong Kong)
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)
Pandemicinstitutes
National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
PREPARE (European Union)
National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
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National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
GACH (Uruguay)
Relief funds
PM CARES Fund (India)
SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
Artist Relief (United States)
PeopleMedicalprofessionals
Ai Fen
Corona Rintawan
Li Wenliang
Liu Wen
Xie Linka
Zhang Wenhong
Researchers
Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
Roberto Burioni
Chen Wei
Kizzmekia Corbett
Andrea Crisanti
Peter Daszak
Christian Drosten
Neil Ferguson
Dale Fisher
George F. Gao
Azra Ghani
Sarah Gilbert
Guan Yi
Kentaro Iwata
Katalin Karikó
Matt Keeling
Trudie Lang
Li Lanjuan
W. Ian Lipkin
Ma Xiaowei
Shabir Madhi
Allison McGeer
Camilla Rothe
Shi Zhengli
Moncef Slaoui
Mike Tildesley
John Todd
Wang Chen
Wang Guangfa
Drew Weissman
Yuen Kwok-yung
Zeng Guang
Zhang Jixian
Zhang Yongzhen
Zhong Nanshan
OfficialsWHO
Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)
By location
Frank Atherton (Wales)
Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
Victor Costache (Romania)
Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
Christian Drosten (Germany)
Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
Anthony Fauci (United States)
Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
Graça Freitas (Portugal)
Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
Greg Hunt (Australia)
Tony Holohan (Ireland)
Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
Li Keqiang (China)
Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
Alma Möller (Iceland)
Saeed Namaki (Iran)
Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
Jérôme Salomon (France)
Fernando Simón (Spain)
Gregor Smith (Scotland)
Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
Theresa Tam (Canada)
Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
Harsh Vardhan (India)
Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
Jeff Zients (United States)
Others
Chen Qiushi
Brett Crozier
Fang Bin
Fang Fang
Joseph Ashitey Hammond
Li Zehua
Captain Tom Moore
Qiu Menghuang
Ren Zhiqiang
Deaths
List
Data (templates)Global
Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
WHO situation reports
cases
January 2020
February 2020
March 2020
April 2020
May 2020
June 2020
July 2020
August 2020
September 2020
October 2020
November 2020
December 2020
January 2021
February 2021
March 2021
April 2021
May 2021
June 2021
July 2021
August 2021
deaths
World map by countries: confirmed per capita
China
Hospital beds by country
Lockdowns<
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Comoros
Egypt
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Ghana
cases chart
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Libya
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigera
cases chart
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
cases chart
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
cases chart
Americas
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
by province
vaccinations by province
Chile
by commune
Colombia
Costa Rica
cases chart
Cuba
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cases chart
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United States
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confirmed per capita
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cases chart
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charts
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vaccinations charts
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cases chart
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cases chart
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statistics charts
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
Faroe Islands
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
Greece
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
by voivodeship
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cases chart
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cases chart
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cases chart
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2020
2021
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vteCOVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Timeline
2020
2021
2022
Data
chart
areas of quarantine
Vaccination
Locations
Bangsamoro
Bicol Region
Cagayan Valley
Calabarzon
Caraga
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Davao Region
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Soccsksargen
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Overseas
Responses
National and local government responses
"Bayanihan to Heal as One Act"
"Bayanihan to Recover as One Act"
community quarantines
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evacuations
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community pantry movement
COVID-19 apps
StaySafe
SafePass
S-PaSS
Pharmally scandal
Impacts
Misinformation
SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant
Social
Sports
public reception of "Iisang Dagat"
InstitutionsHospitals
Baguio General Hospital
Lung Center of the Philippines
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National Institutes of Health
Philippine Genome Center
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
San Lazaro Hospital
St. Luke's Medical Center
Taguig
Quezon City
Southern Philippines Medical Center
The Medical City Ortigas
Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center
Victoriano Luna General Hospital
Mega Ligtas COVID Centers
Organizations
Department of Health
DOH
Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases
IATF-EID
Department of Foreign Affairs
DFA
Department of Labor and Employment
DOLE
Department of Social Welfare and Development
DSWD
Department of the Interior and Local Government
DILG
OCTA Research
Philippine Red Cross
PRC
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
NDRRMC
Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee
Notable peopleOfficials
Eduardo Año
Vince Dizon
Francisco Duque III
Rodrigo Duterte
Guillermo Eleazar
Carlito Galvez Jr.
Delfin Lorenzana
Benjamin Magalong
Karlo Nograles
Harry Roque
Leopoldo Vega
Maria Rosario Vergeire
Mark Villar
vteRodrigo Duterte
16th President of the Philippines (2016–2022)
Mayor of Davao City (2013–2016, 2001–2010, 1988–1998)
Davao City 1st district Congressman (1998–2001)
Vice Mayor of Davao City (2010–2013, 1986–1987 (OIC))
Presidency
Transition
Inauguration
First 100 days
Administration and cabinet
Executive orders
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Protests
timeline
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Policies
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9-1-1 and 8888
DuterteNomics
Build! Build! Build!
Philippines v. China
Freedom of Information
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Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
Proclamation No. 55
Proclamation No. 216
Marawi rehabilitation
2017 ASEAN Summits
Public Utility Vehicle modernization
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NTF-ELCAC
Repatriation of Kuwait OFWs
Canadian waste repatriation
ICC withdrawal
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Manila Dolomite Beach
COVID-19 pandemic response
community quarantines
vaccination programme
Balik Probinsya
Legislation
Anti-Distracted Driving Act
Free Internet Access in Public Places Act
Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act
TRAIN Law
Ease of Doing Business Law
Mental Health Act
E-NIPAS Act
Bangsamoro Organic Law
Philippine Identification System Act
Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act
DHSUD Act
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Magna Carta of the Poor
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Malasakit Centers Act
Bayanihan to Heal as One Act
National Academy of Sports Act
Anti-Terrorism Act
Bayanihan to Recover as One Act
Alternative Learning System Act
BFP Modernization Act
Department of Migrant Workers Act
Amendments to the Public Service Act
Speeches
State of the Nation Address
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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August 7, 2016 speech
Elections
1988 general
1998 general
2001 general
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campaign
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Family
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Sara Duterte (daughter)
Sebastian Duterte (son)
Related
17th Congress
18th Congress
Coalition For Change
Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod
Davao Death Squad
Diehard Duterte Supporters
Duterte fist
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Mocha Uson Blog
Mula sa Masa, Para sa Masa
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino
Controversies
Dengvaxia controversy
Good conduct time allowance controversy
ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy
PhilHealth controversy
Pharmally scandal
Domestic incidents
Siege of Marawi
Mangkhut (Ompong)
Republic v. Sereno
Water crisis in Metro Manila
30th Southeast Asian Games
2019 Reed Bank incident
2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions
COVID-19 pandemic
Red-tagging incidents
Goni (Rolly)
Vamco (Ulysses)
Rai (Odette)
Megi (Agaton)
← Benigno Aquino III
Bongbong Marcos →
← Jejomar Binay
Leni Robredo
Sara Duterte →
Category
Commons
Wikidata
Wikisource
Wikiquote | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"worldwide pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"coronavirus disease 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2"},{"link_name":"Calabarzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabarzon"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COVID-19_tracker-1"}],"text":"The COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus reached Calabarzon on March 7, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Rizal. All provinces in the region has confirmed cases. As of May 2, 2023, the region has 731,358 confirmed cases, with 6,724 deaths.[1]","title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Rizal_drive_thru_testing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calabarzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabarzon"},{"link_name":"Cainta, Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Institute_for_Tropical_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Muntinlupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kit Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquirer-CovidLaguna-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena,_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Sariaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariaya"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"COVID-19 testing in Rizal.The first confirmed COVID-19 case in Calabarzon is a 62-year-old male, a resident of Cainta, Rizal, who frequented a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila. The patient was admitted at the Cardinal Santos Medical Center in San Juan, Metro Manila on March 1, 2020, and was diagnosed with severe pneumonia. The case was confirmed on March 5 and the man was referred to the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Muntinlupa.[2] The individual's case is also the first confirmed local transmission of COVID-19 in the country, having no travel history abroad.[3] The patient's wife also contracted the disease.[4]Mayor Kit Nieto of Cainta ordered the immediate provision of face masks and disinfectants in areas near the residence of the patient. The patient's family, as well as his neighbors, were placed under quarantine.[5] Nieto suspended classes in Cainta from March 7 to 10 and placed the city under community quarantine since March 15.[6][7]Aside from Rizal, all provinces have confirmed cases. The first case per province by date of confirmation as is as follows:Cavite – March 10[8]\nBatangas – March 13[9]\nLaguna and Quezon – March 15;[10][11] the first two cases in Quezon is from Lucena, which is geographically part of Quezon but is administered independently from the province. The first Quezon case outside Lucena is linked to the municipality of Sariaya.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enhanced community quarantine in Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECQ-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas"},{"link_name":"Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulacan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Calabarzon was under the scope of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon imposed by the national government from March 16, 2020.[13]On May 16, Calabarzon (except Laguna) was downgraded to general community quarantine (GCQ).[14]On August 1, Lipa was placed under a 15-day lockdown and the province of Batangas was placed under GCQ.[15] On August 4, the modified ECQ status was reinstated for Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal, all of which surround Metro Manila.[16] On August 19, the aforementioned provinces were downgraded to GCQ.[17][18]On September 1, the entire region except for Batangas was downgraded to modified GCQ.[19]On March 22, 2021, in view of the grim rising of new COVID-19 cases, the GCQ status, this time with additional restrictions, was reinstated over Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal.[20]Alongside Metro Manila and Bulacan, these areas were collectively given the designation \"NCR Plus\"[21] and the restrictions placed on the area is described essentially as a GCQ-MECQ hybrid.[22] On March 27, it was announced that \"NCR Plus\" would be placed under ECQ from March 29 to April 4;[23] it would later be extended up to April 11.[24] On April 12, the area was then downgraded to modified ECQ,[25] while Quezon was elevated to GCQ.[26] On May 15, the provinces under the NCR Plus bubble were downgraded to GCQ with \"heightened restrictions.\"[27] From June 16 to July 15, the city of Lucena was placed under MECQ.[28] On July 1, Rizal was downgraded to normal GCQ.[29] On July 16, Lucena was downgraded to GCQ with \"heightened restrictions,\" while Cavite was downgraded to normal GCQ.[30] Effective August 1 to 15, Rizal and Cavite would be upgraded back to GCQ with \"heightened restrictions,\" while Laguna was upgraded to MECQ.[31][32]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"COVID-19 testing in Rizal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/COVID-19_Rizal_drive_thru_testing.jpg/220px-COVID-19_Rizal_drive_thru_testing.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"COVID-19 Tracker\". doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022070642/https://doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker","url_text":"\"COVID-19 Tracker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)","url_text":"Department of Health"},{"url":"https://doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Elmor (March 7, 2020). \"Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200426134246/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","url_text":"\"Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"San Juan, Ratziel (March 12, 2020). \"First local COVID-19 transmission case, wife among 3 new deaths in Philippines\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/03/12/2000450/doh-first-local-transmission-wife-among-three-new-covid-19-deaths","url_text":"\"First local COVID-19 transmission case, wife among 3 new deaths in Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"Alcober, Neil (March 13, 2020). \"Cainta couple dies from COVID-19\". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200411134720/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/03/13/cainta-couple-die-from-covid-19/","url_text":"\"Cainta couple dies from COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/03/13/cainta-couple-die-from-covid-19/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Eimor (March 7, 2020). \"Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200307111354/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","url_text":"\"Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hallare, Katrina (March 7, 2020). \"Cainta, Rizal suspends classes, distributes face masks over coronavirus threat\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1238217/cainta-rizal-suspends-classes-distributes-face-masks-over-coronavirus-threat","url_text":"\"Cainta, Rizal suspends classes, distributes face masks over coronavirus threat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cainta mayor to place town under quarantine over 3 confirmed cases of COVID-19\". CNN Philippines. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200328104110/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/13/Cainta-mayor-to-place-town-under-quarantine-over-three-COVID-19-cases.html","url_text":"\"Cainta mayor to place town under quarantine over 3 confirmed cases of COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/13/Cainta-mayor-to-place-town-under-quarantine-over-three-COVID-19-cases.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cavite confirms first COVID-19 case\". Tempo. Retrieved April 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tempo.com.ph/2020/03/10/cavite-confirms-first-covid-19-case/","url_text":"\"Cavite confirms first COVID-19 case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batangas confirms 2 COVID-19 cases, suspends classes in all levels\". GMA News. March 13, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/729535/batangas-confirms-1st-covid-19-case-suspends-classes-in-all-levels/story/","url_text":"\"Batangas confirms 2 COVID-19 cases, suspends classes in all levels\""}]},{"reference":"Molina, Carlo Jacob (March 22, 2020). \"Laguna confirms second coronavirus case\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1246384/laguna-confirms-second-coronavirus-case","url_text":"\"Laguna confirms second coronavirus case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quezon province confirms first COVID-19 patient\". CNN Philippines. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200412172709/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/15/quezon-province-first-case-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"Quezon province confirms first COVID-19 patient\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/15/quezon-province-first-case-coronavirus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2 new COVID-19 cases in Quezon traced to Lucena, Sariaya\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1247198/2-new-covid-19-cases-in-quezon-traced-to-lucena-sariaya","url_text":"\"2 new COVID-19 cases in Quezon traced to Lucena, Sariaya\""}]},{"reference":"Luna, Franco (March 16, 2020). \"Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced' community quarantine\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/03/16/2001320/duterte-places-entire-luzon-under-enhanced-community-quarantine","url_text":"\"Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced' community quarantine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Manila eases to GCQ on June 1\". CNN Philippines. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003040/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/28/Duterte-Metro-Manila-community-quarantine-MECQ-GCQ-decision.html","url_text":"\"Metro Manila eases to GCQ on June 1\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/28/Duterte-Metro-Manila-community-quarantine-MECQ-GCQ-decision.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lipa City under 15-day lockdown to prevent COVID-19 spread\". CNN Philippines. August 1, 2020. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815195018/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/8/1/Lipa-City-under-15-day-lockdown-to-prevent-COVID-19-spread-.html","url_text":"\"Lipa City under 15-day lockdown to prevent COVID-19 spread\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/8/1/Lipa-City-under-15-day-lockdown-to-prevent-COVID-19-spread-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Duterte places NCR, nearby areas back to MECQ beginning Tuesday, August 4, 2020\". GMA News Online. August 2, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/749553/duterte-places-ncr-nearby-areas-back-to-mecq-beginning-monday-august-3-2020/story/","url_text":"\"Duterte places NCR, nearby areas back to MECQ beginning Tuesday, August 4, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (August 18, 2020). \"Metro Manila, 4 neighboring provinces back under GCQ\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved August 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/08/18/metro-manila-4-neighboring-provinces-back-under-gcq/","url_text":"\"Metro Manila, 4 neighboring provinces back under GCQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Manila now in GCQ\". PTV News. August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ptvnews.ph/metro-manila-now-in-gcq/","url_text":"\"Metro Manila now in GCQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iligan City placed under stricter lockdown, Metro Manila remains under GCQ\". Manila Standard. August 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/332932/iligan-city-placed-under-stricter-lockdown-metro-manila-remains-under-gcq.html","url_text":"\"Iligan City placed under stricter lockdown, Metro Manila remains under GCQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duterte approves 2-week GCQ for M. Manila, nearby provinces with add'l restrictions\". ABS-CBN News. March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/21/21/duterte-approves-2-week-gcq-for-m-manila-nearby-provinces-with-addl-restrictions","url_text":"\"Duterte approves 2-week GCQ for M. Manila, nearby provinces with add'l restrictions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News","url_text":"ABS-CBN News"}]},{"reference":"Malasig, Jeline (March 22, 2021). \"Greater Manila vs 'NCR Plus': Questions as gov't labels areas under GCQ 'bubble'\". Interaksyon. Retrieved March 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2021/03/22/188079/greater-manila-vs-ncr-plus-questions-as-govt-labels-areas-under-gcq-bubble/","url_text":"\"Greater Manila vs 'NCR Plus': Questions as gov't labels areas under GCQ 'bubble'\""}]},{"reference":"Ranada, Pia; Tomacruz, Sofia (March 22, 2021). \"Stricter GCQ, 'NCR Plus' bubble explained\". Rappler. 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June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/july-community-quarantine-classifications-finalized/","url_text":"\"July community quarantine classifications finalized\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCQ status in NCR extended until July 31\". Presidential Communications Operations Office. July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/gcq-status-in-ncr-extended-until-july-31/","url_text":"\"GCQ status in NCR extended until July 31\""}]},{"reference":"Ranada, Pia (July 29, 2021). \"NCR still under stricter GCQ in August; Iloilo, 3 other areas under ECQ\". Rappler. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/quarantine-classifications-philippines-metro-manila-iloilo-august-2021","url_text":"\"NCR still under stricter GCQ in August; Iloilo, 3 other areas under ECQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apayao, Laguna, Aklan now under MECQ; Cebu province down to 'strict GCQ'\". ABS-CBN News. August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/01/21/aklan-laguna-apayao-mecq-aug-2021","url_text":"\"Apayao, Laguna, Aklan now under MECQ; Cebu province down to 'strict GCQ'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ro4a.doh.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"ro4a.doh.gov.ph"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022070642/https://doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker","external_links_name":"\"COVID-19 Tracker\""},{"Link":"https://doh.gov.ph/covid19tracker","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200426134246/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","external_links_name":"\"Cainta, Rizal steps up coronavirus measures amid confirmed case\""},{"Link":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/7/cainta-rizal-coronavirus-philippines.html","external_links_name":"the 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quarantine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003040/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/28/Duterte-Metro-Manila-community-quarantine-MECQ-GCQ-decision.html","external_links_name":"\"Metro Manila eases to GCQ on June 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/28/Duterte-Metro-Manila-community-quarantine-MECQ-GCQ-decision.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815195018/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/8/1/Lipa-City-under-15-day-lockdown-to-prevent-COVID-19-spread-.html","external_links_name":"\"Lipa City under 15-day lockdown to prevent COVID-19 spread\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/8/1/Lipa-City-under-15-day-lockdown-to-prevent-COVID-19-spread-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/749553/duterte-places-ncr-nearby-areas-back-to-mecq-beginning-monday-august-3-2020/story/","external_links_name":"\"Duterte places NCR, nearby areas back to MECQ beginning Tuesday, August 4, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/08/18/metro-manila-4-neighboring-provinces-back-under-gcq/","external_links_name":"\"Metro Manila, 4 neighboring provinces back under GCQ\""},{"Link":"https://ptvnews.ph/metro-manila-now-in-gcq/","external_links_name":"\"Metro Manila now in GCQ\""},{"Link":"https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/332932/iligan-city-placed-under-stricter-lockdown-metro-manila-remains-under-gcq.html","external_links_name":"\"Iligan City placed under stricter lockdown, Metro Manila remains under GCQ\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/21/21/duterte-approves-2-week-gcq-for-m-manila-nearby-provinces-with-addl-restrictions","external_links_name":"\"Duterte approves 2-week GCQ for M. Manila, nearby provinces with add'l restrictions\""},{"Link":"https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2021/03/22/188079/greater-manila-vs-ncr-plus-questions-as-govt-labels-areas-under-gcq-bubble/","external_links_name":"\"Greater Manila vs 'NCR Plus': Questions as gov't labels areas under GCQ 'bubble'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/stricter-gcq-metro-manila-ncr-plus-bubble","external_links_name":"\"Stricter GCQ, 'NCR Plus' bubble explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412043836/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/3/27/ECQ-2021-NCR-Plus-bubble.html","external_links_name":"\"NCR Plus to shift to stricter ECQ for one week\""},{"Link":"https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/3/27/ECQ-2021-NCR-Plus-bubble.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403124229/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/philippines-covid-19-curbs-lockdown-manila-extended-14549662","external_links_name":"\"Philippines extends coronavirus curbs in capital, nearby provinces\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/philippines-covid-19-curbs-lockdown-manila-extended-14549662","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/28/21/may-2021-quarantine-ncr-plus-mecq","external_links_name":"\"Duterte extends MECQ in NCR Plus until May 14\""},{"Link":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1417541/ncr-plus-to-be-under-mecq-starting-april-12-until-april-30-palace","external_links_name":"\"'NCR Plus' to be under MECQ starting April 12 until April 30 — Palace\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/ncr-plus-quarantine-classification-starting-may-15-2021","external_links_name":"\"'NCR Plus' shifts to 'stricter' GCQ on May 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-quarantine-classifications-june-16-30-2021","external_links_name":"\"Davao City, Zamboanga City, 19 other areas under MECQ until end-June\""},{"Link":"https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/july-community-quarantine-classifications-finalized/","external_links_name":"\"July community quarantine classifications finalized\""},{"Link":"https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/gcq-status-in-ncr-extended-until-july-31/","external_links_name":"\"GCQ status in NCR extended until July 31\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/quarantine-classifications-philippines-metro-manila-iloilo-august-2021","external_links_name":"\"NCR still under stricter GCQ in August; Iloilo, 3 other areas under ECQ\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/01/21/aklan-laguna-apayao-mecq-aug-2021","external_links_name":"\"Apayao, Laguna, Aklan now under MECQ; Cebu province down to 'strict GCQ'\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampin%27_Ground | Stampin' Ground | ["1 Members","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | British metalcore band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Stampin' Ground" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Stampin' GroundOriginCheltenham, EnglandGenresGroove metalmetalcoreYears active1995–2006, 2014LabelsWe BiteKingfisherCentury MediaPast membersAdam Frakes-Sime Scott Atkins Antony "Mobs" Mowbray Ben Frost Neil Hutton Ian Glasper Ade Stokes Heath Crosby Paul CattenWebsiteStampin' Ground on Facebook
Stampin' Ground was an English metalcore band from Cheltenham, initially active from 1995 to 2006, and again in 2014. The band has toured with the likes of Anthrax, Chimaira, The Haunted, Agnostic Front, Sick of It All, Soulfly, Arch Enemy, and played the main stage at Download Festival 2003.
On 24 February 2014, they were announced to be playing the 2014 UK leg of the Sonisphere festival. They went on to play a string of dates in that year, which would be their last dates for the time being, finishing at Damnation Festival in November of 2014.
Members
Adam Frakes-Sime – vocals (1998–2006, 2014)
Scott Atkins – guitar (1995–2006)
Antony "Mobs" Mowbray – guitar
Ben Frost – bass (2003–2006, 2014)
Neil Hutton – drums (2002–2006)
Ian Glasper – bass (1995–2003)
Adrian "Ade" Stokes – drums (1995–2002)
Heath Crosby – vocals (1995–1997)
Paul Catten – vocals (demos only)
Discography
"Dawn of Night" 7 single (1996)
"Starved" 7" single (1996)
Stampin' Ground mini-CD (1996)
Demons Run Amok (1997)
An Expression of Repressed Violence (1998)
The Darkside Versus the Eastside (split mini-CD with Knuckledust) (1999)
Carved from Empty Words (2000)
Allied Forces (split EP with North Side Kings) (2002)
Trapped in the Teeth of Demons live 10" (limited edition picture disc) (2003)
A New Darkness Upon Us (2003)
References
^ "Wilko Johnson, Electric Wizard, Dog Eat Dog, Anti-Flag and More Join Bill « Sonisphere Festival UK". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
External links
Stampin' Ground official Facebook page
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Chimaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaira"},{"link_name":"The Haunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"Agnostic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic_Front"},{"link_name":"Sick of It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_of_It_All"},{"link_name":"Soulfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulfly"},{"link_name":"Arch Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Download Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sonisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonisphere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Damnation Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation_Festival"}],"text":"Stampin' Ground was an English metalcore band from Cheltenham, initially active from 1995 to 2006, and again in 2014. The band has toured with the likes of Anthrax, Chimaira, The Haunted, Agnostic Front, Sick of It All, Soulfly, Arch Enemy, and played the main stage at Download Festival 2003.On 24 February 2014, they were announced to be playing the 2014 UK leg of the Sonisphere festival.[1] They went on to play a string of dates in that year, which would be their last dates for the time being, finishing at Damnation Festival in November of 2014.","title":"Stampin' Ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Adam Frakes-Sime – vocals (1998–2006, 2014)\nScott Atkins – guitar (1995–2006)\nAntony \"Mobs\" Mowbray – guitar\nBen Frost – bass (2003–2006, 2014)\nNeil Hutton – drums (2002–2006)\nIan Glasper – bass (1995–2003)\nAdrian \"Ade\" Stokes – drums (1995–2002)\nHeath Crosby – vocals (1995–1997)\nPaul Catten – vocals (demos only)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knuckledust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuckledust"},{"link_name":"North Side Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Side_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"}],"text":"\"Dawn of Night\" 7 single (1996)\n\"Starved\" 7\" single (1996)\nStampin' Ground mini-CD (1996)\nDemons Run Amok (1997)\nAn Expression of Repressed Violence (1998)\nThe Darkside Versus the Eastside (split mini-CD with Knuckledust) (1999)\nCarved from Empty Words (2000)\nAllied Forces (split EP with North Side Kings) (2002)\nTrapped in the Teeth of Demons live 10\" (limited edition picture disc) (2003)\nA New Darkness Upon Us (2003)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wilko Johnson, Electric Wizard, Dog Eat Dog, Anti-Flag and More Join Bill « Sonisphere Festival UK\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_or_Flop_(TV_series) | Flip or Flop | ["1 Premise","2 Hosts","2.1 Personal lives","2.2 Real estate career","3 Series overview","4 References","5 External links"] | American reality television series
Flip or FlopGenreReality televisionStarringTarek El MoussaChristina HallCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons10No. of episodes155 (list of episodes)ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyPie Town ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkHGTVReleaseApril 16, 2013 (2013-04-16) –March 17, 2022 (2022-03-17)RelatedFlip or Flop (franchise)
Flip or Flop is an American television series that aired on HGTV, hosted by the formerly-married couple Tarek El Moussa and Christina Hall. The program was the original show in the Flip or Flop franchise, debuting in 2013.
On November 5, 2020, the series was renewed for a tenth season, which premiered on December 2, 2021. It was later announced that the series would end after ten seasons on March 17, 2022, but that hosts El Moussa and Hall would continue to work on their solo series.
Premise
Christina Hall and Tarek El Moussa were married real estate agents in Orange County, California. After the real estate crash in 2008, they began flipping homes in the Orange County area.
In 2011, Tarek asked a friend to help him make an audition tape for HGTV, filming an entire episode of the process of house flipping from start to finish. The audition tape was sent to HGTV and in 2012 the couple was signed to make Flip or Flop.
Christina's expertise is primarily in design, and she works with Tarek to find and renovate homes. She handles the designs of the new spaces and keeps the project on schedule. The show follows them as they buy homes, typically bank-owned, short sales or foreclosures, to renovate and resell.
Hosts
Personal lives
Tarek El Moussa and his ex-wife turned business partner Christina Hall met while working in the real estate industry. When the housing market plummeted after the October 2008 stock market crash they went from living in a $6,000 per month home to a $700 per month apartment, inspiring them to focus on flipping houses. The couple married in 2009, and their daughter Taylor Reese was born in 2010.
In 2013, a registered nurse and viewer, Megan R, contacted the network after seeing a lump on Tarek's neck during a Flip or Flop marathon. The network put Reade in touch with the producers, and Tarek was diagnosed with testicular cancer and thyroid cancer. The El Moussas thanked Reade in a video that can be seen on HGTV.com. When doctors recommended radiation treatment, the couple decided to bank Tarek's sperm and try in-vitro fertilization to have a second child.
After a couple of failed attempts, Christina became pregnant and their son, Brayden James, was born August 20, 2015.
In May 2016, the couple separated after an incident at their Southern California home. According to a Yorba Linda police report, Christina called the police after she saw Tarek leave their home with a gun, believing he was suicidal. Tarek was found by the police, and maintained that he was never suicidal and had simply gone for a hike, taking a gun to protect himself from wild animals. In January 2017, Tarek officially filed for divorce from Christina.
Real estate career
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018)
Tarek and Christina ran a real-estate agency, The El Moussa Group, in Orange County, an area with one of the largest foreclosure rates in the country. Tarek, Christina, and their partner Pete De Best, bought their first investment house in Santa Ana for $115,000.
After selling the property for a profit of $34,000, the trio split the money and continued to flip houses, expanding their real estate investing business into Arizona and Nevada Following their divorce, The El Moussa Group was dissolved and is now run under the name Tarek and Associates.
In 2018, Tarek and Christina co-founded a real estate education course called Real Estate Elevated.
Series overview
Main article: List of Flip or Flop episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113April 16, 2013 (2013-04-16)May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)214April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)315October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)415December 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)515June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)615December 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)720June 15, 2017 (2017-06-15)September 6, 2018 (2018-09-06)818August 1, 2019 (2019-08-01)December 12, 2019 (2019-12-12)915October 15, 2020 (2020-10-15)February 18, 2021 (2021-02-18)1015December 2, 2021 (2021-12-02)March 17, 2022 (2022-03-17)From Rags to Riches4September 13, 2018 (2018-09-13)October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)
References
^ Lewis, Raha (September 10, 2013). "Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer". People. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
^ "Exes and Business Partners Christina Anstead and Tarek El Moussa Return for 18 New Episodes of HGTV Hit Series "Flip or Flop" on Thursday, Aug. 1, at 9 p.m. ET/PT". The Futon Critic. June 26, 2019.
^ Petski, Denise (November 5, 2020). "'Flip Or Flop' Starring Christina Anstead & Tarek El Moussa Renewed For Season 10 By HGTV". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "Here's When to Expect Season 10 of 'Flip or Flop'". Distractify. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
^ Petski, Denise (10 March 2022). "'Flip Or Flop' To End With 10th Season On HGTV". Deadline. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ Iannucci, Rebecca (March 10, 2022). "Flip or Flop Ending at HGTV After 10 Seasons — Read Co-Hosts' Statements". TVLine. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
^ DeSocio, Jeffrey Thomas (May 13, 2015). "Tarek & Christina El Moussa Make The Decision To 'Flip Or Flop'". KTTV. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ a b c Langhorne, Daniel (April 4, 2013). "Local couple star in HGTV reality show on flipping houses". Orange County Register. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
^ a b "A Peek Behind At Flip Or Flop". Circa Design. April 1, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
^ Mead, Taylor (March 18, 2019). "Tarek El Moussa's Message to His Kids After Learning He's Cancer Free Will Make You Tear Up". House Beautiful. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ "How HGTV star Tarek El Moussa's cancer, spotted by a concerned viewer, changed his life". People. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer". People. September 10, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
^ "Tarek Thanks A Life-Saving Fan".
^ Fung, Althea A. (January 17, 2017). "Christina Anstead: Things you didn't know about the HGTV star". thelist.com. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
^ Merriam, Allie (August 24, 2015). "Flip or Flop's Tarek & Christina Welcome a Baby Boy".
^ "Inside Tarek & Christina El Moussa's Harrowing Altercation: She Was 'Crying and Shaking' as He Wielded Gun". People. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
^ Strohm, Emily; Beard, Lanford (December 12, 2016). "Tarek and Christina El Moussa Are Seeing Other People After Secret Split in May". People. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
^ Strohm, Emily; Stone, Natalie (January 9, 2017). "Flip or Flop's Tarek El Moussa Files for Divorce from Wife Christina". People. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ "What Tarek El Moussa's New Solo Venture Means for 'Flip or Flop'". Real Estate News and Advice | Realtor.com®. December 28, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
^ "Success Path Education | Review". Undercover Real Estate. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
External links
Flip or Flop official website
Flip or Flop at IMDb
vteFlip or Flop franchiseTV series
Flip or Flop
episodes
Flip or Flop Follow-Up
Flip or Flop Chicago
Flip or Flop Atlanta
Flip or Flop Vegas
Flip or Flop Fort Worth
Flip or Flop Nashville
Christina on the Coast
Hosts
Christina Haack
Tarek El Moussa
Bristol Marunde
DeRon Jenkins
Category
vteHGTV original programmingCurrent
Bargain Block (since 2021)
Christina on the Coast (since 2019)
Curb Appeal (since 1999)
Flea Market Flip (since 2012)
Flipping 101 w/ Tarek El Moussa (since 2020)
Home Town (since 2017)
House Hunters (since 1999)
Love It or List It (since 2008)
My Lottery Dream Home (since 2015)
Property Brothers (since 2011)
Renovation Island (since 2020)
Windy City Rehab (since 2019)
Former1990s debuts
The Carol Duvall Show (1994–2005)
Designing for the Sexes (1998–2011)
Gardening by the Yard (1996–2009)
Surprise Gardener (1998–2003)
2000s debuts
Bought & Sold (2007–2009)
Color Splash (2007–2012)
Creative Juice (2006–2008)
Dear Genevieve (2009–2012)
Deserving Design (2007)
Design on a Dime (2003–2013)
Designed to Sell (2004–2011)
Designers' Challenge (2001–2008)
Don't Sweat It (2007–2011)
HGTV Star (2006–2013)
House Detective (2008–2012)
Living with Ed (2007–2010)
Over Your Head (2006–2011)
People, Places, and Plants (2003–2006)
Sleep on It (2008)
The Stagers (2008–2011)
Ultimate Collectors (2002–2003)
2010s debuts
A Very Brady Renovation (2019)
All American Handyman (2010)
The Antonio Treatment (2010–2011)
Beat the House (2014)
Ellen's Design Challenge (2015–2016)
Fixer Upper (2013–2018)
Flip or Flop (2013–2022)
Flip or Flop Atlanta (2017–2018)
Flip or Flop Chicago (2017)
Flip or Flop Follow-Up (2015)
Flip or Flop Fort Worth (2017–2018)
Flip or Flop Nashville (2018–2019)
Flip or Flop Vegas (2017–2019)
Good Bones (2016–2023)
Hawaii Life (2013–2021)
Junk Gypsies (2012)
Rehab Addict (2010–2018)
Renovation Raiders (2013–2018)
Rustic Rehab (2018)
Scoring the Deal (2013)
Your Big Family Renovation (2014–2015)
2020s debuts
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (2020)
Martha Knows Best (2020) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGTV"},{"link_name":"Tarek El Moussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_El_Moussa"},{"link_name":"Christina Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Flip or Flop franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_or_Flop_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Flip or Flop is an American television series that aired on HGTV, hosted by the formerly-married couple Tarek El Moussa and Christina Hall.[1] The program was the original show in the Flip or Flop franchise, debuting in 2013.[2]On November 5, 2020, the series was renewed for a tenth season, which premiered on December 2, 2021.[3][4] It was later announced that the series would end after ten seasons on March 17, 2022, but that hosts El Moussa and Hall would continue to work on their solo series.[5][6]","title":"Flip or Flop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"crash in 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"flipping homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipping"},{"link_name":"HGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGTV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocregister-8"},{"link_name":"foreclosures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocregister-8"}],"text":"Christina Hall and Tarek El Moussa were married real estate agents in Orange County, California. After the real estate crash in 2008, they began flipping homes in the Orange County area.In 2011, Tarek asked a friend to help him make an audition tape for HGTV, filming an entire episode of the process of house flipping from start to finish. The audition tape was sent to HGTV and in 2012 the couple[7] was signed to make Flip or Flop.[8]Christina's expertise is primarily in design, and she works with Tarek to find and renovate homes. She handles the designs of the new spaces and keeps the project on schedule. The show follows them as they buy homes, typically bank-owned, short sales or foreclosures, to renovate and resell.[8]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circa-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circa-9"},{"link_name":"testicular cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer"},{"link_name":"thyroid cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cancer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_List.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Yorba Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Personal lives","text":"Tarek El Moussa and his ex-wife turned business partner Christina Hall met while working in the real estate industry. When the housing market plummeted after the October 2008 stock market crash they went from living in a $6,000 per month home to a $700 per month apartment, inspiring them to focus on flipping houses.[9] The couple married in 2009, and their daughter Taylor Reese was born in 2010.[9]In 2013, a registered nurse and viewer, Megan R, contacted the network after seeing a lump on Tarek's neck during a Flip or Flop marathon. The network put Reade in touch with the producers, and Tarek was diagnosed with testicular cancer and thyroid cancer.[10][11][12] The El Moussas thanked Reade in a video that can be seen on HGTV.com.[13] When doctors recommended radiation treatment, the couple decided to bank Tarek's sperm and try in-vitro fertilization to have a second child.After a couple of failed attempts, Christina became pregnant and their son, Brayden James, was born August 20, 2015.[14][15]In May 2016, the couple separated after an incident at their Southern California home. According to a Yorba Linda police report, Christina called the police after she saw Tarek leave their home with a gun, believing he was suicidal.[16] Tarek was found by the police, and maintained that he was never suicidal and had simply gone for a hike, taking a gun to protect himself from wild animals.[17] In January 2017, Tarek officially filed for divorce from Christina.[18]","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocregister-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Real estate career","text":"Tarek and Christina ran a real-estate agency, The El Moussa Group, in Orange County, an area with one of the largest foreclosure rates in the country. Tarek, Christina, and their partner Pete De Best, bought their first investment house in Santa Ana for $115,000.After selling the property for a profit of $34,000, the trio split the money and continued to flip houses, expanding their real estate investing business into Arizona and Nevada[8] Following their divorce, The El Moussa Group was dissolved and is now run under the name Tarek and Associates.[19]In 2018, Tarek and Christina co-founded a real estate education course called Real Estate Elevated.[20]","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#Season_8"},{"link_name":"From Rags to Riches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flip_or_Flop_episodes#From_Rags_To_Riches"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113April 16, 2013 (2013-04-16)May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)214April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)315October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)415December 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)515June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)615December 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)720June 15, 2017 (2017-06-15)September 6, 2018 (2018-09-06)818August 1, 2019 (2019-08-01)December 12, 2019 (2019-12-12)915October 15, 2020 (2020-10-15)February 18, 2021 (2021-02-18)1015December 2, 2021 (2021-12-02)March 17, 2022 (2022-03-17)From Rags to Riches4September 13, 2018 (2018-09-13)October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)","title":"Series overview"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lewis, Raha (September 10, 2013). \"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\". People. Retrieved October 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/flip-or-flop-host-tarek-el-moussa-battling-thyroid-cancer/","url_text":"\"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"\"Exes and Business Partners Christina Anstead and Tarek El Moussa Return for 18 New Episodes of HGTV Hit Series \"Flip or Flop\" on Thursday, Aug. 1, at 9 p.m. ET/PT\". The Futon Critic. June 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/06/26/exes-and-business-partners-christina-anstead-and-tarek-el-moussa-return-for-18-new-episodes-of-hgtv-hit-series-flip-or-flop-on-thursday-aug-1-at-9-pm-et-pt-99205/20190626hgtv01/","url_text":"\"Exes and Business Partners Christina Anstead and Tarek El Moussa Return for 18 New Episodes of HGTV Hit Series \"Flip or Flop\" on Thursday, Aug. 1, at 9 p.m. ET/PT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (November 5, 2020). \"'Flip Or Flop' Starring Christina Anstead & Tarek El Moussa Renewed For Season 10 By HGTV\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/11/flip-or-flop-christina-anstead-tarek-el-moussa-renewed-season-10-hgtv-1234609168/","url_text":"\"'Flip Or Flop' Starring Christina Anstead & Tarek El Moussa Renewed For Season 10 By HGTV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's When to Expect Season 10 of 'Flip or Flop'\". Distractify. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.distractify.com/p/is-flip-or-flop-still-on-hgtv","url_text":"\"Here's When to Expect Season 10 of 'Flip or Flop'\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (10 March 2022). \"'Flip Or Flop' To End With 10th Season On HGTV\". Deadline. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/flip-or-flop-end-10th-season-hgtv-tarek-el-moussa-christina-haack-1234975444/","url_text":"\"'Flip Or Flop' To End With 10th Season On HGTV\""}]},{"reference":"Iannucci, Rebecca (March 10, 2022). \"Flip or Flop Ending at HGTV After 10 Seasons — Read Co-Hosts' Statements\". TVLine. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2022/03/10/flip-or-flop-ending-season-11-hgtv-series-finale/","url_text":"\"Flip or Flop Ending at HGTV After 10 Seasons — Read Co-Hosts' Statements\""}]},{"reference":"DeSocio, Jeffrey Thomas (May 13, 2015). \"Tarek & Christina El Moussa Make The Decision To 'Flip Or Flop'\". KTTV. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150701180220/http://www.myfoxla.com/story/29054098/tarek-christina-el-moussa-make-the-decision-to-flip-or-flop","url_text":"\"Tarek & Christina El Moussa Make The Decision To 'Flip Or Flop'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTTV","url_text":"KTTV"},{"url":"http://www.myfoxla.com/story/29054098/tarek-christina-el-moussa-make-the-decision-to-flip-or-flop","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Langhorne, Daniel (April 4, 2013). \"Local couple star in HGTV reality show on flipping houses\". Orange County Register. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/04/local-couple-star-in-hgtv-reality-show-on-flipping-houses/","url_text":"\"Local couple star in HGTV reality show on flipping houses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"\"A Peek Behind At Flip Or Flop\". Circa Design. April 1, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.circadesign.net/2015/04/a-peek-behind-at-flip-or-flop/","url_text":"\"A Peek Behind At Flip Or Flop\""}]},{"reference":"Mead, Taylor (March 18, 2019). \"Tarek El Moussa's Message to His Kids After Learning He's Cancer Free Will Make You Tear Up\". House Beautiful. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/a26860276/tarek-el-moussa-cancer-diagnosis/","url_text":"\"Tarek El Moussa's Message to His Kids After Learning He's Cancer Free Will Make You Tear Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"How HGTV star Tarek El Moussa's cancer, spotted by a concerned viewer, changed his life\". People. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.today.com/news/how-hgtv-star-tarek-el-moussas-cancer-spotted-fan-changed-t58226","url_text":"\"How HGTV star Tarek El Moussa's cancer, spotted by a concerned viewer, changed his life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\". People. September 10, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20733201,00.html","url_text":"\"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tarek Thanks A Life-Saving Fan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://videos.hgtv.com/video/tarek-thanks-a-life_saving-fan-0229284","url_text":"\"Tarek Thanks A Life-Saving Fan\""}]},{"reference":"Fung, Althea A. (January 17, 2017). \"Christina Anstead: Things you didn't know about the HGTV star\". thelist.com. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelist.com/35239/things-didnt-know-christina-el-moussa/","url_text":"\"Christina Anstead: Things you didn't know about the HGTV star\""}]},{"reference":"Merriam, Allie (August 24, 2015). \"Flip or Flop's Tarek & Christina Welcome a Baby Boy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popsugar.com/home/Tarek-Christina-El-Moussa-Welcome-Baby-Boy-38168126#photo-38168126","url_text":"\"Flip or Flop's Tarek & Christina Welcome a Baby Boy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Tarek & Christina El Moussa's Harrowing Altercation: She Was 'Crying and Shaking' as He Wielded Gun\". People. Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/tarek-christina-el-moussa-flip-flop-stars-split-alarming-gun-incident-details/","url_text":"\"Inside Tarek & Christina El Moussa's Harrowing Altercation: She Was 'Crying and Shaking' as He Wielded Gun\""}]},{"reference":"Strohm, Emily; Beard, Lanford (December 12, 2016). \"Tarek and Christina El Moussa Are Seeing Other People After Secret Split in May\". People. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/celebrity/tarek-el-moussa-christina-el-moussa-had-been-living-separately-seeing-other-people-before-split-source/","url_text":"\"Tarek and Christina El Moussa Are Seeing Other People After Secret Split in May\""}]},{"reference":"Strohm, Emily; Stone, Natalie (January 9, 2017). \"Flip or Flop's Tarek El Moussa Files for Divorce from Wife Christina\". People. Retrieved January 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/celebrity/flip-or-flop-tarek-el-moussa-files-for-divorce-from-wife-christina/","url_text":"\"Flip or Flop's Tarek El Moussa Files for Divorce from Wife Christina\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Tarek El Moussa's New Solo Venture Means for 'Flip or Flop'\". Real Estate News and Advice | Realtor.com®. December 28, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/tarek-el-moussa-new-business-flip-or-flop/","url_text":"\"What Tarek El Moussa's New Solo Venture Means for 'Flip or Flop'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Success Path Education | Review\". Undercover Real Estate. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://undercoverrealestate.com/success-path-education-tarek-christina-el-moussa/","url_text":"\"Success Path Education | Review\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/flip-or-flop-host-tarek-el-moussa-battling-thyroid-cancer/","external_links_name":"\"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/06/26/exes-and-business-partners-christina-anstead-and-tarek-el-moussa-return-for-18-new-episodes-of-hgtv-hit-series-flip-or-flop-on-thursday-aug-1-at-9-pm-et-pt-99205/20190626hgtv01/","external_links_name":"\"Exes and Business Partners Christina Anstead and Tarek El Moussa Return for 18 New Episodes of HGTV Hit Series \"Flip or Flop\" on Thursday, Aug. 1, at 9 p.m. ET/PT\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/11/flip-or-flop-christina-anstead-tarek-el-moussa-renewed-season-10-hgtv-1234609168/","external_links_name":"\"'Flip Or Flop' Starring Christina Anstead & Tarek El Moussa Renewed For Season 10 By HGTV\""},{"Link":"https://www.distractify.com/p/is-flip-or-flop-still-on-hgtv","external_links_name":"\"Here's When to Expect Season 10 of 'Flip or Flop'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/flip-or-flop-end-10th-season-hgtv-tarek-el-moussa-christina-haack-1234975444/","external_links_name":"\"'Flip Or Flop' To End With 10th Season On HGTV\""},{"Link":"https://tvline.com/2022/03/10/flip-or-flop-ending-season-11-hgtv-series-finale/","external_links_name":"\"Flip or Flop Ending at HGTV After 10 Seasons — Read Co-Hosts' Statements\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150701180220/http://www.myfoxla.com/story/29054098/tarek-christina-el-moussa-make-the-decision-to-flip-or-flop","external_links_name":"\"Tarek & Christina El Moussa Make The Decision To 'Flip Or Flop'\""},{"Link":"http://www.myfoxla.com/story/29054098/tarek-christina-el-moussa-make-the-decision-to-flip-or-flop","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/04/local-couple-star-in-hgtv-reality-show-on-flipping-houses/","external_links_name":"\"Local couple star in HGTV reality show on flipping houses\""},{"Link":"http://www.circadesign.net/2015/04/a-peek-behind-at-flip-or-flop/","external_links_name":"\"A Peek Behind At Flip Or Flop\""},{"Link":"https://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/a26860276/tarek-el-moussa-cancer-diagnosis/","external_links_name":"\"Tarek El Moussa's Message to His Kids After Learning He's Cancer Free Will Make You Tear Up\""},{"Link":"http://www.today.com/news/how-hgtv-star-tarek-el-moussas-cancer-spotted-fan-changed-t58226","external_links_name":"\"How HGTV star Tarek El Moussa's cancer, spotted by a concerned viewer, changed his life\""},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20733201,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Flip or Flop Host Tarek El Moussa Battling Thyroid Cancer\""},{"Link":"http://videos.hgtv.com/video/tarek-thanks-a-life_saving-fan-0229284","external_links_name":"\"Tarek Thanks A Life-Saving Fan\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelist.com/35239/things-didnt-know-christina-el-moussa/","external_links_name":"\"Christina Anstead: Things you didn't know about the HGTV star\""},{"Link":"http://www.popsugar.com/home/Tarek-Christina-El-Moussa-Welcome-Baby-Boy-38168126#photo-38168126","external_links_name":"\"Flip or Flop's Tarek & Christina Welcome a Baby Boy\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/celebrity/tarek-christina-el-moussa-flip-flop-stars-split-alarming-gun-incident-details/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Tarek & Christina El Moussa's Harrowing Altercation: She Was 'Crying and Shaking' as He Wielded Gun\""},{"Link":"http://people.com/celebrity/tarek-el-moussa-christina-el-moussa-had-been-living-separately-seeing-other-people-before-split-source/","external_links_name":"\"Tarek and Christina El Moussa Are Seeing Other People After Secret Split in May\""},{"Link":"http://people.com/celebrity/flip-or-flop-tarek-el-moussa-files-for-divorce-from-wife-christina/","external_links_name":"\"Flip or Flop's Tarek El Moussa Files for Divorce from Wife Christina\""},{"Link":"https://www.realtor.com/news/trends/tarek-el-moussa-new-business-flip-or-flop/","external_links_name":"\"What Tarek El Moussa's New Solo Venture Means for 'Flip or Flop'\""},{"Link":"http://undercoverrealestate.com/success-path-education-tarek-christina-el-moussa/","external_links_name":"\"Success Path Education | Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.hgtv.com/shows/flip-or-flop","external_links_name":"Flip or Flop official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2902088/","external_links_name":"Flip or Flop"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVI | WTVI | ["1 History","2 Technical information","2.1 Subchannels","2.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°17′15″N 80°41′44″W / 35.28750°N 80.69556°W / 35.28750; -80.69556
PBS member station in Charlotte, North Carolina
WTVICharlotte, North CarolinaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 9 (VHF)Virtual: 42BrandingPBS CharlotteProgrammingAffiliations42.1: PBS42.2: NHK WorldOwnershipOwnerCentral Piedmont Community CollegeHistoryFirst air dateAugust 27, 1965 (58 years ago) (1965-08-27)Former channel number(s)Analog:42 (UHF, 1965–2009)Digital:11 (VHF, 2000–2020)Former affiliationsNET (1965–1970)Call sign meaningTelevision InformationTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID10645ERP2.57 kWHAAT359 m (1,178 ft)Transmitter coordinates35°17′15″N 80°41′44″W / 35.28750°N 80.69556°W / 35.28750; -80.69556Translator(s)28 (UHF) HickoryLinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsitewww.wtvi.org
WTVI (channel 42) is a PBS member television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, owned by Central Piedmont Community College. The station's studios are located in the Chantilly-Commonwealth section of east Charlotte, and its transmitter is located in the unincorporated area of Newell in northeastern Mecklenburg County (just northeast of the Charlotte city limits). It is the only public television station in North Carolina that is not operated by PBS North Carolina, and is one of three PBS member stations serving the Charlotte metropolitan area, along with PBS North Carolina's WUNG-TV (channel 58) in Concord and South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV)'s WNSC-TV (channel 30) in Rock Hill.
History
PBS Charlotte logo used until November 3, 2019
The station first signed on the air on August 27, 1965; it was originally owned by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. The WTVI call letters were first used by what is now Fox affiliate KTVI in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1953 to 1955, when it was licensed to Belleville, Illinois, on the east side of the Mississippi River; they were then held from 1955 to 1962 by a station in Fort Pierce, Florida. WTVI's original station manager was Donna Lee Davenport, who was also instrumental in creating the station. In 1982, WTVI's license was transferred to the not-for-profit Charlotte–Mecklenburg Public Broadcasting Authority, turning the station into a community-owned entity.
Mecklenburg County covered the debt on WTVI's digital broadcasting equipment and maintains the station's studios, located on Commonwealth Avenue in Charlotte. The county also paid WTVI $95,000 annually to broadcast county commission meetings.
In 2004, WTVI cut back on more well-known PBS programs. Ratings increased for a while with "alternative" shows, but after several years the station ended up in trouble. On June 30, 2011, WTVI's board was advised that the station was running a $300,000 deficit and that its long-term operation was questionable if its financial situation did not improve. On March 13, 2012, Central Piedmont Community College offered to take over the station. The college requested $1.35 million from Mecklenburg County; $357,000 to complete the purchase and about $800,000 to give the station a significant technical overhaul. The Mecklenburg County Commission approved funding for the deal on March 20.
Without county money, Central Piedmont Community College would have been unable to complete the purchase and the station would have likely ceased operations on June 30, 2012. The deal was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on May 21, 2012, and the acquisition of WTVI was completed on July 1, 2012, with the broadcast licenses being transferred the following day. As a result, WTVI became operated by an educational licensee for the second time in its history. At that time, it became one of seven full-time PBS member stations to be operated by a community college (alongside Milwaukee PBS; WDCQ-TV in Bay City, Michigan; WVUT-TV in Vincennes, Indiana; KACV in Amarillo, Texas; KNCT in Killeen, Texas; WSRE in Pensacola, Florida and WBCC in Orlando, Florida (WBCC, now WEFS, has since left PBS, while KNCT would leave PBS six years later).
Three months after taking over operations, Central Piedmont Community College brought back familiar PBS shows such as Sesame Street, Downton Abbey, Nova and Nature to the schedule. Additional local programming is planned, including some previously aired on the college's cable channel. Among the new shows is Off the Record, hosted by David Rhew and similar to Jerry Hancock's Final Edition, dropped in 2009 for budgetary reasons.
WTVI is one of the few PBS member stations that do not clear the weekend edition of PBS NewsHour.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of WTVI
Channel
Res.
Aspect
Short name
Programming
42.1
1080i
16:9
WTVI-HD
Main WTVI programming / PBS
42.2
WTVI-NH
NHK World
Prior to February 17, 2009, WTVI carried "The Civic Channel" on digital subchannel 42.2, Create on digital subchannel 42.3, PBS Kids on digital subchannel 42.4, and a high definition feed of WTVI on digital subchannel 42.5; the fourth and fifth subchannels were dropped on February 17 with Create moving to 42.3 and the main channel on 42.1 upgrading to high definition. In July 2010, "The Civic Channel" was replaced by MHz Worldview. In November 2015, MHz Worldview was dropped and a simulcast of Create was placed on subchannel 42.2 until February 2016, when it was replaced with NHK World. On January 30, 2022, Create was dropped and the subchannel was deleted.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WTVI began broadcasting its digital signal on VHF channel 11, carrying four digital subchannels, including one high-definition channel. WTVI was the first television station in Charlotte to produce programming in high-definition in 2000. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 42.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WTVI". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "About Us".
^ a b "Charlotte's public TV station in dire straits ". next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
^ a b Washburn, Mark (October 6, 2012). "Struggles remain in the air for WTVI". The Charlotte Observer.
^ Perlmutt, David. County board split on CPCC, WTVI merger. The Charlotte Observer, March 21, 2012
^ "Briefly: FCC approves transfer of WTVI license". The Charlotte Obersever. May 21, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
^ "Celebrating 31 years with WTVI".
^ "RabbitEars.Info". rabbitears.info.
^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
External links
Official website
vteBroadcast television in the Metrolina region
This region includes the following cities: Charlotte/Concord/Gastonia/Hickory, NC
Rock Hill/Lancaster, SCReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Full power
WBTV (3.1 CBS, 3.2 Bounce, 3.3 The365, 3.4 Grit, 3.5 Oxygen)
WSOC-TV (9.1 ABC, 9.2 TMD, 9.3 Get, 9.4 Comet)
WWJS (14.1 SBN, 14.2 This, 14.3 Comet, 14.4 Scripps, 14.5 Defy, 14.6 Ads, 14.7 TBD)
WUNE-TV 17 / WUNG-TV 58 (17.2 / 58.1 PBS, 17.3 / 58.2 Rootle, 17.1 / 58.3 Explorer, 17.4 / 58.4 NC Ch.)
WCCB (18.1 CW, 18.2 Start, 18.3 MeTV, 18.4 QVC, 18.5 H&I, 18.6 Dabl, 18.7 HSN, 18.8 Cozi)
WNSC-TV (30.1 PBS / SCETV, 30.2 SC Ch., 30.3 ETV World, 30.4 ETV Kids)
WCNC-TV (36.1 NBC, 36.2 Crime, 36.3 Court, 36.4 Quest, 36.5 Nest)
WTVI (42.1 PBS, 42.2 NHK)
WJZY (46.1 Fox, 46.3 Charge!, 46.4 Grit, 46.5 Grio, 46.6 Ion, 46.7 ANT, 46.8 REW)
WMYT-TV (55.1 MNTV)
WAXN-TV (64.1 Ind., 64.2 Laff, 64.3 Mystery)
Low-power
WCEE-LD (16.1 Estrella, 16.2 Quiero TV, 16.3 Quiero Musica)
W15EB-D (21.1 Visión Latina, 21.2 ULFN, 21.3 LX, 21.4 TXO, 21.5 NTD, 21.6 Law & Crime, 21.7 SBN)
WHWD-LD / WDMC-LD (21.1 / 25.1 Daystar, 21.2 WSIC, 25.2 Daystar Esp)
WVEB-LD (22.1/3/4 Ads, 22.2 MTRSPT1, 22.5 LC, 22.6 Outlaw, 22.7 The365)
WGTB-CD (28.1 Rel.)
WHEH-LD (41.1 Novelisima, 41.2 LX, 41.3 TXO, 41.4 Buzzr, 41.5 beIN Sports Xtra, 41.6 beIN Sports Xtra Span., 41.7 Carz & Trax)
ATSC 3.0
WAXN-TV (3.1 CBS, 9.1 ABC, 36.1 NBC, 46.1 Fox, 64.1 Ind.)
Cable
Bally Sports South
Bally Sports Southeast
Spectrum News
Defunct
Fox Sports Carolinas
WLNN-CD 24
WTBL-CD 48
See also
Columbia TV
Greenville/Spartanburg/Asheville TV
Myrtle Beach/Florence TV
Piedmont Triad TV
Raleigh/Durham TV
Roanoke TV
Tri-Cities TV
vteBroadcast television stations by affiliation in the state of North CarolinaABC
WWAY 3 (Wilmington)*
WSOC-TV 9 (Charlotte)*
WTVD 11 (Durham/Raleigh/Fayetteville)*
WCTI-TV 12 (New Bern/Greenville)*
WLOS 13 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)*
WVEC 13 (Hampton/Norfolk, VA)**
WPDE-TV 15 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WXLV-TV 45 (Winston-Salem/Greensboro/High Point)*
CBS
WFMY-TV 2 (Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)*
WBTV 3 (Charlotte)*
WTKR 3 (Norfolk, VA)**
WWAY-DT 3.2 (Wilmington)*
WSPA-TV 7 (Spartanburg/Greenville/Anderson, SC/Asheville)*
WNCT-TV 9 (Greenville/New Bern)*
WBTW 13 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WNCN 17 (Goldsboro/Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)*
Fox
WGHP 8 (High Point/Greensboro/Winston-Salem)*
WYDO 14 (Greenville/New Bern)*
WHNS 21 (Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC/Asheville)*
WSFX-TV 26 (Wilmington)*
WFXB 43 (Myrtle Beach/Florence, SC)**
WVBT 43 (Virginia Beach/Norfolk, VA)**
WJZY 46 (Belmont/Charlotte)*
WRAZ 50 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)*
NBC
WYFF 4 (Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC/Asheville)*
WRAL-TV 5 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)*
WECT 6 (Wilmington)*
WITN-TV 7 (Washington/Greenville/New Bern)*
WAVY-TV 10 (Portsmouth/Norfolk, VA)**
WXII-TV 12 (Winston-Salem/Greensboro/High Point)*
WMBF-TV 32 (Myrtle Beach/Florence, SC)**
WCNC-TV 36 (Charlotte)*
The CW
WWAY-DT 3.3 (Wilmington)*
WNCT-DT 9.2 (Greenville/New Bern)*
WPDE-DT 15.2 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WCCB 18 (Charlotte)*
WCWG 20 (Lexington/Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)*
WLFL 22 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)*
WGNT 27 (Portsmouth/Norfolk, VA)**
WYCW 62 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)*
MyNetworkTV
WITN-DT 7.2 (Washington/Greenville/New Bern)*
WBTW-DT 13.2 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WLOS-DT 13.2 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)*
WRDC 28ATSC 3.0 (Durham/Raleigh/Fayetteville)*
WTVZ-TV 33 (Norfolk, VA)**
WMYV 48ATSC 3.0 (Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)*
WMYT-TV 55 (Rock Hill, SC/Charlotte)*
Ion Television
WSPA-DT 7.3 (Spartanburg/Greenville/Anderson, SC/Asheville)*
WBTW-DT 13.3 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WGPX-TV 16 (Burlington/Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)*
WSFX-DT 26.4 (Wilmington)*
WPXU-TV 35 / WEPX-TV 38 (Jacksonville/Greenville)*
WJZY-DT 46.6 (Belmont/Charlotte)*
WRPX-TV 47 (Rocky Mount/Raleigh/Durham)*
WPXV-TV 49 (Norfolk, VA)**
PBS
WTVI 42 (Charlotte)
PBS NC
WUND-TV 2 (Edenton)
WUNC-TV 4 (Chapel Hill)
WUNE-TV 17 (Linville)
WUNM-TV 19 (Jacksonville)
WUNK-TV 25 (Greenville)
WUNL-TV 26 (Winston-Salem)
WUNW 27 (Canton)
WUNU 31 (Lumberton)
WUNF-TV 33 (Asheville)
WUNP-TV 36 (Roanoke Rapids)
WUNJ-TV 39 (Wilmington)
WUNG-TV 58 (Concord)
Other
WSKY-TV 4 (Ind., Manteo/Norfolk, VA)**
WSOC-DT 9.2 (TMD, Charlotte)*
WILM-LD 10 (Ind., Wilmington)*
WWJS 14 (SBN, Hickory/Charlotte)*
WGGS-TV 16 (Rel., Greenville, SC)*
WGSR-LD 19 (Ind., Reidsville)*
WARZ-LD 21 (3ABN, Smithfield)*
WTPC-TV 21 (TBN, Virginia Beach/Norfolk, VA)**
WWMB 21 (Dabl, Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)**
WRAY-TV 30 / WLXI 43 (TCT, Wake Forest/Greensboro)*
WDKT-LD 31 (GEB, Hendersonville)*
WNGT-CD 34ATSC 3.0 (WHT, Smithfield)*
WMYA-TV 40ATSC 3.0 (Dabl, Anderson/Greenville/Spartanburg, SC/Asheville)*
WUVC-DT 40 / WTNC-LD 26 (UNI, Fayetteville/Raleigh/Durham)*
WHFL-CD 43 (Worship, Goldsboro)*
WQDH-LD 49 (Azteca, Wilmington)*
WRTD-CD 54 (TMD, Raleigh)*
WFPX-TV 62 (Bounce, Archer Lodge/Raleigh/Durham)*
WAXN-TV 64ATSC 3.0 (Ind., Kannapolis/Charlotte)*
(*) – indicates station is in one of North Carolina's primary TV markets(**) – indicates station is in an out-of-state TV market, but reaches a small portion of North Carolina | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Central Piedmont Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Piedmont_Community_College"},{"link_name":"unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States"},{"link_name":"Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_television"},{"link_name":"PBS North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charlotte metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Educational Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Educational_Television"},{"link_name":"WNSC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNSC-TV"},{"link_name":"Rock Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina"}],"text":"PBS member station in Charlotte, North CarolinaWTVI (channel 42) is a PBS member television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, owned by Central Piedmont Community College. The station's studios are located in the Chantilly-Commonwealth section of east Charlotte, and its transmitter is located in the unincorporated area of Newell in northeastern Mecklenburg County (just northeast of the Charlotte city limits). It is the only public television station in North Carolina that is not operated by PBS North Carolina, and is one of three PBS member stations serving the Charlotte metropolitan area, along with PBS North Carolina's WUNG-TV (channel 58) in Concord and South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV)'s WNSC-TV (channel 30) in Rock Hill.","title":"WTVI"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTVI-PBS_Charlotte.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Schools"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"KTVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVI"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Belleville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"a station in Fort Pierce, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVI_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washburn-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_PBS"},{"link_name":"WDCQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCQ-TV"},{"link_name":"Bay City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"WVUT-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVUT-TV"},{"link_name":"Vincennes, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"KACV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KACV-TV"},{"link_name":"Amarillo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"KNCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNCT_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Killeen, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"WSRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSRE"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"WEFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEFS"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washburn-4"},{"link_name":"PBS NewsHour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"}],"text":"PBS Charlotte logo used until November 3, 2019The station first signed on the air on August 27, 1965;[2] it was originally owned by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. The WTVI call letters were first used by what is now Fox affiliate KTVI in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1953 to 1955, when it was licensed to Belleville, Illinois, on the east side of the Mississippi River; they were then held from 1955 to 1962 by a station in Fort Pierce, Florida. WTVI's original station manager was Donna Lee Davenport, who was also instrumental in creating the station. In 1982, WTVI's license was transferred to the not-for-profit Charlotte–Mecklenburg Public Broadcasting Authority, turning the station into a community-owned entity.Mecklenburg County covered the debt on WTVI's digital broadcasting equipment and maintains the station's studios, located on Commonwealth Avenue in Charlotte. The county also paid WTVI $95,000 annually to broadcast county commission meetings.[3]In 2004, WTVI cut back on more well-known PBS programs. Ratings increased for a while with \"alternative\" shows, but after several years the station ended up in trouble.[4] On June 30, 2011, WTVI's board was advised that the station was running a $300,000 deficit and that its long-term operation was questionable if its financial situation did not improve.[3] On March 13, 2012, Central Piedmont Community College offered to take over the station. The college requested $1.35 million from Mecklenburg County; $357,000 to complete the purchase and about $800,000 to give the station a significant technical overhaul. The Mecklenburg County Commission approved funding for the deal on March 20.Without county money, Central Piedmont Community College would have been unable to complete the purchase and the station would have likely ceased operations on June 30, 2012.[5] The deal was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on May 21, 2012,[6] and the acquisition of WTVI was completed on July 1, 2012, with the broadcast licenses being transferred the following day.[7] As a result, WTVI became operated by an educational licensee for the second time in its history. At that time, it became one of seven full-time PBS member stations to be operated by a community college (alongside Milwaukee PBS; WDCQ-TV in Bay City, Michigan; WVUT-TV in Vincennes, Indiana; KACV in Amarillo, Texas; KNCT in Killeen, Texas; WSRE in Pensacola, Florida and WBCC in Orlando, Florida (WBCC, now WEFS, has since left PBS, while KNCT would leave PBS six years later).Three months after taking over operations, Central Piedmont Community College brought back familiar PBS shows such as Sesame Street, Downton Abbey, Nova and Nature to the schedule. Additional local programming is planned, including some previously aired on the college's cable channel. Among the new shows is Off the Record, hosted by David Rhew and similar to Jerry Hancock's Final Edition, dropped in 2009 for budgetary reasons.[4]WTVI is one of the few PBS member stations that do not clear the weekend edition of PBS NewsHour.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Create","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"PBS Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Kids"},{"link_name":"MHz Worldview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz_Worldview"},{"link_name":"NHK World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK_World"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's digital signal is multiplexed:Prior to February 17, 2009, WTVI carried \"The Civic Channel\" on digital subchannel 42.2, Create on digital subchannel 42.3, PBS Kids on digital subchannel 42.4, and a high definition feed of WTVI on digital subchannel 42.5; the fourth and fifth subchannels were dropped on February 17 with Create moving to 42.3 and the main channel on 42.1 upgrading to high definition. In July 2010, \"The Civic Channel\" was replaced by MHz Worldview. In November 2015, MHz Worldview was dropped and a simulcast of Create was placed on subchannel 42.2 until February 2016, when it was replaced with NHK World. On January 30, 2022, Create was dropped and the subchannel was deleted.","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"high-definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"transition from analog to digital broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PSIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_and_System_Information_Protocol"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"WTVI began broadcasting its digital signal on VHF channel 11, carrying four digital subchannels, including one high-definition channel. WTVI was the first television station in Charlotte to produce programming in high-definition in 2000. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11.[9] Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 42.","title":"Technical information"}] | [{"image_text":"PBS Charlotte logo used until November 3, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/WTVI-PBS_Charlotte.jpeg/200px-WTVI-PBS_Charlotte.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WTVI\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=10645","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WTVI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtvi.org/about.cfm","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte's public TV station in dire straits [The Charlotte Observer, N.C.]\". next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151125045017/http://next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com/news/2011/07/01/5610687.htm","url_text":"\"Charlotte's public TV station in dire straits [The Charlotte Observer, N.C.]\""},{"url":"http://next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com/news/2011/07/01/5610687.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Washburn, Mark (October 6, 2012). \"Struggles remain in the air for WTVI\". The Charlotte Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"The Charlotte Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefly: FCC approves transfer of WTVI license\". The Charlotte Obersever. May 21, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130119110647/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/05/21/3257751/briefly.html#selection-1489.1-1510.0","url_text":"\"Briefly: FCC approves transfer of WTVI license\""},{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/05/21/3257751/briefly.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating 31 years with WTVI\".","urls":[{"url":"http://countynews4you.com/2012/07/05/celebrating-31-years-with-wtvi/","url_text":"\"Celebrating 31 years with WTVI\""}]},{"reference":"\"RabbitEars.Info\". rabbitears.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WTVI","url_text":"\"RabbitEars.Info\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds\""},{"url":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WTVI¶ms=35_17_15_N_80_41_44_W_type:landmark_scale:2000","external_links_name":"35°17′15″N 80°41′44″W / 35.28750°N 80.69556°W / 35.28750; -80.69556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WTVI¶ms=35_17_15_N_80_41_44_W_type:landmark_scale:2000","external_links_name":"35°17′15″N 80°41′44″W / 35.28750°N 80.69556°W / 35.28750; -80.69556"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/tv-profile/WTVI","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=10645","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.wtvi.org/","external_links_name":"www.wtvi.org"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=10645","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WTVI\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtvi.org/about.cfm","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151125045017/http://next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com/news/2011/07/01/5610687.htm","external_links_name":"\"Charlotte's public TV station in dire straits [The Charlotte Observer, N.C.]\""},{"Link":"http://next-generation-communications.tmcnet.com/news/2011/07/01/5610687.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130119110647/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/05/21/3257751/briefly.html#selection-1489.1-1510.0","external_links_name":"\"Briefly: FCC approves transfer of WTVI license\""},{"Link":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/05/21/3257751/briefly.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://countynews4you.com/2012/07/05/celebrating-31-years-with-wtvi/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating 31 years with WTVI\""},{"Link":"https://rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WTVI","external_links_name":"\"RabbitEars.Info\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds\""},{"Link":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wtvi.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_(TV_series) | Castles (TV series) | ["1 Scheduling","2 Cast","3 Episode guide","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Castles" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
British TV series or programme
CastlesGenreSoap operaCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes24 (list of episodes)ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyBBC/GranadaOriginal releaseNetworkBBC1Release31 May (1995-05-31) –20 August 1995 (1995-08-20)
Castles was a British soap opera following three generations of a large London family. It ran for 24 episodes on BBC One during the summer of 1995 and was a co-production by the BBC and Granada Television. Its writing team included Peter Whalley who was known for his work on Coronation Street and Sally Wainwright who would go on to create Scott & Bailey and Happy Valley.
Scheduling
The first episode aired on 31 May 1995 at 7.30pm before settling into what was supposed to be its regular timeslot of Tuesday and Thursday at 8.30pm. Halfway through its run, with audiences averaging 3.2 million, BBC head of drama Charles Denton admitted that the show had not been a success, stating "A piece which sits in the middle of the schedule has obligations to deliver rather fuller levels of audience and enthusiasm than, I'm afraid, has happened with Castles". It was at this point that the series was moved to Monday and Sunday at 7.00pm, where a BBC spokesperson stated "it might better fulfil its potential". Throughout its run, repeats and omnibus editions were aired on weekday afternoons on both BBC One and BBC Two. As the series drew to a close, Radio Times reported that no final decision had been taken about the future of the show, but that writer Whalley was working on a second series. Ultimately, it was not picked up for a second run.
Cast
Character
Actor
Margaret Castle
Anna Cropper
James Castle
Tony Doyle
Rachel Castle
Marian McLoughlin
Stephen Quinn
Ray Coulthard
Anita Castle
Sara Griffiths
Phillip Castle
Michael Simkins
Paul Castle
Simon Fenton
Helen Bancroft
Kate Steavenson-Payne
Linda Castle
Lesley Duff
Claire Castle
Harriet Owen
Alison Peacock
Emily Morgan
Tony Castle
John Bowler
Matthew Castle
Dominic Mafham
Sarah Milburn
Judith Scott
Alex Milburn
Christopher Bowen
Christine Henshaw
Lynn Farleigh
Joanne Henshaw
Louisa Millwood-Haigh
Mark Henshaw
Simon Bright
Jill Kirkpatrick
Sarah Berger
Episode guide
Air Date
Timeslot
Synopsis
31 May 1995
19.30
In this introductory episode we meet the clan on the occasion of mother's 60th birthday party, an occasion overshadowed by her discovery that her husband has been carrying on with another woman.
6 June 1995
20.30
James Castle goes to see his mistress, Christine, who provisionally agrees to let him stay.
8 June 1995
20.30
Philip and Linda persuade James and Margaret to meet up.
13 June 1995
20.30
Sarah and Alex have a meeting with Laura from the adoption agency and not everyone is happy when Rachel arranges a family get-together to discuss what to do about Margaret and James.
15 June 1995
20.30
The family gathers to discuss what to do about Margaret and James. Meanwhile, Matthew secretly visits Margaret, who admits she would like to win James back.
20 June 1995
20.30
Paul helps Linda set up a meeting with Christine, while Margaret considers hiring a solicitor to deal with James.
22 June 1995
20.30
James gets angry when he discovers Linda and Christine having a heart-to-heart chat. Stephen, Anita and Rachel wrangle with Tony over the cost of the wedding.
27 June 1995
20.30
Sarah is interviewed on her own by Laura from the adoption agency while Alex is out working. Meanwhile, Alex receives a visit from Jill and their relationship becomes more intimate.
29 June 1995
20.30
Philip and Linda's son David unexpectedly comes home from university and drops a bombshell on his parents about his future plans.
4 July 1995
20.30
James visits Margaret after receiving her solicitor's letter. Sarah worries that she is neglecting Alex, while he confides in Jill about his reservations over the adoption.
6 July 1995
20.30
James is annoyed when Tony asks whether he intends to bring Christine to the wedding, though Christine turns out to have her own views on the matter.
9 July 1995
19.00
Tony is surprised when Adam turns up at his warehouse and suggests a way out of his business difficulties.
10 July 1995
19.00
Jill suggests a way that Alex can get out of the adoption without Sarah knowing.
16 July 1995
19.00
Tension grows between Christine and James over Joanne's disappearance. Matthew warns Margaret that the threat of divorce still stands.
17 July 1995
19.00
Alex is caught making a suspicious phone call to Jill. Tony receives gloomy news.
23 July 1995
19.00
Joanne returns home to Christine but her explanations for her disappearance cause Christine more concern than ever.
24 July 1995
19.00
Christine gets the truth from Joanne at last and Philip tries to talk David out of becoming a priest.
30 July 1995
19.00
Paul's plan to see Helen without her parents' consent has consequences for Philip and Linda.
31 July 1995
19.00
Sarah is aghast when Jane provides her with evidence of Alex's affair.
6 August 1995
19.00
Sarah comesface to face with her husband's mistress; Linda and Philip's displeasure with Paul shows no sign of subsiding; and Adam offers Tony some more business advice.
7 August 1995
19.00
Tony and Rachel's evening in with Anita and Stephen is interrupted by a policeman with devastating news.
13 August 1995
19.00
Alex tells Jill that Sarah knows of their affair; Stephen reacts badly to Anita's revelations; and Sarah comes up with an unusual proposal to prevent the collapse of the plans for the adoption.
14 August 1995
19.00
Alison is nervous about the first night of her play.
20 August 1995
19.00
Wedding day joy is shattered in the last of the series when the police arrive, looking for the groom.
References
^ "Castles". BBC Genome. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ "BBC chief admits 'Castles' a failure". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ "Castles - Radio Times". Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ "Castles - Radio Times". Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ "Castles - IMDB". IMDb. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ "Castle Episodes". Retrieved 23 May 2016.
External links
Castles at IMDb
vteSoap operas in the United KingdomTV soapsNational
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Take the High Road (1980–2003)
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Castles (1995)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Vanilli_(film) | Milli Vanilli (film) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Release","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 2023 American documentary film by Luke Korem
Milli VanilliFilm posterDirected byLuke KoremProduced byBradley Jackson
StarringRobert Pilatus
CinematographyGabriel PatayEdited byPatrick BerryMusic byMondo BoysProductioncompanies
MRC
Keep on Running Pictures
MTV Entertainment Studios
Distributed byParamount+Release dates
June 10, 2023 (2023-06-10) (Tribeca Festival)
October 24, 2023 (2023-10-24) (Paramount+)
Running time106 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Milli Vanilli is a 2023 American documentary film about the German-French pop music duo Milli Vanilli, consisting of Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan. The film chronicles the circumstances surrounding the duo's meteoric rise to fame and devastating fall. It features rare archival footage, exclusive interviews with Pilatus and Morvan, and interviews with the real singers and record executives. It is directed by Luke Korem and produced by Korem, Bradley Jackson, MRC, Keep on Running Pictures, and Fulwell 73, in association with MTV Entertainment Studios.
Synopsis
The film follows the rise to fame of Robert "Rob" Pilatus and Fabrice "Fab" Morvan as the duo Milli Vanilli, in the late 1980s. It features interviews with Morvan, Pilatus (though archival recordings), the real singers, record executives, and music celebrities such as Timbaland and Diane Warren.
Pilatus and Morvan, who both had difficult childhoods, first meet in Munich, Germany. With very few Black people in the area, they quickly develop a brotherly bond. The two young men work as dancers, start their own pop duo, and grow long braids as a signature hairstyle.
Record producer Frank Farian offers them a recording contract. According to Morvan, only after signing (and not reading) the contracts does the duo learn they are going to lip sync to pre-recorded tracks by other singers. They are upset by this but can't break their deal with Farian without paying back all the money he has advanced them. However, Ingrid Segieth (Farian's business partner and then-girlfriend) claims that Morvan and Pilatus did not need to be coerced into lip syncing, and they were happy to go along with the plan from the beginning.
The name Milli Vanilli is inspired by Segieth's nickname, "Milli". The group releases the album All or Nothing in Europe. After being signed to Arista Records in the United States, the album is reworked and reissued as Girl You Know It's True to American audiences. It goes 6x Platinum in 1989 and sells over 30 million copies worldwide.
Due to Pilatus and Morvan's strong accents and limited English in interviews, rumors arise that Milli Vanilli may be a fake band. They suffer an embarrassing incident when a vocal track skips at a concert. Arista tries to keep the event out of the public eye and dismisses any negative claims regarding the band's integrity.
Milli Vanilli wins Best New Artist at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1990. Morvan and Pilatus want to sing on the next album, but Farian refuses. As a result, they demand more money in the hope that a frustrated Farian will let them out of their contracts. Instead, he goes to the press and reveals the charade.
When this causes a scandal, Milli Vanilli must return their Grammy and are ostracized from the music industry. Pilatus and Morvan suffer the majority of the vitriol, while the producers and executives remain relatively unscathed. Record executive Clive Davis denies Arista had any knowledge of the lip syncing. However, the documentary's interviews reveal that Arista was aware of the situation six months before the awards ceremony, if not earlier.
In the aftermath, Farian releases the album The Moment of Truth by "the Real Milli Vanilli." This new lineup features some of the original studio singers and musicians, as well as new band members who have been hired only for sex appeal. Meanwhile, Pilatus and Morvan release the album Rob & Fab, which features their own vocals. It only sells 2,000 copies, and the duo stop working together.
Over the next several years, Pilatus struggles with poor mental health and substance abuse. He eventually dies of an overdose after mixing alcohol and pills. Segieth, who came to do a wellness check, finds him on the floor of his hotel room.
Morvan fares better, though he struggles to find respect as a musician. He moves to the Netherlands, marries, and has children. He says he no longer feels ashamed about his time in Milli Vanilli.
Release
Milli Vanilli had its world premiere at the Tribeca Festival on June 10, 2023, and was released globally by Paramount+ on October 24, 2023.
Reception
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 24 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's consensus reads: "With clarity and compassion, Milli Vanilli reframes one of pop's most infamous scandals as a sobering cautionary tale."
The documentary was selected as a critic's pick by both The New York Times and Variety. Both The Telegraph and The Times gave the film four out of five stars.
The film received three out of four stars from Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com. She wrote, "The retelling of events that would become Milli Vanilli's ultimate undoing...emerges as a thrilling and stomach-turning adventure."
Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film a "captivating and moving documentary", writing, "...where Milli Vanilli becomes a poignant experience is in making us realize that Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus, while complicit, were not ultimately to blame. The pop music system was to blame".
Chris Azzopardi of The New York Times praised the film for interviewing "...the business side of Milli Vanilli, including officials at Arista Records", and stated that Fab Morvan "raises still-relevant questions about the way the music industry exploits vulnerable performers". Daniel Feinberg of the The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review, writing, "Korem presents Milli Vanilli as puppets, but the most powerful of the people who might have pulled the strings aren't here", and "Maybe Korem's primary objective is simply to make you think more about Milli Vanilli than you ever have before. In that, it's a total success".
Accolades
Milli Vanilli was named Best Austin Film 2023 by the Austin Film Critics Association.
Variety named Milli Vanilli one of the best documentaries of 2023.
The International Documentary Association nominated the film for Best Music Documentary of 2023.
References
^ "Milli Vanilli". The Hollywood Reporter. September 13, 2023. Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ Korem, Luke (October 24, 2023), Milli Vanilli (Documentary, Biography, Music), Diane Warren, Rob Pilatus, Timbaland, Keep on Running Pictures, Fulwell 73, MTV Entertainment Studios, archived from the original on October 28, 2023, retrieved October 2, 2023
^ Milli Vanilli|Weight of the Lie – Paramount Plus on official YouTube channel
^ Trakin, Roy (June 8, 2023). "'Milli Vanilli' Documentary Puts Disgraced Duo's Story in New Light: 'We Were the Villains for So Long'". Variety. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ "Milli Vanilli | 2023 Tribeca Festival". Tribeca. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ a b Fienberg, Daniel (June 13, 2023). "'Milli Vanilli' Review: Doc About Disgraced Duo Poses Intriguing Questions That It Never Satisfyingly Answers". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ White, Peter (June 1, 2023). "Paramount+ Snaps Up Milli Vanilli Feature Doc". Deadline. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ "Milli Vanilli". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 12, 2023). "'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary". Variety. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Singh, Anita (October 25, 2023). "The Milli Vanilli story: from being 'better than McCartney' to being exposed as frauds". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Midgley, Carol (November 10, 2023). "Milli Vanilli review — how a lip-syncing scandal ended in tragedy". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Christy Lemire (October 24, 2023). "Reviews Milli Vanilli". rogerebert.com. Ebert Digital. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 11, 2023). "'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary". Variety. Los Angeles: Variety Media. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Azzopardi, Chris (October 24, 2023). "'Milli Vanilli' Review: Blame It on the Fame". . New York City. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
^ Partridge, Jon (January 3, 2024). "2023 Austin Film Critics Association Award Nominations". Austin Film Critics Association. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ Neglia, Matt (January 3, 2024). "The 2023 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ Anderson, Erik (January 3, 2024). "Austin Film Critics Association Nominations (AFCA): 'Killers of the Flower Moon', 'Oppenheimer' Lead with 10 Each". AwardsWatch. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
^ Whittaker, Richard. "Milli Vanilli Documentary to Get Award Screening at AFS". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
^ Peter Debruge; Owen Gleiberman; Manuel Betancourt; Catherine Bray; Dennis Harvey; Lisa Kennedy; Jessica Kiang; Richard Kuipers; Guy Lodge; Chris Willman (December 29, 2023). "The Best Documentaries of 2023". Variety. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
^ "IDA Documentary Awards 2023 Winners & Nominees". International Documentary Association. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
External links
Milli Vanilli at IMDb
Milli Vanilli at Rotten Tomatoes
Official trailer
vteMilli Vanilli/The Real Milli Vanilli
Milli Vanilli: Rob Pilatus
Fab Morvan
The Real Milli Vanilli: Brad Howell
John Davis
Jodie Rocco
Linda Rocco
Charles Shaw
Gina Mohammed
Ray Horton
Studio albums
All or Nothing
Girl You Know It's True
The Moment of Truth
Compilations
The U.S.-Remix Album: All or Nothing
2×2
The Remix Album
Singles
"Girl You Know It's True"
"Baby Don't Forget My Number"
"Blame It on the Rain"
"Girl I'm Gonna Miss You"
"All or Nothing"
"Keep On Running"
"Too Late (True Love)"
Related
Discography
Frank Farian
Rob & Fab
Girl You Know It's True (film)
Milli Vanilli (film)
"Tell Me Where It Hurts"
"When I Die"
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Milli Vanilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Vanilli"},{"link_name":"Rob Pilatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Pilatus"},{"link_name":"Fab Morvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_Morvan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"archival footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_footage"},{"link_name":"Luke Korem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Korem"},{"link_name":"MRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC_(company)"},{"link_name":"Fulwell 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwell_73"},{"link_name":"MTV Entertainment Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Entertainment_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Milli Vanilli is a 2023 American documentary film about the German-French pop music duo Milli Vanilli, consisting of Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan.[2] The film chronicles the circumstances surrounding the duo's meteoric rise to fame and devastating fall.[3] It features rare archival footage, exclusive interviews with Pilatus and Morvan, and interviews with the real singers and record executives. It is directed by Luke Korem and produced by Korem, Bradley Jackson, MRC, Keep on Running Pictures, and Fulwell 73, in association with MTV Entertainment Studios.[4]","title":"Milli Vanilli (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"signature hairstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_look"},{"link_name":"Frank Farian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Farian"},{"link_name":"recording contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"lip sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_sync"},{"link_name":"All or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_(Milli_Vanilli_album)"},{"link_name":"Arista Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Girl You Know It's True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_You_Know_It%27s_True"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"32nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Clive Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Davis"},{"link_name":"The Moment of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moment_of_Truth_(The_Real_Milli_Vanilli_album)"},{"link_name":"the Real Milli Vanilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Milli_Vanilli"},{"link_name":"Rob & Fab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_%26_Fab"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose"}],"text":"The film follows the rise to fame of Robert \"Rob\" Pilatus and Fabrice \"Fab\" Morvan as the duo Milli Vanilli, in the late 1980s. It features interviews with Morvan, Pilatus (though archival recordings), the real singers, record executives, and music celebrities such as Timbaland and Diane Warren.Pilatus and Morvan, who both had difficult childhoods, first meet in Munich, Germany. With very few Black people in the area, they quickly develop a brotherly bond. The two young men work as dancers, start their own pop duo, and grow long braids as a signature hairstyle.Record producer Frank Farian offers them a recording contract. According to Morvan, only after signing (and not reading) the contracts does the duo learn they are going to lip sync to pre-recorded tracks by other singers. They are upset by this but can't break their deal with Farian without paying back all the money he has advanced them. However, Ingrid Segieth (Farian's business partner and then-girlfriend) claims that Morvan and Pilatus did not need to be coerced into lip syncing, and they were happy to go along with the plan from the beginning.The name Milli Vanilli is inspired by Segieth's nickname, \"Milli\". The group releases the album All or Nothing in Europe. After being signed to Arista Records in the United States, the album is reworked and reissued as Girl You Know It's True to American audiences. It goes 6x Platinum in 1989 and sells over 30 million copies worldwide.Due to Pilatus and Morvan's strong accents and limited English in interviews, rumors arise that Milli Vanilli may be a fake band. They suffer an embarrassing incident when a vocal track skips at a concert. Arista tries to keep the event out of the public eye and dismisses any negative claims regarding the band's integrity.Milli Vanilli wins Best New Artist at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1990. Morvan and Pilatus want to sing on the next album, but Farian refuses. As a result, they demand more money in the hope that a frustrated Farian will let them out of their contracts. Instead, he goes to the press and reveals the charade.When this causes a scandal, Milli Vanilli must return their Grammy and are ostracized from the music industry. Pilatus and Morvan suffer the majority of the vitriol, while the producers and executives remain relatively unscathed. Record executive Clive Davis denies Arista had any knowledge of the lip syncing. However, the documentary's interviews reveal that Arista was aware of the situation six months before the awards ceremony, if not earlier.In the aftermath, Farian releases the album The Moment of Truth by \"the Real Milli Vanilli.\" This new lineup features some of the original studio singers and musicians, as well as new band members who have been hired only for sex appeal. Meanwhile, Pilatus and Morvan release the album Rob & Fab, which features their own vocals. It only sells 2,000 copies, and the duo stop working together.Over the next several years, Pilatus struggles with poor mental health and substance abuse. He eventually dies of an overdose after mixing alcohol and pills. Segieth, who came to do a wellness check, finds him on the floor of his hotel room.Morvan fares better, though he struggles to find respect as a musician. He moves to the Netherlands, marries, and has children. He says he no longer feels ashamed about his time in Milli Vanilli.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribeca Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Festival"},{"link_name":"Paramount+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWR-Review-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Milli Vanilli had its world premiere at the Tribeca Festival on June 10, 2023, and was released globally by Paramount+ on October 24, 2023.[5][6][7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"100%","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_a_100%25_rating_on_Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(London)"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Christy Lemire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Lemire"},{"link_name":"RogerEbert.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAME-12"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Arista Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Review-14"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWR-Review-6"},{"link_name":"Austin Film Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Film_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"International Documentary Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Documentary_Association"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Critical responseOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 24 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's consensus reads: \"With clarity and compassion, Milli Vanilli reframes one of pop's most infamous scandals as a sobering cautionary tale.\"[8]The documentary was selected as a critic's pick by both The New York Times and Variety.[9] Both The Telegraph and The Times gave the film four out of five stars.[10][11]The film received three out of four stars from Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com. She wrote, \"The retelling of events that would become Milli Vanilli's ultimate undoing...emerges as a thrilling and stomach-turning adventure.\"[12]Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film a \"captivating and moving documentary\", writing, \"...where Milli Vanilli becomes a poignant experience is in making us realize that Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus, while complicit, were not ultimately to blame. The pop music system was to blame\".[13]Chris Azzopardi of The New York Times praised the film for interviewing \"...the business side of Milli Vanilli, including officials at Arista Records\", and stated that Fab Morvan \"raises still-relevant questions about the way the music industry exploits vulnerable performers\".[14] Daniel Feinberg of the The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review, writing, \"Korem presents Milli Vanilli as puppets, but the most powerful of the people who might have pulled the strings aren't here\", and \"Maybe Korem's primary objective is simply to make you think more about Milli Vanilli than you ever have before. In that, it's a total success\".[6]AccoladesMilli Vanilli was named Best Austin Film 2023 by the Austin Film Critics Association.[15][16][17][18]Variety named Milli Vanilli one of the best documentaries of 2023.[19]The International Documentary Association nominated the film for Best Music Documentary of 2023.[20]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Milli Vanilli\". The Hollywood Reporter. September 13, 2023. Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/milli-vanilli-documentary-trailer-paramount-1235589581/","url_text":"\"Milli Vanilli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070826/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/milli-vanilli-documentary-trailer-paramount-1235589581/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Korem, Luke (October 24, 2023), Milli Vanilli (Documentary, Biography, Music), Diane Warren, Rob Pilatus, Timbaland, Keep on Running Pictures, Fulwell 73, MTV Entertainment Studios, archived from the original on October 28, 2023, retrieved October 2, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14666592/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","url_text":"Milli Vanilli"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231028113834/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14666592/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Trakin, Roy (June 8, 2023). \"'Milli Vanilli' Documentary Puts Disgraced Duo's Story in New Light: 'We Were the Villains for So Long'\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/film/news/milli-vanilli-documentary-strong-allegations-1235637414/","url_text":"\"'Milli Vanilli' Documentary Puts Disgraced Duo's Story in New Light: 'We Were the Villains for So Long'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231002190356/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/milli-vanilli-documentary-strong-allegations-1235637414/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Milli Vanilli | 2023 Tribeca Festival\". Tribeca. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribecafilm.com/films/milli-vanilli-2023","url_text":"\"Milli Vanilli | 2023 Tribeca Festival\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231002190357/https://tribecafilm.com/films/milli-vanilli-2023","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fienberg, Daniel (June 13, 2023). \"'Milli Vanilli' Review: Doc About Disgraced Duo Poses Intriguing Questions That It Never Satisfyingly Answers\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/milli-vanilli-review-documentary-1235513799/","url_text":"\"'Milli Vanilli' Review: Doc About Disgraced Duo Poses Intriguing Questions That It Never Satisfyingly Answers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231002190356/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/milli-vanilli-review-documentary-1235513799/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (June 1, 2023). \"Paramount+ Snaps Up Milli Vanilli Feature Doc\". Deadline. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/06/paramount-snaps-up-milli-vanilli-feature-doc-1235398248/","url_text":"\"Paramount+ Snaps Up Milli Vanilli Feature Doc\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230608175038/https://deadline.com/2023/06/paramount-snaps-up-milli-vanilli-feature-doc-1235398248/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Milli Vanilli\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/milli_vanilli","url_text":"\"Milli Vanilli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231026200849/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/milli_vanilli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (June 12, 2023). \"'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary\". Variety. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/milli-vanilli-review-tribeca-festival-1235639867/","url_text":"\"'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Anita (October 25, 2023). \"The Milli Vanilli story: from being 'better than McCartney' to being exposed as frauds\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2023/10/25/milli-vanilli-paramount-review-pops-tragicomic-duo/","url_text":"\"The Milli Vanilli story: from being 'better than McCartney' to being exposed as frauds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Midgley, Carol (November 10, 2023). \"Milli Vanilli review — how a lip-syncing scandal ended in tragedy\". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/milli-vanilli-review-how-a-lip-syncing-scandal-ended-in-tragedy-59nsx27c7","url_text":"\"Milli Vanilli review — how a lip-syncing scandal ended in tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Christy Lemire (October 24, 2023). \"Reviews Milli Vanilli\". rogerebert.com. Ebert Digital. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/milli-vanilli-movie-review-2023","url_text":"\"Reviews Milli Vanilli\""}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (June 11, 2023). \"'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary\". Variety. Los Angeles: Variety Media. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/milli-vanilli-review-tribeca-festival-1235639867/","url_text":"\"'Milli Vanilli' Review: The Saga of the Infamous Pop Duo, Now Seen from the Inside, Becomes a Captivating and Moving Documentary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles","url_text":"Los Angeles"}]},{"reference":"Azzopardi, Chris (October 24, 2023). \"'Milli Vanilli' Review: Blame It on the Fame\". [The New York Times]. New York City. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/movies/milli-vanilli-review.html","url_text":"\"'Milli Vanilli' Review: Blame It on the Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]},{"reference":"Partridge, Jon (January 3, 2024). \"2023 Austin Film Critics Association Award Nominations\". Austin Film Critics Association. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://austinfilmcritics.org/2023-austin-film-critics-association-award-nominations-4b6e4fec3f05","url_text":"\"2023 Austin Film Critics Association Award Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Film_Critics_Association","url_text":"Austin Film Critics Association"}]},{"reference":"Neglia, Matt (January 3, 2024). \"The 2023 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations\". Next Best Picture. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2023-austin-film-critics-association-afca-nominations/","url_text":"\"The 2023 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Erik (January 3, 2024). \"Austin Film Critics Association Nominations (AFCA): 'Killers of the Flower Moon', 'Oppenheimer' Lead with 10 Each\". AwardsWatch. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://awardswatch.com/austin-film-critics-association-nominations-afca-killers-of-the-flower-moon-oppenheimer-lead-with-10-each/","url_text":"\"Austin Film Critics Association Nominations (AFCA): 'Killers of the Flower Moon', 'Oppenheimer' Lead with 10 Each\""}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, Richard. \"Milli Vanilli Documentary to Get Award Screening at AFS\". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2024-01-13/milli-vanilli-documentary-to-get-award-screening-at-afs/","url_text":"\"Milli Vanilli Documentary to Get Award Screening at AFS\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Debruge; Owen Gleiberman; Manuel Betancourt; Catherine Bray; Dennis Harvey; Lisa Kennedy; Jessica Kiang; Richard Kuipers; Guy Lodge; Chris Willman (December 29, 2023). \"The Best Documentaries of 2023\". Variety. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/lists/best-documentaries-2023/","url_text":"\"The Best Documentaries of 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDA Documentary Awards 2023 Winners & Nominees\". International Documentary Association. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.documentary.org/awards2023/nominees","url_text":"\"IDA Documentary Awards 2023 Winners & Nominees\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/milli-vanilli-documentary-trailer-paramount-1235589581/","external_links_name":"\"Milli Vanilli\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070826/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/milli-vanilli-documentary-trailer-paramount-1235589581/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14666592/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"Milli Vanilli"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231028113834/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14666592/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-USwbeW6v0","external_links_name":"Milli Vanilli|Weight of the Lie – Paramount Plus on official YouTube 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Attorney | Defense Attorney | ["1 Characters","2 Personnel","3 Background","4 TV pilot","5 Recognition","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links","8.1 Logs","8.2 Streaming"] | American radio program
This article is about a radio show. For a profession, see Defense attorney.
Radio show
Defense AttorneyMercedes McCambridgeOther namesThe Defense RestsGenreCrime dramaRunning time30 minutesCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishSyndicatesABCStarringMercedes McCambridgeHoward CulverAnnouncerOrville AndersonCreated byCameron BlakeWritten byCameron BlakeBill JohnstonJoel MurcottDirected byDwight HauserProduced byWarren LewisOriginal releaseJuly 6, 1951 (1951-07-06) –December 30, 1952 (1952-12-30)
Defense Attorney is an American old-time radio crime drama. It was broadcast on ABC from July 6, 1951, to December 30, 1952. It was also known as The Defense Rests.
Characters
The title character was Martha Ellis "Marty" Bryant, "a respected attorney who has a reputation for integrity" and "who champions causes of the underdog and unjustly accused". Jud Barnes, a newspaper reporter, was Barrett's boyfriend. Ron Lackmann wrote in his book Mercedes McCambridge: A Biography and Career Record that Barrett "spent more time solving crimes with her boyfriend ... than she did in the courtroom".
Personnel
Mercedes McCambridge had the title role, and Howard Culver played Judson Barnes. Tony Barrett portrayed Detective Lieutenant Ed Ledis. Supporting actors in the program included Paul Fries, Bill Johnston, Kay Wiley, Harry Bartell, Dallas McKennon, Irene Tedrow, and Parley Baer. Orville Anderson was the announcer.
Warren Lewis was the producer, and Dwight Hauser was the director. Cameron Blake (the program's creator), Bill Johnston, and Joel Murcott were writers. Music was by Rex Khoury and Basil Adlam.
Background
Defense Attorney originated with an audition record, The Defense Rests, which was made for a proposed NBC series in April 1951.
TV pilot
In 1953, the trade publication Billboard reported on work on a television version of Defense Attorney. An article in the magazine's March 28, 1953, issue said that Don Sharpe was in New York "to begin sales efforts on his newest film show, Defense Attorney, starring Mercedes McCambridge, and based on his former radio series of the same name." Fletcher Markle wrote and directed the pilot episode, which was filmed by Desilu Productions.
Recognition
McCambridge's work on Defense Attorney led to her receiving honorary membership in the Los Angeles Women's Bar Association and the Favorite Dramatic Actress Award from Radio-TV Mirror magazine.
Notes
^ Although two old-time radio reference books (On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio and Radio Crime Fighters: Over 300 Programs from the Golden Age) give the starting date as August 31, 1951, The Digital Deli Too gives July 6, 1951, as the starting date. Radio listings in contemporary newspapers also show that the program was first aired on July 6, 1951.
References
^ a b c ""Defense Attorney"". The Digital Deli Too. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ a b "New Radio Show Starts Tonight". The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. July 6, 1951. p. 9. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Today's Radio". Tucson Daily Citizen. Tucson, Arizona. July 6, 1951. p. 14. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Radio Highlights". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. July 6, 1951. p. 13. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "On The Networks". The Progress. Clearfield, Pennsylvania. July 6, 1951. p. 2. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
^ a b c d Cox, Jim (2002). Radio Crime Fighters: Over 300 Programs from the Golden Age. McFarland. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7864-4324-6.
^ a b c Terrace, Vincent (1999). Radio Programs, 1924–1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-7864-4513-4.
^ "Dial Chatter". The La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. October 4, 1951. p. 16. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d Lackmann, Ron (2005). Mercedes McCambridge: A Biography and Career Record. McFarland. p. 82. ISBN 9780786419791. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
^ McLeod, Elizabeth. "Mercedes McCambridge for the Defense". Radio Classics. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ a b "Sharpe to Boost 'Defense Attorney'". Billboard. March 28, 1953. p. 10. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
^ "Desilu completes pilot on Defense Attorney". Ross Reports. October 12, 1952. p. 4. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
External links
Logs
Log of episodes of Defense Attorney from The Digital Deli Too
Log of episodes of Defense Attorney from Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs
Log of episodes of Defense Attorney from Old Time Radio Researchers Group
Log of episodes of Defense Attorney from radioGOLDINdex
Streaming
Streaming episodes of Defense Attorney from the Internet Archive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Richardson_Foundation | Smith Richardson Foundation | ["1 History","2 Assets and grant making","3 Trustees and officers","4 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Smith Richardson Foundation, Inc.Founded1935; 89 years ago (1935)FounderH. Smith and Grace Jones RichardsonFocusSupport research in U.S. foreign and domestic public policyLocationWestport, Connecticut, U.S.Endowment$521 million USD (2013)Websitewww.srf.org
The Smith Richardson Foundation is a private foundation based in Westport, Connecticut that supports policy research in the realms of foreign and domestic public policy.
According to the foundation's website, its mission is "to contribute to important public debates and to address serious public policy challenges facing the United States. The Foundation seeks to help ensure the vitality of our social, economic, and governmental institutions. It also seeks to assist with the development of effective policies to compete internationally and to advance U.S. interests and values abroad."
History
The Smith Richardson Foundation was established in 1935 by H. Smith Richardson Sr. and his wife Grace Jones Richardson. Richardson transformed the Vicks Chemical Company, a firm created by his father, Lunsford Richardson, into one of the leading over-the-counter drug companies in the world. In later years, Richardson-Vicks also became a major force in the market for prescription drugs as well as a wide range of consumer products. In 1985, the Richardson family sold the company to Procter & Gamble.
In 1973, R. Randolph Richardson assumed the presidency of the Foundation. Richardson was particularly interested in supporting free-market and pro-democratic causes. During his tenure as president, the Foundation played an important role in supporting think tanks and scholars who were active in public policy debates over issues such as defense policy, tax policy, education reform, and regulation. The Foundation also supported pro-democracy organizations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Central and South America.
In 1992, Peter L. Richardson, a nephew of R. Randolph Richardson, assumed the presidency of the Foundation, while Heather Higgins, the daughter of R. Randolph Richardson, became president of the Randolph Foundation.
Assets and grant making
At the end of 2013, the foundation had assets totaling $521,570,780 according to its federal tax return. During that year, it awarded a total of 411 grants totaling $20,695,903 .
SRF has awarded grants to major think tanks and university research centers. Some of the foundation's major grantees include the following:
American Enterprise Institute
Brookings Institution
Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Council on Foreign Relations
Center on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups
Freedom House
Hudson Institute
National Institute for Public Policy
Nonproliferation Policy Education Center
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins
Pepperdine University
RAND Corporation
Urban Institute
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Trustees and officers
Trustees
Peter L. Richardson, Chairman of the Board
Stuart S. Richardson, Vice Chair
Marin J. Strmecki Sr. V.P. and Dir., Progs.
Ross F. Hemphill, V.P. and C.F.O.
Arvid R. Nelson *, Secy. and Gov.
Michael Blair
W. Winburne King, III
Adele Richardson Ray
Lunsford Richardson Jr.
E. William Stetson III
References
^ "Smith Richardson Foundation: Our Mission". Retrieved 2009-05-29.
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National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_foundation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Westport, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Smith Richardson Foundation is a private foundation based in Westport, Connecticut that supports policy research in the realms of foreign and domestic public policy.According to the foundation's website, its mission is \"to contribute to important public debates and to address serious public policy challenges facing the United States. The Foundation seeks to help ensure the vitality of our social, economic, and governmental institutions. It also seeks to assist with the development of effective policies to compete internationally and to advance U.S. interests and values abroad.\"[1]","title":"Smith Richardson Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vicks Chemical Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicks"},{"link_name":"Lunsford Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunsford_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Heather Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Randolph Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Foundation"}],"text":"The Smith Richardson Foundation was established in 1935 by H. Smith Richardson Sr. and his wife Grace Jones Richardson. Richardson transformed the Vicks Chemical Company, a firm created by his father, Lunsford Richardson, into one of the leading over-the-counter drug companies in the world. In later years, Richardson-Vicks also became a major force in the market for prescription drugs as well as a wide range of consumer products. In 1985, the Richardson family sold the company to Procter & Gamble.In 1973, R. Randolph Richardson assumed the presidency of the Foundation. Richardson was particularly interested in supporting free-market and pro-democratic causes. During his tenure as president, the Foundation played an important role in supporting think tanks and scholars who were active in public policy debates over issues such as defense policy, tax policy, education reform, and regulation. The Foundation also supported pro-democracy organizations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Central and South America.In 1992, Peter L. Richardson, a nephew of R. Randolph Richardson, assumed the presidency of the Foundation, while Heather Higgins, the daughter of R. Randolph Richardson, became president of the Randolph Foundation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Enterprise Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_Budgetary_Assessments"},{"link_name":"Center for Strategic and International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Center on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_on_Irregular_Warfare_and_Armed_Groups&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"Hudson Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Public_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nonproliferation Policy Education Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonproliferation_Policy_Education_Center"},{"link_name":"Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_University"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Urban Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Institute"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars"}],"text":"At the end of 2013, the foundation had assets totaling $521,570,780 according to its federal tax return. During that year, it awarded a total of 411 grants totaling $20,695,903 .SRF has awarded grants to major think tanks and university research centers. Some of the foundation's major grantees include the following:American Enterprise Institute\nBrookings Institution\nCenter for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments\nCenter for Strategic and International Studies\nCouncil on Foreign Relations\nCenter on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups\nFreedom House\nHudson Institute\nNational Institute for Public Policy\nNonproliferation Policy Education Center\nPaul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins\nPepperdine University\nRAND Corporation\nUrban Institute\nWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars","title":"Assets and grant making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. William Stetson III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Stetson"}],"text":"TrusteesPeter L. Richardson, Chairman of the Board\nStuart S. Richardson, Vice Chair\nMarin J. Strmecki Sr. V.P. and Dir., Progs.\nRoss F. Hemphill, V.P. and C.F.O.\nArvid R. Nelson *, Secy. and Gov.\nMichael Blair\nW. Winburne King, III\nAdele Richardson Ray\nLunsford Richardson Jr.\nE. William Stetson III","title":"Trustees and officers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Smith Richardson Foundation: Our Mission\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_contract_flight | Government contract flight | ["1 United States passenger operations","2 United States cargo operations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Charter flight contracted with government agency
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A government contract flight is a type of charter airline operation contracted with a government agency.
In the United States, the massive mobility requirements during World War II proved that military transport could not meet all the logistical needs that might arise. As a result, the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) was developed to use airline capacity to provide maximum airlift support in wartime situations. As a benefit, airlines that commit planes to CRAF are able to receive peacetime government contracts in an amount proportional to the airline's potential wartime mobilization value. This is the basis for most routine military charter flights. The government receives an extremely economical source of emergency capacity as well as reasonable costs for peacetime military transportation.
United States passenger operations
See also: Patriot Express
Most American government contract flights are sponsored by the military. While many of them are used to move cargo, some are operated as scheduled airline services. These flights are virtually identical to standard airline flights, complete with flight attendants, meal service, and in-flight movies. A contract flight returning from an overseas area is often referred to as a freedom bird, since it usually carries military members who are returning to the United States after what is commonly a one-to-three-year tour of duty. The service on board during the Vietnam War was very spartan and did not offer the amenities mentioned above.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the hub for most military charters was Travis Air Force Base (AFB) and McChord Air Force Base on the west coast and McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey and Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina on the east coast. These bases connected to a number of foreign hubs, which included Yokota Air Base in Japan and Rhein-Main Air Base in Europe. Starting in the 1980s the military shifted many of its domestic hubs from military bases to commercial airports to better integrate its transportation network with scheduled airline service, thereby avoiding the logistical headaches of transporting passengers between airports and air bases. By 1984 McGuire AFB was replaced with Philadelphia International Airport, and Charleston AFB was replaced with Charleston International Airport. By 1997, Philadelphia was replaced with Baltimore-Washington International Airport (BWI), Maryland and Charleston International Airport replaced with Atlanta, Georgia.
Historically, services were provided to each military theater as follows:
Germany. Flying Tiger Line flew Lockheed Constellation aircraft to Rhein Main AB via Gander, Newfoundland. Trans Caribbean Airways also flew from McGuire to Rhein Main in the mid-1960s, with a stopover at Prestwick in Scotland. During the 1970s Capitol Air Lines operated a large share of flights from Charleston to Rhein Main via Windsor Locks. During the 1990s the main trunk route was from Baltimore to Rhein-Main Air Base using Tower Air Boeing 747s. The current trunk route is from Atlanta–Frankfurt or Atlanta–Baltimore–Frankfurt using World Airways DC-10 aircraft.
Japan. Yokota Air Base near Tokyo has historically been the major United States airlift hub for Asia. Most flights to Yokota were once operated by Flying Tiger Line. This started during the 1950s with Lockheed Constellation service from Travis AFB via Cold Bay, Adak, and Misawa AB and continued through the 1980s.
Korea. The Air Mobility Command chartered flights several times weekly to and from Osan Air Base and the west coast of the United States (sometimes via Yokota Air Base, Japan or Kadena Air Base, Japan) for the purpose of ferrying servicemembers and families to and from their duty assignments. At various times, the West Coast port was Los Angeles International Airport, Oakland International Airport and lastly Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. Flying Tiger Line held the initial contract in the 1980s, which passed to FedEx when that company purchased Flying Tigers, the only time in its history FedEx entered the passenger transport business. In the early 1990s the contract passed to Northwest Airlines briefly before finding a permanent home with World Airways. These flights flew Boeing 747 aircraft until the mid-1990s, when it was replaced by the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Officials at Osan AB discouraged the popular nickname "Freedom Bird" for this flight, as it implied a tour of duty in Korea was less than desirable. The flight was officially known as the "Osan Eagle", later renamed "Patriot Express" (PE). The charter flights operated until 30 September 2005, when Department of Defense cutbacks forced United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) to reduce PE service. Flights still continued to Japan and Europe, but in reduced capacity. In April 2010, USTRANSCOM resumed PE service to Korea, arriving and departing from both Osan and Kunsan Air Bases twice a week using Boeing 757 and 767 aircraft.
Philippines. Flights to the Philippines were operated by Flying Tiger Line Lockheed Constellation planes in the 1960s from Travis via Honolulu, Wake, and Guam. In the early 1970s World Airways DC-8 service from Travis AFB via Cold Bay and Yokota AB, replaced by Trans International Airlines DC-8 service via a southern route (Travis – Hickam – Andersen – Clark). Starting in 1980, Flying Tiger Line Boeing 747s were used on a northern route (St. Louis – Los Angeles – Anchorage – Kadena – Clark).
Vietnam. The Douglas DC-8 was used for the contract operations of Overseas National Airways, Seaboard World Airlines, Flying Tiger Line, Saturn, World Airways and United. A World Airways DC-8 was the last scheduled flight out of Saigon before its capture in 1975. Boeing aircraft, primarily the Boeing 707, were used for contract operations of Northwest Orient, Continental and Pan Am. Flights serving Vietnam operated from five locations in that country: Da Nang, Cam Ranh Bay, Saigon (Tan Son Nhut), Bien Hoa and Phu Cat. Service usually originated at Travis AFB, McChord AFB, Moffett or Los Angeles with stops in Anchorage, Cold Bay, Kadena, Yokota AB, Honolulu, Guam, and/or Clark AFB.
Turkey. Through the early 1980s, charters were not scheduled into Incirlik Air Base; passengers had to connect to Rhein Main AB via C-141 Starlifter. This changed in the early 1990s when ATA Airlines L-1011 service was provided via Rhein Main or Italy.
Azores/Spain/Italy. One major trunk route used since the 1990s (Norfolk – Lajes – Rota – Naples – Sigonella) using ATA Airlines Boeing 757 planes. Another route (Baltimore – Lajes – Aviano) uses ATA Airlines L-1011 aircraft.
Saudi Arabia. During the 1990s an important trunk route originated in Baltimore (Baltimore – Rhein-Main Air Base – Riyadh). Service to Kuwait used ATA Airlines L-1011 aircraft (Baltimore – Lajes AB – Aviano AB – Kuwait).
Iceland. During the 1960s and 1970s various airlines did the contract route from McGuire AFB, NJ. In 1988, Hawaiian Airlines operated the Norfolk NAS – Philadelphia IAP – Keflavik NAS route using DC-8-62 aircraft once a week. By 1994 the route was being operated by American Trans Air utilizing 757 aircraft along with L-1011s with Rich International supplementing the service. The route was moved to Baltimore when the Philadelphia AMC operation was shut down. By 2000 the service was being operated by Miami Air 737-800s from BWI to KEF. All charter flights were ended in 2005 and all US Forces are scheduled to leave the Keflavik NATO base by 30 Sep 2006.
Noteworthy disasters involving a military charter flight include:
March 15, 1962: A Flying Tiger Line Constellation crashed while en route from Guam to the Philippines, killing all 107 aboard. The cause was not determined. It remains the worst single Constellation accident to date.
November 27, 1970: A Capitol International Airways DC-8 crashed at Anchorage, Alaska when its brakes locked and caught fire; 47 out of 229 were killed.
December 12, 1985: A DC-8, Arrow Air Flight 1285, crashed at Gander, Newfoundland killing all 256 aboard.
Since 1990, scheduled military passenger services have been operated by ATA, World Airways, Evergreen International, Northwest Airlines, Rich International, Sun Country, Tower Air, TWA, ATI, Carnival Air Lines and Omni Air International.
United States cargo operations
The government relies on a number of cargo operators to supplement its own airlift fleet. Contractors include Airlift International, World Airways, and Evergreen International Aviation. On March 23, 1974 an Airlift International DC-8-63 burned at Travis Air Force Base when fuel caught fire during maintenance.
By the 1990s, government contract services for freight were operated by American International, Burlington Air Express, ABX Air, Emery Worldwide, Evergreen International, FedEx, Northwest Airlines, Rich International, Southern Air Transport, Tower Air, TWA, ATI, United Parcel Service, World Airways and Omni Air International.
See also
Civil Reserve Air Fleet
References
^ "Patriot Express Town Hall (USFK website)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ "Patriot Express (USFK website)". Retrieved 24 June 2010.
External links
www.transcom.mil – United States Transportation Command
josac.transcom.mil – Joint Operational Support Airlift Center
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International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_International_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Rich International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"Sun Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Tower Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Air"},{"link_name":"TWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_International"},{"link_name":"Carnival Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Omni Air International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_Air_International"}],"text":"See also: Patriot ExpressMost American government contract flights are sponsored by the military. While many of them are used to move cargo, some are operated as scheduled airline services. These flights are virtually identical to standard airline flights, complete with flight attendants, meal service, and in-flight movies. A contract flight returning from an overseas area is often referred to as a freedom bird, since it usually carries military members who are returning to the United States after what is commonly a one-to-three-year tour of duty. The service on board during the Vietnam War was very spartan and did not offer the amenities mentioned above.During the 1960s and 1970s, the hub for most military charters was Travis Air Force Base (AFB) and McChord Air Force Base on the west coast and McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey and Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina on the east coast. These bases connected to a number of foreign hubs, which included Yokota Air Base in Japan and Rhein-Main Air Base in Europe. Starting in the 1980s the military shifted many of its domestic hubs from military bases to commercial airports to better integrate its transportation network with scheduled airline service, thereby avoiding the logistical headaches of transporting passengers between airports and air bases. By 1984 McGuire AFB was replaced with Philadelphia International Airport, and Charleston AFB was replaced with Charleston International Airport. By 1997, Philadelphia was replaced with Baltimore-Washington International Airport (BWI), Maryland and Charleston International Airport replaced with Atlanta, Georgia.Historically, services were provided to each military theater as follows:Germany. Flying Tiger Line flew Lockheed Constellation aircraft to Rhein Main AB via Gander, Newfoundland. Trans Caribbean Airways also flew from McGuire to Rhein Main in the mid-1960s, with a stopover at Prestwick in Scotland. During the 1970s Capitol Air Lines operated a large share of flights from Charleston to Rhein Main via Windsor Locks. During the 1990s the main trunk route was from Baltimore to Rhein-Main Air Base using Tower Air Boeing 747s. The current trunk route is from Atlanta–Frankfurt or Atlanta–Baltimore–Frankfurt using World Airways DC-10 aircraft.\nJapan. Yokota Air Base near Tokyo has historically been the major United States airlift hub for Asia. Most flights to Yokota were once operated by Flying Tiger Line. This started during the 1950s with Lockheed Constellation service from Travis AFB via Cold Bay, Adak, and Misawa AB and continued through the 1980s.\nKorea. The Air Mobility Command chartered flights several times weekly to and from Osan Air Base and the west coast of the United States (sometimes via Yokota Air Base, Japan or Kadena Air Base, Japan) for the purpose of ferrying servicemembers and families to and from their duty assignments. At various times, the West Coast port was Los Angeles International Airport, Oakland International Airport and lastly Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. Flying Tiger Line held the initial contract in the 1980s, which passed to FedEx when that company purchased Flying Tigers, the only time in its history FedEx entered the passenger transport business. In the early 1990s the contract passed to Northwest Airlines briefly before finding a permanent home with World Airways. These flights flew Boeing 747 aircraft until the mid-1990s, when it was replaced by the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Officials at Osan AB discouraged the popular nickname \"Freedom Bird\" for this flight, as it implied a tour of duty in Korea was less than desirable. The flight was officially known as the \"Osan Eagle\", later renamed \"Patriot Express\" (PE). The charter flights operated until 30 September 2005, when Department of Defense cutbacks forced United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) to reduce PE service. Flights still continued to Japan and Europe, but in reduced capacity.[1] In April 2010, USTRANSCOM resumed PE service to Korea, arriving and departing from both Osan and Kunsan Air Bases twice a week using Boeing 757 and 767 aircraft.[2]\nPhilippines. Flights to the Philippines were operated by Flying Tiger Line Lockheed Constellation planes in the 1960s from Travis via Honolulu, Wake, and Guam. In the early 1970s World Airways DC-8 service from Travis AFB via Cold Bay and Yokota AB, replaced by Trans International Airlines DC-8 service via a southern route (Travis – Hickam – Andersen – Clark). Starting in 1980, Flying Tiger Line Boeing 747s were used on a northern route (St. Louis – Los Angeles – Anchorage – Kadena – Clark).\nVietnam. The Douglas DC-8 was used for the contract operations of Overseas National Airways, Seaboard World Airlines, Flying Tiger Line, Saturn, World Airways and United. A World Airways DC-8 was the last scheduled flight out of Saigon before its capture in 1975. Boeing aircraft, primarily the Boeing 707, were used for contract operations of Northwest Orient, Continental and Pan Am. Flights serving Vietnam operated from five locations in that country: Da Nang, Cam Ranh Bay, Saigon (Tan Son Nhut), Bien Hoa and Phu Cat. Service usually originated at Travis AFB, McChord AFB, Moffett or Los Angeles with stops in Anchorage, Cold Bay, Kadena, Yokota AB, Honolulu, Guam, and/or Clark AFB.\nTurkey. Through the early 1980s, charters were not scheduled into Incirlik Air Base; passengers had to connect to Rhein Main AB via C-141 Starlifter. This changed in the early 1990s when ATA Airlines L-1011 service was provided via Rhein Main or Italy.\nAzores/Spain/Italy. One major trunk route used since the 1990s (Norfolk – Lajes – Rota – Naples – Sigonella) using ATA Airlines Boeing 757 planes. Another route (Baltimore – Lajes – Aviano) uses ATA Airlines L-1011 aircraft.\nSaudi Arabia. During the 1990s an important trunk route originated in Baltimore (Baltimore – Rhein-Main Air Base – Riyadh). Service to Kuwait used ATA Airlines L-1011 aircraft (Baltimore – Lajes AB – Aviano AB – Kuwait).\nIceland. During the 1960s and 1970s various airlines did the contract route from McGuire AFB, NJ. In 1988, Hawaiian Airlines operated the Norfolk NAS – Philadelphia IAP – Keflavik NAS route using DC-8-62 aircraft once a week. By 1994 the route was being operated by American Trans Air utilizing 757 aircraft along with L-1011s with Rich International supplementing the service. The route was moved to Baltimore when the Philadelphia AMC operation was shut down. By 2000 the service was being operated by Miami Air 737-800s from BWI to KEF. All charter flights were ended in 2005 and all US Forces are scheduled to leave the Keflavik NATO base by 30 Sep 2006.Noteworthy disasters involving a military charter flight include:March 15, 1962: A Flying Tiger Line Constellation crashed while en route from Guam to the Philippines, killing all 107 aboard. The cause was not determined. It remains the worst single Constellation accident to date.\nNovember 27, 1970: A Capitol International Airways DC-8 crashed at Anchorage, Alaska when its brakes locked and caught fire; 47 out of 229 were killed.\nDecember 12, 1985: A DC-8, Arrow Air Flight 1285, crashed at Gander, Newfoundland killing all 256 aboard.Since 1990, scheduled military passenger services have been operated by ATA, World Airways, Evergreen International, Northwest Airlines, Rich International, Sun Country, Tower Air, TWA, ATI, Carnival Air Lines and Omni Air International.","title":"United States passenger operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airlift International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_International"},{"link_name":"Evergreen International Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_International_Aviation"},{"link_name":"American International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalitta_Air"},{"link_name":"Burlington Air Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Air_Express"},{"link_name":"ABX Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABX_Air"},{"link_name":"Emery Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Southern Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_International"},{"link_name":"United Parcel Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"Omni Air International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_Air_International"}],"text":"The government relies on a number of cargo operators to supplement its own airlift fleet. Contractors include Airlift International, World Airways, and Evergreen International Aviation. On March 23, 1974 an Airlift International DC-8-63 burned at Travis Air Force Base when fuel caught fire during maintenance.By the 1990s, government contract services for freight were operated by American International, Burlington Air Express, ABX Air, Emery Worldwide, Evergreen International, FedEx, Northwest Airlines, Rich International, Southern Air Transport, Tower Air, TWA, ATI, United Parcel Service, World Airways and Omni Air International.","title":"United States cargo operations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Civil Reserve Air Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Reserve_Air_Fleet"}] | [{"reference":"\"Patriot Express Town Hall (USFK website)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173937/http://www.usfk.mil/USFK/Uploads/120/PATRIOT_EXPRESS_TOWN_HALL.pdf","url_text":"\"Patriot Express Town Hall (USFK website)\""},{"url":"http://www.usfk.mil/USFK/Uploads/120/PATRIOT_EXPRESS_TOWN_HALL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patriot Express (USFK website)\". Retrieved 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfk.mil/usfk/ShowContent.aspx?ID=470","url_text":"\"Patriot Express (USFK website)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173937/http://www.usfk.mil/USFK/Uploads/120/PATRIOT_EXPRESS_TOWN_HALL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Patriot Express Town Hall (USFK website)\""},{"Link":"http://www.usfk.mil/USFK/Uploads/120/PATRIOT_EXPRESS_TOWN_HALL.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usfk.mil/usfk/ShowContent.aspx?ID=470","external_links_name":"\"Patriot Express (USFK website)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060919184023/http://www.transcom.mil/","external_links_name":"www.transcom.mil"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050119032316/https://josac.transcom.mil/","external_links_name":"josac.transcom.mil"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb-Leisa | Alb-Leisa | ["1 History","1.1 Renaissance of the Swabian lentil varieties","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Alb-Leisa lentils
500 g package
The term Alb-Leisa firstly means the Öko-Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa (engl. "Eco-producer association Alb-Leisa"), secondly a trade name and thirdly traditional varieties of lentils from the Swabian Jura, Germany. "Leisa" means lentils in Swabian.
The Alb-Leisa was included in the Ark of Taste at Slow Food Deutschland in 2012. There are currently 70 small farms in this group. The marketing of Alb-Leise is done by Lauteracher Alb-Feld-Früchte, formerly known as Biohof Mammel. Especially in the region Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, but also via webshops.
History
The originally Near Eastern lentil is one of the oldest cultivated plants. In 1908, the daily newspaper Tübinger Chronik reported an increase in cultivation on the Alb. Until the 1950s, the Swabian Jura and its surroundings were the centre of lentil cultivation in Germany. After that there was no lentil cultivation in this region anymore, it had become uneconomical. In 1985, the Biohof Mammel in Lauterach started again with the cultivation of lentils. Demand rose slowly. From 2001 onwards, other organic farms were also interested in lentil cultivation. That is why the Öko-Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa (Eco-producer association Alb-Leisa) was founded.
Renaissance of the Swabian lentil varieties
The traditional Swabian lentil varieties disappeared completely by 1985. There was no seed available at all. For this reason, the organic farm Mammel and later the producer's association cultivated the French Le Puy green lentil. In 2006, in the gene bank of the Vavilov Institute in St. Petersburg the classic Swabian lentil varieties were accidentally discovered and brought back to Germany. Since then they have been grown again on the Swabian Jura.
At present, three genotypes of these lentils are used in the Swabian Jura, which are protected by the producers' association under the name of Alb-Leisa. These are the classic Swabian varieties of lentils of the breeder Fritz Späth from Haigerloch: "Späths Alb-Leisa small", "Späths Alb-Leisa large" and "Späths Heller-Leisa". "Späths Alblinse small" is relatively small and dark brown to black marbled. It was put back on the market for the first time in autumn 2011. Three genotypes are currently cultivated under the accession numbers "K-2076" (small-seeded "Späths Alb-Leisa I") and "K-2106" (large-seeded "Späths Alb-Leisa") (VIR 2008a). They are protected under the name Alb-Leisa of the producer group.
The producer group or the farmer who grows the lentils takes care of the variety care and seed production. There are hardly any professional seed propagators here.
Since the old varieties were no longer available, the French Puy lentils were used, which are suitable for the soil and climate of the Swabian Jura and are sold as "dark green marbled lentils". It was the most produced variety in 2011.
See also
Brenntar
References
^ "Slow Food Deutschland, Arche-Passagiere: Alb-Leisa". Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Eisler, Gerhard; Farbatlas Landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen, 1991, Ulmer Verlag; Seite 93
^ "Alb-Leisa". Linsenvergnügen - Rezepte und mehr rund um Linsen (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-19.
^ Kraut, Eva; Genotypenscreening der historischen Alblinsen und ihre agronomische Eignung unter heutigen Anbaubedingungen, 2008, p. 1-2
^ "Regionales aus St. Petersburg: Ein schwäbisch-russisches Linsen-Märchen". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Markus Brauer, "Geschichte der Linse in Baden-Württemberg: Auf der Spur der Alblinse", stuttgarter-zeitung.de (in German), retrieved 2017-02-03
^ Horneburg, Bernd; Frischer Wind für eine alte Kulturpflanze – Linsen im ökologischen Anbau, ihre Geschichte und Verwendung; Göttingen 2003, 1. Auflage, Dreschflegel e.V. und Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung der Universität Göttingen, Seite 33
Source: Alb-Leisa on Alemannic Wikipedia
External links
Website of the Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa
Regionales aus St. Petersburg: Ein schwäbisch-russisches Linsen-Märchen (bioland.de)
"Die guten ins Töpfchen... Die Renaissance der "Alb-Linsen"" (in German). SWR2 Wissen. Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
This Fabeae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This German cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Leisa_Sp%C3%A4ths_Alblinse_I.JPG"},{"link_name":"Swabian Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_Jura"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German"},{"link_name":"Ark of Taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_Taste"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"500 g packageThe term Alb-Leisa firstly means the Öko-Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa (engl. \"Eco-producer association Alb-Leisa\"), secondly a trade name and thirdly traditional varieties of lentils from the Swabian Jura, Germany. \"Leisa\" means lentils in Swabian.The Alb-Leisa was included in the Ark of Taste at Slow Food Deutschland in 2012. There are currently 70 small farms in this group. The marketing of Alb-Leise is done by Lauteracher Alb-Feld-Früchte, formerly known as Biohof Mammel. Especially in the region Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, but also via webshops.[1]","title":"Alb-Leisa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Lauterach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauterach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The originally Near Eastern lentil is one of the oldest cultivated plants.[2] In 1908, the daily newspaper Tübinger Chronik reported an increase in cultivation on the Alb. Until the 1950s, the Swabian Jura and its surroundings were the centre of lentil cultivation in Germany. After that there was no lentil cultivation in this region anymore, it had become uneconomical. In 1985, the Biohof Mammel in Lauterach started again with the cultivation of lentils. Demand rose slowly. From 2001 onwards, other organic farms were also interested in lentil cultivation. That is why the Öko-Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa (Eco-producer association Alb-Leisa) was founded.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Puy green lentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Puy_green_lentil"},{"link_name":"gene bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_bank"},{"link_name":"Vavilov Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Plant_Industry"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Haigerloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigerloch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Renaissance of the Swabian lentil varieties","text":"The traditional Swabian lentil varieties disappeared completely by 1985. There was no seed available at all. For this reason, the organic farm Mammel and later the producer's association cultivated the French Le Puy green lentil. In 2006, in the gene bank of the Vavilov Institute in St. Petersburg the classic Swabian lentil varieties were accidentally discovered and brought back to Germany. Since then they have been grown again on the Swabian Jura.[4]At present, three genotypes of these lentils are used in the Swabian Jura, which are protected by the producers' association under the name of Alb-Leisa. These are the classic Swabian varieties of lentils of the breeder Fritz Späth from Haigerloch: \"Späths Alb-Leisa small\", \"Späths Alb-Leisa large\" and \"Späths Heller-Leisa\".[5] \"Späths Alblinse small\" is relatively small and dark brown to black marbled. It was put back on the market for the first time in autumn 2011. Three genotypes are currently cultivated under the accession numbers \"K-2076\" (small-seeded \"Späths Alb-Leisa I\") and \"K-2106\" (large-seeded \"Späths Alb-Leisa\") (VIR 2008a). They are protected under the name Alb-Leisa of the producer group.[6]The producer group or the farmer who grows the lentils takes care of the variety care and seed production. There are hardly any professional seed propagators here.[7]Since the old varieties were no longer available, the French Puy lentils were used, which are suitable for the soil and climate of the Swabian Jura and are sold as \"dark green marbled lentils\". It was the most produced variety in 2011.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Alb-Leisa lentils","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alb-Leisa.jpg/220px-Alb-Leisa.jpg"},{"image_text":"500 g package","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Alb-Leisa_Sp%C3%A4ths_Alblinse_I.JPG/220px-Alb-Leisa_Sp%C3%A4ths_Alblinse_I.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Brenntar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenntar"}] | [{"reference":"\"Slow Food Deutschland, Arche-Passagiere: Alb-Leisa\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100639/http://www.slowfood.de/biokulturelle_vielfalt/die_arche_passagiere/alblinse/","url_text":"\"Slow Food Deutschland, Arche-Passagiere: Alb-Leisa\""},{"url":"http://www.slowfood.de/biokulturelle_vielfalt/die_arche_passagiere/alblinse/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alb-Leisa\". 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Die Renaissance der \"Alb-Linsen\"\""},{"url":"http://www.swr.de/swr2/programm/sendungen/wissen/die-guten-ins-toepfchen/-/id=660374/did=11349560/nid=660374/1ey9ahi/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100639/http://www.slowfood.de/biokulturelle_vielfalt/die_arche_passagiere/alblinse/","external_links_name":"\"Slow Food Deutschland, Arche-Passagiere: Alb-Leisa\""},{"Link":"http://www.slowfood.de/biokulturelle_vielfalt/die_arche_passagiere/alblinse/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.linsenvergnuegen.de/ueber-linsen/alb-leisa/","external_links_name":"\"Alb-Leisa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021713/http://www.bioland.de/im-fokus/hintergrund/detail/article/ein-schwaebisch-russisches-linsen-maerchen.html","external_links_name":"\"Regionales aus St. Petersburg: Ein schwäbisch-russisches Linsen-Märchen\""},{"Link":"http://www.bioland.de/im-fokus/hintergrund/detail/article/ein-schwaebisch-russisches-linsen-maerchen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.geschichte-der-linse-in-baden-wuerttemberg-schon-in-der-steinzeit-liebte-man-alb-leisa-page1.1e9d806d-08eb-4183-9db5-12295d48d9e3.html","external_links_name":"\"Geschichte der Linse in Baden-Württemberg: Auf der Spur der Alblinse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819081438/http://www.alb-leisa.de/","external_links_name":"Website of the Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021713/http://www.bioland.de/im-fokus/hintergrund/detail/article/ein-schwaebisch-russisches-linsen-maerchen.html","external_links_name":"Regionales aus St. Petersburg: Ein schwäbisch-russisches Linsen-Märchen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108222311/https://www.swr.de/swr2/programm/sendungen/wissen/die-guten-ins-toepfchen/-/id=660374/did=11349560/nid=660374/1ey9ahi/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Die guten ins Töpfchen... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boes | Boes | ["1 Concept","2 Animated series","3 Sources"] | Dutch comic series
Boes (English name "Ox Tales")Album cover of an oblong comic, depicting Boes and Dolly the tortoise.Author(s)Thijs Wilms (writing) and Wil Raymakers (art)Launch date1980 (final album published in 2011)Genre(s)Gag-a-day comic, pantomime comic, stop comic, funny animal comic.
Boes ("Ox Tales") is a Dutch newspaper gag-a-day comic strip created by Wil Raymakers and Thijs Wilms. It was created in 1980 and spawned a popular anime television series between 1988 and 1991, titled Ox Tales in the English-speaking world. The comic managed to outlive the animated adaptation and still continues to appear as a column strip in various Dutch daily and weekly newspapers until 2011.
Concept
"Boes" is a pantomime gag-a-day comic about an anthropomorphic ox who walks on clogs in a landscape that resembles the farm lands in the Netherlands. He works as a farmer. Many gags that focused on his comedic interactions with animals. While many gags are child-friendly there are also gags which have more risqué humour involving sex, toilet humor and obscene gestures. The series has a few recurring characters who are unnamed in the comics, but received names in the animated series. They are Dolly the tortoise, Shampoo the gorilla and Saffie the dog. While in the English dub for the series, they are named Jack, Gaylord, and Sammy.
Between 1981 and 1982, William-Dickens Productions published two albums with gags. Between 1986 and 1989, 14 albums were published in oblong format by Uitgeverij Drukwerk (nrs. 1–10) and Standaard Uitgeverij (nrs. 11–14). Standaard Uitgeverij republished four albums with gags between 1989 and 1993 and gave them distinguishable titles: "Ossehaas" (1989), "Kippevel" (1991), "Hamsterwoede" (1992) and "Stierengevecht" (1993).
In 1988, three comic book albums were published by Standaard Uitgeverij where Boes has longer stories and in which he and other characters talk to one another. These albums were titled: "Een harde noot" ("A hard nut"), "Een nieuw erf" ("A new yard") and "De schaapscheerder" ("The sheep shearer").
In 2011, three new albums with gags were published by Nona Arte.
Animated series
Main article: Ox Tales
Between 1988 and 1991, the comic series was adapted into an animated television series, produced by Telecable Benelux B.V., Teleimage Japan Inc., and Meander Studio. A total of 101 episodes were made and aired internationally in 10 languages: English, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Hebrew, Portuguese, French, German, Swedish and Croatian.
Sources
^ a b Mr. Henry. "Nona Arte herlanceert 'Boes' – Strip Turnhout". stripgids.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ a b Bonte, Peter (2005). De StripDatabank. Uitgeverij Bonte. ISBN 9789034420008. Retrieved 11 December 2015 – via google.be.
^ "Wil Raymakers". lambiek.net. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ "Ox Tales – m4e". m4e.de. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
This comic strip–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gag-a-day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag-a-day"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr.henry-1"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Ox Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox_Tales"}],"text":"Boes (\"Ox Tales\") is a Dutch newspaper gag-a-day comic strip created by Wil Raymakers and Thijs Wilms. It was created in 1980[1] and spawned a popular anime television series between 1988 and 1991, titled Ox Tales in the English-speaking world. 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He works as a farmer. Many gags that focused on his comedic interactions with animals. While many gags are child-friendly there are also gags which have more risqué humour involving sex, toilet humor and obscene gestures. The series has a few recurring characters who are unnamed in the comics, but received names in the animated series. They are Dolly the tortoise, Shampoo the gorilla and Saffie the dog. While in the English dub for the series, they are named Jack, Gaylord, and Sammy.Between 1981 and 1982, William-Dickens Productions published two albums with gags. Between 1986 and 1989, 14 albums were published in oblong format by Uitgeverij Drukwerk (nrs. 1–10) and Standaard Uitgeverij (nrs. 11–14). Standaard Uitgeverij republished four albums with gags between 1989 and 1993 and gave them distinguishable titles: \"Ossehaas\" (1989), \"Kippevel\" (1991), \"Hamsterwoede\" (1992) and \"Stierengevecht\" (1993).[2]In 1988, three comic book albums were published by Standaard Uitgeverij where Boes has longer stories and in which he and other characters talk to one another. These albums were titled: \"Een harde noot\" (\"A hard nut\"), \"Een nieuw erf\" (\"A new yard\") and \"De schaapscheerder\" (\"The sheep shearer\").[2]In 2011, three new albums with gags were published by Nona Arte.[1]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telecable Benelux B.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecable_Benelux_B.V."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Between 1988 and 1991, the comic series was adapted into an animated television series, produced by Telecable Benelux B.V., Teleimage Japan Inc., and Meander Studio.[3] A total of 101 episodes were made and aired internationally in 10 languages: English, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Hebrew, Portuguese, French, German, Swedish and Croatian.[4]","title":"Animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mr.henry_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mr.henry_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Nona Arte herlanceert 'Boes' – Strip Turnhout\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151222080226/http://stripgids.org/2011/03/nona-arte-herlanceert-boes/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stripgids.org/2011/03/nona-arte-herlanceert-boes/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-google.be_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-google.be_2-1"},{"link_name":"De StripDatabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I_-7tXSdEeMC&q=boes+william+dickens&pg=PA118"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789034420008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789034420008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Wil Raymakers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lambiek.net/artists/r/raymakers_w.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ox Tales – m4e\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.m4e.de/en/program-library/detail/ox-tales/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stripballoons.svg"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boes&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Comic-strip-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Comic-strip-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comic-strip-stub"}],"text":"^ a b Mr. Henry. \"Nona Arte herlanceert 'Boes' – Strip Turnhout\". stripgids.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.\n\n^ a b Bonte, Peter (2005). De StripDatabank. Uitgeverij Bonte. ISBN 9789034420008. Retrieved 11 December 2015 – via google.be.\n\n^ \"Wil Raymakers\". lambiek.net. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 11 December 2015.\n\n^ \"Ox Tales – m4e\". m4e.de. Retrieved 11 December 2015.This comic strip–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mr. Henry. \"Nona Arte herlanceert 'Boes' – Strip Turnhout\". stripgids.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080226/http://stripgids.org/2011/03/nona-arte-herlanceert-boes/","url_text":"\"Nona Arte herlanceert 'Boes' – Strip Turnhout\""},{"url":"http://stripgids.org/2011/03/nona-arte-herlanceert-boes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonte, Peter (2005). De StripDatabank. Uitgeverij Bonte. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Field_Artillery_Regiment | 101st Field Artillery Regiment | ["1 History","2 Recent and current organization","3 Recent Overseas Actions","4 Notable non-combat actions","5 Notable members","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
101st Field Artillery101st Field Artillery Coat of armsActive1636–present (387 years)Country Massachusetts Bay Colony(1636–1686, 1689-1692) Dominion of New England(1686-1689) Province of Massachusetts Bay(1692-1775) United Colonies(1775-1776) United States(1776–present)BranchMassachusetts Army National GuardGarrison/HQBrockton, MassachusettsNickname(s)Boston Light Artillery (special designation)Motto(s)Vincere est Vivere (To Conquer is to Live)EquipmentM777A2 155mm Howitzer (Charlie)
M119A3 105mm Howitzer (Alpha, Bravo)
Q36 / Q37 Target Acquisition RadarEngagementsColonial Wars
Pequot War
King Philip's War
King William's War
Queen Anne's War
King George's War
French and Indian War
American Wars
American Revolutionary War
Monmouth
War of 1812
American Civil War
First Bull Run
Yorktown
Peninsula Campaign
Second Bull Run
Antietam
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Second Battle of Petersburg
Appomattox
War with Spain
Puerto Rican Campaign
World War I
Champagne-Marne
Aisne-Marne
Saint-Mihiel
Meuse-Argonne
World War II
Northern France
Rhineland
Ardennes-Alsace
Central Europe
Korean War
Afghanistan Campaign
Iraq CampaignDecorationsMeritorious Unit Commendation (OEF Afghanistan)
Superior Unit Award (IFOR Service)CommandersNotablecommandersJohn WinthropMyles Standish (Plymouth Company Commander)InsigniaDistinctive unit insignia86th IBCT shoulder sleeve insignia, worn by 1-101st FAMilitary unit
U.S. Field Artillery Regiments
Previous Next 94th Field Artillery 102nd Field Artillery
The 101st Field Artillery ("Boston Light Artillery") regiment is the oldest active field artillery regiment in the United States Army, with a lineage dating to 13 December 1636 when it was organized as the South Regiment. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. For the first 250 years of the unit's existence, it was organized as an infantry unit.
History
The 101st Field Artillery Regiment was first formed on 13 December 1636 as the South Regiment by the Massachusetts General Court. Its first commander was Colonel John Winthrop. Since its creation, the regiment has served in six colonial wars and nine American wars totalling 47 campaigns, through 2010.
In addition to its own lineage, the 101st Field Artillery Regiment has been consolidated with the following units and holds their lineages and honors: the 180th Field Artillery Regiment; the 211th Field Artillery Regiment; the 241st Field Artillery Regiment; and the 272nd Field Artillery Battalion. Battery C, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery holds the lineage of the 102nd Field Artillery and the Second Corps of Cadets.
Recent and current organization
The regiment currently consists of the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment based in Brockton, Massachusetts and an inactive Battery E, 101st Field Artillery, formerly based in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. Both units are in the Massachusetts National Guard.
Battery A, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery is based in Fall River, Massachusetts. Battery B is based in Waterbury, Vermont and is part of the Vermont National Guard. Battery C, 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery, re-activated in 2016, is based in Danvers, Massachusetts.
As part of ongoing reorganizations, the 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery has been part of the 26th Infantry Division Artillery (1975–1993), the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery (1993–2003), the 29th Infantry Division Artillery (2003- 2006?) and the 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2006? - 2009?). Since 2009(?), the battalion has been assigned to the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), and in 2016 the 86th IBCT was reorganized under the 10th Mountain Division as part of the Army's Associated Units Program.
Battery E, 101st FA served as a target acquisition battery in the 26th Infantry Division Artillery, the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery, and the 197th Field Artillery Brigade. Battery E inactivated in (??) as part of force reductions.
Recent Overseas Actions
In July 2021, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment deployed to the Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan as part of the defense (C-RAM) and retrograde of all remaining U.S. forces from Afghanistan and was part of the international humanitarian effort to evacuate Afghani civilians from Kabul, remaining on ground until 11:58 pm on August 30st, 2021 (2021 Kabul airlift).
Notable non-combat actions
86th IBCT visit the town and police department of Shakadara, Afghanistan. Members of the 86th IBCT regularly provide mentoring and training to police departments in outlying areas of Kabul
In August 1765, the regiment was activated to patrol the streets of Boston to help quell riots that broke out in response to the Stamp Act.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).
In March 1770, elements of the regiment again patrolled the streets of Boston to enforce the law after the Boston Massacre.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).
In 1786 during Shays' Rebellion, members of the regiment protected judges and the Taunton courthouse after it was surrounded by insurgents. (211th FA Lineage)
Between July and October 1863, the regiment served in New York City to enforce draft laws after the New York Draft Riots (241st FA Regiment Lineage).
The regiment was called into state service on 14 July 1863 during the Boston Draft riots (101st FA Regiment lineage). While manning the Cooper Street Armory in Boston's North End, the armory was attacked by over 1,000 rioters intent upon seizing the weapons stored there. When the mob penetrated the armory's main gate, the soldiers opened fire killing and wounding dozens of rioters, effectively ending the attack.
The regiment was reviewed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867, President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 and President Chester A. Arthur in 1882.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).
The regiment took part in the funeral of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1885.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).
From 16 June to 27 November 1916, the regiment was federalized and served in Texas during the Mexican Border crises (101st FA Regiment lineage – also see Pancho Villa Expedition).
In May 1996, Detachment 1, Headquarters Battery, 101st Field Artillery Battalion was ordered to active duty to serve with the Nordic-Polish Brigade in Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Endeavor.
In May 1997, Echo Battery, 101st Field Artillery (TAB) was activated and served throughout Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Guard.
After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, members of the 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery served on state orders protecting the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant and the Massachusetts Military Reservation at Camp Edwards.
Select soldiers served as part of a joint operations task force providing security for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah
The regiments howitzers fire blank rounds each Fourth of July during the Boston Pops Orchestra's playing of the 1812 Overture. It also provides howitzers to fire during a Fourth of July concert in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
On the first Monday in June, the regiment provides a howitzer salute as part of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts' June day drumhead election reenactment ceremony which is held on Boston Common close to the Massachusetts State House.
Notable members
Colonel John Winthrop – First commander, South Regiment
Captain John Underhill – First full-time training officer, Commander Boston Company
Captain Myles Standish – First commander Plymouth Company (211th FA Lineage)
Corporal Nathaniel M. Allen – Was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving the regimental colors from capture during the Battle of Gettysburg.
Private Walter Brennan, three-time Academy Award-winning actor, served with the 101st in France in World War I.
Ernest R. Redmond – United States Army officer who served with the 101st Field Artillery in World War I and was later Chief of the National Guard Bureau
John H. Sherburne – U.S. Army brigadier general
See also
Yankee Division
Rainbow Division
29th Infantry Division
References
^ a b "Special Designation Listing". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ Kondratiuk (Col Ret), Leonid (May 2007). History of the 101st Field Artillery Regiment (Report).
^ a b c McKenney, Janice E. (2010). US Army Center of Military History (CMH) Publication 60-11, Army Lineage Series, Field Artillery, Part 2. Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History. pp. 1019–1032.
^ a b c 101st Field Artillery Lineage & Honors Certificate at history.army.mil
^ Oldest Field Artillery Battalion Takes Charge at Camp Phoenix - DVIDS News
^ , Pilot program links Reserve components with active units for training.
^ Seth Gitell. "HISTORY LESSON: The gangs of Boston". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
^ "Celebrating Fourth of July around the South Shore". Patriot Ledger. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
^ "JUNE DAY PARADE AND DRUM HEAD ELECTION". Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
^ WALTER BRENNAN PAPERS, 1895–1974, Donald C. & Elizabeth M. Dickinson Research Center, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
^ World War I Draft Records, Essex County, Massachusetts; Roll: 1684678; Draft Board: 24.
^ Massachusetts Adjutant General (1920). Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Wright & Potter. p. 189 – via Google Books.
External links
Massachusetts National Guard Home Page
1st Battalion – 101st Field Artillery Regiment, Global Security.org
vteArtillery formations of the United StatesMisc. formations
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623rd | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUD-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"National Guard units with colonial roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard_and_Active_Regular_Army_Units_with_Colonial_Roots"},{"link_name":"campaign credit for the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMH60-11-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101stFALH-4"}],"text":"Military unitThe 101st Field Artillery (\"Boston Light Artillery\"[1]) regiment is the oldest active field artillery regiment in the United States Army, with a lineage dating to 13 December 1636 when it was organized as the South Regiment. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. For the first 250 years of the unit's existence, it was organized as an infantry unit.[2][3][4]","title":"101st Field Artillery Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court"},{"link_name":"John Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMH60-11-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101stFALH-4"},{"link_name":"102nd Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_102nd_Field_Artillery_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMH60-11-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101stFALH-4"}],"text":"The 101st Field Artillery Regiment was first formed on 13 December 1636 as the South Regiment by the Massachusetts General Court. Its first commander was Colonel John Winthrop. Since its creation, the regiment has served in six colonial wars and nine American wars totalling 47 campaigns, through 2010.[5][3][4]In addition to its own lineage, the 101st Field Artillery Regiment has been consolidated with the following units and holds their lineages and honors: the 180th Field Artillery Regiment; the 211th Field Artillery Regiment; the 241st Field Artillery Regiment; and the 272nd Field Artillery Battalion. Battery C, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery holds the lineage of the 102nd Field Artillery and the Second Corps of Cadets.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brockton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Rehoboth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Fall River, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Waterbury, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbury,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Danvers, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"26th Infantry Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"42nd Infantry Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"29th Infantry Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Maneuver_Enhancement_Brigade"},{"link_name":"86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"26th Infantry Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"42nd Infantry Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"197th Field Artillery Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/197th_Field_Artillery_Brigade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The regiment currently consists of the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment based in Brockton, Massachusetts and an inactive Battery E, 101st Field Artillery, formerly based in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. Both units are in the Massachusetts National Guard.[citation needed]Battery A, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery is based in Fall River, Massachusetts. Battery B is based in Waterbury, Vermont and is part of the Vermont National Guard. Battery C, 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery, re-activated in 2016, is based in Danvers, Massachusetts.[citation needed]As part of ongoing reorganizations, the 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery has been part of the 26th Infantry Division Artillery (1975–1993), the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery (1993–2003), the 29th Infantry Division Artillery (2003- 2006?) and the 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2006? - 2009?). Since 2009(?), the battalion has been assigned to the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), and in 2016 the 86th IBCT was reorganized under the 10th Mountain Division as part of the Army's Associated Units Program.[6]Battery E, 101st FA served as a target acquisition battery in the 26th Infantry Division Artillery, the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery, and the 197th Field Artillery Brigade. Battery E inactivated in (??) as part of force reductions.[citation needed]","title":"Recent and current organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_rocket,_artillery,_and_mortar"},{"link_name":"2021 Kabul airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In July 2021, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment deployed to the Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan as part of the defense (C-RAM) and retrograde of all remaining U.S. forces from Afghanistan and was part of the international humanitarian effort to evacuate Afghani civilians from Kabul, remaining on ground until 11:58 pm on August 30st, 2021 (2021 Kabul airlift).[citation needed]","title":"Recent Overseas Actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101st_Field_Artillery_mentor_police.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Boston Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shays' Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York Draft Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Military Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Military_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Camp Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Edwards"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2002 Olympic Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fourth of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Boston Pops Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"1812 Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Overture"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"howitzer salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute#Heavy_arms:_gun_salutes"},{"link_name":"Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Honorable_Artillery_Company_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common_(park)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"86th IBCT visit the town and police department of Shakadara, Afghanistan. Members of the 86th IBCT regularly provide mentoring and training to police departments in outlying areas of KabulIn August 1765, the regiment was activated to patrol the streets of Boston to help quell riots that broke out in response to the Stamp Act.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).[citation needed]\nIn March 1770, elements of the regiment again patrolled the streets of Boston to enforce the law after the Boston Massacre.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).[citation needed]\nIn 1786 during Shays' Rebellion, members of the regiment protected judges and the Taunton courthouse after it was surrounded by insurgents. (211th FA Lineage)[citation needed]\nBetween July and October 1863, the regiment served in New York City to enforce draft laws after the New York Draft Riots (241st FA Regiment Lineage).[citation needed]\nThe regiment was called into state service on 14 July 1863 during the Boston Draft riots (101st FA Regiment lineage). While manning the Cooper Street Armory in Boston's North End, the armory was attacked by over 1,000 rioters intent upon seizing the weapons stored there. When the mob penetrated the armory's main gate, the soldiers opened fire killing and wounding dozens of rioters, effectively ending the attack.[7]\nThe regiment was reviewed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867, President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 and President Chester A. Arthur in 1882.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).[citation needed]\nThe regiment took part in the funeral of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1885.(241st FA Regiment Lineage).[citation needed]\nFrom 16 June to 27 November 1916, the regiment was federalized and served in Texas during the Mexican Border crises (101st FA Regiment lineage – also see Pancho Villa Expedition).[citation needed]\nIn May 1996, Detachment 1, Headquarters Battery, 101st Field Artillery Battalion was ordered to active duty to serve with the Nordic-Polish Brigade in Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Endeavor.[citation needed]\nIn May 1997, Echo Battery, 101st Field Artillery (TAB) was activated and served throughout Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Guard.[citation needed]\nAfter the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, members of the 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery served on state orders protecting the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant and the Massachusetts Military Reservation at Camp Edwards.[citation needed]\nSelect soldiers served as part of a joint operations task force providing security for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah[citation needed]\nThe regiments howitzers fire blank rounds each Fourth of July during the Boston Pops Orchestra's playing of the 1812 Overture. It also provides howitzers to fire during a Fourth of July concert in Plymouth, Massachusetts.[8]\nOn the first Monday in June, the regiment provides a howitzer salute as part of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts' June day drumhead election reenactment ceremony which is held on Boston Common close to the Massachusetts State House.[9]","title":"Notable non-combat actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Captain John Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_John_Underhill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Myles Standish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Standish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel M. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_M._Allen"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Walter Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brennan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ernest R. Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_R._Redmond"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Chief of the National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John H. Sherburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Sherburne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920Report-12"}],"text":"Colonel John Winthrop – First commander, South Regiment[citation needed]\nCaptain John Underhill – First full-time training officer, Commander Boston Company[citation needed]\nCaptain Myles Standish – First commander Plymouth Company (211th FA Lineage)[citation needed]\nCorporal Nathaniel M. Allen – Was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving the regimental colors from capture during the Battle of Gettysburg.[citation needed]\nPrivate Walter Brennan, three-time Academy Award-winning actor, served with the 101st in France in World War I.[10][11]\nErnest R. Redmond – United States Army officer who served with the 101st Field Artillery in World War I and was later Chief of the National Guard Bureau[citation needed]\nJohn H. Sherburne – U.S. Army brigadier general[12]","title":"Notable members"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/101st_Field_Artillery_Regiment_Distinctive_Unit_Insignia.png/90px-101st_Field_Artillery_Regiment_Distinctive_Unit_Insignia.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/86th_BCT_%28MTN%29.jpg/150px-86th_BCT_%28MTN%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"86th IBCT visit the town and police department of Shakadara, Afghanistan. Members of the 86th IBCT regularly provide mentoring and training to police departments in outlying areas of Kabul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/101st_Field_Artillery_mentor_police.jpg/300px-101st_Field_Artillery_mentor_police.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Yankee Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"title":"Rainbow Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Division"},{"title":"29th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Special Designation Listing\". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","url_text":"\"Special Designation Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010028/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kondratiuk (Col Ret), Leonid (May 2007). History of the 101st Field Artillery Regiment (Report).","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKenney, Janice E. (2010). US Army Center of Military History (CMH) Publication 60-11, Army Lineage Series, Field Artillery, Part 2. Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History. pp. 1019–1032.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/60/60-11.html","url_text":"US Army Center of Military History (CMH) Publication 60-11, Army Lineage Series, Field Artillery, Part 2"}]},{"reference":"Seth Gitell. \"HISTORY LESSON: The gangs of Boston\". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521045231/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02622052.htm","url_text":"\"HISTORY LESSON: The gangs of Boston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Phoenix","url_text":"Boston Phoenix"},{"url":"http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02622052.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating Fourth of July around the South Shore\". Patriot Ledger. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2006/06/30/news/news06.txt","url_text":"\"Celebrating Fourth of July around the South Shore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Ledger","url_text":"Patriot Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"JUNE DAY PARADE AND DRUM HEAD ELECTION\". Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218150648/http://www.ahacsite.org/june.htm","url_text":"\"JUNE DAY PARADE AND DRUM HEAD ELECTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Honorable_Artillery_Company_of_Massachusetts","url_text":"Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts"},{"url":"http://www.ahacsite.org/june.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Massachusetts Adjutant General (1920). Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Wright & Potter. p. 189 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EOGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189","url_text":"Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","external_links_name":"\"Special Designation Listing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010028/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-arng.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/60/60-11.html","external_links_name":"US Army Center of Military History (CMH) Publication 60-11, Army Lineage Series, Field Artillery, Part 2"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0101fa.htm","external_links_name":"101st Field Artillery Lineage & Honors Certificate at history.army.mil"},{"Link":"http://www.dvidshub.net/news/46839/oldest-field-artillery-battalion-takes-charge-camp-phoenix","external_links_name":"Oldest Field Artillery Battalion Takes Charge at Camp Phoenix"},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/164792/pilot_program_links_reserve_components_with_active_units_for_training","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521045231/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02622052.htm","external_links_name":"\"HISTORY LESSON: The gangs of Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/02622052.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ledger.southofboston.com/articles/2006/06/30/news/news06.txt","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating Fourth of July around the South Shore\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218150648/http://www.ahacsite.org/june.htm","external_links_name":"\"JUNE DAY PARADE AND DRUM HEAD ELECTION\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahacsite.org/june.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EOGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189","external_links_name":"Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100618234429/http://states.ng.mil/sites/MA/Pages/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Massachusetts National Guard"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/1-101fa.htm","external_links_name":"1st Battalion – 101st Field Artillery Regiment"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooele_Chemical_Demilitarization_Facility | Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility | ["1 Disposal","2 GB campaign","3 VX campaign","4 Mustard Agent campaign","5 Weapons disposal process","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°17′52″N 112°20′36″W / 40.29778°N 112.34333°W / 40.29778; -112.34333Chemical weapon disposal facility in Tooele County, Utah, United States
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Aerial photo of storage and incinerator facility
The Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF, also called Tooele Chemical Demilitarization Facility) or TOCDF, is a U.S. Army facility located at Deseret Chemical Depot in Tooele County, Utah that was used for dismantling chemical weapons.
Disposal
Workers load the final VX agent-filled M55 rocket onto the processing line for destruction, 17 November 2003.
Destruction is a requirement under the Chemical Weapons Convention and is monitored by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Deseret Chemical Depot held 44% of the nation's chemical stockpile when processing began, and it had held some of these chemical munitions since 1942. TOCDF was constructed in the early 1990s and began destruction of chemical agent-filled munitions on 22 August 1996. As of September 2011, the facility had processed 99% of its stockpile. TOCDF processed all of its VX, sarin and mustard gas at its main facility; a smaller incinerator was installed west of the main plant in order to dispose of lewisite-filled containers. In advance of plant closing, two ponds were revitalized and the surrounded area reseeded as well as 29 miles of railroad being removed (out of 40-miles of rail in Deseret). Disposal of all chemical weapons concluded on 21 January 2012. It was the last depot to complete its disposal operations under the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency; although two other depots still store chemical weapons to be destroyed by the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives program at Pueblo, Colorado and Bluegrass, Kentucky.
GB campaign
Each of the weapons listed contained sarin (GB)
28,945 – 115mm self-propelled rockets (M55) containing 154.86 short tons (140.49 t)
1,056 – M56 warheads, which are M55 rockets without the rocket motor (5.65 short tons or 5.13 tonnes)
119,400 – 105mm cartridges (M360) (97.31 short tons or 88.28 tonnes)
679,303 – 105mm projectiles (M360) (553.63 short tons or 502.24 tonnes)
67,685 – 155mm projectiles (M121/A1) (219.98 short tons or 199.56 tonnes)
21,456 – 155mm projectiles (M122) (69.73 short tons or 63.26 tonnes)
888 – Weteye bombs (154.07 short tons or 139.77 tonnes)
4,463 – 750 lb (340 kg) bombs (MC-1) (490.93 short tons or 445.36 tonnes)
5,709 – Ton containers containing (4,299.10 short tons or 3,900.08 tonnes)
All sarin (6,045.26 short tons or 5,484.17 tonnes) was disposed of by March 2002.
VX campaign
After completion of the GB campaigns, the plant was converted to dispose of similar weapons containing VX agent:
3,966 – M55 rockets (19.83 short tons or 17.99 tonnes)
3,560 – M56 rocket warheads (17.80 short tons or 16.15 tonnes)
53,216 – M121/A1 155mm projectiles (159.65 short tons or 144.83 tonnes)
22,690 – M23 land mine (119.12 short tons or 108.06 tonnes)
862 – TMU-28 Spray Tanks (584.44 short tons or 530.20 tonnes)
640 – Ton Containers (455.48 short tons or 413.20 tonnes)
All VX (1,356.32 short tons or 1,230.43 tonnes) was disposed of by 3 June 2005. Processing of VX-contaminated containers was completed in October 2005.
Mustard Agent campaign
After VX processing was completed, the plant was reconfigured to process chemical weapons containing mustard gas, also called mustard agent or H or HD or HT.
5,463 - Ton Containers
54,453 - 155mm projectiles
63,274 - 4.2-inch (107 mm) mortars
Operations to destroy mustard gas weapons were completed on 21 January 2012.
Weapons disposal process
The destruction process involves receiving the items in protective containers from a covered, protected storage area, and placing the items onto trays for insertion into the automated processing area.
Inside the first automated area, the Explosion Containment Room, explosive components are removed from the items and destroyed in a rotating kiln called the Deactivation Furnace System. The items then are carried on automated cars to another room, called the Munition Processing Bay, where automated machinery sucks the liquid agent out. The liquid is sent to holding tanks. The nearly-empty items are then moved to the lower level on an automated lift, and introduced into a high-temperature (maximum 2,000 °F or 1,100 °C) oven called the Metal Parts Furnace, which destroys the residual agent so that the containers can be safely disposed of as scrap metal.
The liquid agent is destroyed in one of two high-temperature (maximum 2,700 °F or 1,500 °C) ovens called Liquid Incinerators. The products of combustion from the ovens and kilns pass through extensive Pollution Abatement Systems, which catch the airborne products as salts, and hold them in a liquid slurry called brine, which is periodically shipped to out-of-state underground disposal facilities.
See also
Deseret Test Center
United States and weapons of mass destruction
Tooele Army Depot
References
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2021-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Monthly Update Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine, Deseret Chemical Depot, October 2010
^ http://www.cma.army.mil/fndocumentviewer.aspx?DocID=003683880 Archived 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, 21 January 2012
^ As of October 17, 2010. see Monthly Update, Deseret Chemical Depot, 11 May 2008 http://www.cma.army.mil/fndocumentviewer.aspx?DocID=003682901 Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Chemical Materials Agency: Utah
Further reading
United States National Research Council (1997). Risk Assessment and Management at Deseret Chemical Depot and the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309058414.
External links
Official site
40°17′52″N 112°20′36″W / 40.29778°N 112.34333°W / 40.29778; -112.34333
Places adjacent to Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
Grantsville
Stockton, Utah, Tooele
Ophir, Utah, Herriman, Utah, Copperton, Utah Camp Williams
Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
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Rush Valley, Utah
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Operationsand projectsResearch
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M2 mortar
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M34 cluster bomb
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M426 8-inch shell
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Related topics
CB military symbol
Dugway sheep incident
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
MKULTRA | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tooele_Army_Depot_chemical_weapon_storage_and_incinerator.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Deseret Chemical Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Chemical_Depot"},{"link_name":"Tooele County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooele_County"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon"}],"text":"Chemical weapon disposal facility in Tooele County, Utah, United StatesAerial photo of storage and incinerator facilityThe Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF, also called Tooele Chemical Demilitarization Facility) or TOCDF, is a U.S. Army facility located at Deseret Chemical Depot in Tooele County, Utah that was used for dismantling chemical weapons.","title":"Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_VX_M55_rocket_destroyed_Tooele_Chemical_Agent_Disposal_Facility.jpg"},{"link_name":"VX agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)"},{"link_name":"M55 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M55_rocket"},{"link_name":"Chemical Weapons Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention"},{"link_name":"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"VX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)"},{"link_name":"sarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin"},{"link_name":"mustard gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"},{"link_name":"lewisite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Chemical_Materials_Agency"}],"text":"Workers load the final VX agent-filled M55 rocket onto the processing line for destruction, 17 November 2003.Destruction is a requirement under the Chemical Weapons Convention and is monitored by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Deseret Chemical Depot held 44% of the nation's chemical stockpile when processing began, and it had held some of these chemical munitions since 1942. TOCDF was constructed in the early 1990s and began destruction of chemical agent-filled munitions on 22 August 1996. As of September 2011, the facility had processed 99% of its stockpile.[1][2] TOCDF processed all of its VX, sarin and mustard gas at its main facility; a smaller incinerator was installed west of the main plant in order to dispose of lewisite-filled containers. In advance of plant closing, two ponds were revitalized and the surrounded area reseeded as well as 29 miles of railroad being removed (out of 40-miles of rail in Deseret). Disposal of all chemical weapons concluded on 21 January 2012.[3] It was the last depot to complete its disposal operations under the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency; although two other depots still store chemical weapons to be destroyed by the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives program at Pueblo, Colorado and Bluegrass, Kentucky.","title":"Disposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin"},{"link_name":"rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"M55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M55_rocket"},{"link_name":"short tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton"},{"link_name":"warheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"Weteye bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weteye_bomb"},{"link_name":"Ton containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_containers"}],"text":"Each of the weapons listed contained sarin (GB)28,945 – 115mm self-propelled rockets (M55) containing 154.86 short tons (140.49 t)\n1,056 – M56 warheads, which are M55 rockets without the rocket motor (5.65 short tons or 5.13 tonnes)\n119,400 – 105mm cartridges (M360) (97.31 short tons or 88.28 tonnes)\n679,303 – 105mm projectiles (M360) (553.63 short tons or 502.24 tonnes)\n67,685 – 155mm projectiles (M121/A1) (219.98 short tons or 199.56 tonnes)\n21,456 – 155mm projectiles (M122) (69.73 short tons or 63.26 tonnes)\n888 – Weteye bombs (154.07 short tons or 139.77 tonnes)\n4,463 – 750 lb (340 kg) bombs (MC-1) (490.93 short tons or 445.36 tonnes)\n5,709 – Ton containers containing (4,299.10 short tons or 3,900.08 tonnes)All sarin (6,045.26 short tons or 5,484.17 tonnes) was disposed of by March 2002.","title":"GB campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)"},{"link_name":"M23 land mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_chemical_mine"}],"text":"After completion of the GB campaigns, the plant was converted to dispose of similar weapons containing VX agent:3,966 – M55 rockets (19.83 short tons or 17.99 tonnes)\n3,560 – M56 rocket warheads (17.80 short tons or 16.15 tonnes)\n53,216 – M121/A1 155mm projectiles (159.65 short tons or 144.83 tonnes)\n22,690 – M23 land mine (119.12 short tons or 108.06 tonnes)\n862 – TMU-28 Spray Tanks (584.44 short tons or 530.20 tonnes)\n640 – Ton Containers (455.48 short tons or 413.20 tonnes)All VX (1,356.32 short tons or 1,230.43 tonnes) was disposed of by 3 June 2005. Processing of VX-contaminated containers was completed in October 2005.","title":"VX campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mustard gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After VX processing was completed, the plant was reconfigured to process chemical weapons containing mustard gas, also called mustard agent or H or HD or HT.5,463 - Ton Containers\n54,453 - 155mm projectiles\n63,274 - 4.2-inch (107 mm) mortars[4]Operations to destroy mustard gas weapons were completed on 21 January 2012.","title":"Mustard Agent campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiln"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_Celsius"},{"link_name":"slurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry"},{"link_name":"brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine"}],"text":"The destruction process involves receiving the items in protective containers from a covered, protected storage area, and placing the items onto trays for insertion into the automated processing area.Inside the first automated area, the Explosion Containment Room, explosive components are removed from the items and destroyed in a rotating kiln called the Deactivation Furnace System. The items then are carried on automated cars to another room, called the Munition Processing Bay, where automated machinery sucks the liquid agent out. The liquid is sent to holding tanks. The nearly-empty items are then moved to the lower level on an automated lift, and introduced into a high-temperature (maximum 2,000 °F or 1,100 °C) oven called the Metal Parts Furnace, which destroys the residual agent so that the containers can be safely disposed of as scrap metal.The liquid agent is destroyed in one of two high-temperature (maximum 2,700 °F or 1,500 °C) ovens called Liquid Incinerators. The products of combustion from the ovens and kilns pass through extensive Pollution Abatement Systems, which catch the airborne products as salts, and hold them in a liquid slurry called brine, which is periodically shipped to out-of-state underground disposal facilities.","title":"Weapons disposal process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States National Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Risk Assessment and Management at Deseret Chemical Depot and the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HmErAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"National Academies Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780309058414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309058414"}],"text":"United States National Research Council (1997). Risk Assessment and Management at Deseret Chemical Depot and the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309058414.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Aerial photo of storage and incinerator facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tooele_Army_Depot_chemical_weapon_storage_and_incinerator.jpg/220px-Tooele_Army_Depot_chemical_weapon_storage_and_incinerator.jpg"},{"image_text":"Workers load the final VX agent-filled M55 rocket onto the processing line for destruction, 17 November 2003.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Last_VX_M55_rocket_destroyed_Tooele_Chemical_Agent_Disposal_Facility.jpg/220px-Last_VX_M55_rocket_destroyed_Tooele_Chemical_Agent_Disposal_Facility.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Deseret Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Test_Center"},{"title":"United States and weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"title":"Tooele Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooele_Army_Depot"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Na_(Tang_dynasty) | Li Na (Tang dynasty) | ["1 Background","2 Service under Li Zhengji","3 As rebel against imperial authority","4 As independent Prince of Qi","5 As Tang subject again","6 References","7 Bibliography"] | General and politician of the Chinese Tang Dynasty
Li NaGovernor of QiIn office781–792Preceded byLi ZhengjiSucceeded byLi Shigu
Li Na (李納; 759 – June 13, 792), formally the Prince of Longxi (隴西王), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Tang dynasty. Inheriting the post from his father Li Zhengji, he served as the military governor (jiedushi) of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) semi-independently from the imperial government.
Background
Li Na was born in 758, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His father Li Huaiyu, who was of Goguryeo extraction, was then serving as a military officer at Pinglu Circuit (then headquartered in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) under Li Huaiyu's cousin Hou Xiyi (侯希逸), who was the acting military governor of the circuit at that time. By 761, however, the Pinglu army, which was cut off from the rest of the Tang realm by the rebel state of Yan at that time and had to further fend off not only Yan forces, but forces of Khitan and Xi tribes, could no longer stand, and they abandoned Pinglu Circuit and fought their way south. In 762, Emperor Suzong's son and successor Emperor Daizong made Hou the military governor of Ziqing Circuit (淄青, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) as well, and the names of Ziqing and Pinglu merged. In 765, the soldiers overthrew Hou because he was overburdening them with labor, and they supported Li Huaiyu as his successor. Emperor Daizong agreed and made Li Huaiyu military governor, changing his name to Li Zhengji. Li Zhengji proceeded to, despite nominally submitting to imperial authority, rule Pinglu effectively as a semi-independent realm.
Service under Li Zhengji
In Li Na's youth, Li Zhengji had put him in command of an army to aid in the seasonal defense of Tang's western border with Tufan, and Li Na, as part of this deployment, was at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong. Emperor Daizong met him and gave him a number of honors. Later, after that deployment was over, Li Zhengji made him the prefect of Zi Prefecture (淄州, in modern Zibo, Shandong). During Li Zhengji's imperially-sanctioned campaign against Tian Chengsi, the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) in 775, Li Na served as acting military governor in Li Zhengji's absence from Pinglu. Later, after a campaign against another rebellious military governor, Li Lingyao (李靈曜), Li Zhengji took five prefectures from Li Lingyao's Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and merged them into Pinglu Circuit. He then moved the headquarters of Pinglu from Qing Prefecture (青州) to one of the Biansong prefectures that he took, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern Tai'an, Shandong), and made Li Na the prefect of Qing Prefecture, in charge of the old headquarters.
In 781, Li Baochen the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) died, and his son Li Weiyue wished to inherit his position. Emperor Daizong's son and successor Emperor Dezong refused to grant imperial sanction. In light of this, Li Weiyue prepared for war against the imperial government, and Li Zhengji, Tian Yue (Tian Chengsi's nephew and successor), and Liang Chongyi the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), who had made an alliance to support each other in attempts to be able to pass their circuits to their descendants, prepared for war as well. After Li Zhengji himself died later in 781, Li Na initially kept his death a secret but, pursuant to the alliance, sent troops to aid Tian and Li Weiyue. In fall 781, he announced his father's death and requested to succeed Li Zhengji. Emperor Dezong denied his request as well.
As rebel against imperial authority
In light of Emperor Dezong's refusal to let him succeed Li Zhengji, later in 781, Li Na attacked the imperially-controlled Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Shangqiu, Henan). While he was doing so, however, Li Wei (李洧), a cousin of Li Zhengji's, whom Li Zhengji had made the prefect of Xu Prefecture (徐州, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), offered to submit to the imperial government, along with the prefects of Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu) and Yi (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong) Prefectures. In anger, Li Na attacked Xu Prefecture, joined by an army from Weibo, but was defeated by joint forces commanded by Liu Qia (劉洽); the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit; Qu Huan (曲環), a commander of the directly-imperially-controlled Shence Army (神策軍); Li Cheng (李澄), an officer of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng); and Tang Chaochen (唐朝臣), an officer of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, then headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). Li Na was forced to withdraw from his siege against Xu Prefecture, and in the aftermaths, he briefly lost Hai Prefecture and Mi Prefecture as well, but quickly recovered them. Li Na himself withdrew to Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze, Shandong), and Liu followed him there and put Pu Prefecture under siege. As, by that point, Tian Yue was also under siege at his headquarters at Wei Prefecture, Liang Chongyi had committed suicide after having been defeated by Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi Prefecture (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and Li Weiyue, under pressure from imperial forces, had been killed by his own officer Wang Wujun, who then submitted to imperial authority, it was believed that imperial authority would soon prevail over all of the rebels.
Indeed, by spring 782, Liu was initially making progress in capturing Pu Prefecture and took its outer city, so much so that Li Na got onto the city walls and tearfully begged Liu to allow him to surrender. With Li Mian the military governor of Yongping Circuit also persuading him to surrender, he had his subordinate Fang Shuo (房說) escort his brother Li Jing (李經) and son Li Chengwu (李成務) to Chang'an to submit. However, the eunuch Song Fengchao (宋鳳朝), arguing that Li Na was about to fall anyway, suggested to Emperor Dezong not to accept the surrender; Emperor Dezong therefore detained Fang, Li Jing, and Li Chengwu, and made no responses. Li Na thereafter withdrew out of Pu Prefecture and returned to Yun Prefecture, continuing to ally with Tian against the imperial government. Meanwhile, though, his De (德州, in modern Dezhou, Shandong) and Di (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong) Prefectures submitted to imperial authority, but were subsequently seized by Zhu Tao the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), who was then considering rebelling against the imperial government (over his dissatisfaction that Emperor Dezong did not give him any part of Chengde's territory despite his contributions in Li Weiyue's destruction) but had not yet openly done so. Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong had also commissioned Li Xilie to be the military governor of Pinglu and ordered him to attack Li Na, but Li Xilie, who was then already in secret alliance negotiations with Li Na, took no actual actions against Li Na.
By winter 782, both Zhu and Wang (who was also displeased that he was not made a military governor despite his killing of Li Weiyue) were openly rebelling against the imperial government. They advanced south to aid Tian and dealt the imperial forces, under the commands of Li Huaiguang the military governor of Shuofang Circuit, Ma Sui the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), and Li Baozhen the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), forcing them to lift the siege on Wei Prefecture. In light of their victory, they each claimed princely titles to show independence from Tang — Zhu as the Prince of Ji, Tian as the Prince of Wei, and Wang as the Prince of Zhao. They offered the title of Prince of Qi to Li Na, and Li Na accepted.
As independent Prince of Qi
The four rebel princes offered their allegiance to Li Xilie, requesting that he take the throne himself as emperor. Li Xilie did not do so immediately, but also claimed a princely title of Prince of Jianxing. Meanwhile, in fall 782, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), at Chang'an to await deployment to the east, mutinied after Emperor Dezong did not give them rewards that they believed they deserved, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). They supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci as their leader, and Zhu Ci claimed the title of emperor of a new state of Qin. He soon put Fengtian under siege, but had to lift the siege on Fengtian after Li Huaiguang arrived at Fengtian to save Emperor Dezong. However, he continued to occupy Chang'an.
While Emperor Dezong was at Fengtian, he sent messengers to Li Na, Tian Yue, and Wang Wujun, offering to pardon them if they submitted to him. Li Na, along with Wang and Tian, secretly agreed. After Emperor Dezong issued a general pardon in spring 784, Li Na, Tian, and Wang all renounced their princely titles and nominally resubmitted to Tang imperial authority. Emperor Dezong then commissioned Li Na as the military governor of Pinglu and, later in the year, gave him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事) and created him the Prince of Longxi.
As Tang subject again
Meanwhile, Li Xilie, who by this point had claimed the title of emperor of a new state of Chu, was putting Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou, Henan) under siege, but could not capture it quickly. Li Na sent troops to aid Liu Qia, Qu Huan, and Li Cheng in trying to lift the siege on Chen Prefecture, and they succeeded in defeating Li Xilie's troops in winter 784. Thereafter, Emperor Dezong gave Li Na the honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies). Subsequently, in 786, after Li Cheng, who was then the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), died and was succeeded by Jia Dan, Jia, as a neighbor of Pinglu Circuit, took a conciliatory stance toward Li Na, and Li Na reciprocated, reducing the tension between Pinglu and imperially-held circuits.
In 790, there were rumors that Li Na was planning to escort his subordinate Tian Chao (田朝), a son of Tian Chengsi's and an older brother to Weibo's then-military governor Tian Xu (who had killed Tian Yue and succeeded him in 784) back to Weibo to vie for control of Weibo Circuit. Tian Xu feared this, and, under suggestion by his staff member Sun Guangzuo (孫光佐), he sent gifts to Li Na to please him and persuade him to send Tian Chao to Chang'an — and further suggested Li Na to accept the surrender of the prefect of the previously Pinglu-controlled Di Prefecture, Zhao Gao (趙鎬), who had previously submitted to Wang Wujun's Chengde Circuit but who later refused to follow Wang's orders. Li Na therefore accepted Zhao's surrender and took Di Prefecture, despite Wang's attacks. Tian further cemented the relationship with Li Na by sending Sun to Pinglu's headquarters at Yun Prefecture (鄆州), announcing an imperial edict (which Tian Xu had forged) declaring Di Prefecture to be part of Pinglu Circuit. In anger, Wang sent his son Wang Shiqing (王士清) to attack Weibo's Bei Prefecture (貝州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), occupying four counties of Bei Prefecture. In winter 790, Emperor Dezong, wanting to put an end to the campaigns between these circuits, ordered Li Na to return Di Prefecture to Chengde; Li Na demanded that Wang return the four counties of Bei Prefecture to Weibo first. Wang did so, and subsequently, Li Na returned Di Prefecture to Chengde.
Li Na died in 792. His subordinates supported his son Li Shigu to succeed him, and Emperor Dezong agreed.
References
^ According to Tang Dezong's biography (vol.13) in Old Book of Tang, Li Na died on the gui'you day of the 5th month of the 8th year of the Zhen'yuan era; the date corresponds to 13 Jun 792 in the Julian calendar. According to his father Li Zhengji's biography in New Book of Tang, Li Na was 34 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. Thus, his birth year should be in 759.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 220.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 222.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 223.
^ a b Old Book of Tang, vol. 124 Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 225.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 226.
^ a b c d Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 227.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 228.
^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 229.
^ New Book of Tang, vol. 213 Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 231.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 232.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 233.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 234.
Bibliography
Old Book of Tang, vol. 124.
New Book of Tang, vol. 213.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234.
Government offices
Preceded byLi Zhengji
Governor of Qi 758–792
Succeeded byLi Shigu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Li Zhengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhengji"},{"link_name":"jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"Tai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%27an"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"}],"text":"Li Na (李納; 759 – June 13, 792[1]), formally the Prince of Longxi (隴西王), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Tang dynasty. Inheriting the post from his father Li Zhengji, he served as the military governor (jiedushi) of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) semi-independently from the imperial government.","title":"Li Na (Tang dynasty)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Suzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Li Huaiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhengji"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Chaoyang, Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pinglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinglu_Jiedushi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshi_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_(Anshi)"},{"link_name":"Khitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_people"},{"link_name":"Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo_Xi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Daizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Weifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weifang"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Li Na was born in 758, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His father Li Huaiyu, who was of Goguryeo extraction, was then serving as a military officer at Pinglu Circuit (then headquartered in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) under Li Huaiyu's cousin Hou Xiyi (侯希逸), who was the acting military governor of the circuit at that time.[2] By 761, however, the Pinglu army, which was cut off from the rest of the Tang realm by the rebel state of Yan at that time and had to further fend off not only Yan forces, but forces of Khitan and Xi tribes, could no longer stand, and they abandoned Pinglu Circuit and fought their way south. In 762, Emperor Suzong's son and successor Emperor Daizong made Hou the military governor of Ziqing Circuit (淄青, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) as well, and the names of Ziqing and Pinglu merged.[3] In 765, the soldiers overthrew Hou because he was overburdening them with labor, and they supported Li Huaiyu as his successor. Emperor Daizong agreed and made Li Huaiyu military governor, changing his name to Li Zhengji. Li Zhengji proceeded to, despite nominally submitting to imperial authority, rule Pinglu effectively as a semi-independent realm.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tufan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Zibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibo"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Tian Chengsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Chengsi"},{"link_name":"Handan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT124-5"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Tai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%27an"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Li Baochen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Baochen"},{"link_name":"Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Li Weiyue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Weiyue"},{"link_name":"Emperor Dezong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Tian Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Yue"},{"link_name":"Liang Chongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Chongyi"},{"link_name":"Xiangfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangfan"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ227-8"}],"text":"In Li Na's youth, Li Zhengji had put him in command of an army to aid in the seasonal defense of Tang's western border with Tufan, and Li Na, as part of this deployment, was at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong. Emperor Daizong met him and gave him a number of honors. Later, after that deployment was over, Li Zhengji made him the prefect of Zi Prefecture (淄州, in modern Zibo, Shandong). During Li Zhengji's imperially-sanctioned campaign against Tian Chengsi, the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) in 775, Li Na served as acting military governor in Li Zhengji's absence from Pinglu.[5] Later, after a campaign against another rebellious military governor, Li Lingyao (李靈曜), Li Zhengji took five prefectures from Li Lingyao's Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and merged them into Pinglu Circuit. He then moved the headquarters of Pinglu from Qing Prefecture (青州) to one of the Biansong prefectures that he took, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern Tai'an, Shandong), and made Li Na the prefect of Qing Prefecture, in charge of the old headquarters.[6]In 781, Li Baochen the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) died, and his son Li Weiyue wished to inherit his position. Emperor Daizong's son and successor Emperor Dezong refused to grant imperial sanction. In light of this, Li Weiyue prepared for war against the imperial government, and Li Zhengji, Tian Yue (Tian Chengsi's nephew and successor), and Liang Chongyi the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), who had made an alliance to support each other in attempts to be able to pass their circuits to their descendants, prepared for war as well.[7] After Li Zhengji himself died later in 781, Li Na initially kept his death a secret but, pursuant to the alliance, sent troops to aid Tian and Li Weiyue. In fall 781, he announced his father's death and requested to succeed Li Zhengji. Emperor Dezong denied his request as well.[8]","title":"Service under Li Zhengji"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shangqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Xuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Lianyungang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Linyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linyi"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Shuofang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuofang"},{"link_name":"Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"link_name":"Ningxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia"},{"link_name":"Mi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Heze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heze"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Li Xilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xilie"},{"link_name":"Zhumadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhumadian"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Wang Wujun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Wujun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ227-8"},{"link_name":"Li Mian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Mian"},{"link_name":"eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)"},{"link_name":"Dezhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezhou"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Binzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binzhou"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Zhu Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Tao"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ227-8"},{"link_name":"Li Huaiguang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Huaiguang"},{"link_name":"Ma Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Sui"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Li Baozhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Baozhen"},{"link_name":"Changzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhi"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ227-8"}],"text":"In light of Emperor Dezong's refusal to let him succeed Li Zhengji, later in 781, Li Na attacked the imperially-controlled Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Shangqiu, Henan). While he was doing so, however, Li Wei (李洧), a cousin of Li Zhengji's, whom Li Zhengji had made the prefect of Xu Prefecture (徐州, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), offered to submit to the imperial government, along with the prefects of Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu) and Yi (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong) Prefectures. In anger, Li Na attacked Xu Prefecture, joined by an army from Weibo, but was defeated by joint forces commanded by Liu Qia (劉洽); the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit; Qu Huan (曲環), a commander of the directly-imperially-controlled Shence Army (神策軍); Li Cheng (李澄), an officer of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng); and Tang Chaochen (唐朝臣), an officer of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, then headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). Li Na was forced to withdraw from his siege against Xu Prefecture, and in the aftermaths, he briefly lost Hai Prefecture and Mi Prefecture as well, but quickly recovered them. Li Na himself withdrew to Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze, Shandong), and Liu followed him there and put Pu Prefecture under siege. As, by that point, Tian Yue was also under siege at his headquarters at Wei Prefecture, Liang Chongyi had committed suicide after having been defeated by Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi Prefecture (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and Li Weiyue, under pressure from imperial forces, had been killed by his own officer Wang Wujun, who then submitted to imperial authority, it was believed that imperial authority would soon prevail over all of the rebels.[8]Indeed, by spring 782, Liu was initially making progress in capturing Pu Prefecture and took its outer city, so much so that Li Na got onto the city walls and tearfully begged Liu to allow him to surrender. With Li Mian the military governor of Yongping Circuit also persuading him to surrender, he had his subordinate Fang Shuo (房說) escort his brother Li Jing (李經) and son Li Chengwu (李成務) to Chang'an to submit. However, the eunuch Song Fengchao (宋鳳朝), arguing that Li Na was about to fall anyway, suggested to Emperor Dezong not to accept the surrender; Emperor Dezong therefore detained Fang, Li Jing, and Li Chengwu, and made no responses. Li Na thereafter withdrew out of Pu Prefecture and returned to Yun Prefecture, continuing to ally with Tian against the imperial government. Meanwhile, though, his De (德州, in modern Dezhou, Shandong) and Di (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong) Prefectures submitted to imperial authority, but were subsequently seized by Zhu Tao the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), who was then considering rebelling against the imperial government (over his dissatisfaction that Emperor Dezong did not give him any part of Chengde's territory despite his contributions in Li Weiyue's destruction) but had not yet openly done so. Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong had also commissioned Li Xilie to be the military governor of Pinglu and ordered him to attack Li Na, but Li Xilie, who was then already in secret alliance negotiations with Li Na, took no actual actions against Li Na.[8]By winter 782, both Zhu and Wang (who was also displeased that he was not made a military governor despite his killing of Li Weiyue) were openly rebelling against the imperial government. They advanced south to aid Tian and dealt the imperial forces, under the commands of Li Huaiguang the military governor of Shuofang Circuit, Ma Sui the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), and Li Baozhen the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), forcing them to lift the siege on Wei Prefecture. In light of their victory, they each claimed princely titles to show independence from Tang — Zhu as the Prince of Ji, Tian as the Prince of Wei, and Wang as the Prince of Zhao. They offered the title of Prince of Qi to Li Na, and Li Na accepted.[8]","title":"As rebel against imperial authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pingliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingliang"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu"},{"link_name":"Xianyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyang"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Zhu Ci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Ci"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ229-10"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ229-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The four rebel princes offered their allegiance to Li Xilie, requesting that he take the throne himself as emperor. Li Xilie did not do so immediately, but also claimed a princely title of Prince of Jianxing. Meanwhile, in fall 782, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), at Chang'an to await deployment to the east, mutinied after Emperor Dezong did not give them rewards that they believed they deserved, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). They supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci as their leader, and Zhu Ci claimed the title of emperor of a new state of Qin. He soon put Fengtian under siege, but had to lift the siege on Fengtian after Li Huaiguang arrived at Fengtian to save Emperor Dezong. However, he continued to occupy Chang'an.[9][10]While Emperor Dezong was at Fengtian, he sent messengers to Li Na, Tian Yue, and Wang Wujun, offering to pardon them if they submitted to him. Li Na, along with Wang and Tian, secretly agreed. After Emperor Dezong issued a general pardon in spring 784, Li Na, Tian, and Wang all renounced their princely titles and nominally resubmitted to Tang imperial authority. Emperor Dezong then commissioned Li Na as the military governor of Pinglu and, later in the year, gave him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事) and created him the Prince of Longxi.[10][11]","title":"As independent Prince of Qi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhoukou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhoukou"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Three Excellencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Excellencies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT124-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyang"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Jia Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Dan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tian Xu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Xu_(Tang_Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Xingtai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingtai"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Li Shigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shigu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Meanwhile, Li Xilie, who by this point had claimed the title of emperor of a new state of Chu, was putting Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou, Henan) under siege, but could not capture it quickly. Li Na sent troops to aid Liu Qia, Qu Huan, and Li Cheng in trying to lift the siege on Chen Prefecture, and they succeeded in defeating Li Xilie's troops in winter 784. Thereafter, Emperor Dezong gave Li Na the honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies).[5][12] Subsequently, in 786, after Li Cheng, who was then the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), died and was succeeded by Jia Dan, Jia, as a neighbor of Pinglu Circuit, took a conciliatory stance toward Li Na, and Li Na reciprocated, reducing the tension between Pinglu and imperially-held circuits.[13]In 790, there were rumors that Li Na was planning to escort his subordinate Tian Chao (田朝), a son of Tian Chengsi's and an older brother to Weibo's then-military governor Tian Xu (who had killed Tian Yue and succeeded him in 784) back to Weibo to vie for control of Weibo Circuit. Tian Xu feared this, and, under suggestion by his staff member Sun Guangzuo (孫光佐), he sent gifts to Li Na to please him and persuade him to send Tian Chao to Chang'an — and further suggested Li Na to accept the surrender of the prefect of the previously Pinglu-controlled Di Prefecture, Zhao Gao (趙鎬), who had previously submitted to Wang Wujun's Chengde Circuit but who later refused to follow Wang's orders. Li Na therefore accepted Zhao's surrender and took Di Prefecture, despite Wang's attacks. Tian further cemented the relationship with Li Na by sending Sun to Pinglu's headquarters at Yun Prefecture (鄆州), announcing an imperial edict (which Tian Xu had forged) declaring Di Prefecture to be part of Pinglu Circuit. In anger, Wang sent his son Wang Shiqing (王士清) to attack Weibo's Bei Prefecture (貝州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), occupying four counties of Bei Prefecture. In winter 790, Emperor Dezong, wanting to put an end to the campaigns between these circuits, ordered Li Na to return Di Prefecture to Chengde; Li Na demanded that Wang return the four counties of Bei Prefecture to Weibo first. Wang did so, and subsequently, Li Na returned Di Prefecture to Chengde.[14]Li Na died in 792. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_phage | Ff phages | ["1 Structure","2 Genetics","3 Life cycle","3.1 Infection","3.2 Replication","3.3 Assembly and extrusion","4 Applications","4.1 Life sciences and medicine","4.2 Material sciences and nanotechnology","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Group of viruses
Shadowed electron micrograph of unaligned phage
Ff phages (for F specific filamentous phages) is a group of almost identical filamentous phage (genus Inovirus) including phages f1, fd, M13 and ZJ/2, which infect bacteria bearing the F fertility factor. The virion (virus particle) is a flexible filament measuring about 6 by 900 nm, comprising a cylindrical protein tube protecting a single-stranded circular DNA molecule at its core. The phage codes for only 11 gene products, and is one of the simplest viruses known. It has been widely used to study fundamental aspects of molecular biology. George Smith and Greg Winter used f1 and fd for their work on phage display for which they were awarded a share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Early experiments on Ff phages used M13 to identify gene functions, and M13 was also developed as a cloning vehicle, so the name M13 is sometimes used as an informal synonym for the whole group of Ff phages.
Structure
Assembled major coat protein, exploded view
The virion is a flexible filament (worm-like chain) about 6 nm in diameter and 900 nm long. Several thousand copies of a small (50 amino-acid residues) elongated alpha-helical major coat protein subunit (the product of gene 8, or p8) in an overlapping shingle-like array form a hollow cylinder enclosing the circular single-stranded DNA genome. Each p8 subunit has a collection of basic residues near the C-terminus of the elongated protein and acidic residues near the N-terminus; these two regions are separated by about 20 hydrophobic (non-polar) residues. The shingle-like arrangement places the acidic residues of p8 near the outside surface of the cylinder, where they cause the virus particle to be negatively-charged; non-polar regions near non-polar regions of neighbouring p8 subunits, where non-polar interactions contribute to a notable physical stability of the virus particle; and basic residues near the centre of the cylinder, where they interact with the negatively-charged DNA phosphates at the core of the virion. Longer (or shorter) DNA molecules can be packaged, since more (or fewer) p8 subunits can be added during assembly as required to protect the DNA, making the phage useful for genetic studies. (This effect should not be confused with polyphage, which can package several separate and distinct DNA molecules). About 5 copies each of four minor proteins cap the two ends of the virion.
The molecular structure of the virion capsid (the assembly of p8 subunit proteins) has been determined by X-ray fiber diffraction, and structural models have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. In particular, the series of fd and Pf1 virion structures deposited in the PDB over decades illustrate the improvements in methods for fiber diffraction data collection and computational analysis. Structures of the p3 capsid protein and the p5 replication/assembly protein have also been determined from X-ray crystallography and deposited in the PDB.Schematic views showing minor proteins at the two ends
Genetics
The DNA sequence of the fd genome has 6408 nucleotide comprising 9 genes, but the genome has 11 open reading frames producing 11 proteins, since two genes, gene 2 and gene 1, have internal in-frame translation starts, generating two additional proteins, p10 and p11. The genome also contains a short non-coding intergenic sequence. M13 and f1 sequences are slightly different from fd. They both have only 6407 nucleotides; f1 differs from fd in 180 positions (only 10 of these changes are reflected in amino-acid changes in gene products) and M13 has only 59 nucleotide differences from f1. For many purposes the phages in the Ff group can be considered as interchangeable.
Five gene products are part of the virion: the major coat protein (p8) and the minor proteins capping the two ends, p3 and p6 at one end, and p7 and p9 at the other end. Three gene products (p2, p5, and p10) are cytoplasmic proteins needed for DNA synthesis and the rest are membrane proteins involved in assembly of the virion.
Inovirus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Monodnaviria
Kingdom:
Loebvirae
Phylum:
Hofneiviricota
Class:
Faserviricetes
Order:
Tubulavirales
Family:
Inoviridae
Genus:
Inovirus
The gene encoding p1 has been used as a conserved marker gene, along with three other features specific for inovirus genomes, in an automatic machine-learning approach to identify over 10000 inovirus-like sequences from microbial genomes.
Life cycle
Infection
The p3 protein is anchored to one end of the virion by the C-terminal domain of p3. Infection of host bacteria involves interaction of two different N-terminal regions of p3 with two different sites of the host bacteria. First, the N2 domain of p3 attaches to the outer tip of the F-pilus, and the pilus retracts into the cell. This retraction may involve depolymerization of the pilus subunit assembly into the cell membrane at the base of the pilus by a reversal of the pilus growth and polymerization process. As the tip of the pilus bearing p3 approaches the cell wall, the N1 domain of p3 interacts with the bacterial TolQRA protein to complete infection and release the genome into the cytoplasm of the host.
Replication
After the single-stranded viral DNA enters the cytoplasm, it serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. This synthesis is initiated in the intergenic region of the DNA sequence by host RNA polymerase, which synthesizes a short RNA primer on the infecting DNA as template. The host DNA polymerase III then uses this primer to synthesize the full complementary strand of DNA, yielding a double-stranded circle, sometimes called the replicative form (RF) DNA. The complementary strand of the RF is the transcription template for phage coded proteins, especially p2 and p10, which are necessary for further DNA replication.
The p2 protein cleaves the viral strand of the RF DNA, and host DNA polymerase III synthesizes a new viral strand. The old viral strand is displaced as the new one is synthesized. When a circle is complete, the covalently linked p2 cuts the displaced viral strand at the junction between the old and newly synthesized DNA and re-ligates the two ends and liberates p2. RF replicates by this rolling circle mechanism to generate dozens of copies of the RF.
When the concentration of phage proteins has increased, new viral strands are coated by the replication/assembly protein p5 rather than by the complementary DNA strands. The p5 also inhibits translation of p2, so that progeny viral ssDNA production and packaging are in synchrony.
Assembly and extrusion
Infection does not kill the host bacteria, in contrast to most other families of phage. Progeny phage are assembled as they extrude through the membrane of growing bacteria, probably at adhesion sites joining inner and outer membranes. The five phage proteins that form the coat of the completed phage enter the inner membrane; for p8 and p3, N-terminal leader sequences (later removed) help the proteins to enter the bacterial membrane, with their N-termini directed away from the cytoplasm towards the periplasm. Three other phage membrane proteins that are not present in the phage, p1, p11, and p4, are also involved in assembly. Replication of RF DNA is converted to production of phage ssDNA by coating of the DNA with p5 to form an elongated p5/DNA replication/assembly complex, which then interacts with the membrane-bound phage proteins. The extrusion process picks up the p7 and p9 proteins which form the outer tip of the progeny phage. As the p5 is stripped off the DNA, the progeny DNA is extruded across the membrane and wrapped in a helical casing of p8, to which p3 and p6 are added at the end of assembly. The p4 protein may form an extrusion pore in the outer membrane.
Interaction of the double-stranded packaging DNA signal with the p1-thioredoxin complex at the host inner membrane triggers the formation of a pore. The p1 protein contains Walker motifs which are essential for phage assembly, suggesting that p1 is a molecular motor involved in phage assembly. The p1 protein has a membrane-spanning hydrophobic domain with the N-terminal portion in the cytoplasm and the C-terminal portion in the periplasm (the reverse of the orientation of p8). Adjacent to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane-spanning domain is a 13- residue sequence of p1 having a pattern of basic residues closely matching the pattern of basic residues near the C terminus of p8, but inverted with respect to that sequence.
Intermediate assemblies of p8 can be generated by treating the phage with chloroform. The helical content of p8 in these intermediate forms is similar to that in the phage, suggesting that the structural change during assembly may involve just a sliding of the shingled p8 subunits with respect to their neighbours in the assembly.
Applications
Life sciences and medicine
Ff phages have been engineered for applications in biological and medical sciences. Many applications build on experiments showing that the DNA sequence determining resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin can be inserted in a functional form into the non-coding intergenic sequence of fd phage DNA. Such modified phage are correspondingly longer that wild-type filamentous fd, because the longer DNA is coated with correspondingly more gene 8 coat proteins, but the phage life-cycle is not otherwise disrupted. The traditional “tadpole” or isometric shaped-phage, on the other hand, which have a limited-sized capsid, cannot be so easily used to encapsidate a larger DNA molecule. The modified phage can be selected by infecting kanamycin-sensitive bacteria with modified phage to introduce resistance to kanamycin, and growing the infected bacteria in media containing an otherwise lethal concentration of kanamycin.
This result was extended by inserting foreign DNA expressing a foreign peptide into fd phage gene 3, rather than into the intergenic sequence, so that the foreign peptide appears on the surface of the phage as a part of the gene 3 adsorption protein. Phage carrying the foreign peptide can then be detected using appropriate antibodies. The reverse of this approach is to insert DNA coding for antibodies into gene 3 and detect their presence by appropriate antigens.
These techniques have been extended over the years in many ways, for instance by inserting foreign DNA into the genes coding for phage coat proteins other than gene 3, and/or duplicating the gene of interest to modify only some of the corresponding gene products. Phage display technology has been widely used for many purposes.
Material sciences and nanotechnology
Ff phages have been engineered for applications such as remediation, electrochemical, photovoltaic, catalytic, sensing and digital memory devices, especially by Angela Belcher and colleagues.
See also
Filamentous bacteriophage
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External links
ViralZone
ATCC fd
ATCC M13
Taxon identifiersEnterobacteria phage f1
Wikidata: Q5424175
Wikispecies: Escherichia virus f1
EPPO: BPHAF1
IRMNG: 11459734
NCBI: 10863 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filamentous_bacteriophage_fd.png"},{"link_name":"filamentous phage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamentous_bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"f1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_phage"},{"link_name":"M13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_phage"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria"},{"link_name":"F fertility factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasched1986-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"virion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus#Structure"},{"link_name":"phage display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2055478-11"}],"text":"Shadowed electron micrograph of unaligned phageFf phages (for F specific filamentous phages) is a group of almost identical filamentous phage (genus Inovirus) including phages f1, fd, M13 and ZJ/2, which infect bacteria bearing the F fertility factor.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The virion (virus particle) is a flexible filament measuring about 6 by 900 nm, comprising a cylindrical protein tube protecting a single-stranded circular DNA molecule at its core. The phage codes for only 11 gene products, and is one of the simplest viruses known. It has been widely used to study fundamental aspects of molecular biology. George Smith and Greg Winter used f1 and fd for their work on phage display for which they were awarded a share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[8] Early experiments on Ff phages used M13 to identify gene functions,[9][10] and M13 was also developed as a cloning vehicle,[11] so the name M13 is sometimes used as an informal synonym for the whole group of Ff phages.","title":"Ff phages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inovirus_(filamentous_bacteriophage)_assembled_major_coat_protein,_exploded_view.tif"},{"link_name":"worm-like chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm-like_chain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"polyphage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphage"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"capsid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid"},{"link_name":"fiber diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_diffraction"},{"link_name":"Protein Data Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"fiber diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_diffraction"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inoviridae_virion.jpg"}],"text":"Assembled major coat protein, exploded viewThe virion is a flexible filament (worm-like chain) about 6 nm in diameter and 900 nm long. Several thousand copies of a small (50 amino-acid residues) elongated alpha-helical major coat protein subunit (the product of gene 8, or p8) in an overlapping shingle-like array form a hollow cylinder enclosing the circular single-stranded DNA genome. Each p8 subunit has a collection of basic residues near the C-terminus of the elongated protein and acidic residues near the N-terminus; these two regions are separated by about 20 hydrophobic (non-polar) residues. The shingle-like arrangement places the acidic residues of p8 near the outside surface of the cylinder, where they cause the virus particle to be negatively-charged; non-polar regions near non-polar regions of neighbouring p8 subunits, where non-polar interactions contribute to a notable physical stability of the virus particle; and basic residues near the centre of the cylinder, where they interact with the negatively-charged DNA phosphates at the core of the virion. Longer[12] (or shorter[13]) DNA molecules can be packaged, since more (or fewer) p8 subunits can be added during assembly as required to protect the DNA, making the phage useful for genetic studies. (This effect should not be confused with polyphage, which can package several separate and distinct DNA molecules). About 5 copies each of four minor proteins cap the two ends of the virion.[14]The molecular structure of the virion capsid (the assembly of p8 subunit proteins) has been determined by X-ray fiber diffraction, and structural models have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. In particular, the series of fd and Pf1 virion structures deposited in the PDB over decades illustrate the improvements in methods for fiber diffraction data collection and computational analysis. Structures of the p3 capsid protein and the p5 replication/assembly protein have also been determined from X-ray crystallography and deposited in the PDB.[citation needed]Schematic views showing minor proteins at the two ends","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open reading frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"}],"text":"The DNA sequence of the fd genome has 6408 nucleotide comprising 9 genes, but the genome has 11 open reading frames producing 11 proteins, since two genes, gene 2 and gene 1, have internal in-frame translation starts, generating two additional proteins, p10 and p11. The genome also contains a short non-coding intergenic sequence.[15] M13 and f1 sequences are slightly different from fd. They both have only 6407 nucleotides; f1 differs from fd in 180 positions (only 10 of these changes are reflected in amino-acid changes in gene products)[16] and M13 has only 59 nucleotide differences from f1. For many purposes the phages in the Ff group can be considered as interchangeable.Five gene products are part of the virion: the major coat protein (p8) and the minor proteins capping the two ends, p3 and p6 at one end, and p7 and p9 at the other end. Three gene products (p2, p5, and p10) are cytoplasmic proteins needed for DNA synthesis and the rest are membrane proteins involved in assembly of the virion.[17]The gene encoding p1 has been used as a conserved marker gene, along with three other features specific for inovirus genomes, in an automatic machine-learning approach to identify over 10000 inovirus-like sequences from microbial genomes.[18]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasched1986-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Infection","text":"The p3 protein is anchored to one end of the virion by the C-terminal domain of p3. Infection of host bacteria involves interaction of two different N-terminal regions of p3 with two different sites of the host bacteria. First, the N2 domain of p3 attaches to the outer tip of the F-pilus, and the pilus retracts into the cell. This retraction may involve depolymerization of the pilus subunit assembly into the cell membrane at the base of the pilus by a reversal of the pilus growth and polymerization process.[1][19][20] As the tip of the pilus bearing p3 approaches the cell wall, the N1 domain of p3 interacts with the bacterial TolQRA protein to complete infection and release the genome into the cytoplasm of the host.[21][22]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rolling circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_circle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Replication","text":"After the single-stranded viral DNA enters the cytoplasm, it serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. This synthesis is initiated in the intergenic region of the DNA sequence by host RNA polymerase, which synthesizes a short RNA primer on the infecting DNA as template. The host DNA polymerase III then uses this primer to synthesize the full complementary strand of DNA, yielding a double-stranded circle, sometimes called the replicative form (RF) DNA. The complementary strand of the RF is the transcription template for phage coded proteins, especially p2 and p10, which are necessary for further DNA replication.[citation needed]The p2 protein cleaves the viral strand of the RF DNA, and host DNA polymerase III synthesizes a new viral strand. The old viral strand is displaced as the new one is synthesized. When a circle is complete, the covalently linked p2 cuts the displaced viral strand at the junction between the old and newly synthesized DNA and re-ligates the two ends and liberates p2. RF replicates by this rolling circle mechanism to generate dozens of copies of the RF.[citation needed]When the concentration of phage proteins has increased, new viral strands are coated by the replication/assembly protein p5 rather than by the complementary DNA strands. The p5 also inhibits translation of p2, so that progeny viral ssDNA production and packaging are in synchrony.[6]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"membrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_proteins"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Walker motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_motifs"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Assembly and extrusion","text":"Infection does not kill the host bacteria,[23] in contrast to most other families of phage. Progeny phage are assembled as they extrude through the membrane of growing bacteria, probably at adhesion sites joining inner and outer membranes. The five phage proteins that form the coat of the completed phage enter the inner membrane; for p8 and p3, N-terminal leader sequences (later removed) help the proteins to enter the bacterial membrane, with their N-termini directed away from the cytoplasm towards the periplasm. Three other phage membrane proteins that are not present in the phage, p1, p11, and p4, are also involved in assembly. Replication of RF DNA is converted to production of phage ssDNA by coating of the DNA with p5 to form an elongated p5/DNA replication/assembly complex, which then interacts with the membrane-bound phage proteins. The extrusion process picks up the p7 and p9 proteins which form the outer tip of the progeny phage. As the p5 is stripped off the DNA, the progeny DNA is extruded across the membrane and wrapped in a helical casing of p8, to which p3 and p6 are added at the end of assembly. The p4 protein may form an extrusion pore in the outer membrane.[14]Interaction of the double-stranded packaging DNA signal with the p1-thioredoxin complex at the host inner membrane triggers the formation of a pore. The p1 protein contains Walker motifs which are essential for phage assembly,[24] suggesting that p1 is a molecular motor involved in phage assembly. The p1 protein has a membrane-spanning hydrophobic domain with the N-terminal portion in the cytoplasm and the C-terminal portion in the periplasm (the reverse of the orientation of p8). Adjacent to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane-spanning domain is a 13- residue sequence of p1 having a pattern of basic residues closely matching the pattern of basic residues near the C terminus of p8, but inverted with respect to that sequence.[25]Intermediate assemblies of p8 can be generated by treating the phage with chloroform.[26][27][28] The helical content of p8 in these intermediate forms is similar to that in the phage, suggesting that the structural change during assembly may involve just a sliding of the shingled p8 subunits with respect to their neighbours in the assembly.[29][30]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Life sciences and medicine","text":"Ff phages have been engineered for applications in biological and medical sciences. Many applications build on experiments[12] showing that the DNA sequence determining resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin can be inserted in a functional form into the non-coding intergenic sequence of fd phage DNA. Such modified phage are correspondingly longer that wild-type filamentous fd, because the longer DNA is coated with correspondingly more gene 8 coat proteins, but the phage life-cycle is not otherwise disrupted. The traditional “tadpole” or isometric shaped-phage, on the other hand, which have a limited-sized capsid, cannot be so easily used to encapsidate a larger DNA molecule. The modified phage can be selected by infecting kanamycin-sensitive bacteria with modified phage to introduce resistance to kanamycin, and growing the infected bacteria in media containing an otherwise lethal concentration of kanamycin.[citation needed]This result was extended by inserting foreign DNA expressing a foreign peptide into fd phage gene 3, rather than into the intergenic sequence, so that the foreign peptide appears on the surface of the phage as a part of the gene 3 adsorption protein.[31][32][33] Phage carrying the foreign peptide can then be detected using appropriate antibodies. The reverse of this approach is to insert DNA coding for antibodies into gene 3 and detect their presence by appropriate antigens.[34]These techniques have been extended over the years in many ways, for instance by inserting foreign DNA into the genes coding for phage coat proteins other than gene 3, and/or duplicating the gene of interest to modify only some of the corresponding gene products. Phage display technology has been widely used for many purposes. [35][36][37]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Belcher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"excessive citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations"}],"sub_title":"Material sciences and nanotechnology","text":"Ff phages have been engineered for applications such as remediation, electrochemical, photovoltaic, catalytic, sensing and digital memory devices, especially by Angela Belcher and colleagues.[6][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][excessive citations]","title":"Applications"}] | [{"image_text":"Shadowed electron micrograph of unaligned phage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Filamentous_bacteriophage_fd.png/220px-Filamentous_bacteriophage_fd.png"},{"image_text":"Assembled major coat protein, exploded view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Inovirus_%28filamentous_bacteriophage%29_assembled_major_coat_protein%2C_exploded_view.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Inovirus_%28filamentous_bacteriophage%29_assembled_major_coat_protein%2C_exploded_view.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic views showing minor proteins at the two ends","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Inoviridae_virion.jpg/220px-Inoviridae_virion.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Filamentous bacteriophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamentous_bacteriophage"}] | [{"reference":"Rasched I, Oberer E (December 1986). \"Ff coliphages: structural and functional relationships\". Microbiological Reviews. 50 (4): 401–27. doi:10.1128/MR.50.4.401-427.1986. PMC 373080. PMID 3540571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373080","url_text":"\"Ff coliphages: structural and functional relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMR.50.4.401-427.1986","url_text":"10.1128/MR.50.4.401-427.1986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373080","url_text":"373080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3540571","url_text":"3540571"}]},{"reference":"Mai-Prochnow A, Hui JG, Kjelleberg S, Rakonjac J, McDougald D, Rice SA (July 2015). \"'Big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host'\". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 39 (4): 465–87. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuu007. hdl:10453/65260. PMID 25670735.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffuu007","url_text":"\"'Big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffuu007","url_text":"10.1093/femsre/fuu007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F65260","url_text":"10453/65260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25670735","url_text":"25670735"}]},{"reference":"Rakonjac J, Bas B, Derda R, eds. (2017). Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology. Frontiers Research Topics. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/978-2-88945-095-4. ISBN 978-2-88945-095-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frontiersin.org/books/Filamentous_Bacteriophage_in_Bio_Nano_Technology_Bacterial_Pathogenesis_and_Ecology/1127","url_text":"Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2F978-2-88945-095-4","url_text":"10.3389/978-2-88945-095-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88945-095-4","url_text":"978-2-88945-095-4"}]},{"reference":"Morag O, Abramov G, Goldbourt A (December 2011). \"Similarities and differences within members of the Ff family of filamentous bacteriophage viruses\". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 115 (51): 15370–9. doi:10.1021/jp2079742. PMID 22085310.","urls":[{"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2567596","url_text":"\"Similarities and differences within members of the Ff family of filamentous bacteriophage viruses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp2079742","url_text":"10.1021/jp2079742"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22085310","url_text":"22085310"}]},{"reference":"Hay ID, Lithgow T (June 2019). \"Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy\". EMBO Reports. 20 (6). doi:10.15252/embr.201847427. PMC 6549030. PMID 30952693.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6549030","url_text":"\"Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15252%2Fembr.201847427","url_text":"10.15252/embr.201847427"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6549030","url_text":"6549030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30952693","url_text":"30952693"}]},{"reference":"Rakonjac J, Bennett NJ, Spagnuolo J, Gagic D, Russel M (2011). \"Filamentous bacteriophage: biology, phage display and nanotechnology applications\". Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 13 (2): 51–76. PMID 21502666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21502666","url_text":"21502666"}]},{"reference":"Rakonjac J, Russel M, Khanum S, Brooke SJ, Rajič M (2017). \"Filamentous Phage: Structure and Biology\". In Lim TS (ed.). Recombinant Antibodies for Infectious Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1053. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_1. ISBN 978-3-319-72076-0. PMID 29549632.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-72077-7_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-72076-0","url_text":"978-3-319-72076-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549632","url_text":"29549632"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018\". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2021-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/summary/","url_text":"\"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Pratt D, Tzagoloff H, Erdahl WS (November 1966). \"Conditional lethal mutants of the small filamentous coliphage M13. I. Isolation, complementation, cell killing, time of cistron action\". Virology. 30 (3): 397–410. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(66)90118-8. PMID 5921643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6822%2866%2990118-8","url_text":"10.1016/0042-6822(66)90118-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5921643","url_text":"5921643"}]},{"reference":"Pratt D, Tzagoloff H, Beaudoin J (September 1969). \"Conditional lethal mutants of the small filamentous coliphage M13. II. Two genes for coat proteins\". Virology. 39 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(69)90346-8. PMID 5807970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6822%2869%2990346-8","url_text":"10.1016/0042-6822(69)90346-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5807970","url_text":"5807970"}]},{"reference":"Messing J (April 1991). \"Cloning in M13 phage or how to use biology at its best\". Gene. 100: 3–12. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90344-b. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Glacier_(Washington) | Clark Glacier (Washington) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 48°02′56″N 120°57′32″W / 48.04889°N 120.95889°W / 48.04889; -120.95889Clark GlacierClark Glacier on Clark MountainClark GlacierLocation in WashingtonTypeAlpine glacierLocationChelan County, Washington, U.S.Coordinates48°02′56″N 120°57′32″W / 48.04889°N 120.95889°W / 48.04889; -120.95889Length.80 mi (1.29 km)TerminusBarren rock/icefallStatusRetreating
Clark Glacier is in Wenatchee National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington and is on the east slopes of Clark Mountain. Clark Glacier descends from 8,000 to 6,600 ft (2,400 to 2,000 m). Clark Glacier is connected to Richardson Glacier to the west at its upper margins. Clark Glacier has also been known as Walrus Glacier.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
References
^ "Clark Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
^ Clark Mountain, WA (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved March 31, 2013.
^ Beckey, Fred (2003). Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes, Stevens Pass to Rainy Pass. The Mountaineers Books. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-89886-838-8.
This article about a glacier in Washington is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wenatchee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Clark Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Mountain_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo-2"},{"link_name":"Richardson Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Glacier_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Clark Glacier is in Wenatchee National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington and is on the east slopes of Clark Mountain. Clark Glacier descends from 8,000 to 6,600 ft (2,400 to 2,000 m).[2] Clark Glacier is connected to Richardson Glacier to the west at its upper margins. Clark Glacier has also been known as Walrus Glacier.[3]","title":"Clark Glacier (Washington)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of glaciers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"Clark Glacier\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1525028","url_text":"\"Clark Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Clark Mountain, WA (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved March 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=48.04901&lon=-120.95899&datum=nad83&zoom=4","url_text":"Clark Mountain, WA"}]},{"reference":"Beckey, Fred (2003). Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes, Stevens Pass to Rainy Pass. The Mountaineers Books. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-89886-838-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-838-8","url_text":"978-0-89886-838-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clark_Glacier_(Washington)¶ms=48_02_56_N_120_57_32_W_region:US-WA_type:glacier","external_links_name":"48°02′56″N 120°57′32″W / 48.04889°N 120.95889°W / 48.04889; -120.95889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clark_Glacier_(Washington)¶ms=48_02_56_N_120_57_32_W_region:US-WA_type:glacier","external_links_name":"48°02′56″N 120°57′32″W / 48.04889°N 120.95889°W / 48.04889; -120.95889"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1525028","external_links_name":"\"Clark Glacier\""},{"Link":"http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=48.04901&lon=-120.95899&datum=nad83&zoom=4","external_links_name":"Clark Mountain, WA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clark_Glacier_(Washington)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melithreptus_gularis | Black-chinned honeyeater | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Feeding","5 Breeding","6 References"] | Species of bird
Black-chinned honeyeater
Eastern subspecies
Golden backed subspecies
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Meliphagidae
Genus:
Melithreptus
Species:
M. gularis
Binomial name
Melithreptus gularis(Gould, 1837)
Synonyms
Melithreptus laetior (Gould, 1875)
The black-chinned honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis) is a species of passerine bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Taxonomy
The black-chinned honeyeater was first described by John Gould in 1837 as Haematops gularis. He also described what he called the golden-backed honeyeater (as Melithreptus laetior) of northern Australia in 1875. Frederick George Waterhouse of the South Australian Museum had sent him four skins, writing of their beauty. Gould noted that it was clearly closely related to M. gularis, but differed in its plumage and smaller size. Richard Schodde united them into a single species in 1975, though Hugh Ford queried this in 1986, as he felt the two forms were as distinct as the yellow-tinted and fuscous honeyeaters that had similar ranges. Schodde countered that the black-chinned and golden-backed honeyeaters shared a much broader zone of hybridization. Since then they have been maintained as two subspecies of M. gularis, though Christidis and Boles noted in 2008 that data was limited and more fieldwork and genetic investigation were needed. Genetic data published in 2010 shows the two taxa diverged between 0.3 and 1.2 million years ago, separated by the Carpentarian Barrier, located south of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
The black-chinned honeyeater is a member of the genus Melithreptus, with several species of similar size and (apart from the brown-headed honeyeater) black-headed appearance, in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. Molecular markers show the black-chinned honeyeater is most closely related to the brown-headed, while the similarly plumaged strong-billed honeyeater was actually an earlier offshoot between 6.7 and 3.4 million years ago. These three species are classified in the subgenus Eidopsarus; they have short sturdy feet, congregate in smaller flocks, live in more forested habitat than the other subgenus, and probe for insects on branches and bark, rather than in the foliage.
Description
A mid-sized honeyeater ranging from 14 to 16 cm (5.6–6.4 in) in length, it is olive-brown above and buff below, with a black head, nape and throat, with a bluish patch of bare skin over the eye and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. The legs and feet are orange. Juveniles have an all-over browner plumage. It makes a scratchy creep-creep-creep call, as well as a more musical one. Ford noted that individuals from southeastern Queensland northwards had more yellow-tinged upperparts and paler underparts; and that those of northeastern Queensland more matched the golden-backed subspecies, though the bare skin around their eyes remained aqua-blue.
The golden-backed subspecies differs by having a yellow nape and rump, green-yellow back, smaller black on chin, more grey-white than buff breast, white flanks and abdomen, lighter brown wings, green-edged rectrices, and yellow-green bare skin around the eyes.
Distribution and habitat
The range of the black-chinned honeyeater is across northern Australia, from northwest Western Australia (including the Kimberley, Pilbara, Great Sandy and northern Gibson deserts), through the Top End and the Gulf Country to Cape York in Queensland, through central and eastern Queensland and into central New South Wales. It occurs east of the Great Divide in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, but is rare further south and appears to have declined in the Sydney region. It is found across central and northern Victoria and into eastern South Australia. It is considered vulnerable in New South Wales and South Australia, although it is secure overall. It lives in open woodland and dry sclerophyll forest, often near watercourses.
The species is absent from savanna on the western edge of the Einasleigh Uplands, particularly around the Newcastle and Gregory Ranges.
Feeding
Insects form the bulk of the diet, and like its close relatives, the brown-headed and strong-billed honeyeaters, the black-chinned honeyeater forages by probing in the bark of trunks and branches of trees.
Breeding
Black-chinned honeyeaters may nest from July to December, breeding once or twice during this time. The nest is a thick-walled bowl of grasses and bits of bark, lined with softer plant material, hidden in the outer foliage of a tall tree, usually a eucalypt. One or (more commonly) two eggs are laid, 22 × 16 mm in size, and shiny, buff-pink, sparsely spotted with red-brown (more so on the larger end).
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melithreptus gularis.
Wikispecies has information related to Melithreptus gularis.
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Melithreptus gularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704143A118654161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704143A118654161.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Gould, John (1875). "Further contributions to the Ornithology of Australia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 16 (94): 285–87. doi:10.1080/00222937508681849.
^ a b c d Ford, Hugh A. (1986). "Avian Hybridization and Allopatry in the Region of the Einasleigh Uplands and Burdekin-Lynd Divide, North-eastern Queensland". Emu. 86 (2): 87–110. doi:10.1071/MU9860087.
^ Schodde, Richard; Mason, I.J. (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds : Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 276. ISBN 9780643102934.
^ Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (2008). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-643065-11-6.
^ a b c Toon A, Hughes JM, Joseph L (2010). "Multilocus analysis of honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) highlights spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the influence of biogeographic barriers in the Australian monsoonal zone". Molecular Ecology. 19 (14): 2980–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04730.x. PMID 20609078. S2CID 25346288.
^ a b c "Black-chinned Honeyeater". Birds in Backyards. Birds Australia. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
^ "Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern subspecies) – profile". Threatened species, populations & ecological communities in NSW. Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales Government. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
^ "Black-chinned Honeyeater". birdlife.org.au. BirdLife Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
Taxon identifiersMelithreptus gularis
Wikidata: Q1591333
Wikispecies: Melithreptus gularis
ADW: Melithreptus_gularis
AFD: Melithreptus_(Eidopsarus)_gularis
Avibase: A64689F91F18885E
BioLib: 29684
BirdLife: 22704143
BirdLife-Australia: black-chinned-honeyeater
BOW: blchon2
CoL: 3ZKNC
eBird: blchon2
GBIF: 5230478
iNaturalist: 12249
IRMNG: 11369709
ITIS: 561085
IUCN: 22704143
NCBI: 863591
Observation.org: 74987
Xeno-canto: Melithreptus-gularis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"}],"text":"The black-chinned honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis) is a species of passerine bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.","title":"Black-chinned honeyeater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick George Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_George_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"yellow-tinted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-tinted_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"fuscous honeyeaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuscous_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford86-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schodde99-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"taxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toon10-6"},{"link_name":"Melithreptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melithreptus"},{"link_name":"brown-headed honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"strong-billed honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong-billed_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toon10-6"}],"text":"The black-chinned honeyeater was first described by John Gould in 1837 as Haematops gularis. He also described what he called the golden-backed honeyeater (as Melithreptus laetior) of northern Australia in 1875. Frederick George Waterhouse of the South Australian Museum had sent him four skins, writing of their beauty. Gould noted that it was clearly closely related to M. gularis, but differed in its plumage and smaller size.[2] Richard Schodde united them into a single species in 1975, though Hugh Ford queried this in 1986, as he felt the two forms were as distinct as the yellow-tinted and fuscous honeyeaters that had similar ranges.[3] Schodde countered that the black-chinned and golden-backed honeyeaters shared a much broader zone of hybridization.[4] Since then they have been maintained as two subspecies of M. gularis, though Christidis and Boles noted in 2008 that data was limited and more fieldwork and genetic investigation were needed.[5] Genetic data published in 2010 shows the two taxa diverged between 0.3 and 1.2 million years ago, separated by the Carpentarian Barrier, located south of the Gulf of Carpentaria.[6]The black-chinned honeyeater is a member of the genus Melithreptus, with several species of similar size and (apart from the brown-headed honeyeater) black-headed appearance, in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. Molecular markers show the black-chinned honeyeater is most closely related to the brown-headed, while the similarly plumaged strong-billed honeyeater was actually an earlier offshoot between 6.7 and 3.4 million years ago. These three species are classified in the subgenus Eidopsarus; they have short sturdy feet, congregate in smaller flocks, live in more forested habitat than the other subgenus, and probe for insects on branches and bark, rather than in the foliage.[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bib-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford86-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford86-3"}],"text":"A mid-sized honeyeater ranging from 14 to 16 cm (5.6–6.4 in) in length, it is olive-brown above and buff below, with a black head, nape and throat, with a bluish patch of bare skin over the eye and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. The legs and feet are orange. Juveniles have an all-over browner plumage. It makes a scratchy creep-creep-creep call, as well as a more musical one.[7] Ford noted that individuals from southeastern Queensland northwards had more yellow-tinged upperparts and paler underparts; and that those of northeastern Queensland more matched the golden-backed subspecies, though the bare skin around their eyes remained aqua-blue.[3]The golden-backed subspecies differs by having a yellow nape and rump, green-yellow back, smaller black on chin, more grey-white than buff breast, white flanks and abdomen, lighter brown wings, green-edged rectrices, and yellow-green bare skin around the eyes.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bib-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bib-7"},{"link_name":"Einasleigh Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasleigh_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Gregory Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford86-3"}],"text":"The range of the black-chinned honeyeater is across northern Australia, from northwest Western Australia (including the Kimberley, Pilbara, Great Sandy and northern Gibson deserts), through the Top End and the Gulf Country to Cape York in Queensland, through central and eastern Queensland and into central New South Wales. It occurs east of the Great Divide in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, but is rare further south and appears to have declined in the Sydney region. It is found across central and northern Victoria and into eastern South Australia.[7] It is considered vulnerable in New South Wales[8] and South Australia,[9] although it is secure overall. 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One or (more commonly) two eggs are laid, 22 × 16 mm in size, and shiny, buff-pink, sparsely spotted with red-brown (more so on the larger end).[10]","title":"Breeding"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Melithreptus gularis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704143A118654161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704143A118654161.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704143/118654161","url_text":"\"Melithreptus gularis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704143A118654161.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704143A118654161.en"}]},{"reference":"Gould, John (1875). \"Further contributions to the Ornithology of Australia\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonesome_Crowded_West | The Lonesome Crowded West | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","2.1 Vinyl edition","3 Personnel","4 See also","5 References"] | 1997 studio album by Modest MouseThe Lonesome Crowded WestStudio album by Modest MouseReleasedNovember 18, 1997RecordedMay 22 – June 7, 1997StudioMoon Studios (Olympia)Avast Studios and Jon & Stu's (Seattle)GenreIndie rockLength73:58 (Standard)78:02 (LP)LabelUpProducer
Calvin Johnson
Isaac Brock
Scott Swayze
Modest Mouse chronology
The Fruit That Ate Itself(1997)
The Lonesome Crowded West(1997)
Night on the Sun(1999)
Singles from The Lonesome Crowded West
"Heart Cooks Brain"Released: July 2, 1999
The Lonesome Crowded West is the second studio album by American rock band Modest Mouse, released on November 18, 1997, by Up Records. The two towers pictured on the album's cover are The Westin Seattle.
The Lonesome Crowded West received positive reviews from critics, and appeared on several lists of the best albums of the 1990s. The album was reissued by Isaac Brock's Glacial Pace label in 2014, along with Modest Mouse's 1996 debut This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Austin ChronicleChicago TribuneNME6/10Paste9.5/10Pitchfork8.9/10 (1997)10/10 (2014)Rolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin8/10The Village VoiceA−
Blake Butler of AllMusic praised the album's diversity, noting the range of "quiet, brooding acoustics like 'Bankrupt on Selling' and dark and pounding thrashers like 'Cowboy Dan'", and called the album "indie rock at its very best."
Pitchfork ranked The Lonesome Crowded West at number 29 in their list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1990s, and the song "Trailer Trash" reached number 63 in their list of the 200 greatest songs of the decade. Spin ranked the album at number 59 in their list of the 100 greatest albums of 1985–2005, and Entertainment Weekly included the album in their list The Indie Rock 25. The A.V. Club has described The Lonesome Crowded West as the band's breakthrough recording. Sam Hockley-Smith, in a retrospective review for Stereogum, refers to The Lonesome Crowded West as "the album that made Modest Mouse a great band instead of just a good one" and writes that the primary theme of disillusionment in Brock's lyrics is "not pretty, but it's honest, and that honesty makes it beautiful, like Modest Mouse were desperately trying — and failing — to hold onto that last bit of naiveté."
In June 2012, Pitchfork.tv released a forty-five-minute documentary on the album. The documentary included archival footage taken during live performances and original recording/mix sessions.
As of June 2000, according to Nielsen SoundScan, the album had sold over 60,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Modest MouseNo.TitleLength1."Teeth Like God's Shoeshine"6:532."Heart Cooks Brain"4:033."Convenient Parking"4:084."Lounge (Closing Time)"7:035."Jesus Christ Was an Only Child"2:366."Doin' the Cockroach"4:187."Cowboy Dan"6:148."Trailer Trash"5:499."Out of Gas"2:3110."Long Distance Drunk"3:4211."Shit Luck"2:2212."Truckers Atlas"10:5713."Polar Opposites"3:2914."Bankrupt on Selling"2:5315."Styrofoam Boots/It's All Nice on Ice, Alright"6:53
Vinyl edition
The double-vinyl edition released on Up Records includes an extra track; "Baby Blue Sedan", and a slightly re-ordered track listing. Rather than having a gatefold cover to house both records, or putting both records in a single cover, the double-vinyl release was shipped in two different covers. The 2014 vinyl reissue on Glacial Pace contains the same track listing and two-cover configuration.
Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Teeth Like God's Shoeshine"6:532."Heart Cooks Brain"4:033."Convenient Parking"4:084."Baby Blue Sedan"4:04
Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Jesus Christ Was an Only Child"2:362."Doin' the Cockroach"4:193."Cowboy Dan"6:154."Trailer Trash"5:50
Side threeNo.TitleLength1."Out of Gas"2:312."Long Distance Drunk"3:433."Shit Luck"2:234."Truckers Atlas"10:58
Side fourNo.TitleLength1."Polar Opposites"3:302."Bankrupt on Selling"2:543."Lounge (Closing Time)"7:044."Styrofoam Boots/It's All Nice on Ice, Alright"6:53
Personnel
Modest Mouse
Isaac Brock – guitars, vocals
Jeremiah Green – drums
Eric Judy – bass
Additional personnel
DJ K.O. – phonogram player, k-ep 63 on "Heart Cooks Brain"
Dann Gallucci – guitar on "Trailer Trash" and "Bankrupt on Selling"
Tyler Reilly – fiddle on "Jesus Christ Was an Only Child"
Scott Swayze – guitar on "Convenient Parking" and "Lounge (Closing Time)"
Nicole Johnson – vocals
Chris Setton – vocals on "Lounge (Closing Time)"
Brian Weber – bartender
Production credits
Produced by Calvin Johnson, with Isaac Brock and Scott Swayze
Engineered by Scott Swayze
Recorded at Moon Music, except "Teeth Like God's Shoeshine," "Doin' the Cockroach," and "Cowboy Dan", recorded by Phil Ek at Avast and Jon & Stu's
Snow photos by Pat Graham
Other photos by I. Brock
Cover design by Pat Castaldo
See also
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, a 2002 album by Wilco which also features two towers (the Marina City Complex in Chicago) on the cover
References
^ Sadler, Denham (November 18, 2012). "15 Years On: Modest Mouse – The Lonesome Crowded West". Tone Deaf. Melbourne. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
^ a b Butler, Blake. "The Lonesome Crowded West – Modest Mouse". AllMusic. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ Hess, Christopher (April 3, 1998). "Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West (Up)". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ Roth, Jason (January 23, 1998). "Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West (Up)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
^ Alexander, Jim (January 4, 1999). "Modest Mouse – The Lonesome Crowded West". NME. Archived from the original on October 8, 2000. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Spinelli, Adrian (November 11, 2014). "Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West Reissue Review". Paste. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ "Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West: Pitchfork Review". Archived from the original on June 20, 2000. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
^ Howe, Brian (November 5, 2014). "Modest Mouse: This Is a Long Drive for Someone With Nothing to Think About / The Lonesome Crowded West". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ Fine, Jason (February 5, 1998). "The Lonesome Crowded West". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2015.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Harris, Keith (2004). "Modest Mouse". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 551. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
^ Cox, Ana Marie (February 1998). "Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West". Spin. 14 (2): 108. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ Christgau, Robert (January 27, 1998). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ "Pitchfork Media Top 100 Albums of the 1990s: 30–21". Pitchfork. November 17, 2003. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
^ "The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s: 100–51". Pitchfork. September 1, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
^ "Spin's 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005". Spin. June 20, 2005. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
^ "The Indie Rock 25". Entertainment Weekly. March 19, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
^ "It Was 10 Years Ago Today: 18 Reasons 1997 Might Be The Next 1967". The A.V. Club. September 17, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
^ Hockley-Smith, Sam (August 21, 2013). "Backtrack: Modest Mouse, The Lonesome Crowded West". Stereogum. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ "Pitchfork.tv Presents Documentary on Modest Mouse's The Lonesome Crowded West". Pitchfork. June 18, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
^ Cohen, Jonathan (17 June 2000). "Epic to Mine Indie Base For Modest Mouse Set". Billboard. p. 24. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
vteModest Mouse
Isaac Brock
Tom Peloso
Ben Massarella
Russell Higbee
Simon O'Connor
Jeremiah Green
Eric Judy
Dann Gallucci
Joe Plummer
Johnny Marr
Benjamin Weikel
Lisa Molinaro
Jim Fairchild
Davey Brozowski
John Wickhart
Studio albums
This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About
The Lonesome Crowded West
The Moon & Antarctica
Sad Sappy Sucker
Good News for People Who Love Bad News
We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank
Strangers to Ourselves
The Golden Casket
EPs
Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?
Interstate 8
The Fruit That Ate Itself
Night on the Sun
Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks
No One's First, and You're Next
Compilations
Building Nothing Out of Something
Live albums
Baron von Bullshit Rides Again
Singles
"Float On"
"Ocean Breathes Salty"
"The World at Large"
"Dashboard"
"King Rat"
"Missed the Boat"
"We've Got Everything"
"Satellite Skin"
"Lampshades on Fire"
"The Ground Walks, with Time in a Box"
Related
Discography
Ugly Casanova
Brand New/Modest Mouse Tour
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Modest Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Up Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Records"},{"link_name":"The Westin Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westin_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Isaac Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Brock_(musician)"},{"link_name":"This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_a_Long_Drive_for_Someone_with_Nothing_to_Think_About"}],"text":"The Lonesome Crowded West is the second studio album by American rock band Modest Mouse, released on November 18, 1997, by Up Records. 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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stereogum_Review-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Blake Butler of AllMusic praised the album's diversity, noting the range of \"quiet, brooding acoustics like 'Bankrupt on Selling' and dark and pounding thrashers like 'Cowboy Dan'\", and called the album \"indie rock at its very best.\"[2]Pitchfork ranked The Lonesome Crowded West at number 29 in their list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1990s,[13] and the song \"Trailer Trash\" reached number 63 in their list of the 200 greatest songs of the decade.[14] Spin ranked the album at number 59 in their list of the 100 greatest albums of 1985–2005,[15] and Entertainment Weekly included the album in their list The Indie Rock 25.[16] The A.V. Club has described The Lonesome Crowded West as the band's breakthrough recording.[17] Sam Hockley-Smith, in a retrospective review for Stereogum, refers to The Lonesome Crowded West as \"the album that made Modest Mouse a great band instead of just a good one\" and writes that the primary theme of disillusionment in Brock's lyrics is \"not pretty, but it's honest, and that honesty makes it beautiful, like Modest Mouse were desperately trying — and failing — to hold onto that last bit of naiveté.\"[18]In June 2012, Pitchfork.tv released a forty-five-minute documentary on the album. 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Rather than having a gatefold cover to house both records, or putting both records in a single cover, the double-vinyl release was shipped in two different covers. The 2014 vinyl reissue on Glacial Pace contains the same track listing and two-cover configuration.Side oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Teeth Like God's Shoeshine\"6:532.\"Heart Cooks Brain\"4:033.\"Convenient Parking\"4:084.\"Baby Blue Sedan\"4:04Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Jesus Christ Was an Only Child\"2:362.\"Doin' the Cockroach\"4:193.\"Cowboy Dan\"6:154.\"Trailer Trash\"5:50Side threeNo.TitleLength1.\"Out of Gas\"2:312.\"Long Distance Drunk\"3:433.\"Shit Luck\"2:234.\"Truckers Atlas\"10:58Side fourNo.TitleLength1.\"Polar Opposites\"3:302.\"Bankrupt on Selling\"2:543.\"Lounge (Closing Time)\"7:044.\"Styrofoam Boots/It's All Nice on Ice, Alright\"6:53","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Brock_(musician)"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Green"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"Eric Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Judy"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dann Gallucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Gallucci"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"bartender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartender"},{"link_name":"Calvin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Ek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ek"},{"link_name":"Pat Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Graham_(photographer)"}],"text":"Modest MouseIsaac Brock – guitars, vocals\nJeremiah Green – drums\nEric Judy – bassAdditional personnelDJ K.O. – phonogram player, k-ep 63 on \"Heart Cooks Brain\"\nDann Gallucci – guitar on \"Trailer Trash\" and \"Bankrupt on Selling\"\nTyler Reilly – fiddle on \"Jesus Christ Was an Only Child\"\nScott Swayze – guitar on \"Convenient Parking\" and \"Lounge (Closing Time)\"\nNicole Johnson – vocals\nChris Setton – vocals on \"Lounge (Closing Time)\"\nBrian Weber – bartenderProduction creditsProduced by Calvin Johnson, with Isaac Brock and Scott Swayze\nEngineered by Scott Swayze\nRecorded at Moon Music, except \"Teeth Like God's Shoeshine,\" \"Doin' the Cockroach,\" and \"Cowboy Dan\", recorded by Phil Ek at Avast and Jon & Stu's\nSnow photos by Pat Graham\nOther photos by I. 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Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/11/modest-mouse-lonesome-crowded-west-reissue-review.html","url_text":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West Reissue Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"}]},{"reference":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West: Pitchfork Review\". Archived from the original on June 20, 2000. Retrieved 2023-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000620180156/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/m/modest-mouse/lonesome-crowded-west.shtml","url_text":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West: Pitchfork Review\""},{"url":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/m/modest-mouse/lonesome-crowded-west.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Brian (November 5, 2014). \"Modest Mouse: This Is a Long Drive for Someone With Nothing to Think About / The Lonesome Crowded West\". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19884-modest-mouse-this-is-a-long-drive-for-someone-with-nothing-to-think-aboutthe-lonesome-crowded-west/","url_text":"\"Modest Mouse: This Is a Long Drive for Someone With Nothing to Think About / The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Jason (February 5, 1998). \"The Lonesome Crowded West\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121217094451/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/the-lonesome-crowded-west-19980205","url_text":"\"The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Keith (2004). \"Modest Mouse\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 551. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/551","url_text":"551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Ana Marie (February 1998). \"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West\". Spin. 14 (2): 108. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9KLYLI3Gu7IC&pg=PA108","url_text":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (January 27, 1998). \"Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv198-98.php","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchfork Media Top 100 Albums of the 1990s: 30–21\". Pitchfork. November 17, 2003. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120528165150/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/","url_text":"\"Pitchfork Media Top 100 Albums of the 1990s: 30–21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s: 100–51\". Pitchfork. September 1, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7851-the-top-200-tracks-of-the-1990s-100-51/4/","url_text":"\"The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s: 100–51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Spin's 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005\". Spin. June 20, 2005. Retrieved October 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2005/06/100-greatest-albums-1985-2005/","url_text":"\"Spin's 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"The Indie Rock 25\". Entertainment Weekly. March 19, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20184315_13,00.html","url_text":"\"The Indie Rock 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"It Was 10 Years Ago Today: 18 Reasons 1997 Might Be The Next 1967\". The A.V. Club. September 17, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/it-was-40-10-years-ago-today-18-reasons-1997-might,2038/","url_text":"\"It Was 10 Years Ago Today: 18 Reasons 1997 Might Be The Next 1967\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Hockley-Smith, Sam (August 21, 2013). \"Backtrack: Modest Mouse, The Lonesome Crowded West\". Stereogum. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1444352/backtrack-modest-mouse-the-lonesome-crowded-west/franchises/backtrack/","url_text":"\"Backtrack: Modest Mouse, The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchfork.tv Presents Documentary on Modest Mouse's The Lonesome Crowded West\". Pitchfork. June 18, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/46894-pitchforktv-presents-documentary-on-modest-mouses-the-lonesome-crowded-west/","url_text":"\"Pitchfork.tv Presents Documentary on Modest Mouse's The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (17 June 2000). \"Epic to Mine Indie Base For Modest Mouse Set\". Billboard. p. 24. Retrieved 8 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mw8EAAAAMBAJ&q=modest+mouse+The+Lonesome+Crowded+West+album+sales&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"Epic to Mine Indie Base For Modest Mouse Set\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/218897/15-years-modest-mouse-lonesome-crowded-west.htm","external_links_name":"\"15 Years On: Modest Mouse – The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lonesome-crowded-west-mw0000596977","external_links_name":"\"The Lonesome Crowded West – Modest Mouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/1998-04-03/523132/","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West (Up)\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-01-23/entertainment/9801230317_1_modest-mouse-travelogue-truckers","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West (Up)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001008234635/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19990004110452reviews.html","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse – The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19990004110452reviews.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/11/modest-mouse-lonesome-crowded-west-reissue-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West Reissue Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000620180156/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/m/modest-mouse/lonesome-crowded-west.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West: Pitchfork Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/m/modest-mouse/lonesome-crowded-west.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19884-modest-mouse-this-is-a-long-drive-for-someone-with-nothing-to-think-aboutthe-lonesome-crowded-west/","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: This Is a Long Drive for Someone With Nothing to Think About / The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121217094451/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/the-lonesome-crowded-west-19980205","external_links_name":"\"The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/551","external_links_name":"551"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9KLYLI3Gu7IC&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv198-98.php","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120528165150/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/","external_links_name":"\"Pitchfork Media Top 100 Albums of the 1990s: 30–21\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7851-the-top-200-tracks-of-the-1990s-100-51/4/","external_links_name":"\"The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s: 100–51\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2005/06/100-greatest-albums-1985-2005/","external_links_name":"\"Spin's 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20184315_13,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Indie Rock 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/it-was-40-10-years-ago-today-18-reasons-1997-might,2038/","external_links_name":"\"It Was 10 Years Ago Today: 18 Reasons 1997 Might Be The Next 1967\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1444352/backtrack-modest-mouse-the-lonesome-crowded-west/franchises/backtrack/","external_links_name":"\"Backtrack: Modest Mouse, The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/46894-pitchforktv-presents-documentary-on-modest-mouses-the-lonesome-crowded-west/","external_links_name":"\"Pitchfork.tv Presents Documentary on Modest Mouse's The Lonesome Crowded West\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mw8EAAAAMBAJ&q=modest+mouse+The+Lonesome+Crowded+West+album+sales&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"\"Epic to Mine Indie Base For Modest Mouse Set\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/041884b1-1ac5-3c8b-93cc-ac928c78c4a0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Giraph | Apache Giraph | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Open-source graph processing software
Apache GiraphDeveloper(s)Apache Software FoundationStable release1.3.0
/ 11 June 2020; 4 years ago (2020-06-11)
Repositorygitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/giraph.git
Written inJavaOperating systemCross-platformTypeGraph processingLicenseApache License 2.0Websitegiraph.apache.org
Apache Giraph is an Apache project to perform graph processing on big data. Giraph utilizes Apache Hadoop's MapReduce implementation to process graphs. Facebook used Giraph with some performance improvements to analyze one trillion edges using 200 machines in 4 minutes. Giraph is based on a paper published by Google about its own graph processing system called Pregel. It can be compared to other Big Graph processing libraries such as Cassovary.
As of September 2023, it is no longer actively developed.
References
^ Ching, Avery (August 14, 2013). "Scaling Apache Giraph to a trillion edges". Facebook. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ Jackson, Joab (Aug 14, 2013). "Facebook's Graph Search puts Apache Giraph on the map". PC World. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ Harris, Derrick (Aug 14, 2013). "Facebook's trillion-edge, Hadoop-based and open source graph-processing engine". Gigaom. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ "Apache Giraph - Apache Attic".
External links
Official website
vteThe Apache Software FoundationTop-levelprojects
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"graph processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"big data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data"},{"link_name":"Apache Hadoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Apache Giraph is an Apache project to perform graph processing on big data. Giraph utilizes Apache Hadoop's MapReduce implementation to process graphs. Facebook used Giraph with some performance improvements to analyze one trillion edges using 200 machines in 4 minutes.[1] Giraph is based on a paper published by Google about its own graph processing system called Pregel.[2] It can be compared to other Big Graph processing libraries such as Cassovary.[3]As of September 2023, it is no longer actively developed.[4]","title":"Apache Giraph"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ching, Avery (August 14, 2013). \"Scaling Apache Giraph to a trillion edges\". Facebook. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920","url_text":"\"Scaling Apache Giraph to a trillion edges\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Joab (Aug 14, 2013). \"Facebook's Graph Search puts Apache Giraph on the map\". PC World. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2046680/facebooks-graph-search-puts-apache-giraph-on-the-map.html","url_text":"\"Facebook's Graph Search puts Apache Giraph on the map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World","url_text":"PC World"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Derrick (Aug 14, 2013). \"Facebook's trillion-edge, Hadoop-based and open source graph-processing engine\". Gigaom. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gigaom.com/2013/08/14/facebooks-trillion-edge-hadoop-based-graph-processing-engine/","url_text":"\"Facebook's trillion-edge, Hadoop-based and open source graph-processing engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigaom","url_text":"Gigaom"}]},{"reference":"\"Apache Giraph - Apache Attic\".","urls":[{"url":"https://attic.apache.org/projects/giraph.html","url_text":"\"Apache Giraph - Apache Attic\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/giraph.git","external_links_name":"gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/giraph.git"},{"Link":"http://giraph.apache.org/","external_links_name":"giraph.apache.org"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scaling-apache-giraph-to-a-trillion-edges/10151617006153920","external_links_name":"\"Scaling Apache Giraph to a trillion edges\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2046680/facebooks-graph-search-puts-apache-giraph-on-the-map.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's Graph Search puts Apache Giraph on the map\""},{"Link":"http://gigaom.com/2013/08/14/facebooks-trillion-edge-hadoop-based-graph-processing-engine/","external_links_name":"\"Facebook's trillion-edge, Hadoop-based and open source graph-processing engine\""},{"Link":"https://attic.apache.org/projects/giraph.html","external_links_name":"\"Apache Giraph - Apache Attic\""},{"Link":"http://giraph.apache.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Woods | Little Woods | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2018 film
For the place in New Orleans, see Little Woods, Louisiana.
Little WoodsTheatrical release posterDirected byNia DaCostaWritten byNia DaCostaProduced by
Rachael Fung
Tim Headington
Gabrielle Nadig
Starring
Tessa Thompson
Lily James
Luke Kirby
James Badge Dale
Lance Reddick
CinematographyMatt MitchellEdited byCatrin HedströmMusic by
Brian McOmber
Malcolm Parson
Productioncompanies
Tango Entertainment
Water's End Productions
Automatik
Stone Boies
Extra A Productions
Gabrielle Nadig Productions
Distributed by
Neon (United States)
Limelight Distribution (Australia)
Release dates
April 21, 2018 (2018-04-21) (Tribeca)
April 19, 2019 (2019-04-19) (United States)
May 16, 2019 (2019-05-16) (Australia)
Running time105 minutesCountries
United States
Australia
LanguageEnglishBox office$171,912
Little Woods is a 2018 crime drama film, written and directed by Nia DaCosta in her feature directorial debut. The film stars Tessa Thompson, Lily James, Luke Kirby, James Badge Dale and Lance Reddick.
Little Woods had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2018, and was released on 19 April 2019 in the United States by Neon and on 16 May 2019 in Australia by Limelight Distribution. In the United Kingdom, it was released both digitally and on DVD as Crossing the Line on 29 April 2019 by Signature Entertainment.
Plot
Ollie Hale is on probation after being caught illegally crossing the border between North Dakota and Canada. She is determined to reinvent her life and with eight days left on probation she has applied to find work in Spokane. Numerous opportunities to go back to her old way of life, including selling prescription medicine illegally and doing more work at the border, keep presenting themselves though Ollie scrapes by doing odd jobs for the construction workers who work nearby.
Ollie's sister Deb, who has become semi-estranged since their mother's illness and death, discovers she is pregnant and turns to Ollie for help. Deb is already a single mother to her son Johnny and is living in an illegally parked trailer. Ollie offers to sign over the title of their mother's house to Deb, however the house is due to be foreclosed on. Ollie manages to negotiate down the down payment to prevent the foreclosure but the amount of money needed seems insurmountable to the sisters. Ollie is nevertheless determined to ensure that Deb is alright before she leaves.
Reluctantly Ollie returns to the woods to retrieve a bag of 500 pills she hid there before crossing, intending to sell them in a week to prevent foreclosure on the house.
At her job interview for the Spokane job, Ollie is attacked by Bill, a local drug dealer angry she is infringing on his territory. He offers her a choice between giving him a 30 percent cut of her sales or crossing the border for him again. She decides to cut him in, rather than take on the riskier work of crossing the border.
After learning that going through with her pregnancy will cost her upwards of $8000, Deb decides to have an abortion. Realising that the only legal clinic is hundreds of miles away, she obtains the name of a local illegal abortion provider. The night Deb is scheduled to go for her abortion, the trailer she lives in is towed away along with the rest of the pills and all of the money for the foreclosure which Ollie had been keeping there to hide from her probation officer. On discovering that the trailer wasn't even registered in Deb's name, Ollie breaks into the pound where she finds the trailer has already been raided and all the money and drugs are gone.
After learning that Deb wants to have an abortion, Ollie decides to agree to Bill's drug run to Canada in exchange for enough money to secure the house, and determines to take Deb across with her so she'll be able to have a safe and clean abortion.
Though Deb has difficulty obtaining a fake Manitoba ID card she is able to steal one. The crossing is successful and Ollie picks up the drugs while Deb is able to have an abortion. While waiting for Deb to come out of the clinic Ollie learns that the Spokane job is hers. The sisters spend the night in Canada and Ollie tells Deb she is leaving and that Deb will be fine without her. The next morning they cross back into the U.S.
Cast
Tessa Thompson as Oleander "Ollie" Hale
Lily James as Deb Hale
Luke Kirby as Bill
James Badge Dale as Ian
Lance Reddick as Carter
Jeremy St. James as Mike
Charlie Ray Reid as Johnny Hale
Brandon Potter as Dale
Ryan Downs Hayden as Joe
Elizabeth Maxwell as Jenny
Luci Christian as Sheila
Morgana Shaw as Gerry
Rochelle Robinson as Canadian Receptionist
Production
In January 2017, it was announced Tessa Thompson, Lily James, Luke Kirby, James Badge Dale and Lance Reddick joined the cast, with Nia DaCosta directing from a screenplay she wrote. The film was produced by Rachael Fung, Gabrielle Nadig, and Tim Headington.
Release
Little Woods had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2018. Shortly after, NEON acquired distribution rights to the film. It was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival on 24 September 2018. It was released in cinemas on 19 April 2019 in the United States and on 16 May 2019 in Australia.
In the United Kingdom, Signature Entertainment released the film both digitally and on DVD as Crossing the Line on 29 April 2019.
Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Led by standout work from Tessa Thompson, Little Woods tells a grimly absorbing tale that marks a commendable debut for writer-director Nia DaCosta." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
References
^ "Little Woods". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ Lodderhouse, Diana (January 12, 2017). "Tessa Thompson & Lily James Head To 'Little Woods'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Wiseman, Andreas (April 12, 2018). "Tribeca-Bound Western 'Little Woods', Starring Tessa Thompson & Lily James, Scores International Sales Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Raup, Jordan (March 7, 2018). "Tribeca 2018 Lineup Includes 'Disobedience,' 'The Miseducation of Cameron Post,' 'The Seagull,' and More". The Film Stage. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ "Little Woods". Tribeca Film Festival. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ McNary, Dave (June 14, 2018). "Tessa Thompson-Lily James Western 'Little Woods' Bought by Neon". Variety. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Hipes, Patrick (August 22, 2018). "Ike Barinholtz & Tiffany Haddish's 'The Oath' To World Premiere At Los Angeles Film Festival". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ "Little Woods". Los Angeles Film Festival. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ Sharf, Zack (January 14, 2019). "'Little Woods' Trailer: Tessa Thompson and Lily James Are Sisters in Serious Trouble". IndieWire. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
^ "CROSSING THE LINE". Signature Entertainment. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
^ "Mandy to I Blame Society: the seven best films to watch on TV this week". the Guardian. April 15, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
^ "Little Woods (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ "Little Woods Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
External links
Little Woods at IMDb
Little Woods at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Nia DaCosta
Little Woods (2018)
Candyman (2021)
The Marvels (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Woods, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Woods,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Nia DaCosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_DaCosta"},{"link_name":"Tessa Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Lily James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_James"},{"link_name":"Luke Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Kirby"},{"link_name":"James Badge Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Badge_Dale"},{"link_name":"Lance Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Reddick"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_(distributor)"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Signature Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_Entertainment"}],"text":"For the place in New Orleans, see Little Woods, Louisiana.Little Woods is a 2018 crime drama film, written and directed by Nia DaCosta in her feature directorial debut. The film stars Tessa Thompson, Lily James, Luke Kirby, James Badge Dale and Lance Reddick.Little Woods had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2018, and was released on 19 April 2019 in the United States by Neon and on 16 May 2019 in Australia by Limelight Distribution. In the United Kingdom, it was released both digitally and on DVD as Crossing the Line on 29 April 2019 by Signature Entertainment.","title":"Little Woods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_impoundment"}],"text":"Ollie Hale is on probation after being caught illegally crossing the border between North Dakota and Canada. She is determined to reinvent her life and with eight days left on probation she has applied to find work in Spokane. Numerous opportunities to go back to her old way of life, including selling prescription medicine illegally and doing more work at the border, keep presenting themselves though Ollie scrapes by doing odd jobs for the construction workers who work nearby.Ollie's sister Deb, who has become semi-estranged since their mother's illness and death, discovers she is pregnant and turns to Ollie for help. Deb is already a single mother to her son Johnny and is living in an illegally parked trailer. Ollie offers to sign over the title of their mother's house to Deb, however the house is due to be foreclosed on. Ollie manages to negotiate down the down payment to prevent the foreclosure but the amount of money needed seems insurmountable to the sisters. Ollie is nevertheless determined to ensure that Deb is alright before she leaves.Reluctantly Ollie returns to the woods to retrieve a bag of 500 pills she hid there before crossing, intending to sell them in a week to prevent foreclosure on the house.At her job interview for the Spokane job, Ollie is attacked by Bill, a local drug dealer angry she is infringing on his territory. He offers her a choice between giving him a 30 percent cut of her sales or crossing the border for him again. She decides to cut him in, rather than take on the riskier work of crossing the border.\nAfter learning that going through with her pregnancy will cost her upwards of $8000, Deb decides to have an abortion. Realising that the only legal clinic is hundreds of miles away, she obtains the name of a local illegal abortion provider. The night Deb is scheduled to go for her abortion, the trailer she lives in is towed away along with the rest of the pills and all of the money for the foreclosure which Ollie had been keeping there to hide from her probation officer. On discovering that the trailer wasn't even registered in Deb's name, Ollie breaks into the pound where she finds the trailer has already been raided and all the money and drugs are gone.After learning that Deb wants to have an abortion, Ollie decides to agree to Bill's drug run to Canada in exchange for enough money to secure the house, and determines to take Deb across with her so she'll be able to have a safe and clean abortion.Though Deb has difficulty obtaining a fake Manitoba ID card she is able to steal one. The crossing is successful and Ollie picks up the drugs while Deb is able to have an abortion. While waiting for Deb to come out of the clinic Ollie learns that the Spokane job is hers. The sisters spend the night in Canada and Ollie tells Deb she is leaving and that Deb will be fine without her. The next morning they cross back into the U.S.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tessa Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Lily James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_James"},{"link_name":"Luke Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Kirby"},{"link_name":"James Badge Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Badge_Dale"},{"link_name":"Lance Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Reddick"},{"link_name":"Brandon Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Potter"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Luci Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci_Christian"}],"text":"Tessa Thompson as Oleander \"Ollie\" Hale\nLily James as Deb Hale\nLuke Kirby as Bill\nJames Badge Dale as Ian\nLance Reddick as Carter\nJeremy St. James as Mike\nCharlie Ray Reid as Johnny Hale\nBrandon Potter as Dale\nRyan Downs Hayden as Joe\nElizabeth Maxwell as Jenny\nLuci Christian as Sheila\nMorgana Shaw as Gerry\nRochelle Robinson as Canadian Receptionist","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tessa Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Lily James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_James"},{"link_name":"Luke Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Kirby"},{"link_name":"James Badge Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Badge_Dale"},{"link_name":"Lance Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Reddick"},{"link_name":"Tim Headington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Headington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In January 2017, it was announced Tessa Thompson, Lily James, Luke Kirby, James Badge Dale and Lance Reddick joined the cast, with Nia DaCosta directing from a screenplay she wrote. The film was produced by Rachael Fung, Gabrielle Nadig, and Tim Headington.[2][3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NEON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_(distributor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Signature Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Little Woods had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2018.[4][5] Shortly after, NEON acquired distribution rights to the film.[6] It was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival on 24 September 2018.[7][8] It was released in cinemas on 19 April 2019 in the United States and on 16 May 2019 in Australia.[9]In the United Kingdom, Signature Entertainment released the film both digitally and on DVD as Crossing the Line on 29 April 2019.[10][11]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads: \"Led by standout work from Tessa Thompson, Little Woods tells a grimly absorbing tale that marks a commendable debut for writer-director Nia DaCosta.\"[12] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[13]","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Little Woods\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlewoods.htm","url_text":"\"Little Woods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Lodderhouse, Diana (January 12, 2017). \"Tessa Thompson & Lily James Head To 'Little Woods'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/01/lily-james-tessa-thompson-little-woods-james-badge-dale-luke-kirby-lance-reddick-nia-dacosta-1201884289/","url_text":"\"Tessa Thompson & Lily James Head To 'Little Woods'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Andreas (April 12, 2018). \"Tribeca-Bound Western 'Little Woods', Starring Tessa Thompson & Lily James, Scores International Sales Deal\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/tessa-thompson-lily-james-drama-little-woods-scores-international-sales-deal-ahead-tribeca-film-festival-premiere-1202362848/","url_text":"\"Tribeca-Bound Western 'Little Woods', Starring Tessa Thompson & Lily James, Scores International Sales Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Raup, Jordan (March 7, 2018). \"Tribeca 2018 Lineup Includes 'Disobedience,' 'The Miseducation of Cameron Post,' 'The Seagull,' and More\". The Film Stage. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefilmstage.com/news/tribeca-2018-lineup-includes-disobedience-the-miseducation-of-cameron-post-the-seagull-and-more/","url_text":"\"Tribeca 2018 Lineup Includes 'Disobedience,' 'The Miseducation of Cameron Post,' 'The Seagull,' and More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Woods\". Tribeca Film Festival. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/little-woods-2018","url_text":"\"Little Woods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival","url_text":"Tribeca Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (June 14, 2018). \"Tessa Thompson-Lily James Western 'Little Woods' Bought by Neon\". Variety. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/tessa-thompson-liliy-james-little-woods-1202846146/","url_text":"\"Tessa Thompson-Lily James Western 'Little Woods' Bought by Neon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (August 22, 2018). \"Ike Barinholtz & Tiffany Haddish's 'The Oath' To World Premiere At Los Angeles Film Festival\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/08/the-oath-los-angeles-film-festival-world-premiere-ike-barinholtz-tiffany-haddish-1202450800/","url_text":"\"Ike Barinholtz & Tiffany Haddish's 'The Oath' To World Premiere At Los Angeles Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Little Woods\". Los Angeles Film Festival. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823041948/https://tickets.lafilmfestival.com/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=3AD14D42-47A9-45D9-95BA-72A54FA1E30B&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id=FD400C1B-427A-4CEB-A7FF-EC0465AD980F","url_text":"\"Little Woods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival","url_text":"Los Angeles Film Festival"},{"url":"https://tickets.lafilmfestival.com/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=3AD14D42-47A9-45D9-95BA-72A54FA1E30B&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id=FD400C1B-427A-4CEB-A7FF-EC0465AD980F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sharf, Zack (January 14, 2019). \"'Little Woods' Trailer: Tessa Thompson and Lily James Are Sisters in Serious Trouble\". IndieWire. Retrieved January 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2019/01/little-woods-trailer-tessa-thompson-lily-james-1202034858/","url_text":"\"'Little Woods' Trailer: Tessa Thompson and Lily James Are Sisters in Serious Trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]},{"reference":"\"CROSSING THE LINE\". Signature Entertainment. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.signature-entertainment.co.uk/film/crossing-the-line/","url_text":"\"CROSSING THE LINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mandy to I Blame Society: the seven best films to watch on TV this week\". the Guardian. April 15, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/apr/15/mandy-to-i-blame-society-the-seven-best-films-to-watch-on-tv-this-week","url_text":"\"Mandy to I Blame Society: the seven best films to watch on TV this week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Woods (2018)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/little_woods","url_text":"\"Little Woods (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Little Woods Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved June 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/little-woods?ftag=MCD-06-10aaa1c","url_text":"\"Little Woods Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlewoods.htm","external_links_name":"\"Little Woods\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/01/lily-james-tessa-thompson-little-woods-james-badge-dale-luke-kirby-lance-reddick-nia-dacosta-1201884289/","external_links_name":"\"Tessa Thompson & Lily James Head To 'Little Woods'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/tessa-thompson-lily-james-drama-little-woods-scores-international-sales-deal-ahead-tribeca-film-festival-premiere-1202362848/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca-Bound Western 'Little Woods', Starring Tessa Thompson & Lily James, Scores International Sales Deal\""},{"Link":"https://thefilmstage.com/news/tribeca-2018-lineup-includes-disobedience-the-miseducation-of-cameron-post-the-seagull-and-more/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca 2018 Lineup Includes 'Disobedience,' 'The Miseducation of Cameron Post,' 'The Seagull,' and More\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/little-woods-2018","external_links_name":"\"Little Woods\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/tessa-thompson-liliy-james-little-woods-1202846146/","external_links_name":"\"Tessa Thompson-Lily James Western 'Little Woods' Bought by Neon\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/08/the-oath-los-angeles-film-festival-world-premiere-ike-barinholtz-tiffany-haddish-1202450800/","external_links_name":"\"Ike Barinholtz & Tiffany Haddish's 'The Oath' To World Premiere At Los Angeles Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823041948/https://tickets.lafilmfestival.com/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=3AD14D42-47A9-45D9-95BA-72A54FA1E30B&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id=FD400C1B-427A-4CEB-A7FF-EC0465AD980F","external_links_name":"\"Little Woods\""},{"Link":"https://tickets.lafilmfestival.com/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=3AD14D42-47A9-45D9-95BA-72A54FA1E30B&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id=FD400C1B-427A-4CEB-A7FF-EC0465AD980F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2019/01/little-woods-trailer-tessa-thompson-lily-james-1202034858/","external_links_name":"\"'Little Woods' Trailer: Tessa Thompson and Lily James Are Sisters in Serious Trouble\""},{"Link":"https://www.signature-entertainment.co.uk/film/crossing-the-line/","external_links_name":"\"CROSSING THE LINE\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/apr/15/mandy-to-i-blame-society-the-seven-best-films-to-watch-on-tv-this-week","external_links_name":"\"Mandy to I Blame Society: the seven best films to watch on TV this week\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/little_woods","external_links_name":"\"Little Woods (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/little-woods?ftag=MCD-06-10aaa1c","external_links_name":"\"Little Woods Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6418918/","external_links_name":"Little Woods"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/little_woods","external_links_name":"Little Woods"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Macpherson | Greg Macpherson | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal","4 Electoral history","5 References","6 External links"] | American politician
This article is about the Oregon politician. For the Canadian singer-songwriter, see Greg MacPherson.
Greg MacphersonMember of the Oregon House of Representativesfrom the 38th districtIn office2003–2009Preceded byRichard DevlinSucceeded byChris Garrett
Personal detailsBorn (1950-05-03) May 3, 1950 (age 74)Corvallis, OregonPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseTory MacphersonResidenceLake Oswego, OregonOccupationAttorney
Gregory Hector Macpherson (born May 3, 1950) is a Democratic politician in the US state of Oregon. From 2003 to 2009, he served as the state representative from District 38, which includes most of Lake Oswego and portions of southwestern Portland.
Early life
Macpherson was born in Corvallis, Oregon, and grew up in rural Linn County. His paternal grandfather, Hector Macpherson, Sr., was elected in 1926, 1928, and 1938 as a progressive Republican member the Oregon Legislative Assembly. During his political career his grandfather helped found the Oregon Department of Education. His father, Hector Jr., served in the Oregon State Senate and was a cosponsor of the 1973 law that established Oregon's land-use planning system.
Macpherson earned his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in 1972 and his law degree from Georgetown University in 1975. He was admitted to the Oregon bar in 1975. After 41 years, he retired in 2016 as a partner at Stoel Rives LLP in Portland.
Political career
In 2002, Macpherson was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, defeating Republican Jim Zupancic. He was re-elected in 2004 and 2006. In the Oregon House, he played a prominent role opposing Measure 37, a controversial ballot initiative that invalidated much of Oregon's land use regulation. He was the plaintiff in Macpherson v. Department of Administrative Services, an unsuccessful challenge to Measure 37's constitutionality. As chair of the House Judiciary Committee, he was instrumental in writing Measure 49, a 2007 ballot measure that scaled back some of Measure 37's provisions.
In 2006, Macpherson was one of only three Democrats in the Oregon legislature who urged the PUC to oppose refunding Portland General Electric (PGE) customers who had been illegally overcharged by the utility.
He was a candidate for Oregon Attorney General in 2008, running to succeed incumbent Hardy Myers, but lost in the Democratic primary to John Kroger. In 2012, Macpherson announced that he would run for mayor of his hometown of Lake Oswego.
Personal
Macpherson and his wife Tory live in Lake Oswego. He has two adult children.
Electoral history
2004 Oregon State Representative, 38th district
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Greg Macpherson
25,014
85.6
Libertarian
Christopher Richter
2,384
8.2
Constitution
Ernest C. Richardson
1,465
5.0
Write-in
357
1.2
Total votes
29,220
100%
2006 Oregon State Representative, 38th district
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Greg Macpherson
18,361
68.7
Republican
Fred Bremner
8,335
31.2
Write-in
45
0.2
Total votes
26,741
100%
References
^ a b "Gregory H. Macpherson profile". Lawyers.com. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
^ Elizabeth Nielsen, "Guide to the Zorn-Macpherson Bill Collection 1926-1932," Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Oregon State University Archives, Corvallis, OR.
^ Jaquiss, Nigel (March 26, 2008). "Gunfight at the OR Corral". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
^ "Greg Macpherson". Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ Giegerich, Andy (February 1, 2012). "Macpherson flings hat into L.O. mayoral race". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
^ a b "Macpherson set to run for attorney general". Albany Democrat Herald. August 22, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
^ Silverman, Julia (May 21, 2008). "Kroger, Brown win statewide races". Ashland Daily Tidings. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
^ Murphy, Kara Hansen (February 1, 2012). "Macpherson jumps into city politics, seeks mayor's post". Lake Oswego Review. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
^ "Official Results | November 2, 2004". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ "Official Results | November 7, 2006". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
External links
Stoel Rives LLP resume | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg MacPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_MacPherson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawyers-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Lake Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"}],"text":"This article is about the Oregon politician. For the Canadian singer-songwriter, see Greg MacPherson.Gregory Hector Macpherson (born May 3, 1950)[1] is a Democratic politician in the US state of Oregon. From 2003 to 2009, he served as the state representative from District 38, which includes most of Lake Oswego and portions of southwestern Portland.","title":"Greg Macpherson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corvallis, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Linn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Hector Macpherson, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Macpherson,_Sr."},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oregon Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jacquiss-3"},{"link_name":"Hector Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Macpherson,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Oregon State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"the 1973 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Senate_Bill_100"},{"link_name":"Oregon's land-use planning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"law degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawyers-1"},{"link_name":"Stoel Rives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoel_Rives"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Macpherson was born in Corvallis, Oregon, and grew up in rural Linn County. His paternal grandfather, Hector Macpherson, Sr., was elected in 1926, 1928, and 1938 as a progressive Republican member the Oregon Legislative Assembly.[2] During his political career his grandfather helped found the Oregon Department of Education.[3] His father, Hector Jr., served in the Oregon State Senate and was a cosponsor of the 1973 law that established Oregon's land-use planning system.Macpherson earned his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in 1972 and his law degree from Georgetown University in 1975. He was admitted to the Oregon bar in 1975.[1] After 41 years, he retired in 2016 as a partner at Stoel Rives LLP in Portland.[4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Measure 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_37_(2004)"},{"link_name":"initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_initiative"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adh-6"},{"link_name":"Oregon Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Hardy Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Myers"},{"link_name":"John Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kroger"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lake Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2002, Macpherson was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, defeating Republican Jim Zupancic. He was re-elected in 2004 and 2006. In the Oregon House, he played a prominent role opposing Measure 37, a controversial ballot initiative that invalidated much of Oregon's land use regulation. He was the plaintiff in Macpherson v. Department of Administrative Services, an unsuccessful challenge to Measure 37's constitutionality. As chair of the House Judiciary Committee, he was instrumental in writing Measure 49, a 2007 ballot measure that scaled back some of Measure 37's provisions.[6]In 2006, Macpherson was one of only three Democrats in the Oregon legislature who urged the PUC to oppose refunding Portland General Electric (PGE) customers who had been illegally overcharged by the utility.He was a candidate for Oregon Attorney General in 2008, running to succeed incumbent Hardy Myers, but lost in the Democratic primary to John Kroger.[7] In 2012, Macpherson announced that he would run for mayor of his hometown of Lake Oswego.[8]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adh-6"}],"text":"Macpherson and his wife Tory live in Lake Oswego. He has two adult children.[6]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gregory H. Macpherson profile\". Lawyers.com. Retrieved April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawyers.com/Oregon/Portland/Gregory-H.-Macpherson-1501158-a.html","url_text":"\"Gregory H. Macpherson profile\""}]},{"reference":"Jaquiss, Nigel (March 26, 2008). \"Gunfight at the OR Corral\". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Jaquiss","url_text":"Jaquiss, Nigel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328230455/http://wweek.com/editorial/3420/10728/","url_text":"\"Gunfight at the OR Corral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Week","url_text":"Willamette Week"},{"url":"http://wweek.com/editorial/3420/10728/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Macpherson\". Retrieved April 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/greg-macpherson-b9130715/","url_text":"\"Greg Macpherson\""}]},{"reference":"Giegerich, Andy (February 1, 2012). \"Macpherson flings hat into L.O. mayoral race\". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/02/01/macpherson-flings-hat-into-lo-race.html","url_text":"\"Macpherson flings hat into L.O. mayoral race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macpherson set to run for attorney general\". Albany Democrat Herald. August 22, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://democratherald.com/news/local/macpherson-set-to-run-for-attorney-general/article_c3cee752-c6e5-56b3-98ba-432fa330d622.html","url_text":"\"Macpherson set to run for attorney general\""}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Julia (May 21, 2008). \"Kroger, Brown win statewide races\". Ashland Daily Tidings. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytidings.com/article/20080521/News/305219995","url_text":"\"Kroger, Brown win statewide races\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Kara Hansen (February 1, 2012). \"Macpherson jumps into city politics, seeks mayor's post\". Lake Oswego Review. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thetribonline.com/news/story.php?story_id=132813645874041700","url_text":"\"Macpherson jumps into city politics, seeks mayor's post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Oswego_Review","url_text":"Lake Oswego Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Results | November 2, 2004\". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873503","url_text":"\"Official Results | November 2, 2004\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004416/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","url_text":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004315/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lawyers.com/Oregon/Portland/Gregory-H.-Macpherson-1501158-a.html","external_links_name":"\"Gregory H. Macpherson profile\""},{"Link":"http://archives.library.oregonstate.edu/files/archives/mss/zorn_macpherson_des.html","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Zorn-Macpherson Bill Collection 1926-1932,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053844/http://archives.library.oregonstate.edu/files/archives/mss/zorn_macpherson_des.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328230455/http://wweek.com/editorial/3420/10728/","external_links_name":"\"Gunfight at the OR Corral\""},{"Link":"http://wweek.com/editorial/3420/10728/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/greg-macpherson-b9130715/","external_links_name":"\"Greg Macpherson\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/02/01/macpherson-flings-hat-into-lo-race.html","external_links_name":"\"Macpherson flings hat into L.O. mayoral race\""},{"Link":"https://democratherald.com/news/local/macpherson-set-to-run-for-attorney-general/article_c3cee752-c6e5-56b3-98ba-432fa330d622.html","external_links_name":"\"Macpherson set to run for attorney general\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytidings.com/article/20080521/News/305219995","external_links_name":"\"Kroger, Brown win statewide races\""},{"Link":"http://thetribonline.com/news/story.php?story_id=132813645874041700","external_links_name":"\"Macpherson jumps into city politics, seeks mayor's post\""},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873503","external_links_name":"\"Official Results | November 2, 2004\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004416/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873503","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","external_links_name":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004315/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stoel.com/showbio.aspx?Show=303","external_links_name":"Stoel Rives LLP resume"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Wu | Julie Wu | ["1 Life and career","2 Novels","3 Background on The Third Son","4 References"] | American novelist
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Julie WuBorn (1967-04-02) April 2, 1967 (age 57)OccupationNovelistNationalityAmericanAlma materHarvard University (BA)Columbia University (MD)Genrenovel, literary fiction, historical fictionNotable worksThe Third Son (2013)Websitejuliewuauthor.com
Julie Wu is a Taiwanese-American novelist and medical doctor. She is the author of the novel The Third Son (2013), published by Algonquin Books.
Life and career
Wu was born on April 2, 1967. She graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Literature, magna cum laude, and received her Medical Doctorate (MD degree) from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. Wu entered the medical field partly because she believed that a medical career would benefit her as a writer. She completed her residency in internal medicine and then began practicing as a primary care physician. Wu then closed her medical practice upon wanting to focus her time on her writing and on her children. Wu is also a recipient of a 2012 Massachusetts Cultural Council fellowship, and has also received a writing grant from the Vermont Studio Center. She was once enrolled at the Indiana University at Bloomington master's program in vocal performance.
Novels
Wu wrote and published The Third Son in 2013, via Algonquin Books. The novel revolves around a boy named Saburo and is set against the backdrop of occupied 1950s Taiwan and America at the dawn of the space age. The novel received positive reviews from The Boston Globe, O the Oprah Magazine, Kirkus Reviews, The Christian Science Monitor, Shelf Awareness and more.
Background on The Third Son
Upon researching the political history of Taiwan and learning of the "2/28", Wu decided to write a novel that communicated the experience of the Taiwanese under Japanese rule and bridged the silence surrounding this time period. Wu stated that the inspiration for her debut novel evolved first from an initial desire to write the "Great American Novel" to a desire to provide a voice for the Taiwanese and their history. Wu ultimately wanted to write a story that would educate the American public stating that, "... evolved partly from story but...I really fictionalized it...so that it would introduce people who wouldn't normally learn about Taiwanese history to Taiwanese history."
References
^ "Books & Reviews". JulieWu.com.
^ a b c d "Contemporary Authors Online". Biography in Context. Gale. 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "Bio". JulieWu.com.
^ "Interview with Julie Wu, Author of The Third Son". Bookmagnet's Blog. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
^ a b c "An Interview with Julie Wu, Author of The Third Son". TaiwaneseAmerican.org. 23 April 2013.
^ Id.
^ Id.
^ "Books & Reviews, supra n.1". JulieWu.com. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b c "Author Julie Wu Introduces New Novel, The Third Son". YouTube. June 20, 2014.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese-American"},{"link_name":"Algonquin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_Books"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jw1-1"}],"text":"Julie Wu is a Taiwanese-American novelist and medical doctor. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinggy%C3%AA_County | Dinggyê County | ["1 Administration divisions","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 28°21′51″N 87°45′57″E / 28.3642°N 87.7659°E / 28.3642; 87.7659County in Tibet, ChinaDinggyê County
གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་། · 定结县Dinjie, Tingche, TingkyeCountyLocation of Dinggyê County (red) within Xigazê City (yellow) and the Tibet Autonomous RegionDinggyêLocation of the seat in the Tibet A.R.Show map of TibetDinggyêDinggyê (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates (Dinggyê County government): 28°21′51″N 87°45′57″E / 28.3642°N 87.7659°E / 28.3642; 87.7659CountryChinaAutonomous regionTibetPrefecture-level cityXigazêCounty seatGyankarArea • Total5,834.55 km2 (2,252.73 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total20,362 • Density3.5/km2 (9.0/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.djx.gov.cn
Dinggyê CountyChinese nameSimplified Chinese定结县Traditional Chinese定結縣TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDìngjié XiànYue: CantoneseJyutpingding6git3 jyun2Tibetan nameTibetanགཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་།TranscriptionsWyliegding skyes rdzongTibetan PinyinDinggyê Zong
Dinggyê County (Tibetan: གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་།, Chinese: 定结县) is a county of the Xigazê city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, bordering Nepal's Sankhuwasabha and Taplejung Districts to the south and India's Sikkim state to the southeast. Jin Co and Duolo Co are located in this county.
It is one of the four counties that comprise the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (Dinggyê, Tingri, Nyalam, and Kyirong).
Administration divisions
Dinggyê County is divided into 3 towns and 7 townships.
Name
Chinese
Hanyu Pinyin
Tibetan
Wylie
Towns
Gyangkar Town
江嘎镇
Jiānggā zhèn
རྒྱལ་མཁར་གྲོང་རྡལ།
rgyal mkhar grong rdal
Zhêntang Town
陈塘镇
Chéntáng zhèn
འདྲེན་ཐང་གྲོང་རྡལ།
'dren thang grong rdal
Ri'og Town
日屋镇
Rìwū zhèn
རི་འོག་གྲོང་རྡལ།
ri 'og grong rdal
Townships
Qab Township
确布乡
Quèbù xiāng
ཆབ་ཤང་།
chab shang
Dinggyê Township
定结乡
Dìngjié xiāng
གདིང་སྐྱེས་ཤང་།
gding skyes shang
Dozhag Township
多布扎乡
Duōbùzhā xiāng
རྡོ་བྲག་ཤང་།
rdo brag shang
Tashi Nang Township
扎西岗乡
Zhāxīgǎng xiāng
བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྣང་ཤང་།
bkra shis snang shang
Kyungzê Township
萨尔乡
Sà'ěr xiāng
ཁྱུང་རྩེ་ཤང་།
khyung rtse shang
Sar Township
萨尔乡
Qióngzī xiāng
གཟར་ཤང་།
gzar shang
Gojag Township
郭加乡
Guōjiā xiāng
ཀོ་ལྕག་ཤང་།
ko lcag shang
References
^ "日喀则市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Government of Xigazê. 2021-07-20. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
^ Croddy, E. (2022). China’s Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey. Springer International Publishing. p. 698. ISBN 978-3-031-09165-0. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
^ Department of Forestry, Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, ‘’Report on Protected Lands in the Tibet Autonomous Region’’ Lhasa: Tibet Autonomous Region Government Publishing House, 2006
External links
Dinggyê County Annals
vteCounty-level divisions of Tibet Autonomous RegionLhasa (capital)Prefecture-levelcitiesLhasa
Chengguan District
Doilungdêqên District
Dagzê District
Lhünzhub County
Damxung County
Nyêmo County
Qüxü County
Maizhokunggar County
Xigazê
Samzhubzê District
Namling County
Gyangzê County
Tingri County
Sa'gya County
Lhatse County
Ngamring County
Xaitongmoin County
Bainang County
Rinbung County
Kangmar County
Dinggyê County
Zhongba County
Yadong County
Gyirong County
Nyalam County
Saga County
Kamba County
Qamdo
Karub District
Jomda County
Gonjo County
Riwoqê County
Dêngqên County
Zhag'yab County
Baxoi County
Zogang County
Markam County
Lhorong County
Banbar County
Nyingchi
Bayi District
Mainling city**
Gongbo'gyamda County
Mêdog County**
Pome County
Zayul County**
Nang County**
Shannan
Nêdong District
Tsona city**
Zhanang County
Gonggar County
Sangri County
Qonggyai County
Qusum County
Comai County
Lhozhag County
Gyaca County
Lhuntse County**
Nagarzê County
Nagqu
Seni District
Lhari County
Biru County
Nyainrong County
Amdo County
Xainza County
Sog County
Baingoin County
Baqên County
Nyima County
Shuanghu County
PrefectureNgari
Gar County
Purang County
Tsamda County
Rutog County
Gê'gyai County
Gertse County
Coqên County
** Southern portions of these counties are claimed by the People's Republic of China as part of the South Tibet area, but are administered by India.
vteShigatse (Xigazê)County-leveldivisionsDistrictSamzhubzêCounties
Bainang
Dinggyê
Gamba
Gyantse
Gyirong
Kangmar
Lhatse
Namling
Ngamring
Nyalam
Rinbung
Sa'gya
Saga
Tingri
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G219
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vteTownship-level divisions of ShigatseSamzhubzê
Chengbei Subdistrict
Chengnan Subdistrict
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Donggar Township
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Yagra Township
Qonkor Township
This Shigatse, Tibet location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_script"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Xigazê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xigaz%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Tibet Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sankhuwasabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhuwasabha_District"},{"link_name":"Taplejung Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taplejung_District"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Jin Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jin_Co&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duolo Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duolo_Co&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croddy_2022_p._698-2"},{"link_name":"Qomolangma National Nature Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Nature_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Tingri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingri_County"},{"link_name":"Nyalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyalam_County"},{"link_name":"Kyirong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyirong_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"County in Tibet, ChinaDinggyê County (Tibetan: གཏིང་སྐྱེས་རྫོང་།, Chinese: 定结县) is a county of the Xigazê city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, bordering Nepal's Sankhuwasabha and Taplejung Districts to the south and India's Sikkim state to the southeast. Jin Co and Duolo Co are located in this county.[2]It is one of the four counties that comprise the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (Dinggyê, Tingri, Nyalam, and Kyirong).[3]","title":"Dinggyê County"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dinggyê County is divided into 3 towns and 7 townships.","title":"Administration divisions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"日喀则市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\" (in Chinese). Government of Xigazê. 2021-07-20. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2023-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026012549/http://tjj.rikaze.gov.cn/news-detail.thtml?cid=144677","url_text":"\"日喀则市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\""},{"url":"http://tjj.rikaze.gov.cn/news-detail.thtml?cid=144677","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Croddy, E. (2022). China’s Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey. Springer International Publishing. p. 698. ISBN 978-3-031-09165-0. Retrieved 2024-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoidEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA698","url_text":"China’s Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-09165-0","url_text":"978-3-031-09165-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dinggy%C3%AA_County¶ms=28.3642_N_87.7659_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-54_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"28°21′51″N 87°45′57″E / 28.3642°N 87.7659°E / 28.3642; 87.7659"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dinggy%C3%AA_County¶ms=28.3642_N_87.7659_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-54_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"28°21′51″N 87°45′57″E / 28.3642°N 87.7659°E / 28.3642; 87.7659"},{"Link":"http://www.djx.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.djx.gov.cn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026012549/http://tjj.rikaze.gov.cn/news-detail.thtml?cid=144677","external_links_name":"\"日喀则市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\""},{"Link":"http://tjj.rikaze.gov.cn/news-detail.thtml?cid=144677","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoidEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA698","external_links_name":"China’s Provinces and Populations: A Chronological and Geographical Survey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bdrc-W3PD193","external_links_name":"Dinggyê County Annals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinggy%C3%AA_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Copenhagen | Fortifications of Copenhagen | ["1 Medieval fortifications (12th–15th centuries)","2 Bastioned Fortifications (17th century)","3 Ring Fortification system (1886–1894)","4 Coastal defenses (1909–1916)","5 References","6 External links"] | View from the Rampart on Kastellet
Bunker in Vestvolden in Rødovre
The fortifications of Copenhagen is the broad name for the rings of fortifications surrounding the city of Copenhagen. They can be classified historically as follows:
The medieval fortifications dating from the 12th century
The bastioned fortifications dating from the 17th century
The ring fortification system dating from the 19th century
Medieval fortifications (12th–15th centuries)
The first fortification was the castle built by bishop Absalon in 1167 on Slotsholmen at the foundation of the city. This stood for 200 years until it was destroyed by the Hanse in 1369.
It was replaced in 1417 by the Copenhagen Castle built by the then bishop, but taken over by the king, Eric of Pomerania.
The ruins of both these castles are visible to the public view under the Christiansborg Palace.
Bastioned Fortifications (17th century)
Main article: Fortifications of Copenhagen (17th century)
The city was extensively fortified by Christian IV in the mid 17th century.
To the west the city was protected by a series of ramparts and bastions northwards from the Indrehavn, below Langebro. The remains of these works can be seen in the parks at Tivoli, Ørstedsparken, the Botanical Garden and Østre Anlæg.
To the north, at the end of the wall, a fort was built, the Kastellet.
To the east land was reclaimed from the sea to enclose the harbour; this land was also fortified with a rampart and ditch and a series of bastions. This now forms the district of Christianshavn.
Ring Fortification system (1886–1894)
The most recent fortification of Copenhagen dates from the late 19th century.
To the west was a fortification ring consisting of a rampart and ditch, with numerous bastions and batteries (Vestvolden).
To the north, beyond a line of inundations around Utterslev Mose, lie 5 detached land forts (Bagsværd Fort, Fortunfortet, Garderhøj Fort, Gladsaxe Fort, Lyngby Fort), backed to the south by 7 small batteries.
Along the coast, and connecting with the land defences were two bands of Naval forts or batteries; the first (inner) band comprising 3 older forts (Trekroner, Lynetten and Strickers Batteri) and 3 new (Kalkbrænderi Batteri, Mellemfortet and Prøvestenen); and a second of 2 coastal forts (Charlottenlund, Kastrup) and a sea fortress (Middelgrundsfortet), plus 2 inland batteries (Avedøre and Hvidøre) to reinforce the Vestvolden. A third, outer line was added fifteen years later.
The design of the forts was guided by the principles of Brialmont.
Coastal defenses (1909–1916)
The group of new coastal forts were constructed at the beginning of World War I. These were (clockwise): Taarbæk Fort, connecting to the northern fort line; Flakfortet, at sea beyond Middelgrundsfortet; and Dragør Fort, Kongelundsfortet, Mosede Fort to the south.
References
The Fortifications of Copenhagen: A Guide to 900 Years of Fortification History, Copenhagen: The National Forest and Nature Agency, The Ministry of Environment and Energy 1998.
Rough Guide to Copenhagen, Lone Mouritsen, Caroline Osborne, 2007 ISBN 1-84353-756-7
External links
Project for the revitalization of the Copenhagen fortifications, in Danish Archived 2019-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
The fortification of Copenhagen 1880-1920. Danish / English
vteCopenhagenSee also: Urban area of CopenhagenOfficial districts
Amager Vest
Amager Øst
Bispebjerg
Brønshøj-Husum
Indre By
Nørrebro
Østerbro
Valby
Vanløse
Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave
Notable localitiesand neighbourhoods
Indre By
Bellahøj
Carlsberg
Christiania
Christianshavn
Frederiksberg
Frederiksstaden
Holmen
Islands Brygge
Kongens Nytorv
Nyboder
Nyhavn
Slotsholmen
Parks and open spaces
Amager Strandpark
Assistens Cemetery
Frederiksberg Gardens
Kastellet
Kongens Have
Superkilen
Churches
St. Alban's
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St. Andrew's
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St. Luke's Church
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Philip's Church
Reformed Church
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Museums
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Landmarks
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Fortifications
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History
Lists
Transport
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vestvolden_R%C3%B8dovre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vestvolden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestvolden"},{"link_name":"Rødovre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dovre"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"bastioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"}],"text":"Bunker in Vestvolden in RødovreThe fortifications of Copenhagen is the broad name for the rings of fortifications surrounding the city of Copenhagen. They can be classified historically as follows:The medieval fortifications dating from the 12th century\nThe bastioned fortifications dating from the 17th century\nThe ring fortification system dating from the 19th century","title":"Fortifications of Copenhagen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalon%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Absalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalon"},{"link_name":"Slotsholmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slotsholmen"},{"link_name":"Hanse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Castle"},{"link_name":"Eric of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace"}],"text":"The first fortification was the castle built by bishop Absalon in 1167 on Slotsholmen at the foundation of the city. This stood for 200 years until it was destroyed by the Hanse in 1369.\nIt was replaced in 1417 by the Copenhagen Castle built by the then bishop, but taken over by the king, Eric of Pomerania.\nThe ruins of both these castles are visible to the public view under the Christiansborg Palace.","title":"Medieval fortifications (12th–15th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Tivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Ørstedsparken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rstedsparken"},{"link_name":"Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Østre Anlæg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stre_Anl%C3%A6g"},{"link_name":"Kastellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Christianshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianshavn"}],"text":"The city was extensively fortified by Christian IV in the mid 17th century.\nTo the west the city was protected by a series of ramparts and bastions northwards from the Indrehavn, below Langebro. The remains of these works can be seen in the parks at Tivoli, Ørstedsparken, the Botanical Garden and Østre Anlæg. \nTo the north, at the end of the wall, a fort was built, the Kastellet.\nTo the east land was reclaimed from the sea to enclose the harbour; this land was also fortified with a rampart and ditch and a series of bastions. This now forms the district of Christianshavn.","title":"Bastioned Fortifications (17th century)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vestvolden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestvolden"},{"link_name":"Utterslev Mose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterslev_Mose"},{"link_name":"Bagsværd Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagsv%C3%A6rd_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fortunfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortunfortet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garderhøj Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garderh%C3%B8j_Fort"},{"link_name":"Gladsaxe Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gladsaxe_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyngby Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngby_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trekroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekroner_Fort"},{"link_name":"Lynetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynetten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strickers Batteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strickers_Batteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalkbrænderi Batteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalkbr%C3%A6nderi_Batteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mellemfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellemfortet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prøvestenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vestenen,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Charlottenlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlottenlund_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kastrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kastrup_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middelgrundsfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrundsfortet"},{"link_name":"Avedøre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aved%C3%B8re_Batteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hvidøre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hvid%C3%B8re_Batteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brialmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brialmont"}],"text":"The most recent fortification of Copenhagen dates from the late 19th century. \nTo the west was a fortification ring consisting of a rampart and ditch, with numerous bastions and batteries (Vestvolden).\nTo the north, beyond a line of inundations around Utterslev Mose, lie 5 detached land forts (Bagsværd Fort, Fortunfortet, Garderhøj Fort, Gladsaxe Fort, Lyngby Fort), backed to the south by 7 small batteries.Along the coast, and connecting with the land defences were two bands of Naval forts or batteries; the first (inner) band comprising 3 older forts (Trekroner, Lynetten and Strickers Batteri) and 3 new (Kalkbrænderi Batteri, Mellemfortet and Prøvestenen); and a second of 2 coastal forts (Charlottenlund, Kastrup) and a sea fortress (Middelgrundsfortet), plus 2 inland batteries (Avedøre and Hvidøre) to reinforce the Vestvolden. A third, outer line was added fifteen years later.The design of the forts was guided by the principles of Brialmont.","title":"Ring Fortification system (1886–1894)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Taarbæk Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarb%C3%A6k_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flakfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakfortet"},{"link_name":"Middelgrundsfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrundsfortet"},{"link_name":"Dragør Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drag%C3%B8r_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kongelundsfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongelundsfortet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mosede Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosede_Fort"}],"text":"The group of new coastal forts were constructed at the beginning of World War I. These were (clockwise): Taarbæk Fort, connecting to the northern fort line; Flakfortet, at sea beyond Middelgrundsfortet; and Dragør Fort, Kongelundsfortet, Mosede Fort to the south.","title":"Coastal defenses (1909–1916)"}] | [{"image_text":"View from the Rampart on Kastellet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kastellet_cph.jpg/400px-Kastellet_cph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bunker in Vestvolden in Rødovre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vestvolden_R%C3%B8dovre.jpg/220px-Vestvolden_R%C3%B8dovre.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.befaestningen.dk/","external_links_name":"Project for the revitalization of the Copenhagen fortifications, in Danish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190811172746/http://www.befaestningen.dk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vestvolden.info/","external_links_name":"The fortification of Copenhagen 1880-1920. Danish / English"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Jane%C4%8Dek | František Janeček | ["1 Early life","2 The pneumograf","3 World War I","4 Motorcycle development","5 World War II","6 Littlejohn adaptor","7 References"] | František JanečekBorn(1878-01-23)23 January 1878Klášter nad Dědinou, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-HungaryDied4 June 1941(1941-06-04) (aged 63)Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaNationalityCzechOccupation(s)Motorcycle designer and engineer
František Janeček (1878–1941) was the founder of Jawa motorcycles and an important figure in the development of the Czech motorcycle industry. He died on 4 June 1941.
Early life
Janeček was born on 23 January 1878 in Klášter nad Dědinou, a small village in Bohemia in the present-day Czech Republic. He went to Prague to study mechanics at the Prague Technical School and then moved to Germany to the Berlin College of Engineering.
Upon graduation he returned to Prague and began working for the Jewish industrialist Emil Kolben at the Kolben company. He did well and when he was only 23 he was appointed manager of the new factory opened by Kolben in the Netherlands, where he met his future wife. He was hit by a car when riding his bicycle to work. The daughter of the driver gave him first aid, and they became friends and later married.
At the age of 31 years, motivated by his success at designing inventions, Janeček decided to quit Kolben and start his own engineering workshop in Prague.
The pneumograf
During the ten years after he moved to Prague, Janeček's mechanical research workshop performed hundreds of experiments and registered dozens of patents. The most successful ones were related to sound recordings. He also spent some time travelling around Europe (Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and England, among other places), looking for many technological innovations and new ways to organize work.
Still, his greatest commercial prospects were placed on an invention known as the pneumograf (pneumograph). It consisted in a pneumatic system with a series of air tubes which activated a mesh of tiles, that each one had a black face and a white face. When air flowed through an individual tube, the tile attached to it would flip, revealing its white face and allowing to show an image on the background of black tiles. This way, the pneumograph could display several advertisements and daily reports. A prototype was presented on the top of a building in the Národní avenue in Prague, located at the Jungmannovo náměstí 761/1 address, drawing the public's attention.
Janeček's plans included the installation of other pneumographs in Berlin, Warsaw and St. Petersburg. However, the arrival of the First World War put negotiations to a halt, and his project was never developed.
World War I
After serving on the Italian front in World War I Janeček experienced a prolific period of designing and inventing and secured over sixty new patents, including a design for an improved hand grenade The grenade, named Model 21, became the standard hand grenade of the Czechoslovak army, and was nicknamed the "Janeček".
Motorcycle development
Janeček saw an opportunity in 1927 to turn a former armament factory into a motorcycle manufacturing company. He drew on his knowledge of engineering and his experience with factory mass production techniques and based his new motorcycle designs around an existing 498cc engine made by a German company called Wanderer. The new company was named JAWA in 1929, a compound of the first two letters of Janeček and Wanderer.
Janeček first began producing Wanderer motorcycles under license in 1927 in order to diversify the interests of his arms factory. His first motorcycle had a number of advanced features, including shift-drive and a steel frame. He was able to recruit an experienced British motorcycle designer George William Patchett, and together they developed a range of competition motorcycles to promote the new Jawa brand. In the 1930s Janeček expanded the range to include lightweight economy models based around British Villiers two-stroke engines, as well as middleweight 350cc side valve and overhead valve motorcycles under the Jawa brand (e.g. Jawa 350).
World War II
When Czechoslovakia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1938 Janeček was forced to turn his factory over to the occupying command and it was used to produce German aircraft engines and generators. He continued to work in secret on the development of single-cylinder two-stroke motorcycles and the production was restarted following the end of the war.
František Janeček died on 4 June 1941 and the Jawa company was then taken over by his son Karel Janeček.
Littlejohn adaptor
The Littlejohn adaptor was a device that could be fitted on to the British QF 2 pounder (40 mm) anti-tank gun. It was used to extend the service life of the 2-pounder during World War II by converting it to squeeze bore operation. "Littlejohn" came from the literal anglicization of František Janeček's name.
References
^ a b c d e f "The History of JAWIR-CZ..." Westcoast Motorcycles. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ a b "Foundation of JAWIR company and JMT alliance". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ Povolný, Daniel; Souček, Vladimír; Radomír, Zavadil (2011). František Janeček : motocyklový král : příběh muže, který dal vzniknout motocyklům Jawa (in Czech) (1 ed.). Mladá fronta. p. 38. ISBN 9788020423276. OCLC 713373463.
^ a b Povolný, David. "ng. František Janeček". Eltsen. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ "Foundation of JAWA company and JMT alliance". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ "Non functioning replica grenades". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ a b c "Brief History of the Marque: Jawa". Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ Williams, Anthony G. "The Littlejohn Adaptor". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawa motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_motorcycles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"}],"text":"František Janeček (1878–1941) was the founder of Jawa motorcycles and an important figure in the development of the Czech motorcycle industry. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V. | Club Brugge KV | ["1 History","2 Crest and colours","3 Stadium","3.1 New stadium","4 Supporters","5 Mascot","6 Rivalries","6.1 Anderlecht","6.2 Cercle Brugge","6.3 R. Antwerp FC","7 Honours","7.1 Europeans Distinctions","7.2 Minor","7.3 Results","8 Players","8.1 First-team squad","8.2 Other players under contract","8.3 Out on loan","8.4 Club NXT (Reserves and Youth Academy)","8.5 Retired numbers","8.6 Former players","8.7 Club captains","9 Coaching staff","9.1 First-team staff","9.2 Reserves staff","9.3 Club Academy staff","10 Board of directors","11 See also","12 References","12.1 Bibliography","13 External links"] | Association football club in Belgium
Football clubClub BruggeFull nameClub Brugge Koninklijke
Voetbalvereniging (Club Bruges Royal Football association)Nickname(s)Blauw-Zwart (Blue-Black), (the) Club, FCB, FC BrugesFounded13 November 1891; 132 years ago (1891-11-13) (as Brugsche FC)Stamnummer (matricule number) 3GroundJan Breydel StadiumCapacity29,062PresidentBart VerhaegheHead coachNicky HayenLeagueBelgian Pro League2023–24Belgian Pro League, 1st of 16 (champions)WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Current seasonActive departments of Club Brugge KV
1A Pro League(Men's) 1B Pro League(Reserves) Super League(Women's) Disability Football(Mixed) Esports
Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging (Dutch pronunciation: ), known simply as Club Brugge (in English also: Club Bruges), is a Belgian professional football club based in Bruges, Belgium. It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium, which has a capacity of 29,062. They play in the Belgian Pro League, the top domestic league in Belgian football.
One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football, the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 19 times, second only to major rivals Anderlecht, and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge, with whom they contest the Bruges derby.
Throughout its long history, "Club" has enjoyed much European football success, reaching two European finals and three European semi-finals. Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) so far, losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season. They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents. Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League (20), the record number of Belgian Cups (11), and the record number of Belgian Super Cups (17).
History
History of Club Brugge
Brugsche Football Club (1891)
Football Club Brugeois (1892)
Football Club Brugeois (1897)
Royal Football Club Brugeois (1920)
Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging (1972)
In 1890, students from the Catholic school Broeders Xaverianen and the neutral school Koninklijk Atheneum joined together to form the Brugsche Football Club. The former students christened the club's founding by establishing the Latin motto 'mens sana in corpore sano' (a healthy mind in a healthy body). A year later on 13 November 1891, the club was re-created under Brugsche FC, and this is now seen as the official foundation of the current Club Brugge. In 1892, an official board was installed at the club to oversee all operations and team decisions. In 1895, the national athletics sports union was founded, predecessor of the later national football association, under the name UBSSA (Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques); Brugsche FC was a founding member of the UBSSSA and as such took part in the first league campaign organized in Belgian football during the 1895–96 season. Financial difficulties the following year forced the club to leave the UBSSA and soon after, Football Club Brugeois were formed by breakaway club members. The two sides were reunited in 1897 under the French name of Football Club Brugeois; they did not take on the Dutch title Club Brugge until 1972.
Picture of the 1919–20 squad
In 1914, FC Brugeois reached their first Belgian Cup final, but lost 2–1 to Union SG. Six years later, the club claimed their first trophy, by winning the Belgian First Division during the 1919–20 season. They celebrated by changing their title to Royal FC Brugeois – with their regal status now reflected in their modern prefix KV, standing for Koninklijke Vereniging (royal club). Only eight years later though, the club was relegated to the Belgian Second Division for the first time in their history following a relegation play-off. Further lean times followed the relegation in 1928, as they spent much of the 1940s and 1950s in the second division of Belgian football.
Following the 1958–59 season, the club earned promotion back to the First Division and have not been relegated since. The club were able to add to their trophy cabinet in 1968, winning the first of their record 11 Belgian Cup titles for the first time after defeating Beerschot A.C. 7–6 in a penalty-shootout after a 1–1 draw.
The club enjoyed their most success under legendary Austrian manager Ernst Happel as he led the club to three straight league championships from 1975–76 to 1977–78 and a Belgian Cup victory in 1976–77. Happel also guided Club Brugge to their first European final, reaching the 1976 UEFA Cup Final. Over the two-legged final against English giants Liverpool, Club Brugge fell 3–4 on aggregate. Two years later, Brugge again met Liverpool in a European final, this time in the 1978 European Cup Final at Wembley, becoming the first Belgian club to reach the final of the competition. Brugge fell to a lone second-half goal from Kenny Dalglish as Liverpool won their second European Cup and third European trophy in succession. Following the cup final loss to Liverpool, Happel left Club Brugge and would lead Netherlands later that summer to the final of the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
On 25 November 1992, Brugge player Daniel Amokachi became the first goal scorer in the Champions League. He scored in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow.
On 20 May 2021, Brugge drew 3–3 with rivals Anderlecht to win the Belgian First Division A title for the fourth time in six years and 17th time overall. It was the first time since 1973 that Club Brugge had been crowned champions at Anderlecht's ground and the first time since 1976–77 and 1977–78 that Brugge had won back-to-back league titles. A year later, they'd become champions for a third time in a row at Antwerp's ground, the first time since 1977–79. They would go on and qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League knockout for the first time in the modern history, after losing only once and keeping 5 clean sheets in the groupstage.
Crest and colours
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Club Brugge KV kits.
Old and iconic logo used until the end of the 70s
The club don a blue and black home kit as has been traditional through their history. Away from home they wear a light coloured kit. Colours like white, light blue and yellow have been used in recent years. As of the 2022–23 season, the club's current kit supplier is Macron.
Logo used until 2012, inspired by the RCD Espanyol logo
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt main sponsor
Back shirt sponsor
1972–1974
adidas
Carad
—
1974–1976
49R Jeans
1976–1979
Puma
1979–1982
St.-Louis Geuze
1982–1985
Bacchus
1985–1992
Assubel
1992–1995
VTM
1995–1996
adidas
VTM
1996–1997
Gemeentekrediet
1997–2000
—
2000–2007
Dexia
Dexia
2007–2012
Puma
2012–2013
Belfius
Belfius
2013–2014
Nike
2014–2015
Club Brugge Foundation
Proximus
2015–2017
Daikin
2017–2019
Macron
2019–2020
Unibet
2020–2023
Candriam
2023–
Allianz
Stadium
Main articles: Jan Breydel Stadium and Belfius Basecamp
Jan Breydel Stadium
The club's original home in the Sint-Andries district of Bruges was known as the Rattenplein (rats' stadium) since it was owned by the local fox terrier club, who used it for another imported English pastime: rat baiting. This non-UEFA affiliated 'sport' involved getting dogs to chase and kill rats. In 1911, the team moved to a new ground, called De Klokke (after a nearby pub), which was renamed the Albert Dyserynckstadion after the sudden death of Club Brugge chairman Albert Dyserynck.
Their current stadium, since 1975, was rebranded in honour of local butcher and revolutionary Jan Breydel in 1998. Breydel led a rising against the city's French overlords in the 1300s. The venue – which Club Brugge share with local rivals Cercle Brugge – was previously named the Olympiastadion.
In November 2016, the club broke ground on a new training complex at Westkapelle, including four training pitches and an additional training centre for the senior squad plus the U21 and U19 teams; all in addition to the already available sports complex Molenhoek.
New stadium
Since 2007, Club Brugge has been working on developing a new stadium. Since then, there have been a number of proposed locations, but the project never really took off due to problems with ground availability and endangered animal species on the proposed grounds.
However, when a new city council and mayor were sworn into office in the city of Bruges, the project went through a rebirth. Instead of moving out of the current Jan Breydelstadium, the site on which this stadium is built will be completely reconstructed into a park with a brand new stadium next to where the current stadium is situated. Although this project has been criticised by some, it's the furthest the club has come with a project. In October 2021 the club received their building permit. The club, the city and the Flemish government aim to have a functioning stadium by mid-2023, which will hold up to 40,116 spectators.
Supporters
Tifo before the Champions League game Club Brugge-Rapid Wien in 2005
Some of the fans are part of 62 supporter clubs in Belgium, which have more than 10,000 members. The "Supportersfederatie Club Brugge KV", founded in 1967, is recognized as the official supporters club of Club Brugge. The federation is made up of 60 recognized supporters' clubs and has an elected board to steer the operation in the right direction.
In tribute to the fans, often dubbed the twelfth man in football, Club Brugge no longer assigns the number 12 to players. Club Brugge also has a TV show, CLUBtv, on the Telenet network since 21 July 2006. This twice weekly show features exclusive interviews with players, coaches and managers.
Mascot
The three Bears; mascots of Club Bruges
The official mascot of Club Bruges is a bear, symbol of the city of Bruges. The history of the bear is related to a legend of the first Count of Flanders, Baldwin I of Flanders, who had fought and defeated a bear in his youth. Since the end of 2000, a second mascot, also a bear, travels along the edge of the field during home games for fans to call and encourage both their favorites. These two bears are called Belle and Bene. In 2010, a third bear named Bibi, made its appearance. He is described as the child of the first two mascots, and is oriented towards the young supporters.
Rivalries
Main articles: Bruges derby and R.S.C. Anderlecht–Club Brugge KV rivalry
Like many historic clubs, Club Brugge contests rivalries with other Belgian clubs, whether at local (Cercle Brugge) or regional level (Antwerp) or nationally competitive (Anderlecht and Standard Liège).
Anderlecht
The rivalry between Club Brugge and Anderlecht has developed since the 1970s. At that time, the Brussels-based club and Club Brugge won most trophies between them, leaving little room for other Belgian teams. Matches between these two teams were often contested for the title of champion of Belgium. Three Belgian Cup finals were played between the two clubs (with Anderlecht winning once and Club Brugge twice), and they played seven Belgian Supercups (Club Bruges won five). A match between these two sides is often called 'The Hate Game'. They are arguably the most heated fixtures in Belgian football together with clashes between the other two members of the Big Three – Anderlecht and Standard Liège.
Cercle Brugge
The Bruges Derby is seen as one of the most important games of the season for a lot of fans from both teams. Every season, the game attracts a huge deal of fans which results in huge choreographies on both sides. Tifos, flags and banners made specifically for this confrontation and accompanied by flares and smoke bombs aren't a rare sight in and around the stadium. The winner of this derby is crowned "de Ploeg van Brugge", which translates to "the team of Bruges". It has become a tradition for the winning side to plant a flag with the club's crest or colours on the center spot after the game.
R. Antwerp FC
The rivalry between the oldest clubs in Flanders and Belgium, is one that dates back to the 1900s. In 1908, due to Bruges supporters attacking Antwerp players after they had lost 2–1 to what we'll later call Club Brugge, one of the biggest and fiercest rivalries in Europe came to be. Confrontations between the two sides bring a lot of fighting and havoc to the stadium and the surrounding neighbourhoods. This hatred has reached new highs ever since Antwerp gained promotion back to the first division.
Honours
Type
Competition
Titles
Seasons
Domestic
Belgian First Division
19
1919–20,
1972–73,
1975–76,
1976–77,
1977–78,
1979–80,
1987–88,
1989–90,
1991–92,
1995–96,
1997–98,
2002–03,
2004–05,
2015–16,
2017–18,
2019–20,
2020–21,
2021–22,
2023–24
Belgian Cup
11
1967–68,
1969–70,
1976–77,
1985–86,
1990–91,
1994–95,
1995–96,
2001–02,
2003–04,
2006–07,
2014–15
Belgian Super Cup
17
1980,
1986,
1988,
1990,
1991,
1992,
1994,
1996,
1998,
2002,
2003,
2004,
2005,
2016,
2018,
2021,
2022
record
Europeans Distinctions
Further information on Club Brugge in European football: Club Brugge KV in European football
European Cup
Runners-up: 1977–78
UEFA Cup
Runners-up: 1975–76
Semi-finalists: 1987–88
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Semi-finalists: 1991–92
UEFA Europa Conference League
Semi-finalists: 2023–24
Minor
Kirin Cup
Winners: 1981
Amsterdam Tournament
Winners: 1990
Results
Season
Division
Division
Points
Notes
Cup
Europe
I
II
III
IV
1895–96
6
Belgian First Division A
11
1896–97
did not play
1897–98
did not play
1898–99
2
Belgian First Division A
Lost in championship final to FC Liégeois
1899–1900
2
Belgian First Division A
12
Lost in championship final to Racing Club de Bruxelles
1900–01
8
Belgian First Division A
8
1901–02
6
Belgian First Division A
2
1902–03
5
Belgian First Division A
4
1903–04
3
Belgian First Division A
4
3rd of 4 teams in final round
1904–05
3
Belgian First Division A
28
1905–06
2
Belgian First Division A
29
1906–07
3
Belgian First Division A
24
1907–08
3
Belgian First Division A
26
1908–09
3
Belgian First Division A
33
1909–10
2
Belgian First Division A
38
Lost championship final to Union SG
1910–11
2
Belgian First Division A
34
1911–12
4
Belgian First Division A
29
1/4
1912–13
7
Belgian First Division A
19
1/8
1913–14
4
Belgian First Division A
27
fin
1914–15
WWI
1915–16
WWI
1916–17
WWI
1917–18
WWI
1918–19
WWI
1919–20
Belgian First Division A
34
1920–21
4
Belgian First Division A
26
1921–22
9
Belgian First Division A
25
1922–23
8
Belgian First Division A
23
1923–24
9
Belgian First Division A
23
1924–25
11
Belgian First Division A
21
1925–26
10
Belgian First Division A
25
1926–27
8
Belgian First Division A
26
R1
1927–28
13 ↓
Belgian First Division A
22
1928–29
1 ↑
Belgian Second Division
43
1929–30
6
Belgian First Division A
27
1930–31
5
Belgian First Division A
29
1931–32
11
Belgian First Division A
24
1932–33
13 ↓
Belgian First Division A
16
1933–34
3
Belgian Second Division
34
1934–35
1 ↑
Belgian Second Division
40
1935–36
9
Belgian First Division A
23
1936–37
10
Belgian First Division A
25
1937–38
5
Belgian First Division A
27
1938–39
14
Belgian First Division A
17
1939–40
WWII
1940–41
9 ↓
Belgian First Division A
5
War competition
1941–42
3
Belgian Second Division
36
1942–43
2
Belgian Second Division
43
1943–44
3
Belgian Second Division
42
1944–45
WWII
1945–46
1 ↑
Belgian Second Division
53
1946–47
19 ↓
Belgian First Division A
22
1947–48
4
Belgian Second Division
38
1948–49
1 ↑
Belgian Second Division
49
1949–50
14
Belgian First Division A
22
1950–51
16 ↓
Belgian First Division A
21
1951–52
2
Belgian Second Division
42
1952–53
8
Belgian Second Division
30
1953–54
12
Belgian Second Division
29
1/8
1954–55
3
Belgian Second Division
38
1/4
1955–56
6
Belgian Second Division
32
1/16
1956–57
10
Belgian Second Division
28
1957–58
5
Belgian Second Division
34
1958–59
2 ↑
Belgian Second Division
39
1959–60
13
Belgian First Division A
26
1960–61
8
Belgian First Division A
29
1961–62
5
Belgian First Division A
35
1962–63
8
Belgian First Division A
30
1963–64
12
Belgian First Division A
24
1/8
1964–65
9
Belgian First Division A
28
1/16
1965–66
5
Belgian First Division A
35
1/16
1966–67
2
Belgian First Division A
45
1/8
1967–68
2
Belgian First Division A
45
1968–69
5
Belgian First Division A
35
1/8
EC2: I
1969–70
2
Belgian First Division A
45
1970–71
2
Belgian First Division A
46
1/16
EC2: 1/4
1971–72
2
Belgian First Division A
45
1/16
EC3: I
1972–73
Belgian First Division A
45
1/16
EC3: II
1973–74
5
Belgian First Division A
32
1/16
EC1: II
1974–75
4
Belgian First Division A
49
1/16
1975–76
Belgian First Division A
52
1/2
EC3: fin
1976–77
Belgian First Division A
52
win
EC1: 1/4
1977–78
Belgian First Division A
51
1/2
EC1: fin
1978–79
6
Belgian First Division A
38
fin
EC1: I
1979–80
Belgian First Division A
53
1/4
1980–81
6
Belgian First Division A
37
1/8
EC1: I
1981–82
15
Belgian First Division A
28
1/16
EC3: I
1982–83
5
Belgian First Division A
43
fin
1983–84
3
Belgian First Division A
44
1/8
1984–85
2
Belgian First Division A
48
1/8
EC3: II
1985–86
2
Belgian First Division A
52
Play-offs ended with 1–1 in Anderlecht and 2–2 in Bruges
win
EC3: II
1986–87
3
Belgian First Division A
45
1/8
EC2: I
1987–88
Belgian First Division A
51
1/4
EC3: 1/2
1988–89
4
Belgian First Division A
43
1/4
EC3: II
1989–90
Belgian First Division A
57
1/16
EC2: II
1990–91
4
Belgian First Division A
47
win
EC1: II
1991–92
Belgian First Division A
53
1/8
EC2: 1/2
1992–93
6
Belgian First Division A
40
1/8
CL: P
1993–94
2
Belgian First Division A
53
fin
1994–95
3
Belgian First Division A
49
win
EC2: 1/4
1995–96
Belgian First Division A
81
win
EC2: II
1996–97
2
Belgian First Division A
71
1/16
EC3: III
1997–98
Belgian First Division A
84
fin
EC3: II
1998–99
2
Belgian First Division A
71
1/16
EC3: III
1999–2000
2
Belgian First Division A
67
1/16
UC: I
2000–01
2
Belgian First Division A
78
1/16
UC: III
2001–02
2
Belgian First Division A
70
win
UC: III
2002–03
Belgian First Division A
79
1/4
CL+UC: III
2003–04
2
Belgian First Division A
72
win
CL+UC: IV
2004–05
Belgian First Division A
79
fin
UC: P
2005–06
3
Belgian First Division A
64
1/16
CL+UC: III
2006–07
6
Belgian First Division A
51
win
UC: P
2007–08
3
Belgian First Division A
67
1/8
UC: I
2008–09
3
Belgian First Division A
59
1/8
UC: P
2009–10
3
Belgian First Division A
41
1/4
EL: II
2010–11
4
Belgian First Division A
43
1/8
EL: P
2011–12
2
Belgian First Division A
48
1/8
EL: II
2012–13
3
Belgian First Division A
46
1/8
EL: I
2013–14
3
Belgian First Division A
48
1/8
EL: 3Q
2014–15
2
Belgian First Division A
47
win
EL: 1/4
2015–16
Belgian First Division A
54
fin
EL: I
1A
1B
1Am
2Am
From 2016–17: 1A, 1B, 1Am, 2Am
Cup
Europe
2016–17
2
Belgian First Division A
45
1/8
CL: I
2017–18
Belgian First Division A
46
1/2
EL: P
2018–19
2
Belgian First Division A
50
1/16
EL: 1/16
2019–20
Belgian First Division A
70
Competition ended after 29 matches due to COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium
fin
EL: 1/16
2020–21
Belgian First Division A
44
1/4
EL: 1/16
2021–22
Belgian First Division A
50
1/2
CL: I
2022–23
4
Belgian Pro League
36
1/8
CL: 1/8
2023–24
Belgian Pro League
50
1/2
ECL: 1/2
Players
First-team squad
As of 5 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
7
FW
DEN
Andreas Skov Olsen
8
MF
POL
Michał Skóraś
9
FW
ESP
Ferran Jutglà
10
MF
NOR
Hugo Vetlesen
11
FW
ESP
Víctor Barberà
14
DF
NED
Bjorn Meijer
15
MF
NGA
Raphael Onyedika
20
MF
BEL
Hans Vanaken (captain)
21
GK
ENG
Josef Bursik
22
GK
BEL
Simon Mignolet
27
MF
DEN
Casper Nielsen
28
DF
BEL
Dedryck Boyata
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
29
GK
BEL
Nordin Jackers (on loan from OH Leuven)
32
FW
NOR
Antonio Nusa
33
GK
BEL
Nick Shinton
44
DF
BEL
Brandon Mechele
55
DF
BEL
Maxim De Cuyper
58
DF
BEL
Jorne Spileers
62
FW
JPN
Shion Homma
64
DF
BEL
Kyriani Sabbe
68
FW
BEL
Chemsdine Talbi
77
MF
DEN
Philip Zinckernagel
99
FW
BRA
Igor Thiago
Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
USA
Owen Otasowie
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
BEL
Lynnt Audoor (at Kortrijk until 30 June 2024)
—
MF
BEL
Cisse Sandra (at Excelsior until 30 June 2024)
—
MF
GHA
Kamal Sowah (at Standard Liège until 30 June 2024)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
FRA
Faitout Maouassa (at Granada until 30 June 2024)
—
FW
BEL
Romeo Vermant (at Westerlo until 30 June 2024)
—
FW
UKR
Roman Yaremchuk (at Valencia until 30 June 2024)
Club NXT (Reserves and Youth Academy)
Main article: Club NXT
Retired numbers
Main article: Retired numbers in football
12 – The 12th man (reserved for the club supporters)
23 – François Sterchele, striker (2007–08). Posthumous; Sterchele died in a single-person car accident on 8 May 2008.
Former players
Further information: List of Club Brugge KV players
Club captains
Further information: List of Club Brugge KV captains
Coaching staff
Further information: List of Club Brugge KV head coaches
First-team staff
As of 4 January 2022
Position
Name
Head Coach
Nicky Hayen
Assistant Head Coach
Assistant Coach
Steve Colpaert
Assistant Coach
Rik De Mil
Goalkeeping Coach
Rob Burch
Physical Coach
Carl Vandenbussche
Physical Coach
Dieter Deprez
Physical Coach
Eddie Rob
Team Manager
Michael Vijverman
Team Doctor
Bruno Vanhecke
Team Doctor
Thomas Tampere
Mental Coach
Rudy Heylen
Physiotherapist
David Bombeke
Physiotherapist
Leen Van Damme
Physiotherapist
Thomas De Jonghe
Masseur
Ronny Werbrouck
Video Analyst
Jonathan Hill
Video Analyst
Mathias Bernaert
Team Support
Kevin Monseré
Team Support
Pascal Plovie
Team Support
Stefaan Van Gierdeghom
Reserves staff
Position
Name
Head Coach T1
Nicky Hayen
Assistant Coach T2
Steve Colpaert
Goalkeeping Coach
Wouter Biebauw
Physical Coach
Dirk Laleman
Team Manager
Christophe De Nolf
Physiotherapist
Astrid Pattyn
Physiotherapist
Dimitri Vastenavondt
Video Analyst
Thomas Lambert
Team Support
Erwin Beyen
Team Support
Karel Gobert
Team Support
Kristoff Deryckere
Team Support
Lander Nolf
Club Academy staff
Head Coach U18
Hayk Milkon
Head Coach U16
Stijn Claeys
Board of directors
See also: List of Club Brugge KV presidents
Position
Name
President
Bart Verhaeghe
Board Member
Jan Boone
Board Member
Bart Coeman
Board Member
Sam Sabbe
Board Member
Peter Vanhecke
CEO
Bob Madou
See also
Club YLA (Club Brugge women)
References
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^ Club in isolation: .
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^ Henshaw 1979, p. 75.
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^ "Club Brugge & Macron present the new 2019/20 season kits!". macron.com. Macron. 28 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
^ "D'Hooghe vertelt het mooie verhaal achter het (oude) logo van Club". www.voetbalprimeur.be (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
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^ "TELENET EN CLUB BRUGGE LANCEREN 'CLUB TV'". Telenet (in Dutch). 20 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
^ "CLUBNIEUWS. Afdankertjes bij Anderlecht, Standard én Club Brugge". Nieuwsblad.be. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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^ ""Niemand wil Club Brugge hier kampioen zien worden": politie, Bosuil en buurt bereiden zich voor op risicomatch zondag". Het Laatste Nieuws. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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Bibliography
Henshaw, Richard (1979). The Encyclopedia of World Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0-915220-34-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Club Brugge.
Official website (in Dutch, French, English, and Spanish)
History (archived 16 November 2010)
vteClub Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging
Players
Head coaches
Presidents
Club captains
Seasons
European football
Records
Current season
History
History of Club Brugge KV
Teams
I. Club Brugge KV (First Team)
II. Club NXT (Reserves)
Club YLA (Women's Team)
Club Brugge G-ploeg (Disability Team)
Grounds
Het Rattenplein (1891–1912)
De Klokke (1912–1975)
Jan Breydel Stadium (1975–present)
Schiervelde Stadion (Club NXT & Club YLA)
Training grounds
Belfius Basecamp (2019–present)
Jan Breydel (1975–present)
Schiervelde (2021–present)
Rivalries
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Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Jan Breydel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Breydel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan_Breydel_Stadium-1"},{"link_name":"Belgian Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Belgian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian league champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Jan Breydel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Breydel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Bruges derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_derby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"1976 UEFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror-6"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Belgian Super Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Football clubClub Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging (Dutch pronunciation: [klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ]),[2] known simply as Club Brugge (in English also: Club Bruges), is a Belgian professional football club based in Bruges, Belgium. It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium, which has a capacity of 29,062.[1] They play in the Belgian Pro League, the top domestic league in Belgian football.One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football, the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 19 times, second only to major rivals Anderlecht, and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge, with whom they contest the Bruges derby.[3]Throughout its long history, \"Club\" has enjoyed much European football success, reaching two European finals and three European semi-finals. Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) so far, losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season.[4] They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents.[5][6] Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League (20), the record number of Belgian Cups (11),[7] and the record number of Belgian Super Cups (17).[8]","title":"Club Brugge KV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mens sana in corpore sano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_sana_in_corpore_sano"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"1895–96 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshaw197975-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FCB_1919-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Union SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royale_Union_Saint-Gilloise"},{"link_name":"Belgian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"1919–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"Belgian Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_in_Belgian_football"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Beerschot A.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerschot_A.C."},{"link_name":"Ernst Happel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Happel"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1976 UEFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood-13"},{"link_name":"1978 European Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Dalglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-line-ups-15"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1978 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Daniel Amokachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Amokachi"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht%E2%80%93Club_Brugge_KV_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clinch-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2022–23 UEFA Champions League knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase"},{"link_name":"clean sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_sheets"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1890, students from the Catholic school Broeders Xaverianen and the neutral school Koninklijk Atheneum joined together to form the Brugsche Football Club. The former students christened the club's founding by establishing the Latin motto 'mens sana in corpore sano' (a healthy mind in a healthy body).[9] A year later on 13 November 1891, the club was re-created under Brugsche FC, and this is now seen as the official foundation of the current Club Brugge. In 1892, an official board was installed at the club to oversee all operations and team decisions. In 1895, the national athletics sports union was founded, predecessor of the later national football association, under the name UBSSA (Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques); Brugsche FC was a founding member of the UBSSSA and as such took part in the first league campaign organized in Belgian football during the 1895–96 season.[10] Financial difficulties the following year forced the club to leave the UBSSA and soon after, Football Club Brugeois were formed by breakaway club members. The two sides were reunited in 1897 under the French name of Football Club Brugeois; they did not take on the Dutch title Club Brugge until 1972.[9]Picture of the 1919–20 squadIn 1914, FC Brugeois reached their first Belgian Cup final, but lost 2–1 to Union SG. Six years later, the club claimed their first trophy, by winning the Belgian First Division during the 1919–20 season.[11] They celebrated by changing their title to Royal FC Brugeois – with their regal status now reflected in their modern prefix KV, standing for Koninklijke Vereniging (royal club).[9] Only eight years later though, the club was relegated to the Belgian Second Division for the first time in their history following a relegation play-off.[11] Further lean times followed the relegation in 1928, as they spent much of the 1940s and 1950s in the second division of Belgian football.[9]Following the 1958–59 season, the club earned promotion back to the First Division and have not been relegated since.[9] The club were able to add to their trophy cabinet in 1968, winning the first of their record 11 Belgian Cup titles for the first time after defeating Beerschot A.C. 7–6 in a penalty-shootout after a 1–1 draw.The club enjoyed their most success under legendary Austrian manager Ernst Happel as he led the club to three straight league championships from 1975–76 to 1977–78 and a Belgian Cup victory in 1976–77.[12] Happel also guided Club Brugge to their first European final, reaching the 1976 UEFA Cup Final. Over the two-legged final against English giants Liverpool, Club Brugge fell 3–4 on aggregate.[13] Two years later, Brugge again met Liverpool in a European final, this time in the 1978 European Cup Final at Wembley, becoming the first Belgian club to reach the final of the competition. Brugge fell to a lone second-half goal from Kenny Dalglish as Liverpool won their second European Cup and third European trophy in succession.[14][15] Following the cup final loss to Liverpool, Happel left Club Brugge and would lead Netherlands later that summer to the final of the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[16]On 25 November 1992, Brugge player Daniel Amokachi became the first goal scorer in the Champions League. He scored in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow.[17]On 20 May 2021, Brugge drew 3–3 with rivals Anderlecht to win the Belgian First Division A title for the fourth time in six years and 17th time overall.[18] It was the first time since 1973 that Club Brugge had been crowned champions at Anderlecht's ground and the first time since 1976–77 and 1977–78 that Brugge had won back-to-back league titles.[19] A year later, they'd become champions for a third time in a row at Antwerp's ground, the first time since 1977–79.[20] They would go on and qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League knockout for the first time in the modern history, after losing only once and keeping 5 clean sheets in the groupstage.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Brugge KV kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV_kits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Club_Brugge_mens_sana_1891.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sjaal_Club_Brugge.jpg"},{"link_name":"RCD Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espanyol"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Club Brugge KV kits.Old and iconic logo used until the end of the 70sThe club don a blue and black home kit as has been traditional through their history. Away from home they wear a light coloured kit. Colours like white, light blue and yellow have been used in recent years.[22] As of the 2022–23 season, the club's current kit supplier is Macron.[23]Logo used until 2012, inspired by the RCD Espanyol logo[24]","title":"Crest and colours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Jan_Breydel_Stadion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Breydel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Breydel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rattenplein-25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rattenplein-25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"Jan Breydel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Breydel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UEFAHistory-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"new training complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfius_Basecamp"},{"link_name":"Westkapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westkapelle,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Jan Breydel StadiumThe club's original home in the Sint-Andries district of Bruges was known as the Rattenplein (rats' stadium) since it was owned by the local fox terrier club, who used it for another imported English pastime: rat baiting.[25][9] This non-UEFA affiliated 'sport' involved getting dogs to chase and kill rats.[25][9] In 1911, the team moved to a new ground, called De Klokke (after a nearby pub), which was renamed the Albert Dyserynckstadion after the sudden death of Club Brugge chairman Albert Dyserynck.[9]Their current stadium, since 1975, was rebranded in honour of local butcher and revolutionary Jan Breydel in 1998.[9] Breydel led a rising against the city's French overlords in the 1300s.[9] The venue – which Club Brugge share with local rivals Cercle Brugge – was previously named the Olympiastadion.[9][26]In November 2016, the club broke ground on a new training complex at Westkapelle, including four training pitches and an additional training centre for the senior squad plus the U21 and U19 teams; all in addition to the already available sports complex Molenhoek.[27]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"New stadium","text":"Since 2007, Club Brugge has been working on developing a new stadium. Since then, there have been a number of proposed locations, but the project never really took off due to problems with ground availability and endangered animal species on the proposed grounds.However, when a new city council and mayor were sworn into office in the city of Bruges, the project went through a rebirth. Instead of moving out of the current Jan Breydelstadium, the site on which this stadium is built will be completely reconstructed into a park with a brand new stadium next to where the current stadium is situated. Although this project has been criticised by some, it's the furthest the club has come with a project. In October 2021 the club received their building permit. The club, the city and the Flemish government aim to have a functioning stadium by mid-2023, which will hold up to 40,116 spectators.[28]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clubbruggetifo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tifo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifo"},{"link_name":"Rapid Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"twelfth man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_man_(football)"},{"link_name":"Telenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenet_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Tifo before the Champions League game Club Brugge-Rapid Wien in 2005Some of the fans are part of 62 supporter clubs in Belgium, which have more than 10,000 members. The \"Supportersfederatie Club Brugge KV\", founded in 1967, is recognized as the official supporters club of Club Brugge. The federation is made up of 60 recognized supporters' clubs and has an elected board to steer the operation in the right direction.[29]In tribute to the fans, often dubbed the twelfth man in football, Club Brugge no longer assigns the number 12 to players. Club Brugge also has a TV show, CLUBtv, on the Telenet network since 21 July 2006.[30] This twice weekly show features exclusive interviews with players, coaches and managers.","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brugse_beren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Baldwin I of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Margrave_of_Flanders"}],"text":"The three Bears; mascots of Club BrugesThe official mascot of Club Bruges is a bear, symbol of the city of Bruges. The history of the bear is related to a legend of the first Count of Flanders, Baldwin I of Flanders, who had fought and defeated a bear in his youth. Since the end of 2000, a second mascot, also a bear, travels along the edge of the field during home games for fans to call and encourage both their favorites. These two bears are called Belle and Bene. In 2010, a third bear named Bibi, made its appearance. He is described as the child of the first two mascots, and is oriented towards the young supporters.","title":"Mascot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"}],"text":"Like many historic clubs, Club Brugge contests rivalries with other Belgian clubs, whether at local (Cercle Brugge) or regional level (Antwerp) or nationally competitive (Anderlecht and Standard Liège).","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Big Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Anderlecht","text":"The rivalry between Club Brugge and Anderlecht has developed since the 1970s. At that time, the Brussels-based club and Club Brugge won most trophies between them, leaving little room for other Belgian teams. Matches between these two teams were often contested for the title of champion of Belgium. Three Belgian Cup finals were played between the two clubs (with Anderlecht winning once and Club Brugge twice), and they played seven Belgian Supercups (Club Bruges won five). A match between these two sides is often called 'The Hate Game'. They are arguably the most heated fixtures in Belgian football together with clashes between the other two members of the Big Three – Anderlecht and Standard Liège.[31][32]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruges Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_derby"},{"link_name":"Tifos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifo"},{"link_name":"flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare"}],"sub_title":"Cercle Brugge","text":"The Bruges Derby is seen as one of the most important games of the season for a lot of fans from both teams. Every season, the game attracts a huge deal of fans which results in huge choreographies on both sides. Tifos, flags and banners made specifically for this confrontation and accompanied by flares and smoke bombs aren't a rare sight in and around the stadium. The winner of this derby is crowned \"de Ploeg van Brugge\", which translates to \"the team of Bruges\". It has become a tradition for the winning side to plant a flag with the club's crest or colours on the center spot after the game.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"R. Antwerp FC","text":"The rivalry between the oldest clubs in Flanders and Belgium, is one that dates back to the 1900s. In 1908, due to Bruges supporters attacking Antwerp players after they had lost 2–1 to what we'll later call Club Brugge, one of the biggest and fiercest rivalries in Europe came to be.[33] Confrontations between the two sides bring a lot of fighting and havoc to the stadium and the surrounding neighbourhoods. This hatred has reached new highs ever since Antwerp gained promotion back to the first division.[34][35][36]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"record","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Brugge KV in European football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV_in_European_football"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"}],"sub_title":"Europeans Distinctions","text":"Further information on Club Brugge in European football: Club Brugge KV in European footballEuropean Cup\nRunners-up: 1977–78\nUEFA Cup\nRunners-up: 1975–76\nSemi-finalists: 1987–88\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup\nSemi-finalists: 1991–92\nUEFA Europa Conference League\nSemi-finalists: 2023–24","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirin_Cup"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"Minor","text":"Kirin Cup\nWinners: 1981\nAmsterdam Tournament\nWinners: 1990","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"As of 5 June 2024[37]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club NXT (Reserves and Youth Academy)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"François Sterchele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sterchele"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Striker"}],"sub_title":"Retired numbers","text":"12 – The 12th man (reserved for the club supporters)23 – François Sterchele, striker (2007–08). Posthumous; Sterchele died in a single-person car accident on 8 May 2008.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Club Brugge KV players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Club_Brugge_KV_players"}],"sub_title":"Former players","text":"Further information: List of Club Brugge KV players","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Club Brugge KV captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Club_Brugge_KV_captains"}],"sub_title":"Club captains","text":"Further information: List of Club Brugge KV captains","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Club Brugge KV head coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Club_Brugge_KV_head_coaches"}],"text":"Further information: List of Club Brugge KV head coaches","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Squad-38"}],"sub_title":"First-team staff","text":"As of 4 January 2022[38]","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reserves staff","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club Academy staff","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Club Brugge KV presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Club_Brugge_KV_presidents"}],"text":"See also: List of Club Brugge KV presidents","title":"Board of directors"}] | [{"image_text":"Picture of the 1919–20 squad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FCB_1919-20.jpg/220px-FCB_1919-20.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old and iconic logo used until the end of the 70s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Club_Brugge_mens_sana_1891.jpg/220px-Club_Brugge_mens_sana_1891.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo used until 2012, inspired by the RCD Espanyol logo[24]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sjaal_Club_Brugge.jpg/220px-Sjaal_Club_Brugge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jan Breydel Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Jan_Breydel_Stadion.jpg/220px-Panoramio_-_V%26A_Dudush_-_Jan_Breydel_Stadion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tifo before the Champions League game Club Brugge-Rapid Wien in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Clubbruggetifo.jpg/220px-Clubbruggetifo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The three Bears; mascots of Club Bruges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Brugse_beren.jpg/220px-Brugse_beren.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Club YLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV_(women)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Lost in…Bruges (Club Brugge – The Bruges Derby)\". Lost Boyos. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lostboyos.wordpress.com/2014/08/20/lost-in-bruges-club-brugge-the-bruges-derby/","url_text":"\"Lost in…Bruges (Club Brugge – The Bruges Derby)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214222236/https://lostboyos.wordpress.com/2014/08/20/lost-in-bruges-club-brugge-the-bruges-derby/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lacey, David (10 May 1978). \"Liverpool's tunes of glory\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lfchistory.net/Articles/Article/663","url_text":"\"Liverpool's tunes of glory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210103061320/https://www.lfchistory.net/Articles/Article/663","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ross, James M. (9 January 2008). \"UEFA Cup 1975–76\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. 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Glasgow Herald. 26 June 1978. p. 23. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19780626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"2 goal Kempes sinks the Dutch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151024001431/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19780626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amokachi Relives Historic Champions League Strike\". Goal. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. 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Afdankertjes bij Anderlecht, Standard én Club Brugge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160524160012/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20150812_01816141","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Grote Drie' die samen nog eens winnen dat was al heel lang geleden\". HLN.be. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. 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Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20171022_03145895","url_text":"\"Veldslag na Club-Antwerp: Nederlandse hooligans raken zwaarbeveiligde match binnen met gekopieerde tickets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204175125/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20171022_03145895","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trieste taferelen: Antwerp-hooligans zoeken confrontatie op met familietribune Club Brugge\". sporza.be (in Dutch). 24 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sporza.be/nl/2022/04/24/trieste-taferelen-antwerp-hooligans-zoeken-confrontatie-op-met-familietribune-club-brugge~1650807730331/","url_text":"\"Trieste taferelen: Antwerp-hooligans zoeken confrontatie op met familietribune Club Brugge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204175125/https://sporza.be/nl/2022/04/24/trieste-taferelen-antwerp-hooligans-zoeken-confrontatie-op-met-familietribune-club-brugge~1650807730331/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Niemand wil Club Brugge hier kampioen zien worden\": politie, Bosuil en buurt bereiden zich voor op risicomatch zondag\". Het Laatste Nieuws. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hln.be/antwerpen/niemand-wil-club-brugge-hier-kampioen-zien-worden-politie-bosuil-en-buurt-bereiden-zich-voor-op-risicomatch-zondag~a5c98a4cd/","url_text":"\"\"Niemand wil Club Brugge hier kampioen zien worden\": politie, Bosuil en buurt bereiden zich voor op risicomatch zondag\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204175124/https://www.hln.be/antwerpen/niemand-wil-club-brugge-hier-kampioen-zien-worden-politie-bosuil-en-buurt-bereiden-zich-voor-op-risicomatch-zondag~a5c98a4cd/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"team – noyau a\". clubbrugge.be. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clubbrugge.be/fr/noyau-a","url_text":"\"team – noyau a\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190707200503/https://www.clubbrugge.be/fr/noyau-a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"team – noyau a\". clubbrugge.be. 6 July 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics | IBM Cognos Analytics | ["1 Basic components","1.1 Cognos Connection","1.2 Query Studio","1.3 Report Studio","1.4 Analysis Studio","1.5 Event Studio","1.6 Workspace","1.7 Workspace Advanced","2 Windows-based components","3 Additional components","3.1 Go! Office","3.2 Go! Search","3.3 Go! Dashboards","4 Business Applications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Business intelligence suite
IBM Cognos AnalyticsDeveloper(s)IBMStable release12.0.0
/ June 2023; 1 year ago (2023-06)
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows, Linux, UNIXPlatformCross-platform softwareAvailable inMulti-lingualTypeBusiness intelligenceData visualizationAnalyticsLicenseProprietaryWebsitewww.ibm.com/products/cognos-analytics
IBM Cognos Analytics with Watson (aka Cognos Analytics, and formerly known as IBM Cognos Business Intelligence) is a web-based integrated business intelligence suite by IBM. It provides a toolset for reporting, analytics, scorecarding, and monitoring of events and metrics. The software consists of several components designed to meet the different information requirements in a company. IBM Cognos Analytics has components such as IBM Cognos Framework Manager, IBM Cognos Cube Designer, IBM Cognos Transformer.
Basic components
Parts of this article (those related to components) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023)
The elements described below are web-based components that can be accessed from most popular browsers (IBM Cognos specifically supports Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Internet Explorer).
Cognos Connection
Cognos Connection is the Web portal for IBM Cognos BI. It is the starting point for access to all functions provided with the suite. Using this portal, content can be searched in the form of reports, scorecards, and agents, it can be managed, structured, and displayed. In addition, the portal is used for multiple functions, for example to schedule and distribute reports, for creating tasks, administering the server, and the access permissions to content available to different users. You can also create shortcuts, URLs, and pages.
Query Studio
Query Studio allows simple queries and self-service reports to answer basic business questions. The report layout can be customized and data can be filtered and sorted. Formatting and creation of diagrams is also supported.
Report Studio
The Report Studio is used to create management reports. It offers two different modes: The professional authoring mode enables users to access the full range of Report Studio functionality. In this mode, users can create any type of report, including charts, maps, lists, and repeat functions. In professional authoring mode all types of Data (relational or multidimensional) can be used, but dynamic data can not be displayed.
The express authoring mode has a simpler user interface, designed for non-technical users. It enables them to create traditional financial or management reports in a more focused user interface. In contrast to the professional authoring mode, the express authoring mode allows the use of dynamic data.
Analysis Studio
Drill-up and drill-down as example OLAP-functionalities
Users can create analyses of large data sources and search for background information about an event or action. Multidimensional analysis allows identifying trends and understanding of anomalies or deviations, which are not obvious in other types of reports. Drag-and-drop features, elements and key performance indicators can be included in the analysis, rows and columns can be switched, OLAP-functionalities like drill-up and drill-down can be used to get a deeper understanding about the sources of the information used in the analysis.
Event Studio
The Event Studio is a notification tool that informs about events within the enterprise in real time. Therefore, agents can be created to detect the occurrence of business events or exceptional circumstances, based on the change of specified event- or data conditions. A notification may be served by sending an e-mail, its publication in the portal, or by triggering reports. This can be used to handle failure with notification. It is very robust in nature.
Workspace
IBM Cognos Workspace (formerly introduced in version 10.1 as IBM Cognos Business Insight and renamed in version 10.2.0) is a web-based interface that allows business users to use existing IBM Cognos content (report objects) to build interactive workspaces for insight and collaboration.
Workspace Advanced
IBM Cognos Workspace Advanced (formerly introduced in version 10.1 as IBM Cognos Business Insight Advanced and renamed in version 10.2.0) is a web-based interface that allows business users to author/create reports and analyze information.
Windows-based components
IBM Cognos Framework Manager
IBM Cognos Cube Designer
IBM Cognos Transformer
IBM Cognos Lifecycle Manager
IBM Cognos Map Manager
Additional components
Go! Office
The Go! Office component lets users work with IBM Cognos content in their familiar Microsoft Office environment. The component provides access to all IBM Cognos Report contents, including data, metadata, headers and footers, and diagrams. Users can use predefined reports or create new content with Query Studio, Analysis Studio or Report Studio. By importing content into Microsoft Excel users can use the formatting, calculation, and presentation features. The created documents can then be imported using Cognos Connection, published, and made available for other users.
Go! Search
In Cognos Connection, you can do a full-text search for content contained in reports, analyses, dashboards, metric information, and events. When searching, an index of the prompts, titles, headings, column names, row names, data elements, and other important fields is used as a base. The full-text search in IBM Cognos Go! Search is related to the search in regular search engines such as Google. Users can search operators such as +, - or use "" (quotation marks) to change the default behavior of search queries with multiple words. Search terms are not case sensitive, word, and spelling variants are included in the results. You can also search for a specific type of entry, such as an agent. The search results are sorted in descending order, the entry with the greatest amount of relevant metadata is displayed at the top of the list. In Analysis Studio, Query Studio and IBM Cognos Viewer, you can either perform a full-text search, as also search for content related to the data of the current view.
Go! Dashboards
With IBM Cognos Go! Dashboard, interactive dashboards containing IBM Cognos content and external data sources can be created to fit the information needs of an individual user.
The following items can be added to a dashboard:
Report objects, they are displayed in a Cognos Viewer portlet. Report parts such as lists, crosstabs, and charts are displayed in interactive portlets. Lists or crosstabs can be displayed as a chart and vice versa. Content can be shown or hidden dynamically by the use of sliders and checkboxes. The Cognos Search portlet allows searching for published content. In addition, Web links, Web pages, RSS feeds, and images can be displayed on the dashboard.
The user interface has two modes: In the interactive mode, existing dashboards are viewed and interacted with, creating and editing of dashboards can be done in assembly mode.
Business Applications
According to an IBM publication from 2006, the NYPD uses Cognos systems for the "Real Time Crime Center" to provide real time visualizations of CompStat crime data.
See also
Cognos ReportNet (before IBM Cognos BI)
Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition
Business Objects
References
^ a b c IBM Cognos 8 Mainly this document for Documentation,bm
p.10 , (04.04.2011)
^ Hannig Uwe (2008), Vom Data Warehouse zum Corporate Performance Management, p.86
^ Lusti (2002), Data Warehouse und Data Mining, pp.157
^ IBM Go! Search Documentation, p.59 ,(04.04.2011)
^ a b IBM Go! Dashboard Documentation, p. 7 ,(25.04.2011)
^ "NYPD changes the crime control equation by transforming the way it uses information", IBM Corporation,
Global Solution Sales New Orchard Road Armonk, NY 10504 U.S.A., 2006. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
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Vacuum tube computers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report#Enterprise/Client_reporting"},{"link_name":"analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics"},{"link_name":"scorecarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_scorecard"}],"text":"IBM Cognos Analytics with Watson (aka Cognos Analytics, and formerly known as IBM Cognos Business Intelligence) is a web-based integrated business intelligence suite by IBM. It provides a toolset for reporting, analytics, scorecarding, and monitoring of events and metrics. The software consists of several components designed to meet the different information requirements in a company. IBM Cognos Analytics has components such as IBM Cognos Framework Manager, IBM Cognos Cube Designer, IBM Cognos Transformer.","title":"IBM Cognos Analytics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The elements described below are web-based components that can be accessed from most popular browsers (IBM Cognos specifically supports Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Internet Explorer).","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cognos Connection","text":"Cognos Connection is the Web portal for IBM Cognos BI. It is the starting point for access to all functions provided with the suite. Using this portal, content can be searched in the form of reports, scorecards, and agents, it can be managed, structured, and displayed. In addition, the portal is used for multiple functions, for example to schedule and distribute reports, for creating tasks, administering the server, and the access permissions to content available to different users. You can also create shortcuts, URLs, and pages.","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"queries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Main_Documentation-1"}],"sub_title":"Query Studio","text":"Query Studio allows simple queries and self-service reports to answer basic business questions. The report layout can be customized and data can be filtered and sorted. Formatting and creation of diagrams is also supported.[1]","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Main_Documentation-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Main_Documentation-1"}],"sub_title":"Report Studio","text":"The Report Studio is used to create management reports. It offers two different modes: The professional authoring mode enables users to access the full range of Report Studio functionality. In this mode, users can create any type of report, including charts, maps, lists, and repeat functions. In professional authoring mode all types of Data (relational or multidimensional) can be used, but dynamic data can not be displayed.[1]The express authoring mode has a simpler user interface, designed for non-technical users. It enables them to create traditional financial or management reports in a more focused user interface. In contrast to the professional authoring mode, the express authoring mode allows the use of dynamic data.[1]","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OLAP_drill_up%26down.png"},{"link_name":"Multidimensional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Drag-and-drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop"},{"link_name":"key performance indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator"},{"link_name":"rows and columns can be switched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-place_matrix_transposition"},{"link_name":"OLAP-functionalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLAP_cube#OLAP_operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannig_Uwe_(2008)-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusti_(2002)-3"}],"sub_title":"Analysis Studio","text":"Drill-up and drill-down as example OLAP-functionalitiesUsers can create analyses of large data sources and search for background information about an event or action. Multidimensional analysis allows identifying trends and understanding of anomalies or deviations, which are not obvious in other types of reports. Drag-and-drop features, elements and key performance indicators can be included in the analysis, rows and columns can be switched, OLAP-functionalities[2][3] like drill-up and drill-down can be used to get a deeper understanding about the sources of the information used in the analysis.","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Event Studio","text":"The Event Studio is a notification tool that informs about events within the enterprise in real time. Therefore, agents can be created to detect the occurrence of business events or exceptional circumstances, based on the change of specified event- or data conditions. A notification may be served by sending an e-mail, its publication in the portal, or by triggering reports. This can be used to handle failure with notification. It is very robust in nature.","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Workspace","text":"IBM Cognos Workspace (formerly introduced in version 10.1 as IBM Cognos Business Insight and renamed in version 10.2.0) is a web-based interface that allows business users to use existing IBM Cognos content (report objects) to build interactive workspaces for insight and collaboration.","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Workspace Advanced","text":"IBM Cognos Workspace Advanced (formerly introduced in version 10.1 as IBM Cognos Business Insight Advanced and renamed in version 10.2.0) is a web-based interface that allows business users to author/create reports and analyze information.","title":"Basic components"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IBM Cognos Framework Manager\nIBM Cognos Cube Designer\nIBM Cognos Transformer\nIBM Cognos Lifecycle Manager\nIBM Cognos Map Manager","title":"Windows-based components"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Additional components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"Query Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Query_Studio"},{"link_name":"Analysis Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Analysis_Studio"},{"link_name":"Report Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Report_Studio"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_office#Excel"}],"sub_title":"Go! Office","text":"The Go! Office component lets users work with IBM Cognos content in their familiar Microsoft Office environment. The component provides access to all IBM Cognos Report contents, including data, metadata, headers and footers, and diagrams. Users can use predefined reports or create new content with Query Studio, Analysis Studio or Report Studio. By importing content into Microsoft Excel users can use the formatting, calculation, and presentation features. The created documents can then be imported using Cognos Connection, published, and made available for other users.","title":"Additional components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM Cognos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognos"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Analysis Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Analysis_Studio"},{"link_name":"Query Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Query_Studio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Go!_Search-4"}],"sub_title":"Go! Search","text":"In Cognos Connection, you can do a full-text search for content contained in reports, analyses, dashboards, metric information, and events. When searching, an index of the prompts, titles, headings, column names, row names, data elements, and other important fields is used as a base. The full-text search in IBM Cognos Go! Search is related to the search in regular search engines such as Google. Users can search operators such as +, - or use \"\" (quotation marks) to change the default behavior of search queries with multiple words. Search terms are not case sensitive, word, and spelling variants are included in the results. You can also search for a specific type of entry, such as an agent. The search results are sorted in descending order, the entry with the greatest amount of relevant metadata is displayed at the top of the list. In Analysis Studio, Query Studio and IBM Cognos Viewer, you can either perform a full-text search, as also search for content related to the data of the current view.[4]","title":"Additional components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dashboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboards_(management_information_systems)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Go!_Dashboard-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Go!_Dashboard-5"}],"sub_title":"Go! Dashboards","text":"With IBM Cognos Go! Dashboard, interactive dashboards containing IBM Cognos content and external data sources can be created to fit the information needs of an individual user.The following items can be added to a dashboard:\nReport objects, they are displayed in a Cognos Viewer portlet. Report parts such as lists, crosstabs, and charts are displayed in interactive portlets. Lists or crosstabs can be displayed as a chart and vice versa. Content can be shown or hidden dynamically by the use of sliders and checkboxes. The Cognos Search portlet allows searching for published content. In addition, Web links, Web pages, RSS feeds, and images can be displayed on the dashboard.\n[5]The user interface has two modes: In the interactive mode, existing dashboards are viewed and interacted with, creating and editing of dashboards can be done in assembly mode.[5]","title":"Additional components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CompStat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to an IBM publication from 2006, the NYPD uses Cognos systems for the \"Real Time Crime Center\" to provide real time visualizations of CompStat crime data.[6]","title":"Business Applications"}] | [{"image_text":"Drill-up and drill-down as example OLAP-functionalities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/OLAP_drill_up%26down.png/220px-OLAP_drill_up%26down.png"}] | [{"title":"Cognos ReportNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognos_ReportNet"},{"title":"Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Business_Intelligence_Suite_Enterprise_Edition"},{"title":"Business Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Objects"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.ibm.com/products/cognos-analytics","external_links_name":"www.ibm.com/products/cognos-analytics"},{"Link":"http://download.boulder.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/data/cognos/documentation/docs/en/8.4.0/wig_cr.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://download.boulder.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/data/cognos/documentation/docs/en/8.4.0/ug_search.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://download.boulder.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/data/cognos/documentation/docs/en/8.4.0/ug_exd.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NYPD changes the crime control equation by transforming the way it uses information\""},{"Link":"http://www.tecchannel.de/server/sql/1751285/bi_methoden_teil_1_ad_hoc_analysen_mit_olap/","external_links_name":"Tecchannel: Ad-hoc-Analysen mit OLAP"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_Building_(Hartford,_Connecticut) | First National Bank Building (Hartford, Connecticut) | ["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 41°45′59″N 72°40′21″W / 41.76639°N 72.67250°W / 41.76639; -72.67250United States historic placeFirst National Bank BuildingU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of ConnecticutShow map of the United StatesLocation58 State House Sq., Hartford, ConnecticutCoordinates41°45′59″N 72°40′21″W / 41.76639°N 72.67250°W / 41.76639; -72.67250Arealess than one acreBuilt1899 (1899)ArchitectFlagg, ErnestArchitectural styleBeaux ArtsMPSHartford Downtown MRANRHP reference No.84000766Added to NRHPDecember 23, 1984
The First National Bank Building is a historic commercial building at 50-58 State House Square in the heart of downtown Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1899, it is a fine local example of Beaux Arts architecture, and was one of the first of Hartford's commercial buildings to have a steel frame. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Description and history
The First National Bank Building is located on the north side of State House Square, facing Hartford Old State House. It is a seven-story masonry structure, its exterior walls faced in brick and stone on a frame of steel columns with reinforcing brick vaulted arches. The principal facade is one of the city's finest examples of Beaux Arts architecture. It is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the leftmost bay. The bottom and top two floors are each treated distinctively, with generally similar surrounds on the windows or doors on each level. The central three bays are grouped in tall openings topped by rounded arches and an elaborate cornice.
The building was designed by Ernest Flagg, a New York City architect, and was completed in 1899. It was built on the site of a portion of the former United States Hotel, said portion having been occupied by the bank prior to its demolition to make way for this building. Flagg, trained at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris, designed the building as a large-scale emulation of a classic column: the two bottom levels representing its base, and the top two its capital, with the intervening levels representing its shaft.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b "NRHP nomination for First National Bank Building". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe First National Bank Building is a historic commercial building at 50-58 State House Square in the heart of downtown Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1899, it is a fine local example of Beaux Arts architecture, and was one of the first of Hartford's commercial buildings to have a steel frame. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.[1]","title":"First National Bank Building (Hartford, Connecticut)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_(Hartford,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"Ernest Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Flagg"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"}],"text":"The First National Bank Building is located on the north side of State House Square, facing Hartford Old State House. It is a seven-story masonry structure, its exterior walls faced in brick and stone on a frame of steel columns with reinforcing brick vaulted arches. The principal facade is one of the city's finest examples of Beaux Arts architecture. It is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the leftmost bay. The bottom and top two floors are each treated distinctively, with generally similar surrounds on the windows or doors on each level. The central three bays are grouped in tall openings topped by rounded arches and an elaborate cornice.[2]The building was designed by Ernest Flagg, a New York City architect, and was completed in 1899. It was built on the site of a portion of the former United States Hotel, said portion having been occupied by the bank prior to its demolition to make way for this building. Flagg, trained at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris, designed the building as a large-scale emulation of a classic column: the two bottom levels representing its base, and the top two its capital, with the intervening levels representing its shaft.[2]","title":"Description and history"}] | [] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hartford,_Connecticut"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for First National Bank Building\". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000766_text","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for First National Bank Building\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=First_National_Bank_Building_(Hartford,_Connecticut)¶ms=41_45_59_N_72_40_21_W_type:landmark_region:US-CT","external_links_name":"41°45′59″N 72°40′21″W / 41.76639°N 72.67250°W / 41.76639; -72.67250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=First_National_Bank_Building_(Hartford,_Connecticut)¶ms=41_45_59_N_72_40_21_W_type:landmark_region:US-CT","external_links_name":"41°45′59″N 72°40′21″W / 41.76639°N 72.67250°W / 41.76639; -72.67250"},{"Link":"http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64000093.pdf","external_links_name":"Hartford Downtown MRA"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/84000766","external_links_name":"84000766"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000766_text","external_links_name":"\"NRHP nomination for First National Bank Building\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Donaghy,_Baroness_Donaghy | Rita Donaghy, Baroness Donaghy | ["1 Honours","2 References"] | Labour politician and life peer
Official Portrait
Rita Margaret Donaghy, Baroness Donaghy, CBE, FRSA (born 9 October 1944) is a British university administrator, trade unionist and Labour life peer in the House of Lords.
Donaghy graduated from the University of Durham. She worked at the Institute of Education, University of London, as an Assistant Registrar and later as Permanent Secretary to the Students' Union. She became active in the trade union NALGO, becoming a member of its National Executive by 1973 and serving as President for 1989/90. She was a member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress from 1989 - representing NALGO, which merged to become UNISON in 1993 - and was made TUC President in 2000.
In October 2000 she left her trade union positions on being appointed as Chair of the industrial conciliation service ACAS, a post she held until 2007. She served on the Committee on Standards in Public Life (Nolan Committee) from 2001 until 2007, briefly as Chair after Sir Alistair Graham's three-year term ended.
She was a member of the Low Pay Commission and the Employment Tribunal Taskforce
and chaired the TUC Disabilities Forum. In 2009, Donaghy was invited to chair an enquiry into work-related deaths in the construction industry, whose report published in 2010 contained many recommendations for improving safety in the industry.
She is Chair of the Diffuse Mesothelioma Oversight Committee and a member of the Birmingham University Business Advisory Group.
Honours
Donaghy was awarded the OBE in 1998 for services to industrial relations, and CBE in 2005 for services to employment relations. She has Honorary Doctorates from the Open University (2003), Keele University (2004) and the University of Greenwich (2005). In 2003 she was awarded a Fellowship of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, followed in 2004 by Fellowship of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA).
Her life peerage was announced in the 2010 Dissolution Honours List. She was created Baroness Donaghy, of Peckham in the London Borough of Southwark, on 26 June 2010.
References
^ Chronicle, Evening (10 January 2004). "Going uni-sex". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ ACAS Annual Report 2007/08
^ Annual Report 2006 Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Downing Street press release
^ Low Pay Commission Welcomes Historic Introduction Of National Minimum Wage Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Acas annual report 2004/05
^ Government Responds To Donaghy Report Into Construction Deaths Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Department for Work And Pensions, Wednesday, 31 March 2010
^ "Register of Interests for Baroness Donaghy - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament". members.parliament.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ "Keele University Honorary degrees awarded" (PDF). Keele.ac.uk.
^ "Press Release". 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "No. 59458". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 June 2010. p. 11149.
^ "No. 59476". The London Gazette. 1 July 2010. p. 12451.
Trade union offices
Preceded byPeter Hagger
Chair of the Trades Councils' Joint Consultative Committee 1995–1999
Succeeded byJimmy Knapp
Preceded byHector MacKenzie
President of the Trades Union Congress 2000
Succeeded byBill Morris
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded byJohn Hougham
Chair of Acas 2000–2007
Succeeded byEd Sweeney
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
People
UK Parliament | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Baroness_Donaghy_crop_2,_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"trade unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"University of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Institute of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"NALGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NALGO"},{"link_name":"General Council of the Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"UNISON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISON"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"ACAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Committee on Standards in Public Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alistair Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Graham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Low Pay Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Pay_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mesothelioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma"},{"link_name":"Birmingham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Official PortraitRita Margaret Donaghy, Baroness Donaghy, CBE, FRSA (born 9 October 1944) is a British university administrator, trade unionist and Labour life peer in the House of Lords.Donaghy graduated from the University of Durham.[1] She worked at the Institute of Education, University of London, as an Assistant Registrar and later as Permanent Secretary to the Students' Union. She became active in the trade union NALGO, becoming a member of its National Executive by 1973 and serving as President for 1989/90. 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She has Honorary Doctorates from the Open University (2003), Keele University (2004)[9] and the University of Greenwich (2005).[10] In 2003 she was awarded a Fellowship of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, followed in 2004 by Fellowship of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA).Her life peerage was announced in the 2010 Dissolution Honours List.[11] She was created Baroness Donaghy, of Peckham in the London Borough of Southwark, on 26 June 2010.[12]","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Official Portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Official_portrait_of_Baroness_Donaghy_crop_2%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Baroness_Donaghy_crop_2%2C_2019.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chronicle, Evening (10 January 2004). \"Going uni-sex\". Chronicle Live. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood,_Wisconsin | Shorewood, Wisconsin | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Landmarks and notable buildings","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°5′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.09194°N 87.88639°W / 43.09194; -87.88639
Village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Village in Wisconsin, United StatesShorewood, WisconsinVillageThe Shorewood Village HallLocation of Shorewood in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.Coordinates: 43°5′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.09194°N 87.88639°W / 43.09194; -87.88639Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyMilwaukeeArea • Total1.59 sq mi (4.12 km2) • Land1.59 sq mi (4.12 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation679 ft (207 m)Population (2020) • Total13,859 • Density8,716/sq mi (3,350/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code414FIPS code55-73725GNIS feature ID1574071Websitevillageofshorewood.org
Shorewood is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 13,859 at the 2020 census.
History
In the early 19th century when the first white settlers arrived, the Shorewood area was controlled by Native Americans, including the Menominee, Potawatomi, and Sauk people. The United States Federal Government traded the land from the Menominee people in 1832 through the Treaty of Washington.
The land was organized as part of the Town of Milwaukee in 1835, and when settlers arrived in the mid-1830s, they found the area to be heavily forested. They built two sawmills on the east bank of the Milwaukee River, and the unincorporated community around the sawmills was known as Mechanicsville. However, the mills' success was short-lived; both closed during the Panic of 1837. Thomas Bare, the area's first permanent white settler, arrived in 1841 and purchased ninety acres of farmland east of the Milwaukee River. Around 1850, another unincorporated community known as Humboldt was settled in the area. Humboldt's industrial base included a paper mill and a grist mill.
Beginning in the 1870s, the area's economy began to diversify. In 1873, the Northwestern Union Railway laid tracks through present-day Shorewood along the eastern bank of the Milwaukee River. The railroad was a boon for local businesses, including the Milwaukee Cement Company, which began quarrying limestone on the bluffs above the river in 1876. The community that grew around the company was known as Cementville and prospered until quarrying operations ceased in 1909.
In 1872, a resort called Lueddemann’s-on-the-River opened in the southwestern part of present-day Shorewood. Accessible by riverboat and later by train, the resort was the first of several beer gardens and amusement parks that operated in the area between the 1872 and 1916. Coney Island, an amusement park that opened in 1900, proved to be particularly controversial and played a significant role in Shorewood's incorporation as a village. The park included loud music, electric lights, and a roller coaster. Some town residents were opposed to the noise, light pollution, and raucous visitors coming from the City of Milwaukee on the newly constructed Milwaukee Electric Railway streetcar lines. Some blamed the Town of Milwaukee, which collected licensing fees from the park and allowed it to operate. Additionally, the roads in the community were of poor quality compared with those in the neighboring city of Milwaukee, and residents were unhappy that tax revenue from the increasingly suburban Shorewood area—including the taxes from Coney Island—were being redistributed across the town rather than being used to increase their standard of living. In response, residents voted to incorporate as the Village of East Milwaukee. At the time of incorporation in August 1900, the village had a population of 300.
The NRHP-listed Thomas Bossert House is one of several Flagg-system houses in Shorewood that date to the mid-1920s.
In the early 1900s, the village developed as a streetcar suburb of Milwaukee, with public transportation allowing residents to easily commute to the city. The village's center emerged along the streetcar lines on Oakland Avenue and Atwater Road (now known as Capitol Drive). Additionally, affluent Milwaukeeans began building mansions in the eastern part of the village along Lake Drive and the bluff overlooking Lake Michigan. The population grew to 1,255 by 1913, and in the 1910s municipal improvements included paved roads and sidewalks, gas mains, and street signs. The Village of East Milwaukee changed its name to the Village of Shorewood in 1917.
Shorewood saw significant growth in the 1920s, with the population quadrupling from 2,650 residents in 1920 to 13,479 in 1930. During the decade, as many as 200 new homes were constructed per year in the village, including work by Alexander C. Eschweiler and Flagg-system homes constructed by Arnold F. Meyer & Co. The architect Russell Barr Williamson, who worked for Frank Lloyd Wright from 1914-1917, designed at least 16 homes in Shorewood between 1918 and 1929. As the village population swelled, local municipal institutions became more organized. The village's health department organized in 1918; the police department, in 1920; and the fire department, in 1929. In 1928, the village's elected board of trustees hired a full-time village manager to head the village's day-to-day operations, and Shorewood has had a council–manager government ever since. Shorewood's school district also grew in the 1920s and was influenced by the ideas of philosopher John Dewey.
The village's historical population reached its zenith after World War II, with over 16,000 residents. The community underwent urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960s, but the population has slowly declined to approximately 13,000 as of 2010.
Geography
Shorewood is located at 43°05′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.092061°N 87.886333°W / 43.092061; -87.886333 (43.092061, −87.886333).
Nestled between the Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan, Shorewood is bordered by the City of Milwaukee to the south and west and Whitefish Bay to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.59 square miles (4.12 km2), all of it land.
Shorewood's border to the west stops at the Milwaukee River's edge according to the Village Charter, unlike most river municipal boundaries that are set at the middle of the river.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910707—19202,650274.8%193013,479408.6%194015,18412.6%195016,1996.7%196015,990−1.3%197015,576−2.6%198014,327−8.0%199014,116−1.5%200013,763−2.5%201013,162−4.4%202013,8595.3%U.S. Decennial Census
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,162 people, 6,381 households, and 3,109 families living in the village. The population density was 8,278.0 inhabitants per square mile (3,196.2/km2). There were 6,750 housing units at an average density of 4,245.3 per square mile (1,639.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 88.1% White, 2.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.6% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.
There were 6,381 households, of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.3% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the village was 37.2 years. 19.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 13% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,763 people, 6,539 households, and 3,328 families living in the village. The population density was 8,599.5 people per square mile (3,321.2/km2), the highest in the state of Wisconsin. There were 6,696 housing units at an average density of 4,183.9 per square mile (1,615.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 91.43% White, 2.41% African American, 0.23% Native American, 3.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population.
There were 6,539 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 39.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $47,224, and the median income for a family was $67,589. Males had a median income of $47,616 versus $34,294 for females. The per capita income for the village was $32,950. About 3.8% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The first building of Shorewood High School's multi-building campus was constructed in 1925.
The Shorewood School District maintains four public schools:
Shorewood High School – serving grades 9 through 12
Shorewood Intermediate School – serving grades 7 and 8
Atwater Elementary School – serving 4K through grade 6
Lake Bluff Elementary School – serving 4K through grade 6
The Archdiocese of Milwaukee maintains one Catholic school in Shorewood, St. Robert School, which serves kindergarten through grade 8.
Landmarks and notable buildings
Benjamin Church House (also known as Kilbourntown House) – The one-story Greek Revival house was built in 1844 for his family by Benjamin F. Church, a pioneer builder from New York, on N. Fourth Street in the Kilbourntown settlement. In 1938, after significant preservation efforts, the house was moved from its original site to its present location in Estabrook Park in Shorewood. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Estabrook Park – A park with pond, soccer fields, dog park, softball diamond, beach volleyball court, picnic areas, skate park, and wooded areas spanning almost 125 acres (51 ha) along the east bank of the Milwaukee River between E Capitol Dr. and Hampton Ave.
Hubbard Park – The wooded, terraced park spanning almost 5 acres (2.0 ha) along the east bank of the Milwaukee River has a colorful history. In its earlier years, the site used for Indian hunting grounds, a resort, a series of amusement parks, fishing shanties, to name a few. It is home to the Hubbard Park Lodge, constructed as a WPA project in 1936. It is also home to Hubbard Park Lodge Restaurant.
Shorewood High School campus – The school’s 19-acre (7.7 ha) campus, built between 1924 and 1938, includes separate buildings for administration, physical education, arts and science, industrial arts, and theater arts. The auditorium was modeled after the RKO Theater in New York City.
Shorewood Village Hall – Originally built as a four-room schoolhouse in 1908, the building was purchased in 1916 by the Village of East Milwaukee for use as a village hall. It was extensively remodeled in 1937 with WPA funds, and again in 1985. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
WITI TV Tower – Built in 1962, it was once one of the tallest free-standing lattice towers in the world, rising 1,078 feet (329 m).
Hayek Pharmacy – Located at 4001 N. Downer Ave, the original interior of the pharmacy was featured on the cover of the Images of America book on Shorewood's historic buildings. It is one of the oldest retail buildings in Shorewood, dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Hayek Pharmacy was shut down in January, 2018 after 100 years in business.
The Ghost Train – The Ghost Train is an artistic sensory experience at the Oak Leaf Trail Bridge and Capitol Drive in Shorewood. It made its inaugural run on October 31, 2016.
The Elizabeth Murphy House, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is the last completed home in his American System-Built Homes series. The home was built in 1917-18. Its pedigree was lost when its architect was left off an estate sale advertisement in the 1970s but was rediscovered in 2015 and has since been restored by new owners.
Benjamin Church House
Atwater Park
Notable people
Trixie Mattel, Drag Queen, comedian, song-writer, business woman
Frankie Abernathy, reality TV star
Les Aspin, U.S. House of Representatives (1971–1993), U.S. Secretary of Defense (1993–1994)
Kate Baldwin, Broadway actress, 2010 Tony Award nominee for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for Finian's Rainbow
Bill Carollo, NFL referee
Dickey Chapelle, photojournalist and first female war correspondent
Katie Eder, activist and social entrepreneur, founder of 50 Miles More, Kids Tales, and The Future Coalition
John Fiedler (1925–2005), voice actor and character actor in stage, film, television, and radio; voice of Piglet in Disney's Winnie the Pooh productions, played role of Mr. Peterson, nervous patient on The Bob Newhart Show
Paul C. Gartzke, Presiding Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
Herschel Burke Gilbert, film and television composer
Jerry Harrison, keyboardist for Talking Heads and The Modern Lovers
Walter Heller, Economic adviser to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy
Kirby Hendee, Wisconsin State Senator
Ari Herstand, singer/songwriter, now based out of L.A.
Robert Watson Landry, Wisconsin State Representative
Stephen R. Leopold, Wisconsin State Representative
Jack Nagle, NBA scout
Betty Jo Nelsen, Wisconsin State Representative
Pat Peppler, NFL general manager and head coach
Charlotte Rae, actress on The Facts of Life, 1944 graduate of Shorewood High School
William Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, 1941 graduate of Shorewood High School
Ben L. Salomon, recipient of World War II Medal of Honor
Jim Sensenbrenner, U.S. Representative
Leif Shiras, professional tennis player
Matthew Tonner, multi-instrumental musician and producer of The 502s
Judy Tyler, actress
Jerry Zucker, David Zucker, and Jim Abrahams – co-directors of movies Airplane! and Top Secret! grew up in Shorewood; the bogus East German national anthem sung in Top Secret! is actually the Shorewood High School fight song with comic lyrics
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b c d e f g h "Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Shorewood". University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g "Shorewood Wisconsin Historical Society". www.shorewoodhistory.org. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ "Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Milwaukee County". University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^ "Wisconsin Historical Marker 446: Lueddemann's-On-The-River". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^ Virginia A. Palmer (May 27, 1985). "Intensive Survey Form: Thomas Bossert home". State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Retrieved September 19, 2018. With two photos
^ Williamson, Jr., Russell Barr. Russell Barr Williamson Architect - A
Collection. The Barr Brand, 2000.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Swanson, Carl. "Lost Milwaukee: How a Riverside Roadway Was Stopped". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Shorewood village, Wisconsin". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ a b "Milwaukee County Landmarks: Shorewood". Milwaukee County Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
^ "Shorewood Parks" Archived 2010-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, Village Of Shorewood. Retrieved 2010-07-11
^ Shorewood Historical Society, "Historical Markers", n.d. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
^ "WITI-TV Tower", "Skyscraper Source Media Inc.", 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
^ Shorewood Historical Society (Shorewood, Wis.). (2000). Shorewood, Wisconsin: Images of America. Chicago, IL: Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-0713-X.
^ Rumage, Jeff. "Hayek's Pharmacy closes after 100 years in Shorewood". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ Bruce, Geoff. "See the mysterious Ghost Train as it makes its annual odyssey through Shorewood". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ Imig, Nate. "Look inside this 'forgotten' Frank Lloyd Wright home in Shorewood". Urban Spelunking/WUWM. 21-Sep-2023, https://radiomilwaukee.org/story/urban-spelunking/look-inside-this-forgotten-frank-lloyd-wright-home-in-shorewood/, Retrieved: 22-Jan-2024.
^ Newsday, Journal Sentinel staff. "Shorewood actress earns Tony nomination", "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel", May 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
^ "Dickey Chapelle", Wisconsin Historical Society, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
^ O'Donnell, Michelle. "John Fiedler, 80, Stage Actor and Film Voice of Pooh's Piglet, Dies", New York Times, June 27, 2005. Accessed December 15, 2007. "He graduated from Shorewood High School in 1943 and enlisted in the United States Navy, serving stateside until World War II's end."
^ Singer Judy Tyler dies in car crash
External links
Village of Shorewood
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BrookfieldC
FranklinC
GreenfieldC
Menomonee FallsV
Mount PleasantV
New BerlinC
Oak CreekC
RacineC
WaukeshaC
WauwatosaC
West AllisC
West BendC
Municipalities(over 10,000 in 2010)
Brown DeerV
BurlingtonC
CaledoniaV
CedarburgC
CudahyC
GermantownV
GlendaleC
GraftonV
GreendaleV
HartfordC
MequonC
MuskegoC
OconomowocC
PewaukeeC
Port WashingtonC
RichfieldV
ShorewoodV
South MilwaukeeC
SussexV
Whitefish BayV
Smaller municipalities(under 10,000 in 2010)
AddisonT
BartonT
BaysideV
BelgiumV
BelgiumT
Big BendV
BrookfieldT
BurlingtonT
ButlerV
CedarburgT
ChenequaV
DelafieldC
DousmanV
DoverT
EagleT
EagleV
DelafieldT
Elm GroveV
Elmwood ParkV
ErinT
FarmingtonT
Fox PointV
FredoniaV
FredoniaT
GeneseeT
GermantownT
GraftonT
Hales CornersV
HartfordT
HartlandV
JacksonV
JacksonT
KewaskumV
KewaskumT
Lac La BelleV
LannonV
LisbonT
MertonV
MertonT
MukwonagoT
MukwonagoV
NashotahV
NewburgV
North BayV
North PrairieV
NorwayT
OconomowocT
Oconomowoc LakeV
OttawaT
PewaukeeV
Port WashingtonT
RaymondV
PolkT
River HillsV
RochesterV
SaukvilleV
SaukvilleT
SlingerV
St. FrancisC
SturtevantV
SummitV
ThiensvilleV
TrentonT
Union GroveV
VernonV
WalesV
WaterfordV
WaterfordT
WaukeshaV
WayneT
West BendT
West MilwaukeeV
Wind PointV
YorkvilleV
Counties
Milwaukee
Ozaukee
Racine
Washington
Waukesha
Other topics
WOW counties
Notes: Vvillage Ttown Ccity
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_Wisconsin#Village"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Village in Milwaukee County, WisconsinVillage in Wisconsin, United StatesShorewood is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 13,859 at the 2020 census.","title":"Shorewood, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"Sauk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington,_with_Menominee_(1831)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Town of Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_(town),_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Electric_Railway_and_Light_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"increasingly suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Bossert_House_May09.jpg"},{"link_name":"NRHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Flagg-system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Flagg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander C. Eschweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_C._Eschweiler"},{"link_name":"Flagg-system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Flagg"},{"link_name":"Arnold F. Meyer & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F._Meyer_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"Russell Barr Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Barr_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"village manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager"},{"link_name":"council–manager government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"John Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia-4"}],"text":"In the early 19th century when the first white settlers arrived, the Shorewood area was controlled by Native Americans, including the Menominee, Potawatomi, and Sauk people. The United States Federal Government traded the land from the Menominee people in 1832 through the Treaty of Washington.[4][5]The land was organized as part of the Town of Milwaukee in 1835,[6] and when settlers arrived in the mid-1830s, they found the area to be heavily forested. They built two sawmills on the east bank of the Milwaukee River, and the unincorporated community around the sawmills was known as Mechanicsville.[5] However, the mills' success was short-lived; both closed during the Panic of 1837. Thomas Bare, the area's first permanent white settler, arrived in 1841 and purchased ninety acres of farmland east of the Milwaukee River.[4] Around 1850, another unincorporated community known as Humboldt was settled in the area. Humboldt's industrial base included a paper mill and a grist mill.[5]Beginning in the 1870s, the area's economy began to diversify. In 1873, the Northwestern Union Railway laid tracks through present-day Shorewood along the eastern bank of the Milwaukee River. The railroad was a boon for local businesses, including the Milwaukee Cement Company, which began quarrying limestone on the bluffs above the river in 1876. The community that grew around the company was known as Cementville[5] and prospered until quarrying operations ceased in 1909.[4]In 1872, a resort called Lueddemann’s-on-the-River opened in the southwestern part of present-day Shorewood. Accessible by riverboat and later by train, the resort was the first of several beer gardens and amusement parks that operated in the area between the 1872 and 1916. Coney Island, an amusement park that opened in 1900, proved to be particularly controversial and played a significant role in Shorewood's incorporation as a village. The park included loud music, electric lights, and a roller coaster. Some town residents were opposed to the noise, light pollution, and raucous visitors coming from the City of Milwaukee on the newly constructed Milwaukee Electric Railway streetcar lines. Some blamed the Town of Milwaukee, which collected licensing fees from the park and allowed it to operate.[7] Additionally, the roads in the community were of poor quality compared with those in the neighboring city of Milwaukee, and residents were unhappy that tax revenue from the increasingly suburban Shorewood area—including the taxes from Coney Island—were being redistributed across the town rather than being used to increase their standard of living. In response, residents voted to incorporate as the Village of East Milwaukee. At the time of incorporation in August 1900, the village had a population of 300.[5]The NRHP-listed Thomas Bossert House is one of several Flagg-system houses in Shorewood that date to the mid-1920s.[8]In the early 1900s, the village developed as a streetcar suburb of Milwaukee, with public transportation allowing residents to easily commute to the city. The village's center emerged along the streetcar lines on Oakland Avenue and Atwater Road (now known as Capitol Drive). Additionally, affluent Milwaukeeans began building mansions in the eastern part of the village along Lake Drive and the bluff overlooking Lake Michigan.[4] The population grew to 1,255 by 1913, and in the 1910s municipal improvements included paved roads and sidewalks, gas mains, and street signs.[5] The Village of East Milwaukee changed its name to the Village of Shorewood in 1917.[4]Shorewood saw significant growth in the 1920s, with the population quadrupling from 2,650 residents in 1920 to 13,479 in 1930. During the decade, as many as 200 new homes were constructed per year in the village, including work by Alexander C. Eschweiler and Flagg-system homes constructed by Arnold F. Meyer & Co.[4] The architect Russell Barr Williamson, who worked for Frank Lloyd Wright from 1914-1917, designed at least 16 homes in Shorewood between 1918 and 1929.[9] As the village population swelled, local municipal institutions became more organized. The village's health department organized in 1918; the police department, in 1920; and the fire department, in 1929. In 1928, the village's elected board of trustees hired a full-time village manager to head the village's day-to-day operations, and Shorewood has had a council–manager government ever since.[5] Shorewood's school district also grew in the 1920s and was influenced by the ideas of philosopher John Dewey.[4]The village's historical population reached its zenith after World War II, with over 16,000 residents. The community underwent urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960s, but the population has slowly declined to approximately 13,000 as of 2010.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°05′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.092061°N 87.886333°W / 43.092061; -87.886333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shorewood,_Wisconsin¶ms=43.092061_N_87.886333_W_type:city_region:US"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-10"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"City of Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Bay,_WI"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Shorewood is located at 43°05′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.092061°N 87.886333°W / 43.092061; -87.886333 (43.092061, −87.886333).[10]Nestled between the Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan, Shorewood is bordered by the City of Milwaukee to the south and west and Whitefish Bay to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.59 square miles (4.12 km2), all of it land.[11]Shorewood's border to the west stops at the Milwaukee River's edge according to the Village Charter, unlike most river municipal boundaries that are set at the middle of the river.[12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-15"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[15] of 2010, there were 13,162 people, 6,381 households, and 3,109 families living in the village. The population density was 8,278.0 inhabitants per square mile (3,196.2/km2). There were 6,750 housing units at an average density of 4,245.3 per square mile (1,639.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 88.1% White, 2.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.6% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.There were 6,381 households, of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.3% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.83.The median age in the village was 37.2 years. 19.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 13% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 13,763 people, 6,539 households, and 3,328 families living in the village. The population density was 8,599.5 people per square mile (3,321.2/km2), the highest in the state of Wisconsin. There were 6,696 housing units at an average density of 4,183.9 per square mile (1,615.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 91.43% White, 2.41% African American, 0.23% Native American, 3.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population.There were 6,539 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 39.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.87.In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.The median income for a household in the village was $47,224, and the median income for a family was $67,589. Males had a median income of $47,616 versus $34,294 for females. The per capita income for the village was $32,950. About 3.8% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shorewood_High_School_Photo_Winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shorewood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood_High_School_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Shorewood School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shorewoodschools.org"},{"link_name":"Shorewood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood_High_School_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Milwaukee"}],"text":"The first building of Shorewood High School's multi-building campus was constructed in 1925.The Shorewood School District maintains four public schools:Shorewood High School – serving grades 9 through 12\nShorewood Intermediate School – serving grades 7 and 8\nAtwater Elementary School – serving 4K through grade 6\nLake Bluff Elementary School – serving 4K through grade 6The Archdiocese of Milwaukee maintains one Catholic school in Shorewood, St. Robert School, which serves kindergarten through grade 8.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Church House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church_House_(Shorewood,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Church"},{"link_name":"Estabrook Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_of_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-16"},{"link_name":"Estabrook Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabrook_Park"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_River"},{"link_name":"Hubbard Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_Park_(Shorewood,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_River"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shorewood High School campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood_High_School_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-16"},{"link_name":"Shorewood Village Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood_Village_Hall"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WITI TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WITI_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Images of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_of_America"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Murphy House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Murphy_House"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"American System-Built Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_System-Built_Homes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benchurchhouse-May09.jpg"}],"text":"Benjamin Church House (also known as Kilbourntown House) – The one-story Greek Revival house was built in 1844 for his family by Benjamin F. Church, a pioneer builder from New York, on N. Fourth Street in the Kilbourntown settlement. In 1938, after significant preservation efforts, the house was moved from its original site to its present location in Estabrook Park in Shorewood. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.[16]\nEstabrook Park – A park with pond, soccer fields, dog park, softball diamond, beach volleyball court, picnic areas, skate park, and wooded areas spanning almost 125 acres (51 ha) along the east bank of the Milwaukee River between E Capitol Dr. and Hampton Ave.\nHubbard Park – The wooded, terraced park spanning almost 5 acres (2.0 ha) along the east bank of the Milwaukee River has a colorful history. In its earlier years, the site used for Indian hunting grounds, a resort, a series of amusement parks, fishing shanties, to name a few. It is home to the Hubbard Park Lodge, constructed as a WPA project in 1936. It is also home to Hubbard Park Lodge Restaurant.[17]\nShorewood High School campus – The school’s 19-acre (7.7 ha) campus, built between 1924 and 1938, includes separate buildings for administration, physical education, arts and science, industrial arts, and theater arts. The auditorium was modeled after the RKO Theater in New York City.[16]\nShorewood Village Hall – Originally built as a four-room schoolhouse in 1908, the building was purchased in 1916 by the Village of East Milwaukee for use as a village hall. It was extensively remodeled in 1937 with WPA funds, and again in 1985. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.[18]\nWITI TV Tower – Built in 1962, it was once one of the tallest free-standing lattice towers in the world, rising 1,078 feet (329 m).[19]\nHayek Pharmacy – Located at 4001 N. Downer Ave, the original interior of the pharmacy was featured on the cover of the Images of America book on Shorewood's historic buildings. It is one of the oldest retail buildings in Shorewood, dating back to the turn of the 20th century.[20] Hayek Pharmacy was shut down in January, 2018 after 100 years in business.[21]\nThe Ghost Train – The Ghost Train is an artistic sensory experience at the Oak Leaf Trail Bridge and Capitol Drive in Shorewood. It made its inaugural run on October 31, 2016.[22]\nThe Elizabeth Murphy House, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is the last completed home in his American System-Built Homes series. The home was built in 1917-18. Its pedigree was lost when its architect was left off an estate sale advertisement in the 1970s but was rediscovered in 2015 and has since been restored by new owners.[23]Benjamin Church House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAtwater Park","title":"Landmarks and notable buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trixie Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trixie_Mattel"},{"link_name":"Frankie Abernathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Abernathy"},{"link_name":"Les Aspin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Aspin"},{"link_name":"Kate Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Finian's Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finian%27s_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bill Carollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Carollo"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Dickey Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickey_Chapelle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Katie Eder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Eder"},{"link_name":"John Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"voice actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Paul C. Gartzke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Gartzke"},{"link_name":"Herschel Burke Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Burke_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Jerry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"The Modern Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Walter Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Heller"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Kirby Hendee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Hendee"},{"link_name":"Ari Herstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Herstand"},{"link_name":"Robert Watson Landry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson_Landry"},{"link_name":"Stephen R. Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_R._Leopold"},{"link_name":"Jack Nagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nagle"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Betty Jo Nelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Jo_Nelsen"},{"link_name":"Pat Peppler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Peppler"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Rae"},{"link_name":"The Facts of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"William Rehnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Ben L. Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_L._Salomon"},{"link_name":"World War II Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Jim Sensenbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner"},{"link_name":"Leif Shiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Shiras"},{"link_name":"Matthew Tonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tonner"},{"link_name":"The 502s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_502s"},{"link_name":"Judy Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Tyler"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jerry Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"David Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zucker_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Jim Abrahams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Abrahams"},{"link_name":"Airplane!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane!"},{"link_name":"Top Secret!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Secret!"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Trixie Mattel, Drag Queen, comedian, song-writer, business woman\nFrankie Abernathy, reality TV star\nLes Aspin, U.S. House of Representatives (1971–1993), U.S. Secretary of Defense (1993–1994)\nKate Baldwin, Broadway actress, 2010 Tony Award nominee for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for Finian's Rainbow[24]\nBill Carollo, NFL referee\nDickey Chapelle, photojournalist and first female war correspondent[25]\nKatie Eder, activist and social entrepreneur, founder of 50 Miles More, Kids Tales, and The Future Coalition\nJohn Fiedler (1925–2005), voice actor and character actor in stage, film, television, and radio; voice of Piglet in Disney's Winnie the Pooh productions, played role of Mr. Peterson, nervous patient on The Bob Newhart Show[26]\nPaul C. Gartzke, Presiding Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals\nHerschel Burke Gilbert, film and television composer\nJerry Harrison, keyboardist for Talking Heads and The Modern Lovers\nWalter Heller, Economic adviser to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy\nKirby Hendee, Wisconsin State Senator\nAri Herstand, singer/songwriter, now based out of L.A.\nRobert Watson Landry, Wisconsin State Representative\nStephen R. Leopold, Wisconsin State Representative\nJack Nagle, NBA scout\nBetty Jo Nelsen, Wisconsin State Representative\nPat Peppler, NFL general manager and head coach\nCharlotte Rae, actress on The Facts of Life, 1944 graduate of Shorewood High School\nWilliam Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, 1941 graduate of Shorewood High School\nBen L. Salomon, recipient of World War II Medal of Honor\nJim Sensenbrenner, U.S. Representative\nLeif Shiras, professional tennis player\nMatthew Tonner, multi-instrumental musician and producer of The 502s\nJudy Tyler, actress[27]\nJerry Zucker, David Zucker, and Jim Abrahams – co-directors of movies Airplane! and Top Secret! grew up in Shorewood; the bogus East German national anthem sung in Top Secret! is actually the Shorewood High School fight song with comic lyrics","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"The NRHP-listed Thomas Bossert House is one of several Flagg-system houses in Shorewood that date to the mid-1920s.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Thomas_Bossert_House_May09.jpg/220px-Thomas_Bossert_House_May09.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first building of Shorewood High School's multi-building campus was constructed in 1925.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shorewood_High_School_Photo_Winter.jpg/220px-Shorewood_High_School_Photo_Winter.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Milwaukee_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Milwaukee_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Shorewood\". University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/shorewood/#_ftn2-entry","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Shorewood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shorewood Wisconsin Historical Society\". www.shorewoodhistory.org. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shorewoodhistory.org/history/","url_text":"\"Shorewood Wisconsin Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Milwaukee County\". University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/milwaukee-county/","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: Milwaukee County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Historical Marker 446: Lueddemann's-On-The-River\". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=30250","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Historical Marker 446: Lueddemann's-On-The-River\""}]},{"reference":"Virginia A. Palmer (May 27, 1985). \"Intensive Survey Form: Thomas Bossert home\". State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Retrieved September 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/85002018_text","url_text":"\"Intensive Survey Form: Thomas Bossert home\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Carl. \"Lost Milwaukee: How a Riverside Roadway Was Stopped\". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2019/09/13/lost-milwaukee-how-a-riverside-roadway-was-stopped/","url_text":"\"Lost Milwaukee: How a Riverside Roadway Was Stopped\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Shorewood village, Wisconsin\". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/shorewoodvillagewisconsin","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Shorewood village, Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Milwaukee County Landmarks: Shorewood\". Milwaukee County Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://milwaukeehistory.net/education/county-landmarks/shorewood/","url_text":"\"Milwaukee County Landmarks: Shorewood\""}]},{"reference":"Rumage, Jeff. \"Hayek's Pharmacy closes after 100 years in Shorewood\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/communities/northshore/news/shorewood/2018/01/09/hayeks-pharmacy-closes-after-100-years-shorewood/1014408001/","url_text":"\"Hayek's Pharmacy closes after 100 years in Shorewood\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Geoff. \"See the mysterious Ghost Train as it makes its annual odyssey through Shorewood\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/communities/northshore/things-to-do/2018/10/17/see-mysterious-ghost-train-passes-through-shorewood/1662335002/","url_text":"\"See the mysterious Ghost Train as it makes its annual odyssey through Shorewood\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shorewood,_Wisconsin¶ms=43_5_31_N_87_53_11_W_region:US-WI_type:city(13859)","external_links_name":"43°5′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.09194°N 87.88639°W / 43.09194; -87.88639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shorewood,_Wisconsin¶ms=43_5_31_N_87_53_11_W_region:US-WI_type:city(13859)","external_links_name":"43°5′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.09194°N 87.88639°W / 43.09194; -87.88639"},{"Link":"http://villageofshorewood.org/","external_links_name":"villageofshorewood.org"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shorewood,_Wisconsin¶ms=43.092061_N_87.886333_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"43°05′31″N 87°53′11″W / 43.092061°N 87.886333°W / 43.092061; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y,_Alanya | Bayırköy, Alanya | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°45′24″N 31°55′52″E / 36.7566°N 31.9312°E / 36.7566; 31.9312Neighbourhood in Alanya, Antalya, TurkeyBayırköyNeighbourhoodBayırköyLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 36°45′24″N 31°55′52″E / 36.7566°N 31.9312°E / 36.7566; 31.9312CountryTurkeyProvinceAntalyaDistrictAlanyaPopulation (2022)211Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Bayırköy (also: Bayır) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Alanya, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 211 (2022). In 2001 it passed from the Gündoğmuş District to the Alanya District.
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Karar Sayısı : 2001/1845, Resmî Gazete, 8 July 2001.
vteNeighbourhoods of Alanya District
Akçatı
Akdam
Alacami
Alara
Aliefendi
Asmaca
Avsallar
Bademağacı
Basırlı
Başköy
Bayırköy
Bayırkozağacı
Bektaş
Beldibi
Beyreli
Bıçakçı
Bucakköy
Burçaklar
Büyükhasbahçe
Büyükpınar
Çakallar
Çamlıca
Çarşı
Cikcilli
Çıplaklı
Cumhuriyet
Değirmendere
Demirtaş
Dereköy
Dinek
Elikesik
Emişbeleni
Fakırcalı
Fığla
Gözübüyük
Gözüküçüklü
Güllerpınarı
Gümüşgöze
Gümüşkavak
Güneyköy
Güzelbağ
Hacet
Hacıkerimler
Hacımehmetli
Hisariçi
Hocalar
İmamlı
İncekum
İshaklı
İspatlı
Kadıpaşa
Karakocalı
Karamanlar
Karapınar
Kargıcak
Kayabaşı
Keşefli
Kestel
Kızılcaşehir
Kızlarpınarı
Kocaoğlanlı
Konaklı
Küçükhasbahçe
Kuzyaka
Mahmutlar
Mahmutseydi
Oba
Obaalacami
Okurcalar
Orhanköy
Ortakonuş
Öteköy
Özvadi
Paşaköy
Payallar
Saburlar
Sapadere
Saray
Şekerhane
Seki
Şıhlar
Soğukpınar
Sugözü
Süleymanlar
Taşbaşı
Tepe
Tırılar
Tophane
Toslak
Tosmur
Türkler
Türktaş
Uğrak
Uğurlu
Üzümlü
Uzunöz
Yalçı
Yasırali
Yaylakonak
Yaylalı
Yenice
Yeniköy
Yeşilöz
This geographical article about a location in Antalya Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gündoğmuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Alanya, Antalya, TurkeyBayırköy (also: Bayır) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Alanya, Antalya Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 211 (2022).[2] In 2001 it passed from the Gündoğmuş District to the Alanya District.[3]","title":"Bayırköy, Alanya"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bay%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y,_Alanya¶ms=36.7566_N_31.9312_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"36°45′24″N 31°55′52″E / 36.7566°N 31.9312°E / 36.7566; 31.9312"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bay%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y,_Alanya¶ms=36.7566_N_31.9312_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"36°45′24″N 31°55′52″E / 36.7566°N 31.9312°E / 36.7566; 31.9312"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/07/20010708.htm","external_links_name":"Karar Sayısı : 2001/1845"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y,_Alanya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island,_British_Columbia | Bowen Island | ["1 History","1.1 Indigenous peoples","1.2 Post-colonization","1.3 20th century","2 Commerce","3 Transportation","3.1 Marine","3.2 Land","4 Education","5 Places of worship","6 Demographics","6.1 Ethnicity","6.2 Religion","7 Films and TV series shot entirely or partly on Bowen Island","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°23′N 123°23′W / 49.383°N 123.383°W / 49.383; -123.383For the Australian island, see Bowen Island (Jervis Bay).
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Island municipality in British Columbia, CanadaBowen Island
Nex̱wlélex̱m (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh)Island municipalityBowen Island MunicipalityBowen Island from the ferryLocation of Bowen Island in Metro VancouverCoordinates (Snug Cove): 49°23′N 123°23′W / 49.383°N 123.383°W / 49.383; -123.383CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegional districtMetro VancouverIncorporatedDecember 4, 1999Named forJames BowenSeatBowen Island Municipal HallGovernment • TypeMayor-council government • BodyBowen Island Municipal Council • MayorAndrew Leonard • Councillors
List
Sue Ellen FastJudith GedyeAlex JurgensenAlison MorseJohn SaundersTim Wake
• MPPatrick Weiler (Liberal) • MLAJordan Sturdy (BC United)Area • Total63.60 km2 (24.56 sq mi) • Land50.12 km2 (19.35 sq mi) • Water13.10 km2 (5.06 sq mi)Dimensions • Length12 km (7 mi) • Width6 km (4 mi)Highest elevation (Mount Gardner)727 m (2,385 ft)Lowest elevation0 m (0 ft)Population (2021) • Total4,256 • Estimate (2022)4,058 • Density84.9/km2 (220/sq mi)DemonymBowen IslanderTime zoneUTC−8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)Postal codesV0N 1G0V0N 1G1V0N 1G2Area codes604, 778, 236, 672Websitewww.bowenislandmunicipality.ca
Bowen Island (originally Nex̱wlélex̱wm in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh), British Columbia, is an island municipality that is part of Metro Vancouver, and within the jurisdiction of the Islands Trust. Located in Howe Sound, it is approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide by 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long, and at its closest point is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the mainland. There is regular ferry service from Horseshoe Bay provided by BC Ferries, and semi-regular water taxi services. The population of 4,256 is supplemented in the summer by about 1,500 visitors. It has a land area of 50.12 km2 (19.35 sq mi).
History
Indigenous peoples
The name for Bowen Island is Nex̱wlélex̱wm in the Squamish language of the Squamish people.: 235 The Squamish peoples used and occupied the area around Howe Sound including Bowen Island.: x Areas such as Snug Cove and a few other parts of the island were used as campsites for hunting and gathering trips.
Historically they would use the warmer spring and summer months to travel to resource gathering sites and move from their permanent winter villages. Bowen Island has a traditional name in the Squamish language, Xwlíl’xhwm, translating to "Fast Drumming Ground", although some authors attribute the name to the sound made by the ocean as it passes through the tiny pass between the island's northern point and Finisterre Island. The tide rushing in and out is reminiscent of the sound of drums beating quickly. The name "Kwém̓shem" is used for Hood Point.: 235 Bowen is still used by people from Squamish and Musqueam for deer hunting.
Into the 20th century Bowen Island was actively used by Squamish people for deer and duck hunting, fishing and, later, wage jobs. In conversations with Vancouver archivist Major Matthews in the 1950s, August Jack Khatsahlano recalled knowing several Squamish who worked for whalers on the island at the turn of the 20th century. In a conversation with City of Vancouver archivist JA Matthews, Khatsahlano recalled deer hunting on Bowen, saying that at one time he took the biggest deer in British Columbia from the island, weighing in at 195 pounds (88 kg).
Post-colonization
When Spanish explorers arrived on the west coast of Canada, they named many of the features of what is now the Strait of Georgia. Bowen Island was called Isla de Apodaca (after the Mexican town of Apodaca, in northeast Nuevo León state, which was itself named after a benevolent bishop, Salvador de Apodaca y Loreto) by the Spanish Captain José María Narváez in July, 1791. In 1860 Cpt. George Henry Richards renamed the island after Rear Admiral James Bowen, master of HMS Queen Charlotte. In 1871, homesteaders began to build houses and started a brickworks, which supplied bricks to the expanding city of Vancouver. Over the years, local industry has included an explosives factory, logging, mining, and milling, but there is no heavy industry on the island at present.
20th century
In the first half of the 20th century, life on Bowen was dominated by a resort operated by the Terminal Steamship Company (1900-1920) and the Union Steamship Company (1920 - 1962). These companies provided steamer service to Vancouver, and the Horseshoe Bay - Bowen Island Ferry began in 1921. When the Union Steamship resort closed in the 1960s the island returned to a quiet period of slow growth. In the 1940s and 1950s, the artists' colony called Lieben was a retreat for many famous Canadian authors, artists, and intellectuals including Earle Birney, Alice Munro, Dorothy Livesay, Margaret Laurence, A.J.M. Smith, Jack Shadbolt, Eric Nicol and Malcolm Lowry, who finished his last book, October Ferry to Gabriola, there. In the 1980s, real estate pressures in Vancouver accelerated growth on Bowen and currently the local economy is largely dependent on commuters who work on the mainland in Greater Vancouver. Prior to becoming a municipality, Bowen Island was part of the Sunshine Coast Regional District, made up of small communities and municipalities.
Commerce
Bowen Island is served by a number of small businesses including marinas, cafes, gift shops, grocery stores, a post office, pharmacy, restaurants, garden and flower shops, and a building supply yard. Bowen Island is served by First Credit Union, and by an Exchange Network ATM operated by North Shore Credit Union. Bowen Island's commercial sector is primarily located within Snug Cove and Artisan Square. It is also served by a weekly newspaper, the Bowen Island Undercurrent.
Transportation
Marine
Queen of Capilano ferry approaching Snug Cove, Bowen Island, British Columbia
Bowen Island is served by three scheduled water-transportation operators:
BC Ferries, a de facto provincial Crown corporation, offers a ferry service using the Queen of Capilano car ferry, which travels between Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver and Snug Cove on Bowen Island.
English Bay Launch runs a passenger-only water taxi weekday commuter service between Snug Cove and Vancouver's Coal Harbour, and on summer weekends runs a tourist service between Snug Cove and Vancouver's Granville Island. This taxi service was shut down in 2018 due to the dock they used by the Parks Board on the Vancouver side being deemed unsafe.
Cormorant Marine runs a passenger-only water taxi service providing late-night sailings between the government docks in Horseshoe Bay and in Snug Cove. In addition, weekday commuter sailings are made between Snug Cove and Horseshoe Bay, to connect with the Bowen Express Bus from downtown Vancouver.
Land
Public roads are maintained by the Bowen Island Municipality. There are roadside walking trails in only a few places and the terrain is hilly and winding. Private vehicles are the primary form of transportation and hitchhiking is commonplace.
Bowen Island has limited bus service on these TransLink bus routes, which are timed to meet some ferry sailings:
Route 280 Bluewater/Snug Cove
Route 281 Eagle Cliff/Snug Cove
Route 282 Mount Gardner/Snug Cove (weekends and holidays only)
Education
Exterior of the Bowen Island Public Library
The island is in the West Vancouver School District and has one public elementary school named Bowen Island Community School. High school students living in Bowen Island (grades 8 to 12) travel to West Vancouver to attend West Vancouver Secondary School, Sentinel Secondary School, or Rockridge. There is also the Island Pacific School, an International Baccalaureate middle school for grades 6 through 9. Some students also travel to West Vancouver to attend French Immersion at École Pauline Johnson. There is a public-supported home learning program, The Learning Centre, and a growing number of families also unschool. Bowen Island houses a public library in the heritage Old General Store that is also part of British Columbia's InterLink co-operative of public libraries.
Places of worship
Bowen Island United Church, c. 1971There are a number of Christian churches on the Island. St Gerard's Catholic Church is located on Miller Road. The United Church is situated in a timber building erected in 1932 a little further along on the same road. Also on Miller Road, nearer to Snug Cove, and meeting in Bowen Court, is Bowen Island Community Church, an affiliate of the Congregational Christian Churches in Canada. Lastly, Cates Hill Chapel is a Christian Brethren church founded in 1991. Its present building on Carter Road was opened in 1999. There are also regular meetings held by Unitarians and Quakers. Bowen Island is home to the Canadian branch of L'Abri, a communal Christian retreat centre where visitors come for self-directed study. Finally, Camp Bow-Isle is a summer camp for Christian Scientists.
There are regular Buddhist meditation sittings in both the Zen and Vipassana traditions.
Bowen's Jewish community celebrates Shabbat and high holidays, and acquired a Torah in 2006.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bowen Island had a population of 4,256 living in 1,724 of its 2,036 total private dwellings, a change of 15.7% from its 2016 population of 3,680. With a land area of 50.12 km2 (19.35 sq mi), it had a population density of 84.9/km2 (219.9/sq mi) in 2021.
Ethnicity
Panethnic groups in the Island Municipality of Bowen Island (2001−2021)
Panethnicgroup
2021
2016
2006
2001
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
European
3,825
90.53%
3,360
91.55%
3,045
90.63%
2,805
94.76%
East Asian
130
3.08%
90
2.45%
70
2.08%
75
2.53%
Indigenous
120
2.84%
70
1.91%
130
3.87%
10
0.34%
Latin American
50
1.18%
20
0.54%
10
0.3%
25
0.84%
African
30
0.71%
20
0.54%
15
0.45%
10
0.34%
South Asian
25
0.59%
55
1.5%
10
0.3%
0
0%
Southeast Asian
15
0.36%
25
0.68%
35
1.04%
30
1.01%
Middle Eastern
0
0%
10
0.27%
0
0%
0
0%
Other/Multiracial
20
0.47%
35
0.95%
50
1.49%
10
0.34%
Total responses
4,225
99.27%
3,670
99.73%
3,360
99.94%
2,960
100.1%
Total population
4,256
100%
3,680
100%
3,362
100%
2,957
100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses
Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Bowen Island included:
Irreligion (2,885 persons or 68.3%)
Christianity (1,185 persons or 28.0%)
Buddhism (65 persons or 1.5%)
Judaism (60 persons or 1.4%)
Other (20 persons or 0.5%)
Films and TV series shot entirely or partly on Bowen Island
The Trap (1966)
The Food of the Gods (1976)
Clan of the Cave Bear (1986)
People Across the Lake (1988)
American Gothic (1988)
Cousins (1989)
Look Who's Talking (1989)
Bird on a Wire (1990)
The Russia House (1990)
Another Stakeout (1993)
Intersection (1994)
Hideaway (1995)
All the Winters That Have Been (1997)
Disturbing Behavior (1998)
Double Jeopardy (1999)
Antitrust (2001)
Rugged Rich and the Ona Ona (2004)
The Fog (2005)
Paper Moon Affair (2005)
The Hitchhiker (2006)
The Wicker Man (2006)
Are We Still the Ugly American? (2008)
River (2008)
The Uninvited (2009)
Harper's Island (2009)
Virgin River (2019)
Notes
^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
^ "British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ a b "Letters Patent (Bowen Island Municipality Incorporation Document).pdf" (PDF). Bowen Island Municipality. September 2, 1999. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
^ "Council Members". Bowen Island Municipal Website. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
^ "Municipal Council". www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ a b c d "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
^ Services, Ministry of Citizens'. "Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
^ "Islands Trust - Homepage". Archived from the original on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ a b c Squamish Nation "Skwxwu7mesh Snichim-Xweliten Snichim Skexwts / Squamish-English Dictionary", Published 2011. ISBN 0-295-99022-8
^ "A Short History of Bowen Island". Bowen Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ "Bowen Island". BC Geographical Names.
^ Walbran, Captain John T. (1971). British Columbia Place Names, Their Origin and History (Facsimile reprint of 1909 ed.). Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 58. ISBN 0-88894-143-9. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, p. 25, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2
^ "Bowen Island Museum & Archives: Lieben: An Artist Colony". Bowenislandmuseum.ca. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ "Ferry Schedule - Snug Cove-Horseshoe Bay". BC Ferries. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
^ "Cormorant Marine". Cormorantwatertaxi.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ "Bowen Express Bus Schedules". Bowen Island Transportation Society. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
^ "TransLink - Trip Planning". Translink. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
^ "St. Gerard's Catholic Christian Church, Bowen Island, BC, Canada". Stgerards.rcav.org. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ "Bowen Island Community Church". Bowencommunitychurch.org. 2017-04-10. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ "Cates Hill Chapel / Welcome". Cateshillchapel.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Bowen Island, Island municipality , British Columbia and Canada ". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-10-27). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-08-20). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ Weblink to some great photos of the village on the Rita Tushingham homepage: "The Rita Tushingham Home Page - Credits & Photos 1964 - 1966". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
^ "Stomp Tokyo Video Reviews - The Food of the Gods". Stomptokyo.com. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
^ American Gothic (1987) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ The Russia House (1990) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ Another Stakeout (1993) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ "Katie Holmes Pictures Gallery - DVD Captures/DDB 126". Archived from the original on 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
^ Double Jeopardy (1999) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ Rugged Rich and the Ona Ona, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ The Fog (2005) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ Paper Moon Affair, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ The Hitchhiker, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ The Wicker Man (2006) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ Are We Still the Ugly American?, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ River, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ The Uninvited (2009) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-06-22
^ "Cameras in Snug Cove are for Netflix TV series". The Undercurrent. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bowen Island.
Hanen, Edythe Anstey (2004). Bowen Island Reflections. Bowen Island Historians, 160 pp.
Howard, Irene (1973). Bowen Island 1872-1972. Bowen Island Historians, 190 pp.
Ommundsen, Peter D. (1997). Bowen Island Passenger Ferries. The Sannie Transportation Company 1921-1956. Cape West Publishing, 64 pp.
External links
Official website
Bowen Island travel guide from Wikivoyage
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49°23′N 123°23′W / 49.383°N 123.383°W / 49.383; -123.383 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowen Island (Jervis Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island_(Jervis_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Sḵwx̱wú7mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_language"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"island municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_municipality"},{"link_name":"Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Islands Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_Trust"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Howe Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Sound"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_West_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"},{"link_name":"water taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"}],"text":"For the Australian island, see Bowen Island (Jervis Bay).Island municipality in British Columbia, CanadaBowen Island (originally Nex̱wlélex̱wm in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh), British Columbia, is an island municipality that is part of Metro Vancouver, and within the jurisdiction of the Islands Trust.[7] Located in Howe Sound, it is approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide by 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long, and at its closest point is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the mainland. There is regular ferry service from Horseshoe Bay provided by BC Ferries, and semi-regular water taxi services. The population of 4,256[5] is supplemented in the summer by about 1,500 visitors. It has a land area of 50.12 km2 (19.35 sq mi).","title":"Bowen Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squamish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_language"},{"link_name":"Squamish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamish_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Snug Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snug_Cove"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Musqueam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musqueam"},{"link_name":"August Jack Khatsahlano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Jack_Khatsahlano"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Indigenous peoples","text":"The name for Bowen Island is Nex̱wlélex̱wm in the Squamish language of the Squamish people.[8]: 235 The Squamish peoples used and occupied the area around Howe Sound including Bowen Island.[8]: x Areas such as Snug Cove and a few other parts of the island were used as campsites for hunting and gathering trips.Historically they would use the warmer spring and summer months to travel to resource gathering sites and move from their permanent winter villages. Bowen Island has a traditional name in the Squamish language, Xwlíl’xhwm, translating to \"Fast Drumming Ground\",[9] although some authors attribute the name to the sound made by the ocean as it passes through the tiny pass between the island's northern point and Finisterre Island. The tide rushing in and out is reminiscent of the sound of drums beating quickly. The name \"Kwém̓shem\" is used for Hood Point.[8]: 235 Bowen is still used by people from Squamish and Musqueam for deer hunting.Into the 20th century Bowen Island was actively used by Squamish people for deer and duck hunting, fishing and, later, wage jobs. In conversations with Vancouver archivist Major Matthews in the 1950s, August Jack Khatsahlano recalled knowing several Squamish who worked for whalers on the island at the turn of the 20th century. In a conversation with City of Vancouver archivist JA Matthews, Khatsahlano recalled deer hunting on Bowen, saying that at one time he took the biggest deer in British Columbia from the island, weighing in at 195 pounds (88 kg).[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"José María Narváez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George Henry Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Richards"},{"link_name":"James Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bowen_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"HMS Queen Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_Charlotte_(1790)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akrigg-12"},{"link_name":"brickworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworks"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"}],"sub_title":"Post-colonization","text":"When Spanish explorers arrived on the west coast of Canada, they named many of the features of what is now the Strait of Georgia. Bowen Island was called Isla de Apodaca (after the Mexican town of Apodaca, in northeast Nuevo León state, which was itself named after a benevolent bishop, Salvador de Apodaca y Loreto) by the Spanish Captain José María Narváez in July, 1791.[10] In 1860 Cpt. George Henry Richards renamed the island after Rear Admiral James Bowen, master of HMS Queen Charlotte.[11][12] In 1871, homesteaders began to build houses and started a brickworks, which supplied bricks to the expanding city of Vancouver. Over the years, local industry has included an explosives factory, logging, mining, and milling, but there is no heavy industry on the island at present.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Steamship_Company_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Bowen Island Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Earle Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Birney"},{"link_name":"Alice Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Munro"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Livesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Livesay"},{"link_name":"Margaret Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence"},{"link_name":"A.J.M. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.M._Smith"},{"link_name":"Jack Shadbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shadbolt"},{"link_name":"Eric Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Nicol"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Lowry"},{"link_name":"October Ferry to Gabriola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Ferry_to_Gabriola"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast Regional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Regional_District"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In the first half of the 20th century, life on Bowen was dominated by a resort operated by the Terminal Steamship Company (1900-1920) and the Union Steamship Company (1920 - 1962). These companies provided steamer service to Vancouver, and the Horseshoe Bay - Bowen Island Ferry began in 1921. When the Union Steamship resort closed in the 1960s the island returned to a quiet period of slow growth. In the 1940s and 1950s, the artists' colony called Lieben[13] was a retreat for many famous Canadian authors, artists, and intellectuals including Earle Birney, Alice Munro, Dorothy Livesay, Margaret Laurence, A.J.M. Smith, Jack Shadbolt, Eric Nicol and Malcolm Lowry, who finished his last book, October Ferry to Gabriola, there. In the 1980s, real estate pressures in Vancouver accelerated growth on Bowen and currently the local economy is largely dependent on commuters who work on the mainland in Greater Vancouver. Prior to becoming a municipality, Bowen Island was part of the Sunshine Coast Regional District, made up of small communities and municipalities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Shore Credit Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Credit_Union"},{"link_name":"Bowen Island Undercurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island_Undercurrent"}],"text":"Bowen Island is served by a number of small businesses including marinas, cafes, gift shops, grocery stores, a post office, pharmacy, restaurants, garden and flower shops, and a building supply yard. Bowen Island is served by First Credit Union, and by an Exchange Network ATM operated by North Shore Credit Union. Bowen Island's commercial sector is primarily located within Snug Cove and Artisan Square. It is also served by a weekly newspaper, the Bowen Island Undercurrent.","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_of_Capilano_Ferry_Approaching_Snug_Cove,_Bowen_Island,_British_Columbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"provincial Crown corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Government_Agencies_and_Crown_Corporations"},{"link_name":"a ferry service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Island_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_West_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"West Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Snug Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snug_Cove"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"English Bay Launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bay_Launch"},{"link_name":"water taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxi"},{"link_name":"Coal Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Granville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Island"},{"link_name":"Parks Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Park_Board"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Marine","text":"Queen of Capilano ferry approaching Snug Cove, Bowen Island, British ColumbiaBowen Island is served by three scheduled water-transportation operators:BC Ferries, a de facto provincial Crown corporation, offers a ferry service using the Queen of Capilano car ferry, which travels between Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver and Snug Cove on Bowen Island.[14]\nEnglish Bay Launch runs a passenger-only water taxi weekday commuter service between Snug Cove and Vancouver's Coal Harbour, and on summer weekends runs a tourist service between Snug Cove and Vancouver's Granville Island. This taxi service was shut down in 2018 due to the dock they used by the Parks Board on the Vancouver side being deemed unsafe.\nCormorant Marine runs a passenger-only water taxi service providing late-night sailings between the government docks in Horseshoe Bay and in Snug Cove.[15] In addition, weekday commuter sailings are made between Snug Cove and Horseshoe Bay, to connect with the Bowen Express Bus from downtown Vancouver.[16]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hitchhiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"TransLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Land","text":"Public roads are maintained by the Bowen Island Municipality. There are roadside walking trails in only a few places and the terrain is hilly and winding. Private vehicles are the primary form of transportation and hitchhiking is commonplace.Bowen Island has limited bus service on these TransLink bus routes, which are timed to meet some ferry sailings:[17]Route 280 Bluewater/Snug Cove\nRoute 281 Eagle Cliff/Snug Cove\nRoute 282 Mount Gardner/Snug Cove (weekends and holidays only)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowen_Island_Public_Library_Exterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Vancouver School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver_School_District"},{"link_name":"West Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"West Vancouver Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Rockridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockridge_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"unschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unschool"}],"text":"Exterior of the Bowen Island Public LibraryThe island is in the West Vancouver School District and has one public elementary school named Bowen Island Community School. High school students living in Bowen Island (grades 8 to 12) travel to West Vancouver to attend West Vancouver Secondary School, Sentinel Secondary School, or Rockridge. There is also the Island Pacific School, an International Baccalaureate middle school for grades 6 through 9. Some students also travel to West Vancouver to attend French Immersion at École Pauline Johnson. There is a public-supported home learning program, The Learning Centre, and a growing number of families also unschool. Bowen Island houses a public library in the heritage Old General Store that is also part of British Columbia's InterLink co-operative of public libraries.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowenunitedchurch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"United Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Congregational Christian Churches in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Unitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"L'Abri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Abri"},{"link_name":"Christian Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Scientists"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Shabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"}],"text":"Bowen Island United Church, c. 1971There are a number of Christian churches on the Island. St Gerard's Catholic Church is located on Miller Road.[18] The United Church is situated in a timber building erected in 1932 a little further along on the same road. Also on Miller Road, nearer to Snug Cove, and meeting in Bowen Court, is Bowen Island Community Church,[19] an affiliate of the Congregational Christian Churches in Canada. Lastly, Cates Hill Chapel is a Christian Brethren church founded in 1991. Its present building on Carter Road was opened in 1999.[20] There are also regular meetings held by Unitarians and Quakers. Bowen Island is home to the Canadian branch of L'Abri, a communal Christian retreat centre where visitors come for self-directed study. Finally, Camp Bow-Isle is a summer camp for Christian Scientists.There are regular Buddhist meditation sittings in both the Zen and Vipassana traditions.Bowen's Jewish community celebrates Shabbat and high holidays, and acquired a Torah in 2006.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bowen Island had a population of 4,256 living in 1,724 of its 2,036 total private dwellings, a change of 15.7% from its 2016 population of 3,680.[21] With a land area of 50.12 km2 (19.35 sq mi), it had a population density of 84.9/km2 (219.9/sq mi) in 2021.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021censusB-22"},{"link_name":"Irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Bowen Island included:[22]Irreligion (2,885 persons or 68.3%)\nChristianity (1,185 persons or 28.0%)\nBuddhism (65 persons or 1.5%)\nJudaism (60 persons or 1.4%)\nOther (20 persons or 0.5%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trap_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Food of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Food_of_the_Gods_(film)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Clan of the Cave Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clan_of_the_Cave_Bear_(film)"},{"link_name":"American Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gothic_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousins_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Look Who's Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Who%27s_Talking"},{"link_name":"Bird on a Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_on_a_Wire_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Russia House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russia_House_(film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Another Stakeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Stakeout"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Hideaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaway_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Disturbing Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbing_Behavior"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Double Jeopardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_(film)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fog_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Uninvited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninvited_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Harper's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Virgin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_River_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The Trap (1966)[26]\nThe Food of the Gods (1976)[27]\nClan of the Cave Bear (1986)\nPeople Across the Lake (1988)\nAmerican Gothic (1988)[28]\nCousins (1989)\nLook Who's Talking (1989)\nBird on a Wire (1990)\nThe Russia House (1990)[29]\nAnother Stakeout (1993)[30]\nIntersection (1994)\nHideaway (1995)\nAll the Winters That Have Been (1997)\nDisturbing Behavior (1998)[31]\nDouble Jeopardy (1999)[32]\nAntitrust (2001)\nRugged Rich and the Ona Ona (2004)[33]\nThe Fog (2005)[34]\nPaper Moon Affair (2005)[35]\nThe Hitchhiker (2006)[36]\nThe Wicker Man (2006)[37]\nAre We Still the Ugly American? (2008)[38]\nRiver (2008)[39]\nThe Uninvited (2009)[40]\nHarper's Island (2009)\nVirgin River (2019)[41]","title":"Films and TV series shot entirely or partly on Bowen Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_28-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_29-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_30-0"}],"text":"^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowen Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bowen_Island"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bowen Island.Hanen, Edythe Anstey (2004). Bowen Island Reflections. Bowen Island Historians, 160 pp.\nHoward, Irene (1973). Bowen Island 1872-1972. Bowen Island Historians, 190 pp.\nOmmundsen, Peter D. (1997). Bowen Island Passenger Ferries. The Sannie Transportation Company 1921-1956. Cape West Publishing, 64 pp.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Queen of Capilano ferry approaching Snug Cove, Bowen Island, British Columbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Queen_of_Capilano_Ferry_Approaching_Snug_Cove%2C_Bowen_Island%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/220px-Queen_of_Capilano_Ferry_Approaching_Snug_Cove%2C_Bowen_Island%2C_British_Columbia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exterior of the Bowen Island Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bowen_Island_Public_Library_Exterior.jpg/220px-Bowen_Island_Public_Library_Exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bowen Island United Church, c. 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Bowenunitedchurch.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713004716/http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","url_text":"XLS"},{"url":"http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Letters Patent (Bowen Island Municipality Incorporation Document).pdf\" (PDF). Bowen Island Municipality. September 2, 1999. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bowenisland.civicweb.net/document/41832/","url_text":"\"Letters Patent (Bowen Island Municipality Incorporation Document).pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council Members\". Bowen Island Municipal Website. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095812/https://www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca/mayor-and-council","url_text":"\"Council Members\""},{"url":"https://www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca/mayor-and-council","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal Council\". www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bowenislandmunicipality.ca/municipal-council","url_text":"\"Municipal Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000259","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"Services, Ministry of Citizens'. \"Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia\". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/population-estimates","url_text":"\"Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islands Trust - Homepage\". Archived from the original on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2011-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111122060559/http://www.islandstrust.bc.ca/index.cfm","url_text":"\"Islands Trust - Homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.islandstrust.bc.ca/index.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Short History of Bowen Island\". Bowen Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bowenheritage.org/a-short-history-of-bowen-island.html","url_text":"\"A Short History of Bowen Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowen Island\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/456.html","url_text":"\"Bowen Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]},{"reference":"Walbran, Captain John T. (1971). British Columbia Place Names, Their Origin and History (Facsimile reprint of 1909 ed.). Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 58. ISBN 0-88894-143-9. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220337/http://www.nosracines.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=3545","url_text":"British Columbia Place Names, Their Origin and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-143-9","url_text":"0-88894-143-9"},{"url":"http://www.nosracines.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=3545","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, p. 25, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishcolumbiap0000akri_w1q9","url_text":"British Columbia Place Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0636-2","url_text":"0-7748-0636-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowen Island Museum & Archives: Lieben: An Artist Colony\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang,_Prince_of_Qi | Liu Xiang, Prince of Qi | ["1 References"] | Not to be confused with Liu Xiang, Prince of Liang.
Liu Xiang (Chinese: 劉襄; died 179 BC), formally King Ai of Qi (Chinese: 齊哀王) was a Han dynasty king of Qi and a key player during the Lü Clan Disturbance (180 BC). He was a grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han and the eldest son of Liu Fei, Prince of Qi by Consort Si. With Liu Fei's death in 189 BC, Emperor Hui allowed Liu Xiang to inherit the title of "Prince of Qi".
During the Lü Clan Disturbance, Liu Xiang led the Qi forces and also seized the forces of the nearby Principality of Langye, and was ready to march to the capital Chang'an to claim the imperial throne for himself, assisted by his brothers Liu Zhang and Liu Xingju. After the officials in the capital overthrew the Lü clan and deposed Emperor Houshao of Han, however, they instead invited his uncle Prince Liu Heng of Dai (later Emperor Wen) to be emperor. Liu Xiang acquiesced and did not fight Emperor Wen for the throne, and he withdrew his forces back to his territory, though in fact he should be the heir presumptive after the extinction of the male line of Emperor Hui of Han. Before he had died, Liu Xiang had hundreds of Tiny Terracotta Warriors made to protect him in the afterlife just like Qin Shi Huangdi.
References
^ Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. "王子侯表" . Book of Han (in Chinese). Vol. 15. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
Prince Ai of QiHouse of Liu Died: 179 BC
Chinese royalty
Preceded byLiu Fei
King of Qi 189 BC – 179 BC
Succeeded byLiu Ze
This Chinese royalty–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Xiang, Prince of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang,_Prince_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Lü Clan Disturbance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_Disturbance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Han15-1"},{"link_name":"Emperor Gaozu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Liu Fei, Prince of Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Fei,_Prince_of_Qi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Principality of Langye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Langye"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhang_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Liu Xingju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xingju"},{"link_name":"Emperor Houshao of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hui of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Liu Xiang, Prince of Liang.Liu Xiang (Chinese: 劉襄; died 179 BC), formally King Ai of Qi (Chinese: 齊哀王) was a Han dynasty king of Qi and a key player during the Lü Clan Disturbance (180 BC).[1] He was a grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han and the eldest son of Liu Fei, Prince of Qi by Consort Si. With Liu Fei's death in 189 BC, Emperor Hui allowed Liu Xiang to inherit the title of \"Prince of Qi\".During the Lü Clan Disturbance, Liu Xiang led the Qi forces and also seized the forces of the nearby Principality of Langye, and was ready to march to the capital Chang'an to claim the imperial throne for himself, assisted by his brothers Liu Zhang and Liu Xingju. After the officials in the capital overthrew the Lü clan and deposed Emperor Houshao of Han, however, they instead invited his uncle Prince Liu Heng of Dai (later Emperor Wen) to be emperor. Liu Xiang acquiesced and did not fight Emperor Wen for the throne, and he withdrew his forces back to his territory, though in fact he should be the heir presumptive after the extinction of the male line of Emperor Hui of Han. Before he had died, Liu Xiang had hundreds of Tiny Terracotta Warriors made to protect him in the afterlife just like Qin Shi Huangdi.","title":"Liu Xiang, Prince of Qi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. \"王子侯表\" [Table of sons of nobles]. Book of Han (in Chinese). Vol. 15. Retrieved 27 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Biao","url_text":"Ban Biao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Gu","url_text":"Ban Gu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Zhao","url_text":"Ban Zhao"},{"url":"https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7015","url_text":"Book of Han"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7015","external_links_name":"Book of Han"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xiang,_Prince_of_Qi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals,_Valencia | Canals, Valencia | ["1 Geography","1.1 Towns of the municipality","2 History","3 Demography","4 Main sights","5 People from Canals","6 Economy","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°57′40″N 0°35′6″W / 38.96111°N 0.58500°W / 38.96111; -0.58500This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Canals, Valencia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Municipality in Valencian Community, SpainCanalsMunicipality
Coat of armsCanalsLocation in SpainCoordinates: 38°57′40″N 0°35′6″W / 38.96111°N 0.58500°W / 38.96111; -0.58500Country SpainAutonomous community Valencian CommunityProvinceValenciaComarcaCosteraJudicial districtXàtivaGovernment • AlcaldeMaría José Castells Villalta (2019) (Compromís)Area • Total21.90 km2 (8.46 sq mi)Elevation160 m (520 ft)Population (2018) • Total13,588 • Density620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)Demonym(s)Canalí(Catalan)Canalense (Spanish)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code46650Official language(s)ValencianWebsitewww.canals.es
Canals is a municipality (pop., INE 2007: 13,771) in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community, Spain.
It shares borders with the municipalities of l'Alcúdia de Crespins, Cerdà, la Granja de la Costera, Xàtiva, Llanera de Ranes, Montesa, Torrella and Vallés (in the same comarca) and with Aielo de Malferit and l'Olleria (comarca of Vall d'Albaida).
Geography
Canals is located in the valley of Montesa, between the Grossa mountains and la Costera. The highest points are in la Serra Grossa, where we can find the peaks of l'Atalaia (556 m) and la Creu (520 m), on the municipal boundary with l'Olleria. The Cànyoles River crosses the town in the west-northeast direction; the Sants River begins its course close to town, where it divides into two channels (séquies) that bring water to Xàtiva and the fields of Canals.
The village lies on the left bank of the Cànyoles river. Canals and l'Alcúdia de Crespins together form a conurbation.
From València you can reach Canals taking the A-7 highway.
Towns of the municipality
Canals
Aiacor
Torre d'En Cerdà, or Torre dels Frares.
History
Some evidence of Roman civilization has been found. During the year of Muslim occupation it was a very important "alqueria" owned by Xàtiva.
Then in the Christian era, in 1244, king James I of Aragon gave Dionís of Hungary the tower and the small village of Canals and created the new lordship of the Señorío de Torre de Canals. Dionis of Hungary gave the king the castle in the valley of Veo and also the castle of Ain and other territories. The Christian resettlement was made by Catalans. On July 30, Peter IV "el Cerimoniós" gave the place to Raimon de Riusech taking it from Joan Eximenis d'Urrea, with the condition that if he had no male descendants it would be given back to the crown, but in the end it was sold to Xàtiva, with the king's approval on February 19 of 1353 as a barony. During the rule by Xàtiva there were continuous tributary conflicts. In the year 1506 Xàtiva bought La Torreta.
In 1522 during the Revolt of the Brotherhoods, Canals was used by the viceroy as his headquarters to attack Xàtiva, where the 'Encobert' was hidden. Many prisoners were taken from Xàtiva to Canals. In 1639 Phillip IV, paid Xàtiva 20.000 pounds, and gave independence to Canals as a village (vila). In the 19th century Canals developed industry, with 24 glass factories, a paper factory, metal workshops, flour mills, and cloth sellers. In the 20th century this industrial activity increased with oil, furniture, construction materials, leather and cloth production.
Demography
Canals demography evolution
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1981
1991
1996
2002
2006
2007
4.695
4.857
4.967
5.261
5821
6.176
7.350
9.080
11.151
12.185
12.886
13.040
13.150
13.771
Main sights
Tower and walls of the Borgias
Oratory of the Borgias
Route of the Borgias
People from Canals
Main article: Route of the Borgias
Alfons de Borja, Pope Callixtus III
Economy
The economy is divided into agriculture (oranges), industry famous for its clothing and leather production (Ferry's, Rodrigo Sancho S.A.), and marble.
Today the industry is almost dead with the main companies having closed down: Ferry's (2007), Argent (2008), Rodrigo Sancho S.A. (2010), and many others.
Pottery has also been very important, and has given the people from Canals the nickname of "perolers" (potters).
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
External links
Canals Actualitat La web lider en noticies i opinions de Canals.
Ajuntament de Canals
Assemblea de Joves de Canals
Enllaç a Canals en el google maps
Conèixer Canals, Web per a conèixer la població de la Costera, Canals
La Costera Digital, Periòdic independent de la Costera, Canals.
Institut Valencià d'Estadística
Portal de la Direcció General d'Administració Local de la Generalitat
Associació Musical Canalense
vteMunicipalities of Costera
L'Alcúdia de Crespins
Barxeta
Canals
Cerdà
El Genovés
Estubeny
La Font de la Figuera
La Granja de la Costera
Llanera de Ranes
Llocnou d'En Fenollet
La Llosa de Ranes
Moixent/Mogente
Montesa
Novetlè/Novelé
Rotglà i Corberà
Torrella
Vallada
Vallés
Xàtiva
vteMunicipalities of the province of Valencia
Ademuz
Ador
Agullent
Aielo de Malferit
Aielo de Rugat
Alaquàs
Albaida
Albal
Albalat de la Ribera
Albalat dels Sorells
Albalat dels Tarongers
Alberic
Alborache
Alboraya
Albuixech
Alcublas
Alcàntera de Xúquer
Alcàsser
Aldaia
Alfafar
Alfara de la Baronia
Alfara del Patriarca
Alfarp
Alfarrasí
Alfauir
Algar de Palancia
Algemesí
Algimia de Alfara
Alginet
Almiserà
Almoines
Almussafes
Almàssera
Alpuente
L'Alqueria de la Comtessa
Alzira
Andilla
Anna
Antella
Aras de los Olmos
Atzeneta d'Albaida
Ayora
Barx
Barxeta
Bellreguard
Bellús
Benaguasil
Benagéber
Benavites
Beneixida
Benetússer
Beniarjó
Beniatjar
Benicolet
Benifairó de la Valldigna
Benifairó de les Valls
Benifaió
Beniflà
Benigànim
Benimodo
Benimuslem
Beniparrell
Benirredrà
Benissanó
Benissoda
Benissuera
Bicorp
Bocairent
Bolbaite
Bonrepòs i Mirambell
Bufali
Bugarra
Burjassot
Buñol
Bèlgida
Bétera
Calles
Camporrobles
Canals
Canet d'En Berenguer
Carcaixent
Carlet
Carrícola
Casas Altas
Casas Bajas
Casinos
Castelló
Castelló de Rugat
Castielfabib
Castellonet de la Conquesta
Catadau
Catarroja
Caudete de las Fuentes
Cerdà
Chella
Chelva
Chera
Cheste
Chiva
Chulilla
Cofrentes
Corbera
Cortes de Pallás
Cotes
Cullera
Càrcer
Daimús
Domeño
Dos Aguas
El Genovés
El Palomar
Emperador
Enguera
Estivella
Estubeny
Faura
Favara
Foios
Fontanars dels Alforins
Fortaleny
Fuenterrobles
Gandia
Gavarda
Gestalgar
Gilet
Godella
Godelleta
Guadasséquies
Guadassuar
Guardamar de la Safor
Gátova
Higueruelas
Jalance
Jarafuel
L'Alcúdia
L'Alcúdia de Crespins
L'Eliana
L'Énova
L'Olleria
La Font d'En Carròs
La Font de la Figuera
La Granja de la Costera
La Llosa de Ranes
La Pobla Llarga
La Pobla de Farnals
La Pobla de Vallbona
La Pobla del Duc
La Yesa
Llanera de Ranes
Llaurí
Llocnou d'En Fenollet
Llocnou de Sant Jeroni
Llombai
Llutxent
Llíria
Loriguilla
Losa del Obispo
Lugar Nuevo de la Corona
Macastre
Manises
Manuel
Marines
Massalavés
Massalfassar
Massamagrell
Massanassa
Meliana
Millares
Miramar
Mislata
Mogente
Moncada
Montserrat
Montaverner
Montesa
Montichelvo
Montroy
Museros
Navarrés
Novelé
Náquera
Oliva
Olocau
Ontinyent
Otos
Paiporta
Palma de Gandía
Palmera
Paterna
Pedralba
Petrés
Picanya
Picassent
Piles
Pinet
Polinyà de Xúquer
Potries
Puebla de San Miguel
El Puig
Puçol
Quart de Poblet
Quart de les Valls
Quartell
Quatretonda
Quesa
Rafelbunyol
Rafelcofer
Rafelguaraf
Real de Gandía
Real de Montroi
Requena
Riba-roja de Túria
Riola
Rocafort
Rotglà i Corberà
Rugat
Ráfol de Salem
Rótova
Sagunt
Salem
San Antonio de Benagéber
San Juan de Énova
Sedaví
Segart
Sellent
Sempere
Senyera
Serra
Siete Aguas
Silla
Simat de la Valldigna
Sinarcas
Sollana
Sot de Chera
Sueca
Sumacàrcer
Tavernes Blanques
Tavernes de la Valldigna
Teresa de Cofrentes
Terrateig
Titaguas
Torrebaja
Torrella
Torrent
Torres Torres
Tous
Turís
Tuéjar
Utiel
Valencia
Vallada
Vallanca
Vallés
Venta del Moro
Vilamarxant
Villalonga
Villar del Arzobispo
Villargordo del Cabriel
Vinalesa
Xeraco
Xeresa
Xirivella
Xàtiva
Yátova
Zarra
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_the_Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"Costera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Costera"},{"link_name":"Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"l'Alcúdia de Crespins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alc%C3%BAdia_de_Crespins"},{"link_name":"Cerdà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerd%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"la Granja de la Costera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Granja_de_la_Costera"},{"link_name":"Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"Llanera de Ranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanera_de_Ranes"},{"link_name":"Montesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesa,_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Torrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrella"},{"link_name":"Vallés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Aielo de Malferit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aielo_de_Malferit"},{"link_name":"l'Olleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Olleria"},{"link_name":"Vall d'Albaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_d%27Albaida"}],"text":"Municipality in Valencian Community, SpainCanals is a municipality (pop., INE 2007: 13,771) in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community, Spain.It shares borders with the municipalities of l'Alcúdia de Crespins, Cerdà, la Granja de la Costera, Xàtiva, Llanera de Ranes, Montesa, Torrella and Vallés (in the same comarca) and with Aielo de Malferit and l'Olleria (comarca of Vall d'Albaida).","title":"Canals, Valencia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesa,_Valencia"},{"link_name":"l'Olleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Olleria"},{"link_name":"Cànyoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A0nyoles&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Canals is located in the valley of Montesa, between the Grossa mountains and la Costera. The highest points are in la Serra Grossa, where we can find the peaks of l'Atalaia (556 m) and la Creu (520 m), on the municipal boundary with l'Olleria. The Cànyoles River crosses the town in the west-northeast direction; the Sants River begins its course close to town, where it divides into two channels (séquies) that bring water to Xàtiva and the fields of Canals.The village lies on the left bank of the Cànyoles river. 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During the year of Muslim occupation it was a very important \"alqueria\" owned by Xàtiva.Then in the Christian era, in 1244, king James I of Aragon gave Dionís of Hungary the tower and the small village of Canals and created the new lordship of the Señorío de Torre de Canals. Dionis of Hungary gave the king the castle in the valley of Veo and also the castle of Ain and other territories. The Christian resettlement was made by Catalans. On July 30, Peter IV \"el Cerimoniós\" gave the place to Raimon de Riusech taking it from Joan Eximenis d'Urrea, with the condition that if he had no male descendants it would be given back to the crown, but in the end it was sold to Xàtiva, with the king's approval on February 19 of 1353 as a barony. During the rule by Xàtiva there were continuous tributary conflicts. 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In the 20th century this industrial activity increased with oil, furniture, construction materials, leather and cloth production.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tower and walls of the Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_and_walls_of_the_Borgias"},{"link_name":"Oratory of the Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Borgias"},{"link_name":"Route of the Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_the_Borgias"}],"text":"Tower and walls of the Borgias\nOratory of the Borgias\nRoute of the Borgias","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Callixtus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III"}],"text":"Alfons de Borja, Pope Callixtus III","title":"People from Canals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The economy is divided into agriculture (oranges), industry famous for its clothing and leather production (Ferry's, Rodrigo Sancho S.A.), and marble.\nToday the industry is almost dead with the main companies having closed down: Ferry's (2007), Argent (2008), Rodrigo Sancho S.A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Baneh,_Lahijan | Deh Baneh, Lahijan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°18′36″N 50°10′50″E / 37.31000°N 50.18056°E / 37.31000; 50.18056Village in Gilan, IranDeh Baneh
دهبنهvillageDeh BanehCoordinates: 37°18′36″N 50°10′50″E / 37.31000°N 50.18056°E / 37.31000; 50.18056Country IranProvinceGilanCountyLahijanBakhshRudbonehRural DistrictShirju PoshtPopulation (2006) • Total287Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Deh Baneh (Persian: دهبنه) is a village in Shirju Posht Rural District, Rudboneh District, Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 287, in 92 families.
References
^ Deh Baneh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3862027" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Lahijan CountyCapital
Lahijan
DistrictsCentralCities
Lahijan
Rural Districts and villagesAhandan
Ahandan
Azarestan
Azarsetanaki
Bala Bijar Ankish
Bala Tamushal
Bandbon-e Bala
Bandbon-e Pain
Bilazh Mahalleh
Bujayeh
Chamandan
Chichi Nikuti
Darreh Jir
Dehsar
Dozdaksu
Gerd-e Kuh
Golestan
Halukhani
Jir Gavabar
Khortab
Khurtay
Kuh Boneh
Kureh Bar
Lavasi Mahalleh
Lialeman
Mazi Kalleh
Mian Gavaber
Mian Mahalleh-ye Zakleh Bar
Molla Mahalleh-ye Chehel Setun
Pain Bijar Ankish
Pain Narenj Lengeh
Pain Tamushal
Qazi Gavaber
Rahdar Khaneh
Sadat Mahalleh
Salehbar
Sharam Lengeh
Sukhteh Kuh
Baz Kia Gurab
Anarestan
Bahador Kalayeh
Bala Mahalleh-ye Golrudbar
Baz Kia Gurab
Chafal
Deh Sar
Delijan
Derapeshtan
Hajjiabad
Ishgah
Khalu Bagh
Kolashta Jan
Lashidan-e Hokumati
Malbijar
Mian Mahalleh-ye Golrudbar
Pain Mahalleh-ye Golrudbar
Sadat Mahalleh
Sareshkeh
Shakakom
Tabar Kalayeh
Tustan
Lafmejan
Bala Mahalleh-ye Lafmejan
Bala Mahalleh-ye Pashaki
Bala Shad Deh
Bazar Deh
Bazarsar-e Lafmejan
Bijar Boneh
Gukeh
Gushkejan
Jowpish
Khubdeh
Kia Sara
Kolangaran
Kord Mahalleh
Lahashar
Lamak Mahalleh-ye Lafmejan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Lafmejan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Pashaki
Pain Shad Deh
Shiva
Layalestan
Alaki Sahra
Bijar Basteh Sar
Bijar Boneh-ye Bala
Bijar Boneh-ye Pain
Chahar Khaneh Sar-e Pain
Dizbon
Gurandan
Kuchek Deh
Kushal
Layalestan
Motaalleq Mahalleh-ye Nowbijar
Nakhjir Kolayeh
Nowbijar
Qassab Mahalleh
Sapahar Posht
Sheykhanbar
Siah Gurab-e Bala
Siah Gurab-e Pain
Layl
Ali Sorud
Amir Kalayeh
Bala Fidarreh
Bangebar
Bijar Bagh
Chahar Khaneh Sar-e Bala
Chalak
Dangayeh
Garmabrud
Gerd Geraf
Golkesh
Gomol
Gomol Sara
Kahbijar
Kateshal-e Bala
Kateshal-e Pain
Kord Gavar
Kuhbijar
Kureh
Mishkasar
Morad Dahandeh
Narenj Kelayeh
Pain Fidarreh
Pain Gomol
Pain Mahalleh-ye Zemidan
Rahimabad
Rajab Sara
Ramezan Bijar
Sar Cheshmeh
Sarash
Satlsar
Sattarabad
Shirin Nesa
Siah Rudbar
Sustan
Tanazarud
Tusowdasht
Zemidan
Zemidan Sara
Zemidan-e Bala
RudbonehCities
Rudboneh
Rural Districts and villagesRudboneh
Akbarabad
Charuq Duz Mahalleh
Damuchal
Hajj Salim Mahalleh
Ishgah
Kanaf Gurab
Kohneh Rudposht
Lakmeh Sar
Lashidan-e Motlaq
Mehdiabad
Mian Mahalleh-ye Rudbaneh
Pahmadan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Rudbaneh
Raiyyat Mahalleh
Seda Poshteh
Shad Dehsar
Sharafshadeh
Sheykh Ali Kalayeh
Yusef Deh
Shirju Posht
Amirabad
Arbastan
Arbu Kolayeh
Bala Mahalleh-ye Naser Kiadeh
Bala Rudposht
Barku Sara
Beyn Kalayeh
Deh Baneh
Eyvan Estakhr
Fashu Poshteh
Gaviyeh
Hasan Ali Deh
Hasan Bekandeh
Jir Bagh
Kachelam
Kurandeh
Mian Mahalleh-ye Chaf Gavieh
Mir Daryasar
Motaalleq Mahalleh-ye Arbastan
Naser Kiadeh-ye Mian Mahalleh
Nowshar
Pain Mahalleh-ye Naser Kiadeh
Saharkhiz Mahalleh
Sarajar
Seyqal Boneh
Seyyed Mahalleh
Shirju Posht-e Bala
Shirju Posht-e Pain
Titi Parizad
Iran portal
This Lahijan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shirju Posht Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirju_Posht_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Rudboneh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudboneh_District"},{"link_name":"Lahijan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahijan_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Gilan, IranDeh Baneh (Persian: دهبنه)[1] is a village in Shirju Posht Rural District, Rudboneh District, Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 287, in 92 families.[2]","title":"Deh Baneh, Lahijan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deh_Baneh,_Lahijan¶ms=37_18_36_N_50_10_50_E_region:IR_type:city(287)","external_links_name":"37°18′36″N 50°10′50″E / 37.31000°N 50.18056°E / 37.31000; 50.18056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deh_Baneh,_Lahijan¶ms=37_18_36_N_50_10_50_E_region:IR_type:city(287)","external_links_name":"37°18′36″N 50°10′50″E / 37.31000°N 50.18056°E / 37.31000; 50.18056"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deh_Baneh,_Lahijan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandehi,_Mahvelat | Miandehi, Mahvelat | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 34°52′48″N 58°37′40″E / 34.88000°N 58.62778°E / 34.88000; 58.62778Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMiandehi
مياندهيvillageMiandehiCoordinates: 34°52′48″N 58°37′40″E / 34.88000°N 58.62778°E / 34.88000; 58.62778Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyMahvelatBakhshCentralRural DistrictMahvelat-e JonubiPopulation (2006) • Total870Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Miandehi (Persian: مياندهي, also Romanized as Mīāndehī, Meyāndehī, and Mīyāndehī; also known as Mandehī and Miyāndeh) is a village in Mahvelat-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Mahvelat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 870, in 223 families.
References
^ Miandehi can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3074886" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Mahvelat CountyCapital
Feyzabad
DistrictsCentralCities
Feyzabad
Rural Districts and villagesHowmeh
Abdolabad
Hasanabad
Hemmatabad
Mahvelat-e Jonubi(South Mahvelat)
Chah-e Amiq Bazmi Shomareh-ye Do
Chah-e Amiq Hoseyni
Chah-e Amiq Khaneh Nowruz
Fathabad
Jannatabad
Jarahi
Kheyrabad
Mehneh
Miandehi
Nasruyi
Shamsabad
ShadmehrCities
Shadmehr
Rural Districts and villagesAzghand
Ali
Aliabad-e Olya
Aliabad-e Sofla
Aliabad-e Vasat
Azghand
Chenar
Eskandarabad
Golestan
Khvosh Darreh
Qaleh Juq
Qaleh Now
Soltanabad
Zahirabad-e Pain
Zarmehr
Zarnukh
Mahvelat-e Shomali(North Mahvelat)
Ahmadabad
Chehel Sar
Dughabad
Nasrabad
Iran portal
This Mahvelat County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mahvelat-e Jonubi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahvelat-e_Jonubi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Mahvelat_County)"},{"link_name":"Mahvelat County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahvelat_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMiandehi (Persian: مياندهي, also Romanized as Mīāndehī, Meyāndehī, and Mīyāndehī; also known as Mandehī and Miyāndeh)[1] is a village in Mahvelat-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Mahvelat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 870, in 223 families.[2]","title":"Miandehi, Mahvelat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miandehi,_Mahvelat¶ms=34_52_48_N_58_37_40_E_region:IR_type:city(870)","external_links_name":"34°52′48″N 58°37′40″E / 34.88000°N 58.62778°E / 34.88000; 58.62778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miandehi,_Mahvelat¶ms=34_52_48_N_58_37_40_E_region:IR_type:city(870)","external_links_name":"34°52′48″N 58°37′40″E / 34.88000°N 58.62778°E / 34.88000; 58.62778"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miandehi,_Mahvelat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsville,_IA | Mechanicsville, Iowa | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250
City in Iowa, United StatesMechanicsville, IowaCityMechanicsville city hall and water towerLocation of Mechanicsville, IowaCoordinates: 41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250Country United StatesState IowaCountyCedarGovernment • TypeMayor-council • MayorAndrew J. OberbrecklingArea • Total0.83 sq mi (2.14 km2) • Land0.82 sq mi (2.14 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation922 ft (281 m)Population (2020) • Total1,020 • Density1,237.86/sq mi (477.67/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code52306Area code563FIPS code19-50700GNIS feature ID0458943Websitewww.cityofmechanicsville.net
Mechanicsville is a city in Cedar County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,020 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Mechanicsville was platted in 1855 by Daniel A. Comstock. It was so named from the fact several of its first settlers were mechanics. A fire in 1883 destroyed the south side of the business district.
Geography
Mechanicsville is located at 41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250 (41.905, -91.253).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.83 square miles (2.15 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical populationsYearPop.±%1860195— 1870628+222.1%1880545−13.2%1890612+12.3%1900703+14.9%1910817+16.2%1920812−0.6%1930781−3.8%1940821+5.1%1950850+3.5%1960866+1.9%1970989+14.2%19801,166+17.9%19901,075−7.8%20001,173+9.1%20101,146−2.3%20201,020−11.0%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,146 people, 471 households, and 315 families living in the city. The population density was 1,380.7 inhabitants per square mile (533.1/km2). There were 496 housing units at an average density of 597.6 per square mile (230.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.
There were 471 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.83.
The median age in the city was 43.1 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.2% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,173 people, 452 households, and 312 families living in the city. The population density was 1,582.5 inhabitants per square mile (611.0/km2). There were 479 housing units at an average density of 646.2 per square mile (249.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.21% White, 0.09% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.
There were 452 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.97.
25.5% are under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,053, and the median income for a family was $44,500. Males had a median income of $32,054 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,429. About 5.8% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The North Cedar Community School District serves the community. It was established on July 1, 1995, by the merger of the Clarence-Lowden Community School District and the Lincoln Community School District.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ The History of Cedar County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, etc. Western Historical Company. 1878. p. 495.
^ Facts & Landmarks, Mechanicsville. Accessed 2008-10-10.
^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 101.
^ Aurner, Clarence Ray (1910). A Topical History of Cedar County, Iowa, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke. pp. 137.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "North Cedar" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ "REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
External links
City website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cedar County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: TiptonCities
Bennett
Clarence
Durant‡
Lowden
Mechanicsville
Stanwood
Tipton
West Branch‡
Wilton‡
Map of Iowa highlighting Cedar CountyTownships
Cass
Center
Dayton
Fairfield
Farmington
Fremont
Gower
Inland
Iowa
Linn
Massillon
Pioneer
Red Oak
Rochester
Springdale
Springfield
Sugar Creek
CDPs
Downey
Rochester
Othercommunities
Buchanan
Cedar Bluff
Centerdale
Massillon
Plato
Springdale
Sunbury
Wald
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-2"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesMechanicsville is a city in Cedar County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,020 at the time of the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Mechanicsville, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mechanicsville was platted in 1855 by Daniel A. Comstock.[3] It was so named from the fact several of its first settlers were mechanics.[4][5] A fire in 1883 destroyed the south side of the business district.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mechanicsville,_Iowa¶ms=41_54_N_91_15_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"}],"text":"Mechanicsville is located at 41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250 (41.905, -91.253).[7]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.83 square miles (2.15 km2), all land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[10] of 2010, there were 1,146 people, 471 households, and 315 families living in the city. The population density was 1,380.7 inhabitants per square mile (533.1/km2). There were 496 housing units at an average density of 597.6 per square mile (230.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.There were 471 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.83.The median age in the city was 43.1 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.2% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-11"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[11] of 2000, there were 1,173 people, 452 households, and 312 families living in the city. The population density was 1,582.5 inhabitants per square mile (611.0/km2). There were 479 housing units at an average density of 646.2 per square mile (249.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.21% White, 0.09% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.There were 452 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.97.25.5% are under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.The median income for a household in the city was $36,053, and the median income for a family was $44,500. Males had a median income of $32,054 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,429. About 5.8% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Cedar Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cedar_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Clarence-Lowden Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence-Lowden_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The North Cedar Community School District serves the community.[12] It was established on July 1, 1995, by the merger of the Clarence-Lowden Community School District and the Lincoln Community School District.[13]","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Cedar County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Cedar_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Cedar_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"The History of Cedar County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, etc. Western Historical Company. 1878. p. 495.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=noQUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA495","url_text":"The History of Cedar County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, etc"}]},{"reference":"Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA101","url_text":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"}]},{"reference":"Aurner, Clarence Ray (1910). A Topical History of Cedar County, Iowa, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke. pp. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l4QUAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Topical History of Cedar County, Iowa, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l4QUAAAAYAAJ/page/n139","url_text":"137"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"North Cedar\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/SDRP2017_NORTH%20CEDAR.pdf","url_text":"\"North Cedar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"},{"url":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mechanicsville,_Iowa¶ms=41_54_N_91_15_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mechanicsville,_Iowa¶ms=41_54_N_91_15_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofmechanicsville.net/","external_links_name":"www.cityofmechanicsville.net"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mechanicsville,_Iowa¶ms=41_54_N_91_15_W_type:city","external_links_name":"41°54′N 91°15′W / 41.900°N 91.250°W / 41.900; -91.250"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=noQUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA495","external_links_name":"The History of Cedar County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, etc"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofmechanicsville.net/Facts%20&%20Landmarks.htm","external_links_name":"Facts & Landmarks"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA101","external_links_name":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l4QUAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"A Topical History of Cedar County, Iowa, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l4QUAAAAYAAJ/page/n139","external_links_name":"137"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/SDRP2017_NORTH%20CEDAR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"North Cedar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\""},{"Link":"https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofmechanicsville.net/","external_links_name":"City website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska | National Register of Historic Places listings in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska | [] | Location of the Kodiak Island Borough in Alaska
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.
There are 27 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the borough, including 4 National Historic Landmarks.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Agricultural Experiment Station Barn
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July 21, 2004(#04000716)
614 Egan Way 57°47′32″N 152°23′51″W / 57.79222°N 152.39747°W / 57.79222; -152.39747 (Agricultural Experiment Station Barn)
Kodiak
2
AHRS Site KOD-207
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December 1, 1978(#78003428)
Address restricted
Kodiak
3
Amalik Bay Archeological District
Amalik Bay Archeological District More images
April 5, 2005(#05000460)
Katmai National Park and Preserve 58°03′41″N 154°29′40″W / 58.06135°N 154.49438°W / 58.06135; -154.49438 (Amalik Bay Archeological District)
King Salmon
4
American Cemetery
American Cemetery More images
April 10, 1980(#80004570)
Upper Mill Bay Road 57°47′28″N 152°24′05″W / 57.79108°N 152.40135°W / 57.79108; -152.40135 (American Cemetery)
Kodiak
5
Archeological Site 49 AF 3
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February 17, 1978(#78000276)
Address restricted
Katmai National Park and Preserve
Originally listed as being in Dillingham Census Area.
6
Archeological Site 49 MK 10
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June 23, 1978(#78000425)
near Dakavak Bay
Katmai National Park and Preserve
Originally listed as being in Bristol Bay Borough.
7
Ascension of Our Lord Chapel
Ascension of Our Lord Chapel More images
June 6, 1980(#80004580)
In Karluk 57°34′09″N 154°27′30″W / 57.56925°N 154.45844°W / 57.56925; -154.45844 (Ascension of Our Lord Chapel)
Karluk
8
Cape Alitak Petroglyphs District
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April 9, 2013(#13000139)
Address restricted
Akhiok
9
Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site
Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site More images
October 27, 1970(#70000917)
Miller Point, about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Kodiak 57°49′52″N 152°21′21″W / 57.83114°N 152.35574°W / 57.83114; -152.35574 (Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site)
Kodiak Island
Also part of the Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Forts Greely and Abercrombie National Historic Landmark.
10
Holy Resurrection Church
Holy Resurrection Church More images
December 12, 1977(#77001574)
Corner of Mission Road and Kashevaroff Avenue 57°47′19″N 152°24′09″W / 57.78851°N 152.40244°W / 57.78851; -152.40244 (Holy Resurrection Church)
Kodiak
11
Kad'yak
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July 14, 2004(#04000678)
Address restricted
Kodiak
Wreck of a Russian-era ship.
12
Kaguyak Village Site
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June 23, 1978(#78000274)
Address restricted
Katmai National Park and Preserve
Originally listed as being in Dillingham Census Area.
13
KOD-171 Site
Upload image
August 13, 1981(#81000707)
Address restricted
Larsen Bay
14
KOD-233 Site
Upload image
August 13, 1981(#81000708)
Address restricted
Larsen Bay
15
Kodiak 011 Site
Upload image
July 21, 1980(#80004571)
Address restricted
Kodiak
16
Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Forts Greely and Abercrombie
Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Forts Greely and Abercrombie More images
February 4, 1985(#85002731)
Vicinity of Kodiak 57°44′19″N 152°30′17″W / 57.738611°N 152.504722°W / 57.738611; -152.504722 (Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Forts Greely and Abercrombie)
Kodiak
Surviving World War II military infrastructures on Kodiak Island, comprising several areas.Kodiak Naval Base is about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Kodiak. Fort Greely is about 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Kodiak. Fort Abercombie is about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Kodiak.
17
Kukak Cannery Archeological Historic District
Kukak Cannery Archeological Historic District More images
April 7, 2003(#03000192)
In Kukak Bay 58°19′01″N 154°11′19″W / 58.31694°N 154.18873°W / 58.31694; -154.18873 (Kukak Cannery Archeological Historic District)
Katmai National Park and Preserve
Site of a 1920s-30s razor clam cannery, burned in 1936. Originally listed as being in Lake and Peninsula Borough.
18
Kukak Village Site
Kukak Village Site More images
July 20, 1978(#78000343)
At the entrance to Kukak Bay 58°20′51″N 154°12′28″W / 58.3475°N 154.2078°W / 58.3475; -154.2078 (Kukak Village Site)
Kanatak
Originally listed as being in the Dillingham Census Area.
19
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos More images
June 6, 1980(#80004577)
In Afognak 58°00′38″N 152°45′52″W / 58.01042°N 152.76445°W / 58.01042; -152.76445 (Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos)
Afognak
20
Nativity of Our Lord Chapel
Nativity of Our Lord Chapel More images
June 6, 1980(#80004582)
Church Street 57°55′23″N 152°30′01″W / 57.92313°N 152.50034°W / 57.92313; -152.50034 (Nativity of Our Lord Chapel)
Ouzinkie
21
Protection of the Theotokos Chapel
Protection of the Theotokos Chapel More images
June 6, 1980(#80004590)
E Street 56°56′42″N 154°10′05″W / 56.94487°N 154.16808°W / 56.94487; -154.16808 (Protection of the Theotokos Chapel)
Akhiok
22
Russian-American Company Magazin
Russian-American Company Magazin More images
October 15, 1966(#66000954)
101 East Marine Way 57°47′16″N 152°24′12″W / 57.78765°N 152.40338°W / 57.78765; -152.40338 (Russian-American Company Magazin)
Kodiak
Also known as the "Erskine House and Baranof Museum".
23
SS Aleutian (Shipwreck)
SS Aleutian (Shipwreck)
June 18, 2004(#04000593)
Southern tip of Amook Island 57°29′N 153°50′W / 57.48°N 153.84°W / 57.48; -153.84 (SS Aleutian (Shipwreck))
Larsen Bay
24
Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Chapel
Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Chapel More images
June 6, 1980(#80004581)
Spruce Island, Monk's Lagoon 57°54′22″N 152°21′10″W / 57.90607°N 152.35277°W / 57.90607; -152.35277 (Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Chapel)
Ouzinkie
25
Takli Island Archeological District
Takli Island Archeological District More images
May 23, 1978(#78000275)
Katmai National Park and Preserve 58°03′50″N 154°30′25″W / 58.0639°N 154.5069°W / 58.0639; -154.5069 (Takli Island Archeological District)
Kanatak
This district is entirely within the Amalik Bay Archeological District; Takli Island is in Amalik Bay. Originally listed as being in the Dillingham Census Area.
26
Three Saints Site
Three Saints Site
February 23, 1972(#72001541)
Address restricted
Old Harbor
27
Woody Island Historic Archeological District
Upload image
January 27, 2015(#14001196)
Address restricted
Kodiak
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 24, 2008.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997.
^ Katmai NP: Early Katmai People
^ Location derived from Katmai National Park Information Page, Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2007. Accessed 2011-04-05.
^ "Mink Island Cultural Resources Protection Project Environmental Assessment, June 2006". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
Notes
^ There's an error in NRHP listing for this building. Listing 80004581 attached form and pictures refer to Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Church in Nanwalek. The correct form and pictures for this building are attached to listing 80004587 (form and pictures)
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Category
vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in AlaskaBoroughs
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There are no sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kusilvak Census Area.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United StatesBorough seat: KodiakCities
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Alaska portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Kodiak_Island_Borough.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of the Kodiak Island Borough in AlaskaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.[1]There are 27 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the borough, including 4 National Historic Landmarks.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wronglst_9-0"},{"link_name":"Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Sergius_and_Herman_of_Valaam_Church"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80004587_text"},{"link_name":"pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80004587_photos"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Architectural style categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories"},{"link_name":"Contributing property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_property"},{"link_name":"Historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"History of the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Property types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types"},{"link_name":"List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam"},{"link_name":"Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"American Legation, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier"},{"link_name":"National Historic Preservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act"},{"link_name":"Historic Preservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Alaska_by_borough_and_census_area"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NRHP_in_Alaska_by_borough_and_census_area"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP_in_Alaska_by_borough_and_census_area"},{"link_name":"Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alaska_in_United_States_(US50).svg"},{"link_name":"Aleutians East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aleutians_East_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bristol Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bristol_Bay_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Denali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Denali_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairbanks_North_Star_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Haines_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Juneau,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kenai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kenai_Peninsula_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ketchikan_Gateway_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lake and Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_and_Peninsula_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Matanuska-Susitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Matanuska-Susitna_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"North Slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Slope_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Northwest Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northwest_Arctic_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Sitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sitka,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Skagway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Skagway,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Wrangell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wrangell,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Yakutat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yakutat,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Aleutians West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aleutians_West_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bethel_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Chugach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chugach_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Copper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Copper_River_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Dillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dillingham_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Hoonah–Angoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hoonah%E2%80%93Angoon_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Nome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nome_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petersburg_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales–Hyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_of_Wales%E2%80%93Hyder_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Southeast Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Yukon–Koyukuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yukon%E2%80%93Koyukuk_Census_Area,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island_Borough,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Borough seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_seat"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"Akhiok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhiok,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Larsen Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Bay,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Old Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Harbor,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ouzinkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzinkie,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Port Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lions,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Aleneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleneva,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Chiniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Karluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Station,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Mill Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Bay,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Womens Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womens_Bay,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Afognak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Port Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Wakefield,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Three Saints Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay"},{"link_name":"Woody Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Island_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"Alaska portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alaska_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}],"text":"^ There's an error in NRHP listing for this building. Listing 80004581 attached form and pictures refer to Sts. Sergius and Herman of Valaam Church in Nanwalek. The correct form and pictures for this building are attached to listing 80004587 (form and pictures)vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics\nArchitectural style categories\nContributing property\nHistoric district\nHistory of the National Register of Historic Places\nKeeper of the Register\nNational Park Service\nProperty types\nLists by state\nList of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nLists by insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nMinor Outlying Islands\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nLists by associated state\nFederated States of Micronesia\nMarshall Islands\nPalau\nOther areas\nDistrict of Columbia\nAmerican Legation, Morocco\nRelated\nNational Historic Preservation Act\nHistoric Preservation Fund\nList of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places\nUniversity and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places\n\n National Register of Historic Places portal\n CategoryvteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in AlaskaBoroughs\nAleutians East\nAnchorage\nBristol Bay\nDenali\nFairbanks North Star\nHaines\nJuneau\nKenai Peninsula\nKetchikan Gateway\nKodiak Island\nLake and Peninsula\nMatanuska-Susitna\nNorth Slope\nNorthwest Arctic\nSitka\nSkagway\nWrangell\nYakutat\nCensus areas\nAleutians West\nBethel\nChugach\nCopper River\nDillingham\nHoonah–Angoon\nNome\nPetersburg\nPrince of Wales–Hyder\nSoutheast Fairbanks\nYukon–Koyukuk\nThere are no sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kusilvak Census Area.vteMunicipalities and communities of Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United StatesBorough seat: KodiakCities\nAkhiok\nKodiak\nLarsen Bay\nOld Harbor\nOuzinkie\nPort Lions\nKodiak Island Borough mapCDPs\nAleneva\nChiniak\nKarluk\nKodiak Station\nMill Bay\nWomens Bay\nGhost towns\nAfognak\nPort Wakefield\nThree Saints Bay\nWoody Island\n\nAlaska portal\nUnited States portal","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of the Kodiak Island Borough in Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Kodiak_Island_Borough.svg/300px-Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Kodiak_Island_Borough.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Amalik Bay Archeological District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AmalikBay.jpg/100px-AmalikBay.jpg"},{"image_text":"American 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Antioquia | San Andrés de Cuerquia | ["1 History","2 General","3 Demography","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 06°54′52″N 75°40′33″W / 6.91444°N 75.67583°W / 6.91444; -75.67583
For other uses, see San Andres (disambiguation).
Municipality and town in Antioquia Department, ColombiaSan Andrés, Antioquia
CuerqueñoMunicipality and town
FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of San Andrés, Antioquia in the Antioquia Department of ColombiaSan Andrés, AntioquiaLocation in ColombiaCoordinates: 06°54′52″N 75°40′33″W / 6.91444°N 75.67583°W / 6.91444; -75.67583CountryColombiaDepartmentAntioquia DepartmentSubregionNorthernTime zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)
San Andrés is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the sub-region of Northern Antioquia.
History
In the days of its foundation, next to the San Andrés river, this district was inhabited by Nutabes Indians and was governed by the Cacique Guarcama, widely mentioned in the chronicles of the time as a warrior also remembered for his fierceness and business ability.
The conquering adventures of the Spanish captain Andrés de Valdivia had impelled him to subjugate this zone in the north of Antioquia, and he had this territory under the control of his troops in the year 1574. Valdivia entered into combat with the cacique Guarcama and Valdivia lost his life because of it. His head was displayed on logs for a long time, next to the heads of several of his soldiers. In response the then Governor of the Province sent to the region an enormous army that ended up massacring the tribe of Guarcama showing the technological superiority of the Iberians.
Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, these lands were occupied by high-ranking caciques between the Nutabes and Tahamis.
At the time, the region was visited by Captain Don Andrés de Valdivia, the first governor of the province of Antioquia, who organized an expedition to the middle course of the Cauca River. The Spanish captain Don Bartolomé Sánchez Torreblanca indisposed the natives against the Spanish ruler, who was killed by the cacique Quimé in the year of 1576. The place where the events took place is now called La Matanza.
A few years after the death of Valdivia, Don Gaspar de Rodas applied a fierce revenge on the part of the Spanish kingdom, and all the natives, especially those of the Valley of Guarcama, were exterminated without mercy.
The governor of the province of Popayán adjudged these lands to the Spanish officer Don Francisco Lopez de Rúa in the year 1582, who founded a town in the Guarcama Valley where Valdivia was killed, which he named San Andrés de Cauca in honor of the murdered captain and the nearby Cauca river.
On January 25, 1793 there was a fire that had burned the whole town, diminishing the importance it once had being on the obligatory passage to Mompóx and the Atlantic coast. In this place the parish of San Andrés was created, in the year of 1761. In the year of 1822 it was formed into a municipality.
On June 13, 1853, it was transferred from the Guarcama Valley to the current site. At the time of the beginning, it was named Cuerquia, for honoring the name of the "Cuerquías" tribes, natives of the narrow slope of the San Andrés River. However, the story tells that the first name at the time of the transfer was called Calcedonia in honor of the wise Caldas. Then in 1860, Pabón was named in honor of the governor who gave the transfer ordinance. The provincial chamber of Antioquia gave the ordinance 11, November 14, 1854, in which they assigned the name as Pabón and not Cuerquia, but shortly afterwards, in honor of its history, it changed definitively back to San Andrés de Cuerquia.
Baldomero Jaramillo Ruiz and Pedro José Jaramillo Romero, of Rionegro, sponsored by Pbro. Domingo Antonio Angarita Mendoza, were the founders of this new town in the year 1853, changing its name and place. In 1856, it was given the category of Municipality. At the beginning of the last century, San Andrés de Cuerquia had recovered much of its former importance, thanks to the fertility of its hillsides which are very conducive to all types of crops.
General
Foundation: June 13, 1761
Erection in municipality: 1856
Founders: Presbítero Domingo Antonio Angarita and the Lords Baldomero and Pedro José Jaramillo
Appellation: Cofrecito enclosed between mountains.
It has also had the names of Chalcedony, San Andrés del Cauca, Pabón and Cuerquia .
It has temperate climate and is a coffee par excellence, its main attractions are the temple of Santo Cristo and the quebradas, ríos and waterfalls that form beautiful landscapes and that are visited by tourists, because they make possible trips between the nature of the region.
Demography
Total Population: 6,226 inhabitants (2015).
Urban Population: 2 521
Rural Population: 3 705
To the municipality belong the villages of Montañadentro, San Miguel, La Chorrera, Cordillera, El Roble, Aguacatal, Alto Seco, Cañaduzales, El Cántaro, Santa Gertrudis, Travesías, Loma Grande, San Antonio, Las Cruces, Cruces Arriba, La Ciénaga, La Lejía, Atezal, El Vergel, Media Loma, Loma del Indio, El Filo, Montebello, San Julián, Santa Gertrudis and Travesías among others.
According to the corporation Vistas, of Medellín, "it is a municipality with a temperate climate enclosed between the green mountains of the North of Antioquia, coffee maker par excellence, its main attractions are the ravines, rivers and waterfalls that form beautiful landscapes and that are visited by tourists, because they make possible trips between the nature of the region ".
References
External links
Official website
New Official Page
Instagram
Facebook
Twitter
Newspaper
Facebook
Twitter
vte Antioquia DepartmentCapital: MedellínRegionsandmunicipalitiesSouthwestern
Amagá
Andes
Angelópolis
Betania
Betulia
Caicedo
Caramanta
Ciudad Bolívar
Concordia
Fredonia
Hispania
Jardín
Jericó
La Pintada
Montebello
Pueblorrico
Salgar
Santa Bárbara
Támesis
Tarso
Titiribí
Urrao
Valparaíso
Venecia
Eastern
Abejorral
Alejandría
Argelia
El Carmen de Viboral
Cocorná
Concepción
El Peñol
El Santuario
Granada
Guarne
Guatapé
La Ceja
La Unión
Marinilla
Nariño
Retiro
Rionegro
San Carlos
San Francisco
San Luis
San Rafael
San Vicente
Sonsón
Northeastern
Amalfi
Anorí
Cisneros
Remedios
San Roque
Santo Domingo
Segovia
Vegachí
Yalí
Yolombó
Northern
Angostura
Belmira
Briceño
Campamento
Carolina del Príncipe
Don Matías
Entrerríos
Gómez Plata
Guadalupe
Ituango
San Andrés
San José de la Montaña
San Pedro
Santa Rosa de Osos
Toledo
Valdivia
Yarumal
Western
Abriaquí
Antioquia
Anza
Armenia
Buriticá
Cañasgordas
Dabeiba
Ebéjico
Frontino
Giraldo
Heliconia
Liborina
Olaya
Peque
Sabanalarga
San Jerónimo
Sopetrán
Uramita
Bajo Cauca
Caucasia
El Bagre
Nechí
Tarazá
Cáceres
Zaragoza
Magdalena Medio
Yondó
Puerto Berrío
Maceo
Caracolí
Puerto Nare
Puerto Triunfo
Urabá
Apartadó
Arboletes
Carepa
Chigorodó
Murindó
Mutatá
Necoclí
San Juan de Urabá
San Pedro de Urabá
Turbo
Vigía del Fuerte
Metropolitan Areaof the Aburrá Valley
Barbosa
Bello
Caldas
Copacabana
Envigado
Girardota
Itagüí
La Estrella
Medellín
Sabaneta
Related topics
Antioquia State
Departments of Colombia
History
This Department of Antioquia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Andres (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andres_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipio"},{"link_name":"Antioquia Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Department"},{"link_name":"Northern Antioquia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Antioquia"}],"text":"For other uses, see San Andres (disambiguation).Municipality and town in Antioquia Department, ColombiaSan Andrés is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the sub-region of Northern Antioquia.","title":"San Andrés de Cuerquia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the days of its foundation, next to the San Andrés river, this district was inhabited by Nutabes Indians and was governed by the Cacique Guarcama, widely mentioned in the chronicles of the time as a warrior also remembered for his fierceness and business ability.The conquering adventures of the Spanish captain Andrés de Valdivia had impelled him to subjugate this zone in the north of Antioquia, and he had this territory under the control of his troops in the year 1574. Valdivia entered into combat with the cacique Guarcama and Valdivia lost his life because of it. His head was displayed on logs for a long time, next to the heads of several of his soldiers. In response the then Governor of the Province sent to the region an enormous army that ended up massacring the tribe of Guarcama showing the technological superiority of the Iberians.Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, these lands were occupied by high-ranking caciques between the Nutabes and Tahamis.At the time, the region was visited by Captain Don Andrés de Valdivia, the first governor of the province of Antioquia, who organized an expedition to the middle course of the Cauca River. The Spanish captain Don Bartolomé Sánchez Torreblanca indisposed the natives against the Spanish ruler, who was killed by the cacique Quimé in the year of 1576. The place where the events took place is now called La Matanza.A few years after the death of Valdivia, Don Gaspar de Rodas applied a fierce revenge on the part of the Spanish kingdom, and all the natives, especially those of the Valley of Guarcama, were exterminated without mercy.The governor of the province of Popayán adjudged these lands to the Spanish officer Don Francisco Lopez de Rúa in the year 1582, who founded a town in the Guarcama Valley where Valdivia was killed, which he named San Andrés de Cauca in honor of the murdered captain and the nearby Cauca river.On January 25, 1793 there was a fire that had burned the whole town, diminishing the importance it once had being on the obligatory passage to Mompóx and the Atlantic coast. In this place the parish of San Andrés was created, in the year of 1761. In the year of 1822 it was formed into a municipality.On June 13, 1853, it was transferred from the Guarcama Valley to the current site. At the time of the beginning, it was named Cuerquia, for honoring the name of the \"Cuerquías\" tribes, natives of the narrow slope of the San Andrés River. However, the story tells that the first name at the time of the transfer was called Calcedonia in honor of the wise Caldas. Then in 1860, Pabón was named in honor of the governor who gave the transfer ordinance. The provincial chamber of Antioquia gave the ordinance 11, November 14, 1854, in which they assigned the name as Pabón and not Cuerquia, but shortly afterwards, in honor of its history, it changed definitively back to San Andrés de Cuerquia.Baldomero Jaramillo Ruiz and Pedro José Jaramillo Romero, of Rionegro, sponsored by Pbro. Domingo Antonio Angarita Mendoza, were the founders of this new town in the year 1853, changing its name and place. In 1856, it was given the category of Municipality. At the beginning of the last century, San Andrés de Cuerquia had recovered much of its former importance, thanks to the fertility of its hillsides which are very conducive to all types of crops.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"link_name":"quebradas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine"},{"link_name":"ríos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"}],"text":"Foundation: June 13, 1761\nErection in municipality: 1856\nFounders: Presbítero Domingo Antonio Angarita and the Lords Baldomero and Pedro José Jaramillo\nAppellation: Cofrecito enclosed between mountains.It has also had the names of Chalcedony, San Andrés del Cauca, Pabón and Cuerquia .It has temperate climate and is a coffee par excellence, its main attractions are the temple of Santo Cristo and the quebradas, ríos and waterfalls that form beautiful landscapes and that are visited by tourists, because they make possible trips between the nature of the region.","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Total Population: 6,226 inhabitants (2015).\nUrban Population: 2 521\nRural Population: 3 705To the municipality belong the villages of Montañadentro, San Miguel, La Chorrera, Cordillera, El Roble, Aguacatal, Alto Seco, Cañaduzales, El Cántaro, Santa Gertrudis, Travesías, Loma Grande, San Antonio, Las Cruces, Cruces Arriba, La Ciénaga, La Lejía, Atezal, El Vergel, Media Loma, Loma del Indio, El Filo, Montebello, San Julián, Santa Gertrudis and Travesías among others.According to the corporation Vistas, of Medellín, \"it is a municipality with a temperate climate enclosed between the green mountains of the North of Antioquia, coffee maker par excellence, its main attractions are the ravines, rivers and waterfalls that form beautiful landscapes and that are visited by tourists, because they make possible trips between the nature of the region \".","title":"Demography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cuerquia¶ms=06_54_52_N_75_40_33_W_type:city_region:CO","external_links_name":"06°54′52″N 75°40′33″W / 6.91444°N 75.67583°W / 6.91444; -75.67583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cuerquia¶ms=06_54_52_N_75_40_33_W_type:city_region:CO","external_links_name":"06°54′52″N 75°40′33″W / 6.91444°N 75.67583°W / 6.91444; -75.67583"},{"Link":"http://www.sanandresdecuerquia-antioquia.gov.co/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://sanandresdecuerquiaantioquia.micolombiadigital.gov.co/","external_links_name":"New Official Page"},{"Link":"http://www.instagram.com/alcaldiasac","external_links_name":"Instagram"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/alcaldia.sanandres","external_links_name":"Facebook"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/alcaldiasac","external_links_name":"Twitter"},{"Link":"http://elcuerqueno.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Newspaper"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/elcuerqueno","external_links_name":"Facebook"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/elcuerqueno","external_links_name":"Twitter"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cuerquia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland | Alexandra Hills, Queensland | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Amenities","6 Parks, bushland and recreation","7 Sporting Clubs","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°32′00″S 153°13′32″E / 27.5333°S 153.2255°E / -27.5333; 153.2255 (Alexandra Hills (centre of locality))"Alexandra Hills" redirects here. Not to be confused with Alexandra Hill (disambiguation), Alexander Hills, or Alexander Hill (disambiguation).
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Suburb of Redland City, Queensland, AustraliaAlexandra HillsRedland City, QueenslandAlexandra Hills hotel, 2013Alexandra HillsCoordinates27°32′00″S 153°13′32″E / 27.5333°S 153.2255°E / -27.5333; 153.2255 (Alexandra Hills (centre of locality))Population16,254 (2016 census) • Density1,186/km2 (3,073/sq mi)Postcode(s)4161Area13.7 km2 (5.3 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 6.2 km (4 mi) W of Cleveland 23.4 km (15 mi) ESE of Brisbane CBD LGA(s)Redland CityState electorate(s) Capalaba RedlandsFederal division(s)Bowman
Suburbs around Alexandra Hills:
Birkdale
Wellington Point
Ormiston
Capalaba
Alexandra Hills
Cleveland
Capalaba
Sheldon
Thornlands
Alexandra Hills is a residential locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Alexandra Hills had a population of 16,254 people.
Geography
Alexandra Hills sits between two major areas of Redlands, with Cleveland to the east and Capalaba to the west. Alexandra Hills itself is notable as the only enclaved suburb of the largely coastal Redland City.
Finucane Crossing is near the western edge of locality (27°31′25″S 153°14′46″E / 27.5237°S 153.2461°E / -27.5237; 153.2461 (Finucane Crossing)). It is near where Finucane Road crosses Hilliards Creek into neighbouring Ormiston and Cleveland.
History
Alexandra Hills State School opened on 28 January 1975.
St Anthony's Catholic Primary School opened on 1 January 1980 on a 5.974-hectare (14.76-acre) site purchased by the Archdiocese of Brisbane. The school opened with 157 students under the leadership of Presentation Sister Kieran McNamara. Archbishop Francis Rush blessed and officially blessed the school on Sunday 9 March 1980.
Vienna Woods State School opened on 29 January 1985.
Alexandra Hills State High School opened on 27 January 1987.
Hilliard State School opened on 29 January 1991.
The Anglican Church of the Resurrection was dedicated in 1991 and consecrated in 2010.
The Sycamore School opened in 2017 to provide special education for children with autism.
Demographics
In the 2011 census, Alexandra Hills recorded a population of 16,728 people, 50.7% female and 49.3% male. The median age of the Alexandra Hills population was 35 years, 2 years below the national median of 37. 77% of people living in Alexandra Hills were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 5.8%, England 4.3%, South Africa 0.9%, Philippines 0.8%, Scotland 0.7%. 91.3% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.4% German, 0.3% Polish, 0.3% Filipino, 0.3% Italian, 0.3% Spanish.
In the 2016 census, Alexandra Hills had a population of 16,254 people.
Education
Alexandra Hills State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 12 Princeton Avenue (27°31′05″S 153°13′16″E / 27.5181°S 153.2212°E / -27.5181; 153.2212 (Alexandra Hills State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 199 students with 24 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 31 non-teaching staff (22 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Vienna Woods State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 12 Heffernan Road (27°31′40″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5279°S 153.2300°E / -27.5279; 153.2300 (Vienna Woods State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 253 students with 25 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Hilliard State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cnr Alexandra Circuit & Hanover Drive (27°32′32″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5422°S 153.2300°E / -27.5422; 153.2300 (Hilliard State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 733 students with 55 teachers (47 full-time equivalent) and 30 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
St Anthony's School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at St Anthony's Drive (27°31′14″S 153°12′59″E / 27.5206°S 153.2165°E / -27.5206; 153.2165 (St Anthony's School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 477 students with 35 teachers (32 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent).
The Sycamore School is a private primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls with autism on the Alexandra Hills TAFE Campus at 29 Windemere Road (27°31′31″S 153°12′37″E / 27.5254°S 153.2104°E / -27.5254; 153.2104 (The Sycamore School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 62 students with 11 teachers (10 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (15 full-time equivalent).
Alexandra Hills State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Windemere Road (27°31′25″S 153°12′55″E / 27.5237°S 153.2154°E / -27.5237; 153.2154 (Alexandra Hills State High School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1457 students with 123 teachers (116 full-time equivalent) and 60 non-teaching staff (44 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. The school is the home of 136 Army Cadet Unit - City of Redlands. Until 2010, it was the largest school in the City of Redland but rapid growth of enrolments at Cleveland District State High School have put Alexandra Hills into 2nd place since 2011.
The Alexandra Hills Campus of the Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE is in Windermere Street (27°31′31″S 153°12′44″E / 27.5252°S 153.2122°E / -27.5252; 153.2122 (Alexandra Hills TAFE campus)) and is adjacent to Alexandra Hills State High School.
Amenities
The Redland City Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Bluebell Street Shops.
The Anglican Church of the Resurrection is at 48 Newhaven Street (corner Windermere Street, 27°31′33″S 153°12′57″E / 27.5258°S 153.2157°E / -27.5258; 153.2157 (Anglican Church of the Resurrection)).
Alexandra Hills is home to the popular McGuire's owned venue 'The Alexandra Hills Hotel' or colloquially known as 'The Alex'. The hotel is situated on the outer edges of Alexandra Hills almost bordering nearby suburbs Wellington Point and Cleveland. The hotel is also home to the 'Squeeze Club', a weekend nightclub commonly referred to as 'The Pit'. It is located on the top level of the Hotel.
Parks, bushland and recreation
Squirrel Glider Conservation Area, 2013
Windemere Road Park
Coolwinpin Creek
Valantine Park
Community Centre
Keith Surridge Oval
Hanover Drive Park
George Street Park
Windemere Road Park is the most developed park in Alexandra Hills. The most recent addition has been a climbing wall. It also hosts a flying fox, skate/bike bowl, basketball court and an off the leash area for dogs. The park itself stretches from Windemere Road to Cumberland Drive.
The George Street and Hanover Drive Parks also have dog off-leash areas and there is a trial area in Valantine Park.
Sporting Clubs
Alexandra Hills Bombers Australian Rules Football Club
Alexandra Hills Cricket Club
Meteors Netball Club
References
^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Alexandra Hills (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Alexandra Hills – locality in City of Redland (entry 48174)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ "Finucane Crossing – locality unbounded in City of Redland (entry 12456)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ "9542-29 Capalaba" (Map). Queensland Government. 1974. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020.
^ a b c d e "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "School History". St Anthonys, Alexandra Hills. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ a b "Year Book" (PDF). Anglican Archdiocese of Brisbane. 2019. p. 129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
^ a b "About Us". The Syacamore School. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Alexandra Hills (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Alexandra Hills State School". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ a b c d e f "ACARA School Profile 2018". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ "Alexandra Hills SS - Special Education Program". Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Vienna Woods State School". Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Hilliard State School". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "St Anthony's School". Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "The Sycamore School". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Alexandra Hills State High School". Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Alexandra Hills SHS - Special Education Program". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "State school enrolments". Queensland Government data. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
^ "Alexandra Hills TAFE Campus". TAFE Queensland. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ "Mobile Library". Redland City Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandra Hills, Queensland.
"Alexandra Hills". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.
vteTowns and suburbs in Redland City, South East QueenslandMainland
Alexandra Hills
Birkdale
Capalaba
Cleveland
Mount Cotton
Ormiston
Redland Bay
Sheldon
Thorneside
Thornlands
Victoria Point
Wellington Point
North Stradbroke Island
Amity
Dunwich
North Stradbroke Island (locality)
Point Lookout
Other populated islands
Coochie
Coochiemudlo Island
Karragarra Island
Lamb Island
Macleay Island
Russell Island
Unpopulated islands
Moreton Bay (locality)
Peel Island
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Hill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hills"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"City of Redland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Redland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"\"Alexandra Hills\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Alexandra Hill (disambiguation), Alexander Hills, or Alexander Hill (disambiguation).Suburb of Redland City, Queensland, AustraliaAlexandra Hills is a residential locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia.[2] In the 2016 census, Alexandra Hills had a population of 16,254 people.[1]","title":"Alexandra Hills, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enclaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City#Suburbs"},{"link_name":"Redland City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City"},{"link_name":"27°31′25″S 153°14′46″E / 27.5237°S 153.2461°E / -27.5237; 153.2461 (Finucane Crossing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5237_S_153.2461_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Finucane+Crossing"},{"link_name":"Ormiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpn12456-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Alexandra Hills sits between two major areas of Redlands, with Cleveland to the east and Capalaba to the west. Alexandra Hills itself is notable as the only enclaved suburb of the largely coastal Redland City.Finucane Crossing is near the western edge of locality (27°31′25″S 153°14′46″E / 27.5237°S 153.2461°E / -27.5237; 153.2461 (Finucane Crossing)). It is near where Finucane Road crosses Hilliards Creek into neighbouring Ormiston and Cleveland.[3][4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Presentation Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Sisters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Hills State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hills_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"Alexandra Hills State School opened on 28 January 1975.[5]St Anthony's Catholic Primary School opened on 1 January 1980 on a 5.974-hectare (14.76-acre) site purchased by the Archdiocese of Brisbane. The school opened with 157 students under the leadership of Presentation Sister Kieran McNamara.[5] Archbishop Francis Rush blessed and officially blessed the school on Sunday 9 March 1980.[6]Vienna Woods State School opened on 29 January 1985.[5]Alexandra Hills State High School opened on 27 January 1987.[5]Hilliard State School opened on 29 January 1991.[5]The Anglican Church of the Resurrection was dedicated in 1991 and consecrated in 2010.[7]The Sycamore School opened in 2017 to provide special education for children with autism.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-9"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, Alexandra Hills recorded a population of 16,728 people, 50.7% female and 49.3% male.[9] The median age of the Alexandra Hills population was 35 years, 2 years below the national median of 37. 77% of people living in Alexandra Hills were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 5.8%, England 4.3%, South Africa 0.9%, Philippines 0.8%, Scotland 0.7%. 91.3% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.4% German, 0.3% Polish, 0.3% Filipino, 0.3% Italian, 0.3% Spanish.[9]In the 2016 census, Alexandra Hills had a population of 16,254 people.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°31′05″S 153°13′16″E / 27.5181°S 153.2212°E / -27.5181; 153.2212 (Alexandra Hills State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5181_S_153.2212_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Alexandra+Hills+State+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"27°31′40″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5279°S 153.2300°E / -27.5279; 153.2300 (Vienna Woods State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5279_S_153.23_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Vienna+Woods+State+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"27°32′32″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5422°S 153.2300°E / -27.5422; 153.2300 (Hilliard State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5422_S_153.23_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Hilliard+State+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"27°31′14″S 153°12′59″E / 27.5206°S 153.2165°E / -27.5206; 153.2165 (St Anthony's School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5206_S_153.2165_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Anthony%27s+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"27°31′31″S 153°12′37″E / 27.5254°S 153.2104°E / -27.5254; 153.2104 (The Sycamore School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5254_S_153.2104_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=The+Sycamore+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Hills State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hills_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"27°31′25″S 153°12′55″E / 27.5237°S 153.2154°E / -27.5237; 153.2154 (Alexandra Hills State High School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5237_S_153.2154_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Alexandra+Hills+State+High+School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"City of Redland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Redland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_South_Institute_of_TAFE"},{"link_name":"27°31′31″S 153°12′44″E / 27.5252°S 153.2122°E / -27.5252; 153.2122 (Alexandra Hills TAFE campus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5252_S_153.2122_E_type:edu_region:AU_QLD&title=Alexandra+Hills+TAFE+campus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Alexandra Hills State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 12 Princeton Avenue (27°31′05″S 153°13′16″E / 27.5181°S 153.2212°E / -27.5181; 153.2212 (Alexandra Hills State School)).[10][11] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 199 students with 24 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 31 non-teaching staff (22 full-time equivalent).[12] It includes a special education program.[10][13]Vienna Woods State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 12 Heffernan Road (27°31′40″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5279°S 153.2300°E / -27.5279; 153.2300 (Vienna Woods State School)).[10][14] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 253 students with 25 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).[12] It includes a special education program.[10]Hilliard State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cnr Alexandra Circuit & Hanover Drive (27°32′32″S 153°13′48″E / 27.5422°S 153.2300°E / -27.5422; 153.2300 (Hilliard State School)).[10][15] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 733 students with 55 teachers (47 full-time equivalent) and 30 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent).[12] It includes a special education program.[10]St Anthony's School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at St Anthony's Drive (27°31′14″S 153°12′59″E / 27.5206°S 153.2165°E / -27.5206; 153.2165 (St Anthony's School)).[10][16] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 477 students with 35 teachers (32 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent).[12]The Sycamore School is a private primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls with autism on the Alexandra Hills TAFE Campus at 29 Windemere Road (27°31′31″S 153°12′37″E / 27.5254°S 153.2104°E / -27.5254; 153.2104 (The Sycamore School)).[10][17] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 62 students with 11 teachers (10 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (15 full-time equivalent).[12][8]Alexandra Hills State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Windemere Road (27°31′25″S 153°12′55″E / 27.5237°S 153.2154°E / -27.5237; 153.2154 (Alexandra Hills State High School)).[10][18] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1457 students with 123 teachers (116 full-time equivalent) and 60 non-teaching staff (44 full-time equivalent).[12] It includes a special education program.[10][19] The school is the home of 136 Army Cadet Unit - City of Redlands. Until 2010, it was the largest school in the City of Redland but rapid growth of enrolments at Cleveland District State High School have put Alexandra Hills into 2nd place since 2011.[20]The Alexandra Hills Campus of the Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE is in Windermere Street (27°31′31″S 153°12′44″E / 27.5252°S 153.2122°E / -27.5252; 153.2122 (Alexandra Hills TAFE campus)) and is adjacent to Alexandra Hills State High School.[21]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_library"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"27°31′33″S 153°12′57″E / 27.5258°S 153.2157°E / -27.5258; 153.2157 (Anglican Church of the Resurrection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5258_S_153.2157_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Anglican+Church+of+the+Resurrection"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Redland City Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Bluebell Street Shops.[22]The Anglican Church of the Resurrection is at 48 Newhaven Street (corner Windermere Street, 27°31′33″S 153°12′57″E / 27.5258°S 153.2157°E / -27.5258; 153.2157 (Anglican Church of the Resurrection)).[7]Alexandra Hills is home to the popular McGuire's owned venue 'The Alexandra Hills Hotel' or colloquially known as 'The Alex'. The hotel is situated on the outer edges of Alexandra Hills almost bordering nearby suburbs Wellington Point and Cleveland. The hotel is also home to the 'Squeeze Club', a weekend nightclub commonly referred to as 'The Pit'. It is located on the top level of the Hotel.[citation needed]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandra_Hills_squirrel_glider_walkway.jpg"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Squirrel Glider Conservation Area, 2013Windemere Road Park\nCoolwinpin Creek\nValantine Park\nCommunity Centre\nKeith Surridge Oval\nHanover Drive Park\nGeorge Street ParkWindemere Road Park is the most developed park in Alexandra Hills. The most recent[when?] addition has been a climbing wall. It also hosts a flying fox, skate/bike bowl, basketball court and an off the leash area for dogs. The park itself stretches from Windemere Road to Cumberland Drive.The George Street and Hanover Drive Parks also have dog off-leash areas and there is a trial area in Valantine Park.","title":"Parks, bushland and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alexandra Hills Bombers Australian Rules Football Club\nAlexandra Hills Cricket Club\nMeteors Netball Club","title":"Sporting Clubs"}] | [{"image_text":"Squirrel Glider Conservation Area, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alexandra_Hills_squirrel_glider_walkway.jpg/220px-Alexandra_Hills_squirrel_glider_walkway.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Alexandra Hills (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC30031","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills – locality in City of Redland (entry 48174)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Alexandra_Hills&types=0&place=Alexandra_Hills48174","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills – locality in City of Redland (entry 48174)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Finucane Crossing – locality unbounded in City of Redland (entry 12456)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Finucane_Crossing&types=0&place=Finucane_Crossing12456","url_text":"\"Finucane Crossing – locality unbounded in City of Redland (entry 12456)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"9542-29 Capalaba\" (Map). Queensland Government. 1974. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gisservices.information.qld.gov.au/arcgis/rest/directories/historicalscans/cad_scans/cad-map-10000-9542-29-capalaba-1974.jpg","url_text":"\"9542-29 Capalaba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016225741/https://gisservices.information.qld.gov.au/arcgis/rest/directories/historicalscans/cad_scans/cad-map-10000-9542-29-capalaba-1974.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"School History\". St Anthonys, Alexandra Hills. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanthonysalexhills.qld.edu.au/ourschool/Pages/history.aspx","url_text":"\"School History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016225938/http://www.stanthonysalexhills.qld.edu.au/ourschool/Pages/history.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Year Book\" (PDF). Anglican Archdiocese of Brisbane. 2019. p. 129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anglicanchurchsq.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Year-Book-Volume-II-Feb-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Year Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Archdiocese_of_Brisbane","url_text":"Anglican Archdiocese of Brisbane"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915033326/https://anglicanchurchsq.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Year-Book-Volume-II-Feb-2020.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". The Syacamore School. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesycamoreschool.qld.edu.au/about-us.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016232637/https://www.thesycamoreschool.qld.edu.au/about-us.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Alexandra Hills (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC30020","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills State School\". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alexandrahillsss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200407015416/https://alexandrahillsss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2018\". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority","url_text":"Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827085246/https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills SS - Special Education Program\". Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alexhillss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills SS - Special Education Program\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623041356/http://www.alexhillss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vienna Woods State School\". Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://viennawoodsss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Vienna Woods State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200312121653/https://viennawoodsss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilliard State School\". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hilliardss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Hilliard State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003227/https://hilliardss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Anthony's School\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanthonysalexhills.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"St Anthony's School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055223/http://www.stanthonysalexhills.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sycamore School\". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesycamoreschool.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"The Sycamore School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905151212/https://thesycamoreschool.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills State High School\". Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alexandrahillsshs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills State High School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620100502/https://alexandrahillsshs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills SHS - Special Education Program\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alexhillshs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills SHS - Special Education Program\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130420174309/http://alexhillshs.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State school enrolments\". Queensland Government data. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-school-enrolments","url_text":"\"State school enrolments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150202103611/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-school-enrolments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills TAFE Campus\". TAFE Queensland. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tafeqld.edu.au/courses/study-locations/greater-brisbane/alexandra-hills.html","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills TAFE Campus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFE_Queensland","url_text":"TAFE Queensland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201016231833/https://tafeqld.edu.au/courses/study-locations/greater-brisbane/alexandra-hills.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile Library\". Redland City Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20168/libraries_opening_hours_and_locations/306/mobile_library","url_text":"\"Mobile Library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redland_City_Council","url_text":"Redland City Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130143850/https://www.redland.qld.gov.au/info/20168/libraries_opening_hours_and_locations/306/mobile_library","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandra Hills\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/alexandra-hills","url_text":"\"Alexandra Hills\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland¶ms=27.5333_S_153.2255_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Alexandra+Hills+%28centre+of+locality%29","external_links_name":"27°32′00″S 153°13′32″E / 27.5333°S 153.2255°E / -27.5333; 153.2255 (Alexandra Hills (centre of locality))"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Alexandra_Hills%2C_Queensland","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Alexandra_Hills,_Queensland","external_links_name":"GPX (all 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_(South_Korea),_1996%E2%80%932000 | List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1996–2000 | ["1 Members","1.1 Seoul","1.2 Busan","1.3 Daegu","1.4 Incheon","1.5 Gwangju","1.6 Daejeon","1.7 Gyeonggi","1.8 Gangwon","1.9 North Chungcheong","1.10 South Chungcheong","1.11 North Jeolla","1.12 South Jeolla","1.13 North Gyeongsang","1.14 South Gyeongsang","1.15 Jeju","1.16 Proportional representation","1.17 Notes","2 References"] | The members of the fifteenth National Assembly of South Korea were elected on 11 April 1996. The Assembly sat from 30 May 1996 until 29 May 2000.
Members
Seoul
Constituency
Member
Party
Jongno
Lee Myung-bak
New Korea Party
Roh Moo-hyun
National Congress for New Politics
Jung
Park Sung-vum
New Korea Party
Yongsan
Suh Chung-hwa
New Korea Party
Seongdong A
Lee Sei-kee
New Korea Party
Seongdong B
Kim Hak-won
New Korea Party
Kwangjin A
Kim Sang-woo
New Korea Party
Kwangjin B
Choo Mi-ae
National Congress for New Politics
Dongdaemun A
Ro Seung-woo
New Korea Party
Dongdaemun B
Kim Yung-koo
New Korea Party
Jungnang A
Lee Sang-soo
National Congress for New Politics
Jungnang B
Kim Choong-il
New Korea Party
Seongbuk A
Yoo Jay-kun
National Congress for New Politics
Seongbuk B
Kang Sung-jae
New Korea Party
Gangbuk A
Kim Won-gil
National Congress for New Politics
Gangbuk B
Chough Soon-hyung
National Congress for New Politics
Dobong A
Kim Geun-tae
National Congress for New Politics
Dobong B
Sul Hoon
National Congress for New Politics
Nowon A
Paek Nam-chi
New Korea Party
Nowon B
Lim Chae-jung
National Congress for New Politics
Eunpyeong A
Sonn Se-il
National Congress for New Politics
Eunpyeong B
Lee Jae-oh
New Korea Party
Seodaemun A
Kim Song-hyum
National Congress for New Politics
Seodaemun B
Chang Che-shik
National Congress for New Politics
Mapo A
Park Myung-hwan
New Korea Party
Mapo B
Park Joo-cheon
New Korea Party
Yangcheon A
Park Bum-jin
New Korea Party
Yangcheon B
Kim Yung-bae
National Congress for New Politics
Gangseo A
Shin Ki-nam
National Congress for New Politics
Gangseo B
Lee Shin-bom
New Korea Party
Guro A
Chung Han-young
National Congress for New Politics
Guro B
Lee Shin-haeng
New Korea Party
Han Gwang-ok
National Congress for New Politics
Geumcheon
Lee Woo-jae
New Korea Party
Yeongdeungpo A
Kim Myung-sup
New Korea Party
Yeongdeungpo B
Kim Min-seok
National Congress for New Politics
Dongjak A
Suh Chung-won
New Korea Party
Dongjak B
Yoo Yong-tae
New Korea Party
Gwanak A
Lee Sang-hyun
New Korea Party
Gwanak B
Lee Hae-chan
National Congress for New Politics
Seocho A
Choe Byung-yul
New Korea Party
Park Won-hong
Grand National Party
Seocho B
Kim Deog-ryong
New Korea Party
Gangnam A
Suh Sang-mok
New Korea Party
Gangnam B
Hong Sa-duk
Independent
Songpa A
Hong Jun-pyo
New Korea Party
Lee Hoi-chang
Grand National Party
Songpa B
Maeng Hyung-kyu
New Korea Party
Songpa C
Kim Byong-tae
National Congress for New Politics
Gangdong A
Lee Bu-young
United Democratic Party
Gangdong B
Kim Zoong-wie
New Korea Party
Busan
Constituency
Member
Party
Jung–Dong
Chung Ui-hwa
New Korea Party
Seo
Hong In-kil
New Korea Party
Chung Moon-hwa
Grand National Party
Yeongdo
Kim Hyong-o
New Korea Party
Busanjin A
Chung Jey-moon
New Korea Party
Busanjin B
Kim Jeung-soo
New Korea Party
Dongrae A
Park Kwan-yong
New Korea Party
Dongrae B
Kang Kyong-shik
New Korea Party
Nam A
Rhee Shang-hi
New Korea Party
Nam B
Kim Moo-sung
New Korea Party
Buk–Gangseo A
Chung Hyung-keun
New Korea Party
Buk–Gangseo B
Han Lee-hun
New Korea Party
Haeundae–Gijang A
Kim Woon-hwan
New Korea Party
Haeundae–Gijang B
Kim Ki-jai
New Korea Party
Kim Dong-joo
United Liberal Democrats
Saha A
Seo Seok-jai
New Korea Party
Saha B
Park Chong-ung
New Korea Party
Geumjeong A
Kim Jin-jae
New Korea Party
Geumjeong B
Kim Do-eon
New Korea Party
Yeonje
Choi Hyung-woo
New Korea Party
Suyeong
Yoo Heung-soo
New Korea Party
Sasang A
Kwon Chul-hyun
New Korea Party
Sasang B
Shin Sang-woo
New Korea Party
Daegu
Constituency
Member
Party
Jung
Park Jyun-kyu
United Liberal Democrats
Dong A
Kim Bok-dong
United Liberal Democrats
Dong B
Suh Hoon
Independent
Seo A
Baek Seung-hong
Independent
Seo B
Kang Jae-sup
New Korea Party
Nam
Lee Jung-moo
United Liberal Democrats
Buk A
Rhee Yeui-yick
United Liberal Democrats
Park Sung-kook
Grand National Party
Buk B
Ahn Taek-soo
United Liberal Democrats
Suseong A
Park Chul-un
United Liberal Democrats
Suseong B
Park Koo-il
United Liberal Democrats
Dalseo A
Park Jong-keun
United Liberal Democrats
Dalseo B
Lee Hae-bong
Independent
Dalseong
Kim Suk-won
New Korea Party
Park Geun-hye
Grand National Party
Incheon
Constituency
Member
Party
Jung–Dong–Ongjin
Suh Jung-hwa
New Korea Party
Nam A
Shim Chung-ku
New Korea Party
Nam B
Lee Kang-hee
New Korea Party
Yeonsu
Suh Han-saem
New Korea Party
Namdong A
Lee Yoon-sung
New Korea Party
Namdong B
Lee Weon-bok
New Korea Party
Bupyeong A
Cho Jin-hyeong
New Korea Party
Bupyeong B
Lee Jae-myung
New Korea Party
Gyeyang–Ganghwa A
Lee Ki-moon
National Congress for New Politics
Ahn Sang-soo
Grand National Party
Gyeyang–Ganghwa B
Lee Kyeong-jae
New Korea Party
Seo
Joh Cheol-koo
National Congress for New Politics
Cho Han-chun
National Congress for New Politics
Gwangju
Constituency
Member
Party
Dong
Shin Ki-ha
National Congress for New Politics
Lee Young-il
National Congress for New Politics
Seo
Chung Dong-chae
National Congress for New Politics
Nam
Lim Bok-jin
National Congress for New Politics
Buk A
Park Kwang-tae
National Congress for New Politics
Buk B
Lee Kil-jae
National Congress for New Politics
Gwangsan
Cho Hong-kyu
National Congress for New Politics
Daejeon
Constituency
Member
Party
Dong A
Kim Chil-hwan
United Liberal Democrats
Dong B
Lee Yang-hee
United Liberal Democrats
Jung
Kang Chang-hee
United Liberal Democrats
Seo A
Lee Won-bum
United Liberal Democrats
Seo B
Lee Jae-sun
United Liberal Democrats
Yuseong
Cho Young-jae
United Liberal Democrats
Daedeok
Lee In-koo
United Liberal Democrats
Gyeonggi
Constituency
Member
Party
Jangan, Suwon
Lee Byeong-heui
United Liberal Democrats
Lee Tae-sup
United Liberal Democrats
Gwonseon, Suwon
Kim In-young
New Korea Party
Paldal, Suwon
Nam Pyeong-woo
New Korea Party
Nam Kyung-pil
Grand National Party
Sujeong, Seongnam
Lee Yoon-soo
National Congress for New Politics
Jungwon, Seongnam
Cho Sung-joon
National Congress for New Politics
Bundang, Seongnam
Oh Se-eung
New Korea Party
Uijeongbu
Hong Moon-jong
New Korea Party
Manan, Anyang
Kwon Soo-chang
United Liberal Democrats
Kim Il-joo
United Liberal Democrats
Dongan A, Anyang
Choi Hee-joon
National Congress for New Politics
Dongan B, Anyang
Lee Seok-hyun
National Congress for New Politics
Wonmi A, Bucheon
An Dong-seon
National Congress for New Politics
Wonmi B, Bucheon
Lee Sa-churl
New Korea Party
Sosa, Bucheon
Kim Moon-soo
New Korea Party
Ojeong, Bucheon
Choi Seon-young
National Congress for New Politics
Gwangmyeong A
Nam Kung-jin
National Congress for New Politics
Gwangmyeong
Sohn Hak-kyu
New Korea Party
Cho Se-hyung
National Congress for New Politics
Pyeongtaek City A
Won Yoo-chul
Independent
Pyeongtaek City B
Huh Nam-hoon
United Liberal Democrats
Dongducheon–Yangju
Mok Yo-sang
New Korea Party
Ansan A
Kim Young-hwan
New Korea Party
Ansan B
Chun Jung-bae
New Korea Party
Deokyang, Goyang
Lee Kook-hun
New Korea Party
Ilsan, Goyang
Lee Taek-seok
New Korea Party
Gwacheon–Uiwang
Ahn Sang-soo
New Korea Party
Guri
Jun Yong-won
New Korea Party
Namyangju
Lee Sung-ho
New Korea Party
Osan–Hwaseong
Park Shin-won
United Liberal Democrats
Siheung
Jei Jung-ku
United Democratic Party
Kim Uei-jae
United Liberal Democrats
Gunpo
Yu Seon-ho
National Congress for New Politics
Hanam–Gwangju
Jeong Yeong-hun
New Korea Party
Yeoju
Rhee Q-taek
United Democratic Party
Paju
Lee Jai-chang
United Liberal Democrats
Yeoncheon–Pocheon
Lee Han-dong
New Korea Party
Gapyeong–Yangpyeong
Kim Kil-hwan
New Korea Party
Icheon
Hwang Kyu-sun
United Democratic Party
Yongin
Lee Woong-hee
New Korea Party
Anseong
Lee Hae-koo
New Korea Party
Gimpo
Park Chong-woo
Independent
Gangwon
Constituency
Member
Party
Chuncheon A
Han Seung-soo
New Korea Party
Chuncheon B
Ryu Chong-su
United Liberal Democrats
Wonju A
Hahm Jong-han
New Korea Party
Wonju B
Kim Young-jin
New Korea Party
Gangneung A
Hwang Hak-soo
United Liberal Democrats
Gangneung B
Choi Wook-cheul
United Democratic Party
Cho Soon
Grand National Party
Donghae
Choi Yeon-hee
New Korea Party
Taebaek–Jeongseon
Park Woo-byeong
New Korea Party
Sokcho–Goseong–Yangyang–Inje
Song Hun-suk
New Korea Party
Samcheok
Chang Eul-byung
United Democratic Party
Hongcheon–Hoengseong
Lee Eung-sun
New Korea Party
Yeongwol–Pyeongchang
Kim Ki-soo
New Korea Party
Cheolwon–Hwacheon–Yanggu
Lee Yong-sam
New Korea Party
North Chungcheong
Constituency
Member
Party
Sangdang, Cheongju
Koo Cheon-seo
United Liberal Democrats
Heungdeok, Cheongju
Oh Yong-woon
United Liberal Democrats
Chungju
Kim Sun-kil
United Liberal Democrats
Jecheon–Danyang
Kim Young-jun
Independent
Cheongwon
Shin Kyung-shik
New Korea Party
Boeun–Okcheon–Yeongdong
Auh June-sun
United Liberal Democrats
Jincheon–Eumseong
Chung Woo-taik
United Liberal Democrats
Gwisan
Kim Chong-hoh
New Korea Party
South Chungcheong
Constituency
Member
Party
Cheonan A
Jeong Ill-young
United Liberal Democrats
Cheonan B
Ham Suk-jae
United Liberal Democrats
Gongju
Chung Seok-mo
United Liberal Democrats
Boryeong
Kim Yong-hwan
United Liberal Democrats
Asan
Lee Sang-man
United Liberal Democrats
Seosan–Taean
Byun Ung-jun
United Liberal Democrats
Nonsan–Geumsan
Kim Bum-myung
United Liberal Democrats
Yeongi
Kim Ko-sung
United Liberal Democrats
Buyeo
Kim Jong-pil
United Liberal Democrats
Seocheon
Lee Keung-kyu
United Liberal Democrats
Cheongyang–Hongseong
Lee One-ku
New Korea Party
Yesan
Cho Jong-souk
United Liberal Democrats
Oh Jang-seop
New Korea Party
Dangjin
Kim Hyun-uk
United Liberal Democrats
North Jeolla
Constituency
Member
Party
Wansan, Jeonju
Chang Young-dal
National Congress for New Politics
Deokjin, Jeonju
Chung Dong-young
National Congress for New Politics
Gunsan A
Chae Young-suk
National Congress for New Politics
Gunsan B
Kang Hyun-wook
New Korea Party
Iksan A
Choi Jae-sung
National Congress for New Politics
Iksan B
Lee Hyup
National Congress for New Politics
Jeongeup
Yoon Chul-san
National Congress for New Politics
Namwon
Cho Chan-hyoung
National Congress for New Politics
Gimje City
Chang Sung-won
National Congress for New Politics
Wanju
Kim Tai-shik
National Congress for New Politics
Jinan–Muju–Jangsu
Chung Sye-kyun
National Congress for New Politics
Imsil–Sunchang
Park Jung-hoon
National Congress for New Politics
Gochang
Chung Kyun-hwan
National Congress for New Politics
Buan
Kim Jin-bae
National Congress for New Politics
South Jeolla
Constituency
Member
Party
Mokpo–Sinan A
Kim Hong-il
National Congress for New Politics
Mokpo–Sinan B
Hahn Hwa-kap
National Congress for New Politics
Yeosu
Kim Choong-joh
National Congress for New Politics
Yeocheon City–Yeocheon County
Kim Sung-gon
National Congress for New Politics
Suncheon A
Kim Kyung-jae
National Congress for New Politics
Suncheon B
Cho Soon-sung
National Congress for New Politics
Naju
Chung Ho-sun
National Congress for New Politics
Gwangyang
Kim Myung-kyu
National Congress for New Politics
Damyang–Jangseong
Kook Chang-keun
National Congress for New Politics
Gokseong–Gurye
Yang Sung-chul
National Congress for New Politics
Goheung
Park Sang-cheon
National Congress for New Politics
Boseong–Hwasun
Bahk Chan-ju
National Congress for New Politics
Jangheung–Yeongam
Kim Ok-doo
National Congress for New Politics
Gangjin–Wando
Kim Young-jin
National Congress for New Politics
Haenam–Jindo
Kim Bong-ho
National Congress for New Politics
Muan
Bae Chong-moo
National Congress for New Politics
Hampyeong–Yeonggwang
Kim In-kon
National Congress for New Politics
North Gyeongsang
Constituency
Member
Party
Buk, Pohang
Hur Hwa-pyung
Independent
Park Tae-joon
Independent
Nam, Pohang–Ulleung
Lee Sang-deuk
New Korea Party
Gyeongju A
Kim Il-yun
Independent
Gyeongju B
Lim Jin-chool
Independent
Gimcheon
Rim In-bae
New Korea Party
Andong A
Kwon Oh-eul
United Democratic Party
Andong B
Kwon Jong-dal
Independent
Gumi A
Park Seh-jik
New Korea Party
Gumi B
Kim Yoon-whan
New Korea Party
Yeongju
Park Si-kyun
Independent
Yeongcheon
Park Heon-ki
New Korea Party
Sangju
Lee Sang-bae
New Korea Party
Mungyeong–Yecheon
Hwang Byung-tai
New Korea Party
Shin Yung-kook
Grand National Party
Gyeongsan–Cheongdo
Kim Jong-hak
United Liberal Democrats
Goryeong–Seongju
Choo Jin-woo
New Korea Party
Gunwi–Chilgok
Chang Yung-chul
New Korea Party
Uiseong
Kim Hwa-nam
United Liberal Democrats
Chung Chang-wha
Grand National Party
Cheongsong–Yeongdeok
Kim Chan-woo
New Korea Party
Yeongyang–Bonghwa–Uljin
Kim Kwang-won
New Korea Party
South Gyeongsang
Constituency
Member
Party
Changwon A
Kim Jong-ha
New Korea Party
Changwon B
Hwang Nak-joo
New Korea Party
Jung, Ulsan
Kim Tae-ho
New Korea Party
Nam, Ulsan A
Cha Soo-myung
New Korea Party
Nam, Ulsan B
Lee Kyu-jeong
United Liberal Democrats
Dong, Ulsan
Chung Mong-joon
Independent
Ulju, Ulsan
Kwon Ki-sool
United Liberal Democrats
Hampo, Masan
Kim Ho-il
New Korea Party
Hoewon, Masan
Kang Sam-jae
New Korea Party
Jinju A
Kim Jae-chun
Independent
Jinju B
Ha Soon-bong
New Korea Party
Jinhae
Hur Dae-bom
New Korea Party
Tongyeong–Goseong
Kim Dong-wook
New Korea Party
Sacheon
Hwang Seong-gyun
Independent
Gimhae
Kim Young-iel
New Korea Party
Milyang
Kim Yong-kap
Independent
Geoje
Kim Ki-choon
New Korea Party
Uiryeong–Haman
Yun Han-doo
New Korea Party
Changnyeong
Roh Ki-tae
New Korea Party
Yangsan
Lah Oh-yeon
New Korea Party
Namhae–Hadong
Park Hee-tae
New Korea Party
Sancheong–Hamyang
Kwon Ik-hyun
New Korea Party
Geochang–Hamcheon
Lee Kang-too
New Korea Party
Jeju
Constituency
Member
Party
Jeju City
Hyun Kyung-dae
New Korea Party
Bukjeju
Yang Jung-kyu
New Korea Party
Seogwipo–Namjeju
Byon Jong-il
New Korea Party
Proportional representation
Member
Party
Lee Hoi-chang
New Korea Party
Lee Hong-koo
New Korea Party
Lee Man-sup
New Korea Party
Kim Myung-yoon
New Korea Party
Kwon Young-ja
New Korea Party
Kim Soo-han
New Korea Party
Kim Deok
New Korea Party
Shin Young-kyun
New Korea Party
Park Se-hawn
New Korea Party
Chung Jae-chull
New Korea Party
Jun Suk-hong
New Korea Party
Cho Woong-kyu
New Korea Party
Oh Yang-soon
New Korea Party
Kim Chull
New Korea Party
Hwang Woo-yea
New Korea Party
Kim Young-sun
New Korea Party
Yoon Won-joong
New Korea Party
Kang Yong-sik
New Korea Party
Kim Chan-jin
New Korea Party
Lee Chan-jin
Grand National Party
Kim Jung-sook
Grand National Party
Cho Ik-hyon
Grand National Party
Ahn Jae-hong
Grand National Party
Hwan Seung-min
Grand National Party
Park Chang-dal
Grand National Party
Chung Hee-kyung
National Congress for New Politics
Park Sang-gyu
National Congress for New Politics
Lee Seung-jae
National Congress for New Politics
Kil Soong-hoom
National Congress for New Politics
Park Chung-soo
National Congress for New Politics
Kim Han-gil
National Congress for New Politics
Lee Tong-won
National Congress for New Politics
Shin Nak-yun
National Congress for New Politics
Kwon Roh-kap
National Congress for New Politics
Chun Yong-taek
National Congress for New Politics
Han Young-ae
National Congress for New Politics
Bang Young-seok
National Congress for New Politics
Kim Jong-bae
National Congress for New Politics
Song Hyun-sup
National Congress for New Politics
Lee Hoon-pyung
National Congress for New Politics
Kim Tae-rang
National Congress for New Politics
Chung Sang-koo
United Liberal Democrats
Han Young-soo
United Liberal Democrats
Lee Kun-kae
United Liberal Democrats
Kim Hur-nam
United Liberal Democrats
Kim Kwang-soo
United Liberal Democrats
Chi Dae-sup
United Liberal Democrats
Chung Sang-chun
United Liberal Democrats
Lee Dong-bok
United Liberal Democrats
Han Ho-sun
United Liberal Democrats
Kang Jong-hee
United Liberal Democrats
Song Eop-gyo
United Liberal Democrats
Joo Yang-ja
United Liberal Democrats
Park Sang-bok
United Liberal Democrats
Lee Choong-jae
United Democratic Party
Lee Mi-kyung
United Democratic Party
Lee Soo-in
United Democratic Party
Kim Hong-shin
United Democratic Party
Cho Chung-youn
United Democratic Party
Har Kyoung-kun
United Democratic Party
Lee Hyoung-bae
Grand National Party
Notes
^ Resigned on 21 February 1998.
^ a b c d e f g By-elected on 21 July 1998.
^ Election invalidated on 22 December 1998.
^ a b By-elected on 30 March 1999.
^ Resigned on 29 April 1998 to run for Mayor of Seoul.
^ Resigned on 6 September 1999.
^ Election invalidated on 9 March 1999.
^ a b By-elected on 3 June 1999.
^ a b Lost seat on 26 December 1997 after being sentenced for the Hanbo scandal.
^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.
^ Resigned on 6 April 1998 to run for Mayor of Busan.
^ Died on 19 April 2000.
^ Resigned on 16 May 1998 to run for Mayor of Daegu.
^ Resigned on 17 February 1998.
^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.
^ Election invalidated on 12 March 1999.
^ Died on 30 December 1996.
^ a b By-elected on 5 March 1997.
^ Died in the Korean Air Flight 801 crash on 6 August 1997.
^ By-elected on 18 December 1997.
^ Died on 13 January 1997.
^ Died on 13 March 1998.
^ Died on 18 July 1997.
^ By-elected on 4 September 1997.
^ Resigned on 6 April 1998 to run as Governor of Gyeonggi Province.
^ Died on 9 February 1999.
^ Election invalidated on 24 March 1998.
^ Election invalidated on 11 April 1997.
^ a b By-elected on 24 July 1997.
^ Lost seat on 17 April 1997 after being sentenced for the Coup d'état of December Twelfth and the Gwangju Massacre.
^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.
^ Election invalidated on 26 December 1997.
^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.
^ Resigned on 26 November 1997 to run in the 1997 South Korean presidential election.
^ Lost seat on 14 April 1998.
^ Lost seat on 28 October 1997.
^ a b Lost seat on 26 December 1997.
^ Lost seat on 22 February 2000.
^ Lost seat on 8 March 2000.
^ Succeeded Lee Man-sup on 28 October 1997.
^ Succeeded Lee Hoi-chang on 26 November 1997. Resigned on 19 May 1998.
^ Succeeded Chung Jae-chull on 26 December 1997.
^ Succeeded Lee Hong-koo on 14 April 1998.
^ Succeeded Lee Chan-jin on 19 May 1998.
^ Succeeded Kim Chull on 22 February 2000.
^ Succeeded Yoon Won-joong on 8 March 2000.
^ Resigned on 3 March 1999 after being appointed as Senior Presidential Secretary for Policy.
^ Resigned on 31 March 1999 after being appointed as the director of the National Intelligence Service.
^ Succeeded Kwon Roh-kap on 26 December 1997.
^ Succeeded Lee Han-gil on 3 March 1999.
^ Succeeded Chun Yong-taek on 31 March 1999.
^ Lost seat on 7 February 2000.
^ Resigned on 31 March 1999 after being appointed as Minister of Oceans and Fisheries.
^ Resigned on 6 March 1998 to run as Governor of Gangwon Province.
^ Succeeded Han Ho-sun on 6 March 1998.
^ Succeeded Chung Sang-chun on 31 March 1999. Lost seat on 15 February 2000.
^ Succeeded Chi Dae-sup on 7 February 2000.
^ Succeeded Song Eop-gyo on 15 February 2000.
^ Died on 17 November 1998.
^ Succeeded Cho Chung-youn on 17 November 1998.
References
^ "Past Members - The 15th National Assembly (May 30, 1996~May 29, 2000)". National Assembly. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
vte Members of the National Assembly of South KoreaMembers
1948–50
1950–54
1954–58
1958–60
1960–61
1963–67
1967–71
1971–72
1973–79
1979–80
1981–85
1985–88
1988–92
1992–96
1996–00
2000–04
2004–08
2008–12
2012–16
2016–20
2020–24 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1996–2000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seoul","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Busan","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Daegu","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Incheon","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gwangju","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Daejeon","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gyeonggi","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gangwon","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Chungcheong","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Chungcheong","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Jeolla","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Jeolla","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North 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Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gangwon_Province"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Resigned on 21 February 1998.\n\n^ a b c d e f g By-elected on 21 July 1998.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 22 December 1998.\n\n^ a b By-elected on 30 March 1999.\n\n^ Resigned on 29 April 1998 to run for Mayor of Seoul.\n\n^ Resigned on 6 September 1999.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 9 March 1999.\n\n^ a b By-elected on 3 June 1999.\n\n^ a b Lost seat on 26 December 1997 after being sentenced for the Hanbo scandal.\n\n^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.\n\n^ Resigned on 6 April 1998 to run for Mayor of Busan.\n\n^ Died on 19 April 2000.\n\n^ Resigned on 16 May 1998 to run for Mayor of Daegu.\n\n^ Resigned on 17 February 1998.\n\n^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 12 March 1999.\n\n^ Died on 30 December 1996.\n\n^ a b By-elected on 5 March 1997.\n\n^ Died in the Korean Air Flight 801 crash on 6 August 1997.\n\n^ By-elected on 18 December 1997.\n\n^ Died on 13 January 1997.\n\n^ Died on 13 March 1998.\n\n^ Died on 18 July 1997.\n\n^ By-elected on 4 September 1997.\n\n^ Resigned on 6 April 1998 to run as Governor of Gyeonggi Province.\n\n^ Died on 9 February 1999.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 24 March 1998.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 11 April 1997.\n\n^ a b By-elected on 24 July 1997.\n\n^ Lost seat on 17 April 1997 after being sentenced for the Coup d'état of December Twelfth and the Gwangju Massacre.\n\n^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.\n\n^ Election invalidated on 26 December 1997.\n\n^ By-elected on 2 April 1998.\n\n^ Resigned on 26 November 1997 to run in the 1997 South Korean presidential election.\n\n^ Lost seat on 14 April 1998.\n\n^ Lost seat on 28 October 1997.\n\n^ a b Lost seat on 26 December 1997.\n\n^ Lost seat on 22 February 2000.\n\n^ Lost seat on 8 March 2000.\n\n^ Succeeded Lee Man-sup on 28 October 1997.\n\n^ Succeeded Lee Hoi-chang on 26 November 1997. Resigned on 19 May 1998.\n\n^ Succeeded Chung Jae-chull on 26 December 1997.\n\n^ Succeeded Lee Hong-koo on 14 April 1998.\n\n^ Succeeded Lee Chan-jin on 19 May 1998.\n\n^ Succeeded Kim Chull on 22 February 2000.\n\n^ Succeeded Yoon Won-joong on 8 March 2000.\n\n^ Resigned on 3 March 1999 after being appointed as Senior Presidential Secretary for Policy.\n\n^ Resigned on 31 March 1999 after being appointed as the director of the National Intelligence Service.\n\n^ Succeeded Kwon Roh-kap on 26 December 1997.\n\n^ Succeeded Lee Han-gil on 3 March 1999.\n\n^ Succeeded Chun Yong-taek on 31 March 1999.\n\n^ Lost seat on 7 February 2000.\n\n^ Resigned on 31 March 1999 after being appointed as Minister of Oceans and Fisheries.\n\n^ Resigned on 6 March 1998 to run as Governor of Gangwon Province.\n\n^ Succeeded Han Ho-sun on 6 March 1998.\n\n^ Succeeded Chung Sang-chun on 31 March 1999. Lost seat on 15 February 2000.\n\n^ Succeeded Chi Dae-sup on 7 February 2000.\n\n^ Succeeded Song Eop-gyo on 15 February 2000.\n\n^ Died on 17 November 1998.\n\n^ Succeeded Cho Chung-youn on 17 November 1998.","title":"Members"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Past Members - The 15th National Assembly (May 30, 1996~May 29, 2000)\". National Assembly. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://korea.assembly.go.kr/int/past_01.jsp#index14","url_text":"\"Past Members - The 15th National Assembly (May 30, 1996~May 29, 2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)","url_text":"National Assembly"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://korea.assembly.go.kr/int/past_01.jsp#index14","external_links_name":"\"Past Members - The 15th National Assembly (May 30, 1996~May 29, 2000)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_Texas | Wilson, Texas | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417Not to be confused with Wilson County, Texas.
City in Texas, United StatesWilson, TexasCityThe Green Building in downtown WilsonWilsonLocation in TexasShow map of TexasWilsonLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417Country United StatesState TexasCountyLynnRegionLlano EstacadoEstablished1912Founded byWilliam Dickson GreenArea • Total0.65 sq mi (1.67 km2) • Land0.64 sq mi (1.67 km2)Elevation3,120 ft (950 m)Population (2010) • Total489 • Estimate (2019)433 • Density758.6/sq mi (292.89/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)ZIP code79381Area code806FIPS code48-79612WebsiteHandbook of Texas
Grain silos on the south side of Wilson
Wilson is a small rural city in the northeastern quadrant of Lynn County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 434.
History
The town of Wilson was established in 1912 by William Dickson Green of Shiner, Texas, and Lonnie Lumsden. Early settlers included German and Polish emigrant farmers who acquired property on former Wilson County School lands located in Lynn County, hence the city's name.
Wilson was founded in anticipation that the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway would lay tracks through the area. The Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway Company was one of the two major operating subsidiaries of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company (Santa Fe) in Texas, with lines crossing the Texas Panhandle and South Plains regions, as well as a line across the Trans-Pecos to Presidio. A branch line between Slaton Junction and Lamesa was constructed in 1911, and this line would pass directly through Wilson.
In 1917, William Green built the "Green Building" that housed a mercantile store that quickly became the center of activity in this small town. The couple most involved in operating the store were Mr. and Mrs. J.T. Williams, who managed the store from 1916 to 1936, when Mr. Williams died. Mrs. Williams continued to manage the store for another few years until the early 1940s. In 1963, the citizens of Wilson celebrated the renovation of the Green Building, and today, the refurbished building serves as the city hall and historical museum, and continues to be a community gathering spot.
Geography
Wilson rests upon the level High Plains of the Llano Estacado in West Texas. It is situated at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 400 and Farm to Market Road 211. Farm to Market Road 400 runs parallel to the tracks of the former Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. This branch line was abandoned in 1999 and Wilson no longer has access to rail transport.
It is located at 33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417 (33.3170352, –101.7240454). Wilson is 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Tahoka, the Lynn county seat.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1960403—19704337.4%198057833.5%1990568−1.7%2000532−6.3%2010489−8.1%2020434−11.2%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the 2020 census, 434 people resided in Wilson, down from 489 people in 2010. It is notable that in 2022, the estimated population was 445 and the population is soaring in the neighboring area, particularly in the New Home area as the Lubbock population grows towards the south from Woodrow to Texas Farm Road 41, a mear 15 minutes away.
———Below needs editing from the 2020 Census and editing will continue until complete———
According to the 2000 census, 182 households and 139 families resided in the city. The population density was 816.8 inhabitants per square mile (315.4/km2). The 194 housing units averaged 297.8/sq mi (115.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72.56% White, 0.94% African American, 22.18% from other races, and 4.32% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 55.45% of the population.
Of the 182 households, 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were not families; 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.41.
In the city, the population was distributed as 32.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,333, and for a family was $32,000. Males had a median income of $26,944 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,654. About 15.0% of families and 26.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.6% of those under age 18 and 23.4% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Jerry "Bo" Coleman, was born in Wilson and became a radio disc jockey in Lubbock and a friend and associate of Buddy Holly and Waylon Jennings
See also
Woodrow, Texas
Slide, Texas
Llano Estacado
Close City, Texas
Canyon Valley, Texas
References
^ a b c "Wilson". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ a b "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "Total Population: 2020 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Wilson city, Texas". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b c d e Schwertner, Bonnie S. (July 14, 2016). "Wilson News". The Slatonite. Ken Richardson. p. 4.
^ "Wilson, TX (Lynn County)". The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ Schwertner, Bonnie S. (July 21, 2016). "Wilson News". The Slatonite. Ken Richardson. p. 4.
^ H. Allen Anderson. "Pecos and Northern Texas Railway". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Ray Westbrook, Jerry Coleman continuing marathon radio career: Coleman's mark on local radio has endured for half a century, May 6, 2012". Lubbock Avalanche Journal. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
External links
Wilson, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wilson
Public domain photos of the Llano Estacado
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lynn County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: TahokaCities
New Home
O'Donnell‡
Tahoka
Wilson
Lynn County mapUnincorporatedcommunities
Grassland
Wayside
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Texas portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilson County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_County,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson_Texas_Grain_Silos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lynn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Wilson County, Texas.City in Texas, United StatesGrain silos on the south side of WilsonWilson is a small rural city in the northeastern quadrant of Lynn County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 434.[3]","title":"Wilson, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiner, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiner,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slatonite-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwertner-7"},{"link_name":"Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhandle_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slatonite-5"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"South Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plains"},{"link_name":"Trans-Pecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pecos"},{"link_name":"Presidio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slatonite-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slatonite-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slatonite-5"}],"text":"The town of Wilson was established in 1912 by William Dickson Green of Shiner, Texas, and Lonnie Lumsden.[5] Early settlers included German and Polish emigrant farmers who acquired property on former Wilson County School lands located in Lynn County, hence the city's name.[6][7]Wilson was founded in anticipation that the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway would lay tracks through the area.[5] The Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway Company was one of the two major operating subsidiaries of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company (Santa Fe) in Texas, with lines crossing the Texas Panhandle and South Plains regions, as well as a line across the Trans-Pecos to Presidio. A branch line between Slaton Junction and Lamesa was constructed in 1911, and this line would pass directly through Wilson.[8]In 1917, William Green built the \"Green Building\" that housed a mercantile store that quickly became the center of activity in this small town.[5] The couple most involved in operating the store were Mr. and Mrs. J.T. Williams, who managed the store from 1916 to 1936, when Mr. Williams died.[5] Mrs. Williams continued to manage the store for another few years until the early 1940s. In 1963, the citizens of Wilson celebrated the renovation of the Green Building, and today, the refurbished building serves as the city hall and historical museum, and continues to be a community gathering spot.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Llano Estacado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_Estacado"},{"link_name":"West Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilson,_Texas¶ms=33_19_01_N_101_43_27_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Tahoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoka,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2019-2"}],"text":"Wilson rests upon the level High Plains of the Llano Estacado in West Texas. It is situated at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 400 and Farm to Market Road 211. Farm to Market Road 400 runs parallel to the tracks of the former Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. This branch line was abandoned in 1999 and Wilson no longer has access to rail transport.It is located at 33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417 (33.3170352, –101.7240454).[1] Wilson is 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Tahoka, the Lynn county seat.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all land.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-10"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2020 census,[10] 434 people resided in Wilson, down from 489 people in 2010. It is notable that in 2022, the estimated population was 445 and the population is soaring in the neighboring area, particularly in the New Home area as the Lubbock population grows towards the south from Woodrow to Texas Farm Road 41, a mear 15 minutes away.———Below needs editing from the 2020 Census and editing will continue until complete———According to the 2000 census, 182 households and 139 families resided in the city. The population density was 816.8 inhabitants per square mile (315.4/km2). The 194 housing units averaged 297.8/sq mi (115.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72.56% White, 0.94% African American, 22.18% from other races, and 4.32% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 55.45% of the population.Of the 182 households, 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were not families; 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.41.In the city, the population was distributed as 32.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $28,333, and for a family was $32,000. Males had a median income of $26,944 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,654. About 15.0% of families and 26.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.6% of those under age 18 and 23.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry \"Bo\" Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_%22Bo%22_Coleman"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Jerry \"Bo\" Coleman, was born in Wilson and became a radio disc jockey in Lubbock and a friend and associate of Buddy Holly and Waylon Jennings[11]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Grain silos on the south side of Wilson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wilson_Texas_Grain_Silos.jpg/280px-Wilson_Texas_Grain_Silos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lynn County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lynn_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Lynn_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Woodrow, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow,_Texas"},{"title":"Slide, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide,_Texas"},{"title":"Llano Estacado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_Estacado"},{"title":"Close City, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_City,_Texas"},{"title":"Canyon Valley, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Valley,_Texas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Wilson\". 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Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4879612&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","url_text":"\"Total Population: 2020 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Wilson city, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Schwertner, Bonnie S. (July 14, 2016). \"Wilson News\". The Slatonite. Ken Richardson. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://slatonitenews.com/69818/2364/archives","url_text":"\"Wilson News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Richardson_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ken Richardson"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson, TX (Lynn County)\". The Handbook of Texas online. 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Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Westbrook, Jerry Coleman continuing marathon radio career: Coleman's mark on local radio has endured for half a century, May 6, 2012\". Lubbock Avalanche Journal. Retrieved November 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://lubbockonline.com/life-columnists/2012-05-06/jerry-coleman-continuing-marathon-radio-career#.Um8czBUo4fQ","url_text":"\"Ray Westbrook, Jerry Coleman continuing marathon radio career: Coleman's mark on local radio has endured for half a century, May 6, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche_Journal","url_text":"Lubbock Avalanche Journal"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilson,_Texas¶ms=33_19_01_N_101_43_27_W_type:city(489)","external_links_name":"33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilson,_Texas¶ms=33_19_01_N_101_43_27_W_type:city(489)","external_links_name":"33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417"},{"Link":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlw37","external_links_name":"Handbook of Texas"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilson,_Texas¶ms=33_19_01_N_101_43_27_W_type:city","external_links_name":"33°19′01″N 101°43′27″W / 33.31694°N 101.72417°W / 33.31694; -101.72417"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1371700","external_links_name":"\"Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4879612&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","external_links_name":"\"Total Population: 2020 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Wilson city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"http://slatonitenews.com/69818/2364/archives","external_links_name":"\"Wilson News\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlw37","external_links_name":"\"Wilson, TX (Lynn County)\""},{"Link":"http://slatonitenews.com/69818/2364/archives","external_links_name":"\"Wilson News\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/eqp09","external_links_name":"\"Pecos and Northern Texas Railway\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://lubbockonline.com/life-columnists/2012-05-06/jerry-coleman-continuing-marathon-radio-career#.Um8czBUo4fQ","external_links_name":"\"Ray Westbrook, Jerry Coleman continuing marathon radio career: Coleman's mark on local radio has endured for half a century, May 6, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlw37","external_links_name":"Wilson, Texas"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1371700","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wilson"},{"Link":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/lubbock-tx/cropping-systems-research-laboratory/wind-erosion-and-water-conservation-research/docs/llano/","external_links_name":"Public domain photos of the Llano Estacado"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articolo_21,_liberi_di... | Articolo 21, liberi di... | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Articolo 21, liberi di... (Article 21, free to...) is an Italian advocacy group promoting freedom of expression. They also operate the online newspaper, Article21.info.
History
Articolo 21, liberi di... was founded in 2002, by journalists Federico Orlando (collaborator of Indro Montanelli) and Sergio Lepri (former director of ANSA), together with the MP Giuseppe Giulietti and the lawyer Tommaso Fulfaro. Other members of the association include David Sassoli, Piero Marrazzo, Sandro Curzi, Giuliano Montaldo, Sergio Staino, Giovanna Melandri, Paolo Serventi Longhi, and Vincenzo Vita.
Its website, working as an information portal on media freedom and pluralism since May 2002, is directed by Giorgio Santelli and Stefano Corradino.
References
^ "Articolo21: Scaramucci nuova presidente, Fulfaro segretario, Marincola portavoce, Corradino direttore". Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana (FNSI) (in Italian). February 26, 2016. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
^ "Articolo 21, un presidio territoriale a Gualdo Tadino. Portavoce Oriano Anastasi". Gualdo News (Redazione Gualdo News) (in Italian). 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
External links
articolo21.org (online daily)
"Articoli su radioradicale". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Articolo 21, liberi di... (Article 21, free to...) is an Italian advocacy group promoting freedom of expression.[1] They also operate the online newspaper, Article21.info.","title":"Articolo 21, liberi di..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Indro Montanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indro_Montanelli"},{"link_name":"ANSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Giulietti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Giulietti_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Sassoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoli"},{"link_name":"Piero Marrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Marrazzo"},{"link_name":"Sandro Curzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Curzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Montaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Montaldo"},{"link_name":"Sergio Staino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Staino"},{"link_name":"Giovanna Melandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Melandri"},{"link_name":"Paolo Serventi Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Serventi_Longhi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Articolo 21, liberi di... was founded in 2002, by journalists Federico Orlando (collaborator of Indro Montanelli) and Sergio Lepri (former director of ANSA), together with the MP Giuseppe Giulietti and the lawyer Tommaso Fulfaro.[2] Other members of the association include David Sassoli, Piero Marrazzo, Sandro Curzi, Giuliano Montaldo, Sergio Staino, Giovanna Melandri, Paolo Serventi Longhi, and Vincenzo Vita.Its website, working as an information portal on media freedom and pluralism since May 2002, is directed by Giorgio Santelli and Stefano Corradino.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Articolo21: Scaramucci nuova presidente, Fulfaro segretario, Marincola portavoce, Corradino direttore\". Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana (FNSI) (in Italian). February 26, 2016. Retrieved 2022-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fnsi.it/articolo21-scaramucci-nuova-presidente-fulfaro-segretario-marincola-portavoce-corradino-direttore","url_text":"\"Articolo21: Scaramucci nuova presidente, Fulfaro segretario, Marincola portavoce, Corradino direttore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Articolo 21, un presidio territoriale a Gualdo Tadino. Portavoce Oriano Anastasi\". Gualdo News (Redazione Gualdo News) (in Italian). 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://gualdonews.it/2022/11/22/articolo-21-un-presidio-territoriale-a-gualdo-tadino-portavoce-oriano-anastasi/","url_text":"\"Articolo 21, un presidio territoriale a Gualdo Tadino. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_Point,_Texas | Brazos Point, Texas | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Education","4 References"] | Coordinates: 32°11′13″N 97°37′9″W / 32.18694°N 97.61917°W / 32.18694; -97.61917
Ghost town in Texas, United StatesBrazos Point, TexasGhost townBrazos PointShow map of TexasBrazos PointShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 32°11′13″N 97°37′9″W / 32.18694°N 97.61917°W / 32.18694; -97.61917CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyBosqueElevation630 ft (190 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code254GNIS feature ID1331214
Brazos Point is a ghost town in Bosque County, in the U.S. state of Texas.
History
Charles Walker Smith and Tom Willingham founded Brazos Point when they built a store, a cotton gin, and a mill along the banks of the Brazos River. A post office was established at Brazos Point in 1873 and remained in operation until 1896. The community was also home to Brazos Point Community Church. It had a steam-powered cotton gin, a gristmill, a general store, and a physician supporting 200 residents in the mid-1880s. It plunged to 75 in 1896 and moved to Farm to Market Road 56 for better business opportunities. Its population was 50 from 1933 to 1947 but seemingly disappeared soon after.
Geography
Brazos Point was located off Farm to Market Road 56, 11 mi (18 km) northeast of Walnut Springs and 50 mi (80 km) northwest of Waco in northeastern Bosque County.
Education
Brazos Point had its own school in 1860. Today, Brazos Point is located within the Kopperl Independent School District.
References
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Brazos Point, Texas
^ a b c Yancy, Karen. "Brazos Point, TX". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Bosque County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: MeridianCities
Clifton
Cranfills Gap
Iredell
Meridian
Morgan
Valley Mills‡
Walnut Springs
Bosque County mapCDPs
Kopperl
Laguna Park
Mosheim
Othercommunities
Cayote
Cedar Shores
Eulogy
Lakeside Village
Norse
Smith Bend
Womack
Ghost towns
Brazos Point
Greenock
Pendell
Rock Springs
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Texas portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Bosque County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Ghost town in Texas, United StatesBrazos Point is a ghost town in Bosque County, in the U.S. state of Texas.[1]","title":"Brazos Point, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cotton gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"gristmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"}],"text":"Charles Walker Smith and Tom Willingham founded Brazos Point when they built a store, a cotton gin, and a mill along the banks of the Brazos River. A post office was established at Brazos Point in 1873 and remained in operation until 1896. The community was also home to Brazos Point Community Church. It had a steam-powered cotton gin, a gristmill, a general store, and a physician supporting 200 residents in the mid-1880s. It plunged to 75 in 1896 and moved to Farm to Market Road 56 for better business opportunities. Its population was 50 from 1933 to 1947 but seemingly disappeared soon after.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_56"},{"link_name":"Walnut Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"}],"text":"Brazos Point was located off Farm to Market Road 56, 11 mi (18 km) northeast of Walnut Springs and 50 mi (80 km) northwest of Waco in northeastern Bosque County.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"},{"link_name":"Kopperl Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopperl_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Brazos Point had its own school in 1860.[2] Today, Brazos Point is located within the Kopperl Independent School District.","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Bosque County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Bosque_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Bosque_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Yancy, Karen. \"Brazos Point, TX\". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/brazos-point-tx","url_text":"\"Brazos Point, TX\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazos_Point,_Texas¶ms=32_11_13_N_97_37_9_W_region:US-TX_type:city","external_links_name":"32°11′13″N 97°37′9″W / 32.18694°N 97.61917°W / 32.18694; -97.61917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazos_Point,_Texas¶ms=32_11_13_N_97_37_9_W_region:US-TX_type:city","external_links_name":"32°11′13″N 97°37′9″W / 32.18694°N 97.61917°W / 32.18694; -97.61917"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1331214","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Brazos Point, Texas"},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/brazos-point-tx","external_links_name":"\"Brazos Point, TX\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marqu%C3%A9s_del_Valle_de_Oaxaca | Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca | ["1 Early life","2 Spain","3 Return to New Spain","4 Conflicts with elite","5 Encomenderos' Conspiracy","6 Later years","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Spanish noble, son of Hernán Cortes
For other people with the same name, see Martín Cortés.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cortés and the second or maternal family name is Zúñiga.
Don Martín Cortés y Zúñiga, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (1532–1589) was the son and designated heir of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés by his second wife, Doña Juana de Zúñiga. Don Martín shared his name with an elder half-brother, whose mother was Doña Marina. He was involved with a conspiracy of encomenderos, was investigated, tried, and spared the death penalty.
Early life
Cortés was born in Cuernavaca in what is now the state of Morelos. He had an older half-brother with the same name Martín Cortés (1523-1568), son of Hernán Cortés and Doña Marina (La Malinche), nicknamed "El Mestizo".
Illegitimate by birth, Doña Marina's son Martín lacked the noble title of don, which his younger, legitimate half-brother held. Don Martín also had three sisters: Doña María Cortés y Zúñiga, Doña Catalina Cortés y Zúñiga, and Doña Juana Cortés y Zúñiga.
According to one modern assessment, "Martín Cortés was everything his father was not.... In place of courage, diplomatic genius, and a talent for leadership, Martín faced with a straightforward arrogance that he claimed as his birthright."
Don Martín and his brother, Don Luis, traveled with their father to Spain in 1540, to serve King Charles I of Spain and his successor, Philip II of Spain. As a young man, Don Martín became friends with Prince Philip, and both participated in the campaign against the rebellious Low Countries. Through his friendship with Prince Philip, who became Philip II following his father's abdication, Don Martín gained security of title to his estates in New Spain, who "commanded that all the estates and Indian tributaries granted to Hernán Cortés in recognition of his conquests be passed on to his son."
Spain
During his residence in Spain, he married his cousin, Doña Ana Ramírez de Arellano, daughter of the Count of Aguilar, Don Pedro Ramírez de Arellano. He maintained close ties with the aristocracy and intelligentsia of the moment, such as the writer Francisco López de Gómara, whom he sponsored to write the biography of his father.
Return to New Spain
Don Martín, along with brother Don Luis and half brother Martín el Mestizo, returned to New Spain in 1563, met by "raucous welcoming parties", particularly of disgruntled encomenderos, and he was met by the viceroy himself, Don Luis de Velasco. At the time, during a period of disturbances in the city of Mexico City, Don Martín was the richest person in New Spain, with many encomiendas in various parts of New Spain as well as the entailed estate as Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca. In Francisco López de Gómara's dedication of his biography of Cortés to its sponsor, Don Martín, he says to the young Marquess in admonition that "in the first instance you have wealth; in the second, fame, for honor and riches go hand in hand. At the same time your inheritance obligates you to emulate the deeds of your father, Hernán Cortés, and to spend well what he left you."
Conflicts with elite
In "los Países Bajos" (the Spanish Netherlands), Martín had acquired the "bad habit" of toasting. This offended some elites' sense of good manners in New Spain. However, more severe than this breach of etiquette was his attempt to be considered the most important man in New Spain instead of the crown's appointed viceroy. He hijacked the visit of a royal inspector, Jerónimo de Valderrama, who, under normal protocols, would have been met by the viceroy and stayed in the viceregal palace. The welcoming party greeted Valderrama first and persuaded him to stay with him rather than with the viceroy.
Although that might seem trivial, it was a strong signal that he was challenging the viceroy's power.
Encomenderos' Conspiracy
He led a movement along with some encomenderos to prevent the abolition of encomiendas that was mandated by the New Laws of 1542 (they were rumored to be about to come into effect soon) as well as greater autonomy for the New Spain. From the encomenderos' point of view, they were the heirs of the conquerors who had given the Crown the rich and vast territory and so they sought to retain what they considered their just rewards for service with their encomienda grants. The Crown was increasingly opposed to the development of a noble group that challenged its power and perquisites, and the New Laws that limited the inheritance of encomiendas was a mechanism to phase out the sources of wealth and power for the conqueror group.
In New Spain, on the death of the Viceroy Don Luís de Velasco in 1564, Don Martín was named Captain General by the Mexico City Council, with hints of independence for the viceroyalty. In 1565, two sons of an important conqueror seemed to go beyond merely advocating protection of the conqueror group's interests and offered to raise rebellion and crown Don Martín king of New Spain. According to contemporary observer Juan Suárez de Peralta (a relative of Hernán Cortés's late first wife, Catalina Suárez), Don Martín was not all in with the conspirators but did not discourage them. Don Martín's vacillation caused the plot to be first postponed and then abandoned. On 16 July 1566, the plotters were betrayed and the leaders arrested, including Don Martín, his brothers, and the rich and influential Alonso de Ávila, nephew of the conquistador of the same name. The two main conspirators were sentenced to death and beheaded.
In Don Martín's trial, he was accused of treason and inciting rebellion against the king. According to the trial questionnaires, of which 388 leaves are found in the Harkness Collection of the Library of Congress (and published in transcription and English translation), he was accused of seeking to overturn the audencia (high court) and its judges be assassinated, and he would become king of New Spain. The questionnaires for the trial were drawn up in September 1566 and another in November. There were powerful witnesses testifying to his participation in the plot, including the brother and son of Luis de Velasco. Testifying for the defense were the Provincial for the Augustinian Order and two Provincials of the Franciscan Order, but there was a range of supporters, including two musicians, a surgeon, a lawyer, a silversmith, the son and wife of an apothecary, and a free black woman named Margarida Pérez.
The monarch sent a judge, Alonso de Muñoz, and to deal with the perceived threat to the colony. Muñoz "unleashed a reign of terror. Hundreds of Spanish settlers were arrested and tortured and scores beheaded." Muñoz was recalled to Spain and thrown into prison. on arrival of the new viceroy, Don Gastón de Peralta, on 15 November 1567. The Cortés brothers were spared death. The failed encomenderos' conspiracy and aftermath was the end of effective power of the group.
Don Martín, who had been spared beheading, was given leave in April 1567 to travel to Spain to plead their case before the King, with whom he had been friends since before his ascendance to the throne. Before he left New Spain, he had been required to swear allegiance to the crown and to present himself in Spain to the king within 50 days of his arrival. Don Martín was under house arrest briefly, but promising not to return to New Spain, he was released and resumed his profligate life in Madrid, funded by his vast wealth.
He had briefly lost the entailed Estate until 1574.
He died in Madrid, Spain, 13 August 1589, the 68th anniversary of the fall of Tenochtitlan. His successors to the title never resided in Mexico but lived in Spain and later Italy.
Later years
Given his exile in Spain, he had to rely on able administrators to run the sprawling estates of the Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca. The position of administrator (the "governor") was leased to the highest bidder for nine years, which guaranteed him income and in exchange, the governor had considerable power over virtually all aspects of the estate: administrative, fiscal, and judicial. As with the estates of the Jesuits in New Spain, the Marquesado was administered as a unit despite the scattered individual haciendas in central and southern Mexico. They were business enterprises run for profit. The administrators handled all matters pertaining to the estate. A codex held by the Latin American Library at Tulane University, the "Atatepec Land Claim ," describes litigation against him.
References
^ An extensive discussion of the use of the titles don and doña in early Spanish America is found in Lockhart (1994), pp. 39–46
^ a b López de Gómara (1964), p. 408
^ a b Kandell (1988), p. 190
^ López de Gómara (1964), p. 407
^ Kandell (1988), pp. 190–191
^ Simpson (1964), p. xvi
^ Kandell (1988), p. 191
^ López de Gómara (1964), p. 3
^ a b Suárez de Peralta (1990)
^ Kandell (1988), p. 192
^ Warren (1974a), p. 13
^ Kandell (1988), pp. 192–193 citing Suárez de Peralta (1994), p. 10
^ Warren (1974b), pp. 246–301
^ Warren (1974a), pp. 13–14
^ a b Kandell (1988), p. 194
^ Kandell (1988)
^ Warren (1974a), p. 14
^ Brockington (1989), p. 99
^ Brockington (1989), p. 25
^ Brockington (1989), p. 33
^ Brockington (1989), pp. 25–30
^ "Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts". Latin American Library at Tulane University. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
Further reading
Brockington, Lolita Gutiérrez (1989). The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822308843.
Kandell, Jonathan (1988). La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394540696.
Lockhart, James (1994). Spanish Peru, 1532–1560, A Social History (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14164-6.
López de Gómara, Francisco (1964). Cortés, The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary. Translated and edited by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Simpson, Lesley Byrd (1964). "Introduction". Cortés, The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary, by Francisco López de Gómara. Translated and edited by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Suárez de Peralta, Juan (1990). Tratado del decubrimiento de las Indias y su conquista. Madrid: Alianza.
Suárez de Peralta, Juan (1994). La conjuración de Martín Cortés y otros temas (2nd ed.). Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 968-36-3056-1.
Warren, J. Benedict (1974a). "Calendar of the Harkness Collection". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress.
Warren, J. Benedict (1974b). "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqués del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress. ISBN 9780844400938.
Spanish nobility
Preceded byHernán Cortés
Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca 1547–1589
Succeeded byFernando Cortés
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martín Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Hernán Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"elder half-brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_La_Malinche)"},{"link_name":"Doña Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malinche"},{"link_name":"encomenderos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Martín Cortés.In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cortés and the second or maternal family name is Zúñiga.Don Martín Cortés y Zúñiga, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (1532–1589) was the son and designated heir of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés by his second wife, Doña Juana de Zúñiga. Don Martín shared his name with an elder half-brother, whose mother was Doña Marina. He was involved with a conspiracy of encomenderos, was investigated, tried, and spared the death penalty.","title":"Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuernavaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"Martín Cortés (1523-1568)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_do%C3%B1a_Marina)"},{"link_name":"Doña Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Marina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopez_408-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandell_190-3"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rebellious Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandell_190-3"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cortés was born in Cuernavaca in what is now the state of Morelos. He had an older half-brother with the same name Martín Cortés (1523-1568), son of Hernán Cortés and Doña Marina (La Malinche), nicknamed \"El Mestizo\".Illegitimate by birth, Doña Marina's son Martín lacked the noble title of don, which his younger, legitimate half-brother held.[1] Don Martín also had three sisters: Doña María Cortés y Zúñiga, Doña Catalina Cortés y Zúñiga, and Doña Juana Cortés y Zúñiga.[2]According to one modern assessment, \"Martín Cortés was everything his father was not.... In place of courage, diplomatic genius, and a talent for leadership, [Don] Martín faced with a straightforward arrogance that he claimed as his birthright.\"[3]Don Martín and his brother, Don Luis, traveled with their father to Spain in 1540, to serve King Charles I of Spain and his successor, Philip II of Spain.[4] As a young man, Don Martín became friends with Prince Philip, and both participated in the campaign against the rebellious Low Countries.[3] Through his friendship with Prince Philip, who became Philip II following his father's abdication, Don Martín gained security of title to his estates in New Spain, who \"commanded that all the estates and Indian tributaries granted to Hernán Cortés in recognition of his conquests be passed on to his son.\"[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopez_408-2"},{"link_name":"Francisco López de Gómara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"During his residence in Spain, he married his cousin, Doña Ana Ramírez de Arellano, daughter of the Count of Aguilar, Don Pedro Ramírez de Arellano.[2] He maintained close ties with the aristocracy and intelligentsia of the moment, such as the writer Francisco López de Gómara, whom he sponsored to write the biography of his father.[6]","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"encomiendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomiendas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Don Martín, along with brother Don Luis and half brother Martín el Mestizo, returned to New Spain in 1563, met by \"raucous welcoming parties\", particularly of disgruntled encomenderos, and he was met by the viceroy himself, Don Luis de Velasco.[7] At the time, during a period of disturbances in the city of Mexico City, Don Martín was the richest person in New Spain, with many encomiendas in various parts of New Spain as well as the entailed estate as Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca. In Francisco López de Gómara's dedication of his biography of Cortés to its sponsor, Don Martín, he says to the young Marquess in admonition that \"in the first instance you have wealth; in the second, fame, for honor and riches go hand in hand. At the same time your inheritance obligates you to emulate the deeds of your father, Hernán Cortés, and to spend well what he left you.\"[8]","title":"Return to New Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suarez_1990-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In \"los Países Bajos\" (the Spanish Netherlands), Martín had acquired the \"bad habit\" of toasting. This offended some elites' sense of good manners in New Spain.[9] However, more severe than this breach of etiquette was his attempt to be considered the most important man in New Spain instead of the crown's appointed viceroy. He hijacked the visit of a royal inspector, Jerónimo de Valderrama, who, under normal protocols, would have been met by the viceroy and stayed in the viceregal palace. The welcoming party greeted Valderrama first and persuaded him to stay with him rather than with the viceroy.[10]Although that might seem trivial, it was a strong signal that he was challenging the viceroy's power.","title":"Conflicts with elite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"encomiendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"},{"link_name":"New Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laws"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Luís de Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Velasco"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suarez_1990-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandell_194-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gastón de Peralta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_de_Peralta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandell_194-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"He led a movement along with some encomenderos to prevent the abolition of encomiendas that was mandated by the New Laws of 1542 (they were rumored to be about to come into effect soon)[11] as well as greater autonomy for the New Spain. From the encomenderos' point of view, they were the heirs of the conquerors who had given the Crown the rich and vast territory and so they sought to retain what they considered their just rewards for service with their encomienda grants. The Crown was increasingly opposed to the development of a noble group that challenged its power and perquisites, and the New Laws that limited the inheritance of encomiendas was a mechanism to phase out the sources of wealth and power for the conqueror group.In New Spain, on the death of the Viceroy Don Luís de Velasco in 1564, Don Martín was named Captain General by the Mexico City Council, with hints of independence for the viceroyalty. In 1565, two sons of an important conqueror seemed to go beyond merely advocating protection of the conqueror group's interests and offered to raise rebellion and crown Don Martín king of New Spain. According to contemporary observer Juan Suárez de Peralta (a relative of Hernán Cortés's late first wife, Catalina Suárez), Don Martín was not all in with the conspirators but did not discourage them.[12] Don Martín's vacillation caused the plot to be first postponed and then abandoned. On 16 July 1566, the plotters were betrayed and the leaders arrested, including Don Martín, his brothers, and the rich and influential Alonso de Ávila, nephew of the conquistador of the same name. The two main conspirators were sentenced to death and beheaded.[9]In Don Martín's trial, he was accused of treason and inciting rebellion against the king. According to the trial questionnaires, of which 388 leaves are found in the Harkness Collection of the Library of Congress (and published in transcription and English translation),[13] he was accused of seeking to overturn the audencia (high court) and its judges be assassinated, and he would become king of New Spain. The questionnaires for the trial were drawn up in September 1566 and another in November. There were powerful witnesses testifying to his participation in the plot, including the brother and son of Luis de Velasco. Testifying for the defense were the Provincial for the Augustinian Order and two Provincials of the Franciscan Order, but there was a range of supporters, including two musicians, a surgeon, a lawyer, a silversmith, the son and wife of an apothecary, and a free black woman named Margarida Pérez.[14]The monarch sent a judge, Alonso de Muñoz, and to deal with the perceived threat to the colony. Muñoz \"unleashed a reign of terror. Hundreds of Spanish settlers were arrested and tortured and scores beheaded.\"[15] Muñoz was recalled to Spain and thrown into prison.[16] on arrival of the new viceroy, Don Gastón de Peralta, on 15 November 1567. The Cortés brothers were spared death. The failed encomenderos' conspiracy and aftermath was the end of effective power of the group.Don Martín, who had been spared beheading, was given leave in April 1567 to travel to Spain to plead their case before the King, with whom he had been friends since before his ascendance to the throne. Before he left New Spain, he had been required to swear allegiance to the crown and to present himself in Spain to the king within 50 days of his arrival.[17] Don Martín was under house arrest briefly, but promising not to return to New Spain, he was released and resumed his profligate life in Madrid, funded by his vast wealth.[15]He had briefly lost the entailed Estate until 1574.[18]He died in Madrid, Spain, 13 August 1589, the 68th anniversary of the fall of Tenochtitlan. His successors to the title never resided in Mexico but lived in Spain and later Italy.[19]","title":"Encomenderos' Conspiracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Given his exile in Spain, he had to rely on able administrators to run the sprawling estates of the Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca. The position of administrator (the \"governor\") was leased to the highest bidder for nine years, which guaranteed him income and in exchange, the governor had considerable power over virtually all aspects of the estate: administrative, fiscal, and judicial.[20] As with the estates of the Jesuits in New Spain, the Marquesado was administered as a unit despite the scattered individual haciendas in central and southern Mexico. They were business enterprises run for profit.[21] The administrators handled all matters pertaining to the estate. A codex held by the Latin American Library at Tulane University, the \"Atatepec Land Claim [Petition to recover a tract of land from the marques],\" describes litigation against him.[22]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/leverageoflabor01broc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780822308843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822308843"},{"link_name":"La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lacapitalbiograp00kand"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780394540696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394540696"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-299-14164-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14164-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"968-36-3056-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-36-3056-1"},{"link_name":"The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/harknesscollecti00libr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780844400938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844400938"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2270460#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/252873/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108039020"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/100257191"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1105895"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1053088485"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007448856005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n89636401"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1058913"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/089058240"}],"text":"Brockington, Lolita Gutiérrez (1989). The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822308843.\nKandell, Jonathan (1988). La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394540696.\nLockhart, James (1994). Spanish Peru, 1532–1560, A Social History (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14164-6.\nLópez de Gómara, Francisco (1964). Cortés, The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary. Translated and edited by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.\nSimpson, Lesley Byrd (1964). \"Introduction\". Cortés, The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary, by Francisco López de Gómara. Translated and edited by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.\nSuárez de Peralta, Juan (1990). Tratado del decubrimiento de las Indias y su conquista. Madrid: Alianza.\nSuárez de Peralta, Juan (1994). La conjuración de Martín Cortés y otros temas (2nd ed.). Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 968-36-3056-1.\nWarren, J. Benedict (1974a). \"Calendar of the Harkness Collection\". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress.\nWarren, J. Benedict (1974b). \"Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqués del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566\". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress. ISBN 9780844400938.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts\". Latin American Library at Tulane University. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2013-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419023031/http://lal.tulane.edu/collections/manuscripts/pictorial","url_text":"\"Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts\""},{"url":"http://lal.tulane.edu/collections/manuscripts/pictorial","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brockington, Lolita Gutiérrez (1989). The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822308843.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/leverageoflabor01broc","url_text":"The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822308843","url_text":"9780822308843"}]},{"reference":"Kandell, Jonathan (1988). La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City. New York: Random House. 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Cortés, The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary, by Francisco López de Gómara. Translated and edited by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suárez de Peralta, Juan (1990). Tratado del decubrimiento de las Indias y su conquista. Madrid: Alianza.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suárez de Peralta, Juan (1994). La conjuración de Martín Cortés y otros temas (2nd ed.). Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 968-36-3056-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-36-3056-1","url_text":"968-36-3056-1"}]},{"reference":"Warren, J. Benedict (1974a). \"Calendar of the Harkness Collection\". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Warren, J. Benedict (1974b). \"Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqués del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566\". The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico, a guide. Washington DC: Library of Congress. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata | General Post Office, Kolkata | ["1 History","2 Building","3 Location","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°34′23.01″N 88°20′44.09″E / 22.5730583°N 88.3455806°E / 22.5730583; 88.3455806
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Building in Kolkata, IndiaGeneral Post Office, KolkataThe GPO building in December 2011General informationTown or cityKolkataCountryIndiaCoordinates22°34′23.01″N 88°20′44.09″E / 22.5730583°N 88.3455806°E / 22.5730583; 88.3455806Construction started1864Completed1868Design and constructionArchitect(s)Walter B. GrenvilleWebsitewestbengalpost.gov.in
The General Post Office, Kolkata is the central post office of the city of Kolkata, India, and the chief post office of West Bengal. The post office handles most of the city's inbound and outbound mail and parcels. Situated in the B. B. D. Bagh area, the imposing structure of the GPO is one of the landmarks in the city.
Kolkata GPO is one of the five Philatelic Bureaus in the country (others being Mumbai GPO, Chennai GPO, Parliament Street, and New Delhi GPO) that are authorised to sell the United Nations stamps.
History
General Post Office, Calcutta (1905)
The site where the GPO is located was actually the site of the first Fort William. An alley beside the post office was the site of the guardhouse that housed the infamous 1756 Black Hole of Calcutta (1756). The General Post Office was designed in 1864 by Walter B. Grenville (1819-1874), who acted as consulting architect to the government of India from 1863 to 1868.
Dalhousie Square, Calcutta in 1910 with GPO in the background
The staircase at the eastern side of the GPO features a brass plate, which marks the eastern end of the Old Fort William. This is probably the only remaining of the ancient fort of Calcutta. Recently a marble plaque has been installed on the Eastern walls of GPO, which highlight the Brass Plate.
To the north of the GPO is the Kolkata Collectorate, which was once the office of the regional ‘Collector’, a designation invented by the British Government after 1857 to replace the traditional Zamindars.
Building
Dome of the General Post Office
The GPO is notable for its imposing high domed roof (rising over 220 feet) and tall Ionic-Corinthian pillars. A postal museum that was built in 1884 displays a collection of artefacts and stamps. The Philatelic Bureau is located on the southwestern end of the building.
Location
It is located on Netaji Subhas Road in B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata. The location is very near to BBD Bag Railway Station.
Gallery
Kolkata GPO with some ongoing restoration work
Kolkata GPO Dusk View
Remote view from Lal Dighi
Kolkata GPO Night View
See also
Indian Postal Service
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to General Post Office, Kolkata.
Postage stamp on GPO
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vteKolkata topicsHistory
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This article about an Indian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This philatelic article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"B. B. D. Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._D._Bagh"},{"link_name":"Mumbai GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_GPO"},{"link_name":"Chennai GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_GPO"},{"link_name":"New Delhi GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi_GPO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Building in Kolkata, IndiaThe General Post Office, Kolkata is the central post office of the city of Kolkata, India, and the chief post office of West Bengal. The post office handles most of the city's inbound and outbound mail and parcels. Situated in the B. B. D. Bagh area, the imposing structure of the GPO is one of the landmarks in the city.Kolkata GPO is one of the five Philatelic Bureaus in the country (others being Mumbai GPO, Chennai GPO, Parliament Street, and New Delhi GPO) that are authorised to sell the United Nations stamps.[citation needed]","title":"General Post Office, Kolkata"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_General_Post_Office.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_India"},{"link_name":"Black Hole of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DalhousieSqCalcutta_1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_Square"}],"text":"General Post Office, Calcutta (1905)The site where the GPO is located was actually the site of the first Fort William. An alley beside the post office was the site of the guardhouse that housed the infamous 1756 Black Hole of Calcutta (1756). The General Post Office was designed in 1864 by Walter B. Grenville (1819-1874), who acted as consulting architect to the government of India from 1863 to 1868.Dalhousie Square, Calcutta in 1910 with GPO in the backgroundThe staircase at the eastern side of the GPO features a brass plate, which marks the eastern end of the Old Fort William. This is probably the only remaining of the ancient fort of Calcutta. Recently a marble plaque has been installed on the Eastern walls of GPO, which highlight the Brass Plate.To the north of the GPO is the Kolkata Collectorate, which was once the office of the regional ‘Collector’, a designation invented by the British Government after 1857 to replace the traditional Zamindars.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dome_of_General_Post_Office,Kolkata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"Philatelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic"}],"text":"Dome of the General Post OfficeThe GPO is notable for its imposing high domed roof (rising over 220 feet) and tall Ionic-Corinthian pillars. A postal museum that was built in 1884 displays a collection of artefacts and stamps. The Philatelic Bureau is located on the southwestern end of the building.","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netaji Subhas Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Road,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"B. B. D. Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._D._Bagh"}],"text":"It is located on Netaji Subhas Road in B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata. The location is very near to BBD Bag Railway Station.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KolkataGPO1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcutta_GPO.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lal_Dighi_(Red_Pool),_Tank_Square,_Kolkata,_India.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KOLKATA_G.P.O.jpg"}],"text":"Kolkata GPO with some ongoing restoration work\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKolkata GPO Dusk View\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemote view from Lal Dighi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKolkata GPO Night View","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"General Post Office, Calcutta (1905)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_General_Post_Office.jpg/220px-The_General_Post_Office.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dalhousie Square, Calcutta in 1910 with GPO in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/DalhousieSqCalcutta_1910.jpg/220px-DalhousieSqCalcutta_1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dome of the General Post Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dome_of_General_Post_Office%2CKolkata.jpg/220px-Dome_of_General_Post_Office%2CKolkata.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Indian Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Postal_Service"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=General_Post_Office,_Kolkata¶ms=22_34_23.01_N_88_20_44.09_E_type:landmark_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°34′23.01″N 88°20′44.09″E / 22.5730583°N 88.3455806°E / 22.5730583; 88.3455806"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Post_Office,_Kolkata&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22","external_links_name":"\"General Post Office, Kolkata\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22General+Post+Office%2C+Kolkata%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=General_Post_Office,_Kolkata¶ms=22_34_23.01_N_88_20_44.09_E_type:landmark_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°34′23.01″N 88°20′44.09″E / 22.5730583°N 88.3455806°E / 22.5730583; 88.3455806"},{"Link":"https://westbengalpost.gov.in/MAIN","external_links_name":"westbengalpost.gov.in"},{"Link":"http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20paper%20with%20all%20over%20'Asoka%20Pillar'./CALCUTTA%20G.P.O","external_links_name":"Postage stamp on GPO"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Post_Office,_Kolkata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Post_Office,_Kolkata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Desideratus,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen | John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen | ["1 Life","2 Marriages and children","3 References","4 Ancestors"] | John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-SiegenJohn Francis Desideratus of Nassau-SiegenBorn(1627-07-28)28 July 1627NozeroyDied17 December 1699(1699-12-17) (aged 72)RoermondNoble familyHouse of NassauSpouse(s)Johanna Claudia of Königsegg-Rotenfels-AulendorfEleonore Sophie of Baden-RodemachernIsabella Clara du Puget de la SerreFatherJohn VIII of Nassau-SiegenMotherErnestine Yolande de Ligne d'Amblise
John Francis Desideratus (28 July 1627 – 17 December 1699) was count of Nassau-Siegen and stadtholder of Limburg and Upper Guelders.
Life
John Francis Desideratus was the only son of Count John VIII of Nassau-Siegen, who had converted to Catholicism, and Ernestine Yolande de Ligne d'Amblise. He succeeded his father in 1638 as count of Nassau-Siegen, but had to cede a part of the County to the Protestant branch of the family in 1648. He kept fighting his Protestant neighbours and suppressing the Calvinists in his territory. His reign was marked by bad management and debts.
Like his father, John Francis Desideratus was a general in Spanish service. In 1652, he was elevated to Imperial Prince and became a Lord in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1661, he was promoted to Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. From 1665 to 1684, he was Spanish stadtholder of Limburg and from 1680 to 1699 also of Upper Guelders. He lived a large part of his life in Roermond, where he died in 1699. At his death he was succeeded by his eldest surviving son William Hyacinth.
Marriages and children
John Francis Desideratus married 3 times:
In Vienna on 14 May 1651 he married Countess Johanna Claudia of Königsegg-Rotenfels-Aulendorf (23 August 1632 – 28 November 1663), Lady-in-waiting of Empress Eleonora Gonzaga during 1648–1651. They had ten children:
Marie Leopoldine Eleonora Gabriella (27 September 1652 – 2 June 1675), married to Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar.
Ernestine Claudia Margaretha Felicitas (27 November 1653 – 22 November 1654).
A son (b. and d. 25 February 1655).
Ernestina Eleonora Antonia (January 1656 – 4 November 1675), a nun in Metz.
Clara Juliana Margarethe Felicitas (November 1656 / October 1657 – 9 October 1727), Canoness of the High Noble Imperial Abbey at Thorn and of the St. Waadru Convent at Mons.
Albertina Anna Gabriella (13 August? 1658 – 26 August 1718), Canoness of the Noble Abbey of St. Aldegonde at Maubeuge.
Maria Donata Gabriella (8 August 1660 – 9 August 1660).
Louise Carolina Anna (July or August 1661 – August 1664).
A daughter (b. and d. 21 August 1662).
Stillborn son (28 November 1663).
In Rodemachern 31 May 1665 he married Margravine Marie Eleonore Sophie of Baden-Baden in Rodemachern (1641 – 19 April 1668). They had three children:
Francis Fortunatus (7 April 1666 – 12 July 1672).
William Hyacinth, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (3 April 1667 – 18 February 1743).
Maria Eleonora Ernestina (19 April 1668 – 28 September 1669).
In Brussels on 9 February 1669 he married Baroness Isabella Clara du Puget de la Serre (1651 – 19 October 1714). They had ten children:
Alexius Andreas Anton Ferdinand Christian (29 June 1673 – 22 March 1734), Canon at Cologne, (1690), Dean of the St. Peter Church and Chancellor of the University at Louvain (10 December 1692), Deacon at Cologne (14 November 1694), Priest (25 November 1695), Canon at Liège (December 1695), Abbot of the St. Croix de Bouzonville Monastery, Titular Archbishop of Trapezopolis (1728), Knight of the Order of Malta (1697).
Joseph (1674 – 14 December 1674).
Charlotte Sophia Johanna (21 February 1675 – 29 May 1676).
Joseph Maurice Karl (17 May 1676 – 29 January 1677).
Maria Philippina (2 July 1677 – 16 December 1678).
Francis Hugo Ferdinand Gereon (18 October 1678 – 4 March 1735), Vice-Regent of Nassau-Siegen (1727); married to Countess Leopoldine of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, without issue.
Anna Louise Francisca (1 April 1681 – 26 April 1728), married to Charles Damman, Viscount d'Oomberghe.
Clara Bernardina Francisca (11 May 1682 – 27 December 1724), married to Francisco de Sousa Pacheco.
Emmanuel Ignatius (6 January 1688 – 1 August 1735), Baron de Renaix (17 December 1699), Prince-Regent of Nassau-Siegen, (1727), Fieldmarshal of the Spanish Army, Knight of the Order of Malta (1697), Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1715), Knight of the Order of St. Hubertus (6 June 1720); married in 1711 to Charlotte de Mailly-Nesle; they became formally separated in 1716 without surviving issue (two sons died in infancy). He was the probable grandfather of Charles Henry of Nassau-Siegen.
Jeanne Baptista Josefina (16 January 1690 – 19 April 1745), Canoness of the St. Waadru Convent at Mons (7 October 1702).
References
Genealogy of the House of Nassau-Siegen (retrieved 1 June 2014).
Complete Genealogy of the House of Nassau (retrieved 1 June 2014).
Ancestors
Ancestors of John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 16. William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen 8. John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg 17. Juliana of Stolberg 4. John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen 18. George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg 9. Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg 19. Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach 2. John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen 20. Henry VIII, Count of Waldeck 10. Philip IV, Count of Waldeck 21. Anastasia of Runkel 5. Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen 22. Salentin VII of Isenburg-Neumagen 11. Jutta of Isenburg-Neumagen 23. Elisabeth of Hunolstein 1. John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 24. Jaques, Count of Ligne 12. Philippe, Count of Ligne 25. Maria of Wassenaer-Leiden 6. Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne 26. Philip de Lalaing 13. Margarethe de Lalaing 27. Anna of Renneberg 3. Ernestine Yolande de Ligne d'Amblise 28. François de Melun 14. Hugues II de Melun 29. Louise de Foix 7. Anne-Marie de Melun 30. Pierre de Barbancon-Werchin 15. Yolanda de Barbancon-Werchin 31. Hélène de Bergi
John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen House of NassauBorn: 28 July 1627 Died: 17 December 1699
Preceded byJohn VIII
Count of Nassau-SiegenFrom 1652 Prince 1638–1699
Succeeded byWilliam Hyacinthas Prince of Nassau-Siegen
Authority control databases International
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Upper Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Guelders"}],"text":"John Francis Desideratus (28 July 1627 – 17 December 1699) was count of Nassau-Siegen and stadtholder of Limburg and Upper Guelders.","title":"John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John VIII of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne"},{"link_name":"Imperial Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Prince"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Upper Guelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Guelders"},{"link_name":"Roermond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roermond"},{"link_name":"William Hyacinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyacinth,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen"}],"text":"John Francis Desideratus was the only son of Count John VIII of Nassau-Siegen, who had converted to Catholicism, and Ernestine Yolande de Ligne d'Amblise. He succeeded his father in 1638 as count of Nassau-Siegen, but had to cede a part of the County to the Protestant branch of the family in 1648. He kept fighting his Protestant neighbours and suppressing the Calvinists in his territory. His reign was marked by bad management and debts.Like his father, John Francis Desideratus was a general in Spanish service. In 1652, he was elevated to Imperial Prince and became a Lord in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1661, he was promoted to Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. From 1665 to 1684, he was Spanish stadtholder of Limburg and from 1680 to 1699 also of Upper Guelders. He lived a large part of his life in Roermond, where he died in 1699. At his death he was succeeded by his eldest surviving son William Hyacinth.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Henry,_Prince_of_Nassau-Hadamar"},{"link_name":"William Hyacinth, Prince of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyacinth,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Ignatius_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Charles Henry of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_of_Nassau-Siegen"}],"text":"John Francis Desideratus married 3 times:In Vienna on 14 May 1651 he married Countess Johanna Claudia of Königsegg-Rotenfels-Aulendorf (23 August 1632 – 28 November 1663), Lady-in-waiting of Empress Eleonora Gonzaga during 1648–1651. They had ten children:Marie Leopoldine Eleonora Gabriella (27 September 1652 – 2 June 1675), married to Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar.\nErnestine Claudia Margaretha Felicitas (27 November 1653 – 22 November 1654).\nA son (b. and d. 25 February 1655).\nErnestina Eleonora Antonia (January 1656 – 4 November 1675), a nun in Metz.\nClara Juliana Margarethe Felicitas (November 1656 / October 1657 – 9 October 1727), Canoness of the High Noble Imperial Abbey at Thorn and of the St. Waadru Convent at Mons.\nAlbertina Anna Gabriella (13 August? 1658 – 26 August 1718), Canoness of the Noble Abbey of St. Aldegonde at Maubeuge.\nMaria Donata Gabriella (8 August 1660 – 9 August 1660).\nLouise Carolina Anna (July or August 1661 – August 1664).\nA daughter (b. and d. 21 August 1662).\nStillborn son (28 November 1663).In Rodemachern 31 May 1665 he married Margravine Marie Eleonore Sophie of Baden-Baden in Rodemachern (1641 – 19 April 1668). They had three children:Francis Fortunatus (7 April 1666 – 12 July 1672).\nWilliam Hyacinth, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (3 April 1667 – 18 February 1743).\nMaria Eleonora Ernestina (19 April 1668 – 28 September 1669).In Brussels on 9 February 1669 he married Baroness Isabella Clara du Puget de la Serre (1651 – 19 October 1714). They had ten children:Alexius Andreas Anton Ferdinand Christian (29 June 1673 – 22 March 1734), Canon at Cologne, (1690), Dean of the St. Peter Church and Chancellor of the University at Louvain (10 December 1692), Deacon at Cologne (14 November 1694), Priest (25 November 1695), Canon at Liège (December 1695), Abbot of the St. Croix de Bouzonville Monastery, Titular Archbishop of Trapezopolis (1728), Knight of the Order of Malta (1697).\nJoseph (1674 – 14 December 1674).\nCharlotte Sophia Johanna (21 February 1675 – 29 May 1676).\nJoseph Maurice Karl (17 May 1676 – 29 January 1677).\nMaria Philippina (2 July 1677 – 16 December 1678).\nFrancis Hugo Ferdinand Gereon (18 October 1678 – 4 March 1735), Vice-Regent of Nassau-Siegen (1727); married to Countess Leopoldine of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, without issue.\nAnna Louise Francisca (1 April 1681 – 26 April 1728), married to Charles Damman, Viscount d'Oomberghe.\nClara Bernardina Francisca (11 May 1682 – 27 December 1724), married to Francisco de Sousa Pacheco.\nEmmanuel Ignatius (6 January 1688 – 1 August 1735), Baron de Renaix (17 December 1699), Prince-Regent of Nassau-Siegen, (1727), Fieldmarshal of the Spanish Army, Knight of the Order of Malta (1697), Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1715), Knight of the Order of St. Hubertus (6 June 1720); married in 1711 to Charlotte de Mailly-Nesle; they became formally separated in 1716 without surviving issue (two sons died in infancy). He was the probable grandfather of Charles Henry of Nassau-Siegen.\nJeanne Baptista Josefina (16 January 1690 – 19 April 1745), Canoness of the St. Waadru Convent at Mons (7 October 1702).","title":"Marriages and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Nassau-Dillenburg"},{"link_name":"Juliana of Stolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_of_Stolberg"},{"link_name":"John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VII,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III,_Landgrave_of_Leuchtenberg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Leuchtenberg"},{"link_name":"Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach"},{"link_name":"John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII, Count of Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Philip IV, Count of Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_of_Waldeck-Wildungen"},{"link_name":"Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral,_1st_Prince_of_Ligne"},{"link_name":"Philip de Lalaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_Lalaing,_2nd_Count_of_Hoogstraten"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875700#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000139200059"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/196329365"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/128647655"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070851557"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128647655.html?language=en"}],"text":"Ancestors of John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 16. William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen 8. John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg 17. Juliana of Stolberg 4. John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen 18. George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg 9. Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg 19. Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach 2. John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen 20. Henry VIII, Count of Waldeck 10. Philip IV, Count of Waldeck 21. Anastasia of Runkel 5. Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen 22. Salentin VII of Isenburg-Neumagen 11. Jutta of Isenburg-Neumagen 23. Elisabeth of Hunolstein 1. John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 24. Jaques, Count of Ligne 12. Philippe, Count of Ligne 25. Maria of Wassenaer-Leiden 6. Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne 26. Philip de Lalaing 13. Margarethe de Lalaing 27. Anna of Renneberg 3. Ernestine Yolande de Ligne d'Amblise 28. François de Melun 14. Hugues II de Melun 29. Louise de Foix 7. Anne-Marie de Melun 30. Pierre de Barbancon-Werchin 15. Yolanda de Barbancon-Werchin 31. Hélène de BergiAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Ancestors"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/nassau/nassau11.html#J8","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the House of Nassau-Siegen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031028101724/http://www.geocities.com/oranjenassau2002/genorangenassau3.html#johann8","external_links_name":"Complete Genealogy of the House of Nassau"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000139200059","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/196329365","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128647655","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070851557","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128647655.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_Connecting_Link,_Spur,_and_Recreation_Highways | List of Nebraska Connecting Link, Spur, and Recreation Highways | ["1 History","2 Connecting Links","3 Spurs","4 Recreation Roads","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Standard route shieldsHighway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Route X (US-X)StateHighway X (N-X)Link:Link L-XY (L-XY)Spur:Spur S-XY (S-XY)Recreation Road:Recreation Road R-XY (R-XY)System links
Nebraska State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Link
Spur
State Spurs
Recreation
Nebraska Connecting Link, Nebraska Spur, and Nebraska Recreation Road highways are a secondary part of the Nebraska highway system. They connect small towns and state parks to the primary Nebraska highway system. All of these highways are maintained by the Nebraska Department of Transportation.
A connecting link, or simply a link, highway connects two primary highways. A spur highway is a highway which goes from a primary highway to a city or state park not on any other highway. A recreation road is a road in a state park, which is designated as such by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, though maintained by NDOT.
Highways are generally marked in the format of S-x-Y or L-x-Y, where S or L indicates whether it is a spur or a link, x is the county the highway is in, with ranking in alphabetical order (1 is Adams County, while 93 is York County), and Y is the letter which "numbers" the highway. Recreation Roads are typically unsigned.
History
In 1955, the Nebraska Legislature passed a law requiring all incorporated communities with a population over 100 to be included in the state highway system. The original numbering system required placing a single digit in front of the highway number it was connecting with. In 1971, the system was changed to the current system.
Connecting Links
This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
Number
Length (mi)
Length (km)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Counties
Formed
Removed
Notes
L-1E
0.21
0.34
US 281 east of Ayr
N-74 east of Ayr
Adams
01971-01-011971
current
Unsigned turning lane
L-2C
—
—
N-14 east of Royal
US 20 east of Royal
Antelope
01971-01-01c. 1971
01996-01-011996
demolished
L-6A
0.10
0.16
N-14 southeast of Albion
N-39 southeast of Albion
Boone
01971-01-011971
current
Turning lane from N-14 to N-39; may be the shortest signed highway in Nebraska
L-7E
10.27
16.53
N-2 in Hemingford
N-87 east of Hemingford
Box Butte
02000-01-012000
current
Formerly an alignment of N-87; segment east of US 385 previously a segment of US 385
L-10B
1.98
3.19
I-80 south of Odessa
US 30 south of Odessa
Buffalo
01971-01-011971
current
L-10C
3.89
6.26
I-80 south of Gibbon
US 30 south of Gibbon
Buffalo
01971-01-011971
current
L-10D
3.99
6.42
I-80 south of Shelton
US 30 south of Shelton
Buffalo
01971-01-011971
current
L-10E
0.30
0.48
US 30 in Elm Creek
US 183 in Elm Creek
Buffalo
—
—
Turning lane from US 30 to US 183
L-10F
0.54
0.87
US 30 east of Kearney
N-10 east of Kearney
Buffalo
02016-01-012016
current
Allows access between US 30 and the new East Kearney Bypass, N-10
L-14D
0.46
0.74
N-15/N-59 north of Laurel
US 20 north of Laurel
Cedar
01971-01-011971
02015-01-012015
L-17B
0.72
1.16
I-80 south of Potter
US 30 in Potter
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
current
L-17C
1.07
1.72
I-80 southwest of Brownson
US 30 southwest of Brownson
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
current
L-17D
—
—
I-80 south of Sidney
US 30 in Sidney
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
01984-01-011984
Replaced by a rerouted N-19
L-17E
3.05
4.91
I-80 south of Sunol
US 30 south of Sunol
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
current
L-17F
2.31
3.72
I-80 south of Lodgepole
US 30 in Lodgepole
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
current
L-17J
2.43
3.91
I-80 in Sidney
US 30 in Sidney
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
current
L-20A
5.37
8.64
N-51 in Beemer
US 275 north of Beemer
Cuming
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 151
L-22A
—
—
US 20 west of South Sioux City
US 77 north of South Sioux City
Dakota
01971-01-011971
01979-01-011979
Decommissioned when US 20 was rerouted on I-129 and US 75 was rerouted over the South Sioux City bypass
L-23D
0.26
0.42
US 20 west of Chadron
US 385 west of Chadron
Dawes
01971-01-011971
current
Turning lane from US 385 to US 20
L-24A
1.80
2.90
I-80 west of Lexington
US 30 west of Lexington
Dawson
01971-01-011971
current
L-24B
3.88
6.24
I-80 south of Overton
US 30 in Overton
Dawson
01971-01-011971
current
L-24D
0.28
0.45
US 30 in Gothenburg
N-47 in Gothenburg
Dawson
01971-01-011971
current
Follows Avenue D, then 11th Street in Gothenburg
L-25A
0.63
1.01
I-80 south of Chappell
US 385 in Chappell
Deuel
01971-01-011971
current
L-25B
1.10
1.77
I-80 south of Big Springs
US 138 in Big Springs
Deuel
01971-01-011971
current
L-25C
—
—
US 138 north of Big Springs
US 30 north of Big Springs
Deuel
01971-01-011971
01999-01-011999
Demolished when US 30/US 138 intersection was redone
L-26D
0.35
0.56
S-26B near Concord
N-116 near Concord
Dixon
01971-01-011971
02002-01-012002
Demolished when intersection was redone
L-28B
3.39
5.46
US 275 south of Waterloo
US 6/N-31 in Elkhorn
Douglas
01971-01-011971
current
Highway is freeway for entire length.
L-28D
0.25
0.40
US 275 south of Waterloo
L-28B south of Waterloo
Douglas
01971-01-011971
02006-01-012006
Decommissioned when L-28B was converted to a freeway
L-28E
0.53
0.85
N-92 south of Waterloo
US 275 south of Waterloo
Douglas
01971-01-011971
current
Highway marked as West N-92 westbound and West US 275 eastbound
L-28G
0.23
0.37
US 275 south of Waterloo
L-28D south of Waterloo
Douglas
01971-01-011971
02006-01-012006
Decommissioned when L-28B was converted to a freeway
L-28H
0.25
0.40
US 75 in Omaha
I-680 in Omaha
Douglas
01971-01-011971
current
31st Street in Omaha
L-28K
3.36
5.41
N-64 in Omaha
N-133 in Omaha
Douglas
01976-01-011976
current
From west to east, follows Blair High Road, Military Road, and Northwest Radial Highway in Omaha
L-30E
1.20
1.93
US 81 in Fairmont
US 6 in Fairmont
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
02001-01-012001
demolished when US 81 was widened to four lanes
L-30F
0.36
0.58
N-74 in Strang
US 81 in Strang
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
02002-01-012002
demolished when US 81 was widened to four lanes
L-30G
0.36
0.58
US 81 in Strang
N-74 in Strang
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
02002-01-012002
demolished when US 81 was widened to four lanes
L-31D
1.20
1.93
US 136 west of Franklin
N-10 in Franklin
Franklin
01971-01-011971
current
L-34F
—
—
US 136 southwest of Beatrice
US 77 south of Beatrice
Gage
01971-01-011971
01994-01-011994
Now Locust Road
L-34G
—
—
US 77
N-41
Gage
—
01994-01-011994
eliminated when the junction was redone
L-34H
0.31
0.50
N-112 west of Blue Springs
US 77 west of Blue Springs
Gage
01971-01-011971
current
Turning lane from N-112 to US 77; unsigned
L-36A
—
—
N-91 near Burwell
N-11 near Burwell
Garfield
01971-01-011971
01991-01-011991
demolished
L-40C
5.60
9.01
I-80 south of Alda
US 30 in Alda
Hall
01971-01-011971
current
L-40G
0.36
0.58
US 30 in Wood River
N-11 in Wood River
Hall
—
—
L-41D
0.54
0.87
I-80 south of Hampton
US 34 in Hampton
Hamilton
01971-01-011971
current
L-44C
0.81
1.30
US 6 west of Culbertson
US 6/US 34 west of Culbertson
Hitchcock
01971-01-011971
current
Connector ramp from US 6 to US 6/US 34
L-45B
5.74
9.24
US 275 in of Ewing
US 20 north of Ewing
Holt
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 420
L-50A
7.01
11.28
N-44 west of Newark
N-10 east of Newark
Kearney
01971-01-011971
current
Access road to Fort Kearny State Historical Park
L-51A
1.10
1.77
I-80 south of Brule
US 30 in Brule
Keith
01971-01-011971
current
L-51B
1.00
1.61
I-80 southeast of Roscoe
US 30 east of Roscoe
Keith
01971-01-011971
current
L-51C
1.05
1.69
I-80 south of Paxton
US 30 in Paxton
Keith
01971-01-011971
current
L-53A
1.12
1.80
I-80 south of Dix
US 30 in Dix
Kimball
01973-01-011973
current
L-53B
0.41
0.66
I-80 east of Pine Bluffs, Wyoming
US 30 east Pine Bluffs, Wyoming
Kimball
01971-01-011971
current
Highway contains a portion of Business Loop 80
L-53C
2.72
4.38
I-80 south of Bushnell
US 30 in Bushnell
Kimball
01971-01-011971
current
L-53D
—
—
US 30 east of Kimball
Potter
Kimball
01974-01-011974
01978-01-011978
replaced by relocated US 30
L-53E
0.40
0.64
N-71 east of Kimball
US 30 in Kimball
Kimball
01973-01-011973
current
L-55K
0.70
1.13
US 6 in Lincoln
Reentering Lincoln City Limits
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Includes interchange with I-80; despite designation, behaves more like a spur.
L-55L
—
—
I-80 in Lincoln
I-180/US 34 in Lincoln
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
01984-01-011984
Former Spur 434; now Cornhusker Highway
L-55W
2.28
3.67
US 77 in Lincoln
N-2 in Lincoln
Lancaster
01992-01-011992
02022-01-012022
Turned over to the city during the building of the Lincoln South Beltway and rerouting of N-2
L-55X
2.67
4.30
US 6 in Lincoln
I-80/US 77 in Lincoln
Lancaster
01992-01-011992
current
L-56C
1.98
3.19
I-80 south of Hershey
US 30 in Hershey
Lincoln
01971-01-011971
current
L-56D
2.27
3.65
I-80 south of Brady
US 30 in Brady
Lincoln
01971-01-011971
current
L-56G
2.02
3.25
I-80 in North Platte
US 30 in North Platte
Lincoln
01984-01-011984
current
Commemorative name of "Twist" Newberry Access Highway
L-59B
0.35
0.56
N-45 north of Newman Grove
N-32 north of Newman Grove
Madison
01971-01-011971
current
Part of N-32/N-45 junction; unsigned
L-61D
0.18
0.29
US 30 southwest of Clarks
N-92 southwest of Clarks
Merrick
01971-01-011971
current
Part of US 30/N-92 junction; unsigned
L-62A
9.08
14.61
US 26 north of Bayard
US 385 north of Bridgeport
Morrill
01971-01-011971
current
L-63A
3.11
5.01
N-39 north of Genoa
N-22 north of Genoa
Nance
01971-01-011971
current
L-64D
—
—
N-105 south of Johnson
US 136 south of Johnson
Nemaha
01971-01-011971
01996-01-011996
Demolished when the intersection was redone
L-67E
0.25
0.40
N-50 west of Table Rock
N-4 west of Table Rock
Pawnee
01971-01-011971
current
Part of N-4/N-50 junction; unsigned
L-67F
—
—
N-50 north of Pawnee City
N-65 north of Pawnee City
Pawnee
—
—
L-67G
—
—
N-8 in Pawnee City
N-65 in Pawnee City
Pawnee
—
—
demolished
L-71D
—
—
US 81 in Columbus
US 30 in Columbus
Platte
01971-01-011971
01992-01-011992
Replaced by relocated US 81; the old location of US 81 is now Howard Boulevard
L-71E
—
—
US 30 near Columbus
US 81 near Columbus
Platte
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
now an access road; partially demolished
L-76E
0.93
1.50
N-33 in Dorchester
US 6/N-15 north of Dorchester
Saline
01971-01-011971
current
Shortcut for US 6/N-15/N-33 junction
L-79C
—
—
US 26 in Henry
N-92 in Lyman
Scotts Bluff
—
01986-01-011986
Now Holloway Road / County Road 2
L-79D
—
—
US 26 in Morrill
N-92
Scotts Bluff
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
Former Spur 226; now Morrill Road / County Road 8
L-79E
2.14
3.44
N-92 west of Minatare
US 26 in Melbeta
Scotts Bluff
01971-01-011971
current
L-79G
2.13
3.43
N-92 west of Scottsbluff
N-71 in Scottsbluff
Scotts Bluff
01986-01-011986
02004-01-012004
Replaced by rerouted N-92 (old route is now Old Oregon Trail)
L-80E
11.72
18.86
US 6 in Friend
I-80 north of Beaver Crossing
Saline, Seward
01982-01-011982
current
Highway extends into Saline County and also serves Beaver Crossing; originally continued north to US 34
L-80F
5.70
9.17
I-80 south of Utica
US 34 in Utica
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
L-80G
5.65
9.09
I-80 south of Goehner
US 34 north of Tamora
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
L-80H
0.68
1.09
US 6 north of Milford
I-80 north of Milford
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
Provides access from I-80 to US 6
L-82A
3.01
4.84
N-10 east of Hazard
N-68 west of Rockville
Sherman
01971-01-011971
current
L-85F
0.60
0.97
US 81 southwest of Hebron
US 136 southwest of Hebron
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
Provides access from US 81 to US 136
L-91D
0.25
0.40
N-4 south of Blue Hill
US 281 south of Blue Hill
Webster
01971-01-011971
02002-01-012002
demolished
L-93B
5.62
9.04
I-80 south of Waco
US 34 in Waco
York
01971-01-011971
current
L-93E
4.68
7.53
I-80 south of Waco
US 34 west of York
York
01971-01-011971
02010-01-012010
decommissioned between 2008 and 2010; now Road H
Former
Spurs
This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
Number
Length (mi)
Length (km)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Counties
Formed
Removed
Notes
S-1A
3.01
4.84
US 6 / US 34 south of Kenesaw
Kenesaw
Adams
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 206
S-1B
1.01
1.63
US 6 / US 34 south of Juniata
Juniata
Adams
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 306
S-1C
1.15
1.85
US 6 / US 34 west of Hastings
Hastings Correctional Center
Adams
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 406
S-1D
5.46
8.79
US 34 / US 281 west of Trumbull
Trumbull
Adams
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 134
S-2B
0.51
0.82
Brunswick
US 20 north of Brunswick
Antelope
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 520
S-4A
4.08
6.57
Harrisburg
N-71 east of Harrisburg
Banner
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 129
S-5A
0.1
0.16
Dunning
N-2 east of Dunning
Blaine
01971-01-011971
current
S-7A
6.2
10.0
N-87/US 385
Box Butte-Garden county line
Box Butte
01971-01-011971
02000-01-012000
decommissioned when US 385 was rerouted to no longer intersect; now Dodge Road
S-8A
0.24
0.39
N-12 south of Naper
Naper
Boyd
01971-01-011971
current
S-9A
0.5
0.80
Long Pine
US 20 / US 183 / N-7 north of Long Pine
Brown
01971-01-011971
current
S-10A
0.49
0.79
Kearney Youth Development Center near Kearney
US 30 in Kearney
Buffalo
01971-01-011971
01994-01-011994
Given to the city of Kearney; now 30th Avenue
S-11A
0.53
0.85
Craig
N-32 north of Craig
Burt
01971-01-011971
current
S-12A
7.26
11.68
N-15 south of Schuyler
Linwood
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 115 and Spur 215
S-12B
13.1
21.1
N-15 north of David City
Abie
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
Highway goes east from N-15 to Bruno, then north from Bruno to Abie
S-12C
5.1
8.2
Ulysses
N-15 / N-66 east of Ulysses
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 315
S-12D
0.25
0.40
N-66 south of Dwight
Dwight
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
S-12E
5.92
9.53
Surprise
N-92 west of Rising City
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 292
S-12F
1.21
1.95
Brainard
N-92 north of Brainard
Butler
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 392
S-13A
0.72
1.16
N-1 south of Murdock
Murdock
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 150
S-13B
4.2
6.8
Alvo
US 34 south of Alvo
Cass
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
Former Spur 234 and Spur 534; became part of an extended N-63
S-13C
1.04
1.67
Avoca
US 34 north of Avoca
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
Former portion of N-50A
S-13D
0.93
1.50
US 34 south of Nehawka
Nehawka
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
S-13E
4.8
7.7
South Bend
N-50 south of Louisville
Cass
01971-01-011971
01994-01-011994
Became part of an extended N-66
S-13F
0.5
0.80
N-50 west of Manley
Manley
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
S-13H
2.65
4.26
N-66 south of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
S-13J
3.4
5.5
Weeping Water
US 34 south of Weeping Water
Cass
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
Now 144th Street
S-13K
1.88
3.03
N-50 west of Weeping Water
Weeping Water
Cass
01971-01-011971
current
Former portion of N-50A
S-14A
2.17
3.49
Fordyce
N-12 north of Fordyce
Cedar
01971-01-011971
current
S-14B
0.27
0.43
N-12 south of Wynot
Wynot
Cedar
01971-01-011971
current
S-14C
0.81
1.30
Magnet
N-59 north of Magnet
Cedar
01971-01-011971
current
S-14H
5.37
8.64
N-12 south of St. Helena
St. Helena
Cedar
01971-01-011971
current
S-15A
6.7
10.8
Champion
US 6 in Imperial
Chase
01971-01-011971
current
Highway also serves Champion Mill Park; former Spur 106
S-16A
0.12
0.19
N-12 northeast of Valentine
Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge
Cherry
01971-01-011971
current
S-16B
13.47
21.68
Valentine National Wildlife Refuge
US 83 south of Valentine
Cherry
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 214 and portion of Spur 483
S-16F
18.9
30.4
Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest
US 20 in Nenzel
Cherry
01971-01-011971
current
S-17A
2.2
3.5
Road 32S
L-17C
Cheyenne
01971-01-011971
01996-01-011996
Former Spur 230
S-18A
2.41
3.88
US 6 south of Harvard
Harvard
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 506
S-18B
4.01
6.45
N-14 west of Edgar
Edgar
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 214
S-18C
5.03
8.10
Deweese
N-14 east of Deweese
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 314
S-18D
4.71
7.58
U.S. Meat Animal Research Center west of Clay Center
N-14 / N-41 in Clay Center
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
S-18E
4.51
7.26
N-74 south of Glenvil
Glenvil
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 174
S-18F
1.46
2.35
Ong
N-74 north of Ong
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 274
S-18G
1.26
2.03
US 6 south of Saronville
Saronville
Clay
01971-01-011971
current
S-19A
0.19
0.31
Leigh
N-91 north of Leigh
Colfax
01971-01-011971
current
S-19B
0.25
0.40
N-91 south of Clarkson
Clarkson
Colfax
01971-01-011971
current
S-19C
0.25
0.40
N-91 south of Howells
Howells
Colfax
01971-01-011971
current
S-21A
6.25
10.06
N-2 in Anselmo
Victoria Springs State Recreation Area
Custer
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 302
S-21B
0.72
1.16
N-40 south of Callaway
Callaway
Custer
01971-01-011971
current
S-21C
7.36
11.84
US 183 west of Comstock
Comstock
Custer
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 1183
S-23A
1.93
3.11
US 20 south of Whitney
Whitney
Dawes
01971-01-011971
current
Former N-120
S-24C
0.11
0.18
N-40 southwest of Eddyville
Eddyville
Dawson
—
—
S-26A
1.29
2.08
Waterbury
US 20 north of Waterbury
Dixon
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 620
S-26B
2.76
4.44
N-116 west of Concord
University of Nebraska Northeast Experimental Station east of Concord
Dixon
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 1116; passes through Concord
S-26E
2.21
3.56
N-12 in Ponca
Ponca State Park
Dixon
01971-01-011971
current
S-27A
0.26
0.42
N-91 south of Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
01971-01-011971
current
S-27D
0.55
0.89
US 275 / N-91 south of Hooper
Hooper
Dodge
—
—
S-28F
0.09
0.14
Bennington city limits
N-36 south of Bennington
Douglas
01971-01-011971
02015-01-012015
Now 156th Street; until 2000, continued further south in Bennington
S-28J
1.29
2.08
N-36 south of Washington
Washington
Douglas
01976-01-011976
current
Highway enters Washington County
S-28L
0.31
0.50
N-64 north of Waterloo
Waterloo city limits
Douglas
—
02006-01-012006
Decommissioned when L-28B was converted to a freeway; now J C Robinson Boulevard
S-29A
0.3
0.48
US 34/N-61 north of Benkelman
Benkelman city limits
Dundy
01971-01-011971
02006-01-012006
Given to the city of Benkelman; now A Street
S-30A
1.24
2.00
N-41 in Geneva
Nebraska Youth Development Center
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
01979-01-011979
Former portion of Spur 430, cancelled in exchange for creating S-30J (which was decommissioned by 2004); now 1st Street
S-30B
0.33
0.53
Shickley
N-74 north of Shickley
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
current
S-30C
0.33
0.53
Ohiowa
N-74 north of Ohiowa
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
current
S-30D
0.31
0.50
Strang
N-74 north of Strang
Fillmore
01971-01-011971
current
S-30H
0.38
0.61
Milligan
N-41 north of Milligan
Fillmore
—
—
S-30J
1.24
2.00
Nebraska Youth Development Center
US 81 near Geneva
Fillmore
01979-01-011979
02004-01-012004
Given to the city of Geneva; now R Street and 1st Street
S-31A
2.61
4.20
N-10 west of Upland
Upland
Franklin
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 210
S-31B
4.51
7.26
Hildreth
N-10 east of Hildreth
Franklin
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 310
S-31C
1.68
2.70
Naponee
US 136 north of Naponee
Franklin
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 2136
S-34A
2.59
4.17
N-8 south of Liberty
Liberty
Gage
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 208
S-34B
4.65
7.48
N-41 south of Firth
Firth
Gage
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 341; highway enters Lancaster County
S-34C
0.24
0.39
Adams
N-41 north of Adams
Gage
01971-01-011971
current
S-34D
0.59
0.95
US 77 west of Pickrell
Pickrell
Gage
01971-01-011971
current
S-34E
—
—
US 77 in Beatrice
Beatrice State Developmental Center
Gage
01971-01-011971
01977-01-011977
Now Lincoln Avenue
S-40A
—
—
Cornhusker Ordinance Plant (now Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant)
US 281 in Grand Island
Hall
01971-01-011971
01978-01-011978
Decommissioned when the plant closed; now Old Potash Highway
S-40B
0.16
0.26
US 34/US 281 near Doniphan
Doniphan
Hall
01971-01-011971
02008-01-012008
Given to the city of Doniphan; now Platte River Drive
S-40D
6.09
9.80
Prosser
N-11 / I-80 (exit 300) south of Wood River
Hall
01971-01-011971
current
Highway enters Adams County
S-41A
1.51
2.43
US 34 south of Phillips
Phillips
Hamilton
01971-01-011971
current
Former portion of Spur 402
S-41B
6.71
10.80
Giltner
US 34 west of Aurora
Hamilton
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 502; highway intersects I-80 at Exit 324
S-41C
0.38
0.61
Marquette
N-14 east of Marquette
Hamilton
01971-01-011971
current
S-42A
4.15
6.68
US 183 west of Huntley
Huntley
Harlan
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 2183
S-43A
0.23
0.37
US 6 south of Hamlet
Hamlet
Hayes
01971-01-011971
current
S-45A
4.22
6.79
US 20 south of Page
Page
Holt
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 320
S-47A
0.15
0.24
Farwell
N-92 north of Farwell
Howard
01971-01-011971
current
S-48A
0.38
0.61
Steele City
N-8 north of Steele City
Jefferson
01971-01-011971
current
S-49A
0.83
1.34
N-50 west of Cook
Cook
Johnson
01971-01-011971
current
S-49B
0.23
0.37
N-62 south of Elk Creek
Elk Creek
Johnson
01971-01-011971
current
S-49C
0.23
0.37
US 136 west of Crab Orchard
Crab Orchard
Johnson
01971-01-011971
current
S-54A
0.24
0.39
Verdigre
N-14 / N-84 east of Verdigre
Knox
01971-01-011971
current
S-54B
3.04
4.89
N-59 south of Winnetoon
Winnetoon
Knox
01971-01-011971
current
S-54D
8.38
13.49
N-12 east of Niobrara
Santee
Knox
01971-01-011971
current
S-55A
5.11
8.22
Denton
US 6 west of Lincoln
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 806
S-55B
1.75
2.82
Sprague
N-33 north of Sprague
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
S-55C
0.75
1.21
Lincoln Air Park
US 34 northwest of Lincoln
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 334
S-55D
0.5
0.80
Panama
N-43 east of Panama
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
S-55E
1.4
2.3
Davey
US 77 east of Davey
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
S-55F
2.28
3.67
US 77 / N-33 west of Roca
Roca
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 277 and Spur 377
S-55G
3.82
6.15
US 77 west of Hickman
Hickman
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 477
S-55H
3.9
6.3
Hallam
US 77 north of Cortland
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 577
S-55J
0.49
0.79
N-79 west of Raymond
Raymond
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
S-55M
2.33
3.75
Malcolm
US 34 southeast of Malcolm
Lancaster
01971-01-011971
current
S-56A
3.88
6.24
Fort McPherson National Cemetery
US 30 in Maxwell
Lincoln
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 330; highway intersects Interstate 80 at Exit 190
S-56B
0.19
0.31
University of Nebraska North Platte Experimental Station
US 83 south of North Platte
Lincoln
01971-01-011971
02004-01-012004
Now State Farm Road
S-57A
2.25
3.62
US 83 / N-92 west of Gandy
Gandy
Logan
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 583
S-59A
—
—
Business US 275 in Norfolk
Norfolk Regional Center
Madison
01971-01-011971
02001-01-012001
Former Spur 1275; now 557th Avenue/Victory Road; original route (cancelled 1994) now 1st Street and Benjamin Avenue
S-61A
1.75
2.82
N-92 south of Palmer
Palmer
Merrick
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 192
S-64A
0.48
0.77
Julian
US 75 east of Julian
Nemaha
01971-01-011971
current
Highway on Nemaha County-Otoe County border
S-64B
0.44
0.71
N-105 west of Johnson
Johnson
Nemaha
01971-01-011971
current
S-64E
4.86
7.82
N-67 northeast of Shubert
Indian Cave State Park
Nemaha
01971-01-011971
current
Highway lies on border with Richardson County and also enters it briefly
S-64G
0.62
1.00
N-67 south of Peru
Peru
Nemaha
01971-01-011971
current
S-65A
5.19
8.35
Oak
N-4 north of Oak
Nuckolls
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 204
S-66A
8.02
12.91
Douglas
N-2 at Palmyra
Otoe
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 802
S-66C
2.79
4.49
N-50 west of Otoe
Otoe
Otoe
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 350
S-66D
0.5
0.80
Talmage
N-67 east of Talmage
Otoe
01971-01-011971
current
S-66E
6.18
9.95
Burr
N-50 east of Burr
Otoe
01971-01-011971
current
S-67A
0.2
0.32
Lewiston
N-4 north of Lewiston
Pawnee
01971-01-011971
current
S-67B
2.59
4.17
Steinauer
N-50 east of Steinauer
Pawnee
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 550
S-67C
3.03
4.88
southwest of Pawnee City
N-65 south of Pawnee City
Pawnee
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 165; highway is gravel
S-70A
1.25
2.01
US 20 south of McLean
McLean
Pierce
01971-01-011971
current
S-71A
0.92
1.48
Humphrey
US 81 east of Humphrey
Platte
01971-01-011971
current
S-71B
0.97
1.56
Platte Center
US 81 east of Platte Center
Platte
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 181
S-71C
0.25
0.40
Creston
N-91 north of Creston
Platte
01971-01-011971
current
S-71F
1.3
2.1
Cornlea
N-91 north of Cornlea
Platte
01971-01-011971
current
S-76A
4.35
7.00
US 6 south of Cordova
Cordova
Saline
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 606; highway enters Seward County
S-76B
—
—
N-33 south of Dorchester
Dorchester
Saline
—
—
Now Washington Avenue
S-76C
0.76
1.22
Western
N-15 east of Western
Saline
01971-01-011971
current
S-76D
7.01
11.28
Swanton
N-41 north of Swanton
Saline
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 241
S-77B
—
—
US 75 in Bellevue
Offutt Air Force Base
Sarpy
01974-01-011974
01992-01-011992
Access road into Offutt Air Force Base; decommissioned due to completion of US 75
S-77C
—
—
US 75 in Bellevue
Offutt Air Force Base
Sarpy
01974-01-011974
01992-01-011992
Access road into Offutt Air Force Base; decommissioned due to completion of US 75
S-78B
0.6
0.97
N-66 south of Ithaca
Ithaca
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
S-78C
0.29
0.47
Memphis
N-66 east of Memphis
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
S-78D
0.67
1.08
Weston
N-92 north of Weston
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 492
S-78E
4.03
6.49
N-92 south of Malmo
Malmo
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 592
S-78F
0.25
0.40
Mead
N-92 at Mead
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
S-78G
0.17
0.27
N-92 at Yutan
Yutan
Saunders
01971-01-011971
02008-01-012008
Now 2nd Street
S-78H
0.58
0.93
Cedar Bluffs
N-109 east of Cedar Bluffs
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
S-78J
0.74
1.19
N-64 south of Leshara
Leshara
Saunders
01971-01-011971
current
S-79A
—
—
F Road
US 26 in Henry
Scotts Bluff
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
Former Spur 126; also entered Sioux County; County Road A and Henry Road (County Road 3)
S-79B
—
—
Scotts Bluff-Sioux County Line
US 26 in Morrill
Scotts Bluff
01971-01-011971
01986-01-011986
Now County Road 9
S-79H
2.07
3.33
Terrytown
N-92 in Scottsbluff
Scotts Bluff
01971-01-011971
current
Former alignment of N-71
S-80A
—
—
Pleasant Dale
I-80 north of Pleasant Dale
Seward
01971-01-011971
01975-01-011975
Former Spur 415, became part of an extended N-103
S-80B
2.01
3.23
N-15 west of Bee
Bee
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
S-80C
3.54
5.70
Staplehurst
N-15 east of Staplehurst
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 515
S-80D
3.47
5.58
US 34 south of Garland
Garland
Seward
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 702
S-80E
—
—
US 6 in Friend
US 34 east of Utica
Seward
01971-01-011971
01984-01-011984
Originally ended in Beaver Crossing; extended south to Friend in 1982; redesignated as Link 80E
S-85A
0.75
1.21
Byron
N-8 north of Byron
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
S-85B
0.28
0.45
Hubbell
N-8 north of Hubbell
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
S-85C
0.25
0.40
US 81 west of Bruning
Bruning
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
S-85D
0.94
1.51
US 81 west of Belvidere
Belvidere
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
S-85E
0.16
0.26
Deshler
US 136 north of Deshler
Thayer
01971-01-011971
current
S-85H
0.17
0.27
Hebron
US 81 east of Hebron
Thayer
01999-01-011999
current
S-86A
0.46
0.74
N-2 south of Seneca
Seneca
Thomas
01971-01-011971
current
S-86B
3.44
5.54
Nebraska National Forest (Bessey Ranger District)
N-2 west of Halsey
Thomas
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 202
S-87A
1.07
1.72
N-9 west of Thurston
Thurston
Thurston
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 109
S-87B
2.51
4.04
Rosalie
US 77 east of Rosalie
Thurston
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 177
S-89A
0.08
0.13
US 30 south of Kennard
Kennard
Washington
01971-01-011971
current
S-90A
0.25
0.40
N-35 south of Hoskins
Hoskins
Wayne
01971-01-011971
current
S-90B
0.18
0.29
N-35 west of Winside
Winside
Wayne
01971-01-011971
current
S-91A
1.86
2.99
N-4 south of Bladen
Bladen
Webster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 104
S-91B
3.6
5.8
US 281 west of Cowles
Cowles
Webster
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 1281
S-93A
7
11
Henderson
US 34 west of Bradshaw
York
01971-01-011971
current
Former Spur 602; intersects Interstate 80 at Exit 342
S-93C
0.3
0.48
Benedict
US 81 east of Benedict
York
01971-01-011971
current
S-93D
0.55
0.89
Nebraska Correctional Center for Women near York
US 81 near York
York
01971-01-011971
current
S-93F
0.27
0.43
McCool Junction
US 81 north of McCool Junction
York
01971-01-011971
current
Rerouted in 2001 after the US 81 bypass was completed
Former
Recreation Roads
This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
Number
Length (mi)
Length (km)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Counties
Formed
Removed
Notes
R-2A
—
—
—
—
Antelope
—
—
Grove Lake Recreation Road, Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park
R-2D
—
—
—
—
Antelope
—
—
Ashfall State Historical Park Recreation Road, Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park
R-7B
—
—
—
—
Box Butte
—
—
Box Butte Recreation Road, Box Butte Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-9B
—
—
—
—
Brown
—
—
Long Pine Recreation Road, Long Pine State Recreation Area
R-10H
—
—
—
—
Buffalo
—
—
Windmill State Recreation Road, Windmill State Recreation Area
R-13L
—
—
—
—
Cass
—
—
Louisville Lakes Recreation Road, Louisville State Recreation Area
R-13M
—
—
—
—
Cass
—
—
Plattsmouth Waterfowl Area Recreation Road, Schilling Wildlife Management Area
R-13N
—
—
—
—
Cass
—
—
Platte River Recreation Road, Platte River State Park
R-13P
—
—
—
—
Cass
—
—
Eugene T. Mahoney State Park Recreation Road, Eugene T. Mahoney State Park
R-15B
—
—
—
—
Chase
—
—
Enders Lake Recreation Road, Enders Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-15C
—
—
—
—
Chase
—
—
Champion Mill State Historical Park Recreation Road, Champion Mill State Historical Park
R-16C
—
—
—
—
Cherry
—
—
Merritt Reservoir Recreation Road, Merritt Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-16D
—
—
—
—
Cherry
—
—
Valentine Fish Hatchery Recreation Road, Minnechaduza Creek
R-23E
—
—
—
—
Dawes
—
—
Chadron State Park Recreation Road, Chadron State Park
R-23F
—
—
—
—
Dawes
—
—
Smiley Canyon State Wildlife Area Road, Fort Robinson State Park
R-23G
—
—
—
—
Dawes
—
—
Fort Robinson State Park Recreation Road, Fort Robinson State Park
R-27B
—
—
—
—
Dodge
—
—
Fremont Lakes Recreation Road, Fremont Lakes State Recreation Area
R-27C
—
—
—
—
Dodge
—
—
Dead Timber Recreation Road, Dead Timber State Recreation Area
R-28C
—
—
—
—
Douglas
—
—
Two Rivers Recreation Road, Two Rivers State Recreation Area
R-32A
—
—
—
—
Frontier
—
—
Red Willow Reservoir Recreation Road, Red Willow Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-34J
—
—
—
—
Gage
—
—
Rockford Lake Recreation Road, Rockford State Recreation Area
R-34K
—
—
—
—
Gage
—
—
Big Indian Reservoir Recreation Road, Big Indian Creek Reservoir 12-1
R-34L
—
—
—
—
Gage
—
—
Big Indian Reservoir Recreation Road, Big Indian Creek Reservoir 12-1
R-35A
—
—
—
—
Garden
—
—
Ash Hollow State Historical Park Recreation Road, Ash Hollow State Historical Park
R-35B
—
—
—
—
Garden
—
—
Windlass Hill Recreation Road, Ash Hollow State Historical Park
R-37A
—
—
—
—
Gosper
—
—
Johnson Lake Recreation Road, Johnson Lake State Recreation Area
R-40E
—
—
—
—
Hall
—
—
Mormon Island Recreation Road, Mormon Island State Recreation Area
R-44A
—
—
—
—
Hitchcock
—
—
Macklin Bay Recreation Road, Swanson Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-44B
—
—
—
—
Hitchcock
—
—
Swanson Reservoir Recreation Road, Swanson Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-48B
—
—
—
—
Jefferson
—
—
Rock Creek Station Recreation Road, Rock Creek Station State Historical Park
R-50B
—
—
—
—
Kearney
—
—
Fort Kearney Recreation Area Road, Fort Kearny State Recreation Area
R-50C
—
—
—
—
Kearney
—
—
Fort Kearney State Historical Park Recreation Road, Fort Kearny State Historical Park
R-51E
—
—
—
—
Keith
—
—
Lake McConaughy South Recreation Road, Lake McConaughy State Recreation Area
R-51F
—
—
—
—
Keith
—
—
Lake Ogallala Recreation Road, Lake Ogallala State Recreation Area
R-51G
—
—
—
—
Keith
—
—
Martin Bay Recreation Road, Lake McConaughy State Recreation Area
R-51H
—
—
—
—
Keith
—
—
Cedar Vue Recreation Road, Lake McConaughy State Recreation Area
R-54C
—
—
—
—
Knox
—
—
Wiegand Recreation Road, Lewis and Clark State Recreation Area
R-54F
—
—
—
—
Knox
—
—
Niobrara State Park Recreation Road, Niobrara State Park
R-55N
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Blue Stem Lake Recreation Area Road, Bluestem State Recreation Area
R-55P
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Wagon Train Lake Recreation Area Road, Wagon Train State Recreation Area
R-55R
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Conestoga Lake Recreation Area Road, Conestoga State Recreation Area
R-55T
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Branched Oak Lake Recreation Road, Branched Oak State Recreation Area
R-55U
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Pawnee Lake Recreation Road, Pawnee State Recreation Area
R-55V
—
—
—
—
Lancaster
—
—
Kildeer Lake Recreation Road, Kildeer State Special Use Area
R-56E
—
—
—
—
Lincoln
—
—
Scouts Rest Ranch Recreation Road, Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park
R-56F
—
—
—
—
Lincoln
—
—
Maloney Reservoir Recreation Road, Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park
R-62B
—
—
—
—
Morrill
—
—
Bridgeport Recreation Road, Bridgeport State Recreation Area
R-62F
—
—
—
—
Morrill
—
—
Chimney Rock Recreation Road, Chimney Rock National Historic Site
R-64F
—
—
—
—
Nemaha
—
—
Indian Cave Recreation Road, Indian Cave State Park
R-64H
—
—
—
—
Nemaha
—
—
Brownville Recreation Road, Brownville State Recreation Area
R-67D
—
—
—
—
Pawnee
—
—
Burchard Lake Recreation Road, Burchard Lake State Park
R-69A
—
—
—
—
Phelps
—
—
Sacramento Game Farm Recreation Road, Sacramento-Wilcox Wildlife Management Area
R-71G
—
—
—
—
Platte
—
—
Lake North Recreation Road, Lake North Campground
R-73A
—
—
—
—
Red Willow
—
—
Medicine Creek Reservoir Recreation Road, Medicine Creek State Recreation Area
R-78K
—
—
—
—
Saunders
—
—
Memphis Lake Recreation Road, Memphis State Recreation Area
R-82B
—
—
—
—
Sherman
—
—
Sherman Lake Recreation Road, Sherman Reservoir State Recreation Area
R-85G
—
—
—
—
Thayer
—
—
Alexandria Lakes Recreation Road, Alexandria State Recreation Area
R-88B
—
—
—
—
Valley
—
—
Fort Hartsuff Recreation Road, Fort Hartsuff State Historical Park
R-89B
—
—
—
—
Washington
—
—
Fort Atkinson State Historical Park Recreation Road, Fort Atkinson State Historical Park
R-92A
—
—
—
—
Wheeler
—
—
Pibel Lake Recreation Road, Pibel Lake State Recreation Area
See also
U.S. Roads portal
References
^ Nebraska Department of Transportation (2019). "Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book" (PDF). Nebraska Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
^ "New designations for spurs, links". Beatrice Daily Sun. Beatrice, Nebraska. December 26, 1970. p. 13. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
^ NDOT (2019), pp. 374–406
^ a b c "Nebraska Roads". Nebraska Roads. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
^ NDOT (2019), pp. 407–457
^ Nebraska Game and Parks Commission - Parks Section Archived 2008-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Big Indian Creek Reservoir 12-1, Gage County, Nebraska
^ Chimney Rock National Historic Site
^ Burchard Lake State Park Archived 2008-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lake North Campground, Nebraska
External links
The Nebraska Highways Page:The Spur and Link Highways | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska highway system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_numbered_highways"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Game_and_Parks_Commission"},{"link_name":"Adams County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHR-1"}],"text":"Nebraska Connecting Link, Nebraska Spur, and Nebraska Recreation Road highways are a secondary part of the Nebraska highway system. They connect small towns and state parks to the primary Nebraska highway system. All of these highways are maintained by the Nebraska Department of Transportation.A connecting link, or simply a link, highway connects two primary highways. A spur highway is a highway which goes from a primary highway to a city or state park not on any other highway. A recreation road is a road in a state park, which is designated as such by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, though maintained by NDOT.Highways are generally marked in the format of S-x-Y or L-x-Y, where S or L indicates whether it is a spur or a link, x is the county the highway is in, with ranking in alphabetical order (1 is Adams County, while 93 is York County), and Y is the letter which \"numbers\" the highway. Recreation Roads are typically unsigned.[1]","title":"List of Nebraska Connecting Link, Spur, and Recreation Highways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"original numbering system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_spur_highways_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1955, the Nebraska Legislature passed a law requiring all incorporated communities with a population over 100 to be included in the state highway system. The original numbering system required placing a single digit in front of the highway number it was connecting with. In 1971, the system was changed to the current system.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Connecting Links"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recreation Roads"}] | [] | [{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}] | [{"reference":"Nebraska Department of Transportation (2019). \"Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book\" (PDF). Nebraska Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://govdocs.nebraska.gov/epubs/R6000/S002-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"New designations for spurs, links\". Beatrice Daily Sun. Beatrice, Nebraska. December 26, 1970. p. 13. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/anonymous-other-articles-clipping-dec-26-1970-532773/","url_text":"\"New designations for spurs, links\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska Roads\". Nebraska Roads. Retrieved January 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nebraskaroads.com/roads/index.html","url_text":"\"Nebraska Roads\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nebraska_Connecting_Link,_Spur,_and_Recreation_Highways&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nebraska_Connecting_Link,_Spur,_and_Recreation_Highways&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nebraska_Connecting_Link,_Spur,_and_Recreation_Highways&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://govdocs.nebraska.gov/epubs/R6000/S002-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book\""},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/anonymous-other-articles-clipping-dec-26-1970-532773/","external_links_name":"\"New designations for spurs, links\""},{"Link":"http://www.nebraskaroads.com/roads/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska Roads\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/parks/parks.asp","external_links_name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission - Parks Section"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080331000851/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/parks/parks.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.goingoutside.com/lake/107/1071282_Big_Indian_Creek_Reservoir_12-1_Nebraska.html","external_links_name":"Big Indian Creek Reservoir 12-1, Gage County, Nebraska"},{"Link":"http://www.stateparks.com/chimney_rock.html","external_links_name":"Chimney Rock National Historic Site"},{"Link":"http://www.lakesandreservoirs.com/Nebraska/BurchardLakeStatePark/BurchardLakeStatePark.php","external_links_name":"Burchard Lake State Park"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123502/http://www.lakesandreservoirs.com/Nebraska/BurchardLakeStatePark/BurchardLakeStatePark.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hikercentral.com/campgrounds/117327.html","external_links_name":"Lake North Campground, Nebraska"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120728152225/http://www.dm.net/~chris-g/ne-spur.html","external_links_name":"The Nebraska Highways Page:The Spur and Link Highways"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Oblast | Ivanivka rural hromada, Ternopil Oblast | ["1 Settlements","2 References"] | Coordinates: 49°16′28″N 25°49′8″E / 49.27444°N 25.81889°E / 49.27444; 25.81889Rural hromada in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine
Hromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineIvanivka rural hromada
Іванівська сільська громадаhromadaIvanivka rural hromadaShow map of Ternopil OblastIvanivka rural hromadaShow map of UkraineCoordinates: 49°16′28″N 25°49′8″E / 49.27444°N 25.81889°E / 49.27444; 25.81889Country UkraineOblast Ternopil OblastRaionTernopil RaionAdministrative centerIvanivkaGovernment • Hromada headRuslan ShafranovychArea • Total109.8 km2 (42.4 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total4,024Villages5Websiteivanivska-gromada.gov.ua
Ivanivka rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Іванівська територіальна громада, romanized: Ivanivska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Ivanivka. Its population is 4,024 (2022 estimate) Established on 17 July 2015.
Settlements
The hromada consists of 5 villages:
Hleshchava
Ivanivka
Ilavche
Lozivka
Sorotske
References
^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
^ ВВРУ, 2016, № 8, s. 19
^ Лист Тернопільської ОДА від 16 грудня 2020 року № 04-8690/42
vteAdministrative divisions of Ternopil OblastAdministrative center: TernopilRaions
Chortkiv
Kremenets
Ternopil
Hromadas
Baikivtsi
Berezhany
Bila
Bilche-Zolote
Bilobozhnytsia
Borshchiv
Borsuky
Buchach
Chortkiv
Hrymailiv
Husiatyn
Ivane-Puste
Ivanivka
Khorostkiv
Kolyndiany
Kopychyntsi
Koropets
Kozliv
Kozova
Kremenets
Kupchyntsi
Lanivtsi
Lopushne
Melnytsia-Podilska
Monastyryska
Mykulyntsi
Nahirianka
Naraiv
Ozerna
Pidhaitsi
Pidhorodne
Pidvolochysk
Pochaiv
Saranchuky
Shumsk
Skala-Podilska
Skalat
Skoryky
Terebovlia
Ternopil
Tovste
Trybukhivtsi
Vasylkivtsi
Velyka Berezovytsia
Velyki Birky
Velyki Dederkaly
Velyki Hayi
Vyshnivets
Zalishchyky
Zaliztsi
Zavodske
Zbarazh
Zboriv
Zolotnyky
Zolotyi Potik
Cities
Berezhany
Borshchiv
Buchach
Chortkiv
Khorostkiv
Kopychyntsi
Kremenets
Lanivtsi
Monastyryska
Pidhaitsi
Pochaiv
Shumsk
Skalat
Terebovlia
Ternopil
Zalishchyky
Zbarazh
Zboriv
Rural settlements | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"Ternopil Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternopil_Raion"},{"link_name":"Ternopil Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ivanivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivanivka,_Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua2022estimate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rural hromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineHromada in Ternopil Oblast, UkraineIvanivka rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Іванівська територіальна громада, romanized: Ivanivska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Ivanivka. Its population is 4,024 (2022 estimate)[1] Established on 17 July 2015.[2]","title":"Ivanivka rural hromada, Ternopil Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hleshchava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hleshchava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivanivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivanivka,_Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilavche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilavche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lozivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lozivka,_Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Raion,_Ternopil_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sorotske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorotske&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The hromada consists of 5 villages:[3]Hleshchava\nIvanivka\nIlavche\nLozivka\nSorotske","title":"Settlements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Oblast¶ms=49_16_28_N_25_49_8_E_region:UA_type:city(4024)","external_links_name":"49°16′28″N 25°49′8″E / 49.27444°N 25.81889°E / 49.27444; 25.81889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ivanivka_rural_hromada,_Ternopil_Oblast¶ms=49_16_28_N_25_49_8_E_region:UA_type:city(4024)","external_links_name":"49°16′28″N 25°49′8″E / 49.27444°N 25.81889°E / 49.27444; 25.81889"},{"Link":"https://ivanivska-gromada.gov.ua/","external_links_name":"ivanivska-gromada.gov.ua"},{"Link":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydovskoye,_Velikoustyugsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast | Davydovskoye, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaDavydovskoye
ДавыдовскоеVillageDavydovskoyeShow map of Vologda OblastDavydovskoyeShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°41′N 45°44′E / 60.683°N 45.733°E / 60.683; 45.733CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVelikoustyugsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Davydovskoye (Russian: Давыдовское) is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhneyerogodskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.
Geography
Davydovskoye is located 42 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Skoryatino is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Деревня Давыдовское на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Давыдовского до Великого Устюга
vteRural localities in Velikoustyugsky DistrictA-M
Afurino
Aksenovo
Aksenovsky Pochinok
Alexeyevskaya
Andronovo
Anokhinskoye
Antonovo
Antsiferovo
Antushevo
Aristovo
Arkhangelskaya Melnitsa
Bakharevo
Baranovo
Barsukovo
Bayushevskaya
Belaya
Belozerovo
Belozerovo (Rural Settlement)
Bereznikovo
Berezovka
Berezovo
Birichevo
Birichevo (Pokrovskoye Rural Settlement)
Birichevo (Ust-Alexeyevskoye Rural Settlement)
Blagoveshchenye
Bobrovnikovo
Bobykino
Bolshaya Sinega
Bolshaya Sloboda
Bolshiye Slobody
Bolshoy Dvor
Bolshoye Chebayevo
Bolshoye Kalikino
Bolshoye Voroshnino
Bolshoye Vostroye
Bolshoye Yamkino
Bolshoye Yesiplevo
Bor
Borovinka
Budrino
Bukhinino
Bukovo
Burlevo
Bushkovo
Buslayevo
Bykovo
Chernakovo
Chernevo
Chernyatino
Chernyshevo
Chuchery
Chyornaya
Davydovskoye
Demidovo
Demyanovo
Derevenka
Derevenka
Dernovo
Dudino
Energetik
Falaleyevo
Fominskaya
Fyodorovskaya
Fyodorovskoye
Galkino
Gavrino
Gerasimovo
Glyadkovo
Goltsovo
Gora
Gorbachevo
Gorbishchevo
Gorka (Krasavinskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka (Yudinskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka-Managorskaya
Goryayevo
Gribino
Grigoryevskoye
Grishino
Gruznishchevo
Ilatovskaya
Ilyinskoye
Isakovo
Ishutino
Istok
Ivashevo
Ivernevo
Izmarukhovo
Izoninskaya
Kalashovo
Kalikino
Kalinino
Karasovo
Kasyanka
Khimzavod
Khorkhorino
Kichuga
Klepikovo
Klimlevo
Klimovo
Kochurino
Kolpakovo
Konanovo
Konkovo
Konshevo
Kopylovo
Korobeynikovo
Korobovo
Korobovskoye
Korolyovo (Krasavino Rural Settlement)
Korolyovo (Pokrovskoye Rural Settlement)
Koshovo
Krasavino
Krasnoye Pole
Kremenye
Krivaya Beryoza
Kulakovo
Kulnevo
Kupriyanovo
Kurakino
Kurdenga
Kushalovo
Kuzminskaya Vystavka
Kuzminskoye
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This Velikoustyugsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Velikoustyugsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikoustyugsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Davydovskoye (Russian: Давыдовское) is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhneyerogodskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Davydovskoye, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veliky Ustyug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Ustyug"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Davydovskoye is located 42 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Skoryatino is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davydovskoye,_Velikoustyugsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast¶ms=60_41_N_45_44_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°41′N 45°44′E / 60.683°N 45.733°E / 60.683; 45.733"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/velikoustyugskiy-rayon/derevnya-davidovskoe/","external_links_name":"Деревня Давыдовское на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_davydovskoe-35_velikij-ustjug","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Давыдовского до Великого Устюга"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davydovskoye,_Velikoustyugsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse-Saint-Jean,_Quebec | L'Anse-Saint-Jean, Quebec | ["1 Kingdom of L'Anse-Saint-Jean","2 Gallery","3 References","3.1 Related articles","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°14′N 70°12′W / 48.233°N 70.200°W / 48.233; -70.200
Municipality in Quebec, CanadaL'Anse-Saint-JeanMunicipality
FlagL'Anse-Saint-JeanLocation in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean Quebec.Coordinates: 48°14′N 70°12′W / 48.233°N 70.200°W / 48.233; -70.200CountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionSaguenay–Lac-Saint-JeanRCMLe Fjord-du-SaguenaySettled1839ConstitutedJanuary 1, 1859Government • MayorLucien Martel • Federal ridingChicoutimi—Le Fjord • Prov. ridingDubucArea • Total530.20 km2 (204.71 sq mi) • Land512.57 km2 (197.90 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total1,208 • Density2.4/km2 (6/sq mi) • Pop (2006–11) 11.0% • Dwellings965Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Postal code(s)G0V 1J0Area codes418 and 581ClimateDfbWebsitewww.lanse-saint-jean.ca
L'Anse-Saint-Jean (French pronunciation: ), French for "The Cove of Saint John" is a municipality in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. Its population was 1208 in the Canada 2011 Census.
L'Anse-Saint-Jean was founded in 1838 by the Société des Vingt-et-un, a group of lumber prospectors and investors from Charlevoix which was responsible for opening up the Saguenay region to colonization.
The village achieved some fame in 1997 when its citizens voted in a referendum to declare the village a "municipal monarchy" as the Kingdom of L'Anse Saint Jean.
Kingdom of L'Anse-Saint-Jean
The village's citizens held a referendum on January 21, 1997, to turn the village into Le Royaume de L'Anse-Saint-Jean (the kingdom of L'Anse Saint Jean), the continent's first "municipal monarchy." The monarchists won 73.9% of the vote, with Denys Tremblay becoming King Denys I. The king was crowned on June 24, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, in the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and announced plans to build a "vegetable oratory," Saint-Jean-du-Millénaire (Saint John of the Millennium).
This micronational project was cheerfully conceded to be a way of boosting tourism in the region, which had been hit by the 1996 Saguenay Flood.
Denis I abdicated on 14 January 2000, bringing the purported kingdom to an end.
Gallery
View of the river
View of the marina
References
^ "Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 135547". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.
^ a b Ministère des Affaires municipales, des Régions et de l'Occupation du territoire - Répertoire des municipalités: L'Anse-Saint-Jean Archived 2015-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "L'Anse-Saint-Jean census profile". 2011 Census data. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
^ Gardinetti, R. Georges; Vézina, Valérie (2021). "Anachronistic Progressivism: Advancing Sovereignty through Monarchy - The story of the Kingdom of L'Anse-Saint-Jean" (PDF). Transformations (35): 52–64.
^ a b "Monarchie de l'Anse-St-Jean". Grand Quebec.
^ a b Boulianne, Guy. "Le Royaume de l'Anse-Saint-Jean, la première monarchie en Amérique". Guy Boulianne.
Related articles
Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality
Saint-Jean River, a watercourse
Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay, a controlled harvesting zone (zec)
Saint-Jean Bay, a bay
External links
Media related to L'Anse-Saint-Jean at Wikimedia Commons
(in French) Monarchy of L'Anse-Saint-Jean
Places adjacent to L'Anse-Saint-Jean, Quebec
Saguenay River / Mont-Valin
Rivière-ÉternitéLalemant
L'Anse-Saint-Jean
Petit-SaguenaySagard
Lac-Pikauba
Mont-Élie
vte Administrative divisions of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (Region 02)Regional county municipalitiesand equivalent territories
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This Quebec location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lɑ̃s sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada 2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2011_Census"},{"link_name":"Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix"}],"text":"Municipality in Quebec, CanadaL'Anse-Saint-Jean (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃s sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃]), French for \"The Cove of Saint John\" is a municipality in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama,_Ehime_Prefecture | Matsuyama | ["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring municipalities","2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Government","6 Economy","7 Education","7.1 Universities and colleges","7.2 Primary and secondary education","7.3 International schools","8 Transportation","8.1 Airports","8.2 Railways","8.3 Trams","8.4 Highways","8.5 Ports","9 Sister cities","10 Local attractions","11 Sports","12 Notable people from Matsuyama","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°50′N 132°46′E / 33.833°N 132.767°E / 33.833; 132.767For other uses, see Matsuyama (disambiguation).
Core city in Shikoku, JapanMatsuyama
松山市Core cityFrom top left:Dōgo Onsen Honkan, Stone monument of Shiki Masaoka, Matsuyama Castle, Botchan train, The gate of Ishite-ji, Iyotetsu Matsuyama-shi Station, Gintengai Street
FlagEmblemLocation of Matsuyama in Ehime PrefectureMatsuyamaLocation in JapanCoordinates: 33°50′N 132°46′E / 33.833°N 132.767°E / 33.833; 132.767CountryJapanRegionShikokuPrefectureEhimeGovernment • MayorKatsuhito Noshi (since December 2010)Area • Total429.35 km2 (165.77 sq mi)Population (October 1, 2022) • Total505,948 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)City hall address4-7-2 Nibanchō, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken 790-8571WebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsFlowerCamellia
Matsuyama City Hall
Ehime Prefectural Capital Building
A panoramic view of the city from Matsuyama Castle
Matsuyama (松山市, Matsuyama-shi, Japanese: ) is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, in Japan and is also Shikoku's largest city. As of 1 October 2022, the city had an estimated population of 505,948 in 243,541 households and a population density of 1200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 429.35 square kilometres (165.77 sq mi).
Geography
Matsuyama is located in central Ehime Prefecture, facing the Seto Inland Sea to the north, the mountains of the Takanawa Peninsula to the north and east, and the Saragamine Mountain Range, an extension of the Shikoku Mountains, to the south. It is located on the northeastern portion of the Dōgo Plain. The city also includes the Kutsuna Islands, an archipelago of 29 islands in the Seto Inland Sea.
Neighbouring municipalities
Ehime Prefecture
Tōon
Imabari
Tobe
Masaki
Kumakōgen
Climate
Matsuyama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa; Trewartha climate classification Cf) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, and is heavier from April to July as well as in September.
Climate data for Matsuyama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1890−present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
24.4(75.9)
24.5(76.1)
27.5(81.5)
31.1(88.0)
32.3(90.1)
35.6(96.1)
37.0(98.6)
37.4(99.3)
36.7(98.1)
33.3(91.9)
28.0(82.4)
25.2(77.4)
37.4(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10.2(50.4)
11.0(51.8)
14.4(57.9)
19.6(67.3)
24.2(75.6)
27.0(80.6)
31.2(88.2)
32.6(90.7)
29.1(84.4)
23.8(74.8)
18.1(64.6)
12.6(54.7)
21.1(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
6.2(43.2)
6.8(44.2)
9.9(49.8)
14.8(58.6)
19.4(66.9)
22.9(73.2)
27.1(80.8)
28.1(82.6)
24.6(76.3)
19.1(66.4)
13.6(56.5)
8.5(47.3)
16.8(62.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2.6(36.7)
2.8(37.0)
5.6(42.1)
10.3(50.5)
15.0(59.0)
19.4(66.9)
23.8(74.8)
24.6(76.3)
21.0(69.8)
15.1(59.2)
9.6(49.3)
4.8(40.6)
12.9(55.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−7.0(19.4)
−8.3(17.1)
−6.3(20.7)
−2.6(27.3)
1.4(34.5)
5.7(42.3)
14.3(57.7)
15.6(60.1)
9.1(48.4)
2.2(36.0)
−1.2(29.8)
−5.8(21.6)
−8.3(17.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
50.9(2.00)
65.7(2.59)
105.1(4.14)
107.3(4.22)
129.5(5.10)
228.7(9.00)
223.5(8.80)
99.0(3.90)
148.9(5.86)
113.0(4.45)
71.3(2.81)
61.8(2.43)
1,404.6(55.30)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(0.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
8.2
8.5
11.2
10.5
9.5
13.1
10.9
8.2
9.8
8.2
8.2
8.9
115.1
Average relative humidity (%)
63
63
63
62
64
73
72
70
70
68
67
65
67
Mean monthly sunshine hours
129.2
142.2
175.1
190.8
205.9
151.1
189.0
218.1
164.3
174.1
144.9
129.8
2,014.5
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Matsuyama has been increasing steadily since the 1940s.
Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 181,496— 1930 208,446+14.8% 1940 205,939−1.2% 1950 265,678+29.0% 1960 307,372+15.7% 1970 362,998+18.1% 1980 442,147+21.8% 1990 480,854+8.8% 2000 508,266+5.7% 2010 517,088+1.7% 2020 511,192−1.1%
History
The area of Uwajima was part of ancient Iyo Province. Dōgo Onsen was already famous in the Asuka period, and Shōtoku Taishi visited the spa in the year 596. It is also mentioned in passing in The Tale of Genji. At the end of the Heian period, Kōno Michinobu supported Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Heike clan during the Genpei War and was awarded with a position as shugo of Iyo Province. In the Muromachi period, the clan made their stronghold at Yuzuki Castle, near Dōgo Onsen, and developed the port of Mitsuhama to the west to link the area to Honshū and Kyūshū. The clan was conquered by Toyotomi Hideyoshi during his invasion of Shikoku, and later the area became part of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. A jōkamachi developed around Matsuyama Castle, and this is the core of the modern city. The city was established with the creation of the modern municipality system on December 15, 1889. The city was bombed on July 26, 1945, in the final stages of World War II, with 251 civilians killed and over 55% of the city area destroyed.
In the twentieth century, various mergers joined Matsuyama with neighboring towns of Dōgo, Mitsuhama, and other townships, aided by urban sprawl, creating a seamless modern city that now ranks as the largest in Shikoku. On October 1, 2018, Matsuyama absorbed the city of Hōjō, and town of Nakajima (from the former Onsen District).
Government
Matsuyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 42 members. Matsuyama, together with Kumakōgen, contributes 16 members to the Ehime Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is split between Ehime 1st district And Ehime 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Matsuyama is a major regional commercial center. Key industries include agriculture represented by mandarin oranges, tourism centered around Dōgo Onsen and Matsuyama Castle, and manufacturing centered on chemical fibers. Industrial areas spread along the coast near airports and harbors, including the Teijin Group's largest production base, and factories of Miura (boiler manufacturer), Iseki (tractor and engine equipment), Hatada Ichiroku (Japanese style confectionery), Poem, a food processing division of Pom (Ehime Drink Company), and the retailing companies Fuji and Daiki all have their headquarters in Matsuyama.
Education
Universities and colleges
Ehime University
Matsuyama Junior College
Matsuyama University
Matsuyama Shinonome College
St. Catherine University
Primary and secondary education
Matsuyama has 62 public elementary schools and 31 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has seven public high schools operated by the Ehime Prefectural Board of Education, including the Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Central Senior High School and the Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Higashi High School and two national high schools operated by Ehime University. There are two private combined middle/high schools and 11 private high schools. The prefecture also operates two special education schools for the handicapped.
International schools
Matsuyama has one Korean school (Chōsen gakkō), the Shikoku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (四国朝鮮初中級学校)
Transportation
Airports
Matsuyama Airport（MYJ）
Matsuyama Airport, with flights to Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, and various other cities.
Railways
Shikoku Railway Company - Yosan Line
Asanami - Ōura - Iyo-Hōjō - Yanagihara - Awai - Kōyōdai - Horie - Iyo-Wake - Mitsuhama - Matsuyama - Ichitsubo
Iyotetsu - Takahama Line
Takahama - Baishinji - Minatoyama - Mitsu - Yamanishi - Nishi-Kinuyama - Kinuyama - Komachi - Ōtemachi - Matsuyama City
Iyotetsu - Yokogawara Line
Matsuyama City - Ishitegawa Park - Iyo-Tachibana - Fukuonji - Kita-Kume - Kume - Takanoko - Hirai - Umenomoto
Iyotetsu - Gunchū Line
Matsuyama City - Dobashi - Doida - Yōgo - Kamata
Trams
Iyo Railway also operates a system of trams and buses that serve as the city's main modes of public transportation. Matsuyama is one of the few Japanese cities that did not do away with its original tram system, which has been continually operated since 1887.
Jōhoku Line: Komachi — Heiwadōri 1
Jōnan Line: Dōgo Onsen — Nishi-Horibata, Kamiichiman — Heiwadōri 1
Honmachi Line: Nishi-Horibata — Hommachi 6
Ōtemachi Line: Nishi-Horibata — JR Matsuyama Station — Komachi
Hanazono Line: Matsuyama City Station — Minami-Horibata
Highways
Matsuyama Expressway
National Route 11
National Route 33
National Route 56
National Route 196
National Route 317
National Route 379
National Route 437
National Route 196
Ports
Port of Matsuyama, with regular ferry service to Hiroshima and regular night ferries to Kobe, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyūshū, and several other destinations. Also, a hydrofoil service exists between Hiroshima and a few other destinations.
Sister cities
Matsuyama has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:
Sacramento, California, United States
Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, South Korea
Taipei, Taiwan, friendship city since 2016
Local attractions
Dōgo Onsen Honkan
Botchan Ressha at Dogo Station, Matsuyama
The city is known for its hot springs (onsen), among the oldest in Japan, and is home to the Dōgo Onsen Honkan, a Meiji Period wooden public bathhouse dating from 1894. A second favorite tourist spot is Matsuyama Castle. Eight of the eighty-eight temples in the Shikoku Pilgrimage are in Matsuyama.
Buddhist temples in Matsuyama include Ishite-ji (石手寺), Taisan-ji (太山寺), and Jōdo-ji (浄土寺), all dating back to the 8th century, although the oldest surviving buildings are from the early 14th century, as well as Hōgon-ji (宝厳寺), Taihō-ji (大宝寺) and Enmyō-ji (円明寺). Shrines of the city include Isaniwa Jinja (伊佐爾波神社), built in 1667.
The haiku poet Masaoka Shiki lived in Matsuyama. His house, now known as the Shiki-do, and a museum, the Shiki Memorial Museum, are popular attractions, and the centerpieces of the city's claim as a center of the international haiku movement. Other haiku poets associated with Matsuyama include Kurita Chodō, whose Kōshin-an was visited by Kobayashi Issa, Shiki's followers, Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigoto, and Taneda Santōka. Santoka's house, known as Isso-an, is also a tourist attraction and is periodically open to the public. The Matsuyama Declaration of 1999 proposed the formation of the International Haiku Research Center, and the first Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards were given in 2000. Recipients have included Yves Bonnefoy (2000), Cor van den Heuvel (2002) and Gary Snyder (2004).
The famed novel Botchan by Natsume Sōseki is set in Matsuyama. As a result, there are numerous sites and locales named after the main character, including Botchan Stadium, the Botchan Ressha (an antique train that runs on the city's tramway), and Botchan dango.
Matsuyama also figures in several works by Shiba Ryōtarō, notably his popular novel, Saka no Ue no Kumo (1969). In anticipation of the upcoming NHK Taiga drama adaptation of Saka no Ue no Kumo, a Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum was established in 2007.
Matsuyama was also the setting of a 1907 novel about the Russo-Japanese War, As the Hague Ordains, by American writer Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore. Matsuyama figures in the novel because the city housed a camp for Russian prisoners during the war. A Russian cemetery commemorates this important episode in Matsuyama history. The Russo-Japanese War is also remembered in Matsuyama because of the contributions of two Japanese military leaders, the Akiyama brothers, Akiyama Saneyuki and Akiyama Yoshifuru, who were born in the city.
Matsuyama has several important museums. The Museum of Art, Ehime is the city's main art museum, its collections emphasizing the works of regional artists. The Shiki Memorial Museum is a museum that focuses on the life and work of Masaoka Shiki, with special attention to his contribution to haiku. The Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum features exhibits connected with the novel and television series. There is a Juzo Itami museum dedicated to the film director.
Products (meibutsu) of Matsuyama include tarts and Botchan dango. In the 17th century, the lord of Matsuyama castle Sadayuki Matsudaira (松平定行) introduced the process of tart-making, originally brought to Japan by the Portuguese, to Matsuyama. At first it was a Castella with jam. According to legend Sadayuki made some changes, such as adding red bean paste. Now there are many kinds and makers of tarts in Matsuyama; some add yuzu paste or chestnut to the red bean paste. In addition to tarts, Botchan dango is also a product of Matsuyama. Botchan dango was named after the novel Botchan by Natsume Sōseki. It consists of three bean paste beads of three flavors, matcha, egg, and red bean paste. Within the paste is contained mochi.
Matsuyama is the site of a number of festivals, including the Dogo Festival, held in the spring, the Matsuyama Festival, held in August, and the Fall Festival, held in October, which features battling mikoshi.
Sports
The city is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, Ehime FC. The Ehime Mandarin Pirates also represent the city in the baseball Shikoku Island League Plus.
Notable people from Matsuyama
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See also: Category:People from Matsuyama, Ehime
Kenta Abe, baseball player
Akiyama Saneyuki, admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
Akiyama Yoshifuru, general in the Imperial Japanese Army
Kotomi Aoki, manga artist
Ryō Aono, snowboarder
Sidney Gulick, missionary
Harada Sanosuke, 10th unit captain of the Shinsengumi
Tomoko Honda, announcer
Ippen, Buddhist preacher
Juzo Itami, film director
Mansaku Itami, film director
Masaru Kageura, baseball player
Katō Yoshiaki, daimyō
Kurita Chodō, haiku poet
Chiaki Kusuhara, beach volleyball player
Loveli, fashion model and television personality
Kanako Murata, Professional mixed martial artist
Alan Shirahama, performer, actor, and DJ
Masaoka Shiki, poet
Hideki Matsuyama, golfer
Yōko Matsuyama, actress
Yasuyuki Muneta, judoka
Riki Nakaya, judoka
Kenzaburō Ōe, writer
Nathaniel Rosen, cellist
Mika Saiki, beach volleyball player
Koshiro Shimada, Figure Skater
Hisui Sugiura, graphic designer
Kyoshi Takahama, poet
Makoto Tamada, motorcycle racer
Tadao Tannaka, mathematician
Taneda Santōka, haiku poet
Toshirō Tomochika, football player and politician
Reiko Tosa, athlete
Tetsu Yano, writer
See also
Matsuyama tengu (Noh play)
Rakuzan ware (Ehime)
Songshan District, Taipei, named after Matsuyama
References
^ "Matsuyama city official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan.
^ Matsuyama climate data
^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ Matsuyama population statistics
^ "Company Outline." Iseki. Retrieved on March 31, 2018.
^ ウリハッキョ一覧. Chongryon. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.().
^ "Dogo Onsen".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matsuyama, Ehime.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Matsuyama.
Matsuyama City official website (in Japanese)
Matsuyama City official website (in English)
Sophia Club An NPO that creates a friendly environment for foreigners
Matsuyama Declaration
CityMayors.com city profile by Mayor Nakamura
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CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsuyama (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matsuyama_city_office_Ehime_prefecture_Japan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ehimekencho-20040417.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007-07-01_Matsuyama_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Castle_(Iyo)"},{"link_name":"[matsɯꜜjama]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Ehime Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matsuyama&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsuyama-hp-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Matsuyama (disambiguation).Core city in Shikoku, JapanMatsuyama City HallEhime Prefectural Capital BuildingA panoramic view of the city from Matsuyama CastleMatsuyama (松山市, Matsuyama-shi, Japanese: [matsɯꜜjama]) is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, in Japan and is also Shikoku's largest city. As of 1 October 2022[update], the city had an estimated population of 505,948 in 243,541 households and a population density of 1200 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the city is 429.35 square kilometres (165.77 sq mi).","title":"Matsuyama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Mountains"}],"text":"Matsuyama is located in central Ehime Prefecture, facing the Seto Inland Sea to the north, the mountains of the Takanawa Peninsula to the north and east, and the Saragamine Mountain Range, an extension of the Shikoku Mountains, to the south. It is located on the northeastern portion of the Dōgo Plain. The city also includes the Kutsuna Islands, an archipelago of 29 islands in the Seto Inland Sea.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Don,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Imabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imabari,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Tobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobe,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Masaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaki,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Kumakōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumak%C5%8Dgen,_Ehime"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"Ehime PrefectureTōon\nImabari\nTobe\nMasaki\nKumakōgen","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Matsuyama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa; Trewartha climate classification Cf) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, and is heavier from April to July as well as in September.[2]Climate data for Matsuyama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1890−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−8.3(17.1)\n\n−6.3(20.7)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−8.3(17.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n50.9(2.00)\n\n65.7(2.59)\n\n105.1(4.14)\n\n107.3(4.22)\n\n129.5(5.10)\n\n228.7(9.00)\n\n223.5(8.80)\n\n99.0(3.90)\n\n148.9(5.86)\n\n113.0(4.45)\n\n71.3(2.81)\n\n61.8(2.43)\n\n1,404.6(55.30)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1(0.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)\n\n8.2\n\n8.5\n\n11.2\n\n10.5\n\n9.5\n\n13.1\n\n10.9\n\n8.2\n\n9.8\n\n8.2\n\n8.2\n\n8.9\n\n115.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n63\n\n63\n\n63\n\n62\n\n64\n\n73\n\n72\n\n70\n\n70\n\n68\n\n67\n\n65\n\n67\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n129.2\n\n142.2\n\n175.1\n\n190.8\n\n205.9\n\n151.1\n\n189.0\n\n218.1\n\n164.3\n\n174.1\n\n144.9\n\n129.8\n\n2,014.5\n\n\nSource: Japan Meteorological Agency[3]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[4] the population of Matsuyama has been increasing steadily since the 1940s.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iyo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo_Province"},{"link_name":"Dōgo Onsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dgo_Onsen"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Shōtoku Taishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Yoritomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo"},{"link_name":"Heike clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_clan"},{"link_name":"Genpei War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpei_War"},{"link_name":"shugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugo"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Yuzuki Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuki_Castle"},{"link_name":"Mitsuhama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuhama"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Matsuyama Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-Matsuyama_Domain"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"jōkamachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dkamachi"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Castle_(Iyo)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"mergers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsen_District,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Dōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dgo_Onsen"},{"link_name":"Mitsuhama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuhama"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"Hōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Onsen District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsen_District,_Ehime"}],"text":"The area of Uwajima was part of ancient Iyo Province. Dōgo Onsen was already famous in the Asuka period, and Shōtoku Taishi visited the spa in the year 596. It is also mentioned in passing in The Tale of Genji. At the end of the Heian period, Kōno Michinobu supported Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Heike clan during the Genpei War and was awarded with a position as shugo of Iyo Province. In the Muromachi period, the clan made their stronghold at Yuzuki Castle, near Dōgo Onsen, and developed the port of Mitsuhama to the west to link the area to Honshū and Kyūshū. The clan was conquered by Toyotomi Hideyoshi during his invasion of Shikoku, and later the area became part of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. A jōkamachi developed around Matsuyama Castle, and this is the core of the modern city. The city was established with the creation of the modern municipality system on December 15, 1889. The city was bombed on July 26, 1945, in the final stages of World War II, with 251 civilians killed and over 55% of the city area destroyed.In the twentieth century, various mergers joined Matsuyama with neighboring towns of Dōgo, Mitsuhama, and other townships, aided by urban sprawl, creating a seamless modern city that now ranks as the largest in Shikoku. On October 1, 2018, Matsuyama absorbed the city of Hōjō, and town of Nakajima (from the former Onsen District).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Matsuyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 42 members. Matsuyama, together with Kumakōgen, contributes 16 members to the Ehime Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is split between Ehime 1st district And Ehime 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandarin oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_orange"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"Iseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseki"},{"link_name":"tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer"}],"text":"Matsuyama is a major regional commercial center. Key industries include agriculture represented by mandarin oranges, tourism centered around Dōgo Onsen and Matsuyama Castle, and manufacturing centered on chemical fibers. Industrial areas spread along the coast near airports and harbors, including the Teijin Group's largest production base, and factories of Miura (boiler manufacturer), Iseki (tractor and engine equipment),[5] Hatada Ichiroku (Japanese style confectionery), Poem, a food processing division of Pom (Ehime Drink Company), and the retailing companies Fuji and Daiki all have their headquarters in Matsuyama.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ehime University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_University"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_University"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Shinonome College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Shinonome_College"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine_University_(Japan)"}],"sub_title":"Universities and colleges","text":"Ehime University\nMatsuyama Junior College\nMatsuyama University\nMatsuyama Shinonome College\nSt. Catherine University","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Central Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Prefectural_Matsuyama_Central_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Higashi High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Prefectural_Matsuyama_Higashi_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary education","text":"Matsuyama has 62 public elementary schools and 31 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has seven public high schools operated by the Ehime Prefectural Board of Education, including the Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Central Senior High School and the Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Higashi High School and two national high schools operated by Ehime University. There are two private combined middle/high schools and 11 private high schools. The prefecture also operates two special education schools for the handicapped.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"四国朝鮮初中級学校","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%9A%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"International schools","text":"Matsuyama has one Korean school (Chōsen gakkō), the Shikoku Korean Elementary and Junior High School (四国朝鮮初中級学校)[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matsuyama_Airport_(MYJ)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"Matsuyama Airport（MYJ）Matsuyama Airport, with flights to Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, and various other cities.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(shikoku).svg"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Yosan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosan_Line"},{"link_name":"Asanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanami_Station"},{"link_name":"Ōura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cura_Station"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Hōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"Yanagihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagihara_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Awai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awai_Station"},{"link_name":"Kōyōdai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dy%C5%8Ddai_Station"},{"link_name":"Horie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horie_Station"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-Wake_Station"},{"link_name":"Mitsuhama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuhama_Station"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Ichitsubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichitsubo_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IYOTETSU_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Iyotetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyotetsu"},{"link_name":"Takahama Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahama_Line"},{"link_name":"Takahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahama_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Baishinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baishinji_Station"},{"link_name":"Minatoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatoyama_Station"},{"link_name":"Mitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsu_Station"},{"link_name":"Yamanishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanishi_Station"},{"link_name":"Nishi-Kinuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi-Kinuyama_Station"},{"link_name":"Kinuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinuyama_Station"},{"link_name":"Komachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komachi_Station"},{"link_name":"Ōtemachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctemachi_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_City_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IYOTETSU_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Iyotetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyotetsu"},{"link_name":"Yokogawara Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokogawara_Line"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_City_Station"},{"link_name":"Ishitegawa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishitegawa_Park_Station"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Tachibana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-Tachibana_Station"},{"link_name":"Fukuonji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuonji_Station"},{"link_name":"Kita-Kume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Kume_Station"},{"link_name":"Kume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kume_Station"},{"link_name":"Takanoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanoko_Station"},{"link_name":"Hirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirai_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Umenomoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umenomoto_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IYOTETSU_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Iyotetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyotetsu"},{"link_name":"Gunchū Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunch%C5%AB_Line"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_City_Station"},{"link_name":"Dobashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobashi_Station_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Doida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doida_Station"},{"link_name":"Yōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dgo_Station"},{"link_name":"Kamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamata_Station_(Ehime)"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Shikoku Railway Company - Yosan LineAsanami - Ōura - Iyo-Hōjō - Yanagihara - Awai - Kōyōdai - Horie - Iyo-Wake - Mitsuhama - Matsuyama - IchitsuboIyotetsu - Takahama LineTakahama - Baishinji - Minatoyama - Mitsu - Yamanishi - Nishi-Kinuyama - Kinuyama - Komachi - Ōtemachi - Matsuyama CityIyotetsu - Yokogawara LineMatsuyama City - Ishitegawa Park - Iyo-Tachibana - Fukuonji - Kita-Kume - Kume - Takanoko - Hirai - UmenomotoIyotetsu - Gunchū LineMatsuyama City - Dobashi - Doida - Yōgo - Kamata","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Jōhoku Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dhoku_Line_(Iyotetsu)"},{"link_name":"Jōnan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dnan_Line"},{"link_name":"Honmachi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honmachi_Line"},{"link_name":"Ōtemachi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctemachi_Line"},{"link_name":"Hanazono Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanazono_Line"}],"sub_title":"Trams","text":"Iyo Railway also operates a system of trams and buses that serve as the city's main modes of public transportation. Matsuyama is one of the few Japanese cities that did not do away with its original tram system, which has been continually operated since 1887.Jōhoku Line: Komachi — Heiwadōri 1\nJōnan Line: Dōgo Onsen — Nishi-Horibata, Kamiichiman — Heiwadōri 1\nHonmachi Line: Nishi-Horibata — Hommachi 6\nŌtemachi Line: Nishi-Horibata — JR Matsuyama Station — Komachi\nHanazono Line: Matsuyama City Station — Minami-Horibata","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsuyama Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_11"},{"link_name":"National Route 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_33"},{"link_name":"National Route 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_56"},{"link_name":"National Route 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_196"},{"link_name":"National Route 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_317"},{"link_name":"National Route 379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_379"},{"link_name":"National Route 437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_437"},{"link_name":"National Route 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_196"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"Matsuyama Expressway\n National Route 11\n National Route 33\n National Route 56\n National Route 196\n National Route 317\n National Route 379\n National Route 437\n National Route 196","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Matsuyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokurakita-ku,_Kitaky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"}],"sub_title":"Ports","text":"Port of Matsuyama, with regular ferry service to Hiroshima and regular night ferries to Kobe, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyūshū, and several other destinations. Also, a hydrofoil service exists between Hiroshima and a few other destinations.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"Sister Cities International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Cities_International"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Pyeongtaek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongtaek"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"Matsuyama has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:Sacramento, California, United States\n Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany\n Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, South Korea\n Taipei, Taiwan, friendship city since 2016","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogo_Hot_Spring5(Matsuyama_City).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogo-station2004-7-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs"},{"link_name":"onsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsen"},{"link_name":"Dōgo Onsen Honkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dgo_Onsen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Matsuyama Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Castle_(Iyo)"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Ishite-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishite-ji"},{"link_name":"Taisan-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisan-ji_(Matsuyama)"},{"link_name":"Jōdo-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-ji_(Matsuyama)"},{"link_name":"Hōgon-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dgon-ji_(Matsuyama)"},{"link_name":"Taihō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taih%C5%8D-ji_(Matsuyama)"},{"link_name":"Enmyō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmy%C5%8D-ji_(Matsuyama)"},{"link_name":"Isaniwa Jinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaniwa_Jinja"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"Masaoka Shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki"},{"link_name":"Shiki-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiki-do&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shiki Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiki_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kurita Chodō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurita_Chod%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kōshin-an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin-an"},{"link_name":"Kobayashi Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayashi_Issa"},{"link_name":"Takahama Kyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahama_Kyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kawahigashi Hekigoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawahigashi_Hekigoto"},{"link_name":"Taneda Santōka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneda_Sant%C5%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki_International_Haiku_Awards"},{"link_name":"Yves Bonnefoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy"},{"link_name":"Cor van den Heuvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_van_den_Heuvel"},{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Botchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botchan"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Botchan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botchan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Botchan Ressha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botchan_Ressha"},{"link_name":"dango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dango"},{"link_name":"Shiba Ryōtarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiba_Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Saka no Ue no Kumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Taiga drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga_drama"},{"link_name":"adaptation of Saka no Ue no Kumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo_Museum"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Ruhamah_Scidmore"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Akiyama Saneyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyama_Saneyuki"},{"link_name":"Akiyama Yoshifuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyama_Yoshifuru"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Art, Ehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Art,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Shiki Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiki_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Masaoka Shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_no_Ue_no_Kumo_Museum"},{"link_name":"Juzo Itami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzo_Itami"},{"link_name":"meibutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meibutsu"},{"link_name":"tarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tart"},{"link_name":"dango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dango"},{"link_name":"Castella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castella"},{"link_name":"red bean paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_bean_paste"},{"link_name":"yuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzu"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Botchan dango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botchan_dango&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Botchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botchan"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"matcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matcha"},{"link_name":"mochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochi_(food)"},{"link_name":"mikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoshi"}],"text":"Dōgo Onsen HonkanBotchan Ressha at Dogo Station, MatsuyamaThe city is known for its hot springs (onsen), among the oldest in Japan, and is home to the Dōgo Onsen Honkan, a Meiji Period wooden public bathhouse dating from 1894.[7] A second favorite tourist spot is Matsuyama Castle. Eight of the eighty-eight temples in the Shikoku Pilgrimage are in Matsuyama.Buddhist temples in Matsuyama include Ishite-ji (石手寺), Taisan-ji (太山寺), and Jōdo-ji (浄土寺), all dating back to the 8th century, although the oldest surviving buildings are from the early 14th century, as well as Hōgon-ji (宝厳寺), Taihō-ji (大宝寺) and Enmyō-ji (円明寺). Shrines of the city include Isaniwa Jinja (伊佐爾波神社), built in 1667.The haiku poet Masaoka Shiki lived in Matsuyama. His house, now known as the Shiki-do, and a museum, the Shiki Memorial Museum, are popular attractions, and the centerpieces of the city's claim as a center of the international haiku movement. Other haiku poets associated with Matsuyama include Kurita Chodō, whose Kōshin-an was visited by Kobayashi Issa, Shiki's followers, Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigoto, and Taneda Santōka. Santoka's house, known as Isso-an, is also a tourist attraction and is periodically open to the public. The Matsuyama Declaration of 1999 proposed the formation of the International Haiku Research Center, and the first Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards were given in 2000. Recipients have included Yves Bonnefoy (2000), Cor van den Heuvel (2002) and Gary Snyder (2004).The famed novel Botchan by Natsume Sōseki is set in Matsuyama. As a result, there are numerous sites and locales named after the main character, including Botchan Stadium, the Botchan Ressha (an antique train that runs on the city's tramway), and Botchan dango.Matsuyama also figures in several works by Shiba Ryōtarō, notably his popular novel, Saka no Ue no Kumo [Clouds Above the Hill] (1969). In anticipation of the upcoming NHK Taiga drama adaptation of Saka no Ue no Kumo, a Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum was established in 2007.Matsuyama was also the setting of a 1907 novel about the Russo-Japanese War, As the Hague Ordains, by American writer Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore. Matsuyama figures in the novel because the city housed a camp for Russian prisoners during the war. A Russian cemetery commemorates this important episode in Matsuyama history. The Russo-Japanese War is also remembered in Matsuyama because of the contributions of two Japanese military leaders, the Akiyama brothers, Akiyama Saneyuki and Akiyama Yoshifuru, who were born in the city.Matsuyama has several important museums. The Museum of Art, Ehime is the city's main art museum, its collections emphasizing the works of regional artists. The Shiki Memorial Museum is a museum that focuses on the life and work of Masaoka Shiki, with special attention to his contribution to haiku. The Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum features exhibits connected with the novel and television series. There is a Juzo Itami museum dedicated to the film director.Products (meibutsu) of Matsuyama include tarts and Botchan dango. In the 17th century, the lord of Matsuyama castle Sadayuki Matsudaira (松平定行) introduced the process of tart-making, originally brought to Japan by the Portuguese, to Matsuyama. At first it was a Castella with jam. According to legend Sadayuki made some changes, such as adding red bean paste. Now there are many kinds and makers of tarts in Matsuyama; some add yuzu paste or chestnut to the red bean paste. In addition to tarts, Botchan dango is also a product of Matsuyama. Botchan dango was named after the novel Botchan by Natsume Sōseki. It consists of three bean paste beads of three flavors, matcha, egg, and red bean paste. Within the paste is contained mochi.Matsuyama is the site of a number of festivals, including the Dogo Festival, held in the spring, the Matsuyama Festival, held in August, and the Fall Festival, held in October, which features battling mikoshi.","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Ehime FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_FC"},{"link_name":"Ehime Mandarin Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Mandarin_Pirates"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Island League Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Island_League_Plus"}],"text":"The city is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, Ehime FC. The Ehime Mandarin Pirates also represent the city in the baseball Shikoku Island League Plus.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Matsuyama, Ehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Matsuyama,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Kenta Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenta_Abe"},{"link_name":"Akiyama Saneyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyama_Saneyuki"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Akiyama Yoshifuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiyama_Yoshifuru"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Kotomi Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotomi_Aoki"},{"link_name":"Ryō Aono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Aono"},{"link_name":"Sidney Gulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gulick"},{"link_name":"Harada Sanosuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harada_Sanosuke"},{"link_name":"Shinsengumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsengumi"},{"link_name":"Tomoko Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Honda"},{"link_name":"Ippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippen"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Juzo Itami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzo_Itami"},{"link_name":"Mansaku Itami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansaku_Itami"},{"link_name":"Masaru Kageura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru_Kageura"},{"link_name":"Katō Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kurita Chodō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurita_Chod%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Chiaki Kusuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaki_Kusuhara"},{"link_name":"Loveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveli"},{"link_name":"Kanako Murata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanako_Murata"},{"link_name":"Alan Shirahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shirahama"},{"link_name":"Masaoka Shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki"},{"link_name":"Hideki Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Matsuyama"},{"link_name":"Yōko Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Matsuyama"},{"link_name":"Yasuyuki Muneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuyuki_Muneta"},{"link_name":"Riki Nakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Nakaya"},{"link_name":"Kenzaburō Ōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Mika Saiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Saiki"},{"link_name":"Koshiro Shimada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshiro_Shimada"},{"link_name":"Hisui Sugiura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisui_Sugiura"},{"link_name":"Kyoshi Takahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoshi_Takahama"},{"link_name":"Makoto Tamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Tamada"},{"link_name":"Tadao Tannaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Tannaka"},{"link_name":"Taneda Santōka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneda_Sant%C5%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Toshirō Tomochika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshir%C5%8D_Tomochika"},{"link_name":"Reiko Tosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Tosa"},{"link_name":"Tetsu Yano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Yano"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Matsuyama, EhimeKenta Abe, baseball player\nAkiyama Saneyuki, admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy\nAkiyama Yoshifuru, general in the Imperial Japanese Army\nKotomi Aoki, manga artist\nRyō Aono, snowboarder\nSidney Gulick, missionary\nHarada Sanosuke, 10th unit captain of the Shinsengumi\nTomoko Honda, announcer\nIppen, Buddhist preacher\nJuzo Itami, film director\nMansaku Itami, film director\nMasaru Kageura, baseball player\nKatō Yoshiaki, daimyō\nKurita Chodō, haiku poet\nChiaki Kusuhara, beach volleyball player\nLoveli, fashion model and television personality\nKanako Murata, Professional mixed martial artist\nAlan Shirahama, performer, actor, and DJ\nMasaoka Shiki, poet\nHideki Matsuyama, golfer\nYōko Matsuyama, actress\nYasuyuki Muneta, judoka\nRiki Nakaya, judoka\nKenzaburō Ōe, writer\nNathaniel Rosen, cellist\nMika Saiki, beach volleyball player\nKoshiro Shimada, Figure Skater\nHisui Sugiura, graphic designer\nKyoshi Takahama, poet\nMakoto Tamada, motorcycle racer\nTadao Tannaka, mathematician\nTaneda Santōka, haiku poet\nToshirō Tomochika, football player and politician\nReiko Tosa, athlete\nTetsu Yano, writer","title":"Notable people from Matsuyama"}] | [{"image_text":"Matsuyama City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Matsuyama_city_office_Ehime_prefecture_Japan.jpg/270px-Matsuyama_city_office_Ehime_prefecture_Japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ehime Prefectural Capital Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ehimekencho-20040417.JPG/270px-Ehimekencho-20040417.JPG"},{"image_text":"A panoramic view of the city from Matsuyama Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2007-07-01_Matsuyama_Panorama.jpg/270px-2007-07-01_Matsuyama_Panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matsuyama Airport（MYJ）","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Matsuyama_Airport_%28MYJ%29_2.jpg/220px-Matsuyama_Airport_%28MYJ%29_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dōgo Onsen Honkan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dogo_Hot_Spring5%28Matsuyama_City%29.JPG/220px-Dogo_Hot_Spring5%28Matsuyama_City%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Botchan Ressha at Dogo Station, Matsuyama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogo-station2004-7-3.jpg/220px-Dogo-station2004-7-3.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Matsuyama tengu (Noh play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_tengu"},{"title":"Rakuzan ware (Ehime)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuzan_ware_(Ehime)"},{"title":"Songshan District, Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songshan_District,_Taipei"}] | [{"reference":"\"Matsuyama city official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/shisei/tokei/toukei2.html","url_text":"\"Matsuyama city official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"気象庁 / 平���値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=73&block_no=47887&year=&month=12&day=&view=h0","url_text":"気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"}]},{"reference":"ウリハッキョ一覧. Chongryon. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html","url_text":"ウリハッキョ一覧"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongryon","url_text":"Chongryon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726160235/http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dogo Onsen\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e5502.html","url_text":"\"Dogo Onsen\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Matsuyama¶ms=33_50_N_132_46_E_region:JP-38_type:city(505948)","external_links_name":"33°50′N 132°46′E / 33.833°N 132.767°E / 33.833; 132.767"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Matsuyama¶ms=33_50_N_132_46_E_region:JP-38_type:city(505948)","external_links_name":"33°50′N 132°46′E / 33.833°N 132.767°E / 33.833; 132.767"},{"Link":"http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/lang/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matsuyama&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matsuyama&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/shisei/tokei/toukei2.html","external_links_name":"\"Matsuyama city official statistics\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/ehime-prefecture/matsuyama-2015/","external_links_name":"Matsuyama climate data"},{"Link":"https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=73&block_no=47887&year=&month=12&day=&view=h0","external_links_name":"気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-ehime.php","external_links_name":"Matsuyama population statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.iseki.co.jp/english/company/profile/","external_links_name":"Company Outline"},{"Link":"http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html","external_links_name":"ウリハッキョ一覧"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726160235/http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e5502.html","external_links_name":"\"Dogo Onsen\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/","external_links_name":"Matsuyama City official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918121655/http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/lang/en/","external_links_name":"Matsuyama City official website"},{"Link":"http://www.sophia-club.net/en/en_index.html","external_links_name":"Sophia Club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020626093712/http://ecf.or.jp/shiki/1999/dec7.html","external_links_name":"Matsuyama Declaration"},{"Link":"http://www.citymayors.com/economics/matsuyama.html","external_links_name":"CityMayors.com city profile by Mayor Nakamura"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212991/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404051446","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159454620","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4338533-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557205305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81042575","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00263620","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge689259&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/9da2ced9-99c1-44ad-b4b2-94fc8075476a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0103682X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis,_New_York | Port Jervis, New York | ["1 History","1.1 Coming of the railroad","1.2 Lynching and Racist incidents","1.3 Geological history","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Points of interest","4.1 State line monuments","5 Transportation","6 Government","7 Education","8 Media","9 Notable people","10 Gallery","11 References","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°22′N 74°41′W / 41.367°N 74.683°W / 41.367; -74.683
City in New York, United StatesPort JervisCityView of Port Jervis, taken from Elks-Brox Park
SealMotto: Gateway to the Upper Delaware RiverInteractive map of Port JervisCoordinates: 41°22′N 74°41′W / 41.367°N 74.683°W / 41.367; -74.683Country United StatesStateNew YorkCountyOrangeSettled1690; 334 years ago (1690)Incorporated (village)1853; 171 years ago (1853)Incorporated (city)1907; 117 years ago (1907)Named forJohn B. JervisGovernment • TypeMayor–council • MayorDominic Cicalese (R) • Councilman at LargeMichael Hockenberry (R)Area • Total2.70 sq mi (7.00 km2) • Land2.53 sq mi (6.55 km2) • Water0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2) 6.64%Elevation400 ft (122 m)Population (2020) • Total8,775 • Density3,468.38/sq mi (1,339.24/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code12771Area code845FIPS code36-59388GNIS feature ID0960971Websitewww.portjervisny.gov
Port Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and Delaware rivers in western Orange County, New York, United States, north of the Delaware Water Gap. Its population was 8,775 at the 2020 census. The communities of Deerpark, Huguenot, Sparrowbush, and Greenville are adjacent to Port Jervis. Matamoras, Pennsylvania, is across the river and connected by the Mid-Delaware Bridge. Montague Township, New Jersey, also borders the city. The Tri-States Monument, marking the tripoint between New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, lies at the southwestern corner of the city.
Port Jervis was part of early industrial history, a point for shipping coal to major markets to the southeast by canal and later by railroads. Its residents had long-distance passenger service by railroad until 1970. The restructuring of railroads resulted in a decline in the city's business and economy.
In the 21st century, from late spring to early fall, many thousands of travelers and tourists pass through Port Jervis on their way to enjoying rafting, kayaking, canoeing and other activities in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River and the surrounding area.
Port Jervis is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area. In August 2008, Port Jervis was named one of "Ten Coolest Small Towns" by Budget Travel magazine.
History
The first fully developed European settlement in the area was established by Dutch and English colonists c.1690, and a land grant of 1,200 acres (490 ha) was formalized on October 14, 1697. The settlement was originally known as Mahackamack, after a Lenape word. It was raided and burned in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, by British and Mohawk forces under the command of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant before the Battle of Minisink. Over the next two decades, residents rebuilt the settlement. They developed more roadways to better connect Mahackamack with the eastern parts of Orange County.
After the Delaware and Hudson Canal was opened in 1828, providing transportation of coal from northeastern Pennsylvania to New York and New England via the Hudson River, trade attracted money and further development to the area. A village was incorporated on May 11, 1853. It was renamed as Port Jervis in the mid-19th century, after John Bloomfield Jervis, chief engineer of the D&H Canal. Port Jervis grew steadily into the 1900s, and on July 26, 1907, it became a city.
The Erie Depot, built in 1892, was the largest station on the Erie Railroad's Delaware Division. The Erie ceased long-distance passenger service in 1970. The depot was recently restored and houses some retail shops.
Coming of the railroad
The first rail line to run through Port Jervis was the New York & Erie Railroad, which in 1832 was chartered to run from Piermont, New York, on the Hudson River in Rockland County, to Lake Erie. Ground was broken in 1835, but construction was delayed by a nationwide financial panic, and did not start again until 1838. The line was completed in 1851, and the first passenger train – with President Millard Fillmore and former United States Senator Daniel Webster on board – came through the city on May 14. The railroad went through a number of name changes, becoming the Erie Railroad in 1897.
A second railroad, the Port Jervis and Monticello Railroad, later leased to the New York, Ontario and Western Railway (O&W), opened in 1868, running northeast out of the city, and eventually connecting to Kingston, New York, Weehawken, New Jersey and eastern connections.
Like the D&H Canal, the railroads brought new prosperity to Port Jervis in the form of increased trade and investment in the community from the outside. However, the competition by the railroad, which could deliver products faster, hastened the decline of the canal, which ceased operation in 1898. The railroads were the basis of the city's economy for the coming decades. Port Jervis became Erie's division center between Jersey City, New Jersey and Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and by 1922, 20 passenger trains went through the city every day. More than 2,500 Erie RR employees made their homes there.
The railroads began to decline after the Great Depression. A shift in transportation accelerated after World War II with the federal subsidy of the Interstate Highway System and increased competition from trucking companies. One of the first Class I railroads to shut down was the O&W, on March 29, 1957, leaving Port Jervis totally reliant on the Erie. A few years later, in 1960, the Erie, also on a shaky financial footing, merged with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna. Railroad restructuring continued and in 1976, the Erie Lackawana became part of Conrail, along with a number of other struggling railroads, such as the Penn Central. Since the breakup of Conrail, the trackage around Port Jervis has been controlled by Norfolk Southern. The decline of the railroads was an economic blow to Port Jervis. The city has struggled to find a new economic basis.
Lynching and Racist incidents
On June 2, 1892, Robert Lewis, an African American, was lynched, hanged on Main Street in Port Jervis by a mob after being accused of participation in an assault on a white woman. A grand jury indicted nine people for assault and rioting rather than Lewis's lynching. Some literary critics argue that this event influenced Stephen Crane's 1898 novella The Monster. Crane lived in Port Jervis from 1878 until 1883 and frequently visited the area from 1891 to 1897.
In the mid-1920s some residents in the area formed a Ku Klux Klan chapter, in the period of the KKK's early 20th-century revival. They burned crosses on Point Peter, the mountain peak that overlooks the city.
A view of Port Jervis showing the Mid-Delaware Bridge to Matamoras, Pennsylvania on the far right and New Jersey's High Point on the Kittatinny Ridge on the far left
The parade on July 14, 2007, celebrating the 100th year as a city
Geological history
The city's location at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers has made it subject to occasional flooding. There was flooding during the 1955 Hurricane Diane, and a flood-related rumor started a panic in the population. This incident was studied and a 1958 report issued by the National Research Council: "The Effects of a Threatening Rumor on a Disaster-Stricken Community".
In addition to the rivers having flooded during periods of heavy rainfall, at times ice jams have effectively dammed the Delaware, also causing flooding. In 1875 ice floes destroyed the bridge to Matamoras, Pennsylvania. In 1981 a large ice floe resulted in the highest water crest measured to date at the National Weather Service's Matamoras river gauge 26.6 feet (8.1 m).
View of Port Jervis from High Point, New Jersey
Geography
Port Jervis is located on the north bank of the Delaware River at the confluence where the Neversink River – the Delaware's largest tributary – empties into the larger river. Port Jervis is connected by the Mid-Delaware Bridge across the Delaware to Matamoras, Pennsylvania.
From here the Delaware flows to the southwest, running parallel to Kittatinny Ridge until reaching the Delaware Water Gap. It heads southeastward, continuing past New Hope, Pennsylvania and Lambertville, New Jersey; and the New Jersey capital, Trenton; to Philadelphia, and the Delaware Bay.
Port Jervis is also home to the tri-point between New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (6.64%) is water.
Climate
Port Jervis has a Humid Continental Climate (Köppen Dfb) with relatively hot summers and cold winters. It receives approximately 47.18 inches (1,198 mm) of precipitation per year, most of which occurs in the late spring in early summer. Extremes range from −26 °F (−32 °C) on January 14, 1912, to 105 °F (40.5 °C) on July 9, 1936.
Climate data for Port Jervis, New York 1991–2022 normals, extremes 1893–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
71(22)
75(24)
88(31)
96(36)
98(37)
102(39)
105(41)
103(39)
103(39)
93(34)
85(29)
73(23)
105(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
33.9(1.1)
37.3(2.9)
46.2(7.9)
60.1(15.6)
71.3(21.8)
78.8(26.0)
83.6(28.7)
81.4(27.4)
73.8(23.2)
61.8(16.6)
49.4(9.7)
38.5(3.6)
59.7(15.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)
24.9(−3.9)
27.1(−2.7)
35.4(1.9)
47.4(8.6)
58.4(14.7)
66.9(19.4)
71.8(22.1)
69.8(21.0)
62.4(16.9)
50.7(10.4)
39.7(4.3)
30.4(−0.9)
48.7(9.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
16.0(−8.9)
17.0(−8.3)
24.5(−4.2)
34.7(1.5)
45.6(7.6)
55.0(12.8)
60.0(15.6)
58.3(14.6)
51.0(10.6)
39.6(4.2)
30.1(−1.1)
22.8(−5.1)
37.8(3.2)
Record low °F (°C)
−26(−32)
−20(−29)
−9(−23)
8(−13)
21(−6)
34(1)
39(4)
33(1)
21(−6)
15(−9)
1(−17)
−20(−29)
−26(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.07(78)
2.63(67)
3.66(93)
3.78(96)
3.58(91)
4.72(120)
4.72(120)
4.64(118)
4.54(115)
4.67(119)
3.27(83)
3.90(99)
47.18(1,198)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.6
8.6
11.9
16.1
16.7
15.1
15.7
13.7
11.5
11.7
9.4
11.5
150.5
Source: NOAA
Weather Atlas
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18706,377—18808,67836.1%18909,3277.5%19009,3850.6%19109,5641.9%192010,1716.3%193010,2430.7%19409,749−4.8%19509,372−3.9%19609,268−1.1%19708,852−4.5%19808,699−1.7%19909,0604.1%20008,860−2.2%20108,828−0.4%20208,775−0.6%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,860 people, 3,533 households, and 2,158 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,500/sq mi (1,300/km2). There were 3,851 housing units at an average density of 1,500/sq mi (590/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.4% White, 8.2% African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.19% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5% of the population.
There were 3,533 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.15.
The Deerpark Reformed Church on East Main Street was originally organized in 1737, making it the oldest congregation in the area. The current building dates from 1838.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,241, and the median income for a family was $35,481. Males had a median income of $31,851 versus $22,274 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,525. About 14.2% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.5% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.
Points of interest
State line monuments
Main article: Tri-States Monument
Overlooking the Tri-States Monument at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers from the Witness Monument
Port Jervis lies near the points where the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania come together. South of the Laurel Grove Cemetery, under the viaduct for Interstate 84, are two monuments marking the boundaries between the three states.
The larger monument is a granite pillar inscribed "Witness Monument". It is not on any boundary itself, but instead is a witness for two boundary points. On the north side (New York), it references the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania that is located in the center of the Delaware River 475 feet (145 m) due west of the Tri-State Rock. On the south side (New Jersey), it references the Tri-State Rock 72.25 feet (22.02 m) to the south.
The smaller monument, the Tri-States Monument, also known as the Tri-State Rock, marks both the northwest end of the New Jersey and New York boundary and the north end of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania boundary. It is a small granite block with inscribed lines marking the boundaries of the three states and a bronze United States Coast and Geodetic Survey marker. Both monuments were erected in 1882.
Transportation
Port Jervis station, which serves as the terminus of Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis Line
US 6, U.S. Route 209, New York State Route 42, and New York State Route 97 (the "Upper Delaware Scenic Byway") pass through Port Jervis. Interstate 84 passes to the south.
Port Jervis is the last stop on the 95-mile-long (153 km) Port Jervis Line, which is a commuter railroad service from Hoboken, New Jersey and New York City (via a Secaucus Transfer) that is contracted to NJ Transit by the Metro-North Railroad of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The track itself continues on to Binghamton and Buffalo, but passenger service west of Port Jervis was discontinued in November 1966.
Short Line provides bus service between Honesdale, Pennsylvania, Port Jervis, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal.
Government
Port Jervis City Hall
Port Jervis is governed by a mayor and a city council under a mayor–council government system. The city council has nine members: a councilman-at-large and eight members elected from wards. The city comprises four wards, residents of which elect two council members each for two year terms. The mayor and councilman-at-large are elected at large for two year terms. Elections are held in odd number years. Terms of office begin on January 1.
Representation in the state legislature is split between Democrats and Republicans. The city is located in the 98th Assembly district, currently represented by Republican Karl Brabenec. Democrat James Skoufis represents the city in the state senate as part of the 42nd district.
Port Jervis is a part of New York's 18th congressional district, represented by Democrat Pat Ryan. Senators Charles Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand represent all of New York in the U.S. Senate, including the city.
City council
Seat
Member
Party
Took office
Councilman-at-large
Michael Hockenberry
Republican
January 1, 2024
Councilman (ward 1)
Jason Vicchiariello
Republican
January 1, 2024
Councilman (ward 1)
Colin O'Connell
Republican
January 1, 2024
Councilman (ward 2)
Misty Fuller
Republican
January 1, 2022
Councilman (ward 2)
Maria Mann
Republican
January 1, 2018
Councilman (ward 3)
Jeffrey Rhoades
Republican
January 1, 2024
Councilman (ward 3)
Vacant
Councilman (ward 4)
Jacqueline Dennison
Democratic
January 1, 2024
Councilman (ward 4)
Stanley Siegel
Democratic
January 1, 2024
Port Jervis Middle School, in the Port Jervis city limits
Education
Port Jervis City School District operates public schools serving Port Jervis. The area elementary school, Anna S. Kuhl Elementary School, is in Deerpark but with a Port Jervis postal address. Port Jervis Middle School is in Port Jervis. Port Jervis High School is also in Deerpark but with a Port Jervis postal address. Kuhl and Port Jervis High are on the same property.
Media
On July 4, 1953, WDLC at 1490 on the AM dial signed-on. Co-owned. The station also can receive WSPK-FM K104.7 and WRRV on 92.7.
Notable people
Notable current and former residents of Port Jervis include:
Frank Abbott, Mayor of Port Jervis from 1874 to 1876
Ed and Lou Banach, University of Iowa wrestlers, NCAA All-Americans and NCAA Champions, 1984 Summer Olympics gold medalists in freestyle wrestling, lived in Port Jervis and graduated from Port Jervis Senior High School.
William Stiles Bennet (1870–1962), U.S. representative for New York's 17th congressional district from 1905 to 1911 and New York's 23rd congressional district from 1915 to 1917.
Daniel Cohen, children's book author
Stephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage, lived in Port Jervis between the ages 6–11 and frequently visited and wrote there from 1891 to early 1897.
William Howe Crane (1854–1926), older brother of Stephen Crane, lived and practiced law in Port Jervis for many years.
Stefanie Dolson, basketball player for the New York Liberty and formerly of the Connecticut Huskies Women's Basketball team, was born in Port Jervis. She was a high school standout at nearby Minisink Valley High School, where she was a McDonald's All-American and won multiple National Championships with Connecticut.
Samuel Fowler (1851–1919) represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1893 to 1895.
E. Arthur Gray (1925–2006) was the longest-serving mayor of Port Jervis and was later a New York State Senator. The Port Jervis United States Post Office building is dedicated in his name.
Benjamin Hafner (March 24, 1821–spring 1899), known as "The Flying Dutchman" and "Uncle Ben", was an American locomotive engineer who worked for the Erie Railway.
Albert Hammond Jr., (1980–), musician and music producer best known as a guitarist of The Strokes. His One Way Studio in the area is where much of the albums Angles and Comedown Machine were recorded, among others.
Bucky Harris, Baseball player/manager and Hall of Famer; born in Port Jervis.
The Kalin Twins, Hal (1934–2005) and Herbie (1934–2006), were one hit wonders whose record "When" made the top 5 in the U.S. and was number one for five weeks in the U.K. in 1958.
Francis Marvin (1828–1905), U.S. representative for New York's 17th congressional district from 1893 to 1895.
William C. Norris (1926-), a major general who served in the United States Air Force from 1945 to 1980.
Amar'e Stoudemire (1982–), former professional basketball player for the New York Knicks. Lived in Port Jervis for a duration of grade school and middle school. It is said that this is where he played basketball at local parks and first fell in love with the sport of basketball.
Hudson Van Etten, Medal of Honor recipient, was born in Port Jervis.
Gallery
The E. Arthur Gray Post Office, on the NRHP
The Free Library, a Carnegie library built in 1903
The largest working rail turntable in the U.S. is in Port Jervis
One of the many Victorian style houses in the city
Fort Decker (1793), the oldest building in the city
A view of many small businesses on Front St
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b "Minisink Valley Historical Society - Port Jervis and the Gilded Age". minisink.org. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ Harrison, Karen Tina. "10 Coolest Small Towns: Port Jervis" Archived 2010-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. Budget Travel. (September 2008). Retrieved January 13, 2011.
^ "D&H Canal & Gravity Railroad", Minisink Valley Historical Society
^ a b c "Railroads of Port Jervis". Minisink Valley Historical Society website
^ a b c "Port Jervis and the Gilded Age", Minisink Valley Historical Society
^ "Lynching at Port Jervis. – Robert Jackson, a colored man, hanged by a mob" (PDF). New York Times. June 3, 1892.
^ https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=ho_pubs
^ "Port Jervis Lynching indictments" (PDF). New York Times. June 30, 1892.
^ Wertheim, Stanley. A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. ISBN 0-313-29692-8. p. 195
^ "Boys get 'K.K.K.' Warning – Port Jervis Youths are Ordered to restore crosses to Point Peter" (PDF). New York Times. August 13, 1922.
^ "The Effects of a Threatening Rumor on a Disaster-Stricken Community ". National Research Council (NRC). (1958) Retrieved January 13, 2011.
^ Weyandt, Kimberly. "Flooding is old news". The River Reporter (September 30 – October 6, 2004). Retrieved March 5, 2011.However, the NWS' list of "Historical Crests" for the river at Matamoras/Port Jervis shows a peak of 25.5 feet (7.8 m) in 1904, and no record peak in 1981 at all.
^
"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Dat". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ "Port Jervis, New York - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ City of Port Jervis historical marker at the church site
^ a b Graff, Bill (Summer 2006). "Sentinels at the Northern Border" (PDF). Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2, No. 2. New Jersey Geological Survey.
^ Vermeule, C. Clarkson (1888). "Physical Description of New Jersey: Northern Boundary Between New Jersey and New York". In Cook, George H. (ed.). Final Report of the State Geologist. Vol. 1. Trenton, New Jersey: Geological Survey of New Jersey. pp. 66–67.
^ "LY2604: TRI STATES". U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
^ "Upper Delaware Scenic Byway website". Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.
^ "ShortLine Scheduled Bus Service | Coach USA". www.coachusa.com.
^ "City Council". Port Jervis Website. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Orange County, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
^ "Home". Anna S. Kuhl Elementary School. Retrieved January 18, 2022. 10 Route 209 Port Jervis, New York 12771 - Despite the "Port Jervis" postal address, the school is physically in Deerpark.
Compare full address to the zoning map of Deerpark: "Zoning Map" (PDF). Town of Deerpark. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
Compare to the map of Port Jervis: "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Port Jervis city, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ "Home". Port Jervis Middle School. Retrieved January 18, 2022. 118 E Main Street Port Jervis, New York 12771
^ "Home". Port Jervis High School. Retrieved January 18, 2022. 10 Route 209 Port Jervis, New York 12771 - Despite the "Port Jervis" postal address, the school is physically in Deerpark.
Compare full address to the zoning map of Deerpark: "Zoning Map" (PDF). Town of Deerpark. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
Compare to the map of Port Jervis: "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Port Jervis city, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ "Port Jervis High School Profile" (PDF). Port Jervis School District. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ Rimer, Sara. "Port Jervis Celebrates Its Conquering Heroes", New York Times, September 3, 1984. Accessed October 10, 2007. "The Banach boys, as everyone knows them here, came back home this weekend, and as the townspeople celebrated their own Olympic gold medalists with a day of marching bands, waving flags and heartfelt speeches, all the hard times and disasters Port Jervis had endured seemed at last forgotten."
^ "Lockerbie victim's mom happy to see 'monster' Gadhafi gone". Times Herald-Record. October 21, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2021. Theo's parents, Susan and Dan Cohen, moved from Port Jervis to Cape May Courthouse, N.J.,
^ Wertheim, Stanley and Paul Sorrentino. 1994. The Crane Log: A Documentary Life of Stephen Crane, 1871–1900. pp. 13–30, 54, 65, 71, 108, et al to 240, New York: G. K. Hall & Co. ISBN 0-8161-7292-7.
^ Samuel Fowler, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 4, 2007.
^ "E. Arthur Gray Post Office Building" Archived 2014-08-28 at the Wayback Machine in the Congressional Record (March 10, 2008)
^ "Gus Oberg: Recording The Strokes' Angles". Sound on Sound. Retrieved November 11, 2020. ... Albert and I needed a place to work, so we started to build what's now his One Way Studios, which is located one and a half hours' drive from Manhattan, in the Catskill Mountains. Albert and I designed the studio together. We had a building constructed from scratch...
^ Frisicano, Andrew (September 15, 2015). "See photos from our interview with Albert Hammond Jr". Time Out New York. Retrieved November 7, 2020. He might live upstate these days (Eldred, NY, to be exact)...
External links
Hudson Valley portalNew York (state) portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Jervis, New York.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Port Jervis.
City of Port Jervis Website
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Places adjacent to Port Jervis, New York
Town of Deerpark
Town of DeerparkHamlet of Huguenot
Town of DeerparkGold Creek
Town of DeerparkHamlet of Sparrow Bush
Port Jervis
Town of DeerparkNeversink River
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United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#City"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Neversink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neversink_River"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Orange County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Deerpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerpark,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sparrowbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_Bush,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Matamoras, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoras,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mid-Delaware Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Delaware_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Montague Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Tri-States Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-States_Monument"},{"link_name":"tripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoint"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Delaware_Scenic_and_Recreational_River"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie%E2%80%93Newburgh%E2%80%93Middletown_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"City in New York, United StatesPort Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and Delaware rivers in western Orange County, New York, United States, north of the Delaware Water Gap. Its population was 8,775 at the 2020 census. The communities of Deerpark, Huguenot, Sparrowbush, and Greenville are adjacent to Port Jervis. Matamoras, Pennsylvania, is across the river and connected by the Mid-Delaware Bridge. Montague Township, New Jersey, also borders the city. The Tri-States Monument, marking the tripoint between New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, lies at the southwestern corner of the city.Port Jervis was part of early industrial history, a point for shipping coal to major markets to the southeast by canal and later by railroads. Its residents had long-distance passenger service by railroad until 1970. The restructuring of railroads resulted in a decline in the city's business and economy.[2]In the 21st century, from late spring to early fall, many thousands of travelers and tourists pass through Port Jervis on their way to enjoying rafting, kayaking, canoeing and other activities in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River and the surrounding area.Port Jervis is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area. In August 2008, Port Jervis was named one of \"Ten Coolest Small Towns\" by Budget Travel magazine.[3]","title":"Port Jervis, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant"},{"link_name":"Battle of Minisink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Hudson Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"John Bloomfield Jervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Jervis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erie_Depot_Port_Jervis_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erie Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis_station_(Erie_Railroad)"},{"link_name":"Erie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Railroad"}],"text":"The first fully developed European settlement in the area was established by Dutch and English colonists c.1690, and a land grant of 1,200 acres (490 ha) was formalized on October 14, 1697. The settlement was originally known as Mahackamack, after a Lenape word. It was raided and burned in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, by British and Mohawk forces under the command of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant before the Battle of Minisink. Over the next two decades, residents rebuilt the settlement. They developed more roadways to better connect Mahackamack with the eastern parts of Orange County.After the Delaware and Hudson Canal was opened in 1828, providing transportation of coal from northeastern Pennsylvania to New York and New England via the Hudson River, trade attracted money and further development to the area.[4] A village was incorporated on May 11, 1853.[2] It was renamed as Port Jervis in the mid-19th century, after John Bloomfield Jervis, chief engineer of the D&H Canal. Port Jervis grew steadily into the 1900s, and on July 26, 1907, it became a city.The Erie Depot, built in 1892, was the largest station on the Erie Railroad's Delaware Division. The Erie ceased long-distance passenger service in 1970. The depot was recently restored and houses some retail shops.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York & Erie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_%26_Erie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Piermont, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piermont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Rockland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"nationwide financial panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"President Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"Erie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr-5"},{"link_name":"New York, Ontario and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Ontario_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kingston, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Weehawken, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr-5"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-6"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-6"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Class I railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_I_railroad"},{"link_name":"Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Erie Lackawanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Lackawanna"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rr-5"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"}],"sub_title":"Coming of the railroad","text":"The first rail line to run through Port Jervis was the New York & Erie Railroad, which in 1832 was chartered to run from Piermont, New York, on the Hudson River in Rockland County, to Lake Erie. Ground was broken in 1835, but construction was delayed by a nationwide financial panic, and did not start again until 1838. The line was completed in 1851, and the first passenger train – with President Millard Fillmore and former United States Senator Daniel Webster on board – came through the city on May 14. The railroad went through a number of name changes, becoming the Erie Railroad in 1897.[5]A second railroad, the Port Jervis and Monticello Railroad, later leased to the New York, Ontario and Western Railway (O&W), opened in 1868, running northeast out of the city, and eventually connecting to Kingston, New York, Weehawken, New Jersey and eastern connections.[5]Like the D&H Canal, the railroads brought new prosperity to Port Jervis in the form of increased trade and investment in the community from the outside. However, the competition by the railroad, which could deliver products faster, hastened the decline of the canal, which ceased operation in 1898. The railroads were the basis of the city's economy for the coming decades. Port Jervis became Erie's division center between Jersey City, New Jersey and Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and by 1922, 20 passenger trains went through the city every day. More than 2,500 Erie RR employees made their homes there.[6]The railroads began to decline after the Great Depression.[6] A shift in transportation accelerated after World War II with the federal subsidy of the Interstate Highway System and increased competition from trucking companies. One of the first Class I railroads to shut down was the O&W, on March 29, 1957, leaving Port Jervis totally reliant on the Erie. A few years later, in 1960, the Erie, also on a shaky financial footing, merged with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna. Railroad restructuring continued and in 1976, the Erie Lackawana became part of Conrail, along with a number of other struggling railroads, such as the Penn Central.[5] Since the breakup of Conrail, the trackage around Port Jervis has been controlled by Norfolk Southern. The decline of the railroads was an economic blow to Port Jervis. The city has struggled to find a new economic basis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynching_at_Port_Jervis._%E2%80%93_Robert_Jackson,_a_colored_man,_hanged_by_a_mob-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port_Jervis_Lynching_indictments-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"The Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_(novella)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boys_get_%E2%80%98K.K.K.%E2%80%99_warning-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Jervis,_NY_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mid-Delaware Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Delaware_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Matamoras, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoras,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"High Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Kittatinny Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittatinny_Ridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Jervis_Parade_July_14_2007.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Lynching and Racist incidents","text":"On June 2, 1892, Robert Lewis, an African American, was lynched, hanged on Main Street in Port Jervis by a mob after being accused of participation in an assault on a white woman.[7][8] A grand jury indicted nine people for assault and rioting rather than Lewis's lynching.[9] Some literary critics argue that this event influenced Stephen Crane's 1898 novella The Monster. Crane lived in Port Jervis from 1878 until 1883 and frequently visited the area from 1891 to 1897.[10]In the mid-1920s some residents in the area formed a Ku Klux Klan chapter, in the period of the KKK's early 20th-century revival. They burned crosses on Point Peter, the mountain peak that overlooks the city.[11]A view of Port Jervis showing the Mid-Delaware Bridge to Matamoras, Pennsylvania on the far right and New Jersey's High Point on the Kittatinny Ridge on the far leftThe parade on July 14, 2007, celebrating the 100th year as a city","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane Diane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Diane"},{"link_name":"National Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Matamoras, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoras,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-6"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"Matamoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoras,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"river gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_gauge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-08-28_16_34_04_View_northwest_from_the_north_corner_of_the_base_of_High_Point_Monument_in_High_Point_State_Park,_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"link_name":"High Point, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point_(New_Jersey)"}],"sub_title":"Geological history","text":"The city's location at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers has made it subject to occasional flooding. There was flooding during the 1955 Hurricane Diane, and a flood-related rumor started a panic in the population. This incident was studied and a 1958 report issued by the National Research Council: \"The Effects of a Threatening Rumor on a Disaster-Stricken Community\".[12]In addition to the rivers having flooded during periods of heavy rainfall, at times ice jams have effectively dammed the Delaware, also causing flooding. In 1875 ice floes destroyed the bridge to Matamoras, Pennsylvania.[6] In 1981 a large ice floe resulted in the highest water crest measured to date at the National Weather Service's Matamoras river gauge 26.6 feet (8.1 m).[13]View of Port Jervis from High Point, New Jersey","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Neversink River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neversink_River"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Mid-Delaware Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Delaware_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Matamoras, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoras,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kittatinny Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittatinny_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap"},{"link_name":"New Hope, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lambertville, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Port Jervis is located on the north bank of the Delaware River at the confluence where the Neversink River – the Delaware's largest tributary – empties into the larger river. Port Jervis is connected by the Mid-Delaware Bridge across the Delaware to Matamoras, Pennsylvania.From here the Delaware flows to the southwest, running parallel to Kittatinny Ridge until reaching the Delaware Water Gap. It heads southeastward, continuing past New Hope, Pennsylvania and Lambertville, New Jersey; and the New Jersey capital, Trenton; to Philadelphia, and the Delaware Bay.Port Jervis is also home to the tri-point between New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (6.64%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid Continental Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData_ALY-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-15"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Port Jervis has a Humid Continental Climate (Köppen Dfb) with relatively hot summers and cold winters. It receives approximately 47.18 inches (1,198 mm) of precipitation per year, most of which occurs in the late spring in early summer. Extremes range from −26 °F (−32 °C) on January 14, 1912, to 105 °F (40.5 °C) on July 9, 1936.Climate data for Port Jervis, New York 1991–2022 normals, extremes 1893–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n71(22)\n\n75(24)\n\n88(31)\n\n96(36)\n\n98(37)\n\n102(39)\n\n105(41)\n\n103(39)\n\n103(39)\n\n93(34)\n\n85(29)\n\n73(23)\n\n105(41)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n33.9(1.1)\n\n37.3(2.9)\n\n46.2(7.9)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n71.3(21.8)\n\n78.8(26.0)\n\n83.6(28.7)\n\n81.4(27.4)\n\n73.8(23.2)\n\n61.8(16.6)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n59.7(15.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n27.1(−2.7)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n58.4(14.7)\n\n66.9(19.4)\n\n71.8(22.1)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n62.4(16.9)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n30.4(−0.9)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n16.0(−8.9)\n\n17.0(−8.3)\n\n24.5(−4.2)\n\n34.7(1.5)\n\n45.6(7.6)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n60.0(15.6)\n\n58.3(14.6)\n\n51.0(10.6)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n30.1(−1.1)\n\n22.8(−5.1)\n\n37.8(3.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n8(−13)\n\n21(−6)\n\n34(1)\n\n39(4)\n\n33(1)\n\n21(−6)\n\n15(−9)\n\n1(−17)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.07(78)\n\n2.63(67)\n\n3.66(93)\n\n3.78(96)\n\n3.58(91)\n\n4.72(120)\n\n4.72(120)\n\n4.64(118)\n\n4.54(115)\n\n4.67(119)\n\n3.27(83)\n\n3.90(99)\n\n47.18(1,198)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n8.6\n\n8.6\n\n11.9\n\n16.1\n\n16.7\n\n15.1\n\n15.7\n\n13.7\n\n11.5\n\n11.7\n\n9.4\n\n11.5\n\n150.5\n\n\nSource: NOAA[14]\nWeather Atlas[15]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-17"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deerpark_Reformed_Church_Port_Jervis.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[17] of 2000, there were 8,860 people, 3,533 households, and 2,158 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,500/sq mi (1,300/km2). There were 3,851 housing units at an average density of 1,500/sq mi (590/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.4% White, 8.2% African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.19% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5% of the population.There were 3,533 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.15.The Deerpark Reformed Church on East Main Street was originally organized in 1737, making it the oldest congregation in the area. The current building dates from 1838.[18]In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $30,241, and the median income for a family was $35,481. Males had a median income of $31,851 versus $22,274 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,525. About 14.2% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.5% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NJ-NY-PA_Tri-States_and_Witness_Monuments_-_looking_southwest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tri-States Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-States_Monument"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njgs-19"},{"link_name":"Tri-States Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-States_Monument"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccv-20"},{"link_name":"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njgs-19"}],"sub_title":"State line monuments","text":"Overlooking the Tri-States Monument at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers from the Witness MonumentPort Jervis lies near the points where the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania come together. South of the Laurel Grove Cemetery, under the viaduct for Interstate 84, are two monuments marking the boundaries between the three states.[19]The larger monument is a granite pillar inscribed \"Witness Monument\". It is not on any boundary itself, but instead is a witness for two boundary points. On the north side (New York), it references the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania that is located in the center of the Delaware River 475 feet (145 m) due west of the Tri-State Rock. On the south side (New Jersey), it references the Tri-State Rock 72.25 feet (22.02 m) to the south.The smaller monument, the Tri-States Monument, also known as the Tri-State Rock, marks both the northwest end of the New Jersey and New York boundary and the north end of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania boundary.[20] It is a small granite block with inscribed lines marking the boundaries of the three states and a bronze United States Coast and Geodetic Survey marker.[21] Both monuments were erected in 1882.[19]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro-North_Comet_V_EB_at_Port_Jervis_station.jpeg"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_209"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_97"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Interstate 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"last stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis_(Metro-North_station)"},{"link_name":"Port Jervis Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis_Line"},{"link_name":"Hoboken, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Secaucus Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus_Junction"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Short Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Line_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Honesdale, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Port Jervis station, which serves as the terminus of Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis LineUS 6, U.S. Route 209, New York State Route 42, and New York State Route 97 (the \"Upper Delaware Scenic Byway\"[22]) pass through Port Jervis. Interstate 84 passes to the south.Port Jervis is the last stop on the 95-mile-long (153 km) Port Jervis Line, which is a commuter railroad service from Hoboken, New Jersey and New York City (via a Secaucus Transfer) that is contracted to NJ Transit by the Metro-North Railroad of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The track itself continues on to Binghamton and Buffalo, but passenger service west of Port Jervis was discontinued in November 1966.Short Line provides bus service between Honesdale, Pennsylvania, Port Jervis, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal.[23]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Jervis_city_hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"mayor–council government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"at large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Karl Brabenec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_A._Brabenec"},{"link_name":"James Skoufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Skoufis"},{"link_name":"state senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"42nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_42nd_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"New York's 18th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pat Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Ryan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schumer"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Gillibrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle_School_Port_Jervis.jpg"}],"text":"Port Jervis City HallPort Jervis is governed by a mayor and a city council under a mayor–council government system. The city council has nine members: a councilman-at-large and eight members elected from wards. The city comprises four wards, residents of which elect two council members each for two year terms.[24] The mayor and councilman-at-large are elected at large for two year terms. Elections are held in odd number years. Terms of office begin on January 1.Representation in the state legislature is split between Democrats and Republicans. The city is located in the 98th Assembly district, currently represented by Republican Karl Brabenec. Democrat James Skoufis represents the city in the state senate as part of the 42nd district.Port Jervis is a part of New York's 18th congressional district, represented by Democrat Pat Ryan. Senators Charles Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand represent all of New York in the U.S. Senate, including the city.Port Jervis Middle School, in the Port Jervis city limits","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Jervis City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis_City_School_District"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Deerpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerpark,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Port Jervis High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis_High_School"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Port Jervis City School District operates public schools serving Port Jervis.[25] The area elementary school, Anna S. Kuhl Elementary School, is in Deerpark but with a Port Jervis postal address.[26] Port Jervis Middle School is in Port Jervis.[27] Port Jervis High School is also in Deerpark but with a Port Jervis postal address.[28] Kuhl and Port Jervis High are on the same property.[29]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WDLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDLC"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"WSPK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPK"},{"link_name":"WRRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRRV"}],"text":"On July 4, 1953, WDLC at 1490 on the AM dial signed-on. Co-owned.[clarification needed] The station also can receive WSPK-FM K104.7 and WRRV on 92.7.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Abbott_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Banach"},{"link_name":"Lou Banach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Banach"},{"link_name":"wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"freestyle wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"William Stiles Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stiles_Bennet"},{"link_name":"New York's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"New York's 23rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_23rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cohen_(children%27s_writer)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"The Red Badge of Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"William Howe Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe_Crane"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Dolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Dolson"},{"link_name":"New York Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Huskies Women's Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_Women%27s_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Samuel Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fowler_(1851%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"E. Arthur Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Arthur_Gray"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Hafner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hafner"},{"link_name":"Albert Hammond Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hammond_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(The_Strokes_album)"},{"link_name":"Comedown Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedown_Machine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bucky Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Harris"},{"link_name":"Kalin Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalin_Twins"},{"link_name":"one hit wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_hit_wonders"},{"link_name":"When","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_(1958_song)"},{"link_name":"Francis Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marvin"},{"link_name":"New York's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William C. Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Norris_(general)"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Amar'e Stoudemire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar%27e_Stoudemire"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Hudson Van Etten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Van_Etten"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"}],"text":"Notable current and former residents of Port Jervis include:Frank Abbott, Mayor of Port Jervis from 1874 to 1876\nEd and Lou Banach, University of Iowa wrestlers, NCAA All-Americans and NCAA Champions, 1984 Summer Olympics gold medalists in freestyle wrestling, lived in Port Jervis and graduated from Port Jervis Senior High School.[30]\nWilliam Stiles Bennet (1870–1962), U.S. representative for New York's 17th congressional district from 1905 to 1911 and New York's 23rd congressional district from 1915 to 1917.\nDaniel Cohen, children's book author[31]\nStephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage, lived in Port Jervis between the ages 6–11 and frequently visited and wrote there from 1891 to early 1897.[32]\nWilliam Howe Crane (1854–1926), older brother of Stephen Crane, lived and practiced law in Port Jervis for many years.\nStefanie Dolson, basketball player for the New York Liberty and formerly of the Connecticut Huskies Women's Basketball team, was born in Port Jervis. She was a high school standout at nearby Minisink Valley High School, where she was a McDonald's All-American and won multiple National Championships with Connecticut.\nSamuel Fowler (1851–1919) represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1893 to 1895.[33]\nE. Arthur Gray (1925–2006) was the longest-serving mayor of Port Jervis and was later a New York State Senator. The Port Jervis United States Post Office building is dedicated in his name.[34]\nBenjamin Hafner (March 24, 1821–spring 1899), known as \"The Flying Dutchman\" and \"Uncle Ben\", was an American locomotive engineer who worked for the Erie Railway.\nAlbert Hammond Jr., (1980–), musician and music producer best known as a guitarist of The Strokes. His One Way Studio in the area is where much of the albums Angles and Comedown Machine were recorded, among others.[35][36]\nBucky Harris, Baseball player/manager and Hall of Famer; born in Port Jervis.\nThe Kalin Twins, Hal (1934–2005) and Herbie (1934–2006), were one hit wonders whose record \"When\" made the top 5 in the U.S. and was number one for five weeks in the U.K. in 1958.\nFrancis Marvin (1828–1905), U.S. representative for New York's 17th congressional district from 1893 to 1895.\nWilliam C. Norris (1926-), a major general who served in the United States Air Force from 1945 to 1980.\nAmar'e Stoudemire (1982–), former professional basketball player for the New York Knicks. Lived in Port Jervis for a duration of grade school and middle school. It is said that this is where he played basketball at local parks and first fell in love with the sport of basketball.\nHudson Van Etten, Medal of Honor recipient, was born in Port Jervis.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_Office_Port_Jervis.jpg"},{"link_name":"E. Arthur Gray Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_(Port_Jervis,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"NRHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Free_Library_Port_Jervis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carnegie library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erie_Turntable_Port_Jervis_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"rail turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntable_(rail)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:72_East_Main_Street_Port_Jervis_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victorian style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Decker_Port_Jervis_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Decker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_St._Port_Jervis.jpg"}],"text":"The E. Arthur Gray Post Office, on the NRHP\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Free Library, a Carnegie library built in 1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe largest working rail turntable in the U.S. is in Port Jervis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the many Victorian style houses in the city\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFort Decker (1793), the oldest building in the city\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of many small businesses on Front St","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The Erie Depot, built in 1892, was the largest station on the Erie Railroad's Delaware Division. The Erie ceased long-distance passenger service in 1970. The depot was recently restored and houses some retail shops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Erie_Depot_Port_Jervis_entrance.jpg/220px-Erie_Depot_Port_Jervis_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of Port Jervis showing the Mid-Delaware Bridge to Matamoras, Pennsylvania on the far right and New Jersey's High Point on the Kittatinny Ridge on the far left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Port_Jervis%2C_NY_crop.jpg/675px-Port_Jervis%2C_NY_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"The parade on July 14, 2007, celebrating the 100th year as a city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Port_Jervis_Parade_July_14_2007.jpg/220px-Port_Jervis_Parade_July_14_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Port Jervis from High Point, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2014-08-28_16_34_04_View_northwest_from_the_north_corner_of_the_base_of_High_Point_Monument_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-08-28_16_34_04_View_northwest_from_the_north_corner_of_the_base_of_High_Point_Monument_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Deerpark Reformed Church on East Main Street was originally organized in 1737, making it the oldest congregation in the area. The current building dates from 1838.[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Deerpark_Reformed_Church_Port_Jervis.jpg/170px-Deerpark_Reformed_Church_Port_Jervis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overlooking the Tri-States Monument at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers from the Witness Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/NJ-NY-PA_Tri-States_and_Witness_Monuments_-_looking_southwest.jpg/260px-NJ-NY-PA_Tri-States_and_Witness_Monuments_-_looking_southwest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port Jervis station, which serves as the terminus of Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Metro-North_Comet_V_EB_at_Port_Jervis_station.jpeg/220px-Metro-North_Comet_V_EB_at_Port_Jervis_station.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Port Jervis City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Port_Jervis_city_hall.jpg/220px-Port_Jervis_city_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port Jervis Middle School, in the Port Jervis city limits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Middle_School_Port_Jervis.jpg/220px-Middle_School_Port_Jervis.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Orange_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Orange_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minisink Valley Historical Society - Port Jervis and the Gilded Age\". minisink.org. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://minisink.org/histpj.html","url_text":"\"Minisink Valley Historical Society - Port Jervis and the Gilded Age\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lynching at Port Jervis. – Robert Jackson, a colored man, hanged by a mob\" (PDF). New York Times. June 3, 1892.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/06/03/104132685.pdf","url_text":"\"Lynching at Port Jervis. – Robert Jackson, a colored man, hanged by a mob\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Jervis Lynching indictments\" (PDF). New York Times. June 30, 1892.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/06/30/104138410.pdf","url_text":"\"Port Jervis Lynching indictments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boys get 'K.K.K.' Warning – Port Jervis Youths are Ordered to restore crosses to Point Peter\" (PDF). New York Times. August 13, 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/13/107066826.pdf","url_text":"\"Boys get 'K.K.K.' Warning – Port Jervis Youths are Ordered to restore crosses to Point Peter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Dat\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=okx","url_text":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Dat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Jervis, New York - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data\". Weather Atlas. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/port-jervis-climate","url_text":"\"Port Jervis, New York - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Bill (Summer 2006). \"Sentinels at the Northern Border\" (PDF). Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2, No. 2. New Jersey Geological Survey.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njgeology.org/enviroed/newsletter/v2n2.pdf","url_text":"\"Sentinels at the Northern Border\""}]},{"reference":"Vermeule, C. Clarkson (1888). \"Physical Description of New Jersey: Northern Boundary Between New Jersey and New York\". In Cook, George H. (ed.). Final Report of the State Geologist. Vol. 1. Trenton, New Jersey: Geological Survey of New Jersey. pp. 66–67.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Clarkson_Vermeule_I","url_text":"Vermeule, C. Clarkson"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n1oMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66","url_text":"\"Physical Description of New Jersey: Northern Boundary Between New Jersey and New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hammell_Cook","url_text":"Cook, George H."}]},{"reference":"\"LY2604: TRI STATES\". U.S. National Geodetic Survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=LY2604","url_text":"\"LY2604: TRI STATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"U.S. National Geodetic Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Delaware Scenic Byway website\". Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009101620/http://www.upperdelawarescenicbyway.org/overview/overview.php","url_text":"\"Upper Delaware Scenic Byway website\""},{"url":"http://www.upperdelawarescenicbyway.org/overview/overview.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ShortLine Scheduled Bus Service | Coach USA\". www.coachusa.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coachusa.com/shortline/schedules","url_text":"\"ShortLine Scheduled Bus Service | Coach USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council\". Port Jervis Website. Retrieved September 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portjervisny.gov/citycouncil","url_text":"\"City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Orange County, NY\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 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Albert and I needed a place to work, so we started to build what's now his One Way Studios, which is located one and a half hours' drive from Manhattan, in the Catskill Mountains. Albert and I designed the studio together. We had a building constructed from scratch...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundonsound.com/people/gus-oberg-recording-strokes-angles","url_text":"\"Gus Oberg: Recording The Strokes' Angles\""}]},{"reference":"Frisicano, Andrew (September 15, 2015). \"See photos from our interview with Albert Hammond Jr\". Time Out New York. Retrieved November 7, 2020. He might live upstate these days (Eldred, NY, to be exact)...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/newyork/music/see-photos-from-our-interview-with-albert-hammond-jr","url_text":"\"See photos from our interview with Albert Hammond Jr\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Jervis,_New_York¶ms=41_22_N_74_41_W_region:US-NY_type:city(8775)","external_links_name":"41°22′N 74°41′W / 41.367°N 74.683°W / 41.367; -74.683"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Jervis,_New_York¶ms=41_22_N_74_41_W_region:US-NY_type:city(8775)","external_links_name":"41°22′N 74°41′W / 41.367°N 74.683°W / 41.367; -74.683"},{"Link":"https://www.portjervisny.gov/","external_links_name":"www.portjervisny.gov"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"http://minisink.org/histpj.html","external_links_name":"\"Minisink Valley Historical Society - Port Jervis and the Gilded Age\""},{"Link":"http://www.budgettravel.com/bt-dyn/content/article/2008/08/02/AR2008080201203.html","external_links_name":"\"10 Coolest Small Towns: Port Jervis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922225053/http://budgettravel.com/bt-dyn/content/article/2008/08/02/AR2008080201203.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://minisink.org/delhud.html","external_links_name":"\"D&H Canal & Gravity Railroad\""},{"Link":"http://www.minisink.org/rrpjhis.html","external_links_name":"\"Railroads of Port Jervis\""},{"Link":"http://www.minisink.org/histpj.html","external_links_name":"\"Port Jervis and the Gilded Age\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/06/03/104132685.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lynching at Port Jervis. – Robert Jackson, a colored man, hanged by a mob\""},{"Link":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=ho_pubs","external_links_name":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=ho_pubs"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/06/30/104138410.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Port Jervis Lynching indictments\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/13/107066826.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Boys get 'K.K.K.' 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacolt,_Washington | Yacolt, Washington | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Parks and recreation","5 Education","5.1 Public Schools","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°51′56″N 122°24′25″W / 45.86556°N 122.40694°W / 45.86556; -122.40694Town in Clark County, Washington
Town in Washington, United StatesYacoltTownYacolt, WashingtonChelatchie Prairie Railroad station in YacoltLocation of Yacolt, WashingtonCoordinates: 45°51′56″N 122°24′25″W / 45.86556°N 122.40694°W / 45.86556; -122.40694CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyClarkGovernment • MayorKatie ListekArea • Total0.57 sq mi (1.49 km2) • Land0.57 sq mi (1.49 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation712 ft (217 m)Population (2023) • Total1,626 • Estimate (2019)1,796 • Density3,123.48/sq mi (1,206.87/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code98675Area code360FIPS code53-79975GNIS feature ID1528335WebsiteTown of Yacolt
Yacolt /ˈjækoʊlt/ is a town in Clark County, Washington, United States. The 2023 population is estimated to be 1,626. It is located about 30 miles northeast of Vancouver which is part of the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area.
History
Yacolt is derived from the Klickitat word "Yahkohtl," meaning "haunted place" or "place of (evil) spirits." The area was also known as "the valley of lost children". In September 1902 the town, which consisted of only 15 buildings at the time, was nearly destroyed by the Yacolt Burn, the largest fire in state history. Yacolt was rebuilt over time and officially incorporated on July 31, 1908.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.50 square miles (1.29 km2), all of it land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910435—192052019.5%1930295−43.3%19402970.7%195041138.4%1960375−8.8%197048830.1%198054411.5%199060010.3%20001,05575.8%20101,56648.4%20201,6686.5%U.S. Decennial Census2015 Estimate
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,566 people, 454 households, and 384 families living in the town. The population density was 3,132.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,209.3/km2). There were 484 housing units at an average density of 968.0 per square mile (373.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.8% White, 0.5% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.
There were 454 households, of which 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.4% were non-families. 10.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.45 and the average family size was 3.68.
The median age in the town was 25 years. 38.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 17% were from 45 to 64; and 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.9% male and 49.1% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,055 people, 319 households, and 256 families living in the town. The population density was 2,075.2 people per square mile (798.7/km2). There were 344 housing units at an average density of 676.7 per square mile (260.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.26% White, 0.47% African American, 1.14% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 2.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.90% of the population. 22.1% were of American, 17.9% German, 8.6% English, 7.0% Norwegian, and 5.2% Irish ancestry.
There were 319 households, out of which 54.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.31 and the average family size was 3.71.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 40.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,444, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $24,306 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,529. About 6.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Parks and recreation
The Chelatchie Prairie Railroad, a train ride excursion organization, is based in Yacolt. The railroad uses tracks built near the turn of the 20th century that eventually went into disuse in 1984. Restoration efforts in the 1990s led to the creation of the Chelatchie Prairie Railroad program in 2001. Hosting events tied to holidays throughout the year, such as the Headless Horseman Train Ride during the Halloween season, the railroad is best known for its Christmas Train Ride (also known as the Santa Train), an annual event that traverses 13.0 miles (20.9 km) through the mountainous area bringing riders to Yacolt Falls, a rock tunnel, and Moulton Station. The diesel train, a 1941 ALCO S2, pulls passenger cars originally built between from the 1910s into the 1920s.
Education
Public Schools
Yacolt is located in the Battle Ground Public Schools district. The only public school located in Yacolt is Yacolt Primary School.
Notable people
Tonya Harding, figure skater
References
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Bureau, US Census. "Search Results". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
^ Hunn, Eugene (October 11, 2003). Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River (PDF). University of Washington Dept of Anthropology. p. 64. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.
^ "Yacolt -- Thumbnail History". www.historylink.org. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved September 19, 2013.
^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ Kast, Cameron (December 2, 2019). "Holidays are full speed ahead". The Reflector. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ a b Barker, Cade (November 28, 2023). "Chelatchie Prairie Railroad Christmas Train offers family holiday adventure". The Reflector. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ "It's official: Harding marries Yacolt man." Retrieved October 10, 2019
External links
Town of Yacolt
vteMunicipalities and communities of Clark County, Washington, United StatesCounty seat: VancouverCities
Battle Ground
Camas
La Center
Ridgefield
Vancouver
Washougal
Woodland‡
Map of Washington highlighting Clark CountyTown
Yacolt
CDPs
Amboy
Barberton
Brush Prairie
Cherry Grove
Dollars Corner
Duluth
Felida
Fern Prairie
Five Corners
Hazel Dell
Hockinson
Lake Shore
Lewisville
Meadow Glade
Minnehaha
Mount Vista
Orchards
Salmon Creek
Venersborg
Walnut Grove
Unincorporated communities
Chelatchie
Etna
Fargher Lake
Hall
Heisson
Mill Plain
Proebstel
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Washington portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈjækoʊlt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Clark County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Oregon"}],"text":"Town in Clark County, WashingtonTown in Washington, United StatesYacolt /ˈjækoʊlt/ is a town in Clark County, Washington, United States. 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Yacolt was rebuilt over time and officially incorporated on July 31, 1908.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.50 square miles (1.29 km2), all of it land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 1,566 people, 454 households, and 384 families living in the town. The population density was 3,132.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,209.3/km2). There were 484 housing units at an average density of 968.0 per square mile (373.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.8% White, 0.5% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.There were 454 households, of which 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.4% were non-families. 10.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.45 and the average family size was 3.68.The median age in the town was 25 years. 38.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 17% were from 45 to 64; and 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.9% male and 49.1% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 1,055 people, 319 households, and 256 families living in the town. The population density was 2,075.2 people per square mile (798.7/km2). There were 344 housing units at an average density of 676.7 per square mile (260.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.26% White, 0.47% African American, 1.14% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 2.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.90% of the population. 22.1% were of American, 17.9% German, 8.6% English, 7.0% Norwegian, and 5.2% Irish ancestry.There were 319 households, out of which 54.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.31 and the average family size was 3.71.In the town, the population was spread out, with 40.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.The median income for a household in the town was $39,444, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $24,306 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,529. About 6.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelatchie Prairie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelatchie_Prairie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPRCT-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPRCT-14"}],"text":"The Chelatchie Prairie Railroad, a train ride excursion organization, is based in Yacolt. The railroad uses tracks built near the turn of the 20th century that eventually went into disuse in 1984. Restoration efforts in the 1990s led to the creation of the Chelatchie Prairie Railroad program in 2001. Hosting events tied to holidays throughout the year, such as the Headless Horseman Train Ride during the Halloween season, the railroad is best known for its Christmas Train Ride (also known as the Santa Train), an annual event that traverses 13.0 miles (20.9 km) through the mountainous area bringing riders to Yacolt Falls, a rock tunnel, and Moulton Station.[13][14] The diesel train, a 1941 ALCO S2, pulls passenger cars originally built between from the 1910s into the 1920s.[14]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle Ground Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Ground_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Yacolt Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacolt_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Public Schools","text":"Yacolt is located in the Battle Ground Public Schools district. The only public school located in Yacolt is Yacolt Primary School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonya Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Tonya Harding, figure skater[15]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Washington highlighting Clark County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Clark_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Clark_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_53.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Search Results\". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html","url_text":"\"Search Results\""}]},{"reference":"Hunn, Eugene (October 11, 2003). Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River (PDF). University of Washington Dept of Anthropology. p. 64. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.washington.edu/hunn/vitae/Yakam_U_and_A_draft.pdf","url_text":"Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River"}]},{"reference":"Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Exploring Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918664-00-6","url_text":"978-0-918664-00-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Yacolt -- Thumbnail History\". www.historylink.org. Retrieved November 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9329","url_text":"\"Yacolt -- Thumbnail History\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved September 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html","url_text":"\"Population Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Kast, Cameron (December 2, 2019). \"Holidays are full speed ahead\". The Reflector. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thereflector.com/stories/holidays-are-full-speed-ahead,30440?","url_text":"\"Holidays are full speed ahead\""}]},{"reference":"Barker, Cade (November 28, 2023). \"Chelatchie Prairie Railroad Christmas Train offers family holiday adventure\". The Reflector. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thereflector.com/stories/chelatchie-prairie-railroad-christmas-train-offers-family-holiday-adventure,329968","url_text":"\"Chelatchie Prairie Railroad Christmas Train offers family holiday adventure\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yacolt,_Washington¶ms=45_51_56_N_122_24_25_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"45°51′56″N 122°24′25″W / 45.86556°N 122.40694°W / 45.86556; -122.40694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yacolt,_Washington¶ms=45_51_56_N_122_24_25_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"45°51′56″N 122°24′25″W / 45.86556°N 122.40694°W / 45.86556; -122.40694"},{"Link":"http://townofyacolt.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Yacolt"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_53.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html","external_links_name":"\"Search Results\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/hunn/vitae/Yakam_U_and_A_draft.pdf","external_links_name":"Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Exploring Washington"},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9329","external_links_name":"\"Yacolt -- Thumbnail History\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html","external_links_name":"\"Population Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.thereflector.com/stories/holidays-are-full-speed-ahead,30440?","external_links_name":"\"Holidays are full speed ahead\""},{"Link":"https://www.thereflector.com/stories/chelatchie-prairie-railroad-christmas-train-offers-family-holiday-adventure,329968","external_links_name":"\"Chelatchie Prairie Railroad Christmas Train offers family holiday adventure\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbian.com/news/2010/jul/02/harding-marries-yacolt-man/","external_links_name":"\"It's official: Harding marries Yacolt man.\""},{"Link":"http://townofyacolt.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Yacolt"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154874304","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1205834397","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562684605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88080482","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmarch,_Paisley | Westmarch, Paisley | ["1 History","2 Other sports","3 References"] | Coordinates: 55°51′10″N 4°26′46″W / 55.8529°N 4.4460°W / 55.8529; -4.4460Former football stadium in Paisley, Scotland
WestmarchWestmarchLocation within RenfrewshireLocationPaisley, ScotlandCoordinates55°51′10″N 4°26′46″W / 55.8529°N 4.4460°W / 55.8529; -4.4460Record attendance8,000SurfaceGrassOpened1883TenantsSt Mirren (1883–1894)
Westmarch was a football stadium located on Greenhill Road in Ferguslie Park, Paisley, Scotland. It was the home ground of St Mirren from 1883 to 1894.
History
St Mirren moved to Westmarch from their Thistle Park ground in 1883. The first match was played on 25 August, with the visiting Queen's Park team beaten 2–1. St Mirren were amongst the founders of the Scottish Football League in 1890, and the first league match at Westmarch was played on 20 September 1890, in which local rivals Abercorn were beaten 4–2. By that time the ground had a stand at the western end of ground, some way from the pitch, which was surrounded by a racing and cycling track. On 22 October 1892 the club recorded its highest league attendance at Westmarch when 8,000 saw a 3–1 defeat to Celtic.
In 1894 the club decided to move after the landlord doubled their rent. After attempting to buy their former Shortroods ground, a site was found and developed on Love Street. The final league match was played at Westmarch on 17 February 1894, with St Mirren beating Dundee 10–3, also the highest scoring league game to have been played at the ground. The final game was against Abercorn in the final of the Paisley Charity Cup, a match that ended in a 10–0 victory for St Mirren.
The ground was subsequently used for trotting before being purchased by the Caledonian Railway in order to build a line between Paisley St James and Barrhead. The new line opened on 1 October 1902.
Other sports
The Scottish Athletics Championships were held at Westmarch on Saturday 27 June 1885. The ground was reported as, "really good going," but the arrangements were thought to be, "unworthy of a gathering of such importance." David Duncan, (Royal High School), the president of the Scottish AAA, won the mile for the third successive time.
References
^ a b c d Paul Smith & Shirley Smith (2005) The Ultimate Directory of English & Scottish Football League Grounds Second Edition 1888–2005, Yore Publications, p227 ISBN 0954783042
^ a b Former Grounds A History of St Mirren Football Club
^ Smith & Smith, p216
^ "The Referee", Sun 28 Jun 1885 p. 5
vteSt Mirren Football Club
Players
Managers
Records and statistics
Honours
European record
Notable matches
Current season
Home stadium
Westmarch (1883−1894)
Love Street (1894−2009)
St Mirren Park (2009−present)
Training groundRalston training complexRivalries
Renfrewshire derby
Renfrewshire Cup
Seasons
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vteFootball venues in ScotlandNational Stadium
Hampden Park
2023–24 Premiership
Almondvale Stadium
Celtic Park
Dens Park
Easter Road
Fir Park
Ibrox Stadium
McDiarmid Park
Pittodrie Stadium
Rugby Park
St Mirren Park
Tynecastle Park
Victoria Park
2023–24 Championship
Caledonian Stadium
Cappielow
East End Park
Excelsior Stadium
Firhill Stadium
Gayfield Park
Lesser Hampden
Somerset Park
Stark's Park
Tannadice Park
2023–24 League One
Balmoral Stadium
Falkirk Stadium
Forthbank Stadium
Galabank
Links Park
Meadowbank Stadium
New Central Park
New Douglas Park
Palmerston Park
Recreation Park
2023–24 League Two
Ainslie Park
Balmoor
Bayview Stadium
Borough Briggs
Dumbarton Football Stadium
New Douglas Park
New Dundas Park
Ochilview Park
Stair Park
Station Park
2023–24 Highland Football League
Bellslea Park
Christie Park
Glebe Park
Harmsworth Park
Kynoch Park
Mosset Park
Princess Royal Park
Victoria Park (Buckie)
2023–24 Lowland Football League
Netherdale
Broadwood Stadium
Central Park
Cliftonhill
Dumbarton Football Stadium
Excelsior Stadium
Falkirk Stadium
Islecroft Stadium
K-Park
Newtown Park
Raydale Park
Recreation Park (Alloa)
Shielfield Park
2021–22 East of Scotland Football League
Albert Park
Creamery Park
Humbug Park
Meggetland Sports Complex
Pennypit Park
Prestonfield
Volunteer Park
Whitestone Park
2021–22 South of Scotland Football League
Stair Park
2021–22 West of Scotland Football League
Bellsdale Park
Beltane Park
Dunterlie Park
Excelsior Stadium
Lochburn Park
Millburn Park
Newlandsfield Park
Petershill Park
Ravenscraig Stadium
Saracen Park
North Caledonian Football Association
Claggan Park
The Pickaquoy Centre
Junior football
Aberdeen Sports Village
Hillhead Centre
Lister Park
Links Park
Other
Cathkin Park (second)
Lesser Hampden
Oriam
Parkside
Ravenscraig Regional Sports Facility
Toryglen Regional Football Centre
Defunct stadiums, closed before 1914
Barrowfield Park
Beechwood Park
Braehead Park
Burnbank Park
Carolina Port
Cathkin Park (first)
Celtic Park (first)
Dalziel Park
Dunterlie Park (first)
East Dock Street
Govandale Park
Hamilton Crescent
Hampden Park (first)
Hawkhill
Hibernian Park
Hyde Park
Ibrox Park (first)
Inchview
Kinning Park
Meadowside
New Logie Green
Old Ralston Park
Springvale Park
Underwood Park
Titwood
West Craigie Park
Westmarch
Whitefield Park
Defunct stadiums, closed 1914–1945
Ardencaple Park
Beresford Park
Chancelot Park
Clune Park
Clydeholm
Dunterlie Park (second)
Forthbank Park
Kimmeter Park Green
Kintail Park
Marine Gardens
Meadow Park (Coatbridge)
Merchiston Park
Mill Park
North End Park
New Powderhall
New Ralston Park
Newfield Park
Old Logie Green
Portland Park
Recreation Grounds
Recreation Park (Lochgelly)
Royal Gymnasium Ground
Sports Park
Tontine Park
Defunct stadiums, closed since 1945
Adamslie Park
Allan Park
Annfield Stadium
Bayview Park
Boghead Park
Brockville Park
Broomfield Park
Chapelhill Park
City Park
Crawick Holm
Douglas Park
Duckburn Park
Firs Park
Kilbowie Park
Kingsmills Park
Love Street
Meadow Park (Dumbarton)
Meadowbank Stadium
Muirton Park
New Meadowbank
Old Meadowbank
Raploch Park
Rosebery Park
Shawfield Stadium
Telford Street Park
Voluntary Park
Proposed stadiums
New Aberdeen Stadium | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ferguslie Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguslie_Park"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."}],"text":"Former football stadium in Paisley, ScotlandWestmarch was a football stadium located on Greenhill Road in Ferguslie Park, Paisley, Scotland. It was the home ground of St Mirren from 1883 to 1894.","title":"Westmarch, Paisley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMI-2"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Abercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercorn_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Love Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Street_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMI-2"},{"link_name":"trotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Paisley St James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_St_James_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barrhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrhead_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"}],"text":"St Mirren moved to Westmarch from their Thistle Park ground in 1883.[1] The first match was played on 25 August, with the visiting Queen's Park team beaten 2–1.[2] St Mirren were amongst the founders of the Scottish Football League in 1890, and the first league match at Westmarch was played on 20 September 1890, in which local rivals Abercorn were beaten 4–2. By that time the ground had a stand at the western end of ground, some way from the pitch, which was surrounded by a racing and cycling track.[1] On 22 October 1892 the club recorded its highest league attendance at Westmarch when 8,000 saw a 3–1 defeat to Celtic.[1]In 1894 the club decided to move after the landlord doubled their rent. After attempting to buy their former Shortroods ground,[3] a site was found and developed on Love Street. The final league match was played at Westmarch on 17 February 1894, with St Mirren beating Dundee 10–3, also the highest scoring league game to have been played at the ground. The final game was against Abercorn in the final of the Paisley Charity Cup, a match that ended in a 10–0 victory for St Mirren.[2]The ground was subsequently used for trotting before being purchased by the Caledonian Railway in order to build a line between Paisley St James and Barrhead. The new line opened on 1 October 1902.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Scottish_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Royal High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scottish AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-referee-4"}],"text":"The Scottish Athletics Championships were held at Westmarch on Saturday 27 June 1885. The ground was reported as, \"really good going,\" but the arrangements were thought to be, \"unworthy of a gathering of such importance.\" David Duncan, (Royal High School), the president of the Scottish AAA, won the mile for the third successive time.[4]","title":"Other sports"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westmarch,_Paisley¶ms=55.8529_N_4.446_W_type:landmark_region:GB-RFW","external_links_name":"55°51′10″N 4°26′46″W / 55.8529°N 4.4460°W / 55.8529; -4.4460"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westmarch,_Paisley¶ms=55.8529_N_4.446_W_type:landmark_region:GB-RFW","external_links_name":"55°51′10″N 4°26′46″W / 55.8529°N 4.4460°W / 55.8529; -4.4460"},{"Link":"http://www.stmirren.info/id25.html","external_links_name":"Former Grounds"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itayanagi,_Aomori | Itayanagi, Aomori | ["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring municipalities","1.2 Climate","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Government","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railway","7.2 Highway","8 International relations","9 Noted people from Itayanagi","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°41′45.2″N 140°27′26.1″E / 40.695889°N 140.457250°E / 40.695889; 140.457250Town in Tōhoku, JapanItayanagi
板柳町TownItayanagi town hall
FlagSealLocation of Itayanagi in Aomori PrefectureItayanagi Coordinates: 40°41′45.2″N 140°27′26.1″E / 40.695889°N 140.457250°E / 40.695889; 140.457250CountryJapanRegionTōhokuPrefectureAomoriDistrictKitatsugaruArea • Total41.88 km2 (16.17 sq mi)Population (February 1, 2023) • Total12,686 • Density300/km2 (780/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Phone number0172-73-2111Address239-3 Doi, Itayanagi-machi, Kitatsugaru-gun, Aomori-ken 038-3692WebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsFlowerPlatycodon grandiflorusTreeMaple
KaidoJinja founded by Tsugaru Tamenobu
Itayanagi (板柳町, Itayanagi-machi) is a town located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2020, the town had an estimated population of 13,332 in 5450 households, and a population density of 300 persons per km². The total area of the town is 41.88 square kilometres (16.17 sq mi).
Geography
Itayanagi is located at the base of Tsugaru Peninsula in Kitatsugaru District of Aomori Prefecture. The Iwaki River flows through the town.
Neighbouring municipalities
Aomori Prefecture
Aomori
Hirosaki
Goshogawara
Tsuruta
Fujisaki
Climate
The town has a cold humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm short summers and long cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Itayanagi is 10.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1290 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.7 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Itayanagi has decreased steadily over the past 60 years.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1960 21,860— 1970 19,901−0.93% 1980 19,215−0.35% 1990 17,766−0.78% 2000 16,840−0.53% 2010 15,227−1.00% 2020 12,700−1.80%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
History
The area around Itayanagi was controlled by the Tsugaru clan of Hirosaki Domain during the Edo period, and was the location of a daikansho. After the Meiji Restoration, it was formed into a village on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on April 1, 1920. On March 10, 1955, Itayanagi annexed the neighboring villages of Hataoka, Koami, and Arakawa.
Government
Itayanagi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town legislature of 12 members. Kitatsugaru District, less the town of Nakadomari, contributes one member to the Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Aomori 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
The economy of Itayanagi is heavily dependent on horticulture, especially for apples, with rice as a secondary crop.
Education
Itayanagi has four public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education.
Transportation
Railway
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Gonō Line
Itayanagi
Highway
National Route 339
International relations
Yakima, Washington, United States of America
Changping District, Beijing, China
Noted people from Itayanagi
Chū Kudō, Manchukuo politician
Hayateumi Hidehito, sumo wrestler
Takamisakari Seiken, sumo wrestler
Kayoko Fukushi, track and field athlete
Mami Matsuyama, pop idol singer
Norio Nagayama, mass murder and novelist
References
^ Itayanagi Town official statistics (in Japanese)
^ Itayanagi climate data
^ Itayanagi population statistics
^ "Beijing Changping official home page". Itayanagi student’s delegation from Japan visits Changping. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Itayanagi, Aomori.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Itayanagi.
Official website (in Japanese)
vteAomori PrefectureAomori (capital)Core cities
Aomori
Hachinohe
Cities
Goshogawara
Hirakawa
Hirosaki
Kuroishi
Misawa
Mutsu
Towada
Tsugaru
Districts
Higashitsugaru District
Hiranai
Imabetsu
Sotogahama
Yomogita
Kamikita District
Noheji
Oirase
Rokunohe
Shichinohe
Tōhoku
Yokohama
Rokkasho
Kitatsugaru District
Itayanagi
Nakadomari
Tsuruta
Minamitsugaru District
Fujisaki
Inakadate
Ōwani
Nakatsugaru District
Nishimeya
Nishitsugaru District
Ajigasawa
Fukaura
Sannohe District
Gonohe
Hashikami
Nanbu
Sannohe
Takko
Shingō
Shimokita District
Ōma
Higashidōri
Kazamaura
Sai
List of mergers in Aomori Prefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaido-jinja,_Itayanagi_20190908a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Tamenobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Tamenobu"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Aomori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itayanagi,_Aomori&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"Town in Tōhoku, JapanKaidoJinja founded by Tsugaru TamenobuItayanagi (板柳町, Itayanagi-machi) is a town located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2020[update], the town had an estimated population of 13,332 in 5450 households,[1] and a population density of 300 persons per km². The total area of the town is 41.88 square kilometres (16.17 sq mi).","title":"Itayanagi, Aomori"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsugaru Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kitatsugaru District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitatsugaru_District,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Aomori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Iwaki River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaki_River"}],"text":"Itayanagi is located at the base of Tsugaru Peninsula in Kitatsugaru District of Aomori Prefecture. The Iwaki River flows through the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Hirosaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosaki,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Goshogawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshogawara,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Tsuruta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruta,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Fujisaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujisaki,_Aomori"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"Aomori PrefectureAomori\nHirosaki\nGoshogawara\nTsuruta\nFujisaki","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The town has a cold humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm short summers and long cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Itayanagi is 10.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1290 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.7 °C.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[3] the population of Itayanagi has decreased steadily over the past 60 years.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsugaru clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_clan"},{"link_name":"Hirosaki Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"daikansho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikansho"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"}],"text":"The area around Itayanagi was controlled by the Tsugaru clan of Hirosaki Domain during the Edo period, and was the location of a daikansho. After the Meiji Restoration, it was formed into a village on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was elevated to town status on April 1, 1920. On March 10, 1955, Itayanagi annexed the neighboring villages of Hataoka, Koami, and Arakawa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Kitatsugaru District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitatsugaru_District,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Nakadomari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakadomari,_Aomori"},{"link_name":"Aomori 3rd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_3rd_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Itayanagi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town legislature of 12 members. Kitatsugaru District, less the town of Nakadomari, contributes one member to the Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Aomori 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"}],"text":"The economy of Itayanagi is heavily dependent on horticulture, especially for apples, with rice as a secondary crop.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Itayanagi has four public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(east).svg"},{"link_name":"East Japan Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Gonō Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C5%8D_Line"},{"link_name":"Itayanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itayanagi_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Gonō LineItayanagi","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Route 339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_339"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"National Route 339","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Yakima, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima,_Washington"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Changping District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changping_District"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yakima, Washington, United States of America\n Changping District, Beijing, China[4]","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chū Kudō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB_Kud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hayateumi Hidehito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayateumi_Hidehito"},{"link_name":"Takamisakari Seiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamisakari_Seiken"},{"link_name":"Kayoko Fukushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayoko_Fukushi"},{"link_name":"Mami Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Matsuyama"},{"link_name":"Norio Nagayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Nagayama"}],"text":"Chū Kudō, Manchukuo politician\nHayateumi Hidehito, sumo wrestler\nTakamisakari Seiken, sumo wrestler\nKayoko Fukushi, track and field athlete\nMami Matsuyama, pop idol singer\nNorio Nagayama, mass murder and novelist","title":"Noted people from Itayanagi"}] | [{"image_text":"KaidoJinja founded by Tsugaru Tamenobu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kaido-jinja%2C_Itayanagi_20190908a.jpg/270px-Kaido-jinja%2C_Itayanagi_20190908a.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Beijing Changping official home page\". Itayanagi student’s delegation from Japan visits Changping. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weicheng_District,_Weifang | Weicheng, Weifang | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°43′41″N 119°01′29″E / 36.7281°N 119.0248°E / 36.7281; 119.0248District in Shandong, People's Republic of ChinaWeicheng
潍城区DistrictWeichengLocation of the seat in ShandongCoordinates: 36°43′41″N 119°01′29″E / 36.7281°N 119.0248°E / 36.7281; 119.0248CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceShandongPrefecture-level cityWeifangArea • Total269.5 km2 (104.1 sq mi)Population (2017) • Total429,000 • Density1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code261021
Weicheng District (simplified Chinese: 潍城区; traditional Chinese: 濰城區; pinyin: Wéichéng Qū) is a district of Weifang, Shandong, China. Weicheng has an area of 272.3 km2 (105.1 sq mi) and around 368,200 inhabitants (2003).
Administrative divisions
As 2012, this district is divided to 6 subdistricts.
Subdistricts
Chengguan Subdistrict (城关街道)
Nanguan Subdistrict (南关街道)
Xiguan Subdistrict (西关街道)
Beiguan Subdistrict (北关街道)
Yuhe Subdistrict (于河街道)
Wangliu Subdistrict (望留街道)
References
^ 潍坊市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weicheng District, Weifang.
Look up Weicheng in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Information page
vteCounty-level divisions of Shandong ProvinceJinan (capital)Sub-provincial citiesJinan
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Prefecture-level citiesZibo
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Yuncheng County
Juancheng County
Dongming County | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Weifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weifang"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"}],"text":"District in Shandong, People's Republic of ChinaWeicheng District (simplified Chinese: 潍城区; traditional Chinese: 濰城區; pinyin: Wéichéng Qū) is a district of Weifang, Shandong, China. Weicheng has an area of 272.3 km2 (105.1 sq mi) and around 368,200 inhabitants (2003).","title":"Weicheng, Weifang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"As 2012, this district is divided to 6 subdistricts.[1]Subdistricts","title":"Administrative divisions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"潍坊市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/182.html","url_text":"潍坊市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weicheng,_Weifang¶ms=36.7281_N_119.0248_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-37_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"36°43′41″N 119°01′29″E / 36.7281°N 119.0248°E / 36.7281; 119.0248"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weicheng,_Weifang¶ms=36.7281_N_119.0248_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-37_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"36°43′41″N 119°01′29″E / 36.7281°N 119.0248°E / 36.7281; 119.0248"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/182.html","external_links_name":"潍坊市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/37sd/0702wc.htm","external_links_name":"Information page"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford,_West_Yorkshire | Clifford, West Yorkshire | ["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Governance","4 Geography","5 Religion","6 Economy","6.1 Public houses","7 Education","8 Culture","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°53′34″N 1°21′05″W / 53.8928°N 1.3515°W / 53.8928; -1.3515Village in West Yorkshire, England
Human settlement in EnglandCliffordSt. Edward King and Confessor Catholic ChurchCliffordShow map of LeedsCliffordLocation within West YorkshireShow map of West YorkshirePopulation1,662 (2011 census)Metropolitan boroughCity of LeedsMetropolitan countyWest YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWETHERBYPostcode districtLS23Dialling code01937PoliceWest YorkshireFireWest YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire
UK ParliamentElmet
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°53′34″N 1°21′05″W / 53.8928°N 1.3515°W / 53.8928; -1.3515
Clifford is a small village in West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 1,662. The village is 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Wetherby. Many of the older buildings are built of magnesian limestone.
Etymology
The name Clifford is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086. It comes from the Old English words clif ('cliff, bank') and ford ('ford'), thus meaning 'ford at the bank or cliff'. This perhaps referred to the crossing of the River Wharfe at Boston Spa, which was then within the manor.
History
According to the Domesday Book, in 1086, Ligulf held the manor, which comprised six carucates with four ploughs.
In the Middle Ages Clifford was a subordinate settlement to Bramham, and had no parish church or manor house. A Wesleyan chapel was built some time before 1838, and the three churches soon after. The Anglican St Luke's Church was built in 1840.
Clifford was originally a farming community, but in 1831, corn mills powered by Bramham Beck on Old Mill Lane, were transformed into flax mills, making patent yarn and shoe thread. The mills were owned by the Grimston Brothers. At its height, the business employed about 300 workers, some of them Irish immigrants, and many of whom lived in the stone terraced cottages in the village.
Governance
Clifford was a township in the old parish of Bramham, in the upper-division of the wapentake of Barkston Ash, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It became a separate civil parish in 1866 as Clifton with Boston, which was split into the civil parishes of Clifford and Boston Spa in 1896.
Geography
Clifford is a rural village, with a conservation area at its centre. It has a mix of buildings from traditional magnesian limestone cottages to modern family housing. All construction within the conservation area must use local limestone. Green Belt land separates the village from Bramham and Boston Spa. Limestone for building was quarried locally. Clifford is situated in the British county of West Yorkshire, a short distance from the North Yorkshire border and district of Selby. The nearest train station to the village is Ulleskelf, a small village in the district of Selby. The village has a mix of historical buildings and modern new housing estates. The nearest city to the village is Leeds, with York and Harrogate (town) being close behind.
The A1(M) motorway is just over one mile (1.6 km) to the west. Bus services coordinated by West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive go to Tadcaster, Leeds, Harrogate, Wetherby and Wakefield. The roads around the village lead to Boston Spa, Bramham and Toulston, as well as the nearby towns of Wetherby and Tadcaster.
Religion
St Luke's C of E church
There are three churches in Clifford. The Anglican church dedicated to St Luke on high ground at the western end of the village is built in the Gothic style of architecture and was consecrated by the Archbishop of York in 1842. The church cost £1200 raised by subscription and the site was donated by George Lane-Fox. The Wesleyan Methodists built a chapel, and the Roman Catholics built St Edward King and Confessor Catholic Church to serve the population of Irish workers that came to work in Grimstons flax mill established in the village in 1831. The Grimston, Clifford and Vavasour families contributed to the cost of building the church.
Economy
The Bay Horse
Clifford has two public houses The Albion and The Old Star) and a fish and chip shop (Clifford Fisheries). There were no other shops or businesses in 2009 as the post office had been converted into houses.
Public houses
The Old Star is a historic multi room pub owned and operated by Samuel Smith's Old Brewery. The Albion is situated on the edge of the village is run under lease from Enterprise Inns.
Education
There are three schools in the Clifford parish, Bramham Primary School, St. John's School for the Deaf and Boston Spa School.
Culture
The Village Hall is a small venue for concerts and plays. Clifford's first Beer Festival took place in June 2010. Clifford's second Champion Beer Festival took place on 2 July 2011 and due to its popularity took place for a third and fourth time (2012, 2013) and has become an annual event. The village hall holds drama groups, history 'clubs' and also walks around the local area as well as the surrounding country.
Clifford has a monthly magazine, The Outlook, that is delivered free to every resident by the committee.
Neighbouring towns, villages and places.
Wetherby
Boston Spa, Thorp Arch
Wighill,
Bardsey, A1(M) motorway
Clifford
Newton Kyme, Tadcaster
Thorner
Bramham
Stutton
References
^ a b UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Clifford Parish (E04000195)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ "Clifford :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ Harry Parkin, Your City's Place-Names: Leeds, English Place-Name Society City-Names Series, 3 (Nottingham: English Place-Name Society, 2017), p. 36.
^ a b History of Clifford, Clifford Parish Council, archived from the original on 11 March 2012, retrieved 30 August 2010
^ Open Domesday Online: Clifford, retrieved 23 January 2020.
^ "Clifford Conservation Area Management Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ a b c Lewis, Samuel (1848), "Clifford, with Boston", A Topographical Dictionary of England, British History Online, pp. 632–635, retrieved 4 June 2010
^ Leach & Pevsner 2009, p. 228
^ a b Clifford cum Boston, GenUKI, retrieved 30 August 2010
^ Vision of Britain website: Clifford With Boston
^ a b Village profile, Clifford Parish Council, archived from the original on 11 March 2012, retrieved 30 August 2010
^ "Clifford Beer Festival". infoweb.newsbank.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ "Clifford Champion Beer Festival 2011". Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Bibliography
Leach, Peter; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009), The Buildings of England: Yorkshire West Riding, Leeds, Bradford and the North, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12665-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clifford, West Yorkshire.
Clifford Methodist Church
Clifford Parish Council Archived 11 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-1"},{"link_name":"Wetherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby"}],"text":"Village in West Yorkshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandClifford is a small village in West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 1,662.[1] The village is 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Wetherby. Many of the older buildings are built of magnesian limestone.","title":"Clifford, West Yorkshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"River Wharfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wharfe"},{"link_name":"Boston Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Spa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The name Clifford is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086. It comes from the Old English words clif ('cliff, bank') and ford ('ford'), thus meaning 'ford at the bank or cliff'. This perhaps referred to the crossing of the River Wharfe at Boston Spa, which was then within the manor.[2][3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carucates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carucate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPChist-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Bramham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramham,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCA-6"},{"link_name":"flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tde-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPChist-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P228-8"}],"text":"According to the Domesday Book, in 1086, Ligulf held the manor, which comprised six carucates with four ploughs.[4][5]In the Middle Ages Clifford was a subordinate settlement to Bramham, and had no parish church or manor house. A Wesleyan chapel was built some time before 1838, and the three churches soon after. The Anglican St Luke's Church was built in 1840.[6]Clifford was originally a farming community, but in 1831, corn mills powered by Bramham Beck on Old Mill Lane, were transformed into flax mills, making patent yarn and shoe thread.[7] The mills were owned by the Grimston Brothers. At its height, the business employed about 300 workers, some of them Irish immigrants, and many of whom lived in the stone terraced cottages in the village.[4][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Bramham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramham,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Barkston Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkston_Ash"},{"link_name":"West Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gen-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Clifford was a township in the old parish of Bramham, in the upper-division of the wapentake of Barkston Ash, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[9] It became a separate civil parish in 1866 as Clifton with Boston, which was split into the civil parishes of Clifford and Boston Spa in 1896.[10]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"conservation area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area"},{"link_name":"magnesian limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"Green Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Belt"},{"link_name":"Bramham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramham,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Boston Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Spa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPCprof-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tde-7"},{"link_name":"A1(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1(M)"},{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"Harrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPCprof-11"}],"text":"Clifford is a rural village, with a conservation area at its centre. It has a mix of buildings from traditional magnesian limestone cottages to modern family housing. All construction within the conservation area must use local limestone. Green Belt land separates the village from Bramham and Boston Spa.[11] Limestone for building was quarried locally.[7] Clifford is situated in the British county of West Yorkshire, a short distance from the North Yorkshire border and district of Selby. The nearest train station to the village is Ulleskelf, a small village in the district of Selby. The village has a mix of historical buildings and modern new housing estates. The nearest city to the village is Leeds, with York and Harrogate (town) being close behind.The A1(M) motorway is just over one mile (1.6 km) to the west. Bus services coordinated by West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive go to Tadcaster, Leeds, Harrogate, Wetherby and Wakefield.[11] The roads around the village lead to Boston Spa, Bramham and Toulston, as well as the nearby towns of Wetherby and Tadcaster.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clifford_-_Saint_Luke%27s_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Luke's C of E church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Church,_Clifford,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Anglican church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Church,_Clifford,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"St Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke"},{"link_name":"George Lane-Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lane-Fox_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tde-7"},{"link_name":"St Edward King and Confessor Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edward_King_and_Confessor_Catholic_Church,_Clifford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gen-9"},{"link_name":"flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"}],"text":"St Luke's C of E churchThere are three churches in Clifford. The Anglican church dedicated to St Luke on high ground at the western end of the village is built in the Gothic style of architecture and was consecrated by the Archbishop of York in 1842. The church cost £1200 raised by subscription and the site was donated by George Lane-Fox.[7] The Wesleyan Methodists built a chapel, and the Roman Catholics built St Edward King and Confessor Catholic Church[9] to serve the population of Irish workers that came to work in Grimstons flax mill established in the village in 1831. The Grimston, Clifford and Vavasour families contributed to the cost of building the church.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_Horse_at_Clifford.jpg"}],"text":"The Bay HorseClifford has two public houses The Albion and The Old Star) and a fish and chip shop (Clifford Fisheries). There were no other shops or businesses in 2009 as the post office had been converted into houses.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Smith's Old Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Smith%27s_Old_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Inns"}],"sub_title":"Public houses","text":"The Old Star is a historic multi room pub owned and operated by Samuel Smith's Old Brewery. The Albion is situated on the edge of the village is run under lease from Enterprise Inns.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bramham Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bramhamprimary.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"St. John's School for the Deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stjohns.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"Boston Spa School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bostonspa.leeds.sch.uk/"}],"text":"There are three schools in the Clifford parish, Bramham Primary School, St. John's School for the Deaf and Boston Spa School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wetherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby"},{"link_name":"Boston Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Spa"},{"link_name":"Thorp Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorp_Arch,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wighill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wighill"},{"link_name":"Bardsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardsey,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"A1(M) motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1(M)_motorway"},{"link_name":"Newton Kyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Kyme"},{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"Thorner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorner"},{"link_name":"Bramham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramham,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Stutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutton,_North_Yorkshire"}],"text":"The Village Hall is a small venue for concerts and plays. Clifford's first Beer Festival took place in June 2010.[12] Clifford's second Champion Beer Festival took place on 2 July 2011 and due to its popularity took place for a third and fourth time (2012, 2013) and has become an annual event. The village hall holds drama groups, history 'clubs' and also walks around the local area as well as the surrounding country.[13]Clifford has a monthly magazine, The Outlook, that is delivered free to every resident by the committee.Neighbouring towns, villages and places.\nWetherby\nBoston Spa, Thorp Arch\nWighill,\n\n\n\n\n\nBardsey, A1(M) motorway\n\nClifford\n\nNewton Kyme, Tadcaster\n\n\n\n\n\nThorner\nBramham\nStutton","title":"Culture"}] | [{"image_text":"St Luke's C of E church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Clifford_-_Saint_Luke%27s_Church.jpg/220px-Clifford_-_Saint_Luke%27s_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bay Horse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bay_Horse_at_Clifford.jpg/220px-Bay_Horse_at_Clifford.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Clifford Parish (E04000195)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E04000195","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Clifford Parish (E04000195)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Clifford :: Survey of English Place-Names\". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. 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Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125055355/https://clifford-pc.org.uk/images/stories/clifford_external_draft(1).pdf","url_text":"\"Clifford Conservation Area Management Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/images/stories/clifford_external_draft(1).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Samuel (1848), \"Clifford, with Boston\", A Topographical Dictionary of England, British History Online, pp. 632–635, retrieved 4 June 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50883","url_text":"\"Clifford, with Boston\""}]},{"reference":"Clifford cum Boston, GenUKI, retrieved 30 August 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Bramham/Bramham68.html","url_text":"Clifford cum Boston"}]},{"reference":"Village profile, Clifford Parish Council, archived from the original on 11 March 2012, retrieved 30 August 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311005000/http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/village-profile.html","url_text":"Village profile"},{"url":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/village-profile.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Beer Festival\". infoweb.newsbank.com. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=&sort=_rank_%3AD&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=Clifford%20beer%20festival&docref=news/15DAAA70C0118078","url_text":"\"Clifford Beer Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clifford Champion Beer Festival 2011\". Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415194534/http://www.cliffordbeerfestival.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Clifford Champion Beer Festival 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.cliffordbeerfestival.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Peter; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009), The Buildings of England: Yorkshire West Riding, Leeds, Bradford and the North, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12665-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12665-5","url_text":"978-0-300-12665-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clifford,_West_Yorkshire¶ms=53.8928_N_1.3515_W_region:GB_type:city(1662)","external_links_name":"53°53′34″N 1°21′05″W / 53.8928°N 1.3515°W / 53.8928; -1.3515"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clifford,_West_Yorkshire¶ms=53.8928_N_1.3515_W_region:GB_type:city(1662)","external_links_name":"53°53′34″N 1°21′05″W / 53.8928°N 1.3515°W / 53.8928; -1.3515"},{"Link":"http://www.bramhamprimary.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Bramham Primary School"},{"Link":"http://www.stjohns.org.uk/","external_links_name":"St. John's School for the Deaf"},{"Link":"http://www.bostonspa.leeds.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"Boston Spa School"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E04000195","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Clifford Parish (E04000195)\""},{"Link":"http://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/West+Riding+of+Yorkshire/Bramham/5328827bb47fc40c810060aa-Clifford","external_links_name":"\"Clifford :: Survey of English Place-Names\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311004936/http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/clifford-history.html","external_links_name":"History of Clifford"},{"Link":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/clifford-history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/place/SE4244/clifford/","external_links_name":"Open Domesday Online: Clifford"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125055355/https://clifford-pc.org.uk/images/stories/clifford_external_draft(1).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Clifford Conservation Area Management Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/images/stories/clifford_external_draft(1).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50883","external_links_name":"\"Clifford, with Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Bramham/Bramham68.html","external_links_name":"Clifford cum Boston"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10411373/relationships","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain website: Clifford With Boston"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311005000/http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/village-profile.html","external_links_name":"Village profile"},{"Link":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/index.php/village-profile.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=&sort=_rank_%3AD&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=Clifford%20beer%20festival&docref=news/15DAAA70C0118078","external_links_name":"\"Clifford Beer Festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415194534/http://www.cliffordbeerfestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Clifford Champion Beer Festival 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.cliffordbeerfestival.co.uk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110124224754/http://cliffordmc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Clifford Methodist Church"},{"Link":"http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Clifford Parish Council"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091111114316/http://www.clifford-pc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Hospital,_Mount_Isa | Underground Hospital, Mount Isa | ["1 History","2 Description","2.1 The Tunnels","2.2 The Timbering","2.3 Wartime Fittings and Equipment","2.4 Floor Deposit","3 Heritage listing","4 References","4.1 Attribution","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 20°43′54″S 139°29′41″E / 20.7316°S 139.4947°E / -20.7316; 139.4947Former public hospital in Mornington, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
Underground Hospital, Mount IsaEntrance to the Underground Hospital, 2013LocationCamooweal Street, Mornington, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, AustraliaCoordinates20°43′54″S 139°29′41″E / 20.7316°S 139.4947°E / -20.7316; 139.4947Design period1939–1945 (World War II)BuiltMarch 1942 – April 1942ArchitectEdward J Ryan
Queensland Heritage RegisterOfficial nameFormer Underground Hospital, Mount IsaTypestate heritage (built, archaeological)Designated24 June 1999Reference no.601102Significant period1942 (fabric)1940s–1960s (historical)Significant componentsobjects (movable) – health/care services, other – health/care services: component, aditBuildersMount Isa Mines
Location of Underground Hospital, Mount Isa in QueenslandShow map of QueenslandUnderground Hospital, Mount Isa (Australia)Show map of Australia
Underground Hospital is a heritage-listed former public hospital at Camooweal Street, Mornington, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edward J Ryan and built from March to April 1942 by Mount Isa Mines. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.
History
The Mount Isa Underground Hospital, constructed during March/April 1942 in the grounds of the Mount Isa District Hospital, was built by off duty miners from Mount Isa Mines. The structure was designed by Dr Edward Joseph Ryan, Superintendent of the Mount Isa District Hospital. Construction work was supervised by Wally Onton, Underground Foreman at Mount Isa Mines.
The war in the Pacific reached the shores of Australia on 19 February 1942. Darwin was bombed by aircraft operating from four aircraft carriers in the Timor Sea. Within days Timor fell to the Japanese, the Australian cruiser HMAS Perth sank during the Battle of the Java Sea, while Broome, Derby and Wyndham in Western Australia, Townsville and Mossman in Queensland, and Port Moresby in New Guinea were all bombed by Japanese aircraft.
The threat to Mount Isa seemed very real because there appeared to be little military opposition left in the north of Australia after the devastation of Darwin and the West Australian towns. The Mount Isa Copper Mine was seen as a strategic resource of great value to the Japanese, being recognised as one of the world's major deposits of copper, lead, zinc and silver. It was believed that like the Japanese controlled tin fields and rubber plantations of Malaya, and the oil fields of Borneo, the Mount Isa Mine was probably a target for invasion forces and air attacks.
Reacting to the perceived threat, Dr Edward Ryan decided to take precautions to protect Mount Isa District Hospital from air raids. Dr Edward Ryan contacted Vic Mann, MIM Mine Superintendent, who offered the co-operation of the company and the services of Underground Foreman Wally Onton to supervise the project. The company supplied all the equipment for the work, which was done by Mount Isa miners who volunteered their time.
The drilling, blasting and mucking out was mostly done over a two-week period, with the fitting-out taking a few more weeks. The work was done during March/April 1942, during which approximately 100 metres (330 ft) of tunnel were excavated. Three parallel adits were driven into the hill face and then connected to a crosscut level to form a large underground shelter with an E-shaped plan. A vertical rise to the hillside above helped ventilation and was also equipped with a ladder to serve as an emergency exit. The excavation was timbered using the contemporary mining methods of the day, then equipped with furnishings and fittings to perform all the functions of a hospital. There were male, female, and maternity/children's wards, a surgical theatre and a delivery room.
The finished underground hospital was about 100 metres (330 ft) from the rear of the nearest hospital building, with access along a gravelled pathway. The three entrances were secured by locked timber gates. Inside the hospital was framed either with sets of round native timber or sawn Oregon timber, the ceiling was sawn hardwood planks and some of the walls were lined with gidyea logs. The floor was bare earth. The hospital was equipped with electric lights and a telephone. Furthermore, buckets of water and sand, stirrup pumps and shovels were present in case of an air raid.
Dr Ryan kept the shelter fully equipped and ready for use with linen, medical equipment, dressings and pharmaceutical stocks. Once a week there was an air raid drill, and nurses and orderlies wheeled less-seriously ill patients up the steep gravel path to the underground hospital.
Mount Isa never experienced air raids, and it soon became apparent that the attacks on Darwin and other northern towns were harassing raids rather than the prelude to an invasion. History shows that Japanese resources were extended to their limit and, after the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, their naval power was destroyed. The threat of invasion disappeared as the Japanese forces were driven from New Guinea and into retreat from the Pacific.
Although air raid drills ceased, the underground hospital remained in use for less urgent purposes. The shelter was used as a dormitory by the nurses on hot nights, then like most unused spaces, it gradually became a store room of hospital equipment and files. After the war, lax security allowed young children to play in the tunnels, which still contained medical equipment and pharmaceutical supplies.
The shelter was finally closed sometime during the 1960s when rubble, excavated during the construction of the new four-storey hospital wing, was used to close the three entrances. The ventilation rise was also filled in. For approximately ten years the underground hospital remained closed until the fill at the north collapsed in 1977, and at the main entrance in 1988. Each time an entrance opened there was debate in the community regarding the future of the site. In 1992 the main entrance again collapsed and there was considerable debate about the site because of the Australia-wide interest in WWII sites during celebrations which commemorated the Battle of the Coral Sea and the 1942 threat of invasion.
The entrance was again closed, but reopened in 1994. While the entrance was again open and its future was being discussed in the media, a fire broke out in the southern tunnel at 1.30am on 27 August 1994. Queensland Fire Services found water was ineffective and, not knowing the layout of the interior, or the source of the fire, they waited until daylight and filled the tunnel with high expansion foam to extinguish the fire. The Mines Rescue Unit and volunteers later removed most of the burnt timber and stacked it at the main entrance.
In response to the fire, the hospital administration installed a locked trapdoor of heavy steel mesh over the collapsed entrance, and the entrance has remained open but secure against entry for the past three years. A public meeting in late 1995 showed that community support has swung strongly in favour of conserving and developing the underground hospital rather than again burying the entrance.
In 1996 a steering committee, representing the owners, heritage conservation organisations and corporate and community representatives, was formed to manage the future of the underground hospital. A conservation strategy, funded under the Queensland Heritage Grants Program and the National Trust of Queensland, was prepared at the request of the steering committee. Vandals lighted a second fire on Sunday 26 October 1997 causing further damage to the interior.
Plans are in place for the interior of the hospital to be cleared by Green Corps (Young People for the Environment) and volunteer labour. The work will be carried out in consultation with the Cultural Heritage Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency. All artefacts will be documented, tagged and stored at the North West Queensland Museum in Mount Isa. Re-timbering of the interior will be carried out under the supervision of Mount Isa Mines engineers who will also provide some of the equipment required for the project.
Description
Tunnel in underground Hospital, 2013
The underground hospital occupies an area roughly 20 metres (66 ft) square in the southeastern corner of the Mount Isa Base Hospital grounds. Its south tunnel lies very close to the hospital's southern boundary.
The layout of the underground hospital consists basically of three parallel east-west tunnels, joined at their eastern ends by a tunnel running north-south. All three parallel tunnels were once opened to the outside, but were blocked by rubble in the 1960s. The middle entrance is now partially opened.
The Tunnels
The three parallel tunnels run almost exactly due east-west. They have been driven in from the surface by drilling and blasting. Some of these drill hole are still visible around the entrance to the middle audit, and in the middle and south tunnels, the drill holes are well preserved in the roof and walls. All the visible stone in the tunnels is a hard, light-coloured shale, which fractures along steeply dipping joint lines. The roof and walls appear to be in good condition overall. Engineering advice since 1994 has indicated that the tunnels are in a sound condition although fist size rock pieces are lying on the floor of the tunnels.
All the rock surfaces in the underground hospital are slightly irregular and roughly finished, so all the following dimensions are necessarily approximate. The middle tunnel is 13.8 metres (45 ft) long from the upper lip of the entrance to the corner of the crosscut, and 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in) wide. The south tunnel is 14.5 metres (48 ft) long from the crosscut to the last visible timber post standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, and 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) wide. The north tunnel is the shortest and widest of the three, only 10 metres (33 ft) from the crosscut to the last timber set standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, but 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide. The east tunnel is 20.4 metres (67 ft) long and the widest of the tunnels at 3.5 metres (11 ft). At both ends of the east tunnel, opposite the north and south tunnels, are two recesses in the wall, the same width as the facing tunnels and each about 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) deep. The tunnel heights are very difficult to measure, as the entire floor of the underground hospital is covered with debris, and the original floor level can only be guessed at. The roof height, near the corner of the middle and east tunnels is about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) The total exposed floor area of the underground hospital is about 188 metres (617 ft) square.
The ventilating raise is obstructed at its base by fallen stone and timber. It is located in the intersection of the crosscut and the north tunnel, and is about a metre square in section. It appears to rise a little to the north of vertical for four or five metres, narrowing down as it rises, and is then obstructed by stone and timber. Visibility up the rise is obstructed by a heavy growth of tree roots. A small tree, growing up the slope about 20 metres (66 ft) north-east of the buried entrance to the raise is probably the source of the tree roots.
The Timbering
Internally, the underground hospital was timbered like a mine, although two different techniques were used. The north tunnel was heavily timbered with three piece sets of sawn Oregon { Douglas fir } posts and top lagged with hardwood planks resting on the caps. Five sets were intact in October 1997. The rest of the hospital was lightly timbered with round logs of native hardwood about 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) in diameter. Throughout most of the hospital only occasional posts were standing in 1997 and most of these were dislodged and leaning. A few intact set survived in the north east corner, showing the construction was generally similar to the sawn timber Oregon sets; having round caps and hardwood plank lagging resting on them. The sets were spaced by sprags resting on cleats nailed to the tops of the posts.
In his 1997 report, Peter Bell indicated that approximately three-quarters of the timber shoring in the underground hospital was missing. He also said that a portion of the remaining timber was suffering from termite damage and dry rot. Unfortunately the dry rot damage has accelerated since the 1997 fire because of the amount of water and foam pumped into the structure during the fire.
Wartime Fittings and Equipment
Little remains of the furnishings and medical equipment. There is no evidence of the operating theatre equipment, beds, cupboards and other moveable equipment. Some material remaining prior to the fire included benching along the eastern wall, timber shelving, light fittings and timber shoring in the north tunnel. There was also a considerable amount of post war material such as files, X-ray plates and medical equipment such as an autoclave. It is believed that the files and X-ray plates fuelled the 1997 fire.
In the south tunnel there were 1940s light shades, bed tables, as well as post war material such as unidentified machinery and furniture. At the rear of the north and south tunnels are two 2.7 by 1.7 metres (8 ft 10 in × 5 ft 7 in) recesses. Each recess was fitted out with a roughly constructed cupboard, of which only the northern one was surviving in 1997. The recesses and cupboards are thought to have been constructed after WWII.
Floor Deposit
Throughout the underground hospital, the floor is covered with a deposit of earth, fallen stone, ash, timbers, pieces of furniture, electrical equipment and other material. One conspicuous element of the floor deposit is the number of pharmaceutical bottles and ampoules it contains. Several dozen bottles and a smaller number of ampoules are visible on the surface. Most of the bottles are empty and unlabelled, but some contain liquids and powders. Some samples removed by firemen in 1994 contained ampoules labelled sodium glycophosphate, sulphur powder and saline solution.
Heritage listing
The former Underground Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The former Underground Hospital, constructed by Mount Isa Mines volunteer labour in response to the perceived threat of Japanese invasion, is thought to have been excavated between March and April 1942. Mount Isa Mines provided equipment and the services of the Underground Foreman, Wally Onton.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The hospital, built entirely underground, is currently thought to be unique in Australia.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.
As such, the site possesses considerable archaeological significance, with potential to yield evidence about 1940s medical and nursing technology and about local improvisation during wartime.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The underground hospital, designed by Hospital Superintendent, Dr Edward Joseph Ryan is particularly significant as a civilian defence structure built during a period of war. It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.
The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.
It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The Underground Hospital has considerable social significance. Community concern regarding the conservation of the underground hospital is demonstrated by the number of organisations who have become involved in the conservation project, including the Mount Isa Hospital Board and City Council, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the North West Queensland branch of the Queensland Museum.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Former Underground Hospital, Mount Isa (entry 601102)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
External links
Media related to Underground Hospital, Mount Isa at Wikimedia Commons
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hospital"},{"link_name":"Mornington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"City of Mount Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Mount_Isa"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Edward J Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_J_Ryan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa_Mines"},{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Former public hospital in Mornington, Mount Isa, Queensland, AustraliaUnderground Hospital is a heritage-listed former public hospital at Camooweal Street, Mornington, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edward J Ryan and built from March to April 1942 by Mount Isa Mines. 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The structure was designed by Dr Edward Joseph Ryan, Superintendent of the Mount Isa District Hospital. Construction work was supervised by Wally Onton, Underground Foreman at Mount Isa Mines.[1]The war in the Pacific reached the shores of Australia on 19 February 1942. Darwin was bombed by aircraft operating from four aircraft carriers in the Timor Sea. Within days Timor fell to the Japanese, the Australian cruiser HMAS Perth sank during the Battle of the Java Sea, while Broome, Derby and Wyndham in Western Australia, Townsville and Mossman in Queensland, and Port Moresby in New Guinea were all bombed by Japanese aircraft.[1]The threat to Mount Isa seemed very real because there appeared to be little military opposition left in the north of Australia after the devastation of Darwin and the West Australian towns. The Mount Isa Copper Mine was seen as a strategic resource of great value to the Japanese, being recognised as one of the world's major deposits of copper, lead, zinc and silver. It was believed that like the Japanese controlled tin fields and rubber plantations of Malaya, and the oil fields of Borneo, the Mount Isa Mine was probably a target for invasion forces and air attacks.[1]Reacting to the perceived threat, Dr Edward Ryan decided to take precautions to protect Mount Isa District Hospital from air raids. Dr Edward Ryan contacted Vic Mann, MIM Mine Superintendent, who offered the co-operation of the company and the services of Underground Foreman Wally Onton to supervise the project. The company supplied all the equipment for the work, which was done by Mount Isa miners who volunteered their time.[1]The drilling, blasting and mucking out was mostly done over a two-week period, with the fitting-out taking a few more weeks. The work was done during March/April 1942, during which approximately 100 metres (330 ft) of tunnel were excavated. Three parallel adits were driven into the hill face and then connected to a crosscut level to form a large underground shelter with an E-shaped plan. A vertical rise to the hillside above helped ventilation and was also equipped with a ladder to serve as an emergency exit. The excavation was timbered using the contemporary mining methods of the day, then equipped with furnishings and fittings to perform all the functions of a hospital. There were male, female, and maternity/children's wards, a surgical theatre and a delivery room.[1]The finished underground hospital was about 100 metres (330 ft) from the rear of the nearest hospital building, with access along a gravelled pathway. The three entrances were secured by locked timber gates. Inside the hospital was framed either with sets of round native timber or sawn Oregon timber, the ceiling was sawn hardwood planks and some of the walls were lined with gidyea logs. The floor was bare earth. The hospital was equipped with electric lights and a telephone. Furthermore, buckets of water and sand, stirrup pumps and shovels were present in case of an air raid.[1]Dr Ryan kept the shelter fully equipped and ready for use with linen, medical equipment, dressings and pharmaceutical stocks. Once a week there was an air raid drill, and nurses and orderlies wheeled less-seriously ill patients up the steep gravel path to the underground hospital.[1]Mount Isa never experienced air raids, and it soon became apparent that the attacks on Darwin and other northern towns were harassing raids rather than the prelude to an invasion. History shows that Japanese resources were extended to their limit and, after the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, their naval power was destroyed. The threat of invasion disappeared as the Japanese forces were driven from New Guinea and into retreat from the Pacific.[1]Although air raid drills ceased, the underground hospital remained in use for less urgent purposes. The shelter was used as a dormitory by the nurses on hot nights, then like most unused spaces, it gradually became a store room of hospital equipment and files. After the war, lax security allowed young children to play in the tunnels, which still contained medical equipment and pharmaceutical supplies.[1]The shelter was finally closed sometime during the 1960s when rubble, excavated during the construction of the new four-storey hospital wing, was used to close the three entrances. The ventilation rise was also filled in. For approximately ten years the underground hospital remained closed until the fill at the north collapsed in 1977, and at the main entrance in 1988. Each time an entrance opened there was debate in the community regarding the future of the site. In 1992 the main entrance again collapsed and there was considerable debate about the site because of the Australia-wide interest in WWII sites during celebrations which commemorated the Battle of the Coral Sea and the 1942 threat of invasion.[1]The entrance was again closed, but reopened in 1994. While the entrance was again open and its future was being discussed in the media, a fire broke out in the southern tunnel at 1.30am on 27 August 1994. Queensland Fire Services found water was ineffective and, not knowing the layout of the interior, or the source of the fire, they waited until daylight and filled the tunnel with high expansion foam to extinguish the fire. The Mines Rescue Unit and volunteers later removed most of the burnt timber and stacked it at the main entrance.[1]In response to the fire, the hospital administration installed a locked trapdoor of heavy steel mesh over the collapsed entrance, and the entrance has remained open but secure against entry for the past three years. A public meeting in late 1995 showed that community support has swung strongly in favour of conserving and developing the underground hospital rather than again burying the entrance.[1]In 1996 a steering committee, representing the owners, heritage conservation organisations and corporate and community representatives, was formed to manage the future of the underground hospital. A conservation strategy, funded under the Queensland Heritage Grants Program and the National Trust of Queensland, was prepared at the request of the steering committee. Vandals lighted a second fire on Sunday 26 October 1997 causing further damage to the interior.[1]Plans are in place for the interior of the hospital to be cleared by Green Corps (Young People for the Environment) and volunteer labour. The work will be carried out in consultation with the Cultural Heritage Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency. All artefacts will be documented, tagged and stored at the North West Queensland Museum in Mount Isa. Re-timbering of the interior will be carried out under the supervision of Mount Isa Mines engineers who will also provide some of the equipment required for the project.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Underground_Hospital,_Mount_Isa_-_tunnel_(2013).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Tunnel in underground Hospital, 2013The underground hospital occupies an area roughly 20 metres (66 ft) square in the southeastern corner of the Mount Isa Base Hospital grounds. Its south tunnel lies very close to the hospital's southern boundary.[1]The layout of the underground hospital consists basically of three parallel east-west tunnels, joined at their eastern ends by a tunnel running north-south. All three parallel tunnels were once opened to the outside, but were blocked by rubble in the 1960s. The middle entrance is now partially opened.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"The Tunnels","text":"The three parallel tunnels run almost exactly due east-west. They have been driven in from the surface by drilling and blasting. Some of these drill hole are still visible around the entrance to the middle audit, and in the middle and south tunnels, the drill holes are well preserved in the roof and walls. All the visible stone in the tunnels is a hard, light-coloured shale, which fractures along steeply dipping joint lines. The roof and walls appear to be in good condition overall. Engineering advice since 1994 has indicated that the tunnels are in a sound condition although fist size rock pieces are lying on the floor of the tunnels.[1]All the rock surfaces in the underground hospital are slightly irregular and roughly finished, so all the following dimensions are necessarily approximate. The middle tunnel is 13.8 metres (45 ft) long from the upper lip of the entrance to the corner of the crosscut, and 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in) wide. The south tunnel is 14.5 metres (48 ft) long from the crosscut to the last visible timber post standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, and 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in) wide. The north tunnel is the shortest and widest of the three, only 10 metres (33 ft) from the crosscut to the last timber set standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, but 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide. The east tunnel is 20.4 metres (67 ft) long and the widest of the tunnels at 3.5 metres (11 ft). At both ends of the east tunnel, opposite the north and south tunnels, are two recesses in the wall, the same width as the facing tunnels and each about 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) deep. The tunnel heights are very difficult to measure, as the entire floor of the underground hospital is covered with debris, and the original floor level can only be guessed at. The roof height, near the corner of the middle and east tunnels is about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) The total exposed floor area of the underground hospital is about 188 metres (617 ft) square.[1]The ventilating raise is obstructed at its base by fallen stone and timber. It is located in the intersection of the crosscut and the north tunnel, and is about a metre square in section. It appears to rise a little to the north of vertical for four or five metres, narrowing down as it rises, and is then obstructed by stone and timber. Visibility up the rise is obstructed by a heavy growth of tree roots. A small tree, growing up the slope about 20 metres (66 ft) north-east of the buried entrance to the raise is probably the source of the tree roots.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"The Timbering","text":"Internally, the underground hospital was timbered like a mine, although two different techniques were used. The north tunnel was heavily timbered with three piece sets of sawn Oregon { Douglas fir } posts and top lagged with hardwood planks resting on the caps. Five sets were intact in October 1997. The rest of the hospital was lightly timbered with round logs of native hardwood about 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) in diameter. Throughout most of the hospital only occasional posts were standing in 1997 and most of these were dislodged and leaning. A few intact set survived in the north east corner, showing the construction was generally similar to the sawn timber Oregon sets; having round caps and hardwood plank lagging resting on them. The sets were spaced by sprags resting on cleats nailed to the tops of the posts.[1]In his 1997 report, Peter Bell indicated that approximately three-quarters of the timber shoring in the underground hospital was missing. He also said that a portion of the remaining timber was suffering from termite damage and dry rot. Unfortunately the dry rot damage has accelerated since the 1997 fire because of the amount of water and foam pumped into the structure during the fire.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"Wartime Fittings and Equipment","text":"Little remains of the furnishings and medical equipment. There is no evidence of the operating theatre equipment, beds, cupboards and other moveable equipment. Some material remaining prior to the fire included benching along the eastern wall, timber shelving, light fittings and timber shoring in the north tunnel. There was also a considerable amount of post war material such as files, X-ray plates and medical equipment such as an autoclave. It is believed that the files and X-ray plates fuelled the 1997 fire.[1]In the south tunnel there were 1940s light shades, bed tables, as well as post war material such as unidentified machinery and furniture. At the rear of the north and south tunnels are two 2.7 by 1.7 metres (8 ft 10 in × 5 ft 7 in) recesses. Each recess was fitted out with a roughly constructed cupboard, of which only the northern one was surviving in 1997. The recesses and cupboards are thought to have been constructed after WWII.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"Floor Deposit","text":"Throughout the underground hospital, the floor is covered with a deposit of earth, fallen stone, ash, timbers, pieces of furniture, electrical equipment and other material. One conspicuous element of the floor deposit is the number of pharmaceutical bottles and ampoules it contains. Several dozen bottles and a smaller number of ampoules are visible on the surface. Most of the bottles are empty and unlabelled, but some contain liquids and powders. Some samples removed by firemen in 1994 contained ampoules labelled sodium glycophosphate, sulphur powder and saline solution.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"The former Underground Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.The former Underground Hospital, constructed by Mount Isa Mines volunteer labour in response to the perceived threat of Japanese invasion, is thought to have been excavated between March and April 1942. Mount Isa Mines provided equipment and the services of the Underground Foreman, Wally Onton.[1]The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.The hospital, built entirely underground, is currently thought to be unique in Australia.[1]The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.As such, the site possesses considerable archaeological significance, with potential to yield evidence about 1940s medical and nursing technology and about local improvisation during wartime.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.The underground hospital, designed by Hospital Superintendent, Dr Edward Joseph Ryan is particularly significant as a civilian defence structure built during a period of war. It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.[1]The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.[1]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The Underground Hospital has considerable social significance. Community concern regarding the conservation of the underground hospital is demonstrated by the number of organisations who have become involved in the conservation project, including the Mount Isa Hospital Board and City Council, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the North West Queensland branch of the Queensland Museum.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}] | [{"image_text":"Tunnel in underground Hospital, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Former_Underground_Hospital%2C_Mount_Isa_-_tunnel_%282013%29.jpg/220px-Former_Underground_Hospital%2C_Mount_Isa_-_tunnel_%282013%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Former Underground Hospital, Mount Isa (entry 601102)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601102","url_text":"\"Former Underground Hospital, Mount Isa (entry 601102)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underground_Hospital,_Mount_Isa¶ms=20.7316_S_139.4947_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"20°43′54″S 139°29′41″E / 20.7316°S 139.4947°E / -20.7316; 139.4947"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underground_Hospital,_Mount_Isa¶ms=20.7316_S_139.4947_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"20°43′54″S 139°29′41″E / 20.7316°S 139.4947°E / -20.7316; 139.4947"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601102","external_links_name":"\"Former Underground Hospital, Mount Isa (entry 601102)\""},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"\"The Queensland heritage register\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"\"Queensland heritage register boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 3.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.undergroundhospital.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessi%C3%A8res,_Haute-Garonne | Bessières, Haute-Garonne | ["1 Population","2 Sights","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 43°48′05″N 1°36′24″E / 43.8014°N 1.6067°E / 43.8014; 1.6067
Commune in Occitania, FranceBessières
Becièras (Occitan)CommuneA general view of Bessières
Coat of armsLocation of Bessières
BessièresShow map of FranceBessièresShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°48′05″N 1°36′24″E / 43.8014°N 1.6067°E / 43.8014; 1.6067CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentHaute-GaronneArrondissementToulouseCantonVillemur-sur-TarnGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Cédric MaurelArea116.68 km2 (6.44 sq mi)Population (2021)4,197 • Density250/km2 (650/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code31066 /31660Elevation85–194 m (279–636 ft) (avg. 108 m or 354 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Bessières (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Becièras) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,456— 1975 1,595+1.31%1982 1,841+2.07%1990 2,009+1.10%1999 2,222+1.13%2007 3,069+4.12%2012 3,472+2.50%2017 4,073+3.24%Source: INSEE
Sights
The town hall
The market
The church
The bridge
See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bessières (Haute-Garonne).
vteCommunes of the department of Haute-Garonne
Agassac
Aignes
Aigrefeuille
Alan
Albiac
Ambax
Anan
Antichan-de-Frontignes
Antignac
Arbas
Arbon
Ardiège
Arguenos
Argut-Dessous
Arlos
Arnaud-Guilhem
Artigue
Aspet
Aspret-Sarrat
Aucamville
Aulon
Auragne
Aureville
Auriac-sur-Vendinelle
Auribail
Aurignac
Aurin
Ausseing
Ausson
Aussonne
Auterive
Auzas
Auzeville-Tolosane
Auzielle
Avignonet-Lauragais
Ayguesvives
Azas
Bachas
Bachos
Bagiry
Bagnères-de-Luchon
Balesta
Balma
Barbazan
Baren
Bax
Baziège
Bazus
Beauchalot
Beaufort
Beaumont-sur-Lèze
Beaupuy
Beauteville
Beauville
Beauzelle
Belberaud
Belbèze-de-Lauragais
Belbèze-en-Comminges
Bélesta-en-Lauragais
Bellegarde-Sainte-Marie
Bellesserre
Benque
Benque-Dessous-et-Dessus
Bérat
Bessières
Bezins-Garraux
Billière
Binos
Blagnac
Blajan
Bois-de-la-Pierre
Boissède
Bondigoux
Bonrepos-Riquet
Bonrepos-sur-Aussonnelle
Bordes-de-Rivière
Le Born
Boudrac
Bouloc
Boulogne-sur-Gesse
Bourg-d'Oueil
Bourg-Saint-Bernard
Boussan
Boussens
Boutx
Bouzin
Bragayrac
Brax
Bretx
Brignemont
Bruguières
Burgalays
Le Burgaud
Buzet-sur-Tarn
Cabanac-Cazaux
Cabanac-Séguenville
Le Cabanial
Cadours
Caignac
Calmont
Cambernard
Cambiac
Canens
Capens
Caragoudes
Caraman
Carbonne
Cardeilhac
Cassagnabère-Tournas
Cassagne
Castagnac
Castagnède
Castanet-Tolosan
Castelbiague
Castelgaillard
Castelginest
Castelmaurou
Castelnau-d'Estrétefonds
Castelnau-Picampeau
Le Castéra
Castéra-Vignoles
Casties-Labrande
Castillon-de-Larboust
Castillon-de-Saint-Martory
Cathervielle
Caubiac
Caubous
Caujac
Cazac
Cazarilh-Laspènes
Cazaril-Tambourès
Cazaunous
Cazaux-Layrisse
Cazeaux-de-Larboust
Cazeneuve-Montaut
Cazères
Cépet
Cessales
Charlas
Chaum
Chein-Dessus
Ciadoux
Cier-de-Luchon
Cier-de-Rivière
Cierp-Gaud
Cintegabelle
Cirès
Clarac
Clermont-le-Fort
Colomiers
Cornebarrieu
Corronsac
Coueilles
Couladère
Couret
Cox
Cugnaux
Cuguron
Le Cuing
Daux
Deyme
Donneville
Drémil-Lafage
Drudas
Eaunes
Empeaux
Encausse-les-Thermes
Eoux
Escalquens
Escanecrabe
Escoulis
Espanès
Esparron
Esperce
Estadens
Estancarbon
Esténos
Eup
Fabas
Le Faget
Falga
Le Fauga
Fenouillet
Figarol
Flourens
Folcarde
Fonbeauzard
Fonsorbes
Fontenilles
Forgues
Fos
Fougaron
Fourquevaux
Le Fousseret
Francarville
Francazal
Francon
Franquevielle
Le Fréchet
Fronsac
Frontignan-de-Comminges
Frontignan-Savès
Fronton
Frouzins
Fustignac
Gagnac-sur-Garonne
Gaillac-Toulza
Galié
Ganties
Garac
Gardouch
Gargas
Garidech
Garin
Gauré
Gémil
Génos
Gensac-de-Boulogne
Gensac-sur-Garonne
Gibel
Gouaux-de-Larboust
Gouaux-de-Luchon
Goudex
Gourdan-Polignan
Goutevernisse
Gouzens
Goyrans
Gragnague
Gratens
Gratentour
Grazac
Grenade
Grépiac
Le Grès
Guran
Herran
His
Huos
L'Isle-en-Dodon
Issus
Izaut-de-l'Hôtel
Jurvielle
Juzes
Juzet-de-Luchon
Juzet-d'Izaut
Labarthe-Inard
Labarthe-Rivière
Labarthe-sur-Lèze
Labastide-Beauvoir
Labastide-Clermont
Labastide-Paumès
Labastide-Saint-Sernin
Labastidette
Labège
Labroquère
Labruyère-Dorsa
Lacaugne
Lacroix-Falgarde
Laffite-Toupière
Lafitte-Vigordane
Lagarde
Lagardelle-sur-Lèze
Lagrâce-Dieu
Lagraulet-Saint-Nicolas
Lahage
Lahitère
Lalouret-Laffiteau
Lamasquère
Landorthe
Lanta
Lapeyrère
Lapeyrouse-Fossat
Larcan
Laréole
Larra
Larroque
Lasserre-Pradère
Latoue
Latour
Latrape
Launac
Launaguet
Lautignac
Lauzerville
Lavalette
Lavelanet-de-Comminges
Lavernose-Lacasse
Layrac-sur-Tarn
Lécussan
Lège
Léguevin
Lescuns
Lespinasse
Lespiteau
Lespugue
Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory
Lévignac
Lherm
Lieoux
Lilhac
Lodes
Longages
Loubens-Lauragais
Loudet
Lourde
Luscan
Lussan-Adeilhac
Lux
La Magdelaine-sur-Tarn
Mailholas
Malvezie
Mancioux
Mane
Marignac
Marignac-Lasclares
Marignac-Laspeyres
Marliac
Marquefave
Marsoulas
Martisserre
Martres-de-Rivière
Martres-Tolosane
Mascarville
Massabrac
Mauran
Mauremont
Maurens
Mauressac
Maureville
Mauvaisin
Mauvezin
Mauzac
Mayrègne
Mazères-sur-Salat
Melles
Menville
Mérenvielle
Mervilla
Merville
Milhas
Mirambeau
Miramont-de-Comminges
Miremont
Mirepoix-sur-Tarn
Molas
Moncaup
Mondavezan
Mondilhan
Mondonville
Mondouzil
Monès
Monestrol
Mons
Montaigut-sur-Save
Montastruc-de-Salies
Montastruc-la-Conseillère
Montastruc-Savès
Montauban-de-Luchon
Montaut
Montberaud
Montbernard
Montberon
Montbrun-Bocage
Montbrun-Lauragais
Montclar-de-Comminges
Montclar-Lauragais
Mont-de-Galié
Montégut-Bourjac
Montégut-Lauragais
Montespan
Montesquieu-Guittaut
Montesquieu-Lauragais
Montesquieu-Volvestre
Montgaillard-de-Salies
Montgaillard-Lauragais
Montgaillard-sur-Save
Montgazin
Montgeard
Montgiscard
Montgras
Montjoire
Montlaur
Montmaurin
Montoulieu-Saint-Bernard
Montoussin
Montpitol
Montrabé
Montréjeau
Montsaunès
Mourvilles-Basses
Mourvilles-Hautes
Moustajon
Muretsubpr
Nailloux
Nénigan
Nizan-Gesse
Noé
Nogaret
Noueilles
Odars
Ondes
Oô
Ore
Palaminy
Paulhac
Payssous
Péchabou
Pechbonnieu
Pechbusque
Péguilhan
Pelleport
Peyrissas
Peyrouzet
Peyssies
Pibrac
Pin-Balma
Le Pin-Murelet
Pinsaguel
Pins-Justaret
Plagne
Plagnole
Plaisance-du-Touch
Le Plan
Pointis-de-Rivière
Pointis-Inard
Polastron
Pompertuzat
Ponlat-Taillebourg
Portet-d'Aspet
Portet-de-Luchon
Portet-sur-Garonne
Poubeau
Poucharramet
Pouy-de-Touges
Pouze
Préserville
Proupiary
Prunet
Puydaniel
Puymaurin
Puysségur
Quint-Fonsegrives
Ramonville-Saint-Agne
Razecueillé
Rebigue
Régades
Renneville
Revel
Rieucazé
Rieumajou
Rieumes
Rieux-Volvestre
Riolas
Roquefort-sur-Garonne
Roques
Roquesérière
Roquettes
Rouède
Rouffiac-Tolosan
Roumens
Sabonnères
Saccourvielle
Saiguède
Saint-Alban
Saint-André
Saint-Araille
Saint-Aventin
Saint-Béat-Lez
Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
Saint-Cézert
Saint-Christaud
Saint-Clar-de-Rivière
Sainte-Foy-d'Aigrefeuille
Sainte-Foy-de-Peyrolières
Sainte-Livrade
Saint-Élix-le-Château
Saint-Élix-Séglan
Saint-Félix-Lauragais
Saint-Ferréol-de-Comminges
Saint-Frajou
Saint-Gaudenssubpr
Saint-Geniès-Bellevue
Saint-Germier
Saint-Hilaire
Saint-Ignan
Saint-Jean
Saint-Jean-Lherm
Saint-Jory
Saint-Julia
Saint-Julien-sur-Garonne
Saint-Lary-Boujean
Saint-Laurent
Saint-Léon
Saint-Loup-Cammas
Saint-Loup-en-Comminges
Saint-Lys
Saint-Mamet
Saint-Marcel-Paulel
Saint-Marcet
Saint-Martory
Saint-Médard
Saint-Michel
Saint-Orens-de-Gameville
Saint-Paul-d'Oueil
Saint-Paul-sur-Save
Saint-Pé-d'Ardet
Saint-Pé-Delbosc
Saint-Pierre
Saint-Pierre-de-Lages
Saint-Plancard
Saint-Rome
Saint-Rustice
Saint-Sauveur
Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze
Saint-Thomas
Saint-Vincent
Sajas
Saleich
Salerm
Salies-du-Salat
Salles-et-Pratviel
Salles-sur-Garonne
La Salvetat-Lauragais
La Salvetat-Saint-Gilles
Saman
Samouillan
Sana
Sarrecave
Sarremezan
Saubens
Saussens
Sauveterre-de-Comminges
Saux-et-Pomarède
Savarthès
Savères
Sédeilhac
Ségreville
Seilh
Seilhan
Sénarens
Sengouagnet
Sepx
Seyre
Seysses
Signac
Sode
Soueich
Tarabel
Terrebasse
Thil
Touille
Toulousepref
Tournefeuille
Les Tourreilles
Toutens
Trébons-de-Luchon
Trébons-sur-la-Grasse
L'Union
Urau
Vacquiers
Valcabrère
Valentine
Vallègue
Vallesvilles
Varennes
Vaudreuille
Vaux
Vendine
Venerque
Verfeil
Vernet
Vieille-Toulouse
Vieillevigne
Vignaux
Vigoulet-Auzil
Villariès
Villate
Villaudric
Villefranche-de-Lauragais
Villematier
Villemur-sur-Tarn
Villeneuve-de-Rivière
Villeneuve-Lécussan
Villeneuve-lès-Bouloc
Villeneuve-Tolosane
Villenouvelle
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Haute-Garonne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bɛsjɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haute-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceBessières (French pronunciation: [bɛsjɛʁ]; Occitan: Becièras) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.","title":"Bessières, Haute-Garonne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bessi%C3%A8res_La_Mairie.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bessi%C3%A8res_La_halle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:31_-_Bessi%C3%A8res_-_Eglise_Saint_Jean-Baptiste_-_La_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bessieres_-_Pont_de_Bessi%C3%A8res.jpg"}],"text":"The town hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe bridge","title":"Sights"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Haute-Garonne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Haute-Garonne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-31066","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bessi%C3%A8res,_Haute-Garonne¶ms=43.8014_N_1.6067_E_type:city(4197)_region:FR-31","external_links_name":"43°48′05″N 1°36′24″E / 43.8014°N 1.6067°E / 43.8014; 1.6067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bessi%C3%A8res,_Haute-Garonne¶ms=43.8014_N_1.6067_E_type:city(4197)_region:FR-31","external_links_name":"43°48′05″N 1°36′24″E / 43.8014°N 1.6067°E / 43.8014; 1.6067"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-31066","external_links_name":"31066"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-31066","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-31066#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152550620","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152550620","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bessi%C3%A8res,_Haute-Garonne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahlabad,_Quchan | Sahlabad, Quchan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°46′31″N 58°48′18″E / 36.77528°N 58.80500°E / 36.77528; 58.80500Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSahlabad
سهل ابادvillageSahlabadCoordinates: 36°46′31″N 58°48′18″E / 36.77528°N 58.80500°E / 36.77528; 58.80500Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyQuchanBakhshCentralRural DistrictDughayiPopulation (2006) • Total257Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Sahlabad (Persian: سهل اباد, also Romanized as Sahlābād) is a village in Dughayi Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 257, in 57 families.
References
^ Sahlabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3081880" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Quchan CountyCapital
Quchan
DistrictsCentralCities
Quchan
Rural Districts and villagesDughayi
Allatman
Almajeq
Andarzi
Atarchi
Beniabid
Besh Aghaj
Beyg Nazar
Borselan
Chah Ab
Chahar Suq
Chanbar Gharbal
Dughayi
Dustabad
Gol Mim
Gol Mokharan
Golshanabad
Hesar
Kalateh-ye Ahmad
Kalateh-ye Ali Zeynal
Kalateh-ye Azim
Kalateh-ye Hajji Ali Dad
Kalateh-ye Malu
Kalateh-ye Reza Khan
Kalateh-ye Yesaval Bashi
Kalateh-ye Zaman
Kheyrabad
Kheyrabad-e Sharqi
Maqsudabad
Mazraeh-ye Zaman Put
Meshkanlu
Qarah Chay
Rezaabad-e Sharqi
Sahlabad
Samangan
Shafi
Shoghlabad
Shurcheh
Tukla Bagh
Yasaqi
Yazdanabad-e Sharqi
Zaman Put
Quchan Atiq
Asgarabad
Askariyeh
Biglar
Borj-e Zeydanlu
Chitgar
Daghian
Darbandi
Fathabad
Filab
Firuzabad
Gonbad Heq
Gowjeh
Gozalabad
Haji Kahu
Hasanabad
Jafarabad-e Olya
Jartudeh
Joneydabad
Kalateh-ye Mirza Rajab
Kohneh Forud
Kolukhi
Mahmudi
Mohammadabad-e Olya
Mohammadabad-e Sofla
Moheb Saraj
Nasimabad
Neyyat
Nowruzi
Orteh Cheshmeh
Otorabad
Qarah Shahverdi
Quchan Industrial Estate
Saadat Qoli-ye Olya
Saadat Qoli-ye Sofla
Salimabad
Sarab
Shahr-e Kohneh
Taqiabad
Yazdanabad-e Olya
Yazdanabad-e Sofla
Yusefabad
Zadak
Zeydanlu
Shirin Darreh
Ab Barg
Allahian
Aq Kariz
Bad Khvor
Borj-e Qardash
Chalaki
Cheran
Fakhrabad
Hemmatabad-e Chalaki
Hey Hey
Janan
Khomartash
Kordkanlu
Mezerj
Padegan-e Quchan
Pariabad
Piranlu
Pish Baghan
Qeytaqi
Salanquch
Sarzow
Shurok-e Hajji
Shurok-e Tupkanlu
Tabrik
Tavil
Yadak
Yaqubabad
Yusef Khan
Zu Khanu
Zubaran
Sudlaneh
Ab Gorg
Ab Shuri
Alaqeh Janban
Aliabad
Dadanlu
Davodli
Dizadiz
Dizavand
Dulu
Emarat
Eslamabad
Farkhan-e Kohneh
Farkhan-e Olya
Farkhan-e Shahrah
Farkhan-e Sofla
Guganlu
Jafarabad-e Olya
Kachalanlu
Kalateh-ye Archinabad
Kalateh-ye Fathabad-e Sharqi
Kalateh-ye Mirza Mohammad Ali
Kallar
Khalkanlu
Kotlar
Mohammadabad-e Sharqi
Navakh
Qaleh-ye Abbas
Qarah Jeqqeh
Qasemabad
Qeshlaq
Yengeh Qaleh-ye Havadanlu
Zalabad
BajgiranCities
Bajgiran
Rural Districts and villagesDowlatkhaneh
Ab Jahan
Asi Bolagh
Bardar
Chuynli
Dor Badam
Dowlatkhaneh
Emamqoli
Eslamabad
Hamzeh Kanlu
Incheh Keykanlu
Incheh Sabolagh
Incheh Shahbaz
Jowzan
Kalateh-ye Hajji Nasir
Kalateh-ye Molla Mohammad
Pakotal
Qach Kanlu
Qareh Cheh
Qariyeh Sharaf
Qarjqah
Rahvard
Shah Rag
Shamkhal
Sheykh Kanlu
Shirzan
Yadegar
Iran portal
This Quchan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dughayi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dughayi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Quchan_County)"},{"link_name":"Quchan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quchan_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSahlabad (Persian: سهل اباد, also Romanized as Sahlābād)[1] is a village in Dughayi Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 257, in 57 families.[2]","title":"Sahlabad, Quchan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sahlabad,_Quchan¶ms=36_46_31_N_58_48_18_E_region:IR_type:city(257)","external_links_name":"36°46′31″N 58°48′18″E / 36.77528°N 58.80500°E / 36.77528; 58.80500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sahlabad,_Quchan¶ms=36_46_31_N_58_48_18_E_region:IR_type:city(257)","external_links_name":"36°46′31″N 58°48′18″E / 36.77528°N 58.80500°E / 36.77528; 58.80500"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahlabad,_Quchan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0 | Ġ | ["1 Usage","1.1 Arabic","1.2 Armenian","1.3 Chechen","1.4 Inupiat","1.5 Irish","1.6 Maltese","1.7 Old Czech","1.8 Old English","1.9 Ukrainian","1.10 Phonetic transcription","1.11 Georgian","2 Computer encoding","3 References"] | Latin letter G with dot above
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ġ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Majuscule and minuscule ġ.
Ġ (minuscule: ġ) is a letter of the Latin script, formed from G with the addition of a dot above the letter.
Usage
Arabic
Ġ is used in some Arabic transliteration schemes, such as DIN 31635 and ISO 233, to represent the letter غ (ġain).
Armenian
Ġ is used in the romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian to represent the letter Ղ/ղ (ġat).
Chechen
Ġ is present in the Chechen Latin alphabet, created in the 1990s. The Cyrillic equivalent is гI, which represents the sound /ɣ/.
Inupiat
Ġ is used in some dialects of Inupiat to represent the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/.
Irish
Ġ was formerly used in Irish to represent the lenited form of G. The digraph gh is now used.
Maltese
Ġ is the 7th letter of the Maltese alphabet, preceded by F and followed by G. It represents the voiced postalveolar affricate .
Old Czech
⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes (about 16th century) used to represent real , to distinguish it from the letter g which represented the consonant .
Old English
⟨Ġ⟩ is sometimes used in modern scholarly transcripts of Old English to represent or (after ⟨n⟩), to distinguish it from ⟨g⟩ pronounced as /ɣ/, which is otherwise spelled identically. The digraph ⟨cg⟩ was also used to represent .
Ukrainian
⟨Ġ⟩ is used in some Ukrainian transliteration schemes, mainly ISO 9:1995, as the letter Ґ.
Phonetic transcription
⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes used as a phonetic symbol transcribing or .
Georgian
Ġ is used in the transliteration of Georgian to represent the letter ღ.
Computer encoding
ISO 8859-3 (Latin-3) includes Ġ at D5 and ġ at F5 for use in Maltese, and ISO 8859-14 (Latin-8) includes Ġ at B2 and ġ at B3 for use in Irish.
Precomposed characters for Ġ and ġ have been present in Unicode since version 1.0. As part of WGL4, it can be expected to display correctly on most computer systems.
Appearance
Code points
Name
Ġ
U+0120U+0047, U+0307
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVELATIN CAPITAL LETTER G + COMBINING DOT ABOVE
ġ
U+0121U+0067, U+0307
LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVELATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING DOT ABOVE
OpenAI's GPT-2 uses 0xC4 0xA0 (Ġ) as the start of a word in its tokens.
References
^ Koryakov, Yuri B. (2002). Atlas of Caucasian Languages (PDF). Moscow: Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 6–7.
^ "Symbol Codes | Irish, Old Irish and Manx". Pennsylvania State University. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Robert D. Hoberman (2007). Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). "Chapter 13. Maltese Morphology" (PDF). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns: 258. ISBN 978-1-57506-109-2. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Daniel Paul O'Donnell. "The Pronunciation of Old English". University of Lethbridge Personal Web Sites. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ "Why \u0120 (Ġ) is in so many pairs? · Issue #80 · openai/GPT-2". GitHub.
vteLatin script
History
Spread
Romanization
Roman numerals
Ligatures
Alphabets (list)
Classical Latin alphabet
ISO basic Latin alphabet
Phonetic alphabets
International Phonetic Alphabet
X-SAMPA
Spelling alphabet
Letters (list)
Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Letter G with diacritics
Ǵǵ
Ğğ
Ĝĝ
Ǧǧ
Ġġ
G̃g̃
Ģģ
Ḡḡ
Ǥǥ
Ꞡꞡ
Ɠɠ
Gʻgʻ
ᶃ
ꬶ
⅁ᵷ
Letters using dot sign ( ◌̇, ◌̣ )
Ȧȧ
Ạạ
Ḃḃ
Ḅḅ
Ċċ
Ḋḋ
Ḍḍ
Ėė
Ẹẹ
Ḟḟ
Ġġ
Ḣḣ
Ḥḥ
İ i
Ị ị
Ḳḳ
Ŀŀ
Ḷḷ
Ṁṁ
Ṃṃ
Ṅṅ
Ṇṇ
Ȯȯ
O͘o͘
Ọọ
Ṗṗ
Ṙṙ
Ṛṛ
Ṡṡ
Ṣṣ
Ṫṫ
Ṭṭ
Ụụ
Ṿṿ
Ẇẇ
Ẉẉ
Ẋẋ
X̣x̣
Ẏẏ
Ỵỵ
Żż
Ẓẓ
MultigraphsDigraphs
Ch
Dz
Dž
Gh
IJ
Lj
Ll
Ly
Nh
Nj
Ny
Sh
Sz
Th
Trigraphs
dzs
eau
Tetragraphs
ough
PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list)
QWERTY
QWERTZ
AZERTY
Dvorak
Colemak
BÉPO
Neo
Standards
ISO/IEC 646
Unicode
Western Latin character sets
DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
Lists
Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
Letters used in mathematics
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
Diacritics
Palaeography | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_letter_G_with_dot_above.svg"},{"link_name":"minuscule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_case"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G"},{"link_name":"dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)"}],"text":"Majuscule and minuscule ġ.Ġ (minuscule: ġ) is a letter of the Latin script, formed from G with the addition of a dot above the letter.","title":"Ġ"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_transliteration"},{"link_name":"DIN 31635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_31635"},{"link_name":"ISO 233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_233"},{"link_name":"ġain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghayn"}],"sub_title":"Arabic","text":"Ġ is used in some Arabic transliteration schemes, such as DIN 31635 and ISO 233, to represent the letter غ (ġain).","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"ġat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat_(Armenian_letter)"}],"sub_title":"Armenian","text":"Ġ is used in the romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian to represent the letter Ղ/ղ (ġat).","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Chechen","text":"Ġ is present in the Chechen Latin alphabet, created in the 1990s. The Cyrillic equivalent is гI, which represents the sound /ɣ/.[1]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inupiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat_language"},{"link_name":"voiced uvular fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative"}],"sub_title":"Inupiat","text":"Ġ is used in some dialects of Inupiat to represent the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"lenited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G"},{"link_name":"digraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)"},{"link_name":"gh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh_(digraph)#Irish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Irish","text":"Ġ was formerly used in Irish to represent the lenited form of G. The digraph gh is now used.[2]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maltese alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G"},{"link_name":"voiced postalveolar affricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Maltese","text":"Ġ is the 7th letter of the Maltese alphabet, preceded by F and followed by G. It represents the voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ].[3]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive"},{"link_name":"consonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant"}],"sub_title":"Old Czech","text":"⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes (about 16th century) used to represent real [g], to distinguish it from the letter g which represented the consonant [j].","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Old English","text":"⟨Ġ⟩ is sometimes used in modern scholarly transcripts of Old English to represent [j] or [dʒ] (after ⟨n⟩), to distinguish it from ⟨g⟩ pronounced as /ɣ/, which is otherwise spelled identically. The digraph ⟨cg⟩ was also used to represent [dʒ].[4]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_transliteration"},{"link_name":"ISO 9:1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9"},{"link_name":"Ґ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn"}],"sub_title":"Ukrainian","text":"⟨Ġ⟩ is used in some Ukrainian transliteration schemes, mainly ISO 9:1995, as the letter Ґ.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phonetic symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"ɣ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative"},{"link_name":"ŋ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal"}],"sub_title":"Phonetic transcription","text":"⟨ġ⟩ is sometimes used as a phonetic symbol transcribing [ɣ] or [ŋ].","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"ღ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghani_(letter)"}],"sub_title":"Georgian","text":"Ġ is used in the transliteration of Georgian to represent the letter ღ.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO 8859-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3"},{"link_name":"ISO 8859-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14"},{"link_name":"Precomposed characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"WGL4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGL4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"ISO 8859-3 (Latin-3) includes Ġ at D5 and ġ at F5 for use in Maltese, and ISO 8859-14 (Latin-8) includes Ġ at B2 and ġ at B3 for use in Irish.Precomposed characters for Ġ and ġ have been present in Unicode since version 1.0. As part of WGL4, it can be expected to display correctly on most computer systems.OpenAI's GPT-2 uses 0xC4 0xA0 (Ġ) as the start of a word in its tokens.[5]","title":"Computer encoding"}] | [{"image_text":"Majuscule and minuscule ġ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Latin_letter_G_with_dot_above.svg/220px-Latin_letter_G_with_dot_above.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Koryakov, Yuri B. (2002). Atlas of Caucasian Languages (PDF). Moscow: Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 6–7.","urls":[{"url":"http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/ACL-all.pdf","url_text":"Atlas of Caucasian Languages"}]},{"reference":"\"Symbol Codes | Irish, Old Irish and Manx\". Pennsylvania State University. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/languages/europe/irish/","url_text":"\"Symbol Codes | Irish, Old Irish and Manx\""}]},{"reference":"Robert D. Hoberman (2007). Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). \"Chapter 13. Maltese Morphology\" (PDF). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns: 258. ISBN 978-1-57506-109-2. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/linguistics/faculty/robert.hoberman/files/publications/Hoberman%202007%20Maltese%20morphology.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 13. Maltese Morphology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-109-2","url_text":"978-1-57506-109-2"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Paul O'Donnell. \"The Pronunciation of Old English\". University of Lethbridge Personal Web Sites. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.uleth.ca/~daniel.odonnell/tutorials/the-pronunciation-of-old-english","url_text":"\"The Pronunciation of Old English\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why \\u0120 (Ġ) is in so many pairs? · Issue #80 · openai/GPT-2\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/issues/80","url_text":"\"Why \\u0120 (Ġ) is in so many pairs? · Issue #80 · openai/GPT-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C4%A0%22","external_links_name":"\"Ġ\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C4%A0%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C4%A0%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C4%A0%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C4%A0%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C4%A0%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/ACL-all.pdf","external_links_name":"Atlas of Caucasian Languages"},{"Link":"https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/languages/europe/irish/","external_links_name":"\"Symbol Codes | Irish, Old Irish and Manx\""},{"Link":"https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/linguistics/faculty/robert.hoberman/files/publications/Hoberman%202007%20Maltese%20morphology.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 13. Maltese Morphology\""},{"Link":"https://people.uleth.ca/~daniel.odonnell/tutorials/the-pronunciation-of-old-english","external_links_name":"\"The Pronunciation of Old English\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/issues/80","external_links_name":"\"Why \\u0120 (Ġ) is in so many pairs? · Issue #80 · openai/GPT-2\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDUV | WDUV | ["1 History","2 Current programming and format evolution","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "WDUV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Radio station in New Port Richey, FloridaWDUVNew Port Richey, FloridaBroadcast areaTampa Bay areaFrequency105.5 MHz (HD Radio)Branding105.5 The DoveProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatSoft adult contemporarySubchannelsHD2: Country musicAffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwnerCox Media Group(Cox Radio, LLC)Sister stationsWHPTWTBVWWRMWXGLHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 19, 1969 (1969-09-19)Former call signsWGUL-FM (1969–81)WPSO (1981–83)WGUL-FM (1983–95)WTBT (1995–99)Call sign meaningPhonetic sound-alike to doveTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID1178ClassC1ERP33,000 wattsHAAT458 meters (1,503 ft)Transmitter coordinates28°10′59″N 82°46′05″W / 28.183°N 82.768°W / 28.183; -82.768LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.wduv.com
WDUV (105.5 FM "The Dove") is a commercial radio station licensed to New Port Richey, Florida and serving the Tampa Bay Area. Owned by Cox Radio, it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format. It switches to all-Christmas music from mid-November to December 25. WDUV's studios and offices are located in St. Petersburg. The transmitter site is off Dartmouth Drive in Holiday.
WDUV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 33,000 watts. It broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. WDUV carries a country music format on its HD2 channel.
History
Initially signing on in October 1963, with a beautiful music format, WDUV was formerly licensed to Bradenton in Manatee County and formerly broadcast at 103.3 FM. The station originally shared the same studio facilities on Tamiami Trail in Bradenton with WBRD (1420 AM), and the Bradenton news bureau of ABC network affiliate WXLT-TV (now WWSB). At the time, all three stations were owned by the same family.
Former logo of the radio station used between July 2000 and June 2012
In the early-1990s, WDUV relocated its frequency to 103.5 FM, to improve its coverage area in the Tampa Bay area. By the mid-1990s, WDUV would be acquired by Jacor Broadcasting (since absorbed by Clear Channel Communications), who relocated its studios to St. Petersburg. As recently as 1997, WDUV continued to play about 50% instrumental music and 50% vocals.
On April 5, 1999, at Midnight, WDUV swapped its frequency with classic rock station WTBT, moving from 103.5 to 105.5 FM. However, both frequencies would retain their transmitting locations and cities of license. After the swap, WDUV became licensed to New Port Richey with transmitting facilities in Holiday, while WTBT, whose transmitter was located in Riverview, became licensed to Bradenton. (WTBT, now WFUS, has since been relicensed to Gulfport.) While the new WDUV's transmitter is more powerful, it is also further away from the population center of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater market than WDUV's former transmitter. Because WDUV is aimed at an older audience, Cox saw more potential gain with WTBT at 103.5.
Shortly after the swap, Clear Channel sold WDUV to its present owner, Cox Radio.
Current programming and format evolution
Currently, the station specializes in playing an oldies-based soft adult contemporary format, described on the air as "Continuous Lite Favorites." Since the early 2000s, the station's music mix has evolved from an "easy listening" format featuring a sprinkling of "adult standards" artists such as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, and Nat "King" Cole to its current direction of softer hits from chiefly the 1970s to the 1990s with most of the focus on the 1980s. Artists frequently heard on the station include Prince, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, Billy Joel, Kool and the Gang, Fleetwood Mac, Phil Collins, Madonna, Hall & Oates, Michael Jackson, and The Eagles.
The station's former so-called "super-soft" format featured one or two smooth jazz instrumentals each hour, as a reminder of its past instrumental "beautiful music" format. With the purge of the "adult standards" artists from the station's playlist and the addition of some more recent and more upbeat songs, the smooth jazz instrumentals were also dropped. The station rarely plays any song recorded after 2000, to avoid overlapping with co-owned adult contemporary music station WWRM, whose format is more contemporary.
WDUV is owned by Cox Radio, and is one of the highest-rated radio stations in a large United States market. WDUV is consistently number one in Tampa Bay, often with double the listeners of the number two station, according to Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron), a noted radio ratings firm. WDUV's success prompted owner Cox Radio to put the same format on one of its FM stations in Miami, WFEZ.
WDUV's popular morning show, which airs from 6 to 10 a.m., was hosted by radio personality Dick Ring until he left the station on April 27, 2012. The following Monday, Ring, who retired to North Carolina, was replaced by Ann Kelly, the then-afternoon drive host for WWRM. Weekday afternoons, the host is Giselle Andres from 3 to 7 p.m. The station airs the syndicated Delilah show in the evening. The rest of the hours are automated and without disk jockeys, which was how WDUV operated since its origins as an easy listening station. Most pre-recorded liners simply tell listeners that they are hearing "105.5 The Dove," with little other dialogue.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WDUV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "WDUV-FM 105.5 MHz - New Port Richey, FL". Radio-locator.com. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ Knopper, Steve (1997-06-21). "Beautiful Music Gone, Not Forgotten". Billboard.
^ "FM stations trade places, not styles", St. Petersburg Times (April 6, 1999)
^ "Wduv.com: Inside wduv.com Dick Ring". Archived from the original on 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2006-04-26.
External links
Official website
WDUV in the FCC FM station database
WDUV in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Tampa Bay area of FloridaThis region includes the cities Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater.By AM frequency
570
620
680
760
820
860
910
970
1010
1040
1110
1150
1250
1300
1340
1350
1380
1400
1450
1470
1500
1520
1550
1590
16201
By FM frequency
88.5
88.9
89.7
90.5
91.1
91.5
92.5
93.3
94.1
94.9
95.7
96.1
97.1
97.9
98.7
99.5
99.9
100.7
101.5
102.5
103.5
104.7
105.5
106.3
106.5
107.3
LPFM
90.1
96.3
WBPU-LP
WSCQ-LP
WURK-LP
96.7
WMTB-LP
WZPH-LP
99.1
WUJM-LP
WVVD-LP
100.1
WGGF-LP
WUBP-LP
WVVF-LP
101.1
101.9
102.1
WPBW-LP
WWFH-LP
104.1
105.1
107.9
Translators
90.9
91.9
92.1
92.3
92.9
93.7
W229BM
W229DJ
94.5
W233AV
W233CV
95.3
96.1
96.7
W244BE
W244EG
97.5
98.3
99.1
100.3
100.9
101.1
101.9
W270AU
W270DH
102.1
102.9
103.1
103.9
W280DK
W280DW
104.3
W282CC
W282CI
105.9
106.1
106.9
107.7
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.45
162.55
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
88.5-1
88.5-2
88.5-3
88.5-4
89.7-1
89.7-2
90.5-1
90.5-2
90.5-3
92.5-1
92.5-2
92.9-1
92.9-2
93.3-1
93.3-2
93.3-3
94.1-1
94.9-1
94.9-2
95.7-1
95.7-2
96.1-1
96.1-2
97.1-1
97.9-1
97.9-2
98.7-1
99.5-1
99.5-2
100.7-1
100.7-2
100.7-3
101.5-1
101.5-2
102.5-1
102.5-2
103.5-1
103.5-2
104.7-1
104.7-2
105.5-1
105.5-2
106.5-1
106.5-2
106.5-3
107.3-1
By call sign
"Bulls Radio"1
KEC38
KHB32
W215CJ
W220EK
W221DW
W222CI
W225CQ
W229BM
W229DJ
W233AV
W233CV
W237CW
W241DH2
W244BE
W244EG
W248CA
W252DF
W256CT
W262CP
W265BJ
W266CW
W270AU
W270DH
W271DL
W275AZ
W276CX
W280DK
W280DW
W282CC
W282CI
W290BJ
W291CW
W295CF
W299CI
WAMA
WBPU-LP
WBTP
HD2
WBVM
HD2
HD3
WCIE
WDAE
WDCF
WDUV
HD2
WFLA
WFLZ
HD2
HD3
WFUS
HD2
WGES
WGGF-LP
WGHR
WGUL
WHBO
WHNZ
WHOT
WHPT
HD2
WJBR
WKES
WLCC
WLLD
WMGG
WMNF
HD2
HD3
HD4
WMTB-LP
WMTX
HD2
HD3
WPBB
WPBW-LP
WPHC-LP
WPSO
WQBN
WQYK-FM
HD2
WRBQ-FM
HD2
WRUB
HD2
HD3
WSCQ-LP
WSDX-LP
WSUN
WTAN
WTBN
WTWD
WTBV
HD2
WTEC-LP
WTIS
WTMP
WTMP-FM
HD2
WUBP-LP
WUJM-LP
WURK-LP
WUSF
HD2
WVVD-LP
WVVF-LP
WWBA
WWFH-LP
WWJB
WWMI
WWRM
HD2
WWZT-LP
WXGL
WXJB
WXTB
HD2
WXYB
WYFE
WYUU
HD2
WZHR
WZIG-LP
WZPH-LP
WYPW-LP
Defunct
WFTI-FM (91.7 FM)
"WKID" (96.7 FM)1
WPCQ-LP (96.3 FM)
WSUN (620 AM)
Satellite radio local traffic/weather
XM Channel 228
Sirius Channel 158
Radio stations in Central Florida
Daytona Beach
Lakeland-Winter Haven
Melbourne
Orlando
Tampa Bay
Other nearby regions
Gainesville/Ocala
Sarasota
Sebring-Arcadia
See also
List of radio stations in Florida
Notes
1. Part 15 station with notability.
2. Station is silent.
vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of FloridaStations
WAVV - Naples Park
WBZE - Tallahassee
WDUV – New Port Richey
WEJZ – Jacksonville
WEZI - Jacksonville
WFEZ – Miami
WFSY – Panama City
WGYL - Vero Beach
WINK-FM – Fort Myers
WJPT – Fort Myers
WKLG – Rock Harbor
WKTK – Crystal River
WLRQ-FM – Cocoa
WLYF – Miami
WMGF – Mount Dora
WMIA-FM – Miami Beach
WMTX - Tampa
WNCV – Shalimar
WOLL - Hobe Sound
WOMX-FM - Orlando
WOSN - Indian River Shores
WRMF - Palm Beach
WSDV - Sarasota
WSGL - Naples
WWLL – Sebring
WWRM – Tampa
WZJZ - Port Charlotte
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Florida
vteCox Media GroupOwned by Apollo Global Management (71%) and Cox Enterprises (29%)Radio stations
KCYY
KISS-FM
KJSR
KKYX
KONO
KONO-FM
KRAV-FM
KRMG
KRMG-FM
KSMG
KTKX
KWEN
WALR-FM
WAPE-FM
WBAB
WBLI
WCFB
WDBO
WDUV
WEDR
WEZI
WFEZ
WFLC
WGAU
WGMG
WHFM
WHIO
WHIO-FM
WHJX
WHKO
WHPT
WHQT
WJGL
WMMO
WNGC
WOEX
WOKV
WOKV-FM
WPUP
WRFC
WSB
WSB-FM
WSBB-FM
WSRV
WTBV
WWKA
WWRM
WXGL
WXKT
WZLR
Television stations(by primary affiliation)ABC
WFTV
WSB-TV
WSOC-TV
CBS
KIRO-TV
WHIO-TV
WJAX-TV 1
Fox
KLSR-TV
WFOX-TV
WFXT
MyNetworkTV
KEVU-CD
NBC
WPXI
Telemundo
KIRO-TV 2
WSOC-TV 2
WFOX-TV 2
Other affiliates
Independent
WAXN-TV
WRDQ
Cable channels
Pittsburgh Cable News Channel
Defunct
Miami Valley Channel
Acquisitions
Newport Television
Northwest Broadcasting
Standard Media (cancelled)
1 Owned by Hoffmann Communications, Inc., Cox Media Group operates WJAX under a SSA.
2 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"New Port Richey, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Port_Richey,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Cox Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Radio"},{"link_name":"soft adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_studio"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Radio station in New Port Richey, FloridaWDUV (105.5 FM \"The Dove\") is a commercial radio station licensed to New Port Richey, Florida and serving the Tampa Bay Area. Owned by Cox Radio, it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format. It switches to all-Christmas music from mid-November to December 25. WDUV's studios and offices are located in St. Petersburg. The transmitter site is off Dartmouth Drive in Holiday.[2]WDUV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 33,000 watts. It broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. WDUV carries a country music format on its HD2 channel.[citation needed]","title":"WDUV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signing on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"Bradenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Manatee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tamiami Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiami_Trail"},{"link_name":"WBRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBRD"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"WWSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWSB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WDUV_former_logo_(2000-2013).png"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"New Port Richey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Port_Richey,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Riverview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview,_Florida"},{"link_name":"WFUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFUS"},{"link_name":"Gulfport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfport,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cox Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Radio"}],"text":"Initially signing on in October 1963, with a beautiful music format, WDUV was formerly licensed to Bradenton in Manatee County and formerly broadcast at 103.3 FM. The station originally shared the same studio facilities on Tamiami Trail in Bradenton with WBRD (1420 AM), and the Bradenton news bureau of ABC network affiliate WXLT-TV (now WWSB). At the time, all three stations were owned by the same family.Former logo of the radio station used between July 2000 and June 2012In the early-1990s, WDUV relocated its frequency to 103.5 FM, to improve its coverage area in the Tampa Bay area. By the mid-1990s, WDUV would be acquired by Jacor Broadcasting (since absorbed by Clear Channel Communications), who relocated its studios to St. Petersburg. As recently as 1997, WDUV continued to play about 50% instrumental music and 50% vocals.[3]On April 5, 1999, at Midnight, WDUV swapped its frequency with classic rock station WTBT, moving from 103.5 to 105.5 FM. However, both frequencies would retain their transmitting locations and cities of license. After the swap, WDUV became licensed to New Port Richey with transmitting facilities in Holiday, while WTBT, whose transmitter was located in Riverview, became licensed to Bradenton. (WTBT, now WFUS, has since been relicensed to Gulfport.) While the new WDUV's transmitter is more powerful, it is also further away from the population center of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater market than WDUV's former transmitter. 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Artists frequently heard on the station include Prince, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, Billy Joel, Kool and the Gang, Fleetwood Mac, Phil Collins, Madonna, Hall & Oates, Michael Jackson, and The Eagles.The station's former so-called \"super-soft\" format featured one or two smooth jazz instrumentals each hour, as a reminder of its past instrumental \"beautiful music\" format. With the purge of the \"adult standards\" artists from the station's playlist and the addition of some more recent and more upbeat songs, the smooth jazz instrumentals were also dropped. The station rarely plays any song recorded after 2000, to avoid overlapping with co-owned adult contemporary music station WWRM, whose format is more contemporary.WDUV is owned by Cox Radio, and is one of the highest-rated radio stations in a large United States market. WDUV is consistently number one in Tampa Bay, often with double the listeners of the number two station, according to Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron), a noted radio ratings firm. WDUV's success prompted owner Cox Radio to put the same format on one of its FM stations in Miami, WFEZ.WDUV's popular morning show, which airs from 6 to 10 a.m., was hosted by radio personality Dick Ring until he left the station on April 27, 2012.[5] The following Monday, Ring, who retired to North Carolina, was replaced by Ann Kelly, the then-afternoon drive host for WWRM. Weekday afternoons, the host is Giselle Andres from 3 to 7 p.m. The station airs the syndicated Delilah show in the evening. The rest of the hours are automated and without disk jockeys, which was how WDUV operated since its origins as an easy listening station. Most pre-recorded liners simply tell listeners that they are hearing \"105.5 The Dove,\" with little other dialogue.","title":"Current programming and format evolution"}] | [{"image_text":"Former logo of the radio station used between July 2000 and June 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WDUV_former_logo_%282000-2013%29.png/220px-WDUV_former_logo_%282000-2013%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WDUV\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=1178","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WDUV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WDUV-FM 105.5 MHz - New Port Richey, FL\". Radio-locator.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Antioch | Patriarch of Antioch | ["1 History","1.1 First Christians","1.2 Chalcedonian split","1.3 Maronite split","1.4 Great schism","1.5 Melkite split of 1724","2 Current patriarchs","3 Episcopal succession","4 Lists of patriarchs of Antioch","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"] | Traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch and all the East
"Patriarchate of Antioch" redirects here. For other uses, see Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation).
Patriarch of AntiochChristian
InformationFirst holderSaint PeterDenominationEastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic (Eastern Catholic Churches)Sui iuris churchMelkite, Maronite, Syriac CatholicRiteWest Syriac Rite, Byzantine RiteEstablished34 (founded)451 (granted title of patriarch)
The Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey). As the traditional "overseer" (ἐπίσκοπος, episkopos, from which the word bishop is derived) of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in Pauline Christianity from its earliest period. This diocese is one of the few for which the names of its bishops from the apostolic beginnings have been preserved. Today five churches use the title of patriarch of Antioch: one Oriental Orthodox (the Syriac Orthodox Church); three Eastern Catholic (the Maronite, Syriac Catholic, and Melkite Greek Catholic Churches); and one Eastern Orthodox (the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch).
According to the pre-congregation church tradition, this ancient patriarchate was founded by the Apostle Saint Peter. The patriarchal succession was disputed at the time of the Meletian schism in 362 and again after the Council of Chalcedon in 451, when there were rival Melkite and non-Chalcedonian claimants to the see. After a 7th-century succession dispute in the Melkite church, the Maronites began appointing a Maronite patriarch as well. After the First Crusade, the Catholic Church began appointing a Latin Church patriarch of Antioch, though this became strictly titular after the Fall of Antioch in 1268, and was abolished completely in 1964. In the 18th century, succession disputes in the Greek Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox Churches of Antioch led to factions of those churches entering into communion with Rome under claimants to the patriarchate: respectively the Melkite Greek Catholic patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic patriarch of Antioch. Their respective Orthodox counterparts are the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch.
History
First Christians
See also: Early centers of Christianity § Antioch
In Roman times, Antioch was the principal city of the Roman Province of Syria, and the fourth largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome, Ephesus and Alexandria.
The church in Antioch was the first to be called "Christian," according to Acts. According to tradition, Saint Peter established the church in Antioch which was the first major Christian area before the 4th century and was the city's first bishop, before going to Rome to found the Church there.: 95 Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 107), counted as the third bishop of the city, was a prominent apostolic father. By the fourth century, the bishop of Antioch had become the most senior bishop in a region covering modern-day eastern Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Iran. His hierarchy served the largest number of Christians in the known world at that time. The synods of Antioch met at a basilica named for Julian the Martyr, whose relics it contained.
Despite being overshadowed in ecclesiastical authority by the patriarch of Constantinople in the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Antiochene Patriarch remained the most independent, powerful, and trusted of the eastern patriarchs. The Antiochene church was a centre of Christian learning, second only to Alexandria. In contrast to the Hellenistic-influenced Christology of Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople, Antiochene theology was greatly influenced by Rabbinic Judaism and other modes of West Asian monotheistic thought—emphasizing the single, transcendent divine substance (οὐσία), which in turn led to adoptionism in certain extremes, and to the clear distinction of two natures of Christ (δύο φύσεις: dyophysitism): one human, the other divine. Lastly, compared to the Patriarchates in Constantinople, Rome, and Alexandria which for various reasons became mired in the theology of imperial state religion, many of its Patriarchs managed to straddle the divide between the controversies of Christology and imperial unity through its piety and straightforward grasp of early Christian thought which was rooted in its primitive Church beginnings.
Chalcedonian split
The Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451 resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the Council. The issue came to a head in 512, when a synod was convened in Sidon by the non-Chalcedonians, which resulted in Flavian II (a Chalcedonian) being replaced as Patriarch by Severus (a non-Chalcedonian). The non-Chalcedonians under Severus eventually came to be called the Syriac Orthodox Church (which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox Church), which has continued to appoint its own Syriac patriarchs of Antioch. The Chalcedonians refused to recognise the dismissal and continued to recognise Flavian as Patriarch forming a rival church. From 518, on the death of Flavian and the appointment of his successor, the Chalcedonian Church became known as the Byzantines' (Rūm) Church of Antioch. In the Middle Ages, as the Byzantine Church of Antioch became more and more dependent on Constantinople, it began to use the Byzantine rite.
The internal schisms such as that over Monophysitism were followed by the Islamic conquests which began in the late 7th century, resulting in the patriarch's ecclesiastical authority becoming entangled in the politics of imperial authority and later Islamic hegemony. Being considered independent of both Byzantine and Arab Muslim power but in essence occupied by both, the de facto power of the Antiochene patriarchs faded. Additionally, the city suffered several natural disasters including major earthquakes throughout the 4th and 6th centuries and anti-Christian conquests beginning with the Zoroastrian Persians in the 6th century, then the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century before the city could be recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 969.
Maronite split
Although Aramaic-speaking followers of the 4th-century hermit Saint Maron did accept the terms of Chalcedon, they eventually came to follow another condemned heresy, Monothelitism, in the 7th century, which they would adhere to until they re-adopted the Chalcedonian doctrine in the 12th century through establishment of communion with Rome. Although the Maronites initially fought alongside the Byzantines in their struggle against the Arabs, in 685 AD, they appointed a Patriarch for themselves, St. John Maron, who became the first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines, and their consequent retreat into the mountains of Lebanon, where they would continue to reside to this day.
Great schism
Over the centuries, differences between the Church in the East and West emerged such as the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist in the West or the addition of the filioque to the Nicene Creed by Pope Sergius IV. The resulting schism, the Great Schism, has often been dated to the 1054 mission of Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople when Humbert excommunicated (invalidly) the Patriach of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, who in turn excommunicated the Pope and removed him from the diptychs. Consequently, two major Christian bodies broke communion became two fractions: One faction, now identified as the Catholic Church, represented the Latin West under the leadership of the pope; the other faction, now identified as the Eastern Orthodox Church, represented the Greek East under the collegial authority of the patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria. This split, however, was then most likely known only within higher clerics who either gave it little importance or expected it to be overcome soon.
As with the patriarchates of Alexandria and Jerusalem, communication between Rome and Antioch was not as easy as between Rome and Constantinople. Nevertheless, documentation between Antioch and Rome exist such as when in 1052 Patriarch Peter III send news of his appointment to Leo IX and asked him to send a profession of faith back as the popes had not been commemorated in the diptychs for 30 years. After Michael I Cerularius had excommunicated the Latin Church in 1054, informed also Peter III whose reply shows the non-importance he and many others maintained toward the events of 1054; Peter maintained the Latins were their brothers but that their thinking was prone to error and that as barbarians they should be excused from a precise understanding of orthodoxy. In 1085, the city was captured by Sultanate of Rum but it was allowed that John the Oxite, the newly appointed patriarch by emperor Alexios I Komnenos could live in the city. When the army of the First Crusade appeared before the walls of Antioch, John was imprisoned by the city's governor and subject to torture in front of the eyes of the crusaders. After the conquest of the city in June 1098, John was released and reinstated by the spiritual leader of the crusader, Adhemar of Le Puy, as patriarch of Antioch. After Adhemar's death, the Norman Bohemond of Taranto established himself as prince of Antioch and went in opposition to Alexios I in 1099/1100, forcing John to leave the patriarchate due to his suspected loyalty to the Byzantine Emperor. Bohemond selected a Frankish cleric loyal to him as new patriarch, thus starting the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch.
The Western influence in the area was finally ended by the victories of the Muslim Mamluks over the Crusader States in the 13th century. In 1268 the Principality of Antioch came to an end with the brutal conquest of the city by Mamluks which left the significance of the patriarchate, together with the ecclesiastical schisms between Rome and Constantinople and between Constantinople and Alexandria and Antioch, isolated, fractured and debased. The Latin Patriarch went into exile in 1268, and the office became titular only. The office fell vacant in 1953 and was finally abolished in 1964.
Melkite split of 1724
In 1724, Cyril VI was elected Greek patriarch of Antioch. He was considered to be pro-Rome by the patriarch of Constantinople, who refused to recognize the election and appointed another patriarch in his stead. Many Melkites continued to acknowledge Cyril's claim to the patriarchate. Thus from 1724 the Greek Church of Antioch split up in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII recognized Cyril as the Eastern Catholic patriarch of Antioch and welcomed him and his followers into full communion with the Catholic Church.
Current patriarchs
Today, five churches claim the title of patriarch of Antioch; three of these are autonomous Eastern Catholic particular churches in full communion with the pope of Rome. All five see themselves as part of the Antiochene heritage and claim a right to the Antiochene See through apostolic succession, although none are currently based in the city of Antakya. This multiplicity of Patriarchs of Antioch as well as their lack of location in Antioch, reflects the troubled history of Christianity in the region, which has been marked by internecine struggles and persecution, particularly since the Islamic conquest. Indeed, the Christian population in the original territories of the Antiochene patriarchs has been all but eliminated by assimilation and expulsion, with the region's current Christians forming a small minority.
The current patriarchs of Antioch are listed below in order of their accession to the post, from earliest to most recent.
Ignatius Aphrem II, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East. He is the Supreme Head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, which is part of the Oriental Orthodox communion and uses the Antiochene liturgy. His see is based in Damascus.
Ignatius Joseph III Yonan, patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syrians. Ignace Joseph III is the leader of the Syrian Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church's Holy See at the Vatican and uses the Antiochene liturgy. The see is based in Beirut.
Bechara Boutros Rahi, Maronite patriarch of Antioch and All the East. The Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and uses the Maronite liturgy. His see is based in Bkerké, Lebanon.
John X of Antioch was elected Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and All the East on December 17, 2012. John X is the leader of the Antiochian Orthodox Church, and thus is one of the major hierarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His see is based in Damascus and uses the Byzantine liturgy.
Joseph Absi, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Alexandria, and Jerusalem of the Greek Melkites. He is the leader of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and uses the Byzantine liturgy. His see is based in Damascus.
At one point, there was at least nominally a sixth claimant to the Patriarchate. When the Western European Crusaders established the Principality of Antioch, they established a Latin Church church in the city, whose head took the title of Patriarch. After the Crusaders were expelled by the Mamluks in 1268, the pope continued to appoint a titular Latin patriarch of Antioch, whose actual seat was the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who died without a successor in 1953. The post itself was abolished in 1964.
Episcopal succession
One way to understand the historical interrelationships between the various churches is to examine their chain of episcopal succession—that is, the sequence of bishops that each church regards as having been the predecessors of each church's current claimant to the patriarchate. There were four points in history where a disputed succession to the patriarchate led to a lasting institutional schism, leading to the five churches that exist today.
All five churches recognize a single sequence of bishops until 518. In that year, Severus, who rejected the Council of Chalcedon, was deposed by the Byzantine Emperor Justin I and replaced by the Chalcedonian Paul the Jew, but Severus and his followers did not recognize his deposition. This led to two rival sequences of patriarchs: Severus and his successors, recognized by the two Syriac churches; and Paul and his successors, recognized by the Greek Orthodox, Melkite, and Maronite Churches. It was the successors of Paul who were recognized as legitimate by the Byzantine government.
In 685, John Maron, who recognized the legitimacy of Paul the Jew and his successors until Byzantium began to appoint titular patriarchs of Antioch ending with Theophanes (681–687), was elected Patriarch of Antioch by the Maradite army. Byzantine Emperor Justinian II sent an army to dislodge John from the see; John and his followers retreated to Lebanon, where they formed the Maronite Church, whose succession of patriarchs have continued to the present day. The Byzantines appointed Theophanes of Antioch in his stead. Thus there were now three rival patriarchs: those that recognized Severus and his successors, those that recognized John Maron and his successors, and those that recognized Theophanes and his successors. It was the successors of Theophanes who were recognized as legitimate by the Byzantine government.
In 1724, the church that recognized Theophanes and his successors elected Cyril VI Tanas, who supported re-establishing communion with the Catholic Church that had been broken in the Great Schism, as patriarch of Antioch. However, the ecumenical patriarch declared Cyril's election invalid, and appointed Sylvester of Antioch in his stead. Cyril and Sylvester both had followers, and both continued to claim the patriarchate. The Melkite Greek Catholic Church recognizes Cyril and his successors; the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch recognizes Sylvester and his successors.
In 1783, a faction within the church that recognized Severus and his successors elected Ignatius Michael III Jarweh, a bishop who was already in communion with the Catholic Church, as patriarch of Antioch. Shortly thereafter, another faction, who rejected communion with Rome, elected Ignatius Matthew. Both had followers, and both continued to claim the patriarchate. The Syriac Orthodox Church recognizes Ignatius Mathew and his successors; the Syriac Catholic Church recognizes Ignatius Michael and his successors.
Thus, the succession recognized by each church is as follows:
The Syriac Orthodox Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes Sergius of Tella as Severus's successor in 544, then recognizes Sergius's successors down to Ignatius George IV, then recognizes Ignatius Matthew as Ignatius George's successor in 1783, then recognizes Ignatius Matthew's successors down to Ignatius Aphrem II today.
The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 519, then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors down to Athanasius III Dabbas, then recognizes Sylvester of Antioch as Athanasius III's successor in 1724, then recognizes Sylvester's successors down to John X today.
The Maronite Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 518, then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors until Byzantium began appointing titular Patriarchs of Antioch ending with Theophanes (681–687), at which point they recognize the election of John Maron, then recognize John's successors down to Bechara Boutros al-Rahi today.
The Melkite Greek Catholic Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 518, then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors down to Peter III, then recognizes Cyril VI Tanas as Peter III's successor in 1724, then recognizes Cyril VI's successors down to Youssef Absi today.
The Syriac Catholic Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes Ignatius Michael III Jarweh as Severus's successor in 1783, then recognizes Ignatius Michael III's successors down to Ignatius Joseph III Yonan today.
Lists of patriarchs of Antioch
List of patriarchs of Antioch, 37–518
List of Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch, 512–present
List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch, 1662–present
List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch, 518–present
List of Melkite Catholic patriarchs of Antioch, 1724–present
List of Maronite patriarchs of Antioch, 686–present
List of Latin patriarchs of Antioch, 1098–1964
See also
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
Syriac Orthodox Church
Syriac Catholic Church
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
References
^ Acts 11:26
^ Peter, in the Catholic Encyclopedia 1913
^ Jones, David (2010). The Apostles of Jesus Christ: Thirteen Men Who Turned the World Upside-Down. Xlibris Corporation, 2010. ISBN 9781450070867.
^ Fortescue, Adrian (1969). The Orthodox Eastern Church. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8337-1217-2. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
^ a b c d Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (22 Oct 2020). Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108915922.
^ Crawford, Robert W. (1955). "William of Tyre and the Maronites". Speculum. 30 (2): 222–228. doi:10.2307/2848470. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2848470. S2CID 163021809.
^ "Maronite church | Meaning, History, Liturgy, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ Runciman, Steven (2005) . The First Crusade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Melchites" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Anthony O'Mahony; Emma Loosley (16 December 2009). Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-135-19371-3.
^ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East
^ Hore, Alexander Hugh (1899). Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. James Parker. pp. 281–282.
Sources
Grillmeier, Aloys; Hainthaler, Theresia (2013). Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600. Vol. 2/3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921288-0.
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia: Antioch, Church of. Full history
Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem
vteSyriac ChristianityWest Syriac, legacy of the Church of AntiochEastern Catholic
Maronite Church (685)
Syriac Catholic Church (1662)
Oriental Orthodox
Syriac Orthodox Church (512)
East Syriac, legacy ofthe Church of the East(the "Nestorian Church")(410–1552)Eastern Catholic
Chaldean Catholic Church (1552)
Nestorian
Assyrian Church of the East (1552)
Ancient Church of the East (1968)
Protestant (Eastern Protestant)
Assyrian Evangelical Church (1870)
Assyrian Pentecostal Church (1940)
Saint Thomas Christians,legacy ofthe Malankara Church(active 1st century–1601)in Kerala, IndiaEastern Catholic
Syro-Malabar Church (East Syriac) (1665)
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (West Syriac) (1932)
Oriental Orthodox
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (1665)
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (1912)
Malabar Independent Syrian Church (1772)
Nestorian (Assyrian Church of the East)
Chaldean Syrian Church (1701)
Protestant (Eastern Protestant)
Mar Thoma Syrian Church (1852)
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (1961)
Believers Eastern Church (2017)
Key figures
Ephrem the Syrian
Aphrahat
Nestorius
Jacob Baradaeus
Jacob of Serugh
Severus of Antioch
Paul the Jew
Maron
Philoxenus of Mabbug
Thomas of Cana
Isaac the Syrian
John Maron
Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
Dionysius bar Salibi
Bar Hebraeus
Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
Abraham of Angamaly
Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
Thoma I
Abraham Koorilos I
Ignatius Andrew Akijan
Cyril VI Tanas
Elias Mellus
Dionysius of Vattasseril
Geevarghese Ivanios
Coorilos Paulose
Thoma Darmo
Baselios Paulose II
Languages
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
Garshuni
Hertevin
Koy Sanjaq Christian
Mlaḥsô
Senaya
Syriac Malayalam
Turoyo
Syriac (Liturgical)
See also
Assyrian people/Syriac
Assyrian genocide
Assyrian nationalism
Assyrian homeland
Assyrian independence movement
Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
Terms for Syriac Christians
Arameans
Phoenicianism
Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
Syriac sacral music
* Defunct with schism of 1552
Christianity portal
vtePatriarchates in ChristianityTraditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of primates in Christianity, sorted according to earliest apostolic legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:
bold blue = Catholic Church, light blue = Eastern Orthodox Church, bold/light green = Oriental Orthodoxy, italic blue = NestorianismEarlyChristianity(Antiquity)(30–325/476)Pentarchy(fiveapostolicsees)Patriarch of Rome (1st cent.)
Holy See (since 1st cent.)
Patriarch of Constantinople (451)
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 330)
Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople (1204–1964)
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461)
Patriarch of Antioch (1st cent.)
Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 518)
Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058)
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (since 519)
Maronite Patriarchate (since 685)
Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1668)
Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (since 1724)
Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1099–1964)
Patriarch of Alexandria (1st cent.)
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451)
Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 451)
Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1219–1964)
Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (since 1824)
Patriarch of Jerusalem (451)
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 451)
Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638)
Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 1099)
OtherPatriarch of Carthage (2nd cent.–1076)
Latin Catholic titular episcopate (1518–1964)
Archbishop of Tunis (since 1884)
Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (280–1552)
Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad (since 1553)
Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1830)
Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (since 1968)
Patriarch of Armenia (301)
Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin) (since 301)
Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia (since 1058)
Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (since 638)
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (since 1461)
Patriarchate of Cilicia (since 1742)
Middle Ages (476–1517)
Patriarchate of Aquileia (568–1751)
Patriarchate of Grado (725–1451)
Patriarchate of Bulgaria (since 919)
Patriarchate of Georgia (since 1010)
Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć (since 1346)
Patriarchate of Venice (since 1451)
Early Modern era (1517–1789)
Patriarchate of the West Indies (since 1524)
Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia (1555–1663)
Patriarchate of the East Indies (since 1572)
Patriarchate of Moscow (since 1589)
Patriarchate of Lisbon (since 1716)
Late Modern era (since 1789)
Patriarchate of Romania (since 1925)
Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia (since 1959)
Patriarchate of Kyiv (1992–2018; since 2019)
Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea (since 1994)
Related
Apostolic Throne
Episcopal see
Christianity portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Pauline Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Christianity"},{"link_name":"earliest period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Meletian schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Melkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite"},{"link_name":"non-Chalcedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian"},{"link_name":"Maronites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite"},{"link_name":"Maronite patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Fall of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch"}],"text":"\"Patriarchate of Antioch\" redirects here. For other uses, see Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation).The Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey). As the traditional \"overseer\" (ἐπίσκοπος, episkopos, from which the word bishop is derived) of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in Pauline Christianity from its earliest period. This diocese is one of the few for which the names of its bishops from the apostolic beginnings have been preserved. Today five churches use the title of patriarch of Antioch: one Oriental Orthodox (the Syriac Orthodox Church); three Eastern Catholic (the Maronite, Syriac Catholic, and Melkite Greek Catholic Churches); and one Eastern Orthodox (the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch).According to the pre-congregation church tradition, this ancient patriarchate was founded by the Apostle Saint Peter. The patriarchal succession was disputed at the time of the Meletian schism in 362 and again after the Council of Chalcedon in 451, when there were rival Melkite and non-Chalcedonian claimants to the see. After a 7th-century succession dispute in the Melkite church, the Maronites began appointing a Maronite patriarch as well. After the First Crusade, the Catholic Church began appointing a Latin Church patriarch of Antioch, though this became strictly titular after the Fall of Antioch in 1268, and was abolished completely in 1964. In the 18th century, succession disputes in the Greek Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox Churches of Antioch led to factions of those churches entering into communion with Rome under claimants to the patriarchate: respectively the Melkite Greek Catholic patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic patriarch of Antioch. Their respective Orthodox counterparts are the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch.","title":"Patriarch of Antioch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early centers of Christianity § Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch"},{"link_name":"the Roman Province of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-3"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"Ignatius of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"apostolic father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"synods of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Julian the Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Rabbinic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"West Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia"},{"link_name":"adoptionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionism"},{"link_name":"dyophysitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyophysitism"},{"link_name":"Patriarchates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate"}],"sub_title":"First Christians","text":"See also: Early centers of Christianity § AntiochIn Roman times, Antioch was the principal city of the Roman Province of Syria, and the fourth largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome, Ephesus and Alexandria.The church in Antioch was the first to be called \"Christian,\" according to Acts.[1] According to tradition, Saint Peter established the church in Antioch which was the first major Christian area before the 4th century and was the city's first bishop,[2] before going to Rome to found the Church there.[3][self-published source]: 95 Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 107), counted as the third bishop of the city, was a prominent apostolic father. By the fourth century, the bishop of Antioch had become the most senior bishop in a region covering modern-day eastern Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Iran. His hierarchy served the largest number of Christians in the known world at that time. The synods of Antioch met at a basilica named for Julian the Martyr, whose relics it contained.Despite being overshadowed in ecclesiastical authority by the patriarch of Constantinople in the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Antiochene Patriarch remained the most independent, powerful, and trusted of the eastern patriarchs. The Antiochene church was a centre of Christian learning, second only to Alexandria. In contrast to the Hellenistic-influenced Christology of Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople, Antiochene theology was greatly influenced by Rabbinic Judaism and other modes of West Asian monotheistic thought—emphasizing the single, transcendent divine substance (οὐσία), which in turn led to adoptionism in certain extremes, and to the clear distinction of two natures of Christ (δύο φύσεις: dyophysitism): one human, the other divine. Lastly, compared to the Patriarchates in Constantinople, Rome, and Alexandria which for various reasons became mired in the theology of imperial state religion, many of its Patriarchs managed to straddle the divide between the controversies of Christology and imperial unity through its piety and straightforward grasp of early Christian thought which was rooted in its primitive Church beginnings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Flavian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_II_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christians"},{"link_name":"Rūm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(endonym)"},{"link_name":"Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_rite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monophysitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monasticism-5"}],"sub_title":"Chalcedonian split","text":"The Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451 resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the Council. The issue came to a head in 512, when a synod was convened in Sidon by the non-Chalcedonians, which resulted in Flavian II (a Chalcedonian) being replaced as Patriarch by Severus (a non-Chalcedonian). The non-Chalcedonians under Severus eventually came to be called the Syriac Orthodox Church (which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox Church), which has continued to appoint its own Syriac patriarchs of Antioch. The Chalcedonians refused to recognise the dismissal and continued to recognise Flavian as Patriarch forming a rival church. From 518, on the death of Flavian and the appointment of his successor, the Chalcedonian Church became known as the Byzantines' (Rūm) Church of Antioch. In the Middle Ages, as the Byzantine Church of Antioch became more and more dependent on Constantinople, it began to use the Byzantine rite.[4]The internal schisms such as that over Monophysitism were followed by the Islamic conquests which began in the late 7th century, resulting in the patriarch's ecclesiastical authority becoming entangled in the politics of imperial authority and later Islamic hegemony. Being considered independent of both Byzantine and Arab Muslim power but in essence occupied by both, the de facto power of the Antiochene patriarchs faded. Additionally, the city suffered several natural disasters including major earthquakes throughout the 4th and 6th centuries and anti-Christian conquests beginning with the Zoroastrian Persians in the 6th century, then the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century before the city could be recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 969.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aramaic-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Saint Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Maron"},{"link_name":"Monothelitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothelitism"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St. John Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maron"}],"sub_title":"Maronite split","text":"Although Aramaic-speaking followers of the 4th-century hermit Saint Maron did accept the terms of Chalcedon, they eventually came to follow another condemned heresy, Monothelitism, in the 7th century, which they would adhere to until they re-adopted the Chalcedonian doctrine in the 12th century through establishment of communion with Rome.[6][7] Although the Maronites initially fought alongside the Byzantines in their struggle against the Arabs, in 685 AD, they appointed a Patriarch for themselves, St. John Maron, who became the first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines, and their consequent retreat into the mountains of Lebanon, where they would continue to reside to this day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filioque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Pope Sergius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV"},{"link_name":"Great Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Humbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida"},{"link_name":"Michael I Cerularius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius"},{"link_name":"diptychs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptych"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monasticism-5"},{"link_name":"Leo IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monasticism-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monasticism-5"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum"},{"link_name":"John the Oxite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Oxite"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"walls of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"city's governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9F%C4%B1s%C4%B1yan"},{"link_name":"Adhemar of Le Puy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Bohemond of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"prince of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"a Frankish cleric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Valence"},{"link_name":"Latin Patriarchate of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_States"},{"link_name":"Principality of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"brutal conquest of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)"}],"sub_title":"Great schism","text":"Over the centuries, differences between the Church in the East and West emerged such as the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist in the West or the addition of the filioque to the Nicene Creed by Pope Sergius IV. The resulting schism, the Great Schism, has often been dated to the 1054 mission of Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople when Humbert excommunicated (invalidly) the Patriach of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, who in turn excommunicated the Pope and removed him from the diptychs. Consequently, two major Christian bodies broke communion became two fractions: One faction, now identified as the Catholic Church, represented the Latin West under the leadership of the pope; the other faction, now identified as the Eastern Orthodox Church, represented the Greek East under the collegial authority of the patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria. This split, however, was then most likely known only within higher clerics who either gave it little importance or expected it to be overcome soon.[5]As with the patriarchates of Alexandria and Jerusalem, communication between Rome and Antioch was not as easy as between Rome and Constantinople. Nevertheless, documentation between Antioch and Rome exist such as when in 1052 Patriarch Peter III send news of his appointment to Leo IX and asked him to send a profession of faith back as the popes had not been commemorated in the diptychs for 30 years.[5] After Michael I Cerularius had excommunicated the Latin Church in 1054, informed also Peter III whose reply shows the non-importance he and many others maintained toward the events of 1054; Peter maintained the Latins were their brothers but that their thinking was prone to error and that as barbarians they should be excused from a precise understanding of orthodoxy.[5] In 1085, the city was captured by Sultanate of Rum but it was allowed that John the Oxite, the newly appointed patriarch by emperor Alexios I Komnenos could live in the city. When the army of the First Crusade appeared before the walls of Antioch, John was imprisoned by the city's governor and subject to torture in front of the eyes of the crusaders. After the conquest of the city in June 1098, John was released and reinstated by the spiritual leader of the crusader, Adhemar of Le Puy, as patriarch of Antioch.[8] After Adhemar's death, the Norman Bohemond of Taranto established himself as prince of Antioch and went in opposition to Alexios I in 1099/1100, forcing John to leave the patriarchate due to his suspected loyalty to the Byzantine Emperor. Bohemond selected a Frankish cleric loyal to him as new patriarch, thus starting the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch.The Western influence in the area was finally ended by the victories of the Muslim Mamluks over the Crusader States in the 13th century. In 1268 the Principality of Antioch came to an end with the brutal conquest of the city by Mamluks which left the significance of the patriarchate, together with the ecclesiastical schisms between Rome and Constantinople and between Constantinople and Alexandria and Antioch, isolated, fractured and debased. The Latin Patriarch went into exile in 1268, and the office became titular only. The office fell vacant in 1953 and was finally abolished in 1964.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyril VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas"},{"link_name":"patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"full communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_communion"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Melkite split of 1724","text":"In 1724, Cyril VI was elected Greek patriarch of Antioch. He was considered to be pro-Rome by the patriarch of Constantinople, who refused to recognize the election and appointed another patriarch in his stead. Many Melkites continued to acknowledge Cyril's claim to the patriarchate. Thus from 1724 the Greek Church of Antioch split up in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII recognized Cyril as the Eastern Catholic patriarch of Antioch and welcomed him and his followers into full communion with the Catholic Church.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'MahonyLoosley2009-10"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"particular churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular_Church"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"apostolic succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"history of Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Aphrem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Antioch and All the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Joseph III Yonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan"},{"link_name":"Syrian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Bechara Boutros Rahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_Rahi"},{"link_name":"Maronite patriarch of Antioch and All the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"Maronite Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Bkerké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"John X of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and All the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Antiochian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Byzantine liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_liturgy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph Absi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Absi"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"},{"link_name":"Principality of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluks"},{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Latin patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Roberto Vicentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Vicentini"}],"text":"Today, five churches claim the title of patriarch of Antioch;[10] three of these are autonomous Eastern Catholic particular churches in full communion with the pope of Rome. All five see themselves as part of the Antiochene heritage and claim a right to the Antiochene See through apostolic succession, although none are currently based in the city of Antakya. This multiplicity of Patriarchs of Antioch as well as their lack of location in Antioch, reflects the troubled history of Christianity in the region, which has been marked by internecine struggles and persecution, particularly since the Islamic conquest. Indeed, the Christian population in the original territories of the Antiochene patriarchs has been all but eliminated by assimilation and expulsion, with the region's current Christians forming a small minority.The current patriarchs of Antioch are listed below in order of their accession to the post, from earliest to most recent.Ignatius Aphrem II, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East. He is the Supreme Head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, which is part of the Oriental Orthodox communion and uses the Antiochene liturgy. His see is based in Damascus.\nIgnatius Joseph III Yonan, patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syrians. Ignace Joseph III is the leader of the Syrian Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church's Holy See at the Vatican and uses the Antiochene liturgy. The see is based in Beirut.\nBechara Boutros Rahi, Maronite patriarch of Antioch and All the East. The Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and uses the Maronite liturgy. His see is based in Bkerké, Lebanon.\nJohn X of Antioch was elected Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and All the East on December 17, 2012. John X is the leader of the Antiochian Orthodox Church, and thus is one of the major hierarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His see is based in Damascus and uses the Byzantine liturgy.[11]\n\nJoseph Absi, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Alexandria, and Jerusalem of the Greek Melkites. He is the leader of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church that is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and uses the Byzantine liturgy. His see is based in Damascus.At one point, there was at least nominally a sixth claimant to the Patriarchate. When the Western European Crusaders established the Principality of Antioch, they established a Latin Church church in the city, whose head took the title of Patriarch. After the Crusaders were expelled by the Mamluks in 1268, the pope continued to appoint a titular Latin patriarch of Antioch, whose actual seat was the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who died without a successor in 1953. The post itself was abolished in 1964.","title":"Current patriarchs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single sequence of bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Justin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I"},{"link_name":"Paul the Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Jew"},{"link_name":"John Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maron"},{"link_name":"Maradite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maradite"},{"link_name":"Justinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II"},{"link_name":"Maronite Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"continued to the present day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"Theophanes of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophanes_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyril VI Tanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Great Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism"},{"link_name":"ecumenical patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch"},{"link_name":"Sylvester of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Michael III Jarweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Michael_III_Jarweh"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Matthew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Sergius of Tella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_of_Tella"},{"link_name":"Sergius's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Patriarchs_of_Antioch_from_512_to_1783"},{"link_name":"Ignatius George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_George_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Matthew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Matthew's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Aphrem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Paul the Jew's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Athanasius III Dabbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_III_Dabbas"},{"link_name":"John X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Maronite Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church"},{"link_name":"the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Paul the Jew's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"John Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maron"},{"link_name":"John's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"Bechara Boutros al-Rahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Paul the Jew's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Cyril VI Tanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas"},{"link_name":"Cyril VI's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Youssef Absi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Absi"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Michael III Jarweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Michael_III_Jarweh"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Michael III's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Joseph III Yonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan"}],"text":"One way to understand the historical interrelationships between the various churches is to examine their chain of episcopal succession—that is, the sequence of bishops that each church regards as having been the predecessors of each church's current claimant to the patriarchate. There were four points in history where a disputed succession to the patriarchate led to a lasting institutional schism, leading to the five churches that exist today.All five churches recognize a single sequence of bishops until 518. In that year, Severus, who rejected the Council of Chalcedon, was deposed by the Byzantine Emperor Justin I and replaced by the Chalcedonian Paul the Jew, but Severus and his followers did not recognize his deposition. This led to two rival sequences of patriarchs: Severus and his successors, recognized by the two Syriac churches; and Paul and his successors, recognized by the Greek Orthodox, Melkite, and Maronite Churches. It was the successors of Paul who were recognized as legitimate by the Byzantine government.\nIn 685, John Maron, who recognized the legitimacy of Paul the Jew and his successors until Byzantium began to appoint titular patriarchs of Antioch ending with Theophanes (681–687), was elected Patriarch of Antioch by the Maradite army. Byzantine Emperor Justinian II sent an army to dislodge John from the see; John and his followers retreated to Lebanon, where they formed the Maronite Church, whose succession of patriarchs have continued to the present day. The Byzantines appointed Theophanes of Antioch in his stead. Thus there were now three rival patriarchs: those that recognized Severus and his successors, those that recognized John Maron and his successors, and those that recognized Theophanes and his successors. It was the successors of Theophanes who were recognized as legitimate by the Byzantine government.\nIn 1724, the church that recognized Theophanes and his successors elected Cyril VI Tanas, who supported re-establishing communion with the Catholic Church that had been broken in the Great Schism, as patriarch of Antioch. However, the ecumenical patriarch declared Cyril's election invalid, and appointed Sylvester of Antioch in his stead. Cyril and Sylvester both had followers, and both continued to claim the patriarchate. The Melkite Greek Catholic Church recognizes Cyril and his successors; the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch recognizes Sylvester and his successors.\nIn 1783, a faction within the church that recognized Severus and his successors elected Ignatius Michael III Jarweh, a bishop who was already in communion with the Catholic Church, as patriarch of Antioch. Shortly thereafter, another faction, who rejected communion with Rome, elected Ignatius Matthew. Both had followers, and both continued to claim the patriarchate. The Syriac Orthodox Church recognizes Ignatius Mathew and his successors; the Syriac Catholic Church recognizes Ignatius Michael and his successors.Thus, the succession recognized by each church is as follows:The Syriac Orthodox Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes Sergius of Tella as Severus's successor in 544, then recognizes Sergius's successors down to Ignatius George IV, then recognizes Ignatius Matthew as Ignatius George's successor in 1783, then recognizes Ignatius Matthew's successors down to Ignatius Aphrem II today.\nThe Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 519,[12] then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors down to Athanasius III Dabbas, then recognizes Sylvester of Antioch as Athanasius III's successor in 1724, then recognizes Sylvester's successors down to John X today.\nThe Maronite Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 518, then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors until Byzantium began appointing titular Patriarchs of Antioch ending with Theophanes (681–687), at which point they recognize the election of John Maron, then recognize John's successors down to Bechara Boutros al-Rahi today.\nThe Melkite Greek Catholic Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes that Severus was deposed in favor of Paul the Jew in 518, then recognizes Paul the Jew's successors down to Peter III, then recognizes Cyril VI Tanas as Peter III's successor in 1724, then recognizes Cyril VI's successors down to Youssef Absi today.\nThe Syriac Catholic Church recognizes the succession from the Apostle Peter to Severus, then recognizes Ignatius Michael III Jarweh as Severus's successor in 1783, then recognizes Ignatius Michael III's successors down to Ignatius Joseph III Yonan today.","title":"Episcopal succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Catholic_patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Melkite Catholic patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Maronite patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maronite_patriarchs_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"List of Latin patriarchs of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Antioch#List_of_Latin_religious_heads_of_Antioch"}],"text":"List of patriarchs of Antioch, 37–518\nList of Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch, 512–present\nList of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch, 1662–present\nList of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch, 518–present\nList of Melkite Catholic patriarchs of Antioch, 1724–present\nList of Maronite patriarchs of Antioch, 686–present\nList of Latin patriarchs of Antioch, 1098–1964","title":"Lists of patriarchs of Antioch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grillmeier, Aloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier"},{"link_name":"Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-921288-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921288-0"}],"text":"Grillmeier, Aloys; Hainthaler, Theresia (2013). Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600. Vol. 2/3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921288-0.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"title":"Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch"},{"title":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"title":"Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East"}] | [{"reference":"Jones, David (2010). The Apostles of Jesus Christ: Thirteen Men Who Turned the World Upside-Down. Xlibris Corporation, 2010. ISBN 9781450070867.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MD090Q-HfiwC","url_text":"The Apostles of Jesus Christ: Thirteen Men Who Turned the World Upside-Down"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450070867","url_text":"9781450070867"}]},{"reference":"Fortescue, Adrian (1969). The Orthodox Eastern Church. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8337-1217-2. Retrieved 2009-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JkIrx4rlbwC&pg=PA116","url_text":"The Orthodox Eastern Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-1217-2","url_text":"978-0-8337-1217-2"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (22 Oct 2020). Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108915922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108915922","url_text":"9781108915922"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Robert W. (1955). \"William of Tyre and the Maronites\". Speculum. 30 (2): 222–228. doi:10.2307/2848470. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2848470. S2CID 163021809.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470","url_text":"\"William of Tyre and the Maronites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2848470","url_text":"10.2307/2848470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134","url_text":"0038-7134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470","url_text":"2848470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163021809","url_text":"163021809"}]},{"reference":"\"Maronite church | Meaning, History, Liturgy, & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maronite-church","url_text":"\"Maronite church | Meaning, History, Liturgy, & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (2005) [1980]. The First Crusade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firstcrusade00runc_0","url_text":"The First Crusade"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Melchites\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Melchites","url_text":"\"Melchites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Anthony O'Mahony; Emma Loosley (16 December 2009). Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-135-19371-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XzOMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19371-3","url_text":"978-1-135-19371-3"}]},{"reference":"Hore, Alexander Hugh (1899). Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. James Parker. pp. 281–282.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Eighteen_Centuries_of_the_Orthodox_Greek/Oz68qcjV3MQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch+519&pg=PA281&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church"}]},{"reference":"Grillmeier, Aloys; Hainthaler, Theresia (2013). Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600. Vol. 2/3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921288-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier","url_text":"Grillmeier, Aloys"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921288-0","url_text":"978-0-19-921288-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.esv.org/Acts+11:26","external_links_name":"Acts 11:26"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm#IV","external_links_name":"Peter, in the Catholic Encyclopedia 1913"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MD090Q-HfiwC","external_links_name":"The Apostles of Jesus Christ: Thirteen Men Who Turned the World Upside-Down"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JkIrx4rlbwC&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"The Orthodox Eastern Church"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470","external_links_name":"\"William of Tyre and the Maronites\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2848470","external_links_name":"10.2307/2848470"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134","external_links_name":"0038-7134"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470","external_links_name":"2848470"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163021809","external_links_name":"163021809"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maronite-church","external_links_name":"\"Maronite church | Meaning, History, Liturgy, & Facts\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/firstcrusade00runc_0","external_links_name":"The First Crusade"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Melchites","external_links_name":"\"Melchites\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XzOMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East"},{"Link":"https://antiochpatriarchate.org/en/home/","external_links_name":"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Eighteen_Centuries_of_the_Orthodox_Greek/Oz68qcjV3MQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch+519&pg=PA281&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01567a.htm","external_links_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia:"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030417235752/http://www.kwtelecom.com/heraldry/lazarus/history.html#T5","external_links_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_revolt_of_983 | Slavic revolt of 983 | ["1 Background","2 Uprising","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | Late 10th-century uprising of ethnic Slavs in the Holy Roman Empire
Territory of Lutici federation after 983, beyond the eastern border of the German kingdom (outlined in yellow)
In the Slavic revolt of 983, Polabian Slavs, Wends, Lutici and Obotrite tribes, that lived east of the Elbe River in modern north-east Germany overthrew an assumed Ottonian rule over the Slavic lands and rejected Christianization under Emperor Otto I.
Background
The Slavic peoples between the Elbe and the Baltic coast had been conquered and nominally converted to Christianity in the campaigns of the German king Henry the Fowler and his son Otto I, who in 962 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Otto had most recently defeated an alliance of Obotrite and Circipani tribes at the 955 Battle on the Raxa. The conquered area east of the German Duchy of Saxony was initially organized within the vast Saxon Eastern March under Margrave Gero, but divided into smaller marches upon his death in 965.
In order to stabilize his rule, Otto promoted the conversion of the Slavic population, establishing the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg in 948, followed by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg in 968, which in particular carried out active missionary work.
Uprising
In 981 Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg, the Apostle of the Slavs, died and his successor Gisilher had to struggle with the resistance by the Magdeburg chapter. He was backed by Emperor Otto II, who, however, was on campaign in Italy, where he suffered a disastrous defeat against the Sicilian Kalbids in the 982 Battle of Stilo and died the next year without having returned to Germany, leaving his minor son Otto III under the tutelage of the Empress consorts Theophanu and Adelaide of Burgundy.
While there was internal dissention in the Holy Roman Empire, Slavic forces led by the Lutici revolted and drove out the political and religious representatives of the Empire. Starting from the Slavic sanctuary at Rethra, the bishops' seat of Havelberg on 29 June 983 was occupied and plundered, followed by Brandenburg three days later and numerous settlements up to the Tanger River in the west. According to the contemporary chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg, the Obotrites joined the Lutici, devastated a St Lawrence monastery in Kalbe, the bishopric of Oldenburg and even assaulted Hamburg.
A hastily assembled Saxon army was only able to retain the Slavs behind the Elbe. The Northern March and the March of the Billungs were lost. The March of Lusatia as well as the adjacent marches of Zeitz, Merseburg and the Meissen in the south did not take part in the uprising.
Aftermath
From 985, several Princes of the Empire carried out annual campaigns together with the Christian Polish princes Mieszko I and Bolesław I Chrobry to subjugate the area, however these campaigns were unsuccessful. In 1003 King Henry II of Germany tried a different approach: he allied himself with the Lutici and waged war against his previous ally Prince Bolesław of Poland. This stabilized the independence of the Lutici and ensured that the area remained ruled by Polabian Slavs and unchristianized into the 12th century.
The immediate consequences of the uprising were an almost complete stop on further German eastward expansion (Ostsiedlung) for the next 200 years. For most of the time, the dioceses of Brandenburg and Havelberg existed in titular form only, with the bishops residing at the royal court. Only in the 12th century after the Wendish Crusade of 1147 and the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg under the Ascanian prince Albert the Bear in 1157, the settlements east of the Elbe were resumed; followed by the northern lands of Mecklenburg, where after several years of fighting against the Obotrite prince Niklot, his son Pribislav in 1167 declared himself a vassal of the Saxon Duke Henry the Lion.
References
^ a b c d e f James Westfall Thompson (1916). "The German Church and the Conversion of the Baltic Slavs". The American Journal of Theology. 20 (2). Grin: 205–230. doi:10.1086/479673. JSTOR 3155462.
^ Mario Polzin (September 1, 2014). Der Slawenaufstand von 983 und seine Rezeption in den früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Quellen. Grin. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
^ a b c "The Medieval Elbe - Slavs and Germans on the Frontier". University of Oregon. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Bibliography
Wolfgang Fritze: Der slawische Aufstand von 983 - eine Schicksalswende in der Geschichte Mitteleuropas. In: Eckart Henning, Werner Vogel (ed.): Festschrift der landesgeschichtlichen Vereinigung für die Mark Brandenburg zu ihrem hundertjährigen Bestehen 1884–1984. Berlin 1984, pp. 9–55.
Herbert Ludat: An Elbe und Oder um das Jahr 1000. Skizzen zur Politik des Ottonenreiches und der slawischen Mächte in Mitteleuropa. Cologne 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0.
Christian Lübke: Slawenaufstand. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters. vol. 7, col. 2003f.
Lutz Partenheimer: Die Entstehung der Mark Brandenburg. Mit einem lateinisch-deutschen Quellenanhang. Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 2007 (with sources material on the Slav Rising pp. 98–103), ISBN 3-412-17106-9. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutizenbund.PNG"},{"link_name":"Polabian Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends"},{"link_name":"Lutici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici"},{"link_name":"Obotrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ottonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"}],"text":"Territory of Lutici federation after 983, beyond the eastern border of the German kingdom (outlined in yellow)In the Slavic revolt of 983, Polabian Slavs, Wends, Lutici and Obotrite tribes, that lived east of the Elbe River in modern north-east Germany overthrew an assumed Ottonian rule over the Slavic lands and rejected Christianization under Emperor Otto I.[1]","title":"Slavic revolt of 983"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Henry the Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Circipani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipania"},{"link_name":"Battle on the Raxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Raxa"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Saxon Eastern March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_Geronis"},{"link_name":"Gero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero"},{"link_name":"Havelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-3"}],"text":"The Slavic peoples between the Elbe and the Baltic coast had been conquered and nominally converted to Christianity in the campaigns of the German king Henry the Fowler and his son Otto I, who in 962 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Otto had most recently defeated an alliance of Obotrite and Circipani tribes at the 955 Battle on the Raxa. The conquered area east of the German Duchy of Saxony was initially organized within the vast Saxon Eastern March under Margrave Gero, but divided into smaller marches upon his death in 965.In order to stabilize his rule, Otto promoted the conversion of the Slavic population, establishing the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg in 948, followed by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg in 968, which in particular carried out active missionary work.[2][1][3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adalbert of Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_(archbishop_of_Magdeburg)"},{"link_name":"Gisilher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisilher_(archbishop_of_Magdeburg)"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Kalbids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbids"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Theophanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanu"},{"link_name":"Adelaide of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"},{"link_name":"Rethra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethra"},{"link_name":"Tanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger_(river)"},{"link_name":"Thietmar of Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Kalbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbe,_Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_in_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-3"},{"link_name":"Northern March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_March"},{"link_name":"March of the Billungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billung_March"},{"link_name":"March of Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Zeitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Zeitz"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen"}],"text":"In 981 Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg, the Apostle of the Slavs, died and his successor Gisilher had to struggle with the resistance by the Magdeburg chapter. He was backed by Emperor Otto II, who, however, was on campaign in Italy, where he suffered a disastrous defeat against the Sicilian Kalbids in the 982 Battle of Stilo and died the next year without having returned to Germany, leaving his minor son Otto III under the tutelage of the Empress consorts Theophanu and Adelaide of Burgundy.[1]While there was internal dissention in the Holy Roman Empire, Slavic forces led by the Lutici revolted and drove out the political and religious representatives of the Empire. Starting from the Slavic sanctuary at Rethra, the bishops' seat of Havelberg on 29 June 983 was occupied and plundered, followed by Brandenburg three days later and numerous settlements up to the Tanger River in the west. According to the contemporary chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg, the Obotrites joined the Lutici, devastated a St Lawrence monastery in Kalbe, the bishopric of Oldenburg and even assaulted Hamburg.[1][3]A hastily assembled Saxon army was only able to retain the Slavs behind the Elbe. The Northern March and the March of the Billungs were lost. The March of Lusatia as well as the adjacent marches of Zeitz, Merseburg and the Meissen in the south did not take part in the uprising.","title":"Uprising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princes of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Bolesław I Chrobry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"},{"link_name":"German eastward expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Wendish Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Ascanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Albert the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Niklot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklot"},{"link_name":"Pribislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribislav_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thom-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-3"}],"text":"From 985, several Princes of the Empire carried out annual campaigns together with the Christian Polish princes Mieszko I and Bolesław I Chrobry to subjugate the area, however these campaigns were unsuccessful. In 1003 King Henry II of Germany tried a different approach: he allied himself with the Lutici and waged war against his previous ally Prince Bolesław of Poland. This stabilized the independence of the Lutici and ensured that the area remained ruled by Polabian Slavs and unchristianized into the 12th century.[1]The immediate consequences of the uprising were an almost complete stop on further German eastward expansion (Ostsiedlung) for the next 200 years. For most of the time, the dioceses of Brandenburg and Havelberg existed in titular form only, with the bishops residing at the royal court. Only in the 12th century after the Wendish Crusade of 1147 and the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg under the Ascanian prince Albert the Bear in 1157, the settlements east of the Elbe were resumed; followed by the northern lands of Mecklenburg, where after several years of fighting against the Obotrite prince Niklot, his son Pribislav in 1167 declared himself a vassal of the Saxon Duke Henry the Lion.[1][3]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-412-07271-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-07271-0"},{"link_name":"Lexikon des Mittelalters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-412-17106-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-17106-9"}],"text":"Wolfgang Fritze: Der slawische Aufstand von 983 - eine Schicksalswende in der Geschichte Mitteleuropas. In: Eckart Henning, Werner Vogel (ed.): Festschrift der landesgeschichtlichen Vereinigung für die Mark Brandenburg zu ihrem hundertjährigen Bestehen 1884–1984. Berlin 1984, pp. 9–55.\nHerbert Ludat: An Elbe und Oder um das Jahr 1000. Skizzen zur Politik des Ottonenreiches und der slawischen Mächte in Mitteleuropa. Cologne 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0.\nChristian Lübke: Slawenaufstand. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters. vol. 7, col. 2003f.\nLutz Partenheimer: Die Entstehung der Mark Brandenburg. Mit einem lateinisch-deutschen Quellenanhang. Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 2007 (with sources material on the Slav Rising pp. 98–103), ISBN 3-412-17106-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Territory of Lutici federation after 983, beyond the eastern border of the German kingdom (outlined in yellow)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/320px-Lutizenbund.PNG"}] | null | [{"reference":"James Westfall Thompson (1916). \"The German Church and the Conversion of the Baltic Slavs\". The American Journal of Theology. 20 (2). Grin: 205–230. doi:10.1086/479673. JSTOR 3155462.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479673","url_text":"\"The German Church and the Conversion of the Baltic Slavs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479673","url_text":"10.1086/479673"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3155462","url_text":"3155462"}]},{"reference":"Mario Polzin (September 1, 2014). Der Slawenaufstand von 983 und seine Rezeption in den früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Quellen. Grin. Retrieved July 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grin.com/document/456742","url_text":"Der Slawenaufstand von 983 und seine Rezeption in den früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Quellen"}]},{"reference":"\"The Medieval Elbe - Slavs and Germans on the Frontier\". University of Oregon. Retrieved July 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://medievalelbe.uoregon.edu/events-983","url_text":"\"The Medieval Elbe - Slavs and Germans on the Frontier\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479673","external_links_name":"\"The German Church and the Conversion of the Baltic Slavs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479673","external_links_name":"10.1086/479673"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3155462","external_links_name":"3155462"},{"Link":"https://www.grin.com/document/456742","external_links_name":"Der Slawenaufstand von 983 und seine Rezeption in den früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Quellen"},{"Link":"https://medievalelbe.uoregon.edu/events-983","external_links_name":"\"The Medieval Elbe - Slavs and Germans on the Frontier\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_News%2B | Apple News | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 Apple News+","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | News aggregator app
For the newspapers from Next Media, see Apple Daily and Apple Daily (Taiwan).
Apple NewsNews on iOS 13Developer(s)Apple Inc.Initial releaseSeptember 16, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-09-16)Stable release(s)iOS/iPadOS/watchOS4.0.7 / September 30, 2019; 4 years ago (2019-09-30)macOS8.3 / March 27, 2023; 14 months ago (2023-03-27)
Operating systemiOS 10 or lateriPadOSmacOSwatchOS 2.2 or laterPredecessorNewsstandAvailable in2 languagesList of languagesEnglish, FrenchTypeNews aggregatorLicenseProprietary softwareWebsiteapple.com/news
Apple News is a news aggregator app developed by Apple Inc., for its iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS operating systems. The iOS version was launched with the release of iOS 9. It is the successor to the Newsstand app included in previous versions of iOS. Users can read news articles with it, based on publishers, websites and topics they select, such as technology or politics.
Overview
The Apple News app works by pulling in news stories from the web through various syndication feeds (Atom and RSS) or from news publishing partners through the JSON descriptive Apple News Format. Any news publisher can submit their content for inclusion in Apple News. Stories added through Safari will be displayed via the in-app web browser included with the app.
News is fetched from publisher's websites through the AppleBot web crawler bot. The bot fetches feeds, as well as web pages and images for the Apple News service. It has received criticism for being poorly behaved and not being fault tolerant; resulting in high loads on websites.
The Apple News version distributed with iOS 9 made it hard to differentiate traffic originating from within the app from traffic originating from other apps. Apple News version 2, introduced in iOS 10, began identifying itself using its own User-Agent string, making it possible to measure the reach of Apple News using web analytics solutions. Traffic analytics was previously only available to paying publisher partners through iAds.
History
Apple News was announced at Apple's WWDC 2015 developer conference. It was released alongside the iOS 9 release on September 16, 2015, for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. At launch, the app was only available to users in the United States, but within a month had become available to users in Australia and the United Kingdom.
It was reported in 2014 that Apple Inc. had acquired the Netherlands-based digital magazine company Prss, developers of an application that simplified the creation of iPad-compatible magazines using a WYSIWYG editor that didn't require any knowledge of code. Prss was seen as a magazine version of iBooks Author. The idea for Prss came after entrepreneur Michel Elings and longtime travel writer and photographer Jochem Wijnands designed their own iPad publication called TRVL. The Prss invention became what is now 'Apple News.'
On June 13, 2016, during the keynote address at WWDC 2016, it was revealed that with the forthcoming iOS 10 update the News app would undergo new icon and app redesigns along with an improved For You section organized by topics. Furthermore, it was announced that there would be support for paid subscriptions for certain news sources and publishers as well as an opt-in system for breaking news notifications and email on top news stories.
On June 4, 2018, during the WWDC 2018 keynote address, Apple announced that the Apple News app would be ported to macOS and be available to users in Australia, United Kingdom, and United States starting in macOS 10.14. The app is installed by default in every region but is not made visible to users outside those three regions. Users can still open it using various workarounds.
In February 2019, Digiday reported that publishers are frustrated over the platform's lack of revenue, despite seeing steady growth in audience over the past year.
On March 25, 2019, iOS 12.2 was released with the updated News app that introduced subscriptions through Apple's "Apple News+" service, which was announced on the same day. The icon for Apple News also changed, putting the N in the icon front and center with a slightly changed design. The same month, Apple introduced support for the News app in Canada, including the News+ subscription service.
In July 2020, Apple added an Audio tab for US News+ subscribers, as well as support listening to audio news stories in CarPlay. In March 2023, Apple introduced a dedicated Sports tab to the app with the release of iOS 16.4, providing stories and coverage for a user's favourite teams.
Apple News+
On March 25, 2019, Apple announced Apple News+, a subscription-based service allowing access to content from over 300 magazines, as well as selected newspapers. The service was preceded by the digital media subscription app Texture, which Apple acquired in 2018.
The Wall Street Journal, one of the newspapers available through Apple News+, will reconfigure its services to offer more articles for casual readers. It will not actively display business-intensive articles through the Apple platform, though they will still be available by searching through a three-day archive.
On July 15, 2020, Apple announced the addition of audio stories in Apple News+, which allows subscribers to listen to narrated versions of articles in a similar fashion to a podcast under a new Audio tab.
On September 15, 2020, Apple announced that Apple News+ would be bundled in the Premier package of Apple One alongside iCloud, Apple Music, Apple Arcade, Apple TV+ and Apple Fitness+.
See also
Google News
Google Play Newsstand
MSN News
Flipboard
References
^ a b "Apple News". App Store Preview. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^ "Apple News on the App Store". App Store. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
^ "Apple News expanding to Canada with upcoming iOS 12.2 update". 9to5Mac. January 24, 2019.
^ "Apple unveils News app, with New York Times, ESPN and other big publishers on board - GeekWire". GeekWire. June 8, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
^ "RSS Content". Apple News Publisher. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "Apple News Format workflow". Apple News Publisher. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "About Applebot". Apple Support. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
^ "Attack of the AppleNewsBot". Slight Future. July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ "Apple News app getting its own User-Agent for analytics in iOS 10". Slight Future. July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ "Apple Releases iOS 9.1 With New Emoji, Live Photos Improvements". Mac Rumours. October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
^ Etherington, Darrell. "PRSS Digital Magazine Platform Acquired By Apple". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
^ "Apple Acquired Prss in 2014 and today their Invention that became 'Apple News' was Published by USPTO". Patently Apple. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
^ a b "Getting the Apple News app for macOS in unsupported regions". Ctrl blog. June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
^ Max Willens (February 25, 2019). "'Hard to back out': Publishers grow frustrated by the lack of revenue from Apple News".
^ "You Need to Update to iOS 12.2 Right Now". Gizmodo. March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Apple introduces new Apple News app icon with iOS 12.2 beta 4". The Apple Post. March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ "About iOS 12 Updates". Apple Support. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. Apple News is now available in Canada, with a free experience that includes handpicked Top Stories, a personalized Today feed, and support for both English and French
^ a b "Apple News launches new audio features, expands local news offerings for readers". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ "Apple News App Gains Sports Tab in First iOS 16.5 Beta". MacRumors. March 28, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Goode, Lauren (March 25, 2019). "Apple Launches Apple News+ Paid Subscription Service". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
^ Balakrishnan, Anita (March 12, 2018). "Apple buys Texture, a digital magazine subscription service". CNBC. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
^ Lee, Edmund (April 2, 2019). "Media Companies Take a Big Gamble on Apple". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
^ Alexander, Julia (September 15, 2020). "Apple confirms Apple One subscription bundle, bringing together Music, TV Plus, Arcade, and more". The Verge. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
External links
Official website
Apple News Publisher Resources
News Preview app for publishers
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Daily"},{"link_name":"Apple Daily (Taiwan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Daily_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"news aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"iPadOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS"},{"link_name":"watchOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"iOS 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_9"},{"link_name":"Newsstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsstand_(software)"},{"link_name":"versions of iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_version_history"},{"link_name":"news articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the newspapers from Next Media, see Apple Daily and Apple Daily (Taiwan).Apple News is a news aggregator app developed by Apple Inc., for its iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS operating systems. The iOS version was launched with the release of iOS 9. It is the successor to the Newsstand app included in previous versions of iOS. Users can read news articles with it, based on publishers, websites and topics they select, such as technology or politics.[4]","title":"Apple News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(standard)"},{"link_name":"RSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"web analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"iAds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAd"}],"text":"The Apple News app works by pulling in news stories from the web through various syndication feeds (Atom and RSS)[5] or from news publishing partners through the JSON descriptive Apple News Format.[6] Any news publisher can submit their content for inclusion in Apple News[citation needed]. Stories added through Safari will be displayed via the in-app web browser included with the app.News is fetched from publisher's websites through the AppleBot web crawler bot.[7] The bot fetches feeds, as well as web pages and images for the Apple News service. It has received criticism for being poorly behaved and not being fault tolerant; resulting in high loads on websites.[8]The Apple News version distributed with iOS 9 made it hard to differentiate traffic originating from within the app from traffic originating from other apps. Apple News version 2, introduced in iOS 10, began identifying itself using its own User-Agent string, making it possible to measure the reach of Apple News using web analytics solutions.[9] Traffic analytics was previously only available to paying publisher partners through iAds.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWDC 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WYSIWYG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"iBooks Author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks_Author"},{"link_name":"TRVL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRVL"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"iOS 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"},{"link_name":"WWDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDC"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unsupportedregions-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unsupportedregions-13"},{"link_name":"Digiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiday"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"CarPlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarPlay"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Apple News was announced at Apple's WWDC 2015 developer conference. It was released alongside the iOS 9 release on September 16, 2015, for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. At launch, the app was only available to users in the United States, but within a month had become available to users in Australia and the United Kingdom.[10]It was reported in 2014 that Apple Inc. had acquired the Netherlands-based digital magazine company Prss, developers of an application that simplified the creation of iPad-compatible magazines using a WYSIWYG editor that didn't require any knowledge of code.[11] Prss was seen as a magazine version of iBooks Author. The idea for Prss came after entrepreneur Michel Elings and longtime travel writer and photographer Jochem Wijnands designed their own iPad publication called TRVL. The Prss invention became what is now 'Apple News.'[12]On June 13, 2016, during the keynote address at WWDC 2016, it was revealed that with the forthcoming iOS 10 update the News app would undergo new icon and app redesigns along with an improved For You section organized by topics. Furthermore, it was announced that there would be support for paid subscriptions for certain news sources and publishers as well as an opt-in system for breaking news notifications and email on top news stories.On June 4, 2018, during the WWDC 2018 keynote address, Apple announced that the Apple News app would be ported to macOS and be available to users in Australia, United Kingdom, and United States starting in macOS 10.14.[13] The app is installed by default in every region but is not made visible to users outside those three regions. Users can still open it using various workarounds.[13]In February 2019, Digiday reported that publishers are frustrated over the platform's lack of revenue,[14] despite seeing steady growth in audience over the past year.On March 25, 2019, iOS 12.2 was released with the updated News app that introduced subscriptions through Apple's \"Apple News+\" service, which was announced on the same day.[15] The icon for Apple News also changed, putting the N in the icon front and center with a slightly changed design.[16] The same month, Apple introduced support for the News app in Canada, including the News+ subscription service.[17]In July 2020, Apple added an Audio tab for US News+ subscribers, as well as support listening to audio news stories in CarPlay.[18] In March 2023, Apple introduced a dedicated Sports tab to the app with the release of iOS 16.4, providing stories and coverage for a user's favourite teams.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Texture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_(app)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Apple One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_One_(service)"},{"link_name":"iCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"Apple Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Arcade"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Apple Fitness+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Fitness%2B"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"On March 25, 2019, Apple announced Apple News+, a subscription-based service allowing access to content from over 300 magazines, as well as selected newspapers.[20] The service was preceded by the digital media subscription app Texture, which Apple acquired in 2018.[21]The Wall Street Journal, one of the newspapers available through Apple News+, will reconfigure its services to offer more articles for casual readers. It will not actively display business-intensive articles through the Apple platform, though they will still be available by searching through a three-day archive.[22]On July 15, 2020, Apple announced the addition of audio stories in Apple News+, which allows subscribers to listen to narrated versions of articles in a similar fashion to a podcast under a new Audio tab.[18]On September 15, 2020, Apple announced that Apple News+ would be bundled in the Premier package of Apple One alongside iCloud, Apple Music, Apple Arcade, Apple TV+ and Apple Fitness+.[23]","title":"Apple News+"}] | [] | [{"title":"Google News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News"},{"title":"Google Play Newsstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand"},{"title":"MSN News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN#MSN_News"},{"title":"Flipboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipboard"}] | [{"reference":"\"Apple News\". App Store Preview. Retrieved October 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-news/id1066498020","url_text":"\"Apple News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News on the App Store\". App Store. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-news/id1066498020","url_text":"\"Apple News on the App Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News expanding to Canada with upcoming iOS 12.2 update\". 9to5Mac. January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://9to5mac.com/2019/01/24/ios-12-2-apple-news-canada/","url_text":"\"Apple News expanding to Canada with upcoming iOS 12.2 update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9to5Mac","url_text":"9to5Mac"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple unveils News app, with New York Times, ESPN and other big publishers on board - GeekWire\". GeekWire. June 8, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geekwire.com/2015/apple-unveils-news-app-with-new-york-times-espn-and-other-big-publishers-on-board/","url_text":"\"Apple unveils News app, with New York Times, ESPN and other big publishers on board - GeekWire\""}]},{"reference":"\"RSS Content\". Apple News Publisher. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.apple.com/newspublisher/icloud/#/apdc2c7520ff","url_text":"\"RSS Content\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News Format workflow\". Apple News Publisher. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.apple.com/newspublisher/icloud/#/apdd9ef2a6c7","url_text":"\"Apple News Format workflow\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Applebot\". Apple Support. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204683","url_text":"\"About Applebot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200429050323/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204683","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Attack of the AppleNewsBot\". Slight Future. July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/excessive-applenewsbot-requests.html","url_text":"\"Attack of the AppleNewsBot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News app getting its own User-Agent for analytics in iOS 10\". Slight Future. July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/applenews-user-agent.html","url_text":"\"Apple News app getting its own User-Agent for analytics in iOS 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Releases iOS 9.1 With New Emoji, Live Photos Improvements\". Mac Rumours. October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macrumors.com/2015/10/21/apple-releases-ios-9-1/","url_text":"\"Apple Releases iOS 9.1 With New Emoji, Live Photos Improvements\""}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Darrell. \"PRSS Digital Magazine Platform Acquired By Apple\". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/23/prss-digital-magazine-platform-acquired-by-apple/","url_text":"\"PRSS Digital Magazine Platform Acquired By Apple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Acquired Prss in 2014 and today their Invention that became 'Apple News' was Published by USPTO\". Patently Apple. Retrieved November 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2017/07/apple-acquired-prss-in-2014-and-today-their-invention-that-became-apple-news-was-published-by-uspto.html","url_text":"\"Apple Acquired Prss in 2014 and today their Invention that became 'Apple News' was Published by USPTO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting the Apple News app for macOS in unsupported regions\". Ctrl blog. June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/apple-news-macos-worldwide.html","url_text":"\"Getting the Apple News app for macOS in unsupported regions\""}]},{"reference":"Max Willens (February 25, 2019). \"'Hard to back out': Publishers grow frustrated by the lack of revenue from Apple News\".","urls":[{"url":"https://digiday.com/media/hard-to-back-out-publishers-remain-frustrated-by-apple-news-monetization/","url_text":"\"'Hard to back out': Publishers grow frustrated by the lack of revenue from Apple News\""}]},{"reference":"\"You Need to Update to iOS 12.2 Right Now\". Gizmodo. March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/you-need-to-update-to-ios-12-2-right-now-to-fix-more-th-1833572278","url_text":"\"You Need to Update to iOS 12.2 Right Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple introduces new Apple News app icon with iOS 12.2 beta 4\". The Apple Post. March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theapplepost.com/2019/03/05/apple-introduces-new-apple-news-app-icon-with-ios-12-2-beta-4/","url_text":"\"Apple introduces new Apple News app icon with iOS 12.2 beta 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"About iOS 12 Updates\". Apple Support. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. Apple News is now available in Canada, with a free experience that includes handpicked Top Stories, a personalized Today feed, and support for both English and French","urls":[{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209084#122","url_text":"\"About iOS 12 Updates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515012426/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209084","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News launches new audio features, expands local news offerings for readers\". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/07/apple-news-launches-new-audio-features-expands-local-news-offerings-for-readers/","url_text":"\"Apple News launches new audio features, expands local news offerings for readers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple News App Gains Sports Tab in First iOS 16.5 Beta\". MacRumors. March 28, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macrumors.com/2023/03/28/apple-news-app-sports-tab-ios-16-5/","url_text":"\"Apple News App Gains Sports Tab in First iOS 16.5 Beta\""}]},{"reference":"Goode, Lauren (March 25, 2019). \"Apple Launches Apple News+ Paid Subscription Service\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/apple-launches-apple-news-plus-news-subscription-service/","url_text":"\"Apple Launches Apple News+ Paid Subscription Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"Balakrishnan, Anita (March 12, 2018). \"Apple buys Texture, a digital magazine subscription service\". CNBC. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/apple-buys-texture-a-digital-magazine-subscription-service.html","url_text":"\"Apple buys Texture, a digital magazine subscription service\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Edmund (April 2, 2019). \"Media Companies Take a Big Gamble on Apple\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/business/media/media-companies-take-a-big-gamble-on-apple.html","url_text":"\"Media Companies Take a Big Gamble on Apple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Julia (September 15, 2020). \"Apple confirms Apple One subscription bundle, bringing together Music, TV Plus, Arcade, and more\". The Verge. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/15/21433205/apple-one-subscription-bundle-price-music-tv-plus-arcade-icloud","url_text":"\"Apple confirms Apple One subscription bundle, bringing together Music, TV Plus, Arcade, and more\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/apple-news/","external_links_name":"apple.com/news"},{"Link":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-news/id1066498020","external_links_name":"\"Apple News\""},{"Link":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/apple-news/id1066498020","external_links_name":"\"Apple News on the App Store\""},{"Link":"https://9to5mac.com/2019/01/24/ios-12-2-apple-news-canada/","external_links_name":"\"Apple News expanding to Canada with upcoming iOS 12.2 update\""},{"Link":"http://www.geekwire.com/2015/apple-unveils-news-app-with-new-york-times-espn-and-other-big-publishers-on-board/","external_links_name":"\"Apple unveils News app, with New York Times, ESPN and other big publishers on board - 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Beta\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/apple-launches-apple-news-plus-news-subscription-service/","external_links_name":"\"Apple Launches Apple News+ Paid Subscription Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/12/apple-buys-texture-a-digital-magazine-subscription-service.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple buys Texture, a digital magazine subscription service\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/business/media/media-companies-take-a-big-gamble-on-apple.html","external_links_name":"\"Media Companies Take a Big Gamble on Apple\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/15/21433205/apple-one-subscription-bundle-price-music-tv-plus-arcade-icloud","external_links_name":"\"Apple confirms Apple One subscription bundle, bringing together Music, TV Plus, Arcade, and 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Mitchel | Charles B. Mitchel | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | American politician
For other people with the same name, see Charles Mitchell (disambiguation).
Charles MitchelConfederate States Senatorfrom ArkansasIn officeFebruary 18, 1862 – September 20, 1864Preceded bySeat establishedSucceeded byAugustus Hill GarlandUnited States Senatorfrom ArkansasIn officeMarch 4, 1861 – July 11, 1861Preceded byRobert Ward JohnsonSucceeded byBenjamin F. Rice (1868)
Personal detailsBornCharles Burton Mitchel(1815-09-19)September 19, 1815Gallatin, Tennessee, U.S.DiedSeptember 20, 1864(1864-09-20) (aged 49)Little Rock, Arkansas, C.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationUniversity of Nashville (BS)Thomas Jefferson University (MD)
Charles Burton Mitchel (September 19, 1815 – September 20, 1864) was an American politician who served as a Confederate States senator from Arkansas from February 18, 1862 until his death in 1864. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Arkansas as a U.S. senator in 1861.
Biography
Mitchel was born on September 19, 1815, in Gallatin, Tennessee. He graduated from the University of Nashville, in 1833, and from the Jefferson Medical College in 1836; moved to Washington, Arkansas, and practiced medicine for 25 years. He owned slaves. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1848; receiver of public moneys, from 1853 to 1856; unsuccessful candidate for election in 1860 to the 37th United States Congress. Mitchel was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate, and served from March 4, 1861, until July 11, 1861, when he was expelled for support of the Confederacy. He was then elected to the Confederate States Senate at the first session of the Arkansas General Assembly and served until September 20, 1864, when he died the day after his forty-ninth birthday. He was interred in the Presbyterian Cemetery, Washington, Arkansas.
See also
List of Confederate States senators
List of United States senators from Arkansas
List of United States senators expelled or censured
References
^ "Congress slaveowners", The Washington Post, January 19, 2022, retrieved July 14, 2022
United States Congress. "Charles B. Mitchel (id: M000801)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Further reading
Simms, W. E.; Lewis, John W.; Mitchel, Chas. B. (1862). Report of the Select Committee Appointed by the Senate of the Confederate States to Examine into the Condition of Hospitals, and Report by Bill or Otherwise (Report). OL 24600622M – via Internet Archive.
External links
Charles B. Mitchel at The Political Graveyard
Offices and distinctions
U.S. Senate
Preceded byRobert Ward Johnson
United States Senator (Class 3) from Arkansas 1861 Served alongside: William K. Sebastian
VacantTitle next held byBenjamin F. Rice1868
Confederate States Senate
New seat
Confederate States Senator (Class 3) from Arkansas 1862–1864 Served alongside: Robert Ward Johnson
Succeeded byAugustus Hill Garland
Articles related to Charles B. Mitchel
vteConfederate States senatorsClass 1
Baker (Fla.)
Clark (Mo.)
Clay (Ala.)
Davis (N.C.)
Graham (N.C.)
H. Johnson (Ga.)
R. Johnson (Ark.)
Lewis (Ga.)
Phelan (Miss.)
Reade (N.C.)
Simms (Ky.)
Vest (Mo.)
Walker (Ala.)
Watson (Miss.)
Class 2
Barnwell (S.C.)
Brown (Miss.)
Caperton (Va.)
Dortch (N.C.)
Henry (Tenn.)
W. Johnson (Mo.)
Maxwell (Fla.)
Peyton (Mo.)
Preston (Va.)
Semmes (La.)
Wigfall (Tex.)
Class 3
Burnett (Ky.)
Garland (Ark.)
Haynes (Tenn.)
Hill (Ga.)
Hunter (Va.)
Jemison (Ala.)
Mitchel (Ark.)
Oldham (Tex.)
Orr (S.C.)
Sparrow (La.)
Yancey (Ala.)
Category
Commons
vteUnited States senators from ArkansasClass 2
Fulton
Ashley
Sebastian
McDonald
Clayton
Garland
Berry
Davis
Heiskell
Kavanaugh
Robinson
Miller
Spencer
McClellan
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Hutchinson
M. Pryor
Cotton
Class 3
Sevier
Borland
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Mitchel
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Portals: United States Biography PoliticsCharles B. Mitchel at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsData from Wikidata
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US Congress | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Mitchell (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mitchell_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Confederate States senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_senator"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Charles Mitchell (disambiguation).Charles Burton Mitchel (September 19, 1815 – September 20, 1864) was an American politician who served as a Confederate States senator from Arkansas from February 18, 1862 until his death in 1864. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Arkansas as a U.S. senator in 1861.","title":"Charles B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Freedom | Tiësto | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1994–2000: Early projects and success","2.2 2001–2003: In My Memory","2.3 2004–2006: Just Be and appointment to the Order of Orange-Nassau","2.4 2007–2008: Elements of Life","2.5 2009–2012: Kaleidoscope and Kiss from the Past","2.6 2013–2018: Club Life and A Town Called Paradise","2.7 2018–2020: The London Sessions","2.8 2020–present: Drive","3 Income","4 Philanthropy","5 Personal life","6 Discography","7 Filmography","8 Awards and nominations","9 References","10 External links"] | Dutch DJ and music producer (born 1969)
TiëstoOONTiësto at Airbeat One 2017Background informationBirth nameTijs Michiel VerwestAlso known asStray Dog, Allure, VER:WEST, TST, GlycerineBorn (1969-01-17) 17 January 1969 (age 55)Breda, NetherlandsGenres
Trance
bass house
electro house
deep house
future house
tropical house
progressive house
big room house
future bounce
Hardcore techno
progressive trance
slap house
Occupation(s)
DJ
record producer
Years active1994–presentLabels
Musical Freedom
AFTR:HRS
Spinnin'
PM:AM
Universal
PIAS
Ultra
Bonzai Jumps
Black Hole
Nettwerk
Atlantic
Spouse(s)
Annika Backes (m. 2019)Websitetiesto.com
Musical artist
Tijs Michiel Verwest OON (Dutch pronunciation: ; born 17 January 1969), known professionally as Tiësto (/tiˈɛstoʊ/ tee-EST-oh, Dutch: ), is a Dutch DJ and music producer. He was voted "The Greatest DJ of All Time" by Mix magazine in a 2010/2011 poll amongst fans. In 2013, he was voted by DJ Mag readers as the "best DJ of the last 20 years". He is also regarded as the "Godfather of EDM" by many sources.
In 1997, he founded the label Black Hole Recordings with Arny Bink, where he released the Magik and In Search of Sunrise CD series. Tiësto met producer Dennis Waakop Reijers in 1998; the two have worked together extensively since then.
From 1998 to 2000, Tiësto collaborated with Ferry Corsten under the name Gouryella. His 2000 remix of Delerium's "Silence" featuring Sarah McLachlan exposed him to more mainstream audiences. In 2001, he released his first solo album, In My Memory, which gave him several major hits that launched his career. He was voted World No. 1 DJ by DJ Magazine in its annual Top 100 DJs readership poll consecutively for three years from 2002 to 2004.
Just after releasing his second studio album Just Be he performed live at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Athens, the first DJ to play live on stage at an Olympics. In April 2007 Tiësto launched his radio show Tiësto's Club Life on Radio 538 in the Netherlands and released his third studio album Elements of Life. The album reached number one on the Belgian album chart as well on Billboard Top Electronic Albums in the U.S. and received a nomination for a Grammy Award in 2008. Tiësto released his fourth studio album Kaleidoscope in October 2009, followed by A Town Called Paradise in June 2014. He won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for his remixed version of John Legend's hit "All of Me" at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.
Early life
Tijs Michiel Verwest was born in Breda, North Brabant, on 17 January 1969. He discovered his passion for music at the age of 12. He used to listen to radioshows like the Ferry Maat Soulshow and In The Mix from Ben Liebrand. At age fourteen, he intensified his commitment to the art, and began DJing professionally at school parties. Between 1985 and 1994, Tiësto began a residency at several clubs in the Netherlands at the behest of his manager. At the Spock, a small club in Breda, he fine-tuned his own live style by performing from 10 p.m. until 4 a.m. on weekends. In the beginning of his career as a DJ he mostly played new beat and acid house.
Career
1994–2000: Early projects and success
In 1994, he began releasing material on Noculan Records' sub-labels Chemo and Coolman. During these years, he produced hardcore and gabber tracks under such aliases as Da Joker and DJ Limited. Tiësto was later discovered by the general manager of Rotterdam-based Basic Beat Recordings.
Tiësto in Sant Antoni, Ibiza, prior to performing at Amnesia, July 2000
In late 1994, Tiësto signed to Basic Beat where he met Arny Bink, Tiësto released records on the sub-label Trashcan, founded by Arny, and later created the Guardian Angel sub-label with Arny in which they introduced the popular Forbidden Paradise series. From 1995–96 he released four extended plays on Bonzai Jumps and XTC, sub-labels of Lightning Records. In 1997, he joined his friend Yves Vandichel on his sub-label, DJ Yves, a division of the now defunct Human Resource label XSV Music. In the fall of 1997, Bink and Tiësto decided to leave Basic Beat and create their own parent label, Black Hole Recordings, Trashcan was discontinued and Guardian Angel continued releasing music until 2002. Through Black Hole, Tiësto released the Magik series and also created two major sub-labels; SongBird and In Trance We Trust. From 1998 to 1999, he released music on Planetary Consciousness where he met A&R Hardy Heller and invited him to release some records on Black Hole.
In 1998, Tiësto joined forces with fellow Dutch deejay Ferry Corsten to create the trance-based duo of Gouryella. The first Gouryella track, also called "Gouryella", was released in May 1999 and became a huge hit, scoring various chart positions around the world, including a top-15 position in the UK Singles Chart. Tiësto showcased this track in Magik Three: Far from Earth as well as in his set at the first ID&T Innercity party (Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI), his first major breakthrough. The next single, entitled "Walhalla", also made it on the charts worldwide, peaking at No. 27 in the UK Singles Chart. Released via Ferry's Tsunami label, both singles went on to be certified Gold on record sales. During these years, Tiësto also collaborated with Benno de Goeij of Rank 1 under the name Kamaya Painters. In November 1999, he released the first installment of the In Search of Sunrise series. Since then, he performed monthly as a resident at Gatecrasher in Sheffield, and played a 12-hour set, his longest, in Amsterdam. On 31 December 1999, he performed at Trance Energy 2000, a special party held by ID&T for the turn of the millennium.
Together with Armin van Buuren, Tiësto created two projects in 2000; Alibi – "Eternity", which was released on Armind, and Major League – "Wonder Where You Are?", on Black Hole. After the release of "Tenshi" in September 2000, Tiësto decided to concentrate on his solo work and left Ferry Corsten to take on the Gouryella project solely as his own. Through his first compilations and the "In Trance We Trust" series, he ended up introducing Armin van Buuren and Johan Gielen to the mainstream. Summerbreeze marked Tiësto's U.S. debut, a mix album that showcased his remix of Delerium's "Silence", which spent four weeks in the UK's Top Ten chart and reached number three in the Billboard dance chart. In Search of Sunrise 2 was released in November 2000.
2001–2003: In My Memory
External videos Tiësto – Urban Train ft. Kirsty Hawkshaw (Official Music Video)
In 2001, Tiësto created a new sub-label, Magik Muzik, and released his first solo album, In My Memory, which contained 5 major hits; "Lethal Industry", which was actually produced in 1999 and had only 3 copies released at that time, the track was officially released in 2001 which was remixed by Richard Durand in 2006 along with "Flight 643" which was another leading single that was later adapted with vocals by Suzanne Palmer and released as "643 (Love's on Fire)". Other tracks were "Obsession" in which Tiësto worked alongside Junkie XL, the instrumental tracks "Dallas 4PM" and "Suburban Train" with "Urban Train" as its vocal version. The last singles to be released were "In My Memory" which is the title track for the album as it only received high ratings in the United States and the opening track "Magik Journey" which opened Tiësto in Concert (2003). On 2 February 2002, Tiësto played nine consecutive hours during the second edition of the Dutch Dimension festival.
Tiësto at Columbiahalle in Berlin, 2003
On 27 February, Tiësto was awarded a Zilveren ('Silver') Harp music award. The same year he also received a Lucky Strike Dance Award in the category Best DJ Trance/Progressive. In August he became part of Moby's Area2 Tour. For eighteen days he travelled through the United States with artists such as Moby himself, but also David Bowie and Busta Rhymes. In January 2003, Tiësto received the annual Dutch Popprijs ('Pop Award') during the Noorderslag festival. After touring with Moby, Tiësto remixed two songs from him, "We Are All Made of Stars" and "Extreme Ways" in the same year, having "We Are All Made of Stars" reach No. 13 in the Hot Dance Club Play. In 2002 he released his first In Search of Sunrise mix to feature a place on its name, In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama. On 28 March 2003; Tiësto, Dieselboy, Bad Boy Bill, and Noel Sanger joined the PlayStation 2 Dual Play tour. Tiësto and Noel's appearance began on 13 April and ended on 6 June.
His fame continued to increase for then known he has in the early 2000s, following his six-hour "Tiësto Solo" sets which he performed without other DJs or opening acts. This idea, of one DJ playing alone to a large crowd was new. Tiësto was the first DJ to hold a solo concert in a stadium; on 10 May 2003, he performed for 25,000 people in Arnhem's GelreDome, later called Tiësto in Concert. He repeated the same type of concert the following year during two consecutive nights in late October. In addition to holding these two concerts for 35,000 of his fans, he held another concert for a crowd of 20,000 in Hasselt, Belgium the following week. DVDs of both his 10 May 2003 and 30 October 2004 concerts have been released, having the other DVD titled Tiësto in Concert 2. The DVDs show the journey from the first idea to the main event, featuring live performances by Andain, Dinand Woesthoff, and Jan Johnston. The event includes live music and dancers performing at different times throughout the set.
2004–2006: Just Be and appointment to the Order of Orange-Nassau
Tiësto performing in Arnhem's GelreDome, 2004
In 2004, he released his second artist album Just Be, which featured his first single "Traffic" which is the first non-vocal track to reach number one spot in the Dutch national charts for 23 years.
The track "Sweet Misery" was originally written for Evanescence but it did not meet the deadline for the release of their album. In support to his Just Be album, he played at Breda, Eindhoven, Utrecht, and Amsterdam; these stops were later named Just Be: Train Tour. On 20 May 2004, he was appointed Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. The Athens Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (ATHOC) asked Tiësto to perform at the Olympic Games, making him the first DJ to play live on stage at an Olympic Games at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Athens, where he played for 90 minutes.
External videos Tiësto – Adagio For Strings (Official Music Video)
Tiësto flew to Athens in January 2004 to have a meeting with the ATHOC. His Tiësto in Concert DVD caught their attention, after which he was asked to write more tracks based on his opening tune "Adagio for Strings" which would fit in with the Olympic spirit and combine the classical with the modern age. The first rehearsal was on 7 August, for an empty stadium; the second rehearsal was on 8 August, with 35,000 volunteers. The last rehearsal included almost 60,000 people in the stadium which was on 10 August.
During the course of his performance at the Olympics, the Dutch athletes started dancing in front of the DJ booth and had to be moved on by officials. The performance included new tracks produced especially for the Opening Ceremony and songs that were created to complement the spirit and theme of the ceremony. A condensed studio-recorded album of the songs played on the Olympic set was later released, including new songs specially composed for the occasion, entitled Parade of the Athletes in October 2004. In the liner notes, he noted the IOC requested that the music not contain any lyrics as they could be inadvertently misinterpreted. In late 2004, he began his touring across Latin America, with his release of In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama in which he gained influence from the sun and sand in summer 2002. The tour continued in 2005, and Tiësto performed live in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Panama, Peru, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. Following the tours, In Search of Sunrise 4: Latin America was released in 2005, featuring a second CD for the first time in the In Search of Sunrise series.
In 2005, his Perfect Remixes Vol. 3 compilation was released through Warlock Records, containing ten tracks which were created during the beginning of his career, between those is Junkie XL, Mauro Picotto and The Roc Project. On 20 August 2005, Verwest took Tiësto in Concert to the US when he played to 16,000 at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena with Cirque du Soleil dancers.
For the second year in a row he performed live at a New Year's Eve/New Year's concert in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Orleans Arena to a sell-out crowd. His four-city U.S. tour was postponed due to the hurricane damage in New Orleans and Miami. BPM magazine has an annual poll in the US which is unveiled in the WMC, in 2005 Tiësto took the No. 1 spot. The influences of Los Angeles remained with him and would later influence his In Search of Sunrise compilation.
A wax sculpture of Tiësto was placed behind a turntable at Madame Tussauds in Amsterdam where visitors can mix Tiësto's music together. Stops were made in Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Turkey, Croatia, Poland and South Africa. The United States tour that was part of Tiësto in Concert was dwarfed by his appearance at Sensation White in 2006 where he performed to over 45,000 people in Amsterdam. The compilation was launched in the Winter Music Conference in Miami Beach to support his release, Tiësto went on his In Search of Sunrise 5 Asia Tour for more than three weeks. In September 2006, Tiësto was admitted to hospital after experiencing pain in his chest. He was diagnosed with pericarditis and subsequently had to cancel a number of shows. With the diagnosis, he was invited to support Dance4Life to help teens who are not aware of the risks of HIV/AIDS.
2007–2008: Elements of Life
Tiësto in Tallinn, 2007
On 6 April 2007, Tiësto began presenting a new weekly two-hour radio show called Tiësto's Club Life on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Ten days later, Tiësto released his third studio album Elements of Life. The album moved 73,000 units in its April release, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
During the production of the album Tiësto in several cases sent a demo with the music to certain artists, and they replied back with the lyrics and vocals and other duration times. In the case of Christian Burns from BBMak, Tiësto met him through MySpace and contacted him and the production of the single "In the Dark". The album consists of rock, trance and experimental music, which shows the style Tiësto has grown throughout the years since his previous albums which contained lyrics, In My Memory and Just Be. Producer Brian Transeau collaborated with Tiësto in three tracks, he composed "Bright Morningstar" and "Sweet Things", and performed the vocals in the single "Break My Fall". Together, they produced more tracks which were not released in the album, Tiësto has mentioned they would work again during the coming summer.
External videos Tiësto – Elements of Life (Official Music Video)
In December 2007 it was announced that the album was nominated for a Grammy Award, in the category "Best Electronic/Dance Album." The album also received gold certifications in Belgium, Hungary, Netherlands, and Romania. In support of the album, he embarked on the worldwide Elements of Life World Tour, and released the Copenhagen: Elements of Life World Tour DVD in 2008.
Tiësto announced his residence at Privilege. He played sets in Ibiza every Monday, from 7 July to 22 September in the style of his In Search of Sunrise series. In 2007, he had released In Search of Sunrise 6: Ibiza which was inspired by the island.
On 28 April, he released Elements of Life: Remixed, a recompilation of the Elements of Life album with all remixed versions. In mid-2008, Tiësto announced his In Search of Sunrise: Summer Tour 2008, which was presented by Armani Exchange in May in support of his In Search of Sunrise 7: Asia compilation and the previously released In Search of Sunrise 6: Ibiza.
2009–2012: Kaleidoscope and Kiss from the Past
On 6 October 2009, he released his fourth studio album Kaleidoscope, which featured artists such as Priscilla Ahn, Calvin Harris, Tegan & Sara and Nelly Furtado. Unlike his earlier albums, which were all mostly trance, Kaleidoscope explores other electronic genres, and is considered Tiesto's most experimental album. The first single "I Will Be Here" featuring Sneaky Sound System being released in July 2009. It reached number three on the much acclaimed Driscoll 5, and lasted there for 24 weeks in the beginning of 2012. In its first week, the album reached the Top 10 chart on iTunes. To release the album he set up a new record label called Musical Freedom after parting ways with Black Hole Recordings. Tiësto felt that his music was evolving in a new direction and his focus as an artist was moving away from what Black Hole was set up to support. His new tour, sharing the name of his new album, called Kaleidoscope World Tour commenced in late September.
On 16 March 2010, he released a greatest hits album, Magikal Journey: The Hits Collection 1998–2008, a two disc album focusing on his most famous songs and remixes of his songs. On 7 April, he announced that he would start a new compilation series called A New Dawn with his own label Musical Freedom. In his interview Tiësto furthermore confirmed that he would no longer have any more involvement with Black Hole Recordings. On 31 August, Kaleidoscope: Remixed was released, a remix album of his album Kaleidoscope.
Also in 2009 and 2010, Tiësto contributed songs to both the DJ Hero and DJ Hero 2 video games and is a playable character in the second game. He also produced a trance-flavored song for Memphis rap duo Three 6 Mafia's album called "Feel It", which features Sean Kingston and Flo Rida.
Tiësto performing at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show
On 4 April 2011, his mix compilation Club Life: Volume One Las Vegas was released. On 13 June, his final trance studio album, Kiss from the Past, was released under his alias Allure, and featured Christian Burns, JES, and Emma Hewitt.
In March 2012, satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM launched Tiësto's Club Life Radio, one of five dance/electronic stations on the platform. Programming was "curated by Tiësto himself". The station ran until 2017.
2013–2018: Club Life and A Town Called Paradise
External videos Tiësto – Red Lights (Official Music Video)
Club Life: Volume Three Stockholm was released worldwide physically on 25 June 2013 and it hit No. 16 on the Billboard Top 200 Chart. He followed up his third "Club Life" installment with the 2014 effort, A Town Called Paradise. The album featured an assortment of guest stars and was preceded by two singles, "Red Lights" and "Wasted" – yielding his first two gold singles in the U.S. A medley from the album also soundtracks a presentation at the Bellagio (resort) fountain in Las Vegas, a first for a dance music artist.
In a 2014 interview with DJ Magazine, Tiësto revealed why he left trance music. When asked whether his decision to leave the genre was influential to his popularity in the United States, the Dutch producer said: "Maybe, it's hard to say. I think I'd still be the 'Tiesto trance guy' but the difference is you're not really being relevant. Some of the old trance guys still have their following but it doesn't feel like anybody really cares – and that's the biggest difference. It's nice to be in touch with the new kids who are coming up – the 16 and 18-year olds who are producing house music see me as kind of a godfather, and it's really cool to be in touch with them. I think if I'd still been a trance DJ, they'd have been so disconnected with that sound that I wouldn't be much inspiration for them, and vice versa."
In 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, he won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for his remixed version of John Legend's hit "All of Me". The same year his fourth installment of the Club Life compilation series, titled Club Life: Volume Four New York City, was released through Musical Freedom. In April 2016, he launched a deep house label, AFTR:HRS, to promote deep house music. He appeared in the 2016 Grammy-nominated documentary film about American DJ and producer Steve Aoki, titled I'll Sleep When I'm Dead.
On 14 January 2017, Tiësto was awarded the key to the city of Las Vegas. The day is now known as "Tiësto Day" in Clark County, Nevada. He was featured in the 2017 documentary starring Carl Cox and Martin Garrix, titled What We Started.
On 6 October 2017, the fifth installment of the Club Life series entitled Club Life, Vol. 5 – China was published. The compilation album features tracks by John Christian, SWACQ, Tiësto and Z.Tao, and collaborations between Tiësto and Aloe Blacc, John Christian, Dzeko, Diplo, KSHMR, Talay Riley, Sevenn, Stargate, SWACQ and Vassy.
In March 2018, Billboard named Tiësto as number eight on their 2018 ranking of dance musicians titled Billboard Dance 100.
On 30 March 2018, Tiësto released his debut EP titled I Like It Loud, featuring four songs that are collaborations with artists such as John Christian, Mesto, Matisse & Sadko and MOTi.
2018–2020: The London Sessions
Tiësto performing at Mayday, 2019
On 2 July 2018, Tiësto released with Dzeko, Post Malone and Preme a track titled "Jackie Chan".
On 31 May 2019, Tiësto released with Rita Ora and Jonas Blue a track called "Ritual".
On 14 June 2019, Tiësto released his remix of Avicii's posthumous "Tough Love".
On 7 May 2020, Tiësto announced his seventh studio album The London Sessions; it was released 15 May 2020. The album features the previously released singles "Jackie Chan", "Ritual", "God Is a Dancer", "Blue" and "Nothing Really Matters".
2020–present: Drive
On 25 September 2020, Tiësto released the song "The Business". On 21 January 2021, Tiësto released a remix version of the song titled "The Business, Pt. II" featuring American rapper Ty Dolla Sign.
On 28 May 2021, Tiësto released his remix of Ben Platt's "Imagine." Later that year, he released "Don't Be Shy" with Karol G on 12 August, "The Motto" with Ava Max on 4 November, Savage with Deorro and a remix of No Mienten and You got the Love by Becky Hill.
On 30 June 2022, Tiësto released "Hot In It" with English singer Charli XCX. The track was previously teased by Charli XCX and Tiësto multiple times on TikTok. On 7 October 2022, Tiësto released a remake of Black Eyed Peas song "Pump It" called "Pump It Louder". On 3 November 2022, Tiësto released "10:35" with Tate McRae.
On 6 January 2023, Tiësto released "Lay Low". On 9 March 2023, Tiësto officially announced his new studio album called Drive, along with the release of his single "All Nighter". The album was released on 21 April 2023.
On 11 February 2024, Tiësto was scheduled to perform at Super Bowl LVIII in Las Vegas both before and during the game, which would have made him the first DJ to perform throughout the Super Bowl. However, he canceled his performance due to a family emergency and was replaced by Kaskade.
Income
Forbes estimated that Tiësto's annual income for 2017 was $39 million, with an average nightly gross of $250,000.
Philanthropy
On 6 January 2005, Tiësto performed in an outdoor fundraiser in De Dam, Amsterdam. The free event involved Dutch artists such as Tiësto, Dinand Woesthoff, BLØF, Acda & De Munnik, Di-rect, and Trijntje Oosterhuis and provided financial aid to the people who suffered from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in southern and southeastern Asia.
In April 2006, Tiësto was named the official worldwide ambassador for the Dance4Life foundation promoting awareness of HIV/AIDS. As the foundation's ambassador he has helped the organisation with fundraising along with recording the track "Dance4life" that he recorded with Maxi Jazz from Faithless. The foundation consists on a better way of living with safe sex in exchange of entertainment to the young crowd. The song was a huge success, peaking for five weeks in number 3 and eleven consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of the Dutch Singles Chart, it reached number 5 in Belgium, number 6 in Finland and also charting in the UK and Germany.
With the successful release of Elements of Life, Tiësto and fashion designer Giorgio Armani collaborated on a limited edition Tiësto T-shirt; Tiësto's single "Sweet Things" comes with the shirt and includes an exclusive "A|X Remix" by Tom Cloud. The charity raised over U.S. $300,000.
In November 2012, Tiësto released a compilation album Dance (RED) Save Lives in collaboration with Product Red, with the aim of donating any proceeds from the album to the fight against AIDS.
In June 2014, Tiësto headlined the first-ever Thank You Festival, presented by Global Citizen in partnership with World Childhood Foundation. As a part of the festival campaign, Tiësto took part in supporting ThankYou.org. For every song shared, the Carlson Family Foundation donated $5 to the World Childhood Foundation.
In September 2014, Tiësto headlined the free Global Citizen Festival in New York's Central Park.
Personal life
In September 2019, Tiësto married Annika Backes, a model, in Amangiri, Utah, after proposing to her in 2018. In November 2020, they had a daughter, and on 27 August 2022, they had their second child, a son. He is a fan of Italian football club Inter Milan, and has collaborated with them on numerous occasions.
Discography
Main article: Tiësto discography
Studio albums
In My Memory (2001)
Just Be (2004)
Elements of Life (2007)
Kaleidoscope (2009)
A Town Called Paradise (2014)
The London Sessions (2020)
Drive (2023)
Filmography
Documentary and concert films
Clublife 500 (2016) - In celebration of the 500th episode of his radio show Clublife, Tiësto hosted a special, one-night-only event on October 21, 2016, at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam. On 31 October 2023 the show was made available to stream on demand via the On Air concert streaming service.
Awards and nominations
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Tiësto
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^ "Press". Joinred.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
^ "Tiësto, Above & Beyond To Perform at Global Citizen's Thank You Festival". Billboard. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ "Tiësto for the ThankYou by Childhood Campaign – Tiësto Blog". 27 June 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ "Jay Z, No Doubt, Tiësto Set to Headline Free Global Citizen Festival". Rolling Stone. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ "Tiësto gets married in the Middle of the Utah Desert". 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ "DJ Tiësto and Wife Welcome Daughter Viola Margreet: 'Gives Me Feelings I Never Knew I Had in Me'".
^ "DJ Tiësto and wife Annika welcome their second child, a son - Paudal". 27 August 2022.
^ "DJ Tiësto si dichiara tifoso dell'Inter: Foto sui social con la terza maglia della Beneamata". 3 November 2019.
^ "Stream Tiësto 'Clublife 500' - Stream Featuring The Chainsmokers | On Air". On Air Events. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
External links
Tiësto at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from Wikiquote
Official website
Tiësto at IMDb
Awards and achievements
Preceded byJohn Digweed
DJ Magazine Number 1 DJ 2002–2004
Succeeded byPaul Van Dyk
vteTiësto
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
In My Memory
Just Be
Elements of Life
Kaleidoscope
A Town Called Paradise
The London Sessions
Drive
Remix albums
Elements of Life: Remixed
Kaleidoscope: Remixed
Mix albumsIn Search of Sunrise
In Search of Sunrise
2
4: Latin America
5: Los Angeles
6: Ibiza
7: Asia
Club Life
Vol. 1 - Las Vegas
Vol. 2 - Miami
Vol. 3 - Stockholm
Vol. 4 - New York City
Vol. 5 - China
Magik
One: First Flight
Two: Story of the Fall
Three: Far from Earth
Four: A New Adventure
Five: Heaven Beyond
Six: Live in Amsterdam
Seven: Live in Los Angeles
Forbidden Paradise
3: The Quest for Atlantis
4: High as a Kite
5: Arctic Expedition
6: Valley of Fire
7: Deep Forest
Space Age
Space Age 1.0
Space Age 2.0
Other
Global Clubbing: Netherlands
Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI
Summerbreeze
Revolution
Nyana
Parade of the Athletes
Magikal Journey
Extended plays
I Like It Loud
Singlesas Tiësto
"Theme from Norefjell"
"Sparkles"
"Lethal Industry"
"Suburban Train" / "Urban Train"
"Flight 643"
"643 (Love's on Fire)"
"Obsession"
"In My Memory"
"Traffic"
"Just Be"
"Love Comes Again"
"Adagio for Strings"
"UR" / "A Tear in the Open"
"dance4life"
"He's a Pirate"
"In the Dark"
"Break My Fall"
"Ride"
"I Will Be Here"
"Escape Me"
"Feel It"
"Who Wants to Be Alone"
"Feel It in My Bones"
"C'mon"
"C'mon (Catch 'Em by Surprise)"
"Zero 76"
"Work Hard, Play Hard"
"Maximal Crazy"
"The First Note Is Silent"
"What Can We Do (A Deeper Love)"
"We Own the Night"
"Pair of Dice"
"United"
"Chasing Summers"
"Take Me"
"Red Lights"
"Wasted"
"Let's Go"
"Say Something"
"Light Years Away"
"Secrets"
"The Only Way Is Up"
"Split (Only U)"
"Chemicals"
"Wombass"
"Get Down"
"The Right Song"
"Summer Nights"
"On My Way"
"Harder"
"Scream"
"Carry You Home"
"Jackie Chan"
"Grapevine"
"Ritual"
"God Is a Dancer"
"Blue"
"Nothing Really Matters"
"Coffee (Give Me Something)"
"The Business"
"The Business Part II"
"Don't Be Shy"
"The Motto"
"Hot in It"
"10:35"
"Thank You (Not So Bad)"
"Contigo"
as Allure
"The Loves We Lost"
"Somewhere Inside"
"Pair of Dice"
as Alibi
"Eternity"
as VER:WEST
"5 Seconds Before Sunrise"
Promotional singles
"Battleship Grey"
"Speed Rail"
"Halfway There"
Other tracks
"Last Train"
"Set Yourself Free"
"Lose You"
Remixes
"Silence" (DJ Tiësto In Search of Sunrise Mix)
"Innocente (Falling in Love)" (DJ Tiësto Remix)
"Southern Sun" (DJ Tiësto Mix)
"We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto's Full Vocal Remix)
"Imagination" (Tiësto Remix)
"All of Me" (Tiësto's Birthday Treatment Remix)
"L'amour toujours" (Tiësto Edit)
"Resilient" (Tiësto Remix)
Video albums
Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI
Another Day at the Office
Tiësto in Concert
Tiësto in Concert 2
Copenhagen: Elements of Life World Tour
Tours
Area2 Tour
Just Be: Train Tour
In Search of Sunrise 5 Asia Tour
Elements of Life World Tour
In Search of Sunrise: Summer Tour 2008
Kaleidoscope World Tour
A Town Called Paradise World Tour
Related articles
Gouryella
Kamaya Painters
Tiësto's Club Life
Awards for Tiësto
vteDJ Mag Top 100 DJs Poll − Number 1 DJMagazine vote
Danny Rampling (1991)
Smokin Jo (1992)
Aba Shanti-I (1993)
Danny Rampling (1994)
Judge Jules (1995)
Carl Cox (1996)
Public vote
Carl Cox (1997)
Paul Oakenfold (1998)
Paul Oakenfold (1999)
Sasha (2000)
John Digweed (2001)
Tiësto (2002)
Tiësto (2003)
Tiësto (2004)
Paul van Dyk (2005)
Paul van Dyk (2006)
Armin van Buuren (2007)
Armin van Buuren (2008)
Armin van Buuren (2009)
Armin van Buuren (2010)
David Guetta (2011)
Armin van Buuren (2012)
Hardwell (2013)
Hardwell (2014)
Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike (2015)
Martin Garrix (2016)
Martin Garrix (2017)
Martin Garrix (2018)
Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike (2019)
David Guetta (2020)
David Guetta (2021)
Martin Garrix (2022)
David Guetta (2023)
vteDJ Award for Best Electro DJ
Trentemøller (2007)
deadmau5 (2008)
Sander van Doorn (2009)
deadmau5 (2010)
deadmau5 (2011)
Tiësto (2012)
Hardwell (2013)
Hardwell (2014)
Hardwell (2015)
Award ceased
vteDJ Award for Best International DJ
Erick Morillo (2002)
Jeff Mills (2003)
Tiësto (2004)
Erick Morillo (2005)
Erick Morillo (2006)
David Guetta (2007)
Tiësto (2008)
Armin van Buuren (2009)
deadmau5 (2010)
Armin van Buuren (2011)
Armin van Buuren (2012)
Armin van Buuren (2013)
Carl Cox (2014)
Hardwell (2015)
Carl Cox (2016)
Hardwell (2017)
Carl Cox (2018)
Carl Cox (2019)
vteDJ Award for Best Progressive and Progressive House DJ
Tiësto (2002)
Sasha (2008)
Sasha (2009)
D-Nox & Beckers (2010)
No Award (2011-2017)
Hernán Cattáneo (2018)
Hernán Cattáneo (2019)
vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Dutch Act
Van Dik Hout (1994)
Kane (2000)
Kane (2001)
Brainpower (2002)
Tiësto (2003)
Ben Saunders (2011)
Afrojack (2012)
Kensington (2013)
Kensington (2014)
Kensington (2015)
Broederliefde (2016)
Lil' Kleine (2017)
Jack Shirak (2018)
Snelle (2019)
Emma Heesters (2020)
Goldband (2022)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
2
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"[ˈtɛis miˈxil fərˈʋɛst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"/tiˈɛstoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"tee-EST-oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈcɛstoː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DJ Mag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mag"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Black Hole Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Magik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik_(series)"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_(series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Times_%E2%80%93_Dennis_Waakop_Reijers-8"},{"link_name":"Ferry Corsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Corsten"},{"link_name":"Gouryella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouryella"},{"link_name":"Delerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delerium"},{"link_name":"Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_(Delerium_song)"},{"link_name":"Sarah McLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan"},{"link_name":"In My Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Memory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Just Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Tiësto's Club Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto%27s_Club_Life"},{"link_name":"Radio 538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_538"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy_nomination-11"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"A Town Called Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Called_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Remixed_Recording,_Non-Classical"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"All of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_Me_(John_Legend_song)"},{"link_name":"57th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-12"}],"text":"Musical artistTijs Michiel Verwest OON (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɛis miˈxil fərˈʋɛst]; born 17 January 1969), known professionally as Tiësto (/tiˈɛstoʊ/ tee-EST-oh, Dutch: [ˈcɛstoː]), is a Dutch DJ and music producer. He was voted \"The Greatest DJ of All Time\" by Mix magazine in a 2010/2011 poll amongst fans.[5] In 2013, he was voted by DJ Mag readers as the \"best DJ of the last 20 years\".[6] He is also regarded as the \"Godfather of EDM\" by many sources.[7]In 1997, he founded the label Black Hole Recordings with Arny Bink, where he released the Magik and In Search of Sunrise CD series. Tiësto met producer Dennis Waakop Reijers in 1998; the two have worked together extensively since then.[8]From 1998 to 2000, Tiësto collaborated with Ferry Corsten under the name Gouryella. His 2000 remix of Delerium's \"Silence\" featuring Sarah McLachlan exposed him to more mainstream audiences. In 2001, he released his first solo album, In My Memory,[9] which gave him several major hits that launched his career. He was voted World No. 1 DJ by DJ Magazine in its annual Top 100 DJs readership poll consecutively for three years from 2002 to 2004.[10]Just after releasing his second studio album Just Be he performed live at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Athens, the first DJ to play live on stage at an Olympics. In April 2007 Tiësto launched his radio show Tiësto's Club Life on Radio 538 in the Netherlands and released his third studio album Elements of Life. The album reached number one on the Belgian album chart as well on Billboard Top Electronic Albums in the U.S. and received a nomination for a Grammy Award in 2008.[11] Tiësto released his fourth studio album Kaleidoscope in October 2009, followed by A Town Called Paradise in June 2014. He won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for his remixed version of John Legend's hit \"All of Me\" at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.[12]","title":"Tiësto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda"},{"link_name":"North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Ben Liebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Liebrand"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"new beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_beat"},{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"}],"text":"Tijs Michiel Verwest was born in Breda, North Brabant, on 17 January 1969.[13][14] He discovered his passion for music at the age of 12. He used to listen to radioshows like the Ferry Maat Soulshow and In The Mix from Ben Liebrand.[15] At age fourteen, he intensified his commitment to the art, and began DJing professionally at school parties. Between 1985 and 1994, Tiësto began a residency at several clubs in the Netherlands at the behest of his manager. At the Spock, a small club in Breda, he fine-tuned his own live style by performing from 10 p.m. until 4 a.m. on weekends. In the beginning of his career as a DJ he mostly played new beat and acid house.[14]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_techno"},{"link_name":"gabber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starpulse_biography-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiesto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sant Antoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Antoni_de_Portmany"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"Bonzai Jumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzai_Records"},{"link_name":"Black Hole Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Magik series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik_(series)"},{"link_name":"SongBird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SongBird"},{"link_name":"In Trance We Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Trance_We_Trust"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Ferry Corsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Corsten"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"Gouryella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouryella"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Magik Three: Far from Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik_Three:_Far_from_Earth"},{"link_name":"ID&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID%26T"},{"link_name":"Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Innercity:_Amsterdam_RAI"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Benno de Goeij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benno_de_Goeij"},{"link_name":"Rank 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_1"},{"link_name":"Kamaya Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaya_Painters"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_(series)"},{"link_name":"Gatecrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatecrasher"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Trance Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_Energy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Armin van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Johan Gielen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gielen"},{"link_name":"Summerbreeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerbreeze"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starpulse_biography-16"},{"link_name":"Delerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delerium"},{"link_name":"Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_(Delerium_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starpulse_biography-16"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_2"}],"sub_title":"1994–2000: Early projects and success","text":"In 1994, he began releasing material on Noculan Records' sub-labels Chemo and Coolman. During these years, he produced hardcore and gabber tracks under such aliases as Da Joker and DJ Limited.[14] Tiësto was later discovered by the general manager of Rotterdam-based Basic Beat Recordings.[16]Tiësto in Sant Antoni, Ibiza, prior to performing at Amnesia, July 2000In late 1994, Tiësto signed to Basic Beat where he met Arny Bink, Tiësto released records on the sub-label Trashcan, founded by Arny, and later created the Guardian Angel sub-label with Arny in which they introduced the popular Forbidden Paradise series. From 1995–96 he released four extended plays on Bonzai Jumps and XTC, sub-labels of Lightning Records. In 1997, he joined his friend Yves Vandichel on his sub-label, DJ Yves, a division of the now defunct Human Resource label XSV Music. In the fall of 1997, Bink and Tiësto decided to leave Basic Beat and create their own parent label, Black Hole Recordings, Trashcan was discontinued and Guardian Angel continued releasing music until 2002. Through Black Hole, Tiësto released the Magik series and also created two major sub-labels; SongBird and In Trance We Trust. From 1998 to 1999, he released music on Planetary Consciousness where he met A&R Hardy Heller and invited him to release some records on Black Hole.[14]In 1998, Tiësto joined forces with fellow Dutch deejay Ferry Corsten to create the trance-based duo of Gouryella.[17] The first Gouryella track, also called \"Gouryella\", was released in May 1999 and became a huge hit, scoring various chart positions around the world, including a top-15 position in the UK Singles Chart.[18][19] Tiësto showcased this track in Magik Three: Far from Earth as well as in his set at the first ID&T Innercity party (Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI), his first major breakthrough.[20] The next single, entitled \"Walhalla\", also made it on the charts worldwide, peaking at No. 27 in the UK Singles Chart.[21][22] Released via Ferry's Tsunami label, both singles went on to be certified Gold on record sales.[23] During these years, Tiësto also collaborated with Benno de Goeij of Rank 1 under the name Kamaya Painters. In November 1999, he released the first installment of the In Search of Sunrise series. Since then, he performed monthly as a resident at Gatecrasher in Sheffield, and played a 12-hour set, his longest, in Amsterdam.[24] On 31 December 1999, he performed at Trance Energy 2000, a special party held by ID&T for the turn of the millennium.[25][26]Together with Armin van Buuren, Tiësto created two projects in 2000; Alibi – \"Eternity\",[27] which was released on Armind, and Major League – \"Wonder Where You Are?\", on Black Hole. After the release of \"Tenshi\" in September 2000, Tiësto decided to concentrate on his solo work and left Ferry Corsten to take on the Gouryella project solely as his own.[14] Through his first compilations and the \"In Trance We Trust\" series, he ended up introducing Armin van Buuren and Johan Gielen to the mainstream. Summerbreeze marked Tiësto's U.S. debut,[16] a mix album that showcased his remix of Delerium's \"Silence\", which spent four weeks in the UK's Top Ten chart and reached number three in the Billboard dance chart.[16] In Search of Sunrise 2 was released in November 2000.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magik Muzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik_Muzik"},{"link_name":"In My Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Memory"},{"link_name":"Lethal Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Industry"},{"link_name":"Richard Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Durand"},{"link_name":"Flight 643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_643"},{"link_name":"643 (Love's on Fire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/643_(Love%27s_on_Fire)"},{"link_name":"Obsession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsession_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"Junkie XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkie_XL"},{"link_name":"Suburban Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Train/Urban_Train"},{"link_name":"Urban Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Train/Urban_Train"},{"link_name":"In My Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Memory_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tiësto in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ti%C3%ABsto_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbiahalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiahalle"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Area2 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_Festival"},{"link_name":"Moby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"We Are All Made of Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_All_Made_of_Stars"},{"link_name":"Extreme Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Ways"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_3:_Panama"},{"link_name":"Dieselboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselboy"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_Bill"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"GelreDome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GelreDome"},{"link_name":"Tiësto in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert-29"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert-29"},{"link_name":"DVDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Tiësto in Concert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert_2"},{"link_name":"Andain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andain"},{"link_name":"Dinand Woesthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinand_Woesthoff"},{"link_name":"Jan Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2001–2003: In My Memory","text":"In 2001, Tiësto created a new sub-label, Magik Muzik, and released his first solo album, In My Memory, which contained 5 major hits; \"Lethal Industry\", which was actually produced in 1999 and had only 3 copies released at that time, the track was officially released in 2001 which was remixed by Richard Durand in 2006 along with \"Flight 643\" which was another leading single that was later adapted with vocals by Suzanne Palmer and released as \"643 (Love's on Fire)\". Other tracks were \"Obsession\" in which Tiësto worked alongside Junkie XL, the instrumental tracks \"Dallas 4PM\" and \"Suburban Train\" with \"Urban Train\" as its vocal version. The last singles to be released were \"In My Memory\" which is the title track for the album as it only received high ratings in the United States and the opening track \"Magik Journey\" which opened Tiësto in Concert (2003). On 2 February 2002, Tiësto played nine consecutive hours during the second edition of the Dutch Dimension festival.[14]Tiësto at Columbiahalle in Berlin, 2003On 27 February, Tiësto was awarded a Zilveren ('Silver') Harp music award. The same year he also received a Lucky Strike Dance Award in the category Best DJ Trance/Progressive. In August he became part of Moby's Area2 Tour. For eighteen days he travelled through the United States with artists such as Moby himself, but also David Bowie and Busta Rhymes. In January 2003, Tiësto received the annual Dutch Popprijs ('Pop Award') during the Noorderslag festival. After touring with Moby, Tiësto remixed two songs from him, \"We Are All Made of Stars\" and \"Extreme Ways\" in the same year, having \"We Are All Made of Stars\" reach No. 13 in the Hot Dance Club Play. In 2002 he released his first In Search of Sunrise mix to feature a place on its name, In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama. On 28 March 2003; Tiësto, Dieselboy, Bad Boy Bill, and Noel Sanger joined the PlayStation 2 Dual Play tour. Tiësto and Noel's appearance began on 13 April and ended on 6 June.[28]His fame continued to increase for then known he has in the early 2000s, following his six-hour \"Tiësto Solo\" sets which he performed without other DJs or opening acts. This idea, of one DJ playing alone to a large crowd was new. Tiësto was the first DJ to hold a solo concert in a stadium; on 10 May 2003, he performed for 25,000 people in Arnhem's GelreDome, later called Tiësto in Concert. He repeated the same type of concert the following year during two consecutive nights in late October.[29] In addition to holding these two concerts for 35,000 of his fans, he held another concert for a crowd of 20,000 in Hasselt, Belgium the following week.[29] DVDs of both his 10 May 2003 and 30 October 2004 concerts have been released, having the other DVD titled Tiësto in Concert 2. The DVDs show the journey from the first idea to the main event, featuring live performances by Andain, Dinand Woesthoff, and Jan Johnston. The event includes live music and dancers performing at different times throughout the set.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiesto_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"GelreDome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GelreDome"},{"link_name":"Just Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be"},{"link_name":"Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Evanescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescence"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Just Be: Train Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be#Just_Be:_Train_Tour"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Queen Beatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Athens Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Organizing_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Tiësto in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"Adagio for Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adagio_for_Strings_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiestoblog-14"},{"link_name":"Parade of the Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_of_the_Athletes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_3:_Panama"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 4: Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_4:_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_(series)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Perfect Remixes Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Remixes_Vol._3"},{"link_name":"Junkie XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkie_XL"},{"link_name":"Mauro Picotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Picotto"},{"link_name":"The Roc Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_Project"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Sports_Arena"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Orleans Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Arena"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"BPM magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"WMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Music_Conference"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Night_Shift-35"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Tiësto in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"Sensation White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_(event)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Winter Music Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Music_Conference"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 5 Asia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_5_Asia_Tour"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"pericarditis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Dance4Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance4Life"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"}],"sub_title":"2004–2006: Just Be and appointment to the Order of Orange-Nassau","text":"Tiësto performing in Arnhem's GelreDome, 2004In 2004, he released his second artist album Just Be, which featured his first single \"Traffic\" which is the first non-vocal track to reach number one spot in the Dutch national charts for 23 years.[14]The track \"Sweet Misery\" was originally written for Evanescence but it did not meet the deadline for the release of their album. In support to his Just Be album, he played at Breda, Eindhoven, Utrecht, and Amsterdam; these stops were later named Just Be: Train Tour. On 20 May 2004, he was appointed Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.[31] The Athens Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (ATHOC) asked Tiësto to perform at the Olympic Games, making him the first DJ to play live on stage at an Olympic Games at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Athens, where he played for 90 minutes.[14]Tiësto flew to Athens in January 2004 to have a meeting with the ATHOC. His Tiësto in Concert DVD caught their attention, after which he was asked to write more tracks based on his opening tune \"Adagio for Strings\" which would fit in with the Olympic spirit and combine the classical with the modern age. The first rehearsal was on 7 August, for an empty stadium; the second rehearsal was on 8 August, with 35,000 volunteers. The last rehearsal included almost 60,000 people in the stadium which was on 10 August.[14]During the course of his performance at the Olympics, the Dutch athletes started dancing in front of the DJ booth and had to be moved on by officials. The performance included new tracks produced especially for the Opening Ceremony and songs that were created to complement the spirit and theme of the ceremony. A condensed studio-recorded album of the songs played on the Olympic set was later released, including new songs specially composed for the occasion, entitled Parade of the Athletes in October 2004.[32] In the liner notes, he noted the IOC requested that the music not contain any lyrics as they could be inadvertently misinterpreted. In late 2004, he began his touring across Latin America, with his release of In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama in which he gained influence from the sun and sand in summer 2002. The tour continued in 2005, and Tiësto performed live in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Panama, Peru, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. Following the tours, In Search of Sunrise 4: Latin America was released in 2005, featuring a second CD for the first time in the In Search of Sunrise series.[33]In 2005, his Perfect Remixes Vol. 3 compilation was released through Warlock Records, containing ten tracks which were created during the beginning of his career, between those is Junkie XL, Mauro Picotto and The Roc Project. On 20 August 2005, Verwest took Tiësto in Concert to the US when he played to 16,000 at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena with Cirque du Soleil dancers.[34]For the second year in a row he performed live at a New Year's Eve/New Year's concert in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Orleans Arena to a sell-out crowd. His four-city U.S. tour was postponed due to the hurricane damage in New Orleans and Miami. BPM magazine has an annual poll in the US which is unveiled in the WMC, in 2005 Tiësto took the No. 1 spot.[35] The influences of Los Angeles remained with him and would later influence his In Search of Sunrise compilation.A wax sculpture of Tiësto was placed behind a turntable at Madame Tussauds in Amsterdam where visitors can mix Tiësto's music together.[36][37] Stops were made in Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Turkey, Croatia, Poland and South Africa. The United States tour that was part of Tiësto in Concert was dwarfed by his appearance at Sensation White in 2006 where he performed to over 45,000 people in Amsterdam.[38] The compilation was launched in the Winter Music Conference in Miami Beach to support his release, Tiësto went on his In Search of Sunrise 5 Asia Tour for more than three weeks.[39] In September 2006, Tiësto was admitted to hospital after experiencing pain in his chest. He was diagnosed with pericarditis and subsequently had to cancel a number of shows.[40] With the diagnosis, he was invited to support Dance4Life to help teens who are not aware of the risks of HIV/AIDS.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ti%C3%ABsto5,_Tallinn,_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Tiësto's Club Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto%27s_Club_Life"},{"link_name":"Radio 538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_538"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Night_Shift-35"},{"link_name":"Christian Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Burns"},{"link_name":"BBMak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBMak"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"In the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_interview-41"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"experimental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"In My Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Memory"},{"link_name":"Just Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be"},{"link_name":"Brian Transeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Break My Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_My_Fall"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_interview-41"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy_nomination-11"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen: Elements of Life World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen:_Elements_of_Life_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_(series)"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 6: Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_6:_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life: Remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life:_Remixed"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise: Summer Tour 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise:_Summer_Tour_2008"},{"link_name":"Armani Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani_Exchange"},{"link_name":"In Search of Sunrise 7: Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Sunrise_7:_Asia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armani_Summer_Tour-43"}],"sub_title":"2007–2008: Elements of Life","text":"Tiësto in Tallinn, 2007On 6 April 2007, Tiësto began presenting a new weekly two-hour radio show called Tiësto's Club Life on Dutch radio station Radio 538. Ten days later, Tiësto released his third studio album Elements of Life. The album moved 73,000 units in its April release, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[35]During the production of the album Tiësto in several cases sent a demo with the music to certain artists, and they replied back with the lyrics and vocals and other duration times. In the case of Christian Burns from BBMak, Tiësto met him through MySpace and contacted him and the production of the single \"In the Dark\".[41] The album consists of rock, trance and experimental music, which shows the style Tiësto has grown throughout the years since his previous albums which contained lyrics, In My Memory and Just Be. Producer Brian Transeau collaborated with Tiësto in three tracks, he composed \"Bright Morningstar\" and \"Sweet Things\", and performed the vocals in the single \"Break My Fall\". Together, they produced more tracks which were not released in the album, Tiësto has mentioned they would work again during the coming summer.[41]In December 2007 it was announced that the album was nominated for a Grammy Award, in the category \"Best Electronic/Dance Album.\"[11] The album also received gold certifications in Belgium, Hungary, Netherlands, and Romania. In support of the album, he embarked on the worldwide Elements of Life World Tour, and released the Copenhagen: Elements of Life World Tour DVD in 2008.Tiësto announced his residence at Privilege. He played sets in Ibiza every Monday, from 7 July to 22 September in the style of his In Search of Sunrise series. In 2007, he had released In Search of Sunrise 6: Ibiza which was inspired by the island.[42]On 28 April, he released Elements of Life: Remixed, a recompilation of the Elements of Life album with all remixed versions. In mid-2008, Tiësto announced his In Search of Sunrise: Summer Tour 2008, which was presented by Armani Exchange in May in support of his In Search of Sunrise 7: Asia compilation[43] and the previously released In Search of Sunrise 6: Ibiza.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Ahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Ahn"},{"link_name":"Calvin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris"},{"link_name":"Tegan & Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegan_%26_Sara"},{"link_name":"Nelly Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Furtado"},{"link_name":"I Will Be Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Be_Here"},{"link_name":"Sneaky Sound System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaky_Sound_System"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clichemag.com-47"},{"link_name":"Black Hole Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Magikal Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magikal_Journey"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope: Remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope:_Remixed"},{"link_name":"DJ Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero"},{"link_name":"DJ Hero 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero_2"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Three 6 Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_6_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Feel It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_It_(Three_6_Mafia_song)"},{"link_name":"Sean Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiesto_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Consumer Electronics Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"Club Life: Volume One Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Life:_Volume_One_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Kiss from the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_from_the_Past"},{"link_name":"Christian Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Burns"},{"link_name":"JES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Brieden"},{"link_name":"Emma Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"2009–2012: Kaleidoscope and Kiss from the Past","text":"On 6 October 2009, he released his fourth studio album Kaleidoscope, which featured artists such as Priscilla Ahn, Calvin Harris, Tegan & Sara and Nelly Furtado. Unlike his earlier albums, which were all mostly trance, Kaleidoscope explores other electronic genres, and is considered Tiesto's most experimental album. The first single \"I Will Be Here\" featuring Sneaky Sound System being released in July 2009. It reached number three on the much acclaimed Driscoll 5, and lasted there for 24 weeks in the beginning of 2012.[44][45][46] In its first week, the album reached the Top 10 chart on iTunes.[47] To release the album he set up a new record label called Musical Freedom after parting ways with Black Hole Recordings. Tiësto felt that his music was evolving in a new direction and his focus as an artist was moving away from what Black Hole was set up to support.[48] His new tour, sharing the name of his new album, called Kaleidoscope World Tour commenced in late September.[49]On 16 March 2010, he released a greatest hits album, Magikal Journey: The Hits Collection 1998–2008, a two disc album focusing on his most famous songs and remixes of his songs. On 7 April, he announced that he would start a new compilation series called A New Dawn with his own label Musical Freedom. In his interview Tiësto furthermore confirmed that he would no longer have any more involvement with Black Hole Recordings.[50] On 31 August, Kaleidoscope: Remixed was released, a remix album of his album Kaleidoscope.Also in 2009 and 2010, Tiësto contributed songs to both the DJ Hero and DJ Hero 2 video games and is a playable character in the second game.[51][52] He also produced a trance-flavored song for Memphis rap duo Three 6 Mafia's album called \"Feel It\", which features Sean Kingston and Flo Rida.[53]Tiësto performing at the 2012 Consumer Electronics ShowOn 4 April 2011, his mix compilation Club Life: Volume One Las Vegas was released.[54][55] On 13 June, his final trance studio album, Kiss from the Past, was released under his alias Allure, and featured Christian Burns, JES, and Emma Hewitt.[56]In March 2012, satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM launched Tiësto's Club Life Radio, one of five dance/electronic stations on the platform. Programming was \"curated by Tiësto himself[57]\". The station ran until 2017.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Life: Volume Three Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Life:_Volume_Three_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"A Town Called Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Called_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Red Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lights_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bellagio (resort)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"DJ Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"57th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Remixed_Recording,_Non-Classical"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"All of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_Me_(John_Legend_song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-12"},{"link_name":"Club Life: Volume Four New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Life:_Volume_Four_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"deep house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_house"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Steve Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Aoki"},{"link_name":"I'll Sleep When I'm Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Sleep_When_I%27m_Dead_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Clark County, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Carl Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cox"},{"link_name":"Martin Garrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garrix"},{"link_name":"What We Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Started"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Club Life, Vol. 5 – China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Life,_Vol._5_%E2%80%93_China&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"John Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christian_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Aloe Blacc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_Blacc"},{"link_name":"Dzeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeko_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"KSHMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSHMR"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(record_producers)"},{"link_name":"Vassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"I Like It Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Like_It_Loud_(EP)"},{"link_name":"John Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christian_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto"},{"link_name":"Matisse & Sadko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisse_%26_Sadko"},{"link_name":"MOTi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOTi"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"2013–2018: Club Life and A Town Called Paradise","text":"Club Life: Volume Three Stockholm was released worldwide physically on 25 June 2013 and it hit No. 16 on the Billboard Top 200 Chart. He followed up his third \"Club Life\" installment with the 2014 effort, A Town Called Paradise. The album featured an assortment of guest stars and was preceded by two singles, \"Red Lights\" and \"Wasted\" – yielding his first two gold singles in the U.S.[58] A medley from the album also soundtracks a presentation at the Bellagio (resort) fountain in Las Vegas, a first for a dance music artist.[59]In a 2014 interview with DJ Magazine, Tiësto revealed why he left trance music. When asked whether his decision to leave the genre was influential to his popularity in the United States, the Dutch producer said: \"Maybe, it's hard to say. I think I'd still be the 'Tiesto trance guy' but the difference is you're not really being relevant. Some of the old trance guys still have their following but it doesn't feel like anybody really cares – and that's the biggest difference. It's nice to be in touch with the new kids who are coming up – the 16 and 18-year olds who are producing house music see me as kind of a godfather, and it's really cool to be in touch with them. I think if I'd still been a trance DJ, they'd have been so disconnected with that sound that I wouldn't be much inspiration for them, and vice versa.\"[60]In 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, he won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for his remixed version of John Legend's hit \"All of Me\".[12] The same year his fourth installment of the Club Life compilation series, titled Club Life: Volume Four New York City, was released through Musical Freedom. In April 2016, he launched a deep house label, AFTR:HRS, to promote deep house music.[61][62] He appeared in the 2016 Grammy-nominated documentary film about American DJ and producer Steve Aoki, titled I'll Sleep When I'm Dead.[63]On 14 January 2017, Tiësto was awarded the key to the city of Las Vegas. The day is now known as \"Tiësto Day\" in Clark County, Nevada.[64] He was featured in the 2017 documentary starring Carl Cox and Martin Garrix, titled What We Started.[65]On 6 October 2017, the fifth installment of the Club Life series entitled Club Life, Vol. 5 – China was published.[66] The compilation album features tracks by John Christian, SWACQ, Tiësto and Z.Tao, and collaborations between Tiësto and Aloe Blacc, John Christian, Dzeko, Diplo, KSHMR, Talay Riley, Sevenn, Stargate, SWACQ and Vassy.In March 2018, Billboard named Tiësto as number eight on their 2018 ranking of dance musicians titled Billboard Dance 100.[67][68]On 30 March 2018, Tiësto released his debut EP titled I Like It Loud, featuring four songs that are collaborations with artists such as John Christian, Mesto, Matisse & Sadko and MOTi.[69]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mayday_2019_Tiesto_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mayday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(music_festival)"},{"link_name":"Dzeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeko_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Post Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Malone"},{"link_name":"Preme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preme"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan_(song)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"Jonas Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Blue"},{"link_name":"Ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_(Ti%C3%ABsto,_Jonas_Blue_and_Rita_Ora_song)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Avicii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii"},{"link_name":"Tough Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tough_Love_(Avicii_song)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"The London Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Sessions_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"God Is a Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Is_a_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"Nothing Really Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Really_Matters_(Becky_Hill_and_Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"2018–2020: The London Sessions","text":"Tiësto performing at Mayday, 2019On 2 July 2018, Tiësto released with Dzeko, Post Malone and Preme a track titled \"Jackie Chan\".[70]On 31 May 2019, Tiësto released with Rita Ora and Jonas Blue a track called \"Ritual\".[71]On 14 June 2019, Tiësto released his remix of Avicii's posthumous \"Tough Love\".[72]On 7 May 2020, Tiësto announced his seventh studio album The London Sessions; it was released 15 May 2020. The album features the previously released singles \"Jackie Chan\", \"Ritual\", \"God Is a Dancer\", \"Blue\" and \"Nothing Really Matters\".[73]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)"},{"link_name":"Ty Dolla Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ben Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Platt"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(Ben_Platt_song)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Don't Be Shy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Shy_(Ti%C3%ABsto_and_Karol_G_song)"},{"link_name":"Karol G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_G"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"The Motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motto_(Ti%C3%ABsto_and_Ava_Max_song)"},{"link_name":"Ava Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Max"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Deorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deorro"},{"link_name":"Becky Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hot In It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_in_It"},{"link_name":"Charli XCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charli_XCX"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Black Eyed Peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eyed_Peas"},{"link_name":"Pump It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_It"},{"link_name":"10:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10:35"},{"link_name":"Tate McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae"},{"link_name":"Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Kaskade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskade"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: Drive","text":"On 25 September 2020, Tiësto released the song \"The Business\". On 21 January 2021, Tiësto released a remix version of the song titled \"The Business, Pt. II\" featuring American rapper Ty Dolla Sign.[74]On 28 May 2021, Tiësto released his remix of Ben Platt's \"Imagine.\"[75] Later that year, he released \"Don't Be Shy\" with Karol G on 12 August,[76] \"The Motto\" with Ava Max on 4 November,[77] Savage with Deorro and a remix of No Mienten and You got the Love by Becky Hill.On 30 June 2022, Tiësto released \"Hot In It\" with English singer Charli XCX. The track was previously teased by Charli XCX and Tiësto multiple times on TikTok. On 7 October 2022, Tiësto released a remake of Black Eyed Peas song \"Pump It\" called \"Pump It Louder\". On 3 November 2022, Tiësto released \"10:35\" with Tate McRae.On 6 January 2023, Tiësto released \"Lay Low\". On 9 March 2023, Tiësto officially announced his new studio album called Drive, along with the release of his single \"All Nighter\".[78] The album was released on 21 April 2023.[79]On 11 February 2024, Tiësto was scheduled to perform at Super Bowl LVIII in Las Vegas both before and during the game, which would have made him the first DJ to perform throughout the Super Bowl.[80] However, he canceled his performance due to a family emergency and was replaced by Kaskade.[81]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Forbes estimated that Tiësto's annual income for 2017 was $39 million, with an average nightly gross of $250,000.[82][83][84]","title":"Income"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinand Woesthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinand_Woesthoff"},{"link_name":"BLØF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL%C3%98F"},{"link_name":"Acda & De Munnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acda_en_De_Munnik"},{"link_name":"Di-rect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-rect"},{"link_name":"Trijntje Oosterhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijntje_Oosterhuis"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"southeastern Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Dance4Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance4Life"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Dance4life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance4life_(song)"},{"link_name":"Maxi Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Faithless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance4life-86"},{"link_name":"Dutch Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Armani"},{"link_name":"Sweet Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercy-87"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armani_Summer_Tour-43"},{"link_name":"Product Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Red"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"World Childhood Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Childhood_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Global Citizen Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Citizen_Festival"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"On 6 January 2005, Tiësto performed in an outdoor fundraiser in De Dam, Amsterdam. The free event involved Dutch artists such as Tiësto, Dinand Woesthoff, BLØF, Acda & De Munnik, Di-rect, and Trijntje Oosterhuis and provided financial aid to the people who suffered from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in southern and southeastern Asia.[85]In April 2006, Tiësto was named the official worldwide ambassador for the Dance4Life foundation promoting awareness of HIV/AIDS. As the foundation's ambassador he has helped the organisation with fundraising along with recording the track \"Dance4life\" that he recorded with Maxi Jazz from Faithless. The foundation consists on a better way of living with safe sex in exchange of entertainment to the young crowd.[86] The song was a huge success, peaking for five weeks in number 3 and eleven consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of the Dutch Singles Chart, it reached number 5 in Belgium, number 6 in Finland and also charting in the UK and Germany.With the successful release of Elements of Life, Tiësto and fashion designer Giorgio Armani collaborated on a limited edition Tiësto T-shirt; Tiësto's single \"Sweet Things\" comes with the shirt and includes an exclusive \"A|X Remix\" by Tom Cloud.[87] The charity raised over U.S. $300,000.[43]In November 2012, Tiësto released a compilation album Dance (RED) Save Lives in collaboration with Product Red, with the aim of donating any proceeds from the album to the fight against AIDS.[88]In June 2014, Tiësto headlined the first-ever Thank You Festival, presented by Global Citizen in partnership with World Childhood Foundation.[89] As a part of the festival campaign, Tiësto took part in supporting ThankYou.org. For every song shared, the Carlson Family Foundation donated $5 to the World Childhood Foundation.[90]In September 2014, Tiësto headlined the free Global Citizen Festival in New York's Central Park.[91]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amangiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amangiri"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"In September 2019, Tiësto married Annika Backes, a model, in Amangiri, Utah, after proposing to her in 2018.[92] In November 2020, they had a daughter,[93] and on 27 August 2022, they had their second child, a son.[94] He is a fan of Italian football club Inter Milan, and has collaborated with them on numerous occasions.[95]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In My Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Memory"},{"link_name":"Just Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be"},{"link_name":"Elements of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"A Town Called Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Called_Paradise"},{"link_name":"The London Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Sessions_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"},{"link_name":"Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_(Ti%C3%ABsto_album)"}],"text":"Studio albumsIn My Memory (2001)\nJust Be (2004)\nElements of Life (2007)\nKaleidoscope (2009)\nA Town Called Paradise (2014)\nThe London Sessions (2020)\nDrive (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clublife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto%27s_Club_Life"},{"link_name":"Ziggo Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggo_Dome"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"Documentary and concert filmsClublife 500 (2016) - In celebration of the 500th episode of his radio show Clublife, Tiësto hosted a special, one-night-only event on October 21, 2016, at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam. On 31 October 2023 the show was made available to stream on demand via the On Air concert streaming service.[96]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [{"image_text":"Tiësto in Sant Antoni, Ibiza, prior to performing at Amnesia, July 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tiesto.jpg/144px-Tiesto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiësto at Columbiahalle in Berlin, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ti%C3%ABsto_2003.jpg/280px-Ti%C3%ABsto_2003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiësto performing in Arnhem's GelreDome, 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tiesto_2004.jpg/300px-Tiesto_2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiësto in Tallinn, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ti%C3%ABsto5%2C_Tallinn%2C_2007.jpg/200px-Ti%C3%ABsto5%2C_Tallinn%2C_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiësto performing at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tiesto_2012.jpg/260px-Tiesto_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiësto performing at Mayday, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mayday_2019_Tiesto_7.jpg/260px-Mayday_2019_Tiesto_7.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Glycerine\". 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On Air Events. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://onair.events/tiesto-presents-clublife-500","url_text":"\"Stream Tiësto 'Clublife 500' - Stream Featuring The Chainsmokers | On Air\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://tiesto.com/","external_links_name":"tiesto.com"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ersa1s2SkKQ","external_links_name":"Tiësto – Urban Train ft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_De_Cristo_Mountains | Sangre de Cristo Mountains | ["1 Land management and recreation overview","2 Subranges","2.1 Sangre de Cristo Range","2.2 Crestones","2.3 Spanish Peaks","2.4 Culebra Range","2.5 Taos Mountains","2.6 Cimarron Range","2.7 Rincon Mountains","2.8 Santa Fe Mountains","3 Prominent peaks","4 Geology","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.57750°N 105.48556°W / 37.57750; -105.48556Mountain range in Colorado and New Mexico, United States
This article is about the greater Sangre de Cristo mountain range. For the northernmost extent of the same name, see Sangre de Cristo Range.
Sangre de Cristo MountainsBlanca PeakHighest pointPeakBlanca Peak, East of Alamosa, ColoradoElevation14,351 ft (4,374 m)ListingMountain ranges of ColoradoCoordinates37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.57750°N 105.48556°W / 37.57750; -105.48556DimensionsLength242 mi (389 km) north-southWidth120 mi (190 km) east-westArea17,193 sq mi (44,530 km2)NamingEtymologySangre de Cristo (Spanish: Blood of Christ)GeographyCountryUnited StatesStatesColorado and New MexicoParent rangeRocky Mountains
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Spanish for "Blood of Christ") are the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. They are located in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico in the United States. The mountains run from Poncha Pass in South-Central Colorado, trending southeast and south, ending at Glorieta Pass, southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
The mountains contain a number of fourteen thousand foot peaks in the Colorado portion, as well as several peaks in New Mexico which are over thirteen thousand feet.
The name of the mountains may refer to the occasional reddish hues observed during sunrise and sunset, and when alpenglow occurs, especially when the mountains are covered with snow. Although the particular origin of the name is unclear, it has been in use since the early 19th century. Before that time the terms "La Sierra Nevada", "La Sierra Madre", "La Sierra", and "The Snowies" (used by English speakers) were used. According to legend, "sangre de Cristo" were the last words of a priest who was killed by Native Americans.
Land management and recreation overview
Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the East of Santa Fe, taken during a winter sunset after a snowfall on 29 January 2013
Sangre de Cristo Mountain Range
Oblique air photo of northern Sangre de Cristo Range, looking south with Great Sand Dunes near central horizon
February 2003 astronaut photography of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Santa Fe (bottom center) to north of Taos, taken from the International Space Station. Santa Fe Baldy peak at lower right. Valley of the Rio Grande, including the Rio Grande Gorge, west of the mountains.
Much of the mountains are within various National Forests: the Rio Grande and San Isabel in Colorado, and the Carson and Santa Fe in New Mexico. These publicly accessible areas are managed by the United States Forest Service and are popular for hunting, camping, hiking, mountain biking, backpacking, climbing, and cross-country and downhill skiing.
The mountains include two large wilderness areas, the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in Colorado and the Pecos Wilderness in New Mexico, as well as some smaller wilderness areas, such as Latir Peak Wilderness. The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve lies on the southwest side of the mountains in Colorado and are managed by the National Park Service.
Subranges
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are divided into various subranges, described here from north to south. Use of the terms "Sangre de Cristo Range" and "Sangre de Cristo Mountains" is inconsistent and may refer to the northernmost subrange, the southernmost subrange, or the mountains as a whole.
Sangre de Cristo Range
Main article: Sangre de Cristo Range
The Sangre de Cristo Range, the largest and most northerly subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, runs directly along the east side of the Rio Grande rift, extending southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 miles (120 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Walsenburg. They form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on the west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east.
Crestones
The Crestones are a group of four 14,000 feet (4,000 m)+ peaks (fourteeners) in the Sangre de Cristo Range above Crestone, Colorado.
Spanish Peaks
The Spanish Peaks are a pair of mountains, West Spanish Peak, 13,626 ft (4,153 m), and East Spanish Peak, 12,860 ft (3,920 m), located in southwestern Huerfano County, Colorado. The Spanish Peaks were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1976 as one of the best known examples of igneous dikes. The mountains can be seen from as far as 133 mi (214 km) to the north from Colorado Springs, 65 mi (105 km) to the south from Raton, New Mexico, and 85 mi (137 km) to the east from La Junta, Colorado.
Culebra Range
The Culebra Range runs almost due north and south, with its northern limit at La Veta Pass in Colorado, and its southern limit at Costilla Creek, just south of Big Costilla Peak in New Mexico. Its highest point is Culebra Peak at 14,047 ft (4,282 m), which is notable for being the only fourteener in Colorado on private land with an access fee. Climbers wishing to ascend Culebra must pay a fee (currently US$150 per person), and the number of climbers per year is limited. It is also the most southerly fourteener in the U.S. Rockies. Standing to the east of the main crest are the two prominent Spanish Peaks (West: 13,626 ft (4,153 m), East: 12,860 ft (3,920 m)). These peaks were important landmarks for 19th century travelers on the mountain branch of the Santa Fe Trail.
The western slope of the Culebras and the San Luis Valley are located within the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant, dating back to the 1840s but still a factor in the pattern of land ownership within the grant. The San Luis Valley is arid. The town of San Luis, Colorado has an annual precipitation of only 9.6 inches (240 mm).The surrounding area, traversed by Culebra Creek, has a rich agricultural history and has been the scene of land disputes between the descendants of Hispanic settlers and Anglo ranchers since the 1860s.
Taos Mountains
The Taos Mountains span the western lobe of the range from Costilla Creek in the north, to Tres Ritos in the south. They include the highest point in New Mexico, Wheeler Peak, at 13,161 feet (4,011 m), which is part of the Wheeler Peak Wilderness. Other notable peaks include Pueblo Peak, which at 12,305 feet (3,751 m) rises dramatically above Taos Pueblo, and Latir Peak, at 12,708 feet (3,873 m). Williams Lake is located below Wheeler Peak in the Wheeler Peak Wilderness.
Taos Ski Valley lies just to the west of Wheeler Peak. Much of the central portion of the Taos Mountains is on Taos Pueblo land. As viewed from Taos, they are locally called "Taos Mountain."
The southern portion of the Taos Mountains, between Palo Flechado Pass and Tres Ritos (U.S. Route 64 and NM Route 518), is lower and less dramatic than the northern section, with its high point being Cerro Vista, 11,939 ft (3,639 m). The Fernando Mountains are a small subrange lying in this section, just south of US Route 64.
Cimarron Range
Main article: Cimarron Range, New Mexico
The Cimarron Range lies across the Moreno Valley to the east of the Taos Mountains. It is a lower range, with its highest point being Baldy Mountain at 12,441 ft (3,792 m). The Philmont Scout Ranch lies on the east side of the Cimarron Range.
Rincon Mountains
This is a minor subrange, significantly lower than the rest of the Sangre de Cristos; it lies east of the southernmost portion of the Taos Mountains.
Santa Fe Mountains
Rounding out the Sangre de Cristo Mountains are the Santa Fe Mountains, which include all peaks south of NM Route 518. This group lies near Santa Fe and surrounds the Pecos Wilderness, which protects the source watershed of the Pecos River. The peaks include Truchas Peak, 13,102 ft (3,993 m), as their highest point. Other notable peaks are Santa Fe Baldy (12,622 ft (3,847 m)) and Jicarita Peak (12,835 ft (3,912 m)). The Pecos Wilderness is crossed by many trails and is popular for backpacking and for fishing in its high alpine lakes.
Prominent peaks
Peaks
Rank
Mountain Peak
Subrange
Elevation
Prominence
Isolation
Image
Comment
1
Blanca Peak
Sierra Blanca
14,351 ft4374 m
5,326 ft1623 m
103.4 mi166.4 km
Blanca Peak in Colorado is the highest peak of the Sangre de Cristo mountains.
2
Crestone Peak
Crestones
14,300 ft4359 m
4,554 ft1388 m
27.4 mi44.1 km
Crestone Peak is rock scrambles (Class 3) with some exposure and significant rockfall danger. (Image: Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle seen from the south)
3
Culebra Peak
Culebra Range
14,053 ft4283 m
4,827 ft1471 m
35.5 mi57.1 km
(Image: Big Costilla Peak in the Culebra Range, viewed from Valle Vidal.)
4
West Spanish Peak
Spanish Peaks
13,631 ft4155 m
3,685 ft1123 m
20.4 mi32.9 km
(Image: West Spanish Peak taken from the south)
5
Mount Herard
Sangre de Cristo Range
13,325 ft4062 m
2,040 ft622 m
4.64 mi7.47 km
(Image: Sangre de Cristo range from the Great Sand Dunes National Park)
6
Wheeler Peak
Taos Mountains
13,167 ft4013 m
3,409 ft1039 m
37.4 mi60.1 km
Wheeler Peak, of the Wheeler Peak Wilderness, is the highest peak in New Mexico. Taos Ski Valley lies just to the west of Wheeler Peak. Much of the central portion of the Taos Mountains are on Taos Pueblo land. As viewed from Taos, they are locally called "Taos Mountain."
7
Bushnell Peak
Sangre de Cristo Range
13,111 ft3996 m
2,405 ft733 m
11.07 mi17.82 km
8
Truchas Peak
Santa Fe Mountains
13,107 ft3995 m
4,001 ft1220 m
42.4 mi68.2 km
Truchas Peak is the highest point in the Santa Fe Mountains. (Image: Truchas Peak in winter from Española, New Mexico)
9
Venado Peak
Taos Mountains
12,739 ft3883 m
2,954 ft900 m
11.8 mi18.99 km
(Image: Taos Mountain at sunset.)
10
East Spanish Peak
Spanish Peaks
12,688 ft3867 m
2,383 ft726 m
4.21 mi6.78 km
East Spanish Peak is the lower of the two Spanish Peaks, two large igneous stocks which form an eastern outlier of the Culebra Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. (Image: Spanish Peaks as seen from I25, Huerfano county, Colorado)
11
Santa Fe Baldy
Santa Fe Mountains
12,632 ft3850 m
2,002 ft610 m
10.99 mi17.69 km
Santa Fe Baldy is a prominent summit in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico, located 15 mi (24 km) northeast of Santa Fe. It is prominent as seen from Los Alamos and communities along the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, but is relatively inconspicuous from Santa Fe, as its north-south trending main ridge line is seen nearly end-on, disguising the size of the mountain. Santa Fe Baldy lies in the Pecos Wilderness within the Santa Fe National Forest, on the water divide between the Rio Grande and the Pecos River.
12
Baldy Mountain
Cimarron Range
12,445 ft3793 m
2,701 ft823 m
11.33 mi18.24 km
(Image: Baldy Peak summit ridge in the Cimarron Range.)
13
Greenhorn Mountain
Wet Mountains
12,352 ft3765 m
3,777 ft1151 m
26.4 mi42.5 km
Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point in the Wet Mountains of southern Colorado, just high enough to pass tree line which is about 11,500 feet (3,500 m) in this part of Colorado. The massive mountain can be seen from Pueblo and all along Interstate 25. The mountain is protected within the secluded Greenhorn Mountain Wilderness Area but is accessed by a few trails and a nearby 4-wheel drive road to the north.
14
Mount Zwischen
Sangre de Cristo Range
12,011 ft3661 m
2,266 ft691 m
4.54 mi7.31 km
(Image:Mount Zwischen, east aspect)
15
Cerro Vista
Cerro Vista
11,944 ft3640 m
2,519 ft768 m
14.19 mi22.8 km
16
Mount Phillips
Cimarron Range
11,745 ft3580 m
2,921 ft890 m
7.51 mi12.09 km
Mount Phillips, formerly called Clear Creek Mountain, is located in Colfax County about 11 mi (17 km) south of Baldy Mountain in the Cimarron Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico. The peak was renamed in 1960 in honor of Waite Phillips, who donated the area to the Boy Scouts of America. (Image: Mount Phillips (tallest mountain, at center) seen from Baldy Mountain)
17
Mount Mestas
Sierra Blanca
11,574 ft3528 m
2,229 ft679 m
16.33 mi26.3 km
18
Iron Mountain
Sierra Blanca
11,416 ft3480 m
1,951 ft595 m
6.95 mi11.18 km
Panoramic summer view of the northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Westcliffe, Colorado
Geology
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains were uplifted during the Cenozoic Laramide orogeny. They are bounded on the west by the Rio Grande rift and on the east by a series of reverse and thrust faults. Vertical displacement along the faults is at least 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and gravity measurements suggest the uplift has been thrust eastward great distances. This faulting places Precambrian basement rock in contact with sedimentary strata along the eastern margin of the uplift except where igneous rocks have been intruded along the fault.
See also
Mountains portalGeology portalUnited States portalColorado portalNew Mexico portal
Glorieta Pass
Southern Rocky Mountains
Valle Vidal
Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park
Notes
^ Some sources only include the region north of Palo Flechado Pass in the Taos Mountains; however they do not give a specific subrange name to the entire southern portion. See for example the 1:250,000 scale USGS maps.
^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of New Mexico.
References
^ Julyan, Robert (1998). The Place Names of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0826316899.
^ Dawson, John Frank (1954). Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 45.
^ Chronic, Halka (1998). Roadside Geology of Colorado. Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 36. ISBN 0-87842-105-X.
^ "National Registry of Natural Landmarks" (PDF). National Park Service. June 2009.
^ "Culebra Peak | Colorado Fourteeners Initiative".
^ "Colorado Fourteeners Initiative: Peaks: Sangre de Cristo Range: Culebra Peak". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ "Climate San Luis". U.S. Climate Data. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^ a b Butterfield, Mike; Greene, Peter (2006). Mike Butterfield's Guide to the Mountains of New Mexico. New Mexico Magazine Press. ISBN 978-0-937206-88-1.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The elevation of this summit has been converted from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). National Geodetic Survey
^ "Truchas Peak". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Santa Fe Baldy". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
^ "Baldy Mountain". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
^ "Greenhorn Mountain". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
^ Woodward, Lee A. (1987). "Tectonic framework of northeastern New Mexico and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 38: 80. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
External links
Sangre de Cristo Mountains at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsTravel information from Wikivoyage
Sangre de Cristo Mountains @ Peakbagger
List of the 13-ers in Sangre de Cristo
NPS—TwHP: “Glorieta and Raton Passes: Gateways to the Southwest” — a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Blood of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"subrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Poncha Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncha_Pass"},{"link_name":"South-Central Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Central_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Glorieta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorieta_Pass"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"fourteen thousand foot peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteeners"},{"link_name":"alpenglow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenglow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julyan1998-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson1954-2"}],"text":"Mountain range in Colorado and New Mexico, United StatesThis article is about the greater Sangre de Cristo mountain range. For the northernmost extent of the same name, see Sangre de Cristo Range.The Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Spanish for \"Blood of Christ\") are the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. They are located in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico in the United States. The mountains run from Poncha Pass in South-Central Colorado, trending southeast and south, ending at Glorieta Pass, southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico.\nThe mountains contain a number of fourteen thousand foot peaks in the Colorado portion, as well as several peaks in New Mexico which are over thirteen thousand feet.The name of the mountains may refer to the occasional reddish hues observed during sunrise and sunset, and when alpenglow occurs, especially when the mountains are covered with snow. Although the particular origin of the name is unclear, it has been in use since the early 19th century. Before that time the terms \"La Sierra Nevada\", \"La Sierra Madre\", \"La Sierra\", and \"The Snowies\" (used by English speakers) were used.[1] According to legend, \"sangre de Cristo\" were the last words of a priest who was killed by Native Americans.[2]","title":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangre_de_Christo_Mountains-Winter_sunset.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SangreDeCristo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangre_de_Cristo_Range_Oct2020.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_from_space.jpg"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Baldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Baldy"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"San Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"backpacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)"},{"link_name":"climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"downhill skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_skiing"},{"link_name":"wilderness areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_area"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Pecos Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Latir Peak Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latir_Peak_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve"}],"text":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the East of Santa Fe, taken during a winter sunset after a snowfall on 29 January 2013Sangre de Cristo Mountain RangeOblique air photo of northern Sangre de Cristo Range, looking south with Great Sand Dunes near central horizonFebruary 2003 astronaut photography of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Santa Fe (bottom center) to north of Taos, taken from the International Space Station. Santa Fe Baldy peak at lower right. Valley of the Rio Grande, including the Rio Grande Gorge, west of the mountains.Much of the mountains are within various National Forests: the Rio Grande and San Isabel in Colorado, and the Carson and Santa Fe in New Mexico. These publicly accessible areas are managed by the United States Forest Service and are popular for hunting, camping, hiking, mountain biking, backpacking, climbing, and cross-country and downhill skiing.The mountains include two large wilderness areas, the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in Colorado and the Pecos Wilderness in New Mexico, as well as some smaller wilderness areas, such as Latir Peak Wilderness. The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve lies on the southwest side of the mountains in Colorado and are managed by the National Park Service.","title":"Land management and recreation overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are divided into various subranges, described here from north to south. Use of the terms \"Sangre de Cristo Range\" and \"Sangre de Cristo Mountains\" is inconsistent and may refer to the northernmost subrange, the southernmost subrange, or the mountains as a whole.[citation needed]","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Grande rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift"},{"link_name":"Poncha Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncha_Pass"},{"link_name":"La Veta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Veta_Pass"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"San Luis Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Valley"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"}],"sub_title":"Sangre de Cristo Range","text":"The Sangre de Cristo Range, the largest and most northerly subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, runs directly along the east side of the Rio Grande rift, extending southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 miles (120 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Walsenburg. They form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on the west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestones"},{"link_name":"fourteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Crestone, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Crestones","text":"The Crestones are a group of four 14,000 feet (4,000 m)+ peaks (fourteeners) in the Sangre de Cristo Range above Crestone, Colorado.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Spanish Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Spanish_Peak"},{"link_name":"East Spanish Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Spanish_Peak"},{"link_name":"Huerfano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Natural Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark"},{"link_name":"dikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs"},{"link_name":"Raton, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"La Junta, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Junta,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Spanish Peaks","text":"The Spanish Peaks are a pair of mountains, West Spanish Peak, 13,626 ft (4,153 m), and East Spanish Peak, 12,860 ft (3,920 m), located in southwestern Huerfano County, Colorado.[3] The Spanish Peaks were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1976 as one of the best known examples of igneous dikes.[4] The mountains can be seen from as far as 133 mi (214 km) to the north from Colorado Springs, 65 mi (105 km) to the south from Raton, New Mexico, and 85 mi (137 km) to the east from La Junta, Colorado.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Veta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Veta_Pass"},{"link_name":"Costilla Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costilla_Creek"},{"link_name":"Culebra Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Peak"},{"link_name":"fourteener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culebra-6"},{"link_name":"Spanish Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail"},{"link_name":"San Luis Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Land Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Land_Grant"},{"link_name":"San Luis, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Culebra Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Anglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Culebra Range","text":"The Culebra Range runs almost due north and south, with its northern limit at La Veta Pass in Colorado, and its southern limit at Costilla Creek, just south of Big Costilla Peak in New Mexico. Its highest point is Culebra Peak at 14,047 ft (4,282 m), which is notable for being the only fourteener in Colorado on private land with an access fee. Climbers wishing to ascend Culebra must pay a fee (currently US$150 per person),[5] and the number of climbers per year is limited.[6] It is also the most southerly fourteener in the U.S. Rockies. Standing to the east of the main crest are the two prominent Spanish Peaks (West: 13,626 ft (4,153 m), East: 12,860 ft (3,920 m)). These peaks were important landmarks for 19th century travelers on the mountain branch of the Santa Fe Trail.The western slope of the Culebras and the San Luis Valley are located within the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant, dating back to the 1840s but still a factor in the pattern of land ownership within the grant. The San Luis Valley is arid. The town of San Luis, Colorado has an annual precipitation of only 9.6 inches (240 mm).The surrounding area, traversed by Culebra Creek, has a rich agricultural history and has been the scene of land disputes between the descendants of Hispanic settlers and Anglo ranchers since the 1860s. [7]","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tres Ritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tres_Ritos,_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butterfield_greene-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alternate_nomenclature-9"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Peak Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Peak_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Taos Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Latir Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latir_Peak"},{"link_name":"Williams Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Lake_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Taos Ski Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos_Ski_Valley"},{"link_name":"Taos Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Taos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Palo Flechado Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Flechado_Pass"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"}],"sub_title":"Taos Mountains","text":"The Taos Mountains span the western lobe of the range from Costilla Creek in the north, to Tres Ritos in the south.[8][a] They include the highest point in New Mexico, Wheeler Peak, at 13,161 feet (4,011 m), which is part of the Wheeler Peak Wilderness. Other notable peaks include Pueblo Peak, which at 12,305 feet (3,751 m) rises dramatically above Taos Pueblo, and Latir Peak, at 12,708 feet (3,873 m). Williams Lake is located below Wheeler Peak in the Wheeler Peak Wilderness.Taos Ski Valley lies just to the west of Wheeler Peak. Much of the central portion of the Taos Mountains is on Taos Pueblo land. As viewed from Taos, they are locally called \"Taos Mountain.\"The southern portion of the Taos Mountains, between Palo Flechado Pass and Tres Ritos (U.S. Route 64 and NM Route 518), is lower and less dramatic than the northern section, with its high point being Cerro Vista, 11,939 ft (3,639 m). The Fernando Mountains are a small subrange lying in this section, just south of US Route 64.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldy Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldy_Mountain_(Colfax_County,_New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Philmont Scout Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont_Scout_Ranch"}],"sub_title":"Cimarron Range","text":"The Cimarron Range lies across the Moreno Valley to the east of the Taos Mountains. It is a lower range, with its highest point being Baldy Mountain at 12,441 ft (3,792 m). The Philmont Scout Ranch lies on the east side of the Cimarron Range.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rincon Mountains","text":"This is a minor subrange, significantly lower than the rest of the Sangre de Cristos; it lies east of the southernmost portion of the Taos Mountains.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butterfield_greene-8"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pecos Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Pecos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_River"},{"link_name":"Truchas Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truchas_Peak"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Baldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Baldy"}],"sub_title":"Santa Fe Mountains","text":"Rounding out the Sangre de Cristo Mountains are the Santa Fe Mountains, which include all peaks south of NM Route 518.[8] This group lies near Santa Fe and surrounds the Pecos Wilderness, which protects the source watershed of the Pecos River. The peaks include Truchas Peak, 13,102 ft (3,993 m), as their highest point. Other notable peaks are Santa Fe Baldy (12,622 ft (3,847 m)) and Jicarita Peak (12,835 ft (3,912 m)). The Pecos Wilderness is crossed by many trails and is popular for backpacking and for fishing in its high alpine lakes.","title":"Subranges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangre_de_Cristo_Range_Looking_West.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangre_de_Cristo_Range_Looking_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Westcliffe, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcliffe,_Colorado"}],"text":"Panoramic summer view of the northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Westcliffe, Colorado","title":"Prominent peaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uplifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"Laramide orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramide_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_fault"},{"link_name":"thrust faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault"},{"link_name":"gravity measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravimetry"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_(geology)"},{"link_name":"sedimentary strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"igneous rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock"},{"link_name":"intruded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woodward-1987-16"}],"text":"The Sangre de Cristo Mountains were uplifted during the Cenozoic Laramide orogeny. They are bounded on the west by the Rio Grande rift and on the east by a series of reverse and thrust faults. Vertical displacement along the faults is at least 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and gravity measurements suggest the uplift has been thrust eastward great distances. This faulting places Precambrian basement rock in contact with sedimentary strata along the eastern margin of the uplift except where igneous rocks have been intruded along the fault.[14]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-alternate_nomenclature_9-0"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wheeler_Peak_11-0"},{"link_name":"summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(topography)"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"}],"text":"^ Some sources only include the region north of Palo Flechado Pass in the Taos Mountains; however they do not give a specific subrange name to the entire southern portion. See for example the 1:250,000 scale USGS maps.\n\n^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of New Mexico.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the East of Santa Fe, taken during a winter sunset after a snowfall on 29 January 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sangre_de_Christo_Mountains-Winter_sunset.jpg/290px-Sangre_de_Christo_Mountains-Winter_sunset.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sangre de Cristo Mountain Range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/SangreDeCristo.png/260px-SangreDeCristo.png"},{"image_text":"Oblique air photo of northern Sangre de Cristo Range, looking south with Great Sand Dunes near central horizon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range_Oct2020.jpg/220px-Sangre_de_Cristo_Range_Oct2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"February 2003 astronaut photography of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Santa Fe (bottom center) to north of Taos, taken from the International Space Station. Santa Fe Baldy peak at lower right. 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The Place Names of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0826316899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826316899","url_text":"978-0826316899"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, John Frank (1954). Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 45.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=51","url_text":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"}]},{"reference":"Chronic, Halka (1998). Roadside Geology of Colorado. Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 36. ISBN 0-87842-105-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-105-X","url_text":"0-87842-105-X"}]},{"reference":"\"National Registry of Natural Landmarks\" (PDF). National Park Service. June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/pdf/RevisedRegistryJune2009.pdf","url_text":"\"National Registry of Natural Landmarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Culebra Peak | Colorado Fourteeners Initiative\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.14ers.org/peaks/sangre-de-cristo-range/culebra-peak/","url_text":"\"Culebra Peak | Colorado Fourteeners Initiative\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Fourteeners Initiative: Peaks: Sangre de Cristo Range: Culebra Peak\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909002749/http://www.14ers.org/peaks/sdc_culebra.php","url_text":"\"Colorado Fourteeners Initiative: Peaks: Sangre de Cristo Range: Culebra Peak\""},{"url":"http://www.14ers.org/peaks/sdc_culebra.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate San Luis\". U.S. Climate Data. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/san-luis/colorado/united-states/usco0345","url_text":"\"Climate San Luis\""}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, Mike; Greene, Peter (2006). Mike Butterfield's Guide to the Mountains of New Mexico. New Mexico Magazine Press. ISBN 978-0-937206-88-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937206-88-1","url_text":"978-0-937206-88-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Truchas Peak\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FN0666","url_text":"\"Truchas Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Fe Baldy\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FN0726","url_text":"\"Santa Fe Baldy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Baldy Mountain\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=GM0775","url_text":"\"Baldy Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenhorn Mountain\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=HK0512","url_text":"\"Greenhorn Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Lee A. (1987). \"Tectonic framework of northeastern New Mexico and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas\" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 38: 80. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/38/38_p0067_p0071.pdf","url_text":"\"Tectonic framework of northeastern New Mexico and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains¶ms=37_34_39_N_105_29_08_W_type:mountain_dim:195km","external_links_name":"37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.57750°N 105.48556°W / 37.57750; -105.48556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains¶ms=37_34_39_N_105_29_08_W_type:mountain_dim:195km","external_links_name":"37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.57750°N 105.48556°W / 37.57750; -105.48556"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=51","external_links_name":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/pdf/RevisedRegistryJune2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Registry of Natural Landmarks\""},{"Link":"https://www.14ers.org/peaks/sangre-de-cristo-range/culebra-peak/","external_links_name":"\"Culebra Peak | Colorado Fourteeners Initiative\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909002749/http://www.14ers.org/peaks/sdc_culebra.php","external_links_name":"\"Colorado Fourteeners Initiative: Peaks: Sangre de Cristo Range: Culebra Peak\""},{"Link":"http://www.14ers.org/peaks/sdc_culebra.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/san-luis/colorado/united-states/usco0345","external_links_name":"\"Climate San Luis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#WhatVD29VD88","external_links_name":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FN0666","external_links_name":"\"Truchas Peak\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FN0726","external_links_name":"\"Santa Fe Baldy\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=GM0775","external_links_name":"\"Baldy Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=HK0512","external_links_name":"\"Greenhorn Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/38/38_p0067_p0071.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tectonic framework of northeastern New Mexico and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=1468","external_links_name":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains @ Peakbagger"},{"Link":"http://pikespeakphoto.com/sangres/sangres_table.html","external_links_name":"List of the 13-ers in Sangre de Cristo"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/67hornbek.htm","external_links_name":"NPS—TwHP: “Glorieta and Raton Passes: Gateways to the Southwest”"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3146217760709142675","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555800405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117266","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Lamy | Audrey Lamy | ["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","2.1 Feature films","2.2 Television","2.3 Dubbing","3 Theatre","4 Awards and nominations","4.1 Étoile d’Or","4.2 César Award","4.3 Globes de Cristal Awards","4.4 Molière Award","4.5 Grand Prix des séries","5 References","6 External links"] | French actress (born 1981)
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Audrey LamyAudrey Lamy in 2016Born (1981-01-19) 19 January 1981 (age 43)Alès, Gard, FranceOccupationActressYears active2004–present
Audrey Lamy (French pronunciation: ; born 19 January 1981) is a French actress and humorist.
Personal life
Audrey Lamy is the younger sister of Alexandra Lamy as well as the tribal sister of Marsupi. Since 2008, Audrey has been in a relationship with Thomas Sabatier, a French entrepreneur.
Filmography
Feature films
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
2005
Au suivant !
An actress passing a test
Jeanne Biras
Brice de Nice
Woman in the bank
James Huth
2008
Paris
Fleurist
Cédric Klapisch
2010
Heartbreaker
The Cop
Pascal Chaumeil
Tout ce qui brille
Carole
Géraldine Nakache & Hervé Mimran
Nominated – César Award for Most Promising Actress Nominated – Étoile d’Or for Most Promising Actress
2011
My Piece of the Pie
Josy
Cédric Klapisch
La Croisière
Samantha
Pascale Pouzadoux
Polisse
Disgraced mother
Maïwenn
The Adopted
Clémence
Mélanie Laurent
2012
Plan de table
Marjorie
Christelle Raynal
Pauline détective
Jeanne
Marc Fitoussi
2014
Beauty and the Beast
Anne
Christophe Gans
Memories
Director of the nursing home
Marc Fitoussi
2015
Le Talent de mes amis
Cécile
Alex Lutz
Qui c'est les plus forts?
Céline
Charlotte de Turckheim
The New Adventures of Aladdin
Rababa / Barbara
Arthur Benzaquen
Dad in Training
Alice
Cyril Gelblat
2017
Coexister
Sabrina
Fabrice Eboué
Simon et Théodore
Edith
Mikael Buch
2018
Ma Reum
Fanny
Frédéric Quiring
2019
Invisibles
Audrey Scapio
Louis-Julien Petit
Rebelles
Marilyn Santos
Allan Mauduit
2022
La Brigade, or Kitchen Brigade
Cathy Marie
Louis-Julien Petit
2023
Asterix & Obelix: The Middle Kingdom
Bonemine
Guillaume Canet
2024
Heureux gagnants
Louise Roussel
Romain Choay & Maxime Govare
Television
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
2002
Un gars, une fille
The wife of Alex's boss
Isabelle Camus & Hélène Jacques
TV Series - Episode "Receive Alex's boss"
2004
Milady
Josée Dayan
TV movie
2008
Temps mort
Alex
James L. Frachon & Guy Giraud
Miniseries
Palizzi
Jean Dujardin
TV Series - Season 2 Episode 43
2009-2018
Scènes de ménages
Marion
Alain Kappauf
TV Series Grand Prix des séries 2012 for Best French actress
2013-2014
WorkinGirls
Stéphanie
TV Series - Seasons 2 & 3
2014
Ce soir je vais tuer l'assassin de mon fils
Christine Tessier
Pierre Aknine
TV movie
2021
La Vengeance au Triple Galop
Stephanie Harper
Alex Lutz & Arthur Sanigou
TV movie
2022
Désordres
Audrey
Florence Foresti
TV Series - Seasons 1 Episode 4 & 6
2023
Killer Coaster
Yvanne
Nikola Lange & Thomas Mansuy
TV Series - Seasons 1
2024
LOL : Qui rit, sort !
Self
Tristan Carné
TV Show - Seasons 4 Winner of the season
Dubbing
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
2006
Happily N'Ever After
Paul J. Bolger
French voice
The Departed
Madolyn
Martin Scorsese
French voice
2012
Cendrillon au Far West
Melody
Pascal Hérold
2013
Despicable Me 2
Lucy Wilde
Pierre Coffin & Chris Renaud
French voice
2014
Planes: Fire & Rescue
Lil' Dipper
Roberts Gannaway
French voice
2016
The Angry Birds Movie
Matilda
Clay Kaytis & Fergal Reilly
French voice
2017
Despicable Me 3
Lucy Wilde
Pierre Coffin & Kyle Balda
French voice
Theatre
Year
Title
Author
Director
Notes
2007
La Cagnotte
Eugène Labiche
Laurence Andreini
Meurtres de la princesse juive
Armando Llamas
Philippe Adrien
2009-14
Dernières avant Vegas
Audrey Lamy
Alex Lutz
Globes de Cristal Award - Best one-man-show
Awards and nominations
Audrey Lamy at the 36th César Awards in 2011
Étoile d’Or
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2011
Tout ce qui brille
Most Promising Actress|
Nominated
César Award
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2011
Tout ce qui brille
Most Promising Actress
Nominated
Globes de Cristal Awards
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2011
Dernière avant Vegas
Best one-man-show
Won
Molière Award
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2011
Dernière avant Vegas
Most Promising Young Female Talent
Nominated
Grand Prix des séries
Year
Nominated work
Category
Result
2012
Scènes de ménages
Best French actress
Won
References
^ Audrey Lamy (16 November 2011). "Audrey Lamy s'installe avec son compagnon". Voici.fr. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ "Kitchen Brigade (2022)". IMDb. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
^ "Astérix & Obélix: L'Empire du Milieu (2023)". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "Heureux gagnants (2024)". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "Désordres (Série télévisée 2022– )". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "Killer Coaster (Série télévisée 2023– )". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "LOL : Qui rit, sort ! Saison 4". Allociné. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Levy, Ilana (23 February 2024). "LOL qui rit, sort : qui a gagné la saison 4 ?". Télé-Loisirs (in French). Retrieved 18 March 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audrey Lamy.
Audrey Lamy at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a French actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[odʁe lami]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"}],"text":"Audrey Lamy (French pronunciation: [odʁe lami]; born 19 January 1981) is a French actress and humorist.","title":"Audrey Lamy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Lamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Lamy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Audrey Lamy is the younger sister of Alexandra Lamy as well as the tribal sister of Marsupi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel_5 | 2 Samuel 5 | ["1 Text","1.1 Textual witnesses","1.2 Old Testament references","2 Places","3 Analysis","4 David anointed king of all Israel (5:1–5)","4.1 Verse 3","5 David conquered Jerusalem (5:6–10)","5.1 Verse 9","5.2 Verse 10","6 David's growing fame and family (5:11–16)","6.1 Verse 14","7 Two victories over the Philistines (5:17–25)","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Sources","11.1 Commentaries on Samuel","11.2 General","12 External links"] | Second Book of Samuel chapter
2 Samuel 5← chapter 4chapter 6 →The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).BookFirst book of SamuelHebrew Bible partNevi'imOrder in the Hebrew part3CategoryFormer ProphetsChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part10
2 Samuel 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Hebron and Jerusalem. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel, and a section comprising 2 Samuel 2–8 which deals with the period when David set up his kingdom.
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 25 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–3, 6–16, 18–19.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B;
G
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A;
G
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
A; 5th century).
Old Testament references
2 Samuel 5:1–11: 1 Chronicles 11:1–9
2 Samuel 5:12–25: 1 Chronicles 14:1–9
Places
JerusalemBethlehemTyreValley of RephaimGezerHebronclass=notpageimage| Places mentioned in this chapter
Baal-perazim
Geba
Gezer
Jerusalem
Millo
Tyre
Valley of Rephaim
Analysis
The narrative of David's reign in Hebron in 2 Samuel 1:1–5:5 has the following structure:
A. Looking back to the final scenes of 1 Samuel (1:1)
B. David receives Saul's crown (1:2-12)
C. David executes Saul's killer (1:13-16)
D. David's lament for Saul and Jonathan (1:17-27)
E. Two kings in the land (2:1-3:6)
E'. One king in the land: Abner switches sides (3:7-27)
D'. David's lament for Abner (3:28-39)
C'. David executes Ishbaal's killers (4:1-12)
B'. David wears Saul's crown (5:1-3)
A'. Looking forward to David's reign in Jerusalem (5:4-5)
David's narrative of his ascension to the throne in Hebron is framed by an opening verse that looks backward to the final chapters of 1 Samuel (Saul's death and David's refuge in Ziklag) and closing verses that look forward to David's rule in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5). The action begins when David received Saul's crown and concludes when he was finally able to wear that crown. David executes the Amalekite who claims to have assisted Saul with his suicide and those who murdered Ishbaal. Two laments were recorded: one for Saul and Jonathan and another shorter one for Abner. At the center are the two key episodes: the existence of two kings in the land (David and Ishbaal), because Joab's forces could not conquer Saul's territory on the battlefield. However, this was resolved when Ishbaal foolishly challenged Abner's loyalty, causing Abner to switch sides that eventually brought Saul's kingdom under Davidic rule.
David anointed king of all Israel (5:1–5)
With Ishbaal's death, David had no more rival for the throne of Israel (verses 1–2). The "tribes of Israel", noting his ties with the house of Saul, his proven leadership against the Philistines as well as God's promises to make him king, sent the 'elders of Israel' (cf. 'elders of Judah' in 2 Samuel 2:4) to Hebron to make 'a covenant... before the LORD', then anoint David as 'king'.
Verse 3
Therefore all the elders of Israel came to the king at Hebron, and King David made a covenant with them at Hebron before the LORD. And they anointed David king over Israel.
"They anointed David king over Israel": this was the third anointing of David, as the first was by Samuel, the second was by the tribe of Judah, and now by all the tribes of Israel, with great numbers of the people eating, drinking and rejoicing with David (1 Chronicles 12:1).
David conquered Jerusalem (5:6–10)
The next important step was the capture of Jerusalem (verses 6–9), which until then was occupied by the 'Jebusites', who were of Canaanite origin (Genesis 10:16). The name of Jerusalem is found in Egyptian Execration texts of the 19th and 18th centuries BCE and in the Amarna texts of the 14th century BCE. The Israelites did not capture the city when they conquered Canaan (Joshua 15:63; Judges 1:21), so it became a foreign independent enclave until David captured it. The fortress (or stronghold) is strategically located away from the main north–south routes and situated more or less on the border between Judah and the rest of Israel, so it was a wise choice as capital. The Jebusites were so confident that their city could never be taken, so they said to David that even handicapped persons, 'the blind and the lame', would be able to defend it (verse 6). When David conquered the city he used the phrase back to call the defeated defenders 'the lame and the blind' (verse 8). The attackers went 'up the water shaft' to enter the city (verse 8), that is, the vertical shaft from the city to the Spring of Gihon, then David occupied the fortress on the hill in the south-eastern corner of Jerusalem, also called "Ophel", and renamed it 'the city of David'. The account of David capturing of the city has a fitting conclusion in verse 10, which could be intended as the closing statement of the history of David's rise to the throne of Israel.
Verse 9
So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward.
"Millo": was an earth-fill to form a rampart or a platform, terracing on the eastern slope. In Hebrew this word always used with the definite article (except in Judges 9:6; Judges 9:20). The name is probably from an old Canaanite word for 'the fortification on the northern end of Mount Zion'. Solomon (1 Kings 11:27) and Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 32:5) strengthened it.
Verse 10
And David went on, and grew great, and the Lord God of hosts was with him..
"The Lord God of hosts": the word "God" is not found in 4QSama or the Greek Septuagint, probably to have harmonization with the more common biblical phrase “the Lord of hosts".
David's growing fame and family (5:11–16)
This section contains two brief notes:
Verses 11–12 reports the negotiations with king Hiram of Tyre, who had building materials and craftsmen for David's building projects. It can also refer to a later period
in David's reign as Hiram also helped with
Solomon's building projects.
Verses 13–16 lists the sons born to David in Jerusalem as a continuation of the list in 2 Samuel 3:2–5. The same list, with some variations, is given in 1 Chronicles 3:5–8 and 1 Chronicles 14:5–7.
Verse 14
And these be the names of those that were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shammua, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon,
"Nathan and Solomon": According to The four sons listed here, according to he parallel reading in 1 Chronicles 3:5 were born of Bathsheba (Bath-shua), so in a later period of David's reign. Solomon and Nathan are the two sons of David through whom the Gospels of Matthew and Luke respectively trace the genealogy of Jesus Christ.
Two victories over the Philistines (5:17–25)
The narrative of David's two victories over the Philistines could be connected with an earlier point when he was 'anointed king over Israel' (verse 17), where his 'stronghold' was not yet Jerusalem, but could be Adullam. On both occasions David consulted God, receiving a distinct reply for each — straight positive on the first event, but a negative on the second occasion, followed by further advice — leading to victories in all cases.
The Philistines came up to Rephaim, a plain located south-west of Jerusalem, and in the first battle David defeated them at Baal-perazim ('Lord of Bursting Forth'). In the second battle David was advised to take a different route and attack from the flank
in the vicinity of 'balsam trees', bushy plants characteristic of a hilly region. The second victory was decisive as the Philistines were pushed 'from Geba' (Septuagint reads 'from Gibeon', six miles north-west of Jerusalem) back to their border at Gezer.
See also
Carpentry
Concubinage
Eliada
Eliphalet
Elishama
Elishua
Hiram
Ibhar
Japhia
Jebusites
Masonry
Nepheg
Philistines
Saul
Shammuah
Shobab
Solomon
Tribes of Israel
United Monarchy of Israel
Related Bible parts: Joshua 15, Judges 9, 1 Chronicles 3, 1 Chronicles 12, 1 Chronicles 14, 2 Chronicles 32, Matthew 1, Luke 3
Notes
^ The whole book of 2 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.
References
^ Halley 1965, p. 184.
^ Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
^ Jones 2007, p. 197.
^ Jones 2007, p. 216.
^ Coogan 2007, p. 450 Hebrew Bible.
^ Jones 2007, p. 207.
^ Jones 2007, p. 215.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
^ Ulrich 2010, pp. 295–296.
^ Dead sea scrolls - 2 Samuel
^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ a b 2 Samuel 5, Berean Study Bible
^ a b Morrison 2013, p. 24.
^ a b c d e f g h i Jones 2007, p. 217.
^ 2 Samuel 5:3 NKJV
^ Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. "2 Samuel 5". Published in 1746-1763.
^ Jones 2007, pp. 217–218.
^ 2 Samuel 5:9 KJV
^ a b c d e Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 2 Samuel 5. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
^ 2 Samuel 5:10 KJV
^ Note on 2 Samuel 5:10 in NET Bible
^ a b c d Jones 2007, p. 218.
^ 2 Samuel 5:9 KJV
Sources
Commentaries on Samuel
Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
Chapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1467445160.
Collins, John J. (2014). "Chapter 14: 1 Samuel 12 – 2 Samuel 25". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 978-1451469233.
Evans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0310490944.
Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.
Morrison, Craig E. (2013). Berit Olam: 2 Samuel. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814682913.
General
Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195288810.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
Jones, Gwilym H. (2007). "12. 1 and 2 Samuel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 196–232. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.
McKane, William (1993). "Samuel, Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.
Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
External links
Jewish translations:
Samuel II - II Samuel - Chapter 5 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation at Chabad.org
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
2 Samuel chapter 5. Bible Gateway
vteSecond Book of SamuelBible chapters2 Samuel 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24Places
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SourcesHebrew Bible • Septuagint • Wycliffe Bible • King James Version • American Standard Version • World English Version
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1 Kings (chapter 1) → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Books of Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalley1965184-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"},{"link_name":"Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199562-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007197-4"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007216-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2007450_Hebrew_Bible-6"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel_16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007207-7"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel_2"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel_8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007215-8"}],"text":"2 Samuel 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Hebron and Jerusalem.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel,[7] and a section comprising 2 Samuel 2–8 which deals with the period when David set up his kingdom.[8]","title":"2 Samuel 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"It is divided into","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"}],"text":"This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 25 verses.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"Codex Cairensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Cairensis"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"Codex Leningradensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Codex"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199535%E2%80%9337-9"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich2010295%E2%80%93296-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thewaytoyahuweh-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzmyer200835-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW%C3%BCrthwein199573%E2%80%9374-14"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Textual witnesses","text":"Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[9] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–3, 6–16, 18–19.[10][11][12][13]Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nB; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}\n \nA; 5th century).[14][a]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:1–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#5:1"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 11:1–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#11:1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-17"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:12–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#5:12"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 14:1–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#14:1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsb-17"}],"sub_title":"Old Testament references","text":"2 Samuel 5:1–11: 1 Chronicles 11:1–9[16]\n2 Samuel 5:12–25: 1 Chronicles 14:1–9[16]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Valley of Rephaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Rephaim"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg"},{"link_name":"Baal-perazim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal-perazim"},{"link_name":"Geba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geba_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Millo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Valley of Rephaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Rephaim"}],"text":"JerusalemBethlehemTyreValley of RephaimGezerHebronclass=notpageimage| Places mentioned in this chapterBaal-perazim\nGeba\nGezer\nJerusalem\nMillo\nTyre\nValley of Rephaim","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel_1:1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison201324-18"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Ziklag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklag"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison201324-18"}],"text":"The narrative of David's reign in Hebron in 2 Samuel 1:1–5:5 has the following structure:[17]A. Looking back to the final scenes of 1 Samuel (1:1)\nB. David receives Saul's crown (1:2-12)\nC. David executes Saul's killer (1:13-16)\nD. David's lament for Saul and Jonathan (1:17-27)\nE. Two kings in the land (2:1-3:6)\nE'. One king in the land: Abner switches sides (3:7-27)\nD'. David's lament for Abner (3:28-39)\nC'. David executes Ishbaal's killers (4:1-12)\nB'. David wears Saul's crown (5:1-3)\nA'. Looking forward to David's reign in Jerusalem (5:4-5)David's narrative of his ascension to the throne in Hebron is framed by an opening verse that looks backward to the final chapters of 1 Samuel (Saul's death and David's refuge in Ziklag) and closing verses that look forward to David's rule in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5). The action begins when David received Saul's crown and concludes when he was finally able to wear that crown. David executes the Amalekite who claims to have assisted Saul with his suicide and those who murdered Ishbaal. Two laments were recorded: one for Saul and Jonathan and another shorter one for Abner. At the center are the two key episodes: the existence of two kings in the land (David and Ishbaal), because Joab's forces could not conquer Saul's territory on the battlefield. However, this was resolved when Ishbaal foolishly challenged Abner's loyalty, causing Abner to switch sides that eventually brought Saul's kingdom under Davidic rule.[17]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"}],"text":"With Ishbaal's death, David had no more rival for the throne of Israel (verses 1–2).[18] The \"tribes of Israel\", noting his ties with the house of Saul, his proven leadership against the Philistines as well as God's promises to make him king, sent the 'elders of Israel' (cf. 'elders of Judah' in 2 Samuel 2:4) to Hebron to make 'a covenant... before the LORD', then anoint David as 'king'.[18]","title":"David anointed king of all Israel (5:1–5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-21"}],"sub_title":"Verse 3","text":"Therefore all the elders of Israel came to the king at Hebron, and King David made a covenant with them at Hebron before the LORD. And they anointed David king over Israel.[19]\"They anointed David king over Israel\": this was the third anointing of David, as the first was by Samuel, the second was by the tribe of Judah, and now by all the tribes of Israel, with great numbers of the people eating, drinking and rejoicing with David (1 Chronicles 12:1).[20]","title":"David anointed king of all Israel (5:1–5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"Spring of Gihon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_of_Gihon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217%E2%80%93218-22"}],"text":"The next important step was the capture of Jerusalem (verses 6–9), which until then was occupied by the 'Jebusites', who were of Canaanite origin (Genesis 10:16).[18] The name of Jerusalem is found in Egyptian Execration texts of the 19th and 18th centuries BCE and in the Amarna texts of the 14th century BCE.[18] The Israelites did not capture the city when they conquered Canaan (Joshua 15:63; Judges 1:21), so it became a foreign independent enclave until David captured it.[18] The fortress (or stronghold) is strategically located away from the main north–south routes and situated more or less on the border between Judah and the rest of Israel, so it was a wise choice as capital.[18] The Jebusites were so confident that their city could never be taken, so they said to David that even handicapped persons, 'the blind and the lame', would be able to defend it (verse 6). When David conquered the city he used the phrase back to call the defeated defenders 'the lame and the blind' (verse 8).[18] The attackers went 'up the water shaft' to enter the city (verse 8), that is, the vertical shaft from the city to the Spring of Gihon, then David occupied the fortress on the hill in the south-eastern corner of Jerusalem, also called \"Ophel\", and renamed it 'the city of David'.[18] The account of David capturing of the city has a fitting conclusion in verse 10, which could be intended as the closing statement of the history of David's rise to the throne of Israel.[21]","title":"David conquered Jerusalem (5:6–10)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Millo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007217-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-24"}],"sub_title":"Verse 9","text":"So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward.[22]\"Millo\": was an earth-fill to form a rampart or a platform, terracing on the eastern slope.[18] In Hebrew this word always used with the definite article (except in Judges 9:6; Judges 9:20).[23] The name is probably from an old Canaanite word for 'the fortification on the northern end of Mount Zion'.[23] Solomon (1 Kings 11:27) and Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 32:5) strengthened it.[23]","title":"David conquered Jerusalem (5:6–10)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Verse 10","text":"And David went on, and grew great, and the Lord God of hosts was with him..[24]\"The Lord God of hosts\": the word \"God\" is not found in 4QSama or the Greek Septuagint, probably to have harmonization with the more common biblical phrase “the Lord of hosts\".[25]","title":"David conquered Jerusalem (5:6–10)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007218-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007218-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-24"}],"text":"This section contains two brief notes:Verses 11–12 reports the negotiations with king Hiram of Tyre, who had building materials and craftsmen for David's building projects. It can also refer to a later periodin David's reign as Hiram also helped with\nSolomon's building projects.[26]Verses 13–16 lists the sons born to David in Jerusalem as a continuation of the list in 2 Samuel 3:2–5.[26] The same list, with some variations, is given in 1 Chronicles 3:5–8 and 1 Chronicles 14:5–7.[23]","title":"David's growing fame and family (5:11–16)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_3:5"},{"link_name":"Bathsheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathsheba"},{"link_name":"Gospels of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"genealogy of Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellicott-24"}],"sub_title":"Verse 14","text":"And these be the names of those that were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shammua, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon,[27]\"Nathan and Solomon\": According to The four sons listed here, according to he parallel reading in 1 Chronicles 3:5 were born of Bathsheba (Bath-shua), so in a later period of David's reign. Solomon and Nathan are the two sons of David through whom the Gospels of Matthew and Luke respectively trace the genealogy of Jesus Christ.[23]","title":"David's growing fame and family (5:11–16)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007218-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2007218-27"}],"text":"The narrative of David's two victories over the Philistines could be connected with an earlier point when he was 'anointed king over Israel' (verse 17), where his 'stronghold' was not yet Jerusalem, but could be Adullam. On both occasions David consulted God, receiving a distinct reply for each — straight positive on the first event, but a negative on the second occasion, followed by further advice — leading to victories in all cases.[26]\nThe Philistines came up to Rephaim, a plain located south-west of Jerusalem, and in the first battle David defeated them at Baal-perazim ('Lord of Bursting Forth'). In the second battle David was advised to take a different route and attack from the flank\nin the vicinity of 'balsam trees', bushy plants characteristic of a hilly region. The second victory was decisive as the Philistines were pushed 'from Geba' (Septuagint reads 'from Gibeon', six miles north-west of Jerusalem) back to their border at Gezer.[26]","title":"Two victories over the Philistines (5:17–25)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"^ The whole book of 2 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[15]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"1 & 2 Samuel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA213"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802837110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110"},{"link_name":"1, 2 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780805401073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401073"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kS4XDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1467445160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467445160"},{"link_name":"Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1451469233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451469233"},{"link_name":"1-2 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Uy8-DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0310490944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310490944"},{"link_name":"I & II Samuel, A Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&dq=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780310230229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310230229"},{"link_name":"I & II Samuel, A Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664223182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664223182"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0814682913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814682913"}],"sub_title":"Commentaries on Samuel","text":"Auld, Graeme (2003). \"1 & 2 Samuel\". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.\nBergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.\nChapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1467445160.\nCollins, John J. (2014). \"Chapter 14: 1 Samuel 12 – 2 Samuel 25\". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 978-1451469233.\nEvans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0310490944.\nGordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.\nHertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.\nMorrison, Craig E. (2013). Berit Olam: 2 Samuel. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814682913.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&pg=PA50"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004118713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004118713"},{"link_name":"Coogan, Michael David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan"},{"link_name":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195288810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195288810"},{"link_name":"Fitzmyer, Joseph A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer"},{"link_name":"A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802862419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862419"},{"link_name":"Halley, Henry H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley"},{"link_name":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-310-25720-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4"},{"link_name":"Introduction to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300188271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300188271"},{"link_name":"Barton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Muddiman, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Bible Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199277186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"},{"link_name":"The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802837844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837844"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=630+BCE&pg=PA62"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780567292896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567292896"},{"link_name":"Metzger, Bruce M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458"},{"link_name":"409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195046458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046458"},{"link_name":"The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls"},{"link_name":"Würthwein, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein"},{"link_name":"The Text of the Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8028-0788-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Breytenbach, Andries (2000). \"Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?\". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.\nCoogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195288810.\nFitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.\nHalley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.\nHayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.\nJones, Gwilym H. (2007). \"12. 1 and 2 Samuel\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 196–232. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.\nKlein, R.W. (2003). \"Samuel, books of\". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.\nKnight, Douglas A (1995). \"Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists\". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards (ed.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.\nMcKane, William (1993). \"Samuel, Book of\". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.\nUlrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.\nWürthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Carpentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry"},{"title":"Concubinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage"},{"title":"Eliada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliada"},{"title":"Eliphalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphalet"},{"title":"Elishama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elishama,_son_of_David"},{"title":"Elishua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elishua"},{"title":"Hiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I"},{"title":"Ibhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhar"},{"title":"Japhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhia"},{"title":"Jebusites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebusite"},{"title":"Masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"title":"Nepheg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepheg"},{"title":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"title":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"title":"Shammuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuah"},{"title":"Shobab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobab"},{"title":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"title":"Tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel"},{"title":"United Monarchy of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Monarchy"},{"title":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"title":"Joshua 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_15"},{"title":"Judges 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judges_9"},{"title":"1 Chronicles 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_3"},{"title":"1 Chronicles 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_12"},{"title":"1 Chronicles 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_14"},{"title":"2 Chronicles 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles_32"},{"title":"Matthew 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_1"},{"title":"Luke 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_3"}] | [{"reference":"Hirsch, Emil G. \"SAMUEL, BOOKS OF\". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13080-samuel-books-of","url_text":"\"SAMUEL, BOOKS OF\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Codex Sinaiticus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Codex_Sinaiticus","url_text":"Codex Sinaiticus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Auld, Graeme (2003). \"1 & 2 Samuel\". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA213","url_text":"\"1 & 2 Samuel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110","url_text":"9780802837110"}]},{"reference":"Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC","url_text":"1, 2 Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401073","url_text":"9780805401073"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Stephen B. (2016). 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1467445160.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kS4XDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467445160","url_text":"978-1467445160"}]},{"reference":"Collins, John J. (2014). \"Chapter 14: 1 Samuel 12 – 2 Samuel 25\". Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. pp. 277–296. ISBN 978-1451469233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451469233","url_text":"978-1451469233"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Paul (2018). Longman, Tremper (ed.). 1-2 Samuel. The Story of God Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0310490944.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy8-DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"1-2 Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310490944","url_text":"978-0310490944"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&dq=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338","url_text":"I & II Samuel, A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310230229","url_text":"9780310230229"}]},{"reference":"Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19","url_text":"I & II Samuel, A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664223182","url_text":"978-0664223182"}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Craig E. (2013). Berit Olam: 2 Samuel. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814682913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814682913","url_text":"978-0814682913"}]},{"reference":"Breytenbach, Andries (2000). \"Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?\". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy (ed.). Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004118713","url_text":"9789004118713"}]},{"reference":"Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195288810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ","url_text":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195288810","url_text":"978-0195288810"}]},{"reference":"Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer","url_text":"Fitzmyer, Joseph A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC","url_text":"A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862419","url_text":"9780802862419"}]},{"reference":"Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley","url_text":"Halley, Henry H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr","url_text":"Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4","url_text":"0-310-25720-4"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC","url_text":"Introduction to the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300188271","url_text":"978-0300188271"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Gwilym H. (2007). \"12. 1 and 2 Samuel\". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 196–232. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)","url_text":"Barton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muddiman","url_text":"Muddiman, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186","url_text":"978-0199277186"}]},{"reference":"Klein, R.W. (2003). \"Samuel, books of\". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. 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The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. ISBN 978-0195046458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to the Bible"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409","url_text":"409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046458","url_text":"978-0195046458"}]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls","url_text":"The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants"}]},{"reference":"Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn | Friedrich Ludwig Jahn | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 Contribution to physical education","4 Criticism","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | German Prussian gymnastics educator and nationalist (1778–1852)
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Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph JahnBorn(1778-08-11)11 August 1778Lanz, Province of Brandenburg, PrussiaDied15 October 1852(1852-10-15) (aged 74)Freyburg, Province of Saxony, PrussiaNationalityGermanOther names"Turnvater Jahn"Occupation(s)Gymnastics educator and nationalist
Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn (11 August 1778 – 15 October 1852) was a German gymnastics educator and nationalist whose writing is credited with the founding of the German gymnastics (Turner) movement, first realized at Volkspark Hasenheide in Berlin, the origin of modern sports clubs, as well as influencing the German Campaign of 1813, during which a coalition of German states effectively ended the occupation by Napoleon's First French Empire. His admirers know him as "Turnvater Jahn", roughly meaning "Father of Gymnastics Jahn". Jahn invented the parallel bars, rings, high bar, the pommel horse and the vault horse.
Life
Jahn was born in the village of Lanz in Brandenburg, Prussia. He studied theology and philology from 1796 to 1802 at the universities in Halle, Göttingen, and Greifswald. After the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, he joined the Prussian army. In 1809, he went to Berlin where he became a teacher at the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and at the Plamann School.
Brooding upon what he saw as the humiliation of his native land by Napoleon, Jahn conceived the idea of restoring the spirits of his countrymen by the development of their physical and moral powers through the practice of gymnastics. The first Turnplatz, or open-air gymnasium, was opened by Jahn in Hasenheide in the south of Berlin in 1811, and the Turnverein (gymnastics association) movement spread rapidly. Young gymnasts were taught to regard themselves as members of a kind of guild for the emancipation of their fatherland. The nationalistic spirit was nourished to a significant degree by the writings of Jahn.
In early 1813 Jahn took an active part in the formation of the famous Lützow Free Corps, a volunteer force in the Prussian army fighting Napoleon. He commanded a battalion of the corps, but he was often employed in the secret service during the same period. After the war, he returned to Berlin, where he was appointed state teacher of gymnastics, and he took on a role in the formation of the student patriotic fraternities, or Burschenschaften, in Jena.
A man of a populistic nature, rugged, eccentric and outspoken, Jahn often came into conflict with the authorities. The authorities eventually realized he aimed at establishing a united Germany and that his Turner schools were political and liberal clubs. The conflict resulted in the closing of the Turnplatz in 1819 and Jahn's arrest. Kept in semi-confinement successively at Spandau, Küstrin, and at the fortress in Kolberg until 1824, he was sentenced to imprisonment for two years. The sentence was reversed in 1825, but he was forbidden to live within ten miles of Berlin.
He therefore took up residence at Freyburg on the Unstrut, where he remained until his death, except for a short period in 1828, when he was exiled to Kölleda on a charge of sedition. While at Freyburg, he received an invitation to become professor of German literature at Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he declined, saying that "deer and hares love to live where they are most hunted."
In 1840, Jahn was decorated by the Prussian government with the Iron Cross for bravery in the wars against Napoleon. In the spring of 1848, he was elected by the district of Naumburg to the German National Parliament. Jahn died in 1852 in Freyburg, where a monument was erected in his honor in 1859.
Jahn popularized the four Fs motto "frisch, fromm, fröhlich, frei" ("fresh, pious, cheerful, free") in the early 19th century.
Works
Jahn on a German Notgeld bill from 1922 issues in Lenzen
Among his works are the following:
Bereicherung des hochdeutschen Sprachschatzes (Leipzig, 1806),
Deutsches Volkstum (Lübeck, 1810),
Runenblätter (Frankfurt, 1814),
Die Deutsche Turnkunst (Berlin, 1816)
Neue Runenblätter (Naumburg, 1828),
Merke zum deutschen Volkstum (Hildburghausen, 1833), and
Selbstverteidigung (Leipzig, 1863).
A complete edition of his works appeared at Hof in 1884–1887. See the biography by Schultheiss (Berlin, 1894), and Jahn als Erzieher, by Friedric (Munich, 1895).
Contribution to physical education
Illustrations of pommel horse exercises in an English translation of Jahn's Treatise on Gymnasticks, 1828
Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and the high bar in international competition.
In honor and memory of him, some gymnastic clubs, called Turnvereine, took up his name, the most well known of these is probably the SSV Jahn Regensburg.
Gymnastics classes inspired by Jahn's turnplatz design started opening in the United States in 1825 under the expertise and advocacy of Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen, as well as American John Neal. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts.: 232–33 Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in Massachusetts in 1826 at Harvard College and in nearby Boston, respectively.: 235–36 Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US in Portland, Maine in 1827.: 227–50 During this period, Neal spread Jahn's concepts in the US in the American Journal of Education: 235–50 and The Yankee, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.
A memorial to Jahn exists in St. Louis, Missouri, within its Forest Park. It features a large bust of Jahn in the center of an arc of stone, with statues of a male and female gymnast, one on each end of the arc. The monument is on the edge of Art Hill next to the path running north and south along the western edge of Post-Dispatch Lake. It is directly north of the St. Louis Zoo. On the plaque below his bronze bust, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is given credit as "The Father of Systematic Physical Culture".
Other memorials to Jahn are located in Groß-Gerau, Germany; Vienna; and Cincinnati, Ohio's Inwood Park in the Mount Auburn Historic District. An elementary school in Chicago, is named after Jahn.
Criticism
Memorial in Vienna
In his own time Friedrich Jahn was seen by both supporters and opponents as a liberal figure. He advocated that the German states should unite after the withdrawal of Napoleon's occupying armies and establish a democratic constitution under the Hohenzollern monarchy, which would include the right to free speech. As a German nationalist, Jahn advocated maintaining German language and culture against foreign influence. In 1810 he wrote, "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune." At the time Jahn wrote this, the German states were occupied by foreign armies under the leadership of Napoleon. Also, Jahn was "the guiding spirit" of the fanatic book burning episode carried out by revolutionary students at the Wartburg festival in 1817.
Scholarly focus on the völkischness of Jahn's thought started in the 1920s with a new generation of Jahn interpreters like Edmund Neuendorff and Karl Müller. Neuendorff explicitly linked Jahn with National Socialism. The equation by the National Socialists of Jahn's ideas with their world view was more or less complete by the mid-1930s.: 234 Alfred Baeumler, an educational philosopher and university lecturer who attempted to provide theoretical support for Nazi ideology (through the interpretation of Nietzsche among others) wrote a monograph on Jahn in which he characterized Jahn's invention of gymnastics as an explicitly political project, designed to create the ultimate völkisch citizen by educating his body.: 240–41
Jahn gained infamy in English-speaking countries following the publication of Peter Viereck's Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind (1941). Viereck claimed Jahn was the spiritual founder of Nazism who inspired early German romantics with anti-Semitic and authoritarian doctrines, influencing Wagner and finally, the Nazis. In a review of Viereck's book Jacques Barzun observed that Viereck's portrait of cultural trends supposedly leading to Nazism was "a caricature without resemblance" relying on "misleading shortcuts", though Viereck's response in the same issue points out that it is clear from Barzun's remarks that Barzun did not read far into the book.
See also
Turners
SSV Jahn Regensburg
Notes
^ "Ältester Sportverein der Welt wird 200 Jahre". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ a b c d e f Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co. ISBN 0-09-143350-9.
^ Jahn, Günther (1995). Die Studentenzeit des Unitisten F. L. Jahn (in German). Vol. 15. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. 1–129. ISBN 3-8253-0205-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
^ Petrú, Karel (1946). Dejiny Československé Kopané. Prague: Národní Nakladatelství A.Pokorny v Praze. p. 20.
^ a b c Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig" . The American Cyclopædia.
^ a b c d Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). A Guide to the History of Physical Education. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger.
^ Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure". Maine Sunday Telegram. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
^ "Jahn Elementary School". greatschools.org. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
^ Bauer, Kurt (2008). "Polen, Franzosen, Pfaffen, Junker und Juden sind Deutschlands Unglück". Nationalsozialismus (in German). Vienna/Cologne/Weimar: Böhlau.
^ Viereck, Peter (2003). Metapolitics: from Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler (2nd revised ed.). Edison, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 85.
^ a b c Bernett, Hajo (1979). "Das Jahn-Bild in der nationalsozialistischen Weltanschauung". Internationales Jahn-Symposium Berlin 1978 (in German). Cologne: 225–247. doi:10.1163/9789004626416_013. ISBN 978-90-04-62641-6.
^ Baeumler, Alfred (1940). Friedrich Ludwig Jahns Stellung in der deutschen Geistesgeschichte (in German). Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Viereck, Peter (1961). Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind. New York: Capricorn Books.
^ Barzun, Jacques (January 1942). "Book Review: Metapolitics: From the Romantics to Hitler by Peter Viereck". Journal of the History of Ideas. 3 (1): 107–110. doi:10.2307/2707464. JSTOR 2707464.
^ Viereck, Peter (January 1942). "Reply by the Author of Metapolitics". Journal of the History of Ideas. 3 (1): 110–112. doi:10.2307/2707465. JSTOR 2707465.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
Further reading
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig (1828). A Treatise on Gymnasticks. Northampton, Mass.: T. Watson Shepard, Printer – via US National Library of Medicine.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.
Early Climbing Activities in Gymnastics
Forest Park Monument1
Forest Park Monument 2
"Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turners"},{"link_name":"Volkspark Hasenheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkspark_Hasenheide"},{"link_name":"sports clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_clubs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"German Campaign of 1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"},{"link_name":"parallel bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_bars"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"high bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_bar"},{"link_name":"pommel horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommel_horse"},{"link_name":"vault horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(gymnastics)"}],"text":"Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn (11 August 1778 – 15 October 1852) was a German gymnastics educator and nationalist whose writing is credited with the founding of the German gymnastics (Turner) movement, first realized at Volkspark Hasenheide in Berlin, the origin of modern sports clubs,[1] as well as influencing the German Campaign of 1813, during which a coalition of German states effectively ended the occupation by Napoleon's First French Empire. His admirers know him as \"Turnvater Jahn\", roughly meaning \"Father of Gymnastics Jahn\".[2] Jahn invented the parallel bars, rings, high bar, the pommel horse and the vault horse.","title":"Friedrich Ludwig Jahn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanz_(Prignitz)"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Halle"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Greifswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Greifswald"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jena–Auerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisches_Gymnasium_zum_Grauen_Kloster"},{"link_name":"Plamann School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Plamann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"},{"link_name":"Lützow Free Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps"},{"link_name":"Burschenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burschenschaft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-6"},{"link_name":"Spandau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandau"},{"link_name":"Küstrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCstrin"},{"link_name":"Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Freyburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Unstrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstrut"},{"link_name":"Kölleda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lleda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"German literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-6"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Naumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumburg"},{"link_name":"German National Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Freyburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"}],"text":"Jahn was born in the village of Lanz in Brandenburg, Prussia. He studied theology and philology from 1796 to 1802 at the universities in Halle, Göttingen, and Greifswald.[3] After the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, he joined the Prussian army. In 1809, he went to Berlin where he became a teacher at the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and at the Plamann School.[4]Brooding upon what he saw as the humiliation of his native land by Napoleon, Jahn conceived the idea of restoring the spirits of his countrymen by the development of their physical and moral powers through the practice of gymnastics.[2] The first Turnplatz, or open-air gymnasium, was opened by Jahn in Hasenheide in the south of Berlin[5] in 1811, and the Turnverein (gymnastics association) movement spread rapidly.[2] Young gymnasts were taught to regard themselves as members of a kind of guild for the emancipation of their fatherland.[4] The nationalistic spirit was nourished to a significant degree by the writings of Jahn.[2]In early 1813 Jahn took an active part in the formation of the famous Lützow Free Corps, a volunteer force in the Prussian army fighting Napoleon. He commanded a battalion of the corps, but he was often employed in the secret service during the same period. After the war, he returned to Berlin, where he was appointed state teacher of gymnastics, and he took on a role in the formation of the student patriotic fraternities, or Burschenschaften, in Jena.[4]A man of a populistic nature, rugged, eccentric and outspoken, Jahn often came into conflict with the authorities. The authorities eventually realized he aimed at establishing a united Germany and that his Turner schools were political and liberal clubs.[6] The conflict resulted in the closing of the Turnplatz in 1819 and Jahn's arrest. Kept in semi-confinement successively at Spandau, Küstrin, and at the fortress in Kolberg until 1824,[6] he was sentenced to imprisonment for two years. The sentence was reversed in 1825, but he was forbidden to live within ten miles of Berlin.[4]He therefore took up residence at Freyburg on the Unstrut, where he remained until his death, except for a short period in 1828, when he was exiled to Kölleda on a charge of sedition.[4] While at Freyburg, he received an invitation to become professor of German literature at Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he declined, saying that \"deer and hares love to live where they are most hunted.\"[6]In 1840, Jahn was decorated by the Prussian government with the Iron Cross for bravery in the wars against Napoleon. In the spring of 1848, he was elected by the district of Naumburg to the German National Parliament. Jahn died in 1852 in Freyburg, where a monument was erected in his honor in 1859.[4]Jahn popularized the four Fs motto \"frisch, fromm, fröhlich, frei\" (\"fresh, pious, cheerful, free\") in the early 19th century.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notgeld-Lenzen-75-R%C3%BCck-Jahn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Notgeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notgeld"},{"link_name":"Lenzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jahn on a German Notgeld bill from 1922 issues in LenzenAmong his works are the following:Bereicherung des hochdeutschen Sprachschatzes (Leipzig, 1806),\nDeutsches Volkstum (Lübeck, 1810),\nRunenblätter (Frankfurt, 1814),\nDie Deutsche Turnkunst (Berlin, 1816)\nNeue Runenblätter (Naumburg, 1828),\nMerke zum deutschen Volkstum (Hildburghausen, 1833), and\nSelbstverteidigung (Leipzig, 1863).A complete edition of his works appeared at Hof in 1884–1887. See the biography by Schultheiss (Berlin, 1894),[citation needed] and Jahn als Erzieher, by Friedric (Munich, 1895).[citation needed]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_treatise_on_gymnasticks_(1828)_(14584454757).jpg"},{"link_name":"pommel horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommel_horse"},{"link_name":"parallel bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_bars"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"high bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_bar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbody-2"},{"link_name":"SSV Jahn Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSV_Jahn_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beck"},{"link_name":"Charles Follen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Follen"},{"link_name":"John Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Round Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard1923-7"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard1923-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard1923-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard1923-7"},{"link_name":"The Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yankee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Groß-Gerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Illustrations of pommel horse exercises in an English translation of Jahn's Treatise on Gymnasticks, 1828Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and the high bar in international competition.[2]\nIn honor and memory of him, some gymnastic clubs, called Turnvereine, took up his name, the most well known of these is probably the SSV Jahn Regensburg.[citation needed]Gymnastics classes inspired by Jahn's turnplatz design started opening in the United States in 1825 under the expertise and advocacy of Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen, as well as American John Neal. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts.[7]: 232–33 Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in Massachusetts in 1826 at Harvard College and in nearby Boston, respectively.[7]: 235–36 Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US in Portland, Maine in 1827.[7]: 227–50 During this period, Neal spread Jahn's concepts in the US in the American Journal of Education[7]: 235–50 and The Yankee, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.[8]A memorial to Jahn exists in St. Louis, Missouri, within its Forest Park. It features a large bust of Jahn in the center of an arc of stone, with statues of a male and female gymnast, one on each end of the arc. The monument is on the edge of Art Hill next to the path running north and south along the western edge of Post-Dispatch Lake. It is directly north of the St. Louis Zoo. On the plaque below his bronze bust, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is given credit as \"The Father of Systematic Physical Culture\".[citation needed]Other memorials to Jahn are located in Groß-Gerau, Germany; Vienna; and Cincinnati, Ohio's Inwood Park in the Mount Auburn Historic District.[citation needed] An elementary school in Chicago, is named after Jahn.[9]","title":"Contribution to physical education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_Jahn_Gedenktafel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wartburg festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg_festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Edmund Neuendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Neuendorff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernett1979-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernett1979-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred Baeumler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler"},{"link_name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernett1979-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Peter Viereck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Viereck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian"},{"link_name":"Jacques Barzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Memorial in ViennaIn his own time Friedrich Jahn was seen by both supporters and opponents as a liberal figure. He advocated that the German states should unite after the withdrawal of Napoleon's occupying armies and establish a democratic constitution under the Hohenzollern monarchy, which would include the right to free speech. As a German nationalist, Jahn advocated maintaining German language and culture against foreign influence. In 1810 he wrote, \"Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune.\"[10] At the time Jahn wrote this, the German states were occupied by foreign armies under the leadership of Napoleon. Also, Jahn was \"the guiding spirit\" of the fanatic book burning episode carried out by revolutionary students at the Wartburg festival in 1817.[11]Scholarly focus on the völkischness of Jahn's thought started in the 1920s with a new generation of Jahn interpreters like Edmund Neuendorff and Karl Müller. Neuendorff explicitly linked Jahn with National Socialism.[12] The equation by the National Socialists of Jahn's ideas with their world view was more or less complete by the mid-1930s.[12]: 234 Alfred Baeumler, an educational philosopher and university lecturer who attempted to provide theoretical support for Nazi ideology (through the interpretation of Nietzsche among others) wrote a monograph on Jahn[13] in which he characterized Jahn's invention of gymnastics as an explicitly political project, designed to create the ultimate völkisch citizen by educating his body.[12]: 240–41Jahn gained infamy in English-speaking countries[citation needed] following the publication of Peter Viereck's Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind (1941).[14] Viereck claimed Jahn was the spiritual founder of Nazism who inspired early German romantics with anti-Semitic and authoritarian doctrines, influencing Wagner and finally, the Nazis. In a review of Viereck's book Jacques Barzun observed that Viereck's portrait of cultural trends supposedly leading to Nazism was \"a caricature without resemblance\" relying on \"misleading shortcuts\",[15] though Viereck's response in the same issue points out that it is clear from Barzun's remarks that Barzun did not read far into the book.[16]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ältester Sportverein der Welt wird 200 Jahre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ndr.de/geschichte/Aeltester-Sportverein-HT16-feiert-200-Jahre,jubilaeumht100.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240126003431/https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/Aeltester-Sportverein-HT16-feiert-200-Jahre,jubilaeumht100.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodbody_2-5"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated History of Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-143350-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-143350-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8253-0205-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8253-0205-9"},{"link_name":"cite 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1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ac_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ac_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ac_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Jahn,_Friedrich_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"The American Cyclopædia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leonard1923_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leonard1923_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leonard1923_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leonard1923_7-3"},{"link_name":"A Guide to the History of Physical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Maine Sunday Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Sunday_Telegram"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Jahn Elementary School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.greatschools.org/illinois/chicago/1162-Jahn-Elementary-School/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bernett1979_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bernett1979_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bernett1979_12-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004626416_013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004626416_013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-62641-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-62641-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Barzun, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2707464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2707464"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2707464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2707464"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2707465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2707465"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2707465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2707465"}],"text":"^ \"Ältester Sportverein der Welt wird 200 Jahre\". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.\n\n^ a b c d e f Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co. ISBN 0-09-143350-9.\n\n^ Jahn, Günther (1995). Die Studentenzeit des Unitisten F. L. Jahn (in German). Vol. 15. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. 1–129. ISBN 3-8253-0205-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Petrú, Karel (1946). Dejiny Československé Kopané. Prague: Národní Nakladatelství A.Pokorny v Praze. p. 20.\n\n^ a b c Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). \"Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig\" . The American Cyclopædia.\n\n^ a b c d Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). A Guide to the History of Physical Education. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger.\n\n^ Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). \"State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure\". Maine Sunday Telegram. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.\n\n^ \"Jahn Elementary School\". greatschools.org. Retrieved July 19, 2021.\n\n^ Bauer, Kurt (2008). \"Polen, Franzosen, Pfaffen, Junker und Juden sind Deutschlands Unglück\". Nationalsozialismus (in German). Vienna/Cologne/Weimar: Böhlau.\n\n^ Viereck, Peter (2003). Metapolitics: from Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler (2nd revised ed.). Edison, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 85.\n\n^ a b c Bernett, Hajo (1979). \"Das Jahn-Bild in der nationalsozialistischen Weltanschauung\". Internationales Jahn-Symposium Berlin 1978 (in German). Cologne: 225–247. doi:10.1163/9789004626416_013. ISBN 978-90-04-62641-6.\n\n^ Baeumler, Alfred (1940). Friedrich Ludwig Jahns Stellung in der deutschen Geistesgeschichte (in German). Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Viereck, Peter (1961). Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind. New York: Capricorn Books.\n\n^ Barzun, Jacques (January 1942). \"Book Review: Metapolitics: From the Romantics to Hitler by Peter Viereck\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 3 (1): 107–110. doi:10.2307/2707464. JSTOR 2707464.\n\n^ Viereck, Peter (January 1942). \"Reply by the Author of Metapolitics\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 3 (1): 110–112. doi:10.2307/2707465. JSTOR 2707465.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Treatise on Gymnasticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/61420950R.nlm.nih.gov/61420950R#page/n3/mode/2up"}],"text":"Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig (1828). A Treatise on Gymnasticks. Northampton, Mass.: T. Watson Shepard, Printer – via US National Library of Medicine.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Jahn on a German Notgeld bill from 1922 issues in Lenzen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Notgeld-Lenzen-75-R%C3%BCck-Jahn.jpg/170px-Notgeld-Lenzen-75-R%C3%BCck-Jahn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustrations of pommel horse exercises in an English translation of Jahn's Treatise on Gymnasticks, 1828","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_treatise_on_gymnasticks_%281828%29_%2814584454757%29.jpg/220px-A_treatise_on_gymnasticks_%281828%29_%2814584454757%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial in Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wien_Jahn_Gedenktafel.jpg/170px-Wien_Jahn_Gedenktafel.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Turners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turners"},{"title":"SSV Jahn Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSV_Jahn_Regensburg"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ältester Sportverein der Welt wird 200 Jahre\". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/Aeltester-Sportverein-HT16-feiert-200-Jahre,jubilaeumht100.html","url_text":"\"Ältester Sportverein der Welt wird 200 Jahre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240126003431/https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/Aeltester-Sportverein-HT16-feiert-200-Jahre,jubilaeumht100.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co. ISBN 0-09-143350-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good","url_text":"The Illustrated History of Gymnastics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-143350-9","url_text":"0-09-143350-9"}]},{"reference":"Jahn, Günther (1995). Die Studentenzeit des Unitisten F. L. Jahn (in German). Vol. 15. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. 1–129. 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Edison, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bernett, Hajo (1979). \"Das Jahn-Bild in der nationalsozialistischen Weltanschauung\". Internationales Jahn-Symposium Berlin 1978 (in German). Cologne: 225–247. doi:10.1163/9789004626416_013. ISBN 978-90-04-62641-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004626416_013","url_text":"10.1163/9789004626416_013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-62641-6","url_text":"978-90-04-62641-6"}]},{"reference":"Baeumler, Alfred (1940). Friedrich Ludwig Jahns Stellung in der deutschen Geistesgeschichte (in German). Leipzig.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Viereck, Peter (1961). Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeb%C3%B8 | Valebø | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 59°18′46″N 9°19′55″E / 59.31268°N 9.33182°E / 59.31268; 9.33182Village in Skien, Norway
Village in Eastern Norway, NorwayValebøVillageView of the village railway stationValebøLocation of the villageShow map of TelemarkValebøValebø (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 59°18′46″N 9°19′55″E / 59.31268°N 9.33182°E / 59.31268; 9.33182CountryNorwayRegionEastern NorwayCountyTelemarkDistrictGrenlandMunicipalitySkien MunicipalityElevation105 m (344 ft)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code3721 Skien
Valebø is a village in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located on the eastern shore of Norsjø, across the lake from the villages of Ulefoss and Helgja in Nome Municipality. The village of Valebø lies about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the northwest of the town of Skien, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the village of Hoppestad, and about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the south of Nordagutu in Midt-Telemark Municipality.
The village is the site of Valebø Church. The Bratsbergbanen railway line stops at a station in Valebø.
History
Valebø was administratively a part of Holla Municipality from 1 January 1838 (when municipalities were established in Norway) until 1 January 1964 when it became a part of Skien Municipality. At that time Valebø had 259 inhabitants.
References
^ "Valebø, Skien". yr.no. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
This Telemark location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skien Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norsjø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsj%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Ulefoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulefoss"},{"link_name":"Helgja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgja"},{"link_name":"Nome Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_Municipality"},{"link_name":"town of Skien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien_(town)"},{"link_name":"Hoppestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppestad"},{"link_name":"Nordagutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordagutu"},{"link_name":"Midt-Telemark Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midt-Telemark_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Valebø Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeb%C3%B8_Church"},{"link_name":"Bratsbergbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsbergbanen"}],"text":"Village in Skien, NorwayVillage in Eastern Norway, NorwayValebø is a village in Skien Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located on the eastern shore of Norsjø, across the lake from the villages of Ulefoss and Helgja in Nome Municipality. The village of Valebø lies about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the northwest of the town of Skien, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the village of Hoppestad, and about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the south of Nordagutu in Midt-Telemark Municipality.The village is the site of Valebø Church. The Bratsbergbanen railway line stops at a station in Valebø.","title":"Valebø"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holla Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holla,_Telemark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dag-2"}],"text":"Valebø was administratively a part of Holla Municipality from 1 January 1838 (when municipalities were established in Norway) until 1 January 1964 when it became a part of Skien Municipality. At that time Valebø had 259 inhabitants.[2]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Valebø, Skien\". yr.no. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yr.no/nb/v%C3%A6rvarsel/daglig-tabell/1-510953/Norge/Vestfold%20og%20Telemark/Skien/Valeb%C3%B8","url_text":"\"Valebø, Skien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"Jukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","url_text":"\"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788253746845","url_text":"9788253746845"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valeb%C3%B8¶ms=59.31268_N_9.33182_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"59°18′46″N 9°19′55″E / 59.31268°N 9.33182°E / 59.31268; 9.33182"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valeb%C3%B8¶ms=59.31268_N_9.33182_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"59°18′46″N 9°19′55″E / 59.31268°N 9.33182°E / 59.31268; 9.33182"},{"Link":"https://www.yr.no/nb/v%C3%A6rvarsel/daglig-tabell/1-510953/Norge/Vestfold%20og%20Telemark/Skien/Valeb%C3%B8","external_links_name":"\"Valebø, Skien\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valeb%C3%B8&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Butterfly_Farm | Stratford Butterfly Farm | ["1 Design","2 History","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°11′22″N 1°42′01″W / 52.18957°N 1.70030°W / 52.18957; -1.70030UK visitor attraction
Stratford Butterfly FarmDate opened1985LocationTramway Walk, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandWebsiteOfficial website
The main gates to Stratford Butterfly Farm
The entrance to the shop and greenhouses
Green houses
Stratford Butterfly Farm is a visitor attraction in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. A leafy tropical environment is simulated inside large greenhouses. There are numerous free flying butterflies, a few free flying birds, a pool containing fish, and running water. There are also insects and spiders living in glass displays.
Design
Stratford Butterfly Farm consists of three main areas:
Caterpillar Room which houses caterpillars, pupae, eggs and specialist plants for butterfly breeding. This is the large walk through glasshouse.
Insect City houses the more exotic insects, such as beetles, praying mantis, stick insects and giant millipedes.
The insects are all behind glass and above your head is a glass confinement of leaf cutter ants. A section in insect city is called 'mini beast' and has snails and crabs.
Arachnoland houses over 15 species of spider from black widows to tarantulas. They also have the world's largest spider species, the Goliath birdeater. Arachnoland also includes a collection of scorpions including Imperial Scorpions that glow in the dark. Once again these are all behind glass.
History
Stratford Butterfly Farm was opened by David Bellamy in 1985 and it celebrated its 25th anniversary on 24 July 2010.
On 3 June 2002, part of a glass butterfly nursery that was used for breeding rare and exotic butterflies was destroyed in a fire. A firework from a jubilee firework display is thought to have landed in an empty plastic flower pot next to the greenhouse and started the fire. About 90 exotic butterflies were in the nursery at the time and the majority were saved; however, special exotic plants that were used for butterfly breeding were destroyed by the fire.
References
^ a b "Tropical treats on the Butterfly Farm". Where I Live Coventry & Warwickshire. BBC. May 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ "Caterpillar Room". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ "Insect City". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ a b c "Arachnoland". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ Simcox, David; Calvert, John. Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm and Jungle Safari: Official Guide. Inside back cover.
^ "Stratford Butterfly Farm to celebrate 25th anniversary". CoventryTelegraph.net. Trinity Mirror Midlands Limited. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ "Firework sets light to butterfly haven". BBC News Online. BBC. 4 June 2002.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stratford Butterfly Farm.
Stratford Butterfly Farm's website
52°11′22″N 1°42′01″W / 52.18957°N 1.70030°W / 52.18957; -1.70030 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stratford_butterfly_farm_gate_14a07.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stratford_butterfly_farm_entrance_14a07.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stratford_butterfly_farm_14a07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies"}],"text":"UK visitor attractionThe main gates to Stratford Butterfly FarmThe entrance to the shop and greenhousesGreen housesStratford Butterfly Farm is a visitor attraction in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England.[1] A leafy tropical environment is simulated inside large greenhouses. 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There are also insects and spiders living in glass displays.","title":"Stratford Butterfly Farm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"Goliath birdeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_birdeater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arachnoland-4"},{"link_name":"Imperial Scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_scorpion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arachnoland-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arachnoland-4"}],"text":"Stratford Butterfly Farm consists of three main areas:Caterpillar Room which houses caterpillars, pupae, eggs and specialist plants for butterfly breeding.[2] This is the large walk through glasshouse.Insect City houses the more exotic insects, such as beetles, praying mantis, stick insects and giant millipedes.[3]\nThe insects are all behind glass and above your head is a glass confinement of leaf cutter ants. A section in insect city is called 'mini beast' and has snails and crabs.[1]Arachnoland houses over 15 species of spider from black widows to tarantulas. They also have the world's largest spider species, the Goliath birdeater.[4] Arachnoland also includes a collection of scorpions including Imperial Scorpions that glow in the dark.[4] Once again these are all behind glass.[4]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Guide-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Stratford Butterfly Farm was opened by David Bellamy in 1985[5] and it celebrated its 25th anniversary on 24 July 2010.[6]On 3 June 2002, part of a glass butterfly nursery that was used for breeding rare and exotic butterflies was destroyed in a fire. A firework from a jubilee firework display is thought to have landed in an empty plastic flower pot next to the greenhouse and started the fire. About 90 exotic butterflies were in the nursery at the time and the majority were saved; however, special exotic plants that were used for butterfly breeding were destroyed by the fire.[7]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The main gates to Stratford Butterfly Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Stratford_butterfly_farm_gate_14a07.JPG/220px-Stratford_butterfly_farm_gate_14a07.JPG"},{"image_text":"The entrance to the shop and greenhouses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stratford_butterfly_farm_entrance_14a07.JPG/220px-Stratford_butterfly_farm_entrance_14a07.JPG"},{"image_text":"Green houses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stratford_butterfly_farm_14a07.JPG/220px-Stratford_butterfly_farm_14a07.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tropical treats on the Butterfly Farm\". Where I Live Coventry & Warwickshire. BBC. May 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/culture/nature/stories/2003/07/stratford-butterfly-farm.shtml","url_text":"\"Tropical treats on the Butterfly Farm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caterpillar Room\". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100916030706/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000002","url_text":"\"Caterpillar Room\""},{"url":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000002","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Insect City\". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028091331/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000001","url_text":"\"Insect City\""},{"url":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arachnoland\". Stratford-Upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027055539/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000003","url_text":"\"Arachnoland\""},{"url":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simcox, David; Calvert, John. Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm and Jungle Safari: Official Guide. Inside back cover.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stratford Butterfly Farm to celebrate 25th anniversary\". CoventryTelegraph.net. Trinity Mirror Midlands Limited. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/2010/07/14/stratford-butterly-farm-to-celebrate-25th-anniversary-92746-26851365/","url_text":"\"Stratford Butterfly Farm to celebrate 25th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firework sets light to butterfly haven\". BBC News Online. BBC. 4 June 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2025475.stm","url_text":"\"Firework sets light to butterfly haven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stratford_Butterfly_Farm¶ms=52.18957_N_1.7003_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°11′22″N 1°42′01″W / 52.18957°N 1.70030°W / 52.18957; -1.70030"},{"Link":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/culture/nature/stories/2003/07/stratford-butterfly-farm.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Tropical treats on the Butterfly Farm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100916030706/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000002","external_links_name":"\"Caterpillar Room\""},{"Link":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000002","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028091331/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000001","external_links_name":"\"Insect City\""},{"Link":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027055539/http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000003","external_links_name":"\"Arachnoland\""},{"Link":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/displays-more.php?id=0000000003","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/2010/07/14/stratford-butterly-farm-to-celebrate-25th-anniversary-92746-26851365/","external_links_name":"\"Stratford Butterfly Farm to celebrate 25th anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2025475.stm","external_links_name":"\"Firework sets light to butterfly haven\""},{"Link":"http://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Stratford Butterfly Farm's website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stratford_Butterfly_Farm¶ms=52.18957_N_1.7003_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°11′22″N 1°42′01″W / 52.18957°N 1.70030°W / 52.18957; -1.70030"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallant_House_Gallery | Pallant House Gallery | ["1 History","2 The collection","3 Exhibitions","4 Pallant House","5 Notes","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°50′06″N 0°46′40″W / 50.835109°N 0.777800°W / 50.835109; -0.777800British art museum
Pallant House GalleryThe gallery extension, with Pallant House on the rightLocation of Pallant House GalleryEstablished1982LocationNorth Pallant, Chichester, West SussexCoordinates50°50′06″N 0°46′40″W / 50.835109°N 0.777800°W / 50.835109; -0.777800TypeArt GalleryDirectorSimon MartinArchitectColin St John Wilson, MJ LongWebsitepallant.org.uk
Pallant House Gallery is an art gallery in Chichester, West Sussex, England. It houses one of the best collections of 20th-century British art in the world.
History
The Gallery's collection is founded on works left to the city of Chichester by Walter Hussey in 1977, which included works by Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, John Piper, Ceri Richards and Graham Sutherland. Hussey stipulated that the collection must be shown in Pallant House.
In 1989, Charles Kearley bequeathed works by, among others, British artists such as John Piper and Ben Nicholson and European artists such as Paul Cézanne, André Derain, Fernand Léger, and Gino Severini.
In 2006, Colin St John Wilson donated works by Michael Andrews, Peter Blake, David Bomberg, Patrick Caulfield, Lucian Freud, Richard Hamilton, R. B. Kitaj, Eduardo Paolozzi, Walter Sickert and Victor Willing.
In 2002 the Gallery received a collection of 18th-century Bow porcelain, donated by Geoffrey Freeman. It later donated the collection to the Holburne Museum in Bath as part of a deaccession programme approved by the Trustees of Pallant House Gallery in 2020.
In 2018, Frank and Lorna Dunphy gave six works by Young British Artists to the Pallant, including Butterfly by Damien Hirst.
The collection
The Gallery's collection is founded on works left to the city of Chichester by Walter Hussey in 1977, on his retirement from the position as Dean of Chichester Cathedral which he held from 1955. Hussey's collection included works by Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, John Piper, Ceri Richards and Graham Sutherland. Hussey stipulated that the collection must be shown in Pallant House.
The Gallery's collection has been augmented by other donations. In 1989, property developer Charles Kearley donated works by British artists such as John Piper and Ben Nicholson and European artists such as Paul Cézanne, André Derain, Fernand Léger, and Gino Severini. In 2006, architect Sir Colin St John Wilson donated works by Michael Andrews, Peter Blake, David Bomberg, Patrick Caulfield, Lucian Freud, Richard Hamilton, R. B. Kitaj, Eduardo Paolozzi, Walter Sickert and Victor Willing. Many of the works were acquired directly from the artists, who were friends of Wilson: indeed, he designed homes for several. Other works are displayed on long-term loan, many on the understanding that they will be donated to the gallery in due course. As well as modern British art, the Gallery had one of the world's outstanding collections of 18th-century Bow porcelain, donated by Geoffrey Freeman, but it has since been transferred to the Holburne Museum in Bath.
Exhibitions
From October 2015 to February 2016 the Gallery mounted an exhibition, Evelyn Dunbar: The Lost Works; 500 paintings by Evelyn Dunbar that had disappeared after her death in 1960 and rediscovered in 2013, doubling the number of her known works.
In 2016, the Gallery mounted an exhibition entitled John Piper: The Fabric of Modernism of Piper's textile designs.
In 2021, the Gallery mounted an exhibition entitled Glyn Philpot: Flesh and Spirit. This was the first major exhibition of Glyn Philpot's work since an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in 1984.
Other exhibitions at Pallant House include Gwen John (2023), Sussex Landscape (2022-2023), Glyn Philpot (2022), Hockney to Himid: 60 Years of British Printmaking (2021-2022), and David Remfry (2015).
Pallant House
Pallant House is a Grade I listed Queen Anne townhouse built in 1712 for wine merchant Henry "Lisbon" Peckham and his wife Elizabeth. It is a fine, brick-built building with large windows, with stone ostriches from the Peckham family arms guarding the entrance gateway, and a fine oak staircase inside. Its urbane design from a London architect was the subject of a suit in Chancery, for William Smart, mason of Chichester, provided a design about 1711, but the Peckhams went to London and obtained another design, designated "the London modell" in court papers. The architect was not identified.
The building had been used as council offices since 1919. The building was restored in 1979, and the gallery opened in 1982. It has been managed by an independent trust since 1985.
A new wing was opened in June 2006, designed by Sir Colin Wilson and Long & Kentish. The £8.6 million project was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Arts Council England, the local council, and other donors. The unashamedly modern block, which stands next to and integrates with the original Queen Anne building, won the 2007 Gulbenkian Prize; in the words of the judges, the juxtaposition creates "a vibrant relationship between old and new ... continued in a series of inspired contemporary installations" which are housed within. The extension was also listed for a 2007 RIBA award.
It is believed to be the first art gallery in the UK which is heated and cooled by a geothermal system, using water pumped through 69 pipes descending 35 metres under the building, connected to reversible heat pumps, which roughly halves its carbon emissions.
To the rear is a new courtyard garden, designed by Christopher Bradley-Hole, a Chelsea Flower Show gold medallist.
Notes
^ Gulbenkian Prize 2007 longlist – Pallant House Gallery Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, from 24 Hour Museum
^ Profile Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine of the Pallant House Gallery from the Saatchi Gallery.
^ "The Holburne Museum Newsletter, Spring 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "Acquisitions of the month: August-September 2018". Apollo Magazine. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ "The Observer newspaper: Evelyn Dunbar: the genius in the attic, 18 October 2015". 18 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ Pallant house Gallery Web site: Evelyn Dunbar: The Lost Works, exhibition 3 October 2015 – 14 February 2016, retrieved 19 October 2015 Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "John Piper: the Fabric of Modernism". Pallant House Gallery. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ "The portraits of Glyn Philpot". Apollo Magazine. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ Howard Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 3rd ed. 1995: sub "Henry Smart", quoting Sibylla J. Flower, in Pallant House (Chichester 1993) pp 32–34.
^ Gallery wins 'biggest' arts award Archived 17 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 24 May 2007.
^ Pallant House Gallery wins £100,000 Gulbenkian Prize Archived 28 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, press release, 25 May 2007.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pallant House Gallery.
Official website
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"British art museumPallant House Gallery is an art gallery in Chichester, West Sussex, England. It houses one of the best collections of 20th-century British art in the world.[1][2]","title":"Pallant House Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hussey"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ceri Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Richards"},{"link_name":"Graham Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Charles Kearley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kearley"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ben Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"André Derain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Gino Severini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Severini"},{"link_name":"Colin St John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_St_John_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Michael Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andrews_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Peter Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)"},{"link_name":"David Bomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bomberg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Lucian Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud"},{"link_name":"Richard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(artist)"},{"link_name":"R. B. Kitaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Kitaj"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"Walter Sickert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sickert"},{"link_name":"Victor Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Willing"},{"link_name":"Bow porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Holburne Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holburne_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Frank and Lorna Dunphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dunphy"},{"link_name":"Young British Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_British_Artists"},{"link_name":"Damien Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Gallery's collection is founded on works left to the city of Chichester by Walter Hussey in 1977, which included works by Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, John Piper, Ceri Richards and Graham Sutherland. Hussey stipulated that the collection must be shown in Pallant House.In 1989, Charles Kearley bequeathed works by, among others, British artists such as John Piper and Ben Nicholson and European artists such as Paul Cézanne, André Derain, Fernand Léger, and Gino Severini.In 2006, Colin St John Wilson donated works by Michael Andrews, Peter Blake, David Bomberg, Patrick Caulfield, Lucian Freud, Richard Hamilton, R. B. Kitaj, Eduardo Paolozzi, Walter Sickert and Victor Willing.In 2002 the Gallery received a collection of 18th-century Bow porcelain, donated by Geoffrey Freeman. It later donated the collection to the Holburne Museum in Bath as part of a deaccession programme approved by the Trustees of Pallant House Gallery in 2020.[3]In 2018, Frank and Lorna Dunphy gave six works by Young British Artists to the Pallant, including Butterfly by Damien Hirst.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hussey"},{"link_name":"Chichester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ceri Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Richards"},{"link_name":"Graham Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Charles Kearley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kearley"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ben Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"André Derain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Gino Severini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Severini"},{"link_name":"Colin St John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_St_John_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Michael Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andrews_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Peter Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)"},{"link_name":"David Bomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bomberg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Lucian Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud"},{"link_name":"Richard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(artist)"},{"link_name":"R. B. Kitaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Kitaj"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"Walter Sickert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sickert"},{"link_name":"Victor Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Willing"},{"link_name":"Bow porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Holburne Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holburne_Museum"}],"text":"The Gallery's collection is founded on works left to the city of Chichester by Walter Hussey in 1977, on his retirement from the position as Dean of Chichester Cathedral which he held from 1955. Hussey's collection included works by Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, John Piper, Ceri Richards and Graham Sutherland. Hussey stipulated that the collection must be shown in Pallant House.The Gallery's collection has been augmented by other donations. In 1989, property developer Charles Kearley donated works by British artists such as John Piper and Ben Nicholson and European artists such as Paul Cézanne, André Derain, Fernand Léger, and Gino Severini. In 2006, architect Sir Colin St John Wilson donated works by Michael Andrews, Peter Blake, David Bomberg, Patrick Caulfield, Lucian Freud, Richard Hamilton, R. B. Kitaj, Eduardo Paolozzi, Walter Sickert and Victor Willing. Many of the works were acquired directly from the artists, who were friends of Wilson: indeed, he designed homes for several. Other works are displayed on long-term loan, many on the understanding that they will be donated to the gallery in due course. As well as modern British art, the Gallery had one of the world's outstanding collections of 18th-century Bow porcelain, donated by Geoffrey Freeman, but it has since been transferred to the Holburne Museum in Bath.","title":"The collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evelyn Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fabric-7"},{"link_name":"Glyn Philpot's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Philpot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gwen John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_John"},{"link_name":"Glyn Philpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Philpot"},{"link_name":"Hockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney"},{"link_name":"Himid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubaina_Himid"},{"link_name":"David Remfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Remfry"}],"text":"From October 2015 to February 2016 the Gallery mounted an exhibition, Evelyn Dunbar: The Lost Works; 500 paintings by Evelyn Dunbar that had disappeared after her death in 1960 and rediscovered in 2013, doubling the number of her known works.[5][6]In 2016, the Gallery mounted an exhibition entitled John Piper: The Fabric of Modernism of Piper's textile designs.[7]In 2021, the Gallery mounted an exhibition entitled Glyn Philpot: Flesh and Spirit. This was the first major exhibition of Glyn Philpot's work since an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in 1984.[8]Other exhibitions at Pallant House include Gwen John (2023), Sussex Landscape (2022-2023), Glyn Philpot (2022), Hockney to Himid: 60 Years of British Printmaking (2021-2022), and David Remfry (2015).","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Style_architecture"},{"link_name":"townhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse"},{"link_name":"ostriches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich"},{"link_name":"suit in Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir Colin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_St_John_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Long & Kentish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MJ_Long"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"Gulbenkian Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Prize"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"RIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA"},{"link_name":"geothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heating"},{"link_name":"heat pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bradley-Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Bradley-Hole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Flower Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show"}],"text":"Pallant House is a Grade I listed Queen Anne townhouse built in 1712 for wine merchant Henry \"Lisbon\" Peckham and his wife Elizabeth. It is a fine, brick-built building with large windows, with stone ostriches from the Peckham family arms guarding the entrance gateway, and a fine oak staircase inside. Its urbane design from a London architect was the subject of a suit in Chancery, for William Smart, mason of Chichester, provided a design about 1711, but the Peckhams went to London and obtained another design, designated \"the London modell\" in court papers. The architect was not identified.[9]The building had been used as council offices since 1919. The building was restored in 1979, and the gallery opened in 1982. It has been managed by an independent trust since 1985.A new wing was opened in June 2006, designed by Sir Colin Wilson and Long & Kentish. The £8.6 million project was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Arts Council England, the local council, and other donors. The unashamedly modern block, which stands next to and integrates with the original Queen Anne building, won the 2007 Gulbenkian Prize;[10] in the words of the judges, the juxtaposition creates \"a vibrant relationship between old and new ... continued in a series of inspired contemporary installations\" which are housed within.[11] The extension was also listed for a 2007 RIBA award.It is believed to be the first art gallery in the UK which is heated and cooled by a geothermal system, using water pumped through 69 pipes descending 35 metres under the building, connected to reversible heat pumps, which roughly halves its carbon emissions.To the rear is a new courtyard garden, designed by Christopher Bradley-Hole, a Chelsea Flower Show gold medallist.","title":"Pallant House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gulbenkian Prize 2007 longlist – Pallant House 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newspaper: Evelyn Dunbar: the genius in the attic, 18 October 2015\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/18/evelyn-dunbar-war-artist-lost-paintings-antiques-roadshow-pallant-house"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210204174036/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/18/evelyn-dunbar-war-artist-lost-paintings-antiques-roadshow-pallant-house"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Pallant house Gallery Web site: Evelyn Dunbar: The Lost Works, exhibition 3 October 2015 – 14 February 2016, retrieved 19 October 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pallant.org.uk/exhibitions1/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/evelyn-dunbar-the-lost-works/evelyn-dunbar-the-lost-works"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151107193302/http://pallant.org.uk/exhibitions1/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/evelyn-dunbar-the-lost-works/evelyn-dunbar-the-lost-works"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fabric_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"John Piper: the Fabric of Modernism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pallant.org.uk/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160507110128/http://pallant.org.uk/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The portraits of Glyn Philpot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.apollo-magazine.com/glyn-philpot-portraits-pallant-house/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Gallery wins 'biggest' arts award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6689143.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190817194904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6689143.stm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Pallant House Gallery wins £100,000 Gulbenkian Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thegulbenkianprize.org.uk/press/pr250507.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070528190616/http://www.thegulbenkianprize.org.uk/press/pr250507.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Gulbenkian Prize 2007 longlist – Pallant House Gallery Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, from 24 Hour Museum\n\n^ Profile Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine of the Pallant House Gallery from the Saatchi Gallery.\n\n^ \"The Holburne Museum Newsletter, Spring 2020\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.\n\n^ \"Acquisitions of the month: August-September 2018\". Apollo Magazine. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.\n\n^ \"The Observer newspaper: Evelyn Dunbar: the genius in the attic, 18 October 2015\". 18 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.\n\n^ Pallant house Gallery Web site: Evelyn Dunbar: The Lost Works, exhibition 3 October 2015 – 14 February 2016, retrieved 19 October 2015 Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"John Piper: the Fabric of Modernism\". Pallant House Gallery. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.\n\n^ \"The portraits of Glyn Philpot\". Apollo Magazine. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.\n\n^ Howard Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 3rd ed. 1995: sub \"Henry Smart\", quoting Sibylla J. Flower, in Pallant House (Chichester 1993) pp 32–34.\n\n^ Gallery wins 'biggest' arts award Archived 17 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 24 May 2007.\n\n^ Pallant House Gallery wins £100,000 Gulbenkian Prize Archived 28 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, press release, 25 May 2007.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Holburne Museum Newsletter, Spring 2020\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holburne.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Spring-2020-web-version.pdf","url_text":"\"The Holburne Museum Newsletter, Spring 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527224648/https://www.holburne.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Spring-2020-web-version.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Acquisitions of the month: August-September 2018\". Apollo Magazine. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. 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Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/18/evelyn-dunbar-war-artist-lost-paintings-antiques-roadshow-pallant-house","url_text":"\"The Observer newspaper: Evelyn Dunbar: the genius in the attic, 18 October 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210204174036/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/18/evelyn-dunbar-war-artist-lost-paintings-antiques-roadshow-pallant-house","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Piper: the Fabric of Modernism\". Pallant House Gallery. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pallant.org.uk/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism","url_text":"\"John Piper: the Fabric of Modernism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507110128/http://pallant.org.uk/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/main-galleries/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism/john-piper-the-fabric-of-modernism","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The portraits of Glyn Philpot\". Apollo Magazine. 28 April 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNR_Class_H4 | GNR Class H4 | ["1 Construction","2 Use","3 Accidents and incidents","4 Class K5","5 Numbering","6 Withdrawal","7 Possible Future Revival","8 References","9 External links"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
GNR Class H4 LNER Class K3K3 2-6-0 No. 1387 at York 1939Type and originPower typeSteamDesignerNigel GresleyBuilderDoncaster Works (30)Darlington Works (93)Armstrong Whitworth (40)Robert Stephenson & Co. (10)North British Locomotive Co. (20)Build date1920–1937Total produced193SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte2-6-0Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeDriver dia.5 ft 8 in (1.727 m)Loco weight72.6 long tons (73.8 t; 81.3 short tons)Fuel typeCoalBoiler pressure180 psi (1.24 MPa)CylindersThreeCylinder size18.5 in × 26 in (470 mm × 660 mm)Performance figuresMaximum speed60 mph (97 km/h) (Modern mainline running)Tractive effort30,030 lbf (133.6 kN)CareerOperatorsGreat Northern Railway, London and North Eastern Railway, British RailwaysClassGNR: H4LNER:K3Power classBR: 5P6FNumbersLNER: 1800–1992BR: 61800–61992NicknamesJazzersWithdrawn1959–1962DispositionAll scrapped
A Gresley K3 class 2-6-0 passes Bempton railway station on a short Class C (Fish) train.
The Great Northern Railway Class H4 (classified K3 by the LNER) was a class of 2-6-0 steam locomotive designed for mixed-traffic work.
The type was a more powerful development of the earlier H3 (LNER K2) class and was notable at the time, as the 6-foot-diameter (1.8 m) boilers were the largest fitted to any British locomotive to that date. After formation of the London and North Eastern Railway, the type became known as class K3 and was adopted as an LNER standard design. They got the nickname "Jazzers" after the rhythm of their exhaust beat and the unbalanced gyratory movement.
Construction
61841 approaching Hucknall Central 1958
The first ten locomotives were built at the GNR's Doncaster Works in 1920, to the design of Nigel Gresley. Six further batches were built at Doncaster and Darlington Works, Armstrong Whitworth, Robert Stephenson and Company and the North British Locomotive Company. The last few of 193 examples were delivered in 1937.
Use
They were excellent mixed-traffic locomotives, although their large size restricted their route availability. In their latter years they were primarily employed on vacuum-fitted freight traffic.
Accidents and incidents
Main article: Welwyn Garden City rail crashes
On 15 June 1936, locomotive No. 4009 was hauling an express passenger train which was in a rear-end collision at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. Fourteen people were killed and 29 were injured.
In July 1936, locomotive No. 2764 was involved in a serious accident at Postland, Lincolnshire.
On 8 March 1937, locomotive No. 126 was hauling a passenger train that was derailed at Langrick, Lincolnshire due to the condition of the track.
On 25 August 1956, locomotive No. 61846 was hauling an empty stock train which ran away and crashed through the buffers at Filey Holiday Camp station, Yorkshire. The accident was due to the failure to connect the brake pipe between the train and locomotive.
Class K5
In 1945, Edward Thompson rebuilt K3 No. 206 into a two-cylinder engine forming the LNER Class K5. No more were so treated, although some later received K5 type boilers.
Numbering
The original ten locomotives were numbered 1000–1009 by the GNR, and became LNER 4000–4009. Those built for the LNER were numbered haphazardly, filling in gaps in the LNER's numbering scheme. In the LNER's 1946 renumbering programme, the K3s and K5 were renumbered 1800–1992, and they later became British Railways 61800–61992.
Withdrawal
All were withdrawn and scrapped between 1959 and 1962; the K5 went in 1960. None have survived into preservation. Three were kept as stationary boilers until 1965.
Possible Future Revival
None of the original K3's were preserved; however, it was announced in September 2018 that following on from the LNER Class V4 no 3403 & LNER Class V3 projects where new engines are planned to be built. A new K3 is to be built after these are completed. The number of the engine has not yet been confirmed, but is expected to be a replica of an original engine since the number 61993 was allocated to the LNER Class K4's.
References
^ "The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls". LNER.info. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
^ a b Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.
^ Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-906899 03 6.
^ Marsden, Richard. "The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls". LNER Encyclopedia. Winwaed Software Technology LLC. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^ https://www.a1steam.com/2018/09/06/v4-design-reaches-pre-launch-stage/ Archived 7 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine K3 Project to be looked at
Sources
Longworth, Hugh (2005). British Railway Steam Locomotives 1948-1968. Hersham: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-86093-593-3.
Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives (1948 ed.). part 4, page 17.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GNR Class H4 / LNER Class K3.
LNER encyclopedia
vteLondon and North Eastern Railway locomotivesPre-groupingrailway designsGreat Central
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D45
D46
D47
D48
G10
J90
J91
Z4
Z5
Great Northern
A1
C1
C2
C12
D1
D2
D3
D4
E1
G1
G2
J1
J2
J3
J4
J5
J6
J7
J50
J51
J52
J53
J54
J55
J56
J57
K1
K2
K3
N1
N2
O1
O2
Q1
Q2
Q3
R1
North British
C10
C11
C15
C16
D25
D26
D27
D28
D29
D30
D31
D32
D33
D34
D35
D36
D50
D51
E7
G7
G8
G9
J31
J32
J33
J34
J35
J36
J37
J81
J82
J83
J84
J85
J86
J88
N14
N15
Y9
Y10
North Eastern
A2
A6
A7
B13
B14
B15
B16
C6
C7
C8
D17/1
D17/2
D18
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
E5
E6
F8
G5
G6
H1
J21
J22
J24
J25
J26
J27
J71
J72
J73
J74
J76
J77
J78
J79
N8
N9
N10
Q5
Q6
Q7
T1
X1
X2
X3
Y7
Y8
EB1
EE1
EF1
ES1
North Eastern(ex Hull & Barnsley)
D24
J23
J28
J75
J80
N11
N12
N13
Q10
LNER designsGresley (1923–1941)
A1
A3
A4
A8
B17
C9
D49
J38
J39
J50
K4
P1
P2
U1
V1
V2
V3
V4
W1
EM1
Thompson (1941–1946)
A1
A2/1
A2/2
A2/3
B1
B2
D
K1
K5
L1
O1
Q1
Peppercorn (1946–1947)
A1
A2
K1
Other designs
D52
D53
D54
H2
J64
J94
L2
M2
O6
O7
Y1
Y3
Y10
Y11
J45/DES1
DES2
Proposed designs
P10 2-8-2T (Nov 1929)
B 4-6-0 (Nov 1936)
? 4-8-2 (1939)
Q 0-8-0 (June 1930)
? 4-8-4 (Feb 1946)
? 4-8-2 (Feb 1946)
K 2-6-0 (Aug 1947)
see also
British Railways steam locomotives
GWR locomotives
LMS locomotives
Southern Railway locomotives
This article relating to steam locomotives operated in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bempton_Railway_Station_1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bempton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bempton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"LNER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"2-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-0"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"H3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNR_Class_H3"},{"link_name":"LNER K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_K2"},{"link_name":"London and North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A Gresley K3 class 2-6-0 passes Bempton railway station on a short Class C (Fish) train.The Great Northern Railway Class H4 (classified K3 by the LNER) was a class of 2-6-0 steam locomotive designed for mixed-traffic work.The type was a more powerful development of the earlier H3 (LNER K2) class and was notable at the time, as the 6-foot-diameter (1.8 m) boilers were the largest fitted to any British locomotive to that date. After formation of the London and North Eastern Railway, the type became known as class K3 and was adopted as an LNER standard design. They got the nickname \"Jazzers\" after the rhythm of their exhaust beat and the unbalanced gyratory movement.[1]","title":"GNR Class H4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:61841_approaching_Hucknall_Central_1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Works"},{"link_name":"Nigel Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gresley"},{"link_name":"Darlington Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Works"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company"},{"link_name":"North British Locomotive Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company"}],"text":"61841 approaching Hucknall Central 1958The first ten locomotives were built at the GNR's Doncaster Works in 1920, to the design of Nigel Gresley. Six further batches were built at Doncaster and Darlington Works, Armstrong Whitworth, Robert Stephenson and Company and the North British Locomotive Company. The last few of 193 examples were delivered in 1937.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"They were excellent mixed-traffic locomotives, although their large size restricted their route availability. In their latter years they were primarily employed on vacuum-fitted freight traffic.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welwyn Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Postland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postland_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earnshaw7-2"},{"link_name":"Langrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langrick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earnshaw7-2"},{"link_name":"Filey Holiday Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filey_Holiday_Camp_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trevena2-3"}],"text":"On 15 June 1936, locomotive No. 4009 was hauling an express passenger train which was in a rear-end collision at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. Fourteen people were killed and 29 were injured.\nIn July 1936, locomotive No. 2764 was involved in a serious accident at Postland, Lincolnshire.[2]\nOn 8 March 1937, locomotive No. 126 was hauling a passenger train that was derailed at Langrick, Lincolnshire due to the condition of the track.[2]\nOn 25 August 1956, locomotive No. 61846 was hauling an empty stock train which ran away and crashed through the buffers at Filey Holiday Camp station, Yorkshire. The accident was due to the failure to connect the brake pipe between the train and locomotive.[3]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thompson_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"LNER Class K5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_K5"}],"text":"In 1945, Edward Thompson rebuilt K3 No. 206 into a two-cylinder engine forming the LNER Class K5. No more were so treated, although some later received K5 type boilers.","title":"Class K5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"}],"text":"The original ten locomotives were numbered 1000–1009 by the GNR, and became LNER 4000–4009. Those built for the LNER were numbered haphazardly, filling in gaps in the LNER's numbering scheme. In the LNER's 1946 renumbering programme, the K3s and K5 were renumbered 1800–1992, and they later became British Railways 61800–61992.","title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"All were withdrawn and scrapped between 1959 and 1962; the K5 went in 1960. None have survived into preservation. Three were kept as stationary boilers until 1965.[4]","title":"Withdrawal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LNER Class V4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_V4"},{"link_name":"LNER Class V3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_V1/V3"},{"link_name":"LNER Class K4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_K4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"None of the original K3's were preserved; however, it was announced in September 2018 that following on from the LNER Class V4 no 3403 & LNER Class V3 projects where new engines are planned to be built. A new K3 is to be built after these are completed. The number of the engine has not yet been confirmed, but is expected to be a replica of an original engine since the number 61993 was allocated to the LNER Class K4's.[5]","title":"Possible Future Revival"}] | [{"image_text":"A Gresley K3 class 2-6-0 passes Bempton railway station on a short Class C (Fish) train.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bempton_Railway_Station_1961.jpg/220px-Bempton_Railway_Station_1961.jpg"},{"image_text":"61841 approaching Hucknall Central 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/61841_approaching_Hucknall_Central_1958.jpg/220px-61841_approaching_Hucknall_Central_1958.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\". LNER.info. Retrieved 2 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lner.info/locos/K/k3k5.php","url_text":"\"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\""}]},{"reference":"Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-50-8","url_text":"0-906899-50-8"}]},{"reference":"Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-906899 03 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899_03_6","url_text":"0-906899 03 6"}]},{"reference":"Marsden, Richard. \"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\". LNER Encyclopedia. Winwaed Software Technology LLC. Retrieved 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lner.info/locos/K/k3k5.php","url_text":"\"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\""}]},{"reference":"Longworth, Hugh (2005). British Railway Steam Locomotives 1948-1968. Hersham: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-86093-593-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86093-593-3","url_text":"978-0-86093-593-3"}]},{"reference":"Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives (1948 ed.). part 4, page 17.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.lner.info/locos/K/k3k5.php","external_links_name":"\"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\""},{"Link":"https://www.lner.info/locos/K/k3k5.php","external_links_name":"\"The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls\""},{"Link":"https://www.a1steam.com/2018/09/06/v4-design-reaches-pre-launch-stage/","external_links_name":"https://www.a1steam.com/2018/09/06/v4-design-reaches-pre-launch-stage/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032309/https://www.a1steam.com/2018/09/06/v4-design-reaches-pre-launch-stage/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lner.info/locos/K/k3k5.shtml","external_links_name":"LNER encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNR_Class_H4&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_Me_Now | See Me Now | ["1 Background and composition","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References","6 External links"] | 2010 song by Kanye West featuring Beyoncé, Charlie Wilson and Big Sean"See Me Now"Song by Kanye West featuring Beyoncé, Charlie Wilson and Big Seanfrom the album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (Deluxe Edition) ReleasedAugust 11, 2010Recorded2010GenreHip hopLength6:04LabelRoc-A-FellaDef JamSongwriter(s)Brenda RussellBrian RussellNo I.D.Beyoncé KnowlesKanye WestProducer(s)Kanye WestLex LugerNo I.D.
30 second sample showing Beyoncé and West's initial verses.
"See Me Now" is a song by American rapper Kanye West featuring R&B singers Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson. The album version includes a verse by Big Sean and is included on West's fifth studio album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010) as an iTunes Store bonus track. It was written by West, Knowles, Wilson and Sean, while production was handled by West, Lex Luger and No I.D.
"See Me Now" received generally positive reviews from music critics. The song peaked at number two on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart in 2010 and appeared at number 160 on the 2011 year-end South Korean Gaon Chart.
Background and composition
"See Me Now" was produced by West, Lex Luger and No I.D. Southside was in the studio during Luger's production work on the song, which led to him being involved with West's 2011 Jay-Z collaboration "Illest Motherfucker Alive". It premiered on August 11, 2010. The song was also available on West's website, also on the same day, for a free digital download. The album version has an additional verse by Big Sean and is included on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as an iTunes bonus track. Knowles recorded her vocals for the song at 5am.
During the bridge of the song, Knowles sings the lines, "I know one thing, my momma would be proud/And you see me looking up cause I know she's looking down right now". During the hook Wilson sings the lines "I know you see me now right now, I know you see me now right now" with a "deep" tenor.
In October 2010, the song "See Me Again" by West leaked, under the name "Never See Me Again". Described as a "a nine-minute melancholy demo song", it was supposedly recorded while West was in a self-imposed exile to Hawaii due to the backlash he received after interrupting Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. Online speculation later formed the theory "See Me Again" was to be West's final song before retiring or committing suicide; West went public with suicidal ideation during this time. The song interpolates "I Never Want to See You Again" by Quasi. "See Me Now" has been viewed as the triumphant, louder spiritual successor to "Never See Me Again".
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingRolling Stone
Christian Hoard of the Rolling Stone gave the song a rating of three and a half out of five stars, writing in his review of the song: "'I'm Socrates, but my skin more chocolaty,' shouts Kanye, who goes on to detail several feats of attention-whore behavior — cruising in Ferraris, rocking fur coats, walking into high-end restaurants with no shoes on. But the sound is remarkably warm, a gospel-style mix of heartfelt crooning (from Beyoncé and... Charlie Wilson) and plush accompaniment that's perfect for worshipping at the altar of Yeezy."
Chart performance
"See Me Now" debuted and peaked at number two on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart on August 28, 2010. It appeared at number 160 on the year-end South Korean Gaon Chart for 2011.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2010)
Peakposition
US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles
2
Year-end charts
Chart (2011)
Position
South Korea Gaon International Chart
160
References
^ Young, Alex (August 11, 2010). "Check Out: Kanye West – "See Me Now" (feat. Beyonce)". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^ ""The Illest Motherfucker Alive" - An Interview with SouthSide". RESPECT. August 30, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^ a b c d Concepcion, Mariel (August 11, 2010). "Kanye West Premieres Beyonce Track, Album Due Nov. 16". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
^ "See Me Now Feat Beyonce, Charlie Wilson". Kanyeuniversecity.com. August 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
^ "Kanye West Says He Had Considered Suicide". Billboard.
^ "The ULTIMATE Kanye West Iceberg Explained: PART 2". YouTube.
^ a b Hoard, Christian (August 16, 2010). "Kanye West feat. Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
^ a b "Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: Week Ending August 28, 2010". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. July 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2011.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "Annual South Korea International Chart". Gaon Chart. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
External links
Kanye West' official website
Beyoncé Knowles' official website
vteKanye West songs
Singles discography
Songs
The College Dropout
"All Falls Down"
"Spaceship"
"Jesus Walks"
"Never Let Me Down"
"The New Workout Plan"
"Slow Jamz"
"Two Words"
"Through the Wire"
Late Registration
"Heard 'Em Say"
"Touch the Sky"
"Gold Digger"
"Drive Slow"
"Diamonds from Sierra Leone (Remix)"
"Hey Mama"
"Gone"
"Diamonds from Sierra Leone"
Graduation
"Good Morning"
"Champion"
"Stronger"
"I Wonder"
"Good Life"
"Can't Tell Me Nothing"
"Flashing Lights"
"Everything I Am"
"Homecoming"
"Big Brother"
808s & Heartbreak
"Say You Will"
"Welcome to Heartbreak"
"Heartless"
"Amazing"
"Love Lockdown"
"Paranoid"
"RoboCop"
"Street Lights"
"See You in My Nightmares"
"Coldest Winter"
My Beautiful DarkTwisted Fantasy
"Dark Fantasy"
"Gorgeous"
"Power"
"All of the Lights"
"Monster"
"So Appalled"
"Devil in a New Dress"
"Runaway"
"Hell of a Life"
"Blame Game"
"Lost in the World"
"See Me Now"
Watch the Throne
"No Church in the Wild"
"Lift Off"
"Niggas in Paris"
"Otis"
"Gotta Have It"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Who Gon Stop Me"
"Murder to Excellence"
"Made in America"
"Why I Love You"
Deluxe
"Illest Motherfucker Alive"
"H•A•M"
Cruel Summer
"Clique"
"Mercy"
"New God Flow"
"Cold"
"Don't Like.1"
Yeezus
"On Sight"
"Black Skinhead"
"I Am a God"
"New Slaves"
"Hold My Liquor"
"I'm in It"
"Blood on the Leaves"
"Guilt Trip"
"Send It Up"
"Bound 2"
The Life of Pablo
"Ultralight Beam"
"Father Stretch My Hands"
"Famous"
"Feedback"
"Low Lights"
"Highlights"
"Freestyle 4"
"I Love Kanye"
"Waves"
"FML"
"Real Friends"
"Wolves"
"Frank's Track"
"30 Hours"
"No More Parties in LA"
"Facts (Charlie Heat Version)"
"Fade"
"Saint Pablo"
Ye
"I Thought About Killing You"
"Yikes"
"All Mine"
"Wouldn't Leave"
"No Mistakes"
"Ghost Town"
"Violent Crimes"
Kids See Ghosts
"Feel the Love"
"Fire"
"4th Dimension"
"Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)"
"Reborn"
"Kids See Ghosts"
"Cudi Montage"
Jesus Is King
"Selah"
"Follow God"
"Closed on Sunday"
"On God"
"Everything We Need"
"Water"
"God Is"
"Hands On"
"Use This Gospel"
"Jesus Is Lord"
Donda
"Donda Chant"
"Jail"
"God Breathed"
"Off the Grid"
"Hurricane"
"Praise God"
"Jonah"
"Ok Ok"
"Believe What I Say"
"24"
"Remote Control"
"Moon"
"Keep My Spirit Alive"
"New Again"
"Tell the Vision"
"Pure Souls
"Come to Life"
"No Child Left Behind"
"Jail pt 2"
"Ok Ok pt 2"
Deluxe
"Life of the Party"
"Up from the Ashes"
"Remote Control pt 2"
Donda 2
"City of Gods"
"Eazy"
"True Love"
Vultures 1
"Stars"
"Talking / Once Again"
"Back to Me"
"Burn"
"Fuk Sumn"
"Vultures"
"Carnival"
"Good (Don't Die)"
Other singles
"Impossible"
"Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)"
"Forever"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
"Christmas in Harlem"
"Only One"
"FourFiveSeconds"
"All Day"
"Champions"
"Lift Yourself"
"Ye vs. the People"
"XTCY"
"I Love It"
"Wash Us in the Blood"
"Nah Nah Nah"
Featured singles
"This Way"
"Talk About Our Love"
"The Food"
"I Changed My Mind"
"Down and Out"
"The Corner"
"Go!"
"Number One"
"Extravaganza"
"Brand New"
"Grammy Family"
"Number One"
"Wouldn't Get Far"
"I Still Love H.E.R."
"Pro Nails"
"Finer Things"
"American Boy"
"Put On"
"Stay Up! (Viagra)"
"Swagga Like Us"
"Go Hard"
"Knock You Down"
"Kinda Like a Big Deal"
"Walkin' on the Moon"
"Supernova"
"Maybach Music 2"
"Make Her Say"
"Run This Town"
"Whatever U Want"
"Live Fast, Die Young"
"Erase Me"
"Deuces" (Remix)
"Start It Up"
"Hurricane 2.0"
"E.T."
"Marvin & Chardonnay"
"Pride N Joy"
"I Wish You Would"
"Birthday Song"
"Thank You"
"I Won"
"Blessings"
"U Mad"
"One Man Can Change the World"
"Pop Style"
"Figure It Out"
"That Part"
"Friends"
"Ballin"
"Castro"
"Feel Me"
"Love Yourself"
"Glow"
"Watch"
"Take Me to the Light"
"Ego Death"
"Keep It Burnin"
"Hot Shit"
"No Face"
Promotional singles
"Facts"
Other songs
"Champions"
"Us Placers"
"Beat Goes On"
"Billie Jean 2008"
"Everyone Nose (All the Girls Standing in the Line for the Bathroom)" (Remix)
"Therapy"
"Ego" (Remix)
"Blazin'"
"Welcome to the World"
"Sanctified"
"Drunk in Love" (Remix)
"All Your Fault"
"Smuckers"
"Jukebox Joints"
"All We Got"
"Pussy Print"
"Cops Shot the Kid"
"Kanga"
"Mama"
"One Minute"
"Mixed Personalities"
"Go2DaMoon"
Unreleased songs
"Brothers"
"LA Monster"
"New Body"
"Can U Be"
Category
vteBeyoncé songsDiscographyDangerously in Love
"Crazy in Love"
"Naughty Girl"
"Baby Boy"
"Me, Myself and I"
"The Closer I Get to You"
"Dangerously in Love 2"
"Daddy"
B'Day
"Déjà Vu"
"Get Me Bodied"
"Suga Mama"
"Upgrade U"
"Ring the Alarm"
"Kitty Kat"
"Freakum Dress"
"Green Light"
"Irreplaceable"
"Resentment"
"Listen"
"Check on It"
"Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero"
"Welcome to Hollywood"
"Flaws and All"
"Still in Love (Kissing You)"
"Amor Gitano"
I Am... Sasha Fierce
"If I Were a Boy"
"Halo"
"Broken-Hearted Girl"
"Ave Maria"
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
"Radio"
"Diva"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Video Phone"
"Ego"
"Honesty"
"Why Don't You Love Me"
"Poison"
4
"1+1"
"I Care"
"I Miss You"
"Best Thing I Never Had"
"Party"
"Rather Die Young"
"Start Over"
"Love On Top"
"Countdown"
"End of Time"
"I Was Here"
"Run the World (Girls)"
"Lay Up Under Me"
"Schoolin' Life"
"Dance for You"
Beyoncé
"Pretty Hurts"
"Haunted"
"Drunk in Love"
"Blow"
"No Angel"
"Partition"
"Jealous"
"Rocket"
"Mine"
"XO"
"Flawless"
"Superpower"
"Heaven"
"7/11"
"Ring Off"
"Standing on the Sun"
"Grown Woman"
Lemonade
"Pray You Catch Me"
"Hold Up"
"Don't Hurt Yourself"
"Sorry"
"6 Inch"
"Daddy Lessons"
"Love Drought"
"Sandcastles"
"Freedom"
"All Night"
"Formation"
The Lion King: The Gift
"Bigger"
"Find Your Way Back"
"Brown Skin Girl"
"Already"
"Spirit"
"Black Parade"
Renaissance
"Cozy"
"Alien Superstar"
"Cuff It"
"Energy"
"Break My Soul"
"Virgo's Groove"
"Heated"
"America Has a Problem"
"Pure/Honey"
Cowboy Carter
"Blackbiird"
"16 Carriages"
"Texas Hold 'Em"
"Jolene"
"II Most Wanted"
As featured artist
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Delresto (Echoes)"
"Family Feud"
"Feeling Myself"
"Fighting Temptation"
"Hollywood"
"Hymn for the Weekend"
"I Got That"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lift Off"
"Love a Woman"
"Love in This Club Part II"
"Make Me Say It Again, Girl"
"Mi Gente"
"Part II (On the Run)"
"Put It in a Love Song"
"Runnin' (Lose It All)"
"Savage (Remix)"
"Say Yes"
"See Me Now"
"Shining"
"Telephone"
"Top Off"
"Until the End of Time"
"Walk on Water"
"What More Can I Give"
Other songs
"A Woman Like Me"
"All I Could Do Was Cry"
"Apeshit"
"At Last"
"Back to Black"
"Be Alive"
"Before I Let Go"
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
"Die with You"
"Fever"
"God Bless the U.S.A."
"I'd Rather Go Blind"
"My House"
"One Night Only"
"Perfect Duet"
"Pink + White"
"Sexy Lil Thug"
"So Amazing"
"Sorry Not Sorry"
"Summertime"
"Wishing on a Star"
"Work It Out"
Category
vteCharlie WilsonDiscographyStudio albums
You Turn My Life Around (1992)
Bridging the Gap (2000)
Charlie, Last Name Wilson (2005)
Uncle Charlie (2009)
Just Charlie (2010)
Love, Charlie (2013)
Forever Charlie (2015)
In It to Win It (2017)
Singles
"Without You"
"There Goes My Baby"
"I Wanna Be Your Man"
"Goodnight Kisses"
Featured singles
"Computer Love"
"Snoop's Upside Ya Head"
"Vapors"
"Beautiful"
"Signs"
"That Girl"
"Download"
"All of the Lights"
"Peaches N Cream"
"Tiring Game"
"Attitude"
Other songs
"See Me Now"
"Brothers"
Related articles
The Gap Band
vteBig Sean
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Finally Famous (2011)
Hall of Fame (2013)
Dark Sky Paradise (2015)
I Decided. (2017)
Double or Nothing (with Metro Boomin) (2017)
Detroit 2 (2020)
EPs
What You Expect (with Hit-Boy) (2021)
Mixtapes
Finally Famous Vol. 3: Big (2010)
Detroit (2012)
Singles
"My Last"
"Marvin & Chardonnay"
"Dance (Ass)"
"Mercy"
"Clique"
"Guap"
"Switch Up"
"Beware"
"Fire"
"I Don't Fuck with You"
"Paradise"
"Blessings"
"One Man Can Change the World"
"Play No Games"
"Champions"
"Bounce Back"
"Moves"
"Jump Out the Window"
"Miracles (Someone Special)"
"Pull Up N Wreck"
"So Good"
"Single Again"
"Bezerk"
"Deep Reverence"
"Wolves"
"Hate Our Love"
"Precision"
Featured singles
"Lay It on Me"
"Till I Die"
"Naked"
"My Homies Still"
"As Long as You Love Me"
"Burn"
"Show Out"
"All That (Lady)"
"Wild"
"Right There"
"Sorry"
"All Me"
"Detroit vs. Everybody"
"Open Wide"
"B Boy"
"How Many Times"
"Back Up"
"Workin"
"Holy Key"
"I Think of You"
"Feels"
"Alone"
"Big Bank"
"None of Your Concern"
"I Do It"
"Way Out"
"Easy Lover"
Promotional singles
"I Do It"
"Oh My"
"What Yo Name Iz?"
"Control"
"Best Mistake"
Other songs
"See Me Now"
"Paper, Scissors, Rock"
"Don't Like.1"
"Sanctified"
"All Your Fault"
"Research"
"No Favors"
"Sacrifices"
"Go Legend"
Related articles
GOOD Music
Twenty88 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Beautiful_Dark_Twisted_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Lex Luger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luger_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"No I.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_I.D."},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles"}],"text":"30 second sample showing Beyoncé and West's initial verses.\"See Me Now\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West featuring R&B singers Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson. The album version includes a verse by Big Sean and is included on West's fifth studio album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010) as an iTunes Store bonus track. It was written by West, Knowles, Wilson and Sean, while production was handled by West, Lex Luger and No I.D.\"See Me Now\" received generally positive reviews from music critics. The song peaked at number two on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart in 2010 and appeared at number 160 on the 2011 year-end South Korean Gaon Chart.","title":"See Me Now"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lex Luger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luger_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"No I.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_I.D."},{"link_name":"Southside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Illest Motherfucker Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illest_Motherfucker_Alive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billmag-3"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Beautiful_Dark_Twisted_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billmag-3"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billmag-3"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billmag-3"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"interrupting Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards#Kanye_West%E2%80%93Taylor_Swift_incident"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"suicidal ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Quasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"See Me Now\" was produced by West, Lex Luger and No I.D. Southside was in the studio during Luger's production work on the song, which led to him being involved with West's 2011 Jay-Z collaboration \"Illest Motherfucker Alive\".[1][2] It premiered on August 11, 2010.[3] The song was also available on West's website, also on the same day, for a free digital download.[4] The album version has an additional verse by Big Sean and is included on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as an iTunes bonus track. Knowles recorded her vocals for the song at 5am.[3]During the bridge of the song, Knowles sings the lines, \"I know one thing, my momma would be proud/And you see me looking up cause I know she's looking down right now\".[3] During the hook Wilson sings the lines \"I know you see me now right now, I know you see me now right now\" with a \"deep\" tenor.[3]In October 2010, the song \"See Me Again\" by West leaked, under the name \"Never See Me Again\". Described as a \"a nine-minute melancholy demo song\", it was supposedly recorded while West was in a self-imposed exile to Hawaii due to the backlash he received after interrupting Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. Online speculation later formed the theory \"See Me Again\" was to be West's final song before retiring or committing suicide; West went public with suicidal ideation during this time.[5] The song interpolates \"I Never Want to See You Again\" by Quasi. \"See Me Now\" has been viewed as the triumphant, louder spiritual successor to \"Never See Me Again\".[6]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-7"}],"text":"Christian Hoard of the Rolling Stone gave the song a rating of three and a half out of five stars, writing in his review of the song: \"'I'm Socrates, but my skin more chocolaty,' shouts Kanye, who goes on to detail several feats of attention-whore behavior — cruising in Ferraris, rocking fur coats, walking into high-end restaurants with no shoes on. But the sound is remarkably warm, a gospel-style mix of heartfelt crooning (from Beyoncé and... Charlie Wilson) and plush accompaniment that's perfect for worshipping at the altar of Yeezy.\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r&b-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaon-9"}],"text":"\"See Me Now\" debuted and peaked at number two on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart on August 28, 2010.[8] It appeared at number 160 on the year-end South Korean Gaon Chart for 2011.[9]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_Me_Now&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r&b-8"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_Me_Now&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"South Korea Gaon International Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaon-9"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[8]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea Gaon International Chart[9]\n\n160","title":"Charts"}] | [{"image_text":"30 second sample showing Beyoncé and West's initial verses."}] | null | [{"reference":"Young, Alex (August 11, 2010). \"Check Out: Kanye West – \"See Me Now\" (feat. Beyonce)\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved February 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2010/08/check-out-kanye-west-see-me-now-feat-beyonce/","url_text":"\"Check Out: Kanye West – \"See Me Now\" (feat. Beyonce)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Illest Motherfucker Alive\" - An Interview with SouthSide\". RESPECT. August 30, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2011/08/the-illest-motherfucker-alive-an-interview-with-southside/","url_text":"\"\"The Illest Motherfucker Alive\" - An Interview with SouthSide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_(magazine)","url_text":"RESPECT."}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Mariel (August 11, 2010). \"Kanye West Premieres Beyonce Track, Album Due Nov. 16\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956902/kanye-west-premieres-beyonce-track-album-due-nov-16","url_text":"\"Kanye West Premieres Beyonce Track, Album Due Nov. 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"See Me Now Feat Beyonce, Charlie Wilson\". Kanyeuniversecity.com. August 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100815212648/http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/2010/08/see-me-now-feat-beyonce-charlie-wilson/","url_text":"\"See Me Now Feat Beyonce, Charlie Wilson\""},{"url":"http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/2010/08/see-me-now-feat-beyonce-charlie-wilson/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West Says He Had Considered Suicide\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kanye-west-says-he-had-considered-suicide-953402/","url_text":"\"Kanye West Says He Had Considered Suicide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"The ULTIMATE Kanye West Iceberg Explained: PART 2\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIIgOmlQdx8","url_text":"\"The ULTIMATE Kanye West Iceberg Explained: PART 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Hoard, Christian (August 16, 2010). \"Kanye West feat. Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228042137/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/see-me-now-20100816","url_text":"\"Kanye West feat. Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/see-me-now-20100816","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: Week Ending August 28, 2010\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. July 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121008003540/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/3122583","url_text":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: Week Ending August 28, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual South Korea International Chart\". Gaon Chart. Retrieved March 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/online/download/list.gaon","url_text":"\"Annual South Korea International Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2010/08/check-out-kanye-west-see-me-now-feat-beyonce/","external_links_name":"\"Check Out: Kanye West – \"See Me Now\" (feat. Beyonce)\""},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2011/08/the-illest-motherfucker-alive-an-interview-with-southside/","external_links_name":"\"\"The Illest Motherfucker Alive\" - An Interview with SouthSide\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956902/kanye-west-premieres-beyonce-track-album-due-nov-16","external_links_name":"\"Kanye West Premieres Beyonce Track, Album Due Nov. 16\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100815212648/http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/2010/08/see-me-now-feat-beyonce-charlie-wilson/","external_links_name":"\"See Me Now Feat Beyonce, Charlie Wilson\""},{"Link":"http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/2010/08/see-me-now-feat-beyonce-charlie-wilson/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kanye-west-says-he-had-considered-suicide-953402/","external_links_name":"\"Kanye West Says He Had Considered Suicide\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIIgOmlQdx8","external_links_name":"\"The ULTIMATE Kanye West Iceberg Explained: PART 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228042137/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/see-me-now-20100816","external_links_name":"\"Kanye West feat. Beyoncé and Charlie Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/see-me-now-20100816","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121008003540/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/3122583","external_links_name":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: Week Ending August 28, 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/online/download/list.gaon","external_links_name":"\"Annual South Korea International Chart\""},{"Link":"http://kanyewest.com/","external_links_name":"Kanye West' official website"},{"Link":"http://www.beyonceonline.com/us/","external_links_name":"Beyoncé Knowles' official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickiewicz_Battalion | Mickiewicz Battalion | ["1 Personnel","2 References"] | Not to be confused with Mickiewicz's Legion.
Mickiewicz BattalionActive1937-1938CountryPolishAllegiance Republican SpainBranch International BrigadesTypeInfantry battalionPart ofXIII International BrigadeEngagementsBattle of the EbroCommandersNotablecommandersFranek KsiezarczykMilitary unit
The Mickiewicz Battalion was a volunteer battalion of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It formed part of the XIII International Brigade from 27 October 1937 until 23 September 1938, when the International Brigades were disbanded. It was named after Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), a Polish poet and patriot.
In July 1938 The Battalion took part in the Battle of the Ebro crossing the river and initially advancing quickly attacking and capturing many Nationalist troops at La Venta de Camposines, before moving on to near Gandesa. By September 1938 they were dug in defending a difficult position on the road from Corbera d'Ebre under constant bombardment and machine gun fire, the only respite being at night. They continued to dig trenches and lay barbed wire. After an artillery bombardment, the Battalion continued a heroic defence against tanks and cavalry which saw many of their best men killed, before the order for withdrawal came.
Personnel
Franciszek Księżarczyk - commander
Mieczyslaw Schleyen - political commissar
Zygmunt Mołojca
Bolesław Mołojec
References
^ Clifford, Alexander (2020). Fighting for Spain. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-52677-438-5.
^ a b Tremlett, Giles (2020). The International Brigades. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 473–474. ISBN 978-1-4088-5398-6.
^ Tremlett (2020) p.503-504
^ Tremlett (2020) p.503
^ Tremlett (2020) p.503
This article about the Spanish Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickiewicz's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickiewicz%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"International Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"XIII International Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_International_Brigade"},{"link_name":"International Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brigades"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro"},{"link_name":"Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandesa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tre-2"},{"link_name":"Corbera d'Ebre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbera_d%27Ebre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mickiewicz's Legion.Military unitThe Mickiewicz Battalion was a volunteer battalion of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It formed part of the XIII International Brigade from 27 October 1937 until 23 September 1938, when the International Brigades were disbanded.[1] It was named after Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), a Polish poet and patriot.In July 1938 The Battalion took part in the Battle of the Ebro crossing the river and initially advancing quickly attacking and capturing many Nationalist troops at La Venta de Camposines, before moving on to near Gandesa.[2] By September 1938 they were dug in defending a difficult position on the road from Corbera d'Ebre under constant bombardment and machine gun fire, the only respite being at night. They continued to dig trenches and lay barbed wire. After an artillery bombardment, the Battalion continued a heroic defence against tanks and cavalry which saw many of their best men killed, before the order for withdrawal came.[3]","title":"Mickiewicz Battalion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciszek Księżarczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarczyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"political commissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Mołojca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Mo%C5%82ojca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tre-2"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Mołojec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Mo%C5%82ojec"}],"text":"Franciszek Księżarczyk[4] - commander\nMieczyslaw Schleyen[5] - political commissar\nZygmunt Mołojca[2]\nBolesław Mołojec","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Clifford, Alexander (2020). Fighting for Spain. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-52677-438-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52677-438-5","url_text":"978-1-52677-438-5"}]},{"reference":"Tremlett, Giles (2020). The International Brigades. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 473–474. ISBN 978-1-4088-5398-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-5398-6","url_text":"978-1-4088-5398-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickiewicz_Battalion&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V._Bohlman | Philip V. Bohlman | ["1 Life and career","2 Partial list of books","3 References"] | Philip V. BohlmanBohlman in 2012BornPhilip Vilas Bohlman (1952-08-08) August 8, 1952 (age 71)Boscobel, Wisconsin, U.S.OccupationEthnomusicologist
Philip Vilas Bohlman (born August 8, 1952) is an American ethnomusicologist.
Life and career
He is the Ludwig Rosenberger Distinguished Service Professor in Jewish History, Music and the Humanities at the University of Chicago and a visiting professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater (Hannover). At Chicago, Bohlman is on the resource faculty of the Germanic Studies Department, the Mary Marty Center for the Advanced Study of Religion, the Center for Jewish Studies, the Center for European and Russian/Eurasian Studies, the Divinity School, and the Scherer Center for the Study of American Culture. Bohlman has held guest professorships at numerous universities, including the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Freiburg, the University of Vienna, and Yale University, among others. Bohlman received his doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1984 and has been teaching at Chicago since 1987.
Bohlman's research has been funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and often includes fieldwork in Kolkata and Varanasi, India, and throughout Germany, with current fieldwork in India and the Muslim communities of Europe. Bohlman's research focuses on Jewish music and modernity. Bohlman also frequently engages in intensive studies of the Eurovision Song Contest.
Bohlman is also the Artistic Director of “The New Budapest Orpheum Society” at the University of Chicago. In conjunction with his work with that group, Oxford University bestowed the 2009 Donald Tovey Prize on Bohlman and Christine Wilkie Bohlman. Bohlman was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2011, and into the British Academy as a corresponding fellow in 2007. In 1997, he was the first ethnomusicologist to receive the Edward J. Dent Medal from the Royal Musical Association, and also received the Berlin Prize from the American Academy in Berlin in 2003, the Derek Allen Prize from the British Academy in 2007, and a Faculty Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching from the University of Chicago in 1999. Bohlman served as the president of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 2005 to 2007. In 2014 the University of Kassel awarded him the Rosenzweig professorship. In 2022 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Ethnomusicology.
Partial list of books
Wie sängen wir Seinen Gesang auf dem Boden der Fremde? Jüdische Musik des Aschkenas zwischen Tradition und Moderne (2019)
Song Loves the Masses: Herder on Music and Nationalism (2017)
Revival and Reconciliation: Sacred Music in the Making of European Modernity (2013)
with Nada Petković, Balkan Epic: Song, History, Modernity (2012)
Focus: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of the New Europe (2010)
Jewish Musical Modernism, Old and New (2009)
with Marcello Sorce Keller and Loris Azzaroni (eds.), Musical Anthropology of the Mediterranean: Interpretation, Performance, Identity (2009)
Jewish Music and Modernity (2008)
Music in American Religious Experience (2005)
with Ronald Michael Radano, Music and the Racial Imagination: Cultural Topics (2005)
Jüdische Volksmusik: eine mitteleuopäische Geistesgeschichte (2005)
Excursions in World Music (2004)
with Martin Stockes, Celtic Modern: Music at the Global Fringe (2003)
New Music and Modernity: Music and Culture (2003)
World Music: A Very Short Introduction (2002)
with Otto Holzapfel, Land Without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America (Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2002)
with Otto Holzapfel, The Folk Songs of Ashkenaz (Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, 2001; Recent Researches in the Oral Traditions of Music, 6)
Music and the Racial Imagination (2000-2001)
Excursions in World Music (1999)
Enchanting Powers: Music in the World's Religions (1997)
Central European Folk Music: An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in German (1996)
Oral Traditions, Israeli Folk Music: Songs of the Early Pioneers (1994)
Ethnomusicology and Modern Music History (1993)
The World Center for Jewish Music in Palestine, 1936-1940: Jewish Musical Life on the Eve of World War II (1992)
with Katherine Bergeron, Disciplining Music: Musicology and its canons (1992)
with Bruno Nettl (eds.), Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology (1991)
The Land Where Two Streams Flow: Music in the German-Jewish Community of Israel (1989)
The Study of Folk Music in the Modern World (1988)
References
^ Stokes, Martin (2001). "Bohlman, Philip V(ilas)". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48803. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ a b c d e "Philip V. Bohlman | Music Department".
^ a b "University scholars receive distinguished, named professorships".
^ "Members".
^ a b "The Meaning of Music".
^ "Universität Kassel: Rosenzweig-Professur an Musikwissenschaftler Philip Bohlman – Seminar zu Nationalismus im Eurovision Song Contest". Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
vteRecipients of the Derek Allen PrizeMusicology
1977: Oliver Strunk
1980: Julian Budden
1983: David Brown
1986: Reinhard Strohm
1989: J. E. Stevens
1992: David Cairns
1995: Peter Holman
1998: Peter Walls
2001: Janice Stockigt
2004: Colin Timms
2007: Philip V. Bohlman
2010: Gary Tomlinson
2013: Arnold Whittall
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1981: J. B. Colbert de Beaulieu
1984: Simone Scheers
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2005: Philip Grierson
2008: Emeritus Michael Metcalf
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2014: Richard Reece
2017: Michael Crawford
2020: Andrew Burnett
Celtic Studies
1979: Kenneth Jackson
1982: Brian Ó Cuiv
1985: J. E. Caerwyn Williams
1988: Edouard Bachellery
1991: K. H. Schmidt
1994: Emeritus Eric P. Hamp
1997: Proinsias Mac Cana
2000: Derick Thomson
2003: Pádraig Ó Riain
2006: Daniel Huws
2009: Yr Athro Dafydd Jenkins
2012: Fergus Kelly
2015: Pierre-Yves Lambert
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2021: Ralph A. Griffiths
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnomusicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Philip Vilas Bohlman (born August 8, 1952) is an American ethnomusicologist.[1]","title":"Philip V. Bohlman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Hochschule für Musik und Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik,_Theater_und_Medien_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Department_of_Music-2"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle.uchicago.edu-3"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Department_of_Music-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Department_of_Music-2"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Donald Tovey Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Tovey_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christine Wilkie Bohlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Wilkie_Bohlman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Department_of_Music-2"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Musical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Musical_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Department_of_Music-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"American Academy in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"Society for Ethnomusicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Ethnomusicology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle.uchicago.edu-3"},{"link_name":"University of Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kassel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Balzan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzan_Prize"}],"text":"He is the Ludwig Rosenberger Distinguished Service Professor in Jewish History, Music and the Humanities at the University of Chicago and a visiting professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater (Hannover).[2] At Chicago, Bohlman is on the resource faculty of the Germanic Studies Department, the Mary Marty Center for the Advanced Study of Religion, the Center for Jewish Studies, the Center for European and Russian/Eurasian Studies, the Divinity School, and the Scherer Center for the Study of American Culture. Bohlman has held guest professorships at numerous universities, including the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Freiburg, the University of Vienna, and Yale University, among others.[3] Bohlman received his doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1984 and has been teaching at Chicago since 1987.[2]Bohlman's research has been funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and often includes fieldwork in Kolkata and Varanasi, India, and throughout Germany, with current fieldwork in India and the Muslim communities of Europe. Bohlman's research focuses on Jewish music and modernity. Bohlman also frequently engages in intensive studies of the Eurovision Song Contest.[2]Bohlman is also the Artistic Director of “The New Budapest Orpheum Society” at the University of Chicago. In conjunction with his work with that group, Oxford University bestowed the 2009 Donald Tovey Prize on Bohlman and Christine Wilkie Bohlman.[2] Bohlman was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2011,[4] and into the British Academy as a corresponding fellow in 2007. In 1997, he was the first ethnomusicologist to receive the Edward J. Dent Medal from the Royal Musical Association,[2][5] and also received the Berlin Prize from the American Academy in Berlin in 2003, the Derek Allen Prize from the British Academy in 2007, and a Faculty Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching from the University of Chicago in 1999.[5] Bohlman served as the president of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 2005 to 2007.[3] In 2014 the University of Kassel awarded him the Rosenzweig professorship.[6] In 2022 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Ethnomusicology.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Holzapfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Holzapfel"},{"link_name":"Otto Holzapfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Holzapfel"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"Bruno Nettl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Nettl"}],"text":"Wie sängen wir Seinen Gesang auf dem Boden der Fremde? Jüdische Musik des Aschkenas zwischen Tradition und Moderne (2019)\nSong Loves the Masses: Herder on Music and Nationalism (2017)\nRevival and Reconciliation: Sacred Music in the Making of European Modernity (2013)\nwith Nada Petković, Balkan Epic: Song, History, Modernity (2012)\nFocus: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of the New Europe (2010)\nJewish Musical Modernism, Old and New (2009)\nwith Marcello Sorce Keller and Loris Azzaroni (eds.), Musical Anthropology of the Mediterranean: Interpretation, Performance, Identity (2009)\nJewish Music and Modernity (2008)\nMusic in American Religious Experience (2005)\nwith Ronald Michael Radano, Music and the Racial Imagination: Cultural Topics (2005)\nJüdische Volksmusik: eine mitteleuopäische Geistesgeschichte (2005)\nExcursions in World Music (2004)\nwith Martin Stockes, Celtic Modern: Music at the Global Fringe (2003)\nNew Music and Modernity: Music and Culture (2003)\nWorld Music: A Very Short Introduction (2002)\nwith Otto Holzapfel, Land Without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America (Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2002)\nwith Otto Holzapfel, The Folk Songs of Ashkenaz (Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, 2001; Recent Researches in the Oral Traditions of Music, 6)\nMusic and the Racial Imagination (2000-2001)\nExcursions in World Music (1999)\nEnchanting Powers: Music in the World's Religions (1997)\nCentral European Folk Music: An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in German (1996)\nOral Traditions, Israeli Folk Music: Songs of the Early Pioneers (1994)\nEthnomusicology and Modern Music History (1993)\nThe World Center for Jewish Music in Palestine, 1936-1940: Jewish Musical Life on the Eve of World War II (1992)\nwith Katherine Bergeron, Disciplining Music: Musicology and its canons (1992)\nwith Bruno Nettl (eds.), Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology (1991)\nThe Land Where Two Streams Flow: Music in the German-Jewish Community of Israel (1989)\nThe Study of Folk Music in the Modern World (1988)","title":"Partial list of books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stokes, Martin (2001). \"Bohlman, Philip V(ilas)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_suite | Color suite | ["1 Technology and specifications","2 See also","3 References"] | A color suite (also called a color bay, telecine suite, or color correction bay) is the control room for color grading video in a post-production environment.
Technology and specifications
The video source could be from: a telecine, a video tape recorder (VTR), a motion picture film scanner, virtual telecine or a direct-to-disk recording (DDR) or the older system called a film chain. A high end broadcast color suite may use a Da Vinci Systems or Pandora International color corrector. If a VTR is the source for the video the room is often called a tape to tape suite. Many suites are designed to operate as a telecine suite or a tape to tape suite by changing the configuration of the suite. The operator of the suite is usually called a Colorist. If a telecine is the source this is called a Film to Tape operation. A color suite may use one video standard or be able to change configuration to a number of standards like: high-definition video, NTSC, or PAL or a DI workflow. Color suites are sometime placed in digital cinema movie theaters with a video projector for color correction to that display format.
Blackmagic Design DaVinci Resolve Advanced Panel
The suite room will also have equipment in the production control room for monitoring the video signal such a video monitor, waveform monitor and vectorscope.
A Shadow Telecine in a color correction suite.
The suite may have an either a non-linear editing system (NLE) or linear editing system to control the source and record device. This may be internal to the color grading device, as in a Pandora's Pogle or Da Vinci's 2k or external, as in Da Vinci's TLC (telecine controller).
A vision mixer may also be in the suite for monitoring different video sources or for simple or special effects in the video. A character generator is sometime used also for titling and subtitle.
The suite may have equipment to read, log and insert into the video Kodak's Keykode. Keykode is bar coding that is placed at regular intervals on negative films to aid in identifying and counting of film frames. Evertz, Aaton and ARRI are three types of readers for telecine use.
The suite may or may not have audio post production equipment. This would be to monitor and if needed sync up the program audio to the video source if the sound was not on the film. An audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as effects devices may also be in the suite. The audio may be from the film soundtrack. The term MOS is used, on a slate, when a scene is filmed without sync sound or any sound. A clapperboard slate is used at the start and sometime at the end of scene to mark particular takes recorded during a production.
Other equipment that may be used in the suite are: digital still store\Frame grabber to store references frames, noise reducer to reduce film grain/dirt and video noise; video router and audio router.
The telecine, VTRs and some of the larger equipment are often placed in a central apparatus room or machine room and are interconnected through Cable trays or raised floor to the color suite by patch panels, coaxial cables, computer network and multicore cables.
Some color suites are at video post production facilities that rent them by the hour for the transfer of TV commercials, documentaries and movies.
These color suites would have a client area behind the colorist. With the client present this would be called a supervised session.
SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Film Deck, Lens Gate and Local Control Panel
Da Vinci Systems, Joy ball control panel
Da Vinci Systems, 2k GUI Display
BVW-75, PVW-2800, and UVW-1800 BetacamSP VTRs in a 19-inch racks.
Sony BetacamSP BVW-75 Editing VTR in a 19-inch rack.
See also
Test film
3D LUT
Cintel, telecine equipment.
Color motion picture film
Da Vinci Systems
Pandora International
Digital intermediate
Display resolution
Faroudja, inventors of reverse telecine technologies.
Film recorder
Film restoration
Film-out
Gamma correction
Hard disk recorder
HDTV blur Factors causing HDTV Blur
Image scanner
Telecine (piracy), an unauthorized copy of a film created with a telecine.
Telerecording (UK)
Television
References
Technicolor’s Post production Facility, Technicolor, October 31, 2006
Nice Shoes Adds Fourth Telecine Suite, creativemac.digitalmedianet.com, November 1, 2004
UCLA Film and Television Archive UCLA, visited January 15, 2008
Postworks Opens Fifth Telecine Suite, digitalmedianet.com, May 23, 2006
Film Sound Terminology
vteVideo processingPost-processing
Deblocking
Resizing
Comparison
Deinterlacing
Denoising
Deflicking
Special processing
Film colorization (tinting)
Color grading
Film look
Super-resolution imaging
Video matting
Uncompressed
Pixel art scaling
Telecine | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Color suite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine"},{"link_name":"video tape recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"motion picture film scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner"},{"link_name":"virtual telecine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_telecine"},{"link_name":"direct-to-disk recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-disk_recording"},{"link_name":"film chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_chain"},{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Da Vinci Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems"},{"link_name":"Pandora International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_International"},{"link_name":"video standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_formats"},{"link_name":"high-definition video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"DI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_intermediate"},{"link_name":"digital cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinema"},{"link_name":"movie theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaters"},{"link_name":"video projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector"},{"link_name":"display format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Impresario.jpg"},{"link_name":"production control room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_control_room"},{"link_name":"video monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_monitor"},{"link_name":"waveform monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform_monitor"},{"link_name":"vectorscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorscope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecine_site_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"non-linear editing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system"},{"link_name":"linear editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_editing"},{"link_name":"vision mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_mixer"},{"link_name":"special effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effect"},{"link_name":"character generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_generator"},{"link_name":"subtitle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_(titling)"},{"link_name":"Keykode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keykode"},{"link_name":"Aaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaton"},{"link_name":"ARRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARRI"},{"link_name":"audio post production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_post_production"},{"link_name":"program audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film#Technology"},{"link_name":"the film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-on-film"},{"link_name":"mixing console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"link_name":"audio equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"film soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_(film)"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapperboard"},{"link_name":"Frame grabber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_grabber"},{"link_name":"noise reducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_reduction"},{"link_name":"video noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"video router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_router"},{"link_name":"audio router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_router"},{"link_name":"central apparatus room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_apparatus_room"},{"link_name":"Cable trays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_tray"},{"link_name":"raised floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_floor"},{"link_name":"patch panels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_panel"},{"link_name":"coaxial cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"computer network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"multicore cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicore_cable"},{"link_name":"TV commercials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_commercials"},{"link_name":"documentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movies"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SDC-2000_Spirit_DataCine_Telecine.JPG"},{"link_name":"Spirit DataCine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_DataCine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Impresario_-_control_panel.jpg"},{"link_name":"control panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc2kdui.JPG"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg"},{"link_name":"VTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTR"}],"text":"The video source could be from: a telecine, a video tape recorder (VTR), a motion picture film scanner, virtual telecine or a direct-to-disk recording (DDR) or the older system called a film chain. A high end broadcast color suite may use a Da Vinci Systems or Pandora International color corrector. If a VTR is the source for the video the room is often called a tape to tape suite. Many suites are designed to operate as a telecine suite or a tape to tape suite by changing the configuration of the suite. The operator of the suite is usually called a Colorist. If a telecine is the source this is called a Film to Tape operation. A color suite may use one video standard or be able to change configuration to a number of standards like: high-definition video, NTSC, or PAL or a DI workflow. Color suites are sometime placed in digital cinema movie theaters with a video projector for color correction to that display format.Blackmagic Design DaVinci Resolve Advanced PanelThe suite room will also have equipment in the production control room for monitoring the video signal such a video monitor, waveform monitor and vectorscope.A Shadow Telecine in a color correction suite.The suite may have an either a non-linear editing system (NLE) or linear editing system to control the source and record device. This may be internal to the color grading device, as in a Pandora's Pogle or Da Vinci's 2k or external, as in Da Vinci's TLC (telecine controller).A vision mixer may also be in the suite for monitoring different video sources or for simple or special effects in the video. A character generator is sometime used also for titling and subtitle.The suite may have equipment to read, log and insert into the video Kodak's Keykode. Keykode is bar coding that is placed at regular intervals on negative films to aid in identifying and counting of film frames. Evertz, Aaton and ARRI are three types of readers for telecine use.The suite may or may not have audio post production equipment. This would be to monitor and if needed sync up the program audio to the video source if the sound was not on the film. An audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as effects devices may also be in the suite. The audio may be from the film soundtrack. The term MOS is used, on a slate, when a scene is filmed without sync sound or any sound. A clapperboard slate is used at the start and sometime at the end of scene to mark particular takes recorded during a production.Other equipment that may be used in the suite are: digital still store\\Frame grabber to store references frames, noise reducer to reduce film grain/dirt and video noise; video router and audio router.The telecine, VTRs and some of the larger equipment are often placed in a central apparatus room or machine room and are interconnected through Cable trays or raised floor to the color suite by patch panels, coaxial cables, computer network and multicore cables.Some color suites are at video post production facilities that rent them by the hour for the transfer of TV commercials, documentaries and movies.\nThese color suites would have a client area behind the colorist. With the client present this would be called a supervised session.SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Film Deck, Lens Gate and Local Control PanelDa Vinci Systems, Joy ball control panel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDa Vinci Systems, 2k GUI DisplayBVW-75, PVW-2800, and UVW-1800 BetacamSP VTRs in a 19-inch racks.Sony BetacamSP BVW-75 Editing VTR in a 19-inch rack.","title":"Technology and specifications"}] | [{"image_text":"Blackmagic Design DaVinci Resolve Advanced Panel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Da_Vinci_Impresario.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Impresario.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Shadow Telecine in a color correction suite.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Telecine_site_1.jpg/300px-Telecine_site_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Film Deck, Lens Gate and Local Control Panel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SDC-2000_Spirit_DataCine_Telecine.JPG/250px-SDC-2000_Spirit_DataCine_Telecine.JPG"},{"image_text":"BVW-75, PVW-2800, and UVW-1800 BetacamSP VTRs in a 19-inch racks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg/250px-BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sony BetacamSP BVW-75 Editing VTR in a 19-inch rack.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg/250px-Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Test film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_film"},{"title":"3D LUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_LUT"},{"title":"Cintel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintel"},{"title":"Color motion picture film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film"},{"title":"Da Vinci Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci_Systems"},{"title":"Pandora International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_International"},{"title":"Digital intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_intermediate"},{"title":"Display resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution"},{"title":"Faroudja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroudja"},{"title":"Film recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_recorder"},{"title":"Film restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_restoration"},{"title":"Film-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film-out"},{"title":"Gamma correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction"},{"title":"Hard disk recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder"},{"title":"HDTV blur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV_blur"},{"title":"Image scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner"},{"title":"Telecine (piracy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine_(piracy)"},{"title":"Telerecording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerecording"},{"title":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527184115/http://www.technicolor.com/en/hi/broadcast/broadcast-post-production","external_links_name":"Technicolor’s Post production Facility"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001022105/http://creativemac.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=28880","external_links_name":"Nice Shoes Adds Fourth Telecine Suite"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080108231322/http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/commercial/telecineprocedures.htm","external_links_name":"UCLA Film and Television Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807134111/http://digitalintermediates.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=43800-0","external_links_name":"Postworks Opens Fifth Telecine Suite"},{"Link":"http://filmsound.org/terminology/mos.htm","external_links_name":"Film Sound Terminology"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Geale | Daniel Geale | ["1 Early life","2 Amateur career","2.1 Amateur highlights","3 Professional career","3.1 IBF middleweight champion","3.2 Unified middleweight champion","3.3 Geale vs. Mundine II","3.4 Geale vs. Barker","3.5 Geale vs. Golovkin","4 Professional boxing record","5 References","6 External links"] | Australian boxer
Daniel GealeGeale in 2013Born (1981-02-26) 26 February 1981 (age 43)Launceston, Tasmania,AustraliaNationalityAustralianOther namesReal DealStatisticsWeight(s)
Light-middleweight
Middleweight
Super-middleweight
Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Reach180 cm (71 in)StanceOrthodox
Boxing recordTotal fights36Wins31Wins by KO16Losses5
Medal record
Men's amateur boxing
Representing Australia
Commonwealth Games
2002 Manchester
Welterweight
East Asian Games
2001 Osaka
Welterweight
Daniel Geale (born 26 February 1981) is an Australian former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2016. He held the unified WBA (Super) and IBF middleweight titles between 2011 and 2013, and the IBO middleweight title from 2007 to 2009. As an amateur boxer, Geale won a welterweight gold medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
Early life
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Born in Launceston, Tasmania, Geale is of mixed British and Aboriginal ancestry.
Amateur career
Other than winning the 2002 Commonwealth Games at welterweight, Geale also represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He lost in the first round to Italy's Leonard Bundu. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
Amateur highlights
2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia as a welterweight:
Lost to Leonard Bundu (Italy) 2:4
2001 East Asian Games in Osaka, Japan:
Defeated Naoki Hirata (Japan) +12-12
Lost to Gennady Golovkin (Kazakhstan) 3-15
2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, won Gold Medal:
Defeated Tsetsi Davis (Jamaica) rsf
Defeated Tony Cesay (Sle) 25-13
Defeated Daniel Codling (New Zealand) 27-13
Defeated Kwanele Zulu (South Africa)
2002 Boxing World Cup in Astana, Kazakhstan:
Lost to Mustafa Karagollu (Turkey)
Lost to Yudel Jhonson (Cuba) RSC 2
2003 World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand
Lost to Bakhtiyar Artayev (Kazakhstan) 8-30
Professional career
Geale turned pro in 2004, knocking out Danny Bellert in the third round. He then went on to build a record of 17 bouts for 17 wins with 12 KO's. On 14 December 2007, Geale fought for the IBO Middleweight Championship of the world against another undefeated Australian, Daniel Dawson, who was 29-0-0 with 20 KO's coming into the fight. Geale outclassed Dawson over 12 rounds to win the IBO Middleweight title with the judges scoring the bout 120-110, 120-110 and 119-109.
In June 2008, Geale defended his IBO Middleweight Championship with another 12 round unanimous decision over Geard Ajetovic. In December 2008, Geale faced Daniel MacKinnon in a non-title bout. Geale was down in the 8th, McKinnon was down in the 4th, 6th & twice in the 8th, Geale won a unanimous decision with judges scoring the bout 100-87, 100-87, 100-88. In March 2009 Geale defeated Ian MacKillop with a first-round knockout but in May of that year he lost his next fight in a controversial split decision to former WBA super middleweight champion Anthony Mundine to lose his IBO middleweight title. Mundine later stated that he hardly studied Geale during his training camp for the fight. Geale however, would rebound from the controversial defeat with 3 wins including an IBF Eliminator setting himself up for a world title shot.
IBF middleweight champion
In May 2011, Geale defeated Sebastian Sylvester in Germany by split decision (scores of 118-110, 118-112, 110-118) to become the new IBF middleweight world champion. In August 2011, he made his first successful title defense against contender Eromosele Albert, winning by unanimous decision. Geale made his second successful IBF title defense by defeating Ghana's Osumanu Adama via unanimous decision (scores of 118-110, 117-111, 115-113) on 7 March 2012.
Unified middleweight champion
On 1 September 2012 Geale defeated long time WBA champion Felix Sturm in Oberhausen, Germany via split decision (scores of 116-112, 116-112, 112-116), thus unifying the WBA title with his already held IBF title .
Geale's reign as unified champion was short-lived, as two months after winning the WBA title, he was stripped of it for choosing to fight Anthony Mundine in a rematch over mandatory challenger Gennady Golovkin. Geale was punished for Sturm's refusal to fight mandatory challengers when he was champion. When Geale won the title, the WBA gave him four-and-a-half months instead of the regular nine to defend against the mandatory - in this case Golovkin. Their reasoning was that their mandatory challengers had been ignored for too long.
Geale vs. Mundine II
On 30 January 2013 Geale beat Anthony Mundine in a unanimous points decision (scores of 116-112, 117-111, 117-111) at the Sydney Entertainment Centre to retain his IBF middleweight world title.
Immediately after ring announcer Jimmy Lennon Jr. read out the result, Mundine and his entourage stormed out of the ring and left the arena.
Geale vs. Barker
On 17 August 2013, Geale fought British fighter Darren Barker for Geale's IBF Middleweight world title in Atlantic City. Despite knocking down Barker in the sixth round, Geale lost in a split-decision.
Geale vs. Golovkin
In what was billed as the biggest night of his career and taking place in the legendary Madison Square Garden, Geale lost by TKO in the third round to the Kazakh Gennady Golovkin. Entering the fight as the clear underdog with Golovkin listed by most bookmakers as the 14 to 1 favourite and despite having fought, according to Golovkin "like a champion", Geale was clearly outclassed by Golovkin when during the final exchange Golovkin counterpunched Geale after Geale had connected with a right to the Kazakh's head.
Professional boxing record
36 fights
31 wins
5 losses
By knockout
16
3
By decision
15
2
No.
Result
Record
Opponent
Type
Round, time
Date
Location
Notes
36
Loss
31–5
Renold Quinlan
KO
2 (12), 1:14
14 Oct 2016
Silverdome, Launceston, Australia
For vacant IBO super-middleweight title
35
Loss
31–4
Miguel Cotto
TKO
4 (12), 1:28
6 Jun 2015
Barclays Center, New York City, New York, US
For WBC and The Ring middleweight titles
34
Win
31–3
Jarrod Fletcher
UD
12
3 Dec 2014
Hordern Pavilion, Sydney, Australia
Won vacant WBO Asia Pacific interim and PABA middleweight titles
33
Loss
30–3
Gennady Golovkin
TKO
3 (12), 2:47
26 Jul 2014
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US
For WBA (Super) and IBO middleweight titles
32
Win
30–2
Garth Wood
RTD
6 (12), 3:00
19 Feb 2014
Hordern Pavilion, Sydney, Australia
Won WBA Pan African and vacant IBF Pan Pacific middleweight titles
31
Loss
29–2
Darren Barker
SD
12
17 Aug 2013
Revel Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, US
Lost IBF middleweight title
30
Win
29–1
Anthony Mundine
UD
12
30 Jan 2013
Entertainment Centre, Sydney, Australia
Retained IBF middleweight title
29
Win
28–1
Felix Sturm
SD
12
1 Sep 2012
König Pilsener Arena, Oberhausen, Germany
Retained IBF middleweight title;Won WBA (Super) middleweight title
28
Win
27–1
Osumanu Adama
UD
12
7 Mar 2012
Derwent Entertainment Centre, Hobart, Australia
Retained IBF middleweight title
27
Win
26–1
Eromosele Albert
UD
12
31 Aug 2011
Derwent Entertainment Centre, Hobart, Australia
Retained IBF middleweight title
26
Win
25–1
Sebastian Sylvester
SD
12
7 May 2011
Jahnsportforum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
Won IBF middleweight title
25
Win
24–1
Roman Karmazin
TKO
12 (12), 2:30
31 Oct 2010
State Sports Centre, Sydney, Australia
24
Win
23–1
Kariz Kariuki
TKO
11 (12), 2:49
2 Jun 2010
Entertainment Centre, Wollongong, Australia
Won vacant IBF Pan Pacific super-middleweight title
23
Win
22–1
Samir Santos Barbosa
UD
12
21 Oct 2009
Silverdome, Launceston, Australia
Won vacant IBF Pan Pacific middleweight title
22
Loss
21–1
Anthony Mundine
SD
12
27 May 2009
Entertainment Centre, Brisbane, Australia
Lost IBO middleweight title
21
Win
21–0
Ian MacKillop
KO
1 (10), 1:58
11 Mar 2009
The Cube, Sydney, Australia
20
Win
20–0
Daniel McKinnon
UD
10
5 Dec 2008
The Cube, Sydney, Australia
19
Win
19–0
Geard Ajetović
UD
12
27 Jun 2008
Campbelltown Catholic Club, Sydney, Australia
Retained IBO middleweight title
18
Win
18–0
Daniel Dawson
UD
12
14 Dec 2007
Campbelltown Stadium, Sydney, Australia
Won vacant IBO middleweight title
17
Win
17–0
Lee Oti
KO
2 (8), 2:06
12 Oct 2007
Penrith Stadium, Sydney, Australia
16
Win
16–0
Parkpoom Jangphonak
UD
12
4 May 2007
Endeavour Field, Sydney, Australia
Won vacant IBF Pan Pacific and IBO Inter-Continental middleweight titles
15
Win
15–0
Lee Oti
UD
12
4 Feb 2007
State Sports Centre, Sydney, Australia
Retained IBF Pan Pacific and OPBF interim light-middleweight titles
14
Win
14–0
Somchai Chimlum
UD
6
15 Dec 2006
Fairy Meadow Fraternity Bowling Club, Wollongong, Australia
13
Win
13–0
Sonni Michael Angelo
TKO
4 (10), 2:55
4 Aug 2006
Campbelltown Catholic Club, Sydney, Australia
12
Win
12–0
Nonoy Gonzales
UD
8
7 Jul 2006
Campbelltown Catholic Club, Sydney, Australia
11
Win
11–0
Timo Masua
KO
4 (8), 0:24
4 Mar 2006
City Hall, Hobart, Australia
10
Win
10–0
Garry Comer
TKO
2 (10), 1:40
27 Nov 2005
Vodafone Arena, Melbourne, Australia
9
Win
9–0
Garry Comer
KO
8 (12), 1:48
22 Oct 2005
Convention and Exhibition Centre, Sydney, Australia
Won vacant OPBF interim light-middleweight title
8
Win
8–0
Steve Douet
TKO
2 (12), 1:01
16 Sep 2005
Blacktown RSL Club, Sydney, Australia
Won vacant IBF Pan Pacific light-middleweight title
7
Win
7–0
Steve Douet
UD
6
1 Jul 2005
Panthers World of Entertainment, Sydney, Australia
6
Win
6–0
Domenic DeVanna
TKO
1 (8), 2:08
1 Apr 2005
Panthers World of Entertainment, Sydney, Australia
5
Win
5–0
Peter Rolph
KO
1 (8), 1:37
18 Mar 2005
Mansfield Tavern, Brisbane, Australia
4
Win
4–0
Sean Connell
TKO
3 (6), 1:05
6 Feb 2005
Panthers World of Entertainment, Sydney, Australia
3
Win
3–0
Bruce Glozier
KO
1 (6), 1:12
10 Dec 2004
Fankhauser Reserve, Gold Coast, Australia
2
Win
2–0
Domenic DeVanna
TKO
2 (6), 2:22
19 Nov 2004
Blacktown RSL Club, Sydney, Australia
1
Win
1–0
Danny Bellert
KO
3 (6), 1:27
1 Oct 2004
Fankhauser Reserve, Gold Coast, Australia
References
^ The Compendium: Official Australian Olympic Statistics 1896–2002. Australian Olympic Committee. 2003. p. 181. ISBN 0-7022-3425-7.
^ AIS at the Olympics Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Daniel Geale wins unification title bout with split points decision over Germany's Felix Sturm
^ Geale Stripped of WBA title, Fox Sports Australia, 2 November 2012
^ Geale dominates Mundine to win re-match, Ciaran Baynes, ABC News Online, 30 January 2013
^ "Boxing: Darren Barker becomes IBF world middleweight champion after defeating Daniel Geale by a split decision in Atlantic City". Independent. 18 August 2013.
^ "Daniel Geale crushed by Gennady Golovkin in Middleweight title". The Guardian. 27 July 2014.
^ "Golovkin vs Geale odds: I'm at my best when I'm the Underdog". fightsaga. 26 July 2014.
^ "Gennady Golovkin vs Daniel Geale: Winner, Recap and Analysis". Bleacher Report. 26 July 2014.
External links
Official website
Boxing record for Daniel Geale from BoxRec (registration required)
Daniel Geale at IMDb
Daniel Geale - Bujutsu Martial Arts Centre
Sporting positions
Regional boxing titles
VacantTitle last held byShannan Taylor
IBF Pan Pacificlight-middleweight champion 16 September 2005 – May 2007Vacated
VacantTitle next held byRyan Waters
VacantTitle last held bySeiji Takechi
OPBF light-middleweight championInterim title 22 October 2005 – May 2007Vacated
Vacant
VacantTitle last held byPeter Mitrevski Jr.
IBF Pan Pacificmiddleweight champion 4 May 2007 – December 2007Vacated
VacantTitle next held byHimself
VacantTitle last held byAaron Mitchell
IBO Inter-Continentalmiddleweight champion 4 May 2007 – 14 December 2007Won world title
VacantTitle next held byOsumanu Adama
VacantTitle last held byHimself
IBF Pan Pacificmiddleweight champion 21 October 2009 – June 2010Vacated
VacantTitle next held bySam Soliman
VacantTitle last held byPeter Mitrevski Jr.
IBF Pan Pacificsuper-middleweight champion 2 June 2010 – October 2010Vacated
VacantTitle next held byShannan Taylor
Preceded byGarth Wood
WBA Pan Africanmiddleweight champion 19 February 2014 – 26 July 2014Lost bid for world title
VacantTitle next held byDowayne Combrink
VacantTitle last held byLes Sherrington
IBF Pan Pacificmiddleweight champion 19 February 2014 – July 2014Vacated
VacantTitle next held byMichael Zerafa
New title
WBO Asia Pacificmiddleweight championInterim title 3 December 2014 – June 2015Vacated
Vacant
VacantTitle last held byJarrod Fletcher
PABA middleweight champion 3 December 2014 – June 2015Vacated
Minor world boxing titles
VacantTitle last held byRaymond Joval
IBO middleweight champion 14 December 2007 – 27 May 2009
Succeeded byAnthony Mundine
Major world boxing titles
Preceded bySebastian Sylvester
IBF middleweight champion 7 May 2011 – 17 August 2013
Succeeded byDarren Barker
Preceded byFelix Sturm
WBA middleweight championSuper title 1 September 2012 – 2 November 2012Stripped
Succeeded byGennady Golovkin
vteCommonwealth Games Boxing Champions in Men's Welterweight
1930 – 2002: up to 67 kg
2006 – 2018: up to 69 kg
2022 – present: up to 67 kg
1930: Leonard Hall (SAF)
1934: Dave McCleave (ENG)
1938: Bill Smith (AUS)
1950: Terry Ratcliffe (ENG)
1954: Nicholas Gargano (ENG)
1958: Joseph Greyling (SAF)
1962: Wallace Coe (NZL)
1966: Eddie Blay (GHA)
1970: Emma Ankudey (GHA)
1974: Mohamed Muruli (UGA)
1978: Mike McCallum (JAM)
1982: Chris Pyatt (ENG)
1986: Darren Dyer (ENG)
1990: David Defiagbon (NGR)
1994: Neil Sinclair (NIR)
1998: Jeremy Molitor (CAN)
2002: Daniel Geale (AUS)
2006: Bongani Mwelase (RSA)
2010: Paddy Gallagher (NIR)
2014: Scott Fitzgerald (ENG)
2018: Pat McCormack (ENG)
2022: Ioan Croft (WAL)
vteAboriginal anthropology in TasmaniaAboriginal Tasmanians
Dolly Dalrymple
Wauba Debar
Daniel Geale
William Lanne
Luggenemenener
Mannalargenna
Michael Mansell
Fanny Cochrane Smith
Truganini
Tasmanian tribes
Toogee
Aboriginal history
Black War
Cape Grim massacre
Tasmanian languagesNorthern–Western
Tommeginne
Port Sorell
Peerapper
Toogee
Northeastern
Pyemmairre
Tyerrernotepanner
"Norman"
"Lhotsky/Blackhouse"
Eastern
Little Swanport
Paredarerme
Nuenonne
Bruny Island
Constructed
palawa kani
See also: List of Indigenous Australian group names
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"WBA (Super)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBA_(Super)"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"IBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"amateur boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_boxer"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight"},{"link_name":"2002 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Daniel Geale (born 26 February 1981) is an Australian former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2016. He held the unified WBA (Super) and IBF middleweight titles between 2011 and 2013, and the IBO middleweight title from 2007 to 2009. As an amateur boxer, Geale won a welterweight gold medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.","title":"Daniel Geale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Launceston, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanian"}],"text":"Born in Launceston, Tasmania, Geale is of mixed British and Aboriginal ancestry.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bundu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Other than winning the 2002 Commonwealth Games at welterweight, Geale also represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He lost in the first round to Italy's Leonard Bundu.[1] He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.[2]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bundu"},{"link_name":"2001 East Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_East_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Naoki Hirata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naoki_Hirata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gennady Golovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin"},{"link_name":"2002 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Tsetsi Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsetsi_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Cesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Cesay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Codling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Codling"},{"link_name":"Kwanele Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwanele_Zulu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002 Boxing World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Boxing_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Karagollu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Karagollu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yudel Jhonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudel_Jhonson"},{"link_name":"Bakhtiyar Artayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Artayev"}],"sub_title":"Amateur highlights","text":"2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia as a welterweight:\nLost to Leonard Bundu (Italy) 2:4\n2001 East Asian Games in Osaka, Japan:\nDefeated Naoki Hirata (Japan) +12-12\nLost to Gennady Golovkin (Kazakhstan) 3-15\n2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, won Gold Medal:\nDefeated Tsetsi Davis (Jamaica) rsf\nDefeated Tony Cesay (Sle) 25-13\nDefeated Daniel Codling (New Zealand) 27-13\nDefeated Kwanele Zulu (South Africa)\n2002 Boxing World Cup in Astana, Kazakhstan:\nLost to Mustafa Karagollu (Turkey)\nLost to Yudel Jhonson (Cuba) RSC 2\n2003 World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand\nLost to Bakhtiyar Artayev (Kazakhstan) 8-30","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Geard Ajetovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geard_Ajetovic"},{"link_name":"Daniel MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_MacKinnon_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Ian MacKillop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_MacKillop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mundine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mundine"},{"link_name":"IBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization"}],"text":"Geale turned pro in 2004, knocking out Danny Bellert in the third round. He then went on to build a record of 17 bouts for 17 wins with 12 KO's. On 14 December 2007, Geale fought for the IBO Middleweight Championship of the world against another undefeated Australian, Daniel Dawson, who was 29-0-0 with 20 KO's coming into the fight. Geale outclassed Dawson over 12 rounds to win the IBO Middleweight title with the judges scoring the bout 120-110, 120-110 and 119-109.In June 2008, Geale defended his IBO Middleweight Championship with another 12 round unanimous decision over Geard Ajetovic. In December 2008, Geale faced Daniel MacKinnon in a non-title bout. Geale was down in the 8th, McKinnon was down in the 4th, 6th & twice in the 8th, Geale won a unanimous decision with judges scoring the bout 100-87, 100-87, 100-88. In March 2009 Geale defeated Ian MacKillop with a first-round knockout but in May of that year he lost his next fight in a controversial split decision to former WBA super middleweight champion Anthony Mundine to lose his IBO middleweight title. Mundine later stated that he hardly studied Geale during his training camp for the fight. Geale however, would rebound from the controversial defeat with 3 wins including an IBF Eliminator setting himself up for a world title shot.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastian Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBF"},{"link_name":"Ghana's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Osumanu Adama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osumanu_Adama"}],"sub_title":"IBF middleweight champion","text":"In May 2011, Geale defeated Sebastian Sylvester in Germany by split decision (scores of 118-110, 118-112, 110-118) to become the new IBF middleweight world champion. In August 2011, he made his first successful title defense against contender Eromosele Albert, winning by unanimous decision. Geale made his second successful IBF title defense by defeating Ghana's Osumanu Adama via unanimous decision (scores of 118-110, 117-111, 115-113) on 7 March 2012.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Sturm"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mundine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mundine"},{"link_name":"mandatory challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_challenger"},{"link_name":"Gennady Golovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Unified middleweight champion","text":"On 1 September 2012 Geale defeated long time WBA champion Felix Sturm in Oberhausen, Germany via split decision (scores of 116-112, 116-112, 112-116), thus unifying the WBA title with his already held IBF title .[3]Geale's reign as unified champion was short-lived, as two months after winning the WBA title, he was stripped of it for choosing to fight Anthony Mundine in a rematch over mandatory challenger Gennady Golovkin. Geale was punished for Sturm's refusal to fight mandatory challengers when he was champion. When Geale won the title, the WBA gave him four-and-a-half months instead of the regular nine to defend against the mandatory - in this case Golovkin. Their reasoning was that their mandatory challengers had been ignored for too long.[4]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Geale vs. Mundine II","text":"On 30 January 2013 Geale beat Anthony Mundine in a unanimous points decision (scores of 116-112, 117-111, 117-111) at the Sydney Entertainment Centre to retain his IBF middleweight world title.\nImmediately after ring announcer Jimmy Lennon Jr. read out the result, Mundine and his entourage stormed out of the ring and left the arena.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darren Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Barker"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"Middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Geale vs. Barker","text":"On 17 August 2013, Geale fought British fighter Darren Barker for Geale's IBF Middleweight world title in Atlantic City. Despite knocking down Barker in the sixth round, Geale lost in a split-decision.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Gennady Golovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Geale vs. Golovkin","text":"In what was billed as the biggest night of his career and taking place in the legendary Madison Square Garden, Geale lost by TKO in the third round to the Kazakh Gennady Golovkin.[7] Entering the fight as the clear underdog with Golovkin listed by most bookmakers as the 14 to 1 favourite[8] and despite having fought, according to Golovkin \"like a champion\", Geale was clearly outclassed by Golovkin when during the final exchange Golovkin counterpunched Geale after Geale had connected with a right to the Kazakh's head.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Compendium: Official Australian Olympic Statistics 1896–2002. Australian Olympic Committee. 2003. p. 181. ISBN 0-7022-3425-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"Australian Olympic Committee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-3425-7","url_text":"0-7022-3425-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Boxing: Darren Barker becomes IBF world middleweight champion after defeating Daniel Geale by a split decision in Atlantic City\". Independent. 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/boxing-darren-barker-becomes-ibf-world-middleweight-champion-after-defeating-daniel-geale-by-a-split-decision-in-atlantic-city-8773064.html","url_text":"\"Boxing: Darren Barker becomes IBF world middleweight champion after defeating Daniel Geale by a split decision in Atlantic City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Geale crushed by Gennady Golovkin in Middleweight title\". The Guardian. 27 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/27/daniel-geale-crushed-by-gennady-golovkin-in-middleweight-title-fight","url_text":"\"Daniel Geale crushed by Gennady Golovkin in Middleweight title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golovkin vs Geale odds: I'm at my best when I'm the Underdog\". fightsaga. 26 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fightsaga.com/news/item/4628-Golovkin-vs-Geale-odds-I-m-at-my-best-when-I-m-the-underdog","url_text":"\"Golovkin vs Geale odds: I'm at my best when I'm the Underdog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gennady Golovkin vs Daniel Geale: Winner, Recap and Analysis\". Bleacher Report. 26 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2142593-gennady-golovkin-vs-daniel-geale-winner-recap-and-analysis","url_text":"\"Gennady Golovkin vs Daniel Geale: Winner, Recap and Analysis\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daniel+Geale%22","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Geale\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daniel+Geale%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daniel+Geale%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daniel+Geale%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daniel+Geale%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daniel+Geale%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics","external_links_name":"AIS at the Olympics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209032611/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/other-sports/boxing/daniel-geale-wins-unification-title-bout-with-split-points-decision-over-germanys-felix-sturm/story-e6frf5h3-1226463236666","external_links_name":"Daniel Geale wins unification title bout with split points decision over Germany's Felix Sturm"},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/other-sports/boxing/wba-strips-daniel-geale-of-middleweight-title-for-fighting-anthony-mundine-instead-of-gennardy-golovkin/story-e6frf5h3-1226509061727#.UQvGwb89OSp","external_links_name":"Geale Stripped of WBA title"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-31/geale-dominates-mundine-to-win-re-match/4492386?section=sport","external_links_name":"Geale dominates Mundine to win re-match"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/boxing-darren-barker-becomes-ibf-world-middleweight-champion-after-defeating-daniel-geale-by-a-split-decision-in-atlantic-city-8773064.html","external_links_name":"\"Boxing: Darren Barker becomes IBF world middleweight champion after defeating Daniel Geale by a split decision in Atlantic City\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/27/daniel-geale-crushed-by-gennady-golovkin-in-middleweight-title-fight","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Geale crushed by Gennady Golovkin in Middleweight title\""},{"Link":"http://www.fightsaga.com/news/item/4628-Golovkin-vs-Geale-odds-I-m-at-my-best-when-I-m-the-underdog","external_links_name":"\"Golovkin vs Geale odds: I'm at my best when I'm the Underdog\""},{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2142593-gennady-golovkin-vs-daniel-geale-winner-recap-and-analysis","external_links_name":"\"Gennady Golovkin vs Daniel Geale: Winner, Recap and Analysis\""},{"Link":"http://danielgeale.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/272538","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Daniel Geale"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7387456/","external_links_name":"Daniel Geale"},{"Link":"https://bujutsumartialarts.com.au/daniel-geale/","external_links_name":"Daniel Geale - Bujutsu Martial Arts Centre"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6609148390845310830006","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McPhee/Parker/Lazro | McPhee/Parker/Lazro | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1996 live album by Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik LazroMcPhee/Parker/LazroLive album by Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik LazroReleased1996Recorded13 May 1995 at La Manufacture - Atelier du Rhin in Colmar and 23 May 1995 at Festival Musique Action '95, in Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy.GenreJazzLength62:55LabelVand'Oeuvre CIMP 132ProducerRobert D. RuschJoe McPhee chronology
Sweet Freedom - Now What?(1994)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro(1996)
Common Threads(1995)
Evan Parker chronology
Breaths and Heartbeats(1995)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro(1996)
Tempranillo(1996)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro is a live album by saxophonists Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik Lazro recorded in France in 1995 and first released on the Vand'Oeuvre label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEncyclopedia of Popular Music
AllMusic reviewer Thom Jurek states "This isn't a noodle fest, but it is very subdued with little change in dynamic throughout. This is a disc for people who like to think about the saxophone or hear Joe McPhee practice with a couple of other guys".
Track listing
All compositions by Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik Lazro
"The Emmet's Inch" - 36:59
"The Snake and the Scorpion" (McPhee, Parker) - 4:36
"Fire on the Water" (Lazro, McPhee) - 7:06
"And Eagle's Mile" - 14:53
Personnel
Joe McPhee - pocket trumpet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, alto clarinet
Evan Parker - soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
Daunik Lazro - alto saxophone, baritone saxophone
References
^ Joe McPhee discography accessed April 22, 2015
^ a b Jurek, Thom. McPhee/Parker/Lazro – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Oxford University Press. p. 419.
vteJoe McPheeStudio albums
Pieces of Light (1974)
Old Eyes (1980)
Topology (1981)
Oleo (1982)
Visitation (1985)
Linear B (1990)
Impressions of Jimmy Giuffre (1992)
Sweet Freedom - Now What? (1995)
A Meeting in Chicago (1996)
As Serious As Your Life (1996)
Legend Street One (1996)
Legend Street Two (1996)
Inside Out (1996)
Finger Wrigglers (1996)
The Brass City (1997)
Chicago Tenor Duets (1998)
Zebulon (1998)
In the Spirit (1999)
No Greater Love (1999)
Grand Marquis (1999)
Tales Out of Time (2002)
Live albums
Underground Railroad (1969)
Nation Time (1971)
Black Magic Man (1971)
At WBAI's Free Music Store, 1971 (1971)
Trinity (1972)
Rotation (1976)
The Willisau Concert (1976)
Tenor (1977)
Graphics (1977)
Variations on a Blue Line (1977)
Glasses (1977)
MFG in Minnesota (1978)
Élan • Impulse (1991)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro (1995)
Common Threads (1995)
Specific Gravity (1997)
The Dream Book (1998)
Emancipation Proclamation: A Real Statement of Freedom (1999)
Manhattan Tango (2000)
Port of Saints (2000)
Voices & Dreams (2000)
Mister Peabody Goes to Baltimore (2000)
Remembrance (2001)
In Finland (2004)
Guts (2007)
What/If/They Both Could Fly (2012)
Trio X
Rapture (1999)
The Watermelon Suite (1999)
On Tour (2001)
In Black and White (2002)
Journey (2003)
The Sugar Hill Suite (2004)
Moods: Playing with the Elements (2005)
Roulette at Location One (2005)
Air: Above and Beyond (2006)
vteEvan ParkerYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums
The Music Improvisation Company 1968–1971 (1969 & 1970)
The Topography of the Lungs (1970)
The Music Improvisation Company (1970)
Collective Calls (Urban) (Two Microphones) (1972)
Monoceros (1978)
The Snake Decides (1986)
The Redwood Session (1995)
Tempranillo (1995)
Chicago Solo (1995)
Toward the Margins (1996)
Natives and Aliens (1996)
Drawn Inward (1998)
Chicago Tenor Duets (1998)
Foxes Fox (1999)
Birds and Blades (2002)
Naan Tso (2004)
Rex, Wrecks & XXX (2011)
Either Or And (2013)
Live albums
At the Unity Theatre (1975)
Saxophone Solos (1975)
The Ayes Have It (1983 & 1991)
Atlanta (1986)
Three Blokes (1992)
50th Birthday Concert (1994)
McPhee/Parker/Lazro (1995)
At the Vortex (1996)
Unity Variations (1998)
After Appleby (1999)
Memory/Vision (2002)
The Bishop's Move (2003)
The Eleventh Hour (2004)
Boustrophedon (2004)
The Moment's Energy (2007)
Dortmund Variations (2010)
Live at Maya Recordings Festival (2011)
Rocket Science (2012)
What/If/They Both Could Fly (2012)
Music for David Mossman (2016)
Related articles
Spontaneous Music Ensemble
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McPhee"},{"link_name":"Evan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Parker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe_McPhee_discography-1"}],"text":"1996 live album by Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik LazroMcPhee/Parker/Lazro is a live album by saxophonists Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik Lazro recorded in France in 1995 and first released on the Vand'Oeuvre label.[1]","title":"McPhee/Parker/Lazro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"}],"text":"AllMusic reviewer Thom Jurek states \"This isn't a noodle fest, but it is very subdued with little change in dynamic throughout. This is a disc for people who like to think about the saxophone or hear Joe McPhee practice with a couple of other guys\".[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by Joe McPhee, Evan Parker and Daunik Lazro\"The Emmet's Inch\" - 36:59\n\"The Snake and the Scorpion\" (McPhee, Parker) - 4:36\n\"Fire on the Water\" (Lazro, McPhee) - 7:06\n\"And Eagle's Mile\" - 14:53","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McPhee"},{"link_name":"pocket trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet"},{"link_name":"soprano saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophone"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"alto clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_clarinet"},{"link_name":"Evan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Parker"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"}],"text":"Joe McPhee - pocket trumpet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, alto clarinet\nEvan Parker - soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone\nDaunik Lazro - alto saxophone, baritone saxophone","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Oxford University Press. p. 419.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://joemcphee.com/mcphee/parker/lazro.html","external_links_name":"Joe McPhee discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mwmw0000903412","external_links_name":"McPhee/Parker/Lazro – Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/5b68d708-014e-460f-a60c-557fa6c7ab01","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_navy_enlisted_ranks_of_Arabophone_countries | Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Arabophone countries | ["1 Other ranks","2 References"] | Rank comparison chart of Non-commissioned officer and enlisted ranks for navies of Arabophone states.
Other ranks
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
Algerian National Navyvte
No insignia
مساعد أولMosa'id awwal
مساعدMosa'id
رقيب أولRaqib awwal
رقيبRaqib
عريف أولEarif 'awal
عريفEarif
جنديJundiun
Adjudant chef
Adjudant
Sergent chef
Sergent
Caporal chef
Caporal
Djoundi
Royal Bahrain Naval Forcevte
No insignia
رقیب أولRaqib 'awal
رقیبRaqib
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun awwal
جنديJundiun
Djiboutian Navyvte
Maître-principal
Premier maître
Maître
Second maître
Quartier-maitre se 1ère classe
Quartier-maitre se 2ème classe
Matelot brevet
Matelot
Egyptian Navyvte
مساعد أولMosa'id awwal
مساعدMosa'id
رقيب أولRaqib awwal
رقيبRaqib
عريف'arif
جنديJundi
Iraqi Navyvte
رقيب أولRayiys eurafa
رقيبArif
نائب عريفNāyīb arīf
جندي أولJundi 'awwal
جندىJundi
Royal Jordanian Navyvte
No insignia
وكيل أولWakil 'awal
وكيلWakil
رقيب أولRaqib 'awal
رقیبRaqib
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun awwal
جنديJundiun
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
Kuwait Navyvte
No insignia
وكيل أولWakil 'awal
وكيلWakil
رقيب أولRaqib 'awal
رقیبRaqib
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun awwal
جنديJundiun
Lebanese Navyvte
No insignia
مؤهل أولMuahal 'awal
مؤهلMuahal
معاون أوّلMaawan 'awal
معاونMaawan
رقيب أوّلRaqib awwl
رقيبRaqib
عريف أولEarif 'awal
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun 'awal
جنديJundiun
Libyan Navyvte
No insignia
Master sergeant
Staff sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Private 1st class
Private
Mauritanian Navyvte
مساعد أول بحريMosa'id awwal bahriun
مساعد بحريMosa'id bahriun
رقيب أول بحريRaqib awwal bahriun
رقيب بحريRaqib bahriun
عريف بحري'arif bahriun
بحارBihaar
Royal Moroccan Navyvte
No insignia
Maître principal
Premier maître
Maître
Second-maître de 1ère classe
Second-maître de 2ème classe
Quartier-maître de 1ère classe
Quartier-maître de 2ème classe
Matelot de 1ère classe
Matelot
Royal Navy of Omanvte
وكيل أولWakil 'awal
وكيلWakil
رقيب أولRaqib 'awal
رقيبRaqib
عريفEarif
نائب عريفNayib earif
Qatari Emiri Navyvte
No insignia
وكيل اولWakil awwal
وكيل ثانيWakil thani
رقيبRaqib
نائبNayib
عريفEarif
وكيل عريفWakil earif
جنديJundi
Royal Saudi Navyvte
No insignia
رقيب أولRaqib 'awal
رقيبRaqib
وكيل رقيبWakil raqib
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun awwal
جنديJundiun
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
Somali Navyvte
No insignia
Chief warrant officerMusharax sarkaal
Warrant officer class 3Sadex xarígle
Warrant officer class 2Laba xarígle
Warrant officer class 1Xarígle
Petty officer, first classSadex alífle
Petty officer, second classLaba alífle
Leading seamanAlífle
SeamanDable
Sudanese Navyvte
No insignia
مساعدMosa'id
رقيب أولRaqib awwal
رقيبRaqib
عريف'arif
وكيل عريفWakil 'arif
جنديJundiun
Syrian Arab Navyvte
No insignia
مساعد أولMusaeid 'awal
مساعد ثانيMusaeid thani
مساعدMusaeid
رقيب أولRaqib 'awal
رقيب ثانيRaqib thani
رقيبRaqib
عريفEarif
جندي أولJundiun 'awal
جنديJundiun
Tunisian National Navyvte
وكيل أعلى بالبحريةWakil 'aelaa bialbahria
وكيل أول بالبحريةWakil 'awal bialbahria
وكيل بالبحريةWakil bialbahria
عريف أول بالبحريةEarif 'awal bialbahria
عريف بالبحريةEarif bialbahria
رقيب أول بالبحريةRaqib 'awal bialbahria
رقيب بالبحريةRaqib bialbahria
جندي أول بحريةJundiun awwal bialbahria
جندي متطوع بحريةJundiun bialbahria
Maître principal
Premier maître
Maître
Second-Maître de 1ère classe
Second-Maître de 2ème classe
Quartier-maître de 1ère classe
Quartier-maître de 2ème classe
Matelot breveté
Matelot
United Arab Emirates Navyvte
No insignia
Warrant officerمساعد أولMusa'id 'awal
Chief petty officerمساعدMusa'id
Petty officerرقیبRaqib
Leading seamanعريفEarif
Able seamanجندي أولJundi awwal
Ordinary seamanجنديJundi
Yemeni Navyvte
Warrant officer
Petty officer first class
Petty officer second class
Petty officer third class
Seaman
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
References
^ "Ranks". mdn.dz. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ Kechichian, Joseph A. (1990). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Iraq: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 226–227. LCCN 89013940. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ "رتب ضباط الصف والافراد". jaf.mil.jo (in Arabic). Jordanian Armed Forces. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ "الرتب العسكرية". lebarmy.gov.lb (in Arabic). Lebanese Armed Forces. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ Tartter, Jean R. (1989). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Libya: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 270–271. LCCN 88600480. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "رتب الأفراد غير الضباط" . armee.mr/ (in Arabic). Armed Forces of Mauritania. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Morocco: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351. LCCN 85600265. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "The Military Ranks and Badges". mod.gov.om. Ministry of defence. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
^ Tartter, Jean R. (1993). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Saudi Arabia: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 270–271. LCCN 93028506. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ Ehrenreich, Frederick (1982). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold N. (ed.). Somalia: a country study (PDF). Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 257. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ "الرتب العسكرية" . mod.gov.sd/ (in Arabic). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ "شعار الرأس" . mod.gov.sy (in Arabic). Ministry of Defence (Syria). Retrieved 12 October 2021.
^ "Décret n° 72-380 du 6 décembre 1972, portant Statut particulier des militaires". legislation-securite.tn (in French). Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 6 December 1972. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "أمر عدد 380 لسنة 1972 مؤرخ في 6 ديسمبر 1972 يتعلق بضبط النظام الأساسي الخاص بالعسكريين". legislation-securite.tn (in Arabic). Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 6 December 1972. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
vteMilitary ranks and insignia by country
List of comparative military ranks
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
DR Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States withlimited recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Former
People's Republic of Angola
Biafra
Bophuthatswana
Ciskei
Kingdom of Egypt
Ethiopian Empire
Katanga
People's Republic of Mozambique
Rhodesia
South West Africa
Transkei
Venda
Zaire
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Apartheid States in Southern Africa
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Officers:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Enlisted:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Other:
Marine Corps
Space Force
Warrant officer
Opposing forces
Uruguay
Venezuela
Former
Canada (pre-Unification)
Confederate States of America
Union
Army
Navy
Costa Rica
Empire of Brazil
Panama
Republic of Texas
Army
Navy
United States Army enlisted
World War I
World War II
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
PR of China
Army
Navy
Air Force
East Timor
India
Army
Air Force
Navy
Coast Guard
Border Roads Organisation
Paramilitary forces
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
North
South
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Army
Navy
Air Force
Marines
Civil Armed Forces
Maritime Security Agency
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Former
China
Empire
Republic (1912–1949)
Dutch East Indies
East Turkestan (Second Republic)
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Imperial Iran
Imperial Japan
Army
Navy
Korea
Empire
Liberation Army
Kingdom of Laos
Manchukuo
Mengjiang
Mongolian People's Republic
Vietnam
State
South
South Yemen
Tibet
Tuva
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Europe
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Army
Navy
Air Force
Home Guard
Estonia
Finland
France
Army
Navy
Gendarmerie
Air and Space Force
Foresters
Germany
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Land Forces
Coast Guard
Ireland
Italy
Army
Navy
Air Force
Carabinieri
Finance Guard
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
North Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Army
Navy
Air Force
Cossacks
Between 1994 and 2010
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Army officers
Army other ranks
Navy officers
Navy ratings
Air Force officers
Air Force other ranks
Vatican
States withlimited recognition
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
Transnistria
Former
Albania
Kingdom
People's Socialist Republic
Austria–Hungary
Army
Navy
Bulgaria
Kingdom
People's Republic
Independent State of Croatia
Czechoslovakia
German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Army
Navy
Air Force
East Germany
Kingdom of Greece
Army
Navy
Air Force
France
Napoleonic Grand Army
Hungary
Kingdom
People's Republic
Italy
Kingdom
Social Republic
Ottoman Empire
Polish People's Republic
Republika Srpska
Romania
Kingdom
Socialist Republic
Russian Empire
White Movement
Slovakia (First Republic)
Soviet Union
1918–35
1935–40
1940–43
1943–55
1955–91
Spain
2nd Republic
Army
Navy
Air Force
State
Yugoslavia
Kingdom
Socialist Federal Republic
Federal Republic
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Tonga
Vanuatu
Comparative
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
LanguageAnglophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Arabophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Francophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Hispanophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Lusophone
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Military police
Officers
Enlisted
Post-Soviet states
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
Commonwealth of Nations
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
European Union
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air force
Officers
Enlisted
NATO
Army
Officers
Enlisted
Navy
Officers
Enlisted
Air Force
Officers
Enlisted
Comparative ranks of
Highest ranks
Star ranking
Officers of World War I
Officers of World War II
Women's Services in World War II
Marine forces
Space forces
Gendarmeries
UK and US | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comparative navy enlisted ranks of Arabophone countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ranks"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ranks\". mdn.dz. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mdn.dz/site_principal/sommaire/presentation/armoiries_an.php","url_text":"\"Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"Kechichian, Joseph A. (1990). \"National Security\". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Iraq: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 226–227. LCCN 89013940. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_Airlines | Discover Airlines | ["1 History","1.1 Eurowings Discover","1.2 Discover Airlines","2 Corporate affairs","3 Destinations","4 Fleet","5 References","6 External links"] | Leisure airline of Germany
This article is about the German long-haul leisure airline formerly known as Eurowings Discover. For the German low-cost carrier, see Eurowings.
Discover Airlines
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
4Y
OCN
OCEAN
Founded24 July 2021; 2 years ago (2021-07-24)(as Eurowings Discover)Commenced operations5 September 2023; 9 months ago (2023-09-05)(as Discover Airlines)Operating basesFrankfurtMunichFrequent-flyer programMiles & MoreFleet size24Destinations62Parent companyLufthansa GroupHeadquartersFrankfurt, GermanyWebsitewww.discover-airlines.com
Discover Airlines, legally incorporated as EW Discover GmbH and formerly branded Eurowings Discover, is a German leisure airline headquartered in Frankfurt. It is owned by the Lufthansa Group and serves leisure destinations around the Mediterranean, North America, Africa and the Caribbean from its bases at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport.
History
Eurowings Discover
Discover Airlines Airbus A330-200 in former Eurowings Discover livery.
Discover Airlines started operations on 24 July 2021 as Eurowings Discover, flying from Frankfurt to Mombasa and Zanzibar with A330, having obtained its air operator's certificate. It adopted its brand name and original corporate identity from sister company Eurowings. It is considered to be the main competitor of German leisure carrier Condor (itself once owned by Lufthansa) which serves several of the routes Discover Airlines will also take up.
The carrier has already expanded its network to Punta Cana, Windhoek and Victoria Falls. Later in 2021 Eurowings Discover added flights to Las Vegas, Mauritius, Bridgetown, Montego Bay, Varadero, Canary Islands, Egypt, and Morocco. The fleet is supposed to grow to 10 A320s and 11 A330s by mid 2022.
In September 2021, Lufthansa announced it would move responsibility for several mid-haul leisure routes to Eurowings Discover. It based three Airbus A320-200s in Frankfurt serving five destinations on the Canary Islands in late 2021.
In summer 2022, Eurowings Discover established its second operational base at Munich Airport, focused on short-haul operations around the Mediterranean.
In September 2022, Lufthansa moved some of its own routes to Canada to Eurowings Discover for the upcoming winter season. In late 2022, Eurowings Discover announced it would focus its long-haul operations at Frankfurt Airport, terminating their North American and Caribbean services from Munich Airport. Prior to this, the flights were already suspended as the airline took over North American routes at Frankfurt Airport from parent Lufthansa due to staff shortages.
Discover Airlines
In September 2023, the airline formerly known as Eurowings Discover announced its new identity as Discover Airlines.
Corporate affairs
It is headquartered in the Frankfurt Airport Center (FAC) in Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt.
Destinations
Country
City
Airport
Notes
Ref.
Barbados
Bridgetown
Grantley Adams International Airport
Seasonal
Bulgaria
Burgas
Burgas Airport
Varna
Varna Airport
Seasonal
Canada
Calgary
Calgary International Airport
Halifax
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Seasonal
Montreal
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Terminated
Toronto
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Terminated
Vancouver
Vancouver International Airport
Terminated
Croatia
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik Airport
Seasonal
Split
Split Airport
Zadar
Zadar Airport
Cuba
Varadero
Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport
Terminated
Dominican Republic
La Romana
La Romana International Airport
Seasonal
Puerto Plata
Gregorio Luperón International Airport
Terminated
Punta Cana
Punta Cana International Airport
Egypt
Hurghada
Hurghada International Airport
Seasonal
Marsa Alam
Marsa Alam International Airport
Seasonal
Finland
Kittilä
Kittilä Airport
Begins 20 December 2024
France
Montpellier
Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport
Seasonal
Germany
Frankfurt
Frankfurt Airport
Hub
Munich
Munich Airport
Hub
Greece
Chania
Chania International Airport
Seasonal
Corfu
Corfu International Airport
Seasonal
Heraklion
Heraklion International Airport
Seasonal
Kalamata
Kalamata International Airport
Kavala
Kavala International Airport
Terminated
Kefalonia
Kefalonia International Airport
Kos
Kos International Airport
Seasonal
Mykonos
Mykonos Airport
Seasonal
Preveza
Aktion National Airport
Seasonal
Rhodes
Rhodes International Airport
Seasonal
Samos
Samos International Airport
Seasonal
Santorini
Santorini (Thira) International Airport
Seasonal
Skiathos
Skiathos International Airport
Seasonal
Zakynthos
Zakynthos International Airport
Seasonal
Italy
Bari
Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport
Lamezia Terme
Lamezia Terme International Airport
Terminated
Jamaica
Montego Bay
Sangster International Airport
Seasonal
Kenya
Mombasa
Moi International Airport
Mauritius
Port Louis
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport
Maldives
Malé
Velana International Airport
Seasonal
Martinique
Fort-de-France
Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport
Seasonal
Mexico
Cancún
Cancún International Airport
Morocco
Agadir
Agadir–Al Massira Airport
Terminated
Marrakesh
Marrakesh Menara Airport
Namibia
Windhoek
Hosea Kutako International Airport
Norway
Alta
Alta Airport
Begins 19 December 2024
Harstad / Narvik
Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes
Portugal
Funchal
Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport
Porto Santo
Porto Santo Airport
Terminated
Panama
Panama City
Tocumen International Airport
Terminated
South Africa
Mbombela
Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport
Terminated
Spain
Barcelona
Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport
Seasonal
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura Airport
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Airport
Ibiza
Ibiza Airport
Seasonal
Jerez de la Frontera
Jerez Airport
Seasonal
La Palma
La Palma Airport
Seasonal
Lanzarote
Lanzarote Airport
Menorca
Menorca Airport
Seasonal
Palma de Mallorca
Palma de Mallorca Airport
Tenerife
Tenerife South Airport
Tanzania
Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro International Airport
Zanzibar
Abeid Amani Karume International Airport
Turkey
Antalya
Antalya Airport
Seasonal
Bodrum
Milas–Bodrum Airport
Seasonal
Tunisia
Djerba
Djerba–Zarzis International Airport
Seasonal
Monastir
Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport
Seasonal
United States
Anchorage
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Seasonal
Atlanta
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Terminated
Fort Myers
Southwest Florida International Airport
Las Vegas
Harry Reid International Airport
Newburgh
New York Stewart International Airport
Seasonal
Orlando
Orlando International Airport
Philadelphia
Philadelphia International Airport
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City International Airport
Terminated
Tampa
Tampa International Airport
Zimbabwe
Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls Airport
Fleet
Discover Airlines Airbus A320-200
As of June 2024, Discover Airlines operates the following aircraft:
Aircraft
In Service
Orders
Passengers
Notes
C
W
Y+
Y
Total
Airbus A320-200
14
—
20
—
12
138
170
Transferred from Lufthansa.
Airbus A330-200
3
—
24
17
44
187
270
Inherited from SunExpress Deutschland.
Airbus A330-300
8
—
30
28
44
181
283
Transferred from Lufthansa and Brussels Airlines.
2
—
27
31
24
220
302
Transferred from Edelweiss Air.
Total
27
0
References
^ "Eurowings Discover airline profile". Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ a b c ch-aviation.com – Germany's EW Discover to focus on long-haul at Frankfurt 14 December 2022
^ a b c airliners.de – "Eurowings Discover opens Munich base" 2 June 2022
^ a b c d e f "Discover Airlines Fleet Details and History". planespotters.net. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
^ "Discover Airlines on ch-aviation". ch-avition.com.
^ "Discover". Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ a b "Imprint". Eurowings Discover. Retrieved 10 June 2023. EW Discover GmbH Hugo-Eckener-Ring 1 FAC, Building 234, D7.01 60549 Frankfurt
^ handelsblatt.com (German) 16 July 2021
^ "Lufthansa's Eurowings Discover Gets Commercial Air Transport Certificate". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
^ "Ready for take-off: Eurowings Discover has been granted Air Operator Certificate". Lufthansa Group. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ touristik-aktuell.de (German) 10 September 2021
^ (German) 1 November 2021
^ aeroroutes.com 29 September 2022
^ aerotelegraph.com (German) 8 December 2022
^ "Discover Airlines Unveils New Brand Identity". The Munich Eye. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ a b c d "Eurowings Discover Adds Martinique Charters in NW22". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Burgas Service in NS24". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Factsheet. Umstellung des touristischen Kurz- und Mittelstreckenangebots auf Eurowings Discover" (PDF) (in German). Lufthansa Experts.
^ a b c d e f g h "EUROWINGS DISCOVER NS23 SHORT-HAUL NETWORK ADDITIONS – 11DEC22".
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "EUROWINGS DISCOVER NS22 LONG-HAUL ADDITIONS".
^ a b "Eurowings Discover NS23 Canada Preliminary Operations". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover Extends Calgary to Year-Round Service From Oct 2023". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover Assumes Lufthansa Munich – Montreal Route in June/July 2022". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b c d e "LUFTHANSA TO MOVE SELECTED US ROUTES TO EUROWINGS DISCOVER IN NW22".
^ a b "Eurowings Discover Assumes Additional Lufthansa Croatia Service in NS24". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b "Lufthansa Extended Flight Search". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ a b "Eurowings Discover NW22 Intercontinental Network Changes – 28SEP22". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b c d Hofmann, Kurt (16 July 2021). "Eurowings Discover CEO sets out plans for Munich base". Routesonline. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ a b "Discover Airlines adds Alta/Kittila service in NW24". AeroRoutes. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ "Eurowings Discover nimmt zwei weitere Kurzstrecken in Sommerflugplan auf". Mynewsdesk (in German). 21 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b c "Eurowings Discover NS24 Munich Network Additions". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Discover Airlines NS24 short-haul operation changes - 21Jan24". 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
^ "Eurowings Discover fliegt 2024 nach Narvik in Nordnorwegen". 15 June 2023.
^ "Nueva aerolínea europea de ocio iniciará vuelos directos entre Alemania y Panamá".
^ "EUROWINGS DISCOVER DISCONTINUES PANAMA CITY SERVICE IN MAY 2023". aeroroutes. 11 May 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover gibt Flüge zum Krüger-Nationalpark auf". Aviation.Direct (in German). 17 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover Adds Barcelona Flights From May 2023". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Santa Cruz de la Palma in NW23". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b Dolande, Rainer Nieves (8 November 2022). "Eurowings Discover started to replace Lufthansa's operations in Canada and United States". Aviacionline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
^ "Discover Airlines cancels Frankfurt-Salt Lake City in NS24". AeroRoutes. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
External links
Media related to Discover Airlines at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteLufthansa GroupSubsidiariesPassenger airlines
Lufthansa
Lufthansa City Airlines
Lufthansa Regional
Air Dolomiti
Lufthansa CityLine
Austrian Airlines
Brussels Airlines
Discover Airlines
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Swiss International Air Lines
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Cargo airlinesLufthansa Cargo50% joint venture airlines
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Non-airline subsidiaries
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Incidents and accidents(all subsidiaries, while owned)
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CFG3782 (1988)
DLH592 (1993)
DLH2904 (1993)
GEC8460 (2010)
GWI9525 (2015)
Destinations
Austrian Airlines
Brussels Airlines
Eurowings
Swiss International Air Lines
Key personnel
Carsten Spohr (Chairman and CEO)
Related articles
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Category
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XL Airways Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurowings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurowings"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imprint-7"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Group"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewfra-2"},{"link_name":"Munich Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mucbase-3"}],"text":"This article is about the German long-haul leisure airline formerly known as Eurowings Discover. For the German low-cost carrier, see Eurowings.Discover Airlines, legally incorporated as EW Discover GmbH and formerly branded Eurowings Discover, is a German leisure airline headquartered in Frankfurt.[7] It is owned by the Lufthansa Group and serves leisure destinations around the Mediterranean, North America, Africa and the Caribbean from its bases at Frankfurt Airport[2] and Munich Airport.[3]","title":"Discover Airlines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurowings_Discover_A330_landing_in_Frankfurt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-200"},{"link_name":"Mombasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"A330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330"},{"link_name":"air operator's certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_operator%27s_certificate"},{"link_name":"corporate identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_identity"},{"link_name":"Eurowings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurowings"},{"link_name":"Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_(airline)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Punta Cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Cana_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Bridgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown"},{"link_name":"Montego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangster_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Varadero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gualberto_G%C3%B3mez_Airport"},{"link_name":"A320s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320-200s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320-200"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Munich Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mucbase-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Munich Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewfra-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Eurowings Discover","text":"Discover Airlines Airbus A330-200 in former Eurowings Discover livery.Discover Airlines started operations on 24 July 2021 as Eurowings Discover, flying from Frankfurt to Mombasa and Zanzibar with A330, having obtained its air operator's certificate. It adopted its brand name and original corporate identity from sister company Eurowings. It is considered to be the main competitor of German leisure carrier Condor (itself once owned by Lufthansa) which serves several of the routes Discover Airlines will also take up.[8]The carrier has already expanded its network to Punta Cana, Windhoek and Victoria Falls. Later in 2021 Eurowings Discover added flights to Las Vegas, Mauritius, Bridgetown, Montego Bay, Varadero, Canary Islands, Egypt, and Morocco. The fleet is supposed to grow to 10 A320s and 11 A330s by mid 2022.[9][10]In September 2021, Lufthansa announced it would move responsibility for several mid-haul leisure routes to Eurowings Discover.[11] It based three Airbus A320-200s in Frankfurt serving five destinations on the Canary Islands in late 2021.[12]In summer 2022, Eurowings Discover established its second operational base at Munich Airport, focused on short-haul operations around the Mediterranean.[3]In September 2022, Lufthansa moved some of its own routes to Canada to Eurowings Discover for the upcoming winter season.[13] In late 2022, Eurowings Discover announced it would focus its long-haul operations at Frankfurt Airport, terminating their North American and Caribbean services from Munich Airport.[2] Prior to this, the flights were already suspended as the airline took over North American routes at Frankfurt Airport from parent Lufthansa due to staff shortages.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Discover Airlines","text":"In September 2023, the airline formerly known as Eurowings Discover announced its new identity as Discover Airlines.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imprint-7"}],"text":"It is headquartered in the Frankfurt Airport Center (FAC) in Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt.[7]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-AIWB,_Frankfurt_(P1180119)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320-200"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discover_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psew-4"}],"text":"Discover Airlines Airbus A320-200As of June 2024[update], Discover Airlines operates the following aircraft:[4]","title":"Fleet"}] | [{"image_text":"Discover Airlines Airbus A330-200 in former Eurowings Discover livery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eurowings_Discover_A330_landing_in_Frankfurt.jpg/220px-Eurowings_Discover_A330_landing_in_Frankfurt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Discover Airlines Airbus A320-200","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/D-AIWB%2C_Frankfurt_%28P1180119%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-D-AIWB%2C_Frankfurt_%28P1180119%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover airline profile\". Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206044503/https://airhex.com/airlines/eurowings-discover/","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover airline profile\""},{"url":"https://airhex.com/airlines/eurowings-discover/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Airlines Fleet Details and History\". planespotters.net. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Discover-Airlines","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines Fleet Details and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Airlines on ch-aviation\". ch-avition.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/GL6","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines on ch-aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover\". Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://discover.aero/en/","url_text":"\"Discover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imprint\". Eurowings Discover. Retrieved 10 June 2023. EW Discover GmbH Hugo-Eckener-Ring 1 FAC, Building 234, D7.01 60549 Frankfurt","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurowings-discover.com/en/imprint/","url_text":"\"Imprint\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lufthansa's Eurowings Discover Gets Commercial Air Transport Certificate\". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211652/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lufthansa-s-eurowings-discover-gets-commercial-air-transport-certificate-271623921561","url_text":"\"Lufthansa's Eurowings Discover Gets Commercial Air Transport Certificate\""},{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lufthansa-s-eurowings-discover-gets-commercial-air-transport-certificate-271623921561","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ready for take-off: Eurowings Discover has been granted Air Operator Certificate\". Lufthansa Group. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lufthansagroup.com/en/newsroom/releases/ready-for-take-off-eurowings-discover-has-been-granted-air-operator-certificate.html","url_text":"\"Ready for take-off: Eurowings Discover has been granted Air Operator Certificate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Airlines Unveils New Brand Identity\". The Munich Eye. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://themunicheye.com/discover-airlines-unveils-new-brand-identity-5499","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines Unveils New Brand Identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Martinique Charters in NW22\". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220808-4ynw22fdf","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Martinique Charters in NW22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Burgas Service in NS24\". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230704-4yns24boj","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Burgas Service in NS24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Factsheet. Umstellung des touristischen Kurz- und Mittelstreckenangebots auf Eurowings Discover\" (PDF) (in German). Lufthansa Experts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lufthansaexperts.com/shared/files/lufthansa/public/mcms/folder_102/folder_6718/file_152223.pdf","url_text":"\"Factsheet. 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Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230630-4yns24hr","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover Assumes Additional Lufthansa Croatia Service in NS24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lufthansa Extended Flight Search\". Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lufthansa.com/us/en/flight-search","url_text":"\"Lufthansa Extended Flight Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover NW22 Intercontinental Network Changes – 28SEP22\". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220929-4ynw22inc","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover NW22 Intercontinental Network Changes – 28SEP22\""}]},{"reference":"Hofmann, Kurt (16 July 2021). \"Eurowings Discover CEO sets out plans for Munich base\". Routesonline. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/296328/eurowings-discover-ceo-sets-out-plans-for-munich-base/","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover CEO sets out plans for Munich base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Airlines adds Alta/Kittila service in NW24\". AeroRoutes. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240119-4ynw24alfktt","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines adds Alta/Kittila service in NW24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover nimmt zwei weitere Kurzstrecken in Sommerflugplan auf\". Mynewsdesk (in German). 21 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.discover-airlines.com/pressreleases/eurowings-discover-nimmt-zwei-weitere-kurzstrecken-in-sommerflugplan-auf-3224953","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover nimmt zwei weitere Kurzstrecken in Sommerflugplan auf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover NS24 Munich Network Additions\". AeroRoutes. 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Retrieved 22 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240122-4yns24sh","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines NS24 short-haul operation changes - 21Jan24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover fliegt 2024 nach Narvik in Nordnorwegen\". 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aerotelegraph.com/eurowings-discover-fliegt-2024-nach-narvik-in-nordnorwegen","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover fliegt 2024 nach Narvik in Nordnorwegen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nueva aerolínea europea de ocio iniciará vuelos directos entre Alemania y Panamá\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/220128/nueva-aerolinea-europea-ocio-iniciara-vuelos-directos-panama-alemania","url_text":"\"Nueva aerolínea europea de ocio iniciará vuelos directos entre Alemania y Panamá\""}]},{"reference":"\"EUROWINGS DISCOVER DISCONTINUES PANAMA CITY SERVICE IN MAY 2023\". aeroroutes. 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230511-4ymay23pty","url_text":"\"EUROWINGS DISCOVER DISCONTINUES PANAMA CITY SERVICE IN MAY 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover gibt Flüge zum Krüger-Nationalpark auf\". Aviation.Direct (in German). 17 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation.direct/eurowings-discover-gibt-fluege-zum-krueger-nationalpark-auf","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover gibt Flüge zum Krüger-Nationalpark auf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Barcelona Flights From May 2023\". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230321-4ybcn","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Barcelona Flights From May 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Santa Cruz de la Palma in NW23\". AeroRoutes. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230629-4ynw23spc","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Santa Cruz de la Palma in NW23\""}]},{"reference":"Dolande, Rainer Nieves (8 November 2022). \"Eurowings Discover started to replace Lufthansa's operations in Canada and United States\". Aviacionline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/eurowings-discover-started-to-replace-lufthansas-operations-in-canada-and-united-states/","url_text":"\"Eurowings Discover started to replace Lufthansa's operations in Canada and United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Airlines cancels Frankfurt-Salt Lake City in NS24\". AeroRoutes. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231208-4yns24slc","url_text":"\"Discover Airlines cancels Frankfurt-Salt Lake City in NS24\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.discover-airlines.com/","external_links_name":"www.discover-airlines.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discover_Airlines&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206044503/https://airhex.com/airlines/eurowings-discover/","external_links_name":"\"Eurowings Discover airline profile\""},{"Link":"https://airhex.com/airlines/eurowings-discover/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/122426-germanys-ew-discover-to-focus-on-long-haul-at-frankfurt","external_links_name":"ch-aviation.com – Germany's EW Discover to focus on long-haul at Frankfurt"},{"Link":"https://www.airliners.de/eurowings-discover-oeffnet-basis-muenchen/65012","external_links_name":"airliners.de – \"Eurowings Discover opens Munich base\""},{"Link":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Discover-Airlines","external_links_name":"\"Discover Airlines Fleet Details and History\""},{"Link":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/GL6","external_links_name":"\"Discover Airlines on ch-aviation\""},{"Link":"https://discover.aero/en/","external_links_name":"\"Discover\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurowings-discover.com/en/imprint/","external_links_name":"\"Imprint\""},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/handel-konsumgueter/fluggesellschaft-lufthansa-startet-neuen-ferienflieger-eurowings-discover-so-sehen-die-expansionsplaene-aus/27427528.html?ticket=ST-235145-bUfD4nuTd0NuZMBscfiO-ap5","external_links_name":"handelsblatt.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211652/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lufthansa-s-eurowings-discover-gets-commercial-air-transport-certificate-271623921561","external_links_name":"\"Lufthansa's Eurowings Discover Gets Commercial Air Transport Certificate\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lufthansa-s-eurowings-discover-gets-commercial-air-transport-certificate-271623921561","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lufthansagroup.com/en/newsroom/releases/ready-for-take-off-eurowings-discover-has-been-granted-air-operator-certificate.html","external_links_name":"\"Ready for take-off: Eurowings Discover has been granted Air Operator Certificate\""},{"Link":"https://www.touristik-aktuell.de/nachrichten/verkehr/news/datum/2021/09/10/lh-stellt-viele-fluege-auf-eurowings-discover-um/","external_links_name":"touristik-aktuell.de"},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220928-lh4ynw22ca","external_links_name":"aeroroutes.com"},{"Link":"https://www.aerotelegraph.com/eurowings-discover-plant-noch-laenger-ohne-langstrecken-in-muenchen","external_links_name":"aerotelegraph.com"},{"Link":"https://themunicheye.com/discover-airlines-unveils-new-brand-identity-5499","external_links_name":"\"Discover Airlines Unveils New Brand Identity\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220808-4ynw22fdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Martinique Charters in NW22\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230704-4yns24boj","external_links_name":"\"Eurowings Discover Adds Frankfurt – Burgas Service in NS24\""},{"Link":"https://www.lufthansaexperts.com/shared/files/lufthansa/public/mcms/folder_102/folder_6718/file_152223.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Factsheet. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_roads | Gallery road | ["1 Introduction","2 Historical evidence of Gallery Road","2.1 Shudao","3 See also","4 References"] | Road through remote mountain areas of China
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Gallery roadA type of ancient trackway in ChinaAlternative names栈道Place of originChina
Main article: Ancient trackway
The archaeological Gallery Roads (simplified Chinese: 栈道; traditional Chinese: 棧道) were routes traversing remote mountainous regions of China. The roads were fashioned using wooden planks securely fastened within holes carved into cliff sides. Primarily found in the Qin Mountains, they connected the Wei River and the Han River valleys. The first gallery roads were built during the Warring States period (476–221 BC) and used by Qin to invade Shu and Ba. They were fully consolidated into a thriving network during the Han dynasty. Before the 20th century, very primitive versions were used in the western gorges of the Pamir Mountains.
Introduction
Shu dao
Gallery Roads, Cliff Roads or Plank Roads are notable engineering accomplishments in ancient Chinese history. These infrastructures were predominantly constructed to ease transportation across cliffs in rugged mountainous areas. The Shu Road serves as a prime illustration, traversing some of China's most rugged and desolate terrains, including the Qinling and Daba Mountain ranges. Functioning as a crucial link between the Wei River valley and the ancient capital of Chang'an, this road employed the plank road technique to secure pathways across cliffs and steep ravines.
The construction of gallery roads was tailored to the specific topographical features of the surrounding terrain, resulting in unique structural implementations. The most prevalent type of gallery road is a wooden plank road anchored to cliffs using holes and wooden piles, subsequently covered with wooden boards. An alternative method involved carving stone roads directly into cliff faces.
Modern reconstructions of gallery roads incorporate materials like steel and stone to improve durability. Additionally, specific sections feature glass components aimed at attracting tourists.
Historical evidence of Gallery Road
Shudao
Shudao is the general name of the historic road that was constructed through the Qinling, Micang and Daba mountainous barrier. The main function of the Shudao is to connect the Wei River valley (today's Guan Zhong) with the ancient capital Chang’An (today's Xi’An) in the north with Shu (today's Chengdu) in the south. The Shu Roads pass through some of the most rugged and desolate terrains in China. The first major highways were most likely built in the Warring States (481–221 BCE) period. During the Qin (221–206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE – 220 CE) dynasties, this road network was massively improved upon. For the most part, the roads were built through natural corridors which had already been established as travel routes by their inhabitants. To build these important paths along the steep and dangerous cliff, the builders used the innovative road-building technique known as "Gallery Road" to fix the roads on the rock walls and cross the mountains, rivers and valleys.
See also
Stone Cattle Road
Covered bridge
Archaeology in China
Shudao
References
^ a b Chen, Hu, Q., Wang, S., & Yang, H. (2016). "A virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of heritage site". Remote Sensing. 8 (10): 828. Bibcode:2016RemS....8..828C. doi:10.3390/rs8100828.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Jupp, David. "The Application of 3S Technology to Plank Road research and development of spatial information systems in the Qinling and Daba Mountains: I. Geographical, Geological and Historical Background". Shaanxi Peoples Education Press.
^ Li, J (2022). "Ancient Cliff Roads of the Three Gorges". China.org.cn.
^ Global IP News (2021). "State Intellectual Property Office of China Receives Dongguan Hanlin Sensor's Patent Application for Stress Detection Warning Equipment for Glass Gallery Road". Global IP News. Transportation Patent News. p. 1.
^ Wiens, Herold J (1949). "The Shu Tao or the Road to Szechuan: A study of the development and significance of Shensi-Szechuan road communication in West China". PhD Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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This article relating to archaeology in the People's Republic of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Qin Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Wei River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_River"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Hanshui)"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_(state)"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pamir Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains"}],"text":"The archaeological Gallery Roads (simplified Chinese: 栈道; traditional Chinese: 棧道) were routes traversing remote mountainous regions of China. The roads were fashioned using wooden planks securely fastened within holes carved into cliff sides. Primarily found in the Qin Mountains, they connected the Wei River and the Han River valleys. The first gallery roads were built during the Warring States period (476–221 BC) and used by Qin to invade Shu and Ba. They were fully consolidated into a thriving network during the Han dynasty. Before the 20th century, very primitive versions were used in the western gorges of the Pamir Mountains.","title":"Gallery road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Shu daoGallery Roads, Cliff Roads or Plank Roads are notable engineering accomplishments in ancient Chinese history. These infrastructures were predominantly constructed to ease transportation across cliffs in rugged mountainous areas.[1] The Shu Road serves as a prime illustration, traversing some of China's most rugged and desolate terrains, including the Qinling and Daba Mountain ranges. Functioning as a crucial link between the Wei River valley and the ancient capital of Chang'an, this road employed the plank road technique to secure pathways across cliffs and steep ravines.[2]The construction of gallery roads was tailored to the specific topographical features of the surrounding terrain, resulting in unique structural implementations.[3] The most prevalent type of gallery road is a wooden plank road anchored to cliffs using holes and wooden piles, subsequently covered with wooden boards. An alternative method involved carving stone roads directly into cliff faces.[1]Modern reconstructions of gallery roads incorporate materials like steel and stone to improve durability. Additionally, specific sections feature glass components aimed at attracting tourists.[4]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical evidence of Gallery Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shudao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudao"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Shudao","text":"Shudao is the general name of the historic road that was constructed through the Qinling, Micang and Daba mountainous barrier. The main function of the Shudao is to connect the Wei River valley (today's Guan Zhong) with the ancient capital Chang’An (today's Xi’An) in the north with Shu (today's Chengdu) in the south.[5] The Shu Roads pass through some of the most rugged and desolate terrains in China. The first major highways were most likely built in the Warring States (481–221 BCE) period. During the Qin (221–206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE – 220 CE) dynasties, this road network was massively improved upon. For the most part, the roads were built through natural corridors which had already been established as travel routes by their inhabitants. To build these important paths along the steep and dangerous cliff, the builders used the innovative road-building technique known as \"Gallery Road\" to fix the roads on the rock walls and cross the mountains, rivers and valleys.[2]","title":"Historical evidence of Gallery Road"}] | [{"image_text":"Shu dao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG/195px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%B3%A1%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%88%E9%81%93%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Stone Cattle Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cattle_Road"},{"title":"Covered bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridge"},{"title":"Archaeology in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country#China"},{"title":"Shudao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudao"}] | [{"reference":"Chen, Hu, Q., Wang, S., & Yang, H. (2016). \"A virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of heritage site\". Remote Sensing. 8 (10): 828. Bibcode:2016RemS....8..828C. doi:10.3390/rs8100828.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs8100828","url_text":"\"A virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of heritage site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RemS....8..828C","url_text":"2016RemS....8..828C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs8100828","url_text":"10.3390/rs8100828"}]},{"reference":"Jupp, David. \"The Application of 3S Technology to Plank Road research and development of spatial information systems in the Qinling and Daba Mountains: I. Geographical, Geological and Historical Background\". Shaanxi Peoples Education Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/20664503","url_text":"\"The Application of 3S Technology to Plank Road research and development of spatial information systems in the Qinling and Daba Mountains: I. Geographical, Geological and Historical Background\""}]},{"reference":"Li, J (2022). \"Ancient Cliff Roads of the Three Gorges\". China.org.cn.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Oct/76568.htm","url_text":"\"Ancient Cliff Roads of the Three Gorges\""}]},{"reference":"Global IP News (2021). \"State Intellectual Property Office of China Receives Dongguan Hanlin Sensor's Patent Application for Stress Detection Warning Equipment for Glass Gallery Road\". Global IP News. Transportation Patent News. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wiens, Herold J (1949). \"The Shu Tao or the Road to Szechuan: A study of the development and significance of Shensi-Szechuan road communication in West China\". PhD Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gallery+road%22","external_links_name":"\"Gallery road\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gallery+road%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gallery+road%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gallery+road%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gallery+road%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gallery+road%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs8100828","external_links_name":"\"A virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of heritage site\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RemS....8..828C","external_links_name":"2016RemS....8..828C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs8100828","external_links_name":"10.3390/rs8100828"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/20664503","external_links_name":"\"The Application of 3S Technology to Plank Road research and development of spatial information systems in the Qinling and Daba Mountains: I. Geographical, Geological and Historical Background\""},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Oct/76568.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ancient Cliff Roads of the Three Gorges\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallery_road&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Paganini | Sam Paganini | ["1 Selected discography","1.1 As Paganini Traxx","1.2 As Sam Paganini","2 References"] | Sam PaganiniBackground informationAlso known asPaganini TraxxOriginTreviso, Veneto, ItalyGenresElectronicaLabelsCocoonDrumcodePlus 8Musical artist
Sam Paganini is an Italian DJ and producer from Treviso, Veneto, Italy. His 1997 song, "Zoe", made #47 on the UK Singles Chart. He has since released many singles and EPs under his given name, including the very successful Body to Body EP on Cocoon Recordings. In 2014, Sam released his debut album, Satellite, on Drumcode Records. The album was received very well, and one of the tracks from the album, "Rave," remained in the Beatport Techno Top 10 for six months, and has remained in the Techno Top 100 for a year as of September 2015.
Selected discography
As Paganini Traxx
Zoe (S3, 1996)
As Sam Paganini
Shibuya's Cosplayer (With Johnny Kaos, Android Muziq, 2010)
Cobra EP (Plus 8 Records, 2011)
Prisma EP (Drumcode, 2012)
Eros EP (Drumcode, 2012)
Body To Body (Cocoon Recordings, 2013)
Black Leather EP (Drumcode, 2013)
Shade (Driving Forces Recordings, 2014)
Satellite (Album, Drumcode, 2014)
The Beat EP (Drumcode, 2016)
Zenith (JAM, 2017)
Astro / Pulse EP (JAM, 2018)
Reflections (JAM, 2020)
Light + Shadow (JAM, 2022)
References
^ a b "Sam Paganini". MySpace. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ "Sam Paganini". Facebook. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ "PAGANINI TRAXX". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
This Italian biographical article related to music is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myspace-1"},{"link_name":"Zoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_(song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts-3"},{"link_name":"Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_(Sam_Paganini_album)"},{"link_name":"Drumcode Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcode_Records"},{"link_name":"Beatport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatport"}],"text":"Musical artistSam Paganini is an Italian DJ and producer from Treviso, Veneto, Italy.[1] His 1997 song, \"Zoe\", made #47 on the UK Singles Chart.[3] He has since released many singles and EPs under his given name, including the very successful Body to Body EP on Cocoon Recordings. In 2014, Sam released his debut album, Satellite, on Drumcode Records. The album was received very well, and one of the tracks from the album, \"Rave,\" remained in the Beatport Techno Top 10 for six months, and has remained in the Techno Top 100 for a year as of September 2015.","title":"Sam Paganini"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_(song)"}],"sub_title":"As Paganini Traxx","text":"Zoe (S3, 1996)","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_(Sam_Paganini_album)"}],"sub_title":"As Sam Paganini","text":"Shibuya's Cosplayer (With Johnny Kaos, Android Muziq, 2010)\nCobra EP (Plus 8 Records, 2011)\nPrisma EP (Drumcode, 2012)\nEros EP (Drumcode, 2012)\nBody To Body (Cocoon Recordings, 2013)\nBlack Leather EP (Drumcode, 2013)\nShade (Driving Forces Recordings, 2014)\nSatellite (Album, Drumcode, 2014)\nThe Beat EP (Drumcode, 2016)\nZenith (JAM, 2017)\nAstro / Pulse EP (JAM, 2018)\nReflections (JAM, 2020)\nLight + Shadow (JAM, 2022)","title":"Selected discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sam Paganini\". MySpace. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://myspace.com/sampaganini","url_text":"\"Sam Paganini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace","url_text":"MySpace"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Paganini\". Facebook. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/SamPaganiniOfficial/info","url_text":"\"Sam Paganini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"PAGANINI TRAXX\". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/paganini%20traxx/","url_text":"\"PAGANINI TRAXX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"The Official Charts Company"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://myspace.com/sampaganini","external_links_name":"\"Sam Paganini\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/SamPaganiniOfficial/info","external_links_name":"\"Sam Paganini\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/paganini%20traxx/","external_links_name":"\"PAGANINI TRAXX\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000461444924","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315951483","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f081ae3d-f05a-4124-94e7-fd801635837e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Paganini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzirciems | Dzirciems | [] | Coordinates: 56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628Neighbourhood of Riga, Latvia
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Neighborhood of Riga in Kurzemes rajons, LatviaDzirciemsNeighborhood of Riga12 floor highrise in Dzirciems on Dzirciema streetLocation in RigaCountryLatviaCityRigaDistrictKurzemes rajonsArea • Total2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi)Population (2008) • Total12,856 • Density5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Dzirciems is a Riga neighbourhood located in the Pārdaugava side of Riga. It mainly consists of Soviet-style apartment buildings built in the 1970s. Riga Stradiņš University is located here.
vteNeighbourhoods of RigaKurzeme District
Bolderāja
Buļļi
Daugavgrīva
Dzirciems
Iļģuciems
Imanta
Kleisti
Ķīpsala
Spilve
Voleri
Zasulauks
Zemgale Suburb
Āgenskalns
Atgāzene
Beberbeķi
Bieriņi
Bišumuiža
Katlakalns
Mūkupurvs
Pleskodāle
Salas
Šampēteris
Torņakalns
Ziepniekkalns
Zolitūde
Northern District
Čiekurkalns
Jaunciems
Kundziņsala
Mangaļsala
Mežaparks
Mīlgrāvis
Pētersala-Andrejsala
Sarkandaugava
Trīsciems
Vecāķi
Vecdaugava
Vecmīlgrāvis
Vidzeme Suburb
Berģi
Brasa
Brekši
Bukulti
Dreiliņi
Jugla
Mežciems
Purvciems
Skanste
Suži
Teika
Central District
Centrs
Vecrīga
Latgale Suburb
Avoti
Dārzciems
Dārziņi
Grīziņkalns
Ķengarags
Latgale
Pļavnieki
Rumbula
Šķirotava
56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628
This Riga location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pārdaugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rdaugava"},{"link_name":"Riga Stradiņš University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_Stradi%C5%86%C5%A1_University"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riga%27s_neighbourhoods"},{"link_name":"Neighbourhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Riga"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Kurzeme District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme_District,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Bolderāja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolder%C4%81ja"},{"link_name":"Buļļi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%BC%C4%BCi"},{"link_name":"Daugavgrīva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva"},{"link_name":"Dzirciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Iļģuciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciems"},{"link_name":"Imanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanta"},{"link_name":"Kleisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleisti"},{"link_name":"Ķīpsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABpsala"},{"link_name":"Spilve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilve,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Voleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleri"},{"link_name":"Zasulauks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasulauks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigas_Gerbonis.png"},{"link_name":"Zemgale Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemgale_Suburb,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Āgenskalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80genskalns"},{"link_name":"Atgāzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atg%C4%81zene"},{"link_name":"Beberbeķi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beberbe%C4%B7i"},{"link_name":"Bieriņi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieri%C5%86i"},{"link_name":"Bišumuiža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1umui%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Katlakalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katlakalns"},{"link_name":"Mūkupurvs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABkupurvs"},{"link_name":"Pleskodāle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleskod%C4%81le"},{"link_name":"Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salas,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Šampēteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amp%C4%93teris"},{"link_name":"Torņakalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C5%86akalns"},{"link_name":"Ziepniekkalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziepniekkalns"},{"link_name":"Zolitūde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde"},{"link_name":"Northern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_District,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Čiekurkalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciekurkalns"},{"link_name":"Jaunciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunciems,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Kundziņsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundzi%C5%86sala"},{"link_name":"Mangaļsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga%C4%BCsala"},{"link_name":"Mežaparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEaparks"},{"link_name":"Mīlgrāvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABlgr%C4%81vis"},{"link_name":"Pētersala-Andrejsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93tersala-Andrejsala"},{"link_name":"Sarkandaugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkandaugava"},{"link_name":"Trīsciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%ABsciems"},{"link_name":"Vecāķi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec%C4%81%C4%B7i"},{"link_name":"Vecdaugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecdaugava"},{"link_name":"Vecmīlgrāvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecm%C4%ABlgr%C4%81vis"},{"link_name":"Vidzeme Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidzeme_Suburb,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Berģi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C4%A3i"},{"link_name":"Brasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasa,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Brekši","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brek%C5%A1i"},{"link_name":"Bukulti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukulti"},{"link_name":"Dreiliņi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreili%C5%86i,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Jugla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugla,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Mežciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEciems,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Purvciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvciems"},{"link_name":"Skanste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanste"},{"link_name":"Suži","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%BEi"},{"link_name":"Teika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teika,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Centrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrs,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Vecrīga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecr%C4%ABga"},{"link_name":"Latgale Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgale_Suburb,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Avoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoti"},{"link_name":"Dārzciems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rzciems"},{"link_name":"Dārziņi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rzi%C5%86i"},{"link_name":"Grīziņkalns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABzi%C5%86kalns"},{"link_name":"Ķengarags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6engarags"},{"link_name":"Latgale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgale_(Riga)"},{"link_name":"Pļavnieki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%BCavnieki"},{"link_name":"Rumbula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumbula,_Riga"},{"link_name":"Šķirotava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7irotava"},{"link_name":"56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dzirciems¶ms=56.9578_N_24.0628_E_source:wikidata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_small.svg"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzirciems&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Riga-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Riga-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riga-stub"}],"text":"Neighbourhood of Riga, LatviaNeighborhood of Riga in Kurzemes rajons, LatviaDzirciems is a Riga neighbourhood located in the Pārdaugava side of Riga. It mainly consists of Soviet-style apartment buildings built in the 1970s. Riga Stradiņš University is located here.vteNeighbourhoods of RigaKurzeme District\nBolderāja\nBuļļi\nDaugavgrīva\nDzirciems\nIļģuciems\nImanta\nKleisti\nĶīpsala\nSpilve\nVoleri\nZasulauks\nZemgale Suburb\nĀgenskalns\nAtgāzene\nBeberbeķi\nBieriņi\nBišumuiža\nKatlakalns\nMūkupurvs\nPleskodāle\nSalas\nŠampēteris\nTorņakalns\nZiepniekkalns\nZolitūde\nNorthern District\nČiekurkalns\nJaunciems\nKundziņsala\nMangaļsala\nMežaparks\nMīlgrāvis\nPētersala-Andrejsala\nSarkandaugava\nTrīsciems\nVecāķi\nVecdaugava\nVecmīlgrāvis\nVidzeme Suburb\nBerģi\nBrasa\nBrekši\nBukulti\nDreiliņi\nJugla\nMežciems\nPurvciems\nSkanste\nSuži\nTeika\nCentral District\nCentrs\nVecrīga\nLatgale Suburb\nAvoti\nDārzciems\nDārziņi\nGrīziņkalns\nĶengarags\nLatgale\nPļavnieki\nRumbula\nŠķirotava56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628This Riga location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Dzirciems"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dzirciems¶ms=56.9578_N_24.0628_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dzirciems%22","external_links_name":"\"Dzirciems\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dzirciems%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dzirciems%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dzirciems%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dzirciems%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dzirciems%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Flv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDzirciems&sl=lv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dzirciems¶ms=56.9578_N_24.0628_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"56°57′28″N 24°03′46″E / 56.9578°N 24.0628°E / 56.9578; 24.0628"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzirciems&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Army_(Japan) | Eleventh Army (Japan) | ["1 History","2 List of Commanders","2.1 Commanding Officers","2.2 Chief of Staff","3 References","4 External links"] | Japanese Eleventh ArmyJapanese troops enter WuhanActiveJuly 4, 1938 – August 15, 1945CountryEmpire of JapanBranchImperial Japanese ArmyTypeInfantryRoleCorpsGarrison/HQWuhan, Japanese-occupied ChinaNickname(s)Ro (呂, Backbone)EngagementsBattle of WuhanMilitary unit
Japanese Eleventh Army (1938)Parent unitJapanese Central China Area ArmyComponents
6th division
9th division
16th division
27th division
101st division
106th division
IJA Taiwan Infantry Brigade
Japanese Eleventh Army (1945)Parent unitJapanese Sixth Area ArmyComponents
58th Infantry Division
IJA 22nd Independent Infantry Brigade
88th Independent Mixed Brigade
The Japanese 11th Army (第11軍, Dai-jyū-ichi gun) was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
History
The Japanese 11th Army was formed on July 4, 1938, under the Japanese Central China Area Army for the task of conquering and occupying the central provinces of China between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The 11th Army played a major role in the Battle of Wuhan. From September 1939, it came under the newly formed China Expeditionary Army and was transferred to the control of the Japanese Sixth Area Army in September 1944. It was disbanded at Quanzhou County (Guilin) in Guangxi province at the surrender of Japan.
List of Commanders
Commanding Officers
Name
From
To
1
Lieutenant General Yasuji Okamura
23 June 1938
9 March 1940
2
Lieutenant General Waichiro Sonobe
9 March 1940
4 April 1941
3
Lieutenant General Korechika Anami
4 April 1941
1 July 1942
4
Lieutenant General Osamu Tsukada
1 July 1942
22 December 1942
5
Lieutenant General Isamu Yokoyama
22 December 1942
22 November 1944
6
Lieutenant General Yoshio Kozuki
22 November 1944
7 April 1945
7
Lieutenant General Yukio Kasahara
7 April 1945
15 August 1945
Chief of Staff
Name
From
To
1
General Teiichi Yoshimoto
20 June 1938
31 January 1939
2
Lieutenant General Takazo Numata
31 January 1939
1 August 1939
3
Lieutenant General Junsei Aoki
4 August 1939
1 March 1941
4
Major General Isamu Kinoshita
1 March 1941
1 December 1942
5
Major General Kunio Osonoe
1 December 1942
7 February 1944
6
Major General Sadatake Nakayama
7 February 1944
23 April 1945
7
Major General Banzo Fukutomi
23 April 1945
15 August 1945
References
Dorn, Frank (1974). The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-532200-4.
Madej, Victor (1981). Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW.
External links
Wendel, Marcus. "Axis History Factbook". Japanese Eleventh Army. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Central China Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Central_China_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"6th division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"9th division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"16th division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"27th division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"101st division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"106th division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Japanese Sixth Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Sixth_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"58th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"88th Independent Mixed Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=88th_Independent_Mixed_Brigade_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"}],"text":"Military unitJapanese Eleventh Army (1938)Parent unitJapanese Central China Area ArmyComponents\n6th division\n9th division\n16th division\n27th division\n101st division\n106th division\nIJA Taiwan Infantry BrigadeJapanese Eleventh Army (1945)Parent unitJapanese Sixth Area ArmyComponents\n58th Infantry Division\nIJA 22nd Independent Infantry Brigade\n88th Independent Mixed BrigadeThe Japanese 11th Army (第11軍, Dai-jyū-ichi gun) was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.","title":"Eleventh Army (Japan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Central China Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Central_China_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan"},{"link_name":"China Expeditionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Expeditionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Japanese Sixth Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Sixth_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"Guilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilin"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"}],"text":"The Japanese 11th Army was formed on July 4, 1938, under the Japanese Central China Area Army for the task of conquering and occupying the central provinces of China between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The 11th Army played a major role in the Battle of Wuhan. From September 1939, it came under the newly formed China Expeditionary Army and was transferred to the control of the Japanese Sixth Area Army in September 1944. It was disbanded at Quanzhou County (Guilin) in Guangxi province at the surrender of Japan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commanding Officers","title":"List of Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chief of Staff","title":"List of Commanders"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dorn, Frank (1974). The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-532200-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-532200-4","url_text":"978-0-02-532200-4"}]},{"reference":"Madej, Victor (1981). Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wendel, Marcus. \"Axis History Factbook\". Japanese Eleventh Army.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6922","url_text":"\"Axis History Factbook\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6922","external_links_name":"\"Axis History Factbook\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany_in_Prague | Embassy of Germany, Prague | ["1 East German refugees","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°05′13.43″N 14°23′53.34″E / 50.0870639°N 14.3981500°E / 50.0870639; 14.3981500Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Germany in PragueLocationMalá Strana, PragueAddressVlašská 19Postbox 88118 01 Praha 1Coordinates50°05′13.43″N 14°23′53.34″E / 50.0870639°N 14.3981500°E / 50.0870639; 14.3981500AmbassadorAndreas Künne
The Embassy of Germany (Czech: Německé velvyslanectví) in Prague is located on Vlašská street (formerly Wälsche Spitalgasse), in the Malá Strana district of Prague, Czech Republic.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between West Germany and Czechoslovakia in 1973, it has occupied the large Palais Lobkowicz. The Baroque palace with an extensive garden was finished in 1707. It was acquired by the noble House of Lobkowicz in 1753, who in 1927 sold it to the Czechoslovak state.
South side of German Embassy, with the garden in which the refugees were camping
East German refugees
In the eve of the Revolutions of 1989, the palais became the resort of numerous East German refugees who had reached Prague, climbed over the fence and camped out in the grounds. While there were small groups hiding there occasionally since the embassy was opened in 1974, the number rose to several thousands in September, causing serious problems of supply and hygiene.
Behind the scenes the West German government negotiated with East German authorities and the Soviet Union how to solve these worsening conditions. When Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher in the evening of 30 September stepped on the balcony to announce an agreement on the refugees' voyage to West Germany, the crowd cheered on the keyword Ausreise (departure). This event marked an emotional and significant moment in German history.
Until 3 November when the East German authorities closed the border with Czechoslovakia, many more GDR citizens fled to the embassy in the following weeks, wearing down the patience of the Czechoslovak authorities which gave in eventually, letting all East Germans travel directly to West Germany. Thus, they broke their part of the Iron Curtain, the Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War. On 9 November 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, and the Czechs would succeed in the Velvet Revolution.David Černý's sculpture commemorating East German refugees' stay in the embassy grounds
These events are commemorated by a golden statue of a Trabant car on four legs in the garden of the embassy.
See also
List of ambassadors of Germany to the Czech Republic
References
^ Quo Vadis sculpture, Lonely Planet
External links
Media related to German Embassy, Prague at Wikimedia Commons
(in German and Czech) Official website
Video: Genscher at the German Embassy in Prague 1989
vte Diplomatic missions of GermanyEmbassies shown as main entries while Consulate Generals shown in italics.Africa
Angola
Guinea
Liberia
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
South Sudan
Americas
Brazil
Canada
Peru
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
China
Chengdu
Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Shenyang
India
Bangalore
Chennai
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Osaka
South Korea
Thailand
Turkey
Istanbul
Europe
Albania
Austria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
France
Bordeaux
Marseille
Strasbourg
Sweden
Greece
Holy See
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Latvia
Moldova
Norway
Poland
Gdańsk
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Barcelona
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
De facto
Taipei1
Former
China
Qingdao
Japan
Niigata
North Korea
Pyongyang
1 The German Institute Taipei is Germany's representative office in Taiwan, which functions as an informal diplomatic mission.
vte Diplomatic missions in the Czech RepublicAmericas
United States
Asia
Azerbaijan
China
Indonesia
Japan
Palestine
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Turkey
Europe
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Estonia
France
Germany
Holy See
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Poland
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Russia
Spain
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United Kingdom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Malá Strana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Strana"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"House of Lobkowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lobkowicz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Embassy,_Prague,_back_side_with_garden-6587.jpg"}],"text":"Diplomatic missionThe Embassy of Germany (Czech: Německé velvyslanectví) in Prague is located on Vlašská street (formerly Wälsche Spitalgasse), in the Malá Strana district of Prague, Czech Republic.Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between West Germany and Czechoslovakia in 1973, it has occupied the large Palais Lobkowicz. 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Thus, they broke their part of the Iron Curtain, the Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War. On 9 November 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, and the Czechs would succeed in the Velvet Revolution.David Černý's sculpture commemorating East German refugees' stay in the embassy groundsThese events are commemorated by a golden statue of a Trabant car on four legs in the garden of the embassy.[1]","title":"East German refugees"}] | [{"image_text":"South side of German Embassy, with the garden in which the refugees were camping","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/German_Embassy%2C_Prague%2C_back_side_with_garden-6587.jpg/240px-German_Embassy%2C_Prague%2C_back_side_with_garden-6587.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Černý's sculpture commemorating East German refugees' stay in the embassy grounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quo_vadis_2.JPG/240px-Quo_vadis_2.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of ambassadors of Germany to the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_Czech_Republic"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Embassy_of_Germany,_Prague¶ms=50_05_13.43_N_14_23_53.34_E_region:CZ-PR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°05′13.43″N 14°23′53.34″E / 50.0870639°N 14.3981500°E / 50.0870639; 14.3981500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Embassy_of_Germany,_Prague¶ms=50_05_13.43_N_14_23_53.34_E_region:CZ-PR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°05′13.43″N 14°23′53.34″E / 50.0870639°N 14.3981500°E / 50.0870639; 14.3981500"},{"Link":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/czech-republic/prague/sights/landmarks-monuments/quo-vadis-david-erny-sculpture","external_links_name":"Quo Vadis sculpture, Lonely Planet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209150335/http://www.prag.diplo.de/Vertretung/prag/de/Startseite.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qh9EwNurawE","external_links_name":"Video: Genscher at the German Embassy in Prague 1989"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Armor | Lake Armor | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 49°27′17″S 69°42′28″E / 49.45472°S 69.70778°E / -49.45472; 69.70778Lake in France
Lake ArmorLake ArmorLocationKerguelen islands, French Southern and Antarctic LandsCoordinates49°27′17″S 69°42′28″E / 49.45472°S 69.70778°E / -49.45472; 69.70778Lake typeFjord lakePrimary outflowsEmissaire du Lac ArmorBasin countriesFranceMax. length3.7 km (2.3 mi)Max. width0.7 km (0.43 mi)Surface area2 km2 (0.77 sq mi)Average depth98 m (322 ft)Max. depth98 m (322 ft)Water volume254,000 m2 (2,730,000 sq ft)Shore length18.5 km (5.3 mi)Surface elevation1 m (3 ft 3 in)SettlementsBase Armor1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Lake Armor is a fjord lake located on the central plateau of the main island of the Kerguelen archipelago, in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
It was so named by the Mouzon mission in 1952 after a Breton noun which means "the land close to the sea".
It extends in a northwesterly south-easterly direction at an altitude of about 1 m, over a length of about 3.7 km (2.3 mi) and a maximum width of 700 m (2,300 ft), covering around 200 ha (490 acres). From the south, a stream passing down the Volcan du Diable feeds the lake, having collected the waters coming from the slopes of the volcano as well as those of the Val d'Enfer and the Val des Trolls, and thus their lakes. Another stream feeds the lake from the north. Lake Armor flows into the marine waters of the Gulf of Morbihan in the Hurley Bay.
Near the lake is the only known spot in Kerguelen of Elaphoglossum randii, a small fern endemic to the sub-Antarctic islands of the Indian Ocean, which occurs elsewhere only in the Marion and Prince Edward Islands.
The southern beaches of Lake Armor are also known for their curious little pebbles, rolled by the waves and nicknamed "Armor dicks" because of their evocative shape.
An introduction of salmonids has been achieved between 1977 and 1992 in the Lake Armor and its tributaries. The first release of fry occurred in 1977 with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Scotland. Such a release was reared in 1978 and 1980. Furthermore, an experiment of salmon farming started in 1984, but this time with Pacific species: mainly Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and also Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). After being raised in floating cages in the freshwater of the lake, the smolts were freed expecting they would come back as adults to their nursery place. In order to monitor this experiment a technical base had been built near the outflow of the lake. The experiment stopped in 1991 and the station was then abandoned. In 1991 and 1992, last releases were done with some young fish of other species: brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from local acclimated populations and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) native to Haute-Savoie.
Sedimentological surveys were carried out from 2007 in the northern part of Lake Armor to collect information on the climate changings for 1200 years.
The main feeding stream passes down the volcan du Diable
The male genital-shaped pebbles found on the southern beaches of the lake
References
^ (in French) Dominique Delarue, Voyages aux îles Kerguelen, Lac d'Armor
^ (in French) Commission territoriale de toponymie & Gracie Delépine, Toponymie des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Archived 2017-08-17 at the Wayback Machine page 34, Territoire des terres australes et antarctiques françaises, Paris 1973.
^ measured with ACME planimeter on Google maps
^ Katrien Heirman, Marc de Batist, Fabien Arnaud & Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Seismic stratigraphy of the late Quaternary sedimentary infill of Lac d'Armor (Kerguelen archipelago): A record of glacier retreat, sedimentary mass wasting and southern Westerly intensification, Antarctic Science 24 (06), 2012/12
^ (in French) Commission territoriale de toponymie & Gracie Delépine, Toponymie des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Archived 2017-08-17 at the Wayback Machine page 185, Territoire des terres australes et antarctiques françaises, Paris 1973.
^ (in French) Jacques Buffin, Futura-sciences,The fern Elaphoglossum randii
^ Aurélie Heurtebize & Arnauld Hibon, BizBon Box, Les bites d'Armor
^ (in French) Patrick Davaine & Edward Beall, Conseil supérieur de la pêche, Introduction de salmonidés en milieu vierge (îles Kerguelen, subantarctique) : enjeux, résultats, perspectives, 1997, Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture 344/345, pages 93-110.
^ Fabien Arnaud, S. Révillon, J. Poulenard, D. Boone & Katrien Heirman, First reconstruction of last millennium flooding activity on Kerguelen archipelago (50°S, sub-antarctic Indian Ocean) from Lake Armor sediment: implications for southern hemisphere cyclonic circulation changes, 2009, Geophysical Research Abstracts vol.11 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_islands"},{"link_name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Volcan du Diable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan_du_Diable"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Morbihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_du_Morbihan_(Kerguelen)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elaphoglossum randii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphoglossum_randii"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Marion and Prince Edward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"salmonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonidae"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Atlantic salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"salmon farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_farming"},{"link_name":"Coho salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coho_salmon"},{"link_name":"Chinook salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"smolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolts"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"Arctic char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_char"},{"link_name":"Haute-Savoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sedimentological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology"},{"link_name":"climate changings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volcan_du_Diable_(Kerguelen_islands).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_Armor.JPG"}],"text":"Lake in FranceLake Armor is a fjord lake located on the central plateau of the main island of the Kerguelen archipelago, in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.It was so named by the Mouzon mission in 1952 after a Breton noun which means \"the land close to the sea\".[1][2]It extends in a northwesterly south-easterly direction at an altitude of about 1 m, over a length of about 3.7 km (2.3 mi) and a maximum width of 700 m (2,300 ft), covering around 200 ha (490 acres).[3] From the south, a stream passing down the Volcan du Diable feeds the lake, having collected the waters coming from the slopes of the volcano as well as those of the Val d'Enfer and the Val des Trolls, and thus their lakes.[4] Another stream feeds the lake from the north. Lake Armor flows into the marine waters of the Gulf of Morbihan in the Hurley Bay.[5]Near the lake is the only known spot in Kerguelen of Elaphoglossum randii, a small fern endemic to the sub-Antarctic islands of the Indian Ocean, which occurs elsewhere only in the Marion and Prince Edward Islands.[6]The southern beaches of Lake Armor are also known for their curious little pebbles, rolled by the waves and nicknamed \"Armor dicks\" because of their evocative shape.[7]An introduction of salmonids has been achieved between 1977 and 1992 in the Lake Armor and its tributaries. The first release of fry occurred in 1977 with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Scotland. Such a release was reared in 1978 and 1980. Furthermore, an experiment of salmon farming started in 1984, but this time with Pacific species: mainly Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and also Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). After being raised in floating cages in the freshwater of the lake, the smolts were freed expecting they would come back as adults to their nursery place. In order to monitor this experiment a technical base had been built near the outflow of the lake. The experiment stopped in 1991 and the station was then abandoned. In 1991 and 1992, last releases were done with some young fish of other species: brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from local acclimated populations and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) native to Haute-Savoie.[8]Sedimentological surveys were carried out from 2007 in the northern part of Lake Armor to collect information on the climate changings for 1200 years.[9]The main feeding stream passes down the volcan du Diable\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe male genital-shaped pebbles found on the southern beaches of the lake","title":"Lake Armor"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Armor¶ms=49_27_17_S_69_42_28_E_type:waterbody_scale:500000","external_links_name":"49°27′17″S 69°42′28″E / 49.45472°S 69.70778°E / -49.45472; 69.70778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Armor¶ms=49_27_17_S_69_42_28_E_type:waterbody_scale:500000","external_links_name":"49°27′17″S 69°42′28″E / 49.45472°S 69.70778°E / -49.45472; 69.70778"},{"Link":"http://www.kerguelen-voyages.com/c/95/p/4d603ee62237b2673166a035a94b2e4c/kerguelen-lac-d-armor-sud-est-plateau-central.html","external_links_name":"Lac d'Armor"},{"Link":"http://taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/toponymie_taaf_numerisation_light_bm_.pdf","external_links_name":"Toponymie des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817121947/http://taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/toponymie_taaf_numerisation_light_bm_.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.acme.com/planimeter/","external_links_name":"ACME planimeter"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@-49.4612118,69.7115654,14.25z","external_links_name":"Google maps"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/259426652_fig1_Fig-1-Location-of-Lac-d%27Armor-Cook-Glacier-%27Mont-Ross%27-and-Plaine-Amp-re-on-the","external_links_name":"Seismic stratigraphy of the late Quaternary sedimentary infill of Lac d'Armor (Kerguelen archipelago): A record of glacier retreat, sedimentary mass wasting and southern Westerly intensification"},{"Link":"http://taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/toponymie_taaf_numerisation_light_bm_.pdf","external_links_name":"Toponymie des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817121947/http://taaf.fr/IMG/pdf/toponymie_taaf_numerisation_light_bm_.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/photos/environnement-annee-polaire-internationale-594/photos-fougere-quotelaphoglossum-randii-quot-2346","external_links_name":"The fern Elaphoglossum randii"},{"Link":"http://www.bizbonbox.com/photos-taaf?lightbox=image_1wye","external_links_name":"Les bites d'Armor"},{"Link":"https://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/pdf/1997/01/kmae199734434508.pdf","external_links_name":"Introduction de salmonidés en milieu vierge (îles Kerguelen, subantarctique) : enjeux, résultats, perspectives"},{"Link":"http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-10436.pdf","external_links_name":"First reconstruction of last millennium flooding activity on Kerguelen archipelago (50°S, sub-antarctic Indian Ocean) from Lake Armor sediment: implications for southern hemisphere cyclonic circulation changes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Turner_Prize_for_Innovation_in_Construction_Technology | Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology | ["1 List of Turner Prize winners","2 References","3 External links"] | At the 2007 Turner Prize ceremony at the National Building Museum, Frank Gehry gives a presentation on the work of Gehry Partners and Gehry Technologies driving construction innovation.
The Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology is awarded annually by the National Building Museum to recognize outstanding leadership and innovation in the field of construction methods and processes, including engineering design and construction techniques and practices. Created in 2002 by an endowment established by the Turner Construction Company and named after the company's founder, the prize carries a cash award of $25,000.
Past honorees include individuals and organizations such as architect I. M. Pei, for encouraging construction and engineering innovation with his designs; Stanford University civil engineering professor Paul Teicholz, for his work in paving the way for Building Information Modeling; and Engineers Without Borders–USA for efforts in creating sustainable infrastructure in poverty-stricken world communities and for "instilling a sense of global responsibility in the next generation of engineers," according to the award jury. When Frank Gehry accepted the prize on behalf of Gehry Partners in 2007, he stated, "I've gotten a lot of awards from the artsy side of the profession, but this one's from the meat-and-potatoes side, and that's pretty special."
In addition to the Turner Prize, the National Building Museum also awards the Vincent Scully Prize, which honors exemplary practice, scholarship, or criticism in architecture, historic preservation, and urban design, and the Honor Award for individuals and organizations who have made important contributions to the U.S.'s building heritage.
List of Turner Prize winners
Year
Recipient
2014
Department of Architectural Engineering of the Pennsylvania State University
2011
Caterpillar, Inc.
2010
Engineers Without Borders–USA
2008
Charles H. Thornton, co-founder of Thornton Tomasetti
2007
Gehry Partners and Gehry Technologies
2007
Dr. Paul Teicholz
2005
U.S. Green Building Council
2004
Charles A. DeBenedittis, senior managing director of design and construction, Tishman Speyer Properties
2003
I. M. Pei
2002
Leslie E. Robertson
References
^ Peter James (2010-07-13). "Engineers Without Borders Selected for 2010 Turner Prize". Architect Magazine.
^ "I. M. Pei's Construction Innovation". Architecture Week. 2003-04-23.
^ "Stanford's Teicholz Wins Turner Prize". Engineering Record. 2007-02-19.
^ "Engineers Without Borders-USA Selected for 2010 Turner Prize". Engineering News Record. 2010-07-14.
^ Stephani Miller (October 12, 2007). "Gehry Companies Receive Henry C. Turner Prize". Architect Magazine.
^ "Names in the News - January 2009". McGraw Hill Companies.
^ "Lectures, Conferences, Symposia". Architectural Record (192.9). September 1, 2004. p. 58.
^ "Henry C. Turner Prize". National Building Museum.
External links
National Building Museum's information on the Turner Prize
Turner Construction's information on the Turner Prize | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Building Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Building_Museum"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"Turner Construction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Construction_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchMag-1"},{"link_name":"I. M. 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Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology is awarded annually by the National Building Museum to recognize outstanding leadership and innovation in the field of construction methods and processes, including engineering design and construction techniques and practices. Created in 2002 by an endowment established by the Turner Construction Company and named after the company's founder, the prize carries a cash award of $25,000.[1]\n\nPast honorees include individuals and organizations such as architect I. M. Pei, for encouraging construction and engineering innovation with his designs;[2] Stanford University civil engineering professor Paul Teicholz, for his work in paving the way for Building Information Modeling;[3] and Engineers Without Borders–USA for efforts in creating sustainable infrastructure in poverty-stricken world communities and for \"instilling a sense of global responsibility in the next generation of engineers,\" according to the award jury.[4] When Frank Gehry accepted the prize on behalf of Gehry Partners in 2007, he stated, \"I've gotten a lot of awards from the artsy side of the profession, but this one's from the meat-and-potatoes side, and that's pretty special.\"[5]\nIn addition to the Turner Prize, the National Building Museum also awards the Vincent Scully Prize, which honors exemplary practice, scholarship, or criticism in architecture, historic preservation, and urban design, and the Honor Award for individuals and organizations who have made important contributions to the U.S.'s building heritage.","title":"Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBM_List-8"}],"text":"[8]","title":"List of Turner Prize winners"}] | [{"image_text":"At the 2007 Turner Prize ceremony at the National Building Museum, Frank Gehry gives a presentation on the work of Gehry Partners and Gehry Technologies driving construction innovation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turner_07_FGLecture.JPG/220px-Turner_07_FGLecture.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Peter James (2010-07-13). \"Engineers Without Borders Selected for 2010 Turner Prize\". Architect Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectmagazine.com/award-winners/engineers-without-borders-selected-for-2010-turner-prize.aspx","url_text":"\"Engineers Without Borders Selected for 2010 Turner Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"I. M. Pei's Construction Innovation\". Architecture Week. 2003-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectureweek.com/2003/0423/news_1-1.html","url_text":"\"I. M. Pei's Construction Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanford's Teicholz Wins Turner Prize\". Engineering Record. 2007-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://enr.construction.com/news/buildings/archives/070219a.asp","url_text":"\"Stanford's Teicholz Wins Turner Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engineers Without Borders-USA Selected for 2010 Turner Prize\". Engineering News Record. 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://enr.construction.com/business_management/workforce/2010/0714-turnerprizewinner.asp","url_text":"\"Engineers Without Borders-USA Selected for 2010 Turner Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Stephani Miller (October 12, 2007). \"Gehry Companies Receive Henry C. Turner Prize\". Architect Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectmagazine.com/construction/gehry-companies-receive-henry-c-turner-prize.aspx","url_text":"\"Gehry Companies Receive Henry C. 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Pei's Construction Innovation\""},{"Link":"http://enr.construction.com/news/buildings/archives/070219a.asp","external_links_name":"\"Stanford's Teicholz Wins Turner Prize\""},{"Link":"http://enr.construction.com/business_management/workforce/2010/0714-turnerprizewinner.asp","external_links_name":"\"Engineers Without Borders-USA Selected for 2010 Turner Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.architectmagazine.com/construction/gehry-companies-receive-henry-c-turner-prize.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Gehry Companies Receive Henry C. Turner Prize\""},{"Link":"http://newyork.construction.com/people/names/archive/2009/01.asp","external_links_name":"\"Names in the News - January 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/turner-prize/","external_links_name":"\"Henry C. Turner Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/turner-prize/","external_links_name":"National Building Museum's information on the Turner Prize"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303133957/http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5743","external_links_name":"Turner Construction's information on the Turner Prize"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Cyprus | European University Cyprus | ["1 History","2 Schools and departments","2.1 School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences","2.2 School of Sciences","2.3 School of Business Administration","2.4 School of Medicine","2.5 School of Dentistry","2.6 School of Veterinary Medicine","3 References"] | Coordinates: 35°09′34″N 33°20′20″E / 35.15944°N 33.33889°E / 35.15944; 33.33889This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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European University CyprusGreek: Ευρωπαϊκό Πανεπιστήμιο ΚύπρουTypePrivate UniversityEstablished1961PresidentDr. Christoforos HadjikyprianouRectorDr. Andreas EfstathiouStudents10,000LocationEngomi, Nicosia District, Cyprus, EUCampusNicosiaWebsitehttps://www.euc.ac.cy
University rankingsRegional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia211-220 (2022)
The European University Cyprus (EUC) (Greek: Ευρωπαϊκό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου) is a private non- profit university in Nicosia, Cyprus which evolved out of Cyprus College, the oldest institution of higher education in Cyprus. EUC has a selective admission policy based on students' past academic record and performance. The institution has a current enrollment of over 8,500 students and provides internationally recognized undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate degrees. The programs of study are graded based on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).
History
Ioannis Gregoriou in 1961 founded the first Business College in Cyprus under the brand name "Cyprus College". The college later developed into the current European University Cyprus in 2007, following a change in the law to allow the operation of private universities in Cyprus. All bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. programs have been approved by The Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education (CYQAA) and are recognized worldwide. European University Cyprus cooperates with several universities all over the world. It participates in Erasmus+ program and enables students, academics and staff to travel and study at several universities in Europe and beyond. President Bill Clinton, Honorary Chancellor of Laureate International Universities, visited EUC in 2012. The president advised on Social Responsibility, youth leadership and increasing access to higher education.
European University Cyprus is part of Galileo Global Education, Europe’s largest higher education group with a network of 54 institutions present in over 80 campuses in 13 countries and over 170,000 enrolled students.
Schools and departments
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EUC is composed of six schools:
School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences
Department of Arts
Department of Education Sciences
Department of Humanities
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
School of Sciences
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Life Sciences
School of Business Administration
Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance
Department of Management and Marketing
School of Medicine
Students are taught and trained in Cyprus. No ‘premedical’ coursework is required as the program of study provides an all-inclusive, full basic sciences thematic unit. The European University Cyprus School of Medicine is accredited by the Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education (DI.PA.E) and the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME), approved by Hellenic National Academic Recognition Information Centre and listed in the International Medical Education Directory of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research. Nobel Laureates, Biochemist Tomas Lindahl (Chemistry 2015) and Biochemist Robert Huber (Chemistry 1988) are among the Professors of the School of Medicine. Nobel Laureate (Chemistry 2009), Biochemist Ada Yonath and Biochemist Jean-Marie Lehn (Chemistry 1987), are Honorary professors of the School. In 2017, the School offered the first Dental degree Program in Cyprus. The School of Medicine is now officially recognised by the European Parliament and Council on the IMI (Internal Market Information System) platform. It counts students from numerous countries such as Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Israel, Italy, Sweden, Russia, the UAE, the UK and the US as well as many students from Cyprus.
Medicine Frankfurt Branch
Beginning operation in September 2022, the European University Cyprus School of Medicine’s
Frankfurt Branch offers the MD Degree in Germany. The Medical Doctor program is conducted
in English, and carries a minimum workload of 5500 hours of theoretical and practical training,
equivalent to 360 ECTS, and it can be completed over six years.
School of Dentistry
The School of Dentistry offers a five-year Dental Surgery DBS Degree, conducted in English.
Dental Clinic on Campus
The dental clinic operates on EUC campus and is used for the training of dental students.
School of Veterinary Medicine
The School of Veterinary Medicine offers a five-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree following the European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training (ESEVT) requirements. The programme includes early exposure to animal care, husbandry and clinical practice and access to the EUC Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital.
In collaboration with the university's schools, the Distance Education Unit offers bachelor's and master's degrees, in various disciplines, such as education, music education, psychology, public health, public administration, counselling, business administration, marketing communication and social media, information systems, English language and literature, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and speech pathology. These programs are offered in Greek and/or English.
References
^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ "European University Cyprus: University Overview". 4icu.org. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
^ "History". euc.ac.cy. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
^ "Erasmus+". euc.ac.cy. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
^ "President Bill Clinton at European University Cyprus". EUC. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ "Galileo Global Education".
^ "Cyprus Medical School - Medical University - EUC". www.euc.ac.cy. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
35°09′34″N 33°20′20″E / 35.15944°N 33.33889°E / 35.15944; 33.33889
vteUniversities and colleges in CyprusUniversities
Cyprus West University
American University of Cyprus
Atatürk Teacher Training Academy
University of Cyprus
Cyprus International University
Cyprus Science University
Cyprus University of Technology
Eastern Mediterranean University
European University Cyprus
European University of Lefke
Frederick University
Girne American University
University of Mediterranean Karpasia
University of Kyrenia
Near East University
Neapolis University Paphos
British University of Nicosia
University of Nicosia
Open University of Cyprus
Foreign campuses
Anadolu University
University of Central Lancashire
Istanbul Technical University
Middle East Technical University
University of the West of England
Colleges
Cyprus Institute of Marketing
Cyprus International Institute of Management
KES College
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Cyprus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System"}],"text":"The European University Cyprus (EUC) (Greek: Ευρωπαϊκό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου) is a private non- profit university in Nicosia, Cyprus which evolved out of Cyprus College, the oldest institution of higher education in Cyprus. EUC has a selective admission policy based on students' past academic record and performance.[2] The institution has a current enrollment of over 8,500 students and provides internationally recognized undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate degrees. The programs of study are graded based on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).","title":"European University Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Erasmus+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programme"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate_Education"},{"link_name":"Social Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ioannis Gregoriou in 1961 founded the first Business College in Cyprus under the brand name \"Cyprus College\". The college later developed into the current European University Cyprus in 2007, following a change in the law to allow the operation of private universities in Cyprus. All bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. programs have been approved by The Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education (CYQAA) and are recognized worldwide.[3] European University Cyprus cooperates with several universities all over the world. It participates in Erasmus+[4] program and enables students, academics and staff to travel and study at several universities in Europe and beyond. President Bill Clinton, Honorary Chancellor of Laureate International Universities, visited EUC in 2012. The president advised on Social Responsibility, youth leadership and increasing access to higher education.[5]European University Cyprus is part of Galileo Global Education,[6] Europe’s largest higher education group with a network of 54 institutions present in over 80 campuses in 13 countries and over 170,000 enrolled students.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"EUC is composed of six schools:","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences","text":"Department of Arts\nDepartment of Education Sciences\nDepartment of Humanities\nDepartment of Social and Behavioral Sciences","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Sciences","text":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering\nDepartment of Health Sciences\nDepartment of Life Sciences","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Business Administration","text":"Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance\nDepartment of Management and Marketing","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"World Federation for Medical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_for_Medical_Education"},{"link_name":"National Academic Recognition Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academic_Recognition_Information_Centre"},{"link_name":"International Medical Education Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Medical_Education_Directory"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancement_of_International_Medical_Education_and_Research"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tomas Lindahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl"},{"link_name":"Robert Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huber"},{"link_name":"Ada Yonath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Yonath"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Lehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn"},{"link_name":"Dental degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_degree"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Internal Market Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Market_Information_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"School of Medicine","text":"Students are taught and trained in Cyprus. No ‘premedical’ coursework is required as the program of study provides an all-inclusive, full basic sciences thematic unit. The European University Cyprus School of Medicine is accredited by the Cyprus Agency of Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education (DI.PA.E) and the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME), approved by Hellenic National Academic Recognition Information Centre and listed in the International Medical Education Directory of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research.[7] Nobel Laureates, Biochemist Tomas Lindahl (Chemistry 2015) and Biochemist Robert Huber (Chemistry 1988) are among the Professors of the School of Medicine. Nobel Laureate (Chemistry 2009), Biochemist Ada Yonath and Biochemist Jean-Marie Lehn (Chemistry 1987), are Honorary professors of the School. In 2017, the School offered the first Dental degree Program in Cyprus. The School of Medicine is now officially recognised by the European Parliament and Council on the IMI (Internal Market Information System) platform. It counts students from numerous countries such as Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Israel, Italy, Sweden, Russia, the UAE, the UK and the US as well as many students from Cyprus.[citation needed]Medicine Frankfurt Branch\nBeginning operation in September 2022, the European University Cyprus School of Medicine’s\nFrankfurt Branch offers the MD Degree in Germany. The Medical Doctor program is conducted\nin English, and carries a minimum workload of 5500 hours of theoretical and practical training,\nequivalent to 360 ECTS, and it can be completed over six years.","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"School of Dentistry","text":"The School of Dentistry offers a five-year Dental Surgery DBS Degree, conducted in English.Dental Clinic on Campus\nThe dental clinic operates on EUC campus and is used for the training of dental students.","title":"Schools and departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"School of Veterinary Medicine","text":"The School of Veterinary Medicine offers a five-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree following the European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training (ESEVT) requirements. The programme includes early exposure to animal care, husbandry and clinical practice and access to the EUC Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital.In collaboration with the university's schools, the Distance Education Unit offers bachelor's and master's degrees, in various disciplines, such as education, music education, psychology, public health, public administration, counselling, business administration, marketing communication and social media, information systems, English language and literature, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and speech pathology. These programs are offered in Greek and/or English.[citation needed]","title":"Schools and departments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"European University Cyprus: University Overview\". 4icu.org. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4icu.org/reviews/12917.htm","url_text":"\"European University Cyprus: University Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". euc.ac.cy. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euc.ac.cy/en/about-us/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erasmus+\". euc.ac.cy. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euc.ac.cy/en/international-relations--programs-and-mobility/erasmus","url_text":"\"Erasmus+\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Bill Clinton at European University Cyprus\". EUC. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://euc.ac.cy/en/president-bill-clinton-at-european-university-cyprus/","url_text":"\"President Bill Clinton at European University Cyprus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galileo Global Education\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ggeedu.com/","url_text":"\"Galileo Global Education\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyprus Medical School - Medical University - EUC\". www.euc.ac.cy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterton_(opera) | Chatterton (opera) | ["1 Background and performance history","2 Roles","3 Synopsis","4 Recordings","5 References","6 External links"] | Opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo
ChattertonOpera by Ruggero LeoncavalloCover of the libretto published in 1896LibrettistRuggero LeoncavalloPremiere10 March 1896 (1896-03-10)Teatro Drammatico Nazionale, Rome
Chatterton is a dramma lirico or opera in three acts (four acts in its original 1876 version) by Ruggero Leoncavallo. The libretto was written by the composer himself and is freely adapted from the life of the young English poet from Bristol, Thomas Chatterton (1752–1770). Although composed in 1876, it premiered 20 years later on 10 March 1896, at the Teatro Drammatico Nazionale in Rome.
Background and performance history
Considered by the romantics as the perfect archetype of the accursed poet, Chatterton became famous for his brilliant pastiches of medieval poetry, which he attributed to an imaginary 15th-century monk whom he called Thomas Rowley. At the age of 18, to escape his misery, he committed suicide in London by taking poison.
The plot of the opera is based on Alfred de Vigny's Chatterton (published in 1835)—a successful drama in three acts derived from the second of the trio of short stories contained in his philosophical novel Stello (1832).
Chatterton, composed in 1876, is the debut opera of a young Leoncavallo freshly graduated from the Naples conservatory. However, the composer failed in his attempt to get his work performed because the promoter of the planned production disappeared with Leoncavallo's money shortly before the premiere. Leoncavallo would have to wait until after the financial success of his best known opera, 1892's Pagliacci, to see Chatterton produced.
The opera finally premiered on 10 March 1896, at the Teatro Drammatico Nazionale, Rome, in a revised version of the original four-act opera. The work was not successful even after another revision which was completed in 1905. Today, Chatterton is rarely performed.
Roles
The central character of the opera is the English genius Thomas Chatterton, author of poems published under the name of Thomas Rowley, and who eventually commits suicide.
Role
Voice type
Premiere Cast, March 10, 1896(Conductor: Vittorio Podesti)
Thomas Chatterton
tenor
Benedetto Lucignani
Jenny Clark
soprano
Adalgisa Gabbi
John Clark
bass
Raffaele Terzi
Giorgio
baritone
Giuseppe Cremona
Skirner
tenor
Aristide Anceschi
Lord Klifford
baritone
Young Henry
soprano
Cremona
Synopsis
Chatterton lives as a lodger in a wealthy home. Unable to live by his writing, he has to look for a job to support himself. Unfortunately, he can only get a job as a servant. The other aspect of the situation is his thwarted and concealed love for Jenny Clark (Kitty Bell in Vigny's play), the wife of the industrialist who is his landlord. Finally, faced with an impossible love and a menial job, a despairing Chatterton kills himself. He is followed immediately in death by Jenny.
Recordings
Chatterton is notable for being one of the first complete operas ever recorded (in May 1908, by HMV's predecessor the Gramophone Company on multiple 78-rpm discs). The fact that this recording was conducted by the composer himself makes it an outstandingly valuable acoustic document. It has been skilfully restored by the American audio engineer Ward Marston and distributed on CD by his label, Marston Records (52016-2). The orchestral playing under Leoncavallo's direction is unpolished and the quality of the cast of singers uneven, with by far the best contribution coming from a renowned La Scala dramatic tenor of the era, Francesco Signorini, who delivers his allotted music (he shares the title role with another tenor, Francisco Granados) with a fine voice and real dramatic conviction. (The 1908 Chatterton is coupled on the Marston reissue with a 1907 recording of Pagliacci in its entirety, featuring a mostly different cast.)
Another complete recording of the work exists, released by the label Bongiovanni with the following cast: Renato Zuin, Tiziana Scaciga della Silva, Maurizio Zanchetti, Enrica Bassano, Fabrizio Neri – Orchestra dell’Opera Ucraina di Dniepropetrovsk, Coro Filarmonico di Pesaro – Silvano Frontalini
References
Notes
^ Boyden (2007) pp. 358–359
^ Kaminski (2003) pp. 779–780
^ Premiere cast from Casaglia (2005)
^ Clarke (2004)
Sources
Boyden, Matthew, The Rough Guide to Opera, 4th Revised edition, Rough Guides, 2007, P. 358-359
Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Chatterton". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
Clarke, Stephen R., Liner notes: The Leoncavallo Recordings (1907–1908), Marston Records, 2004. Accessed 16 January 2010
Kaminski, Piotr, 1001 opéras, Fayard, 2003, P. 779-780 (in French)
External links
Complete libretto with English translation on Marston Records
vteRuggero LeoncavalloOperas
Chatterton (1876)
Pagliacci (1892)
I Medici (1893)
La bohème (1897)
Zazà (1900)
Der Roland von Berlin (1904)
Zingari (1912)
Are You There? (1913)
Edipo re (1920)
Arias and songs
"Mattinata"
"Vesti la giubba"
Category
Audio | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Ruggero Leoncavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chatterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chatterton"},{"link_name":"Teatro Drammatico Nazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dramatic_Theatre"}],"text":"Chatterton is a dramma lirico or opera in three acts (four acts in its original 1876 version) by Ruggero Leoncavallo. The libretto was written by the composer himself and is freely adapted from the life of the young English poet from Bristol, Thomas Chatterton (1752–1770). 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At the age of 18, to escape his misery, he committed suicide in London by taking poison.The plot of the opera is based on Alfred de Vigny's Chatterton (published in 1835)—a successful drama in three acts derived from the second of the trio of short stories contained in his philosophical novel Stello (1832).Chatterton, composed in 1876, is the debut opera of a young Leoncavallo freshly graduated from the Naples conservatory. However, the composer failed in his attempt to get his work performed because the promoter of the planned production disappeared with Leoncavallo's money shortly before the premiere.[1] Leoncavallo would have to wait until after the financial success of his best known opera, 1892's Pagliacci, to see Chatterton produced.The opera finally premiered on 10 March 1896, at the Teatro Drammatico Nazionale, Rome, in a revised version of the original four-act opera. The work was not successful even after another revision which was completed in 1905.[2] Today, Chatterton is rarely performed.","title":"Background and performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatterton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chatterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chatterton"}],"text":"The central character of the opera is the English genius Thomas Chatterton, author of poems published under the name of Thomas Rowley, and who eventually commits suicide.","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chatterton lives as a lodger in a wealthy home. Unable to live by his writing, he has to look for a job to support himself. Unfortunately, he can only get a job as a servant. The other aspect of the situation is his thwarted and concealed love for Jenny Clark (Kitty Bell in Vigny's play), the wife of the industrialist who is his landlord. 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(The 1908 Chatterton is coupled on the Marston reissue with a 1907 recording of Pagliacci in its entirety, featuring a mostly different cast.)\nAnother complete recording of the work exists, released by the label Bongiovanni with the following cast: Renato Zuin, Tiziana Scaciga della Silva, Maurizio Zanchetti, Enrica Bassano, Fabrizio Neri – Orchestra dell’Opera Ucraina di Dniepropetrovsk, Coro Filarmonico di Pesaro – Silvano Frontalini","title":"Recordings"}] | [{"image_text":"The central character of the opera is the English genius Thomas Chatterton, author of poems published under the name of Thomas Rowley, and who eventually commits suicide.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chatterton.jpg/240px-Chatterton.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Chatterton&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"Chatterton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090115111051/http://www.marstonrecords.com/chatterton/chatterton_liner.htm","external_links_name":"Liner notes: The Leoncavallo Recordings (1907–1908)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090117002351/http://www.marstonrecords.com/chatterton/chatterton_libretto.htm","external_links_name":"Complete libretto with English translation"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | ["1 Background","2 UNCLOS I","3 UNCLOS II","4 UNCLOS III","5 Part XI and the 1994 Agreement","6 Part XII – Protecting the marine environment","7 Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction","8 Parties","8.1 Role","9 See also","10 Further reading","11 References","12 External links"] | International maritime law
United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaLogo of the ConventionSigned10 December 1982LocationMontego Bay, JamaicaEffective16 November 1994Condition60 ratificationsSignatories157Parties169DepositarySecretary-General of the United NationsLanguagesArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and SpanishFull text United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea at Wikisource
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of May 2023, 168 countries and the European Union are parties.
The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after Guyana became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty. In 2023, agreement was reached on a High Seas Treaty to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. This would provide measures including Marine Protected Areas and environmental impact assessments.
While the secretary-general of the United Nations receives instruments of ratification and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the convention, the United Nations Secretariat has no direct operational role in the implementation of the convention. A UN specialized agency, the International Maritime Organization, does play a role, however, as do other bodies such as the International Whaling Commission and the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which was established by the convention itself.
Background
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea replaces the older "freedom of the seas" concept, dating from the 17th century. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coastlines, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (three-mile limit), according to the "cannon shot" rule developed by the Dutch jurist Cornelius van Bynkershoek. All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the mare liberum principle propounded by Hugo Grotius).
In the early 20th century, some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and to provide the means to enforce pollution controls. The League of Nations called a 1930 conference at The Hague, but no agreements resulted. Using the customary international-law principle of a nation's right to protect its natural resources, President Harry S. Truman in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its continental shelf. Other nations were quick to follow suit. Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador extended their rights to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to cover their Humboldt Current fishing grounds. Other nations extended their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi).
By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit, while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit. As of 15 July 2011, only Jordan still uses the 3-mile (4.8 km) limit. That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories, such as Gibraltar.
UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of customary international law on the acquisition and loss of territory.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 has a target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework.
UNCLOS I
Territorial waters claims by coastal states in 1960
Breadth claim
Number of states
3-mile limit
26
4-mile limit
3
5-mile limit
1
6-mile limit
16
9-mile limit
1
10-mile limit
2
12-mile limit
34
More than 12-miles
9
Unspecified
11
In 1958, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) at Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958:
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, entry into force: 10 September 1964
Convention on the Continental Shelf, entry into force: 10 June 1964
Convention on the High Seas, entry into force: 30 September 1962
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas, entry into force: 20 March 1966
Although UNCLOS I was considered a success, it left open the important issue of breadth of territorial waters.
UNCLOS II
In 1960, the United Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS II"); however, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in any new agreements. Generally speaking, developing nations and third world countries participated only as clients, allies, or dependents of the United States or the Soviet Union, with no significant voice of their own.
UNCLOS III
Sea areas in international rights (Top view)
The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by Arvid Pardo of Malta, and in 1973 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened in New York. In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a consensus process rather than majority vote. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after the 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty.
The convention introduced a number of provisions. The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes.
The convention set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined baseline. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight baselines may be used.) The areas are as follows:
Internal waters: Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. A vessel in the high seas assumes jurisdiction under the internal laws of its flag state.
Territorial sea: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource; in essence, the coastal State enjoys Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial sea, with strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as transit passage, in that naval vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in the territorial sea. "Innocent passage" is defined by the convention as passing through waters in an expeditious and continuous manner, which is not "prejudicial to the peace, good order or the security" of the coastal state. Fishing, polluting, weapons practice, and spying are not "innocent", and submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their territorial sea, if doing so is essential for the protection of their security.
Archipelagic waters: The convention set the definition of "Archipelagic States" in Part IV, which also defines how the state can draw its territorial borders. A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands, subject to these points being sufficiently close to one another. All waters inside this baseline are designated "Archipelagic Waters". The state has sovereignty over these waters mostly to the extent it has over internal waters, but subject to existing rights including traditional fishing rights of immediately adjacent states. Foreign vessels have right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters, but archipelagic states may limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes.
Contiguous zone: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the territorial sea baseline limit, the contiguous zone. Here a state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas (customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution) if the infringement started or is about to occur within the state's territory or territorial waters. This makes the contiguous zone a hot pursuit area.
Exclusive economic zones (EEZs): These extend 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf. The EEZs were introduced to halt the increasingly heated clashes over fishing rights, although oil was also becoming important. The success of an offshore oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 1947 was soon repeated elsewhere in the world, and by 1970 it was technically feasible to operate in waters 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep. Foreign nations have the freedom of navigation and overflight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states. Foreign states may also lay submarine pipes and cables.
Continental shelf: The continental shelf is defined as the natural prolongation of the land territory to the continental margin's outer edge, or 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. A state's continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles (370 km) until the natural prolongation ends. However, it may never exceed 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline; nor may it exceed 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) beyond the 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) isobath (the line connecting the depth of 2 500 m). Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Coastal states also have exclusive control over living resources "attached" to the continental shelf, but not to creatures living in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone.
The area outside these areas is referred to as the "high seas" or simply "the Area".
Aside from its provisions defining ocean boundaries, the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an International Seabed Authority and the common heritage of mankind principle.
The convention also established the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany.
Landlocked states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.
Part XI and the 1994 Agreement
Admiralty law
History
Code of Hammurabi
Corpus Juris Civilis
Digesta
Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
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Features
Fishing
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vte
Part XI of the convention provides for a regime relating to minerals on the seabed outside any state's territorial waters or exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It establishes an International Seabed Authority (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty.
The United States objected to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to American economic and security interests. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention.
From 1982 to 1990, the United States accepted all but Part XI as customary international law, while attempting to establish an alternative regime for exploitation of the minerals of the deep seabed. An agreement was made with other seabed mining nations and licenses were granted to four international consortia. Concurrently, the Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in the demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. In addition, the decline of communism in the late 1980s removed much of the support for some of the more contentious Part XI provisions.
In 1990, consultations began between signatories and non-signatories (including the United States) over the possibility of modifying the convention to allow the industrialized countries to join the convention. The resulting 1994 Agreement on Implementation was adopted as a binding international convention. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. The 1994 Agreement also established a Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus.
On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of states parties to the convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the area in accordance with Part XI of the convention and the 1994 agreement. The advisory opinion was issued in response to a formal request made by the International Seabed Authority following two prior applications the authority's Legal and Technical Commission had received from the Republic of Nauru and the Kingdom of Tonga regarding proposed activities (a plan of work to explore for polymetallic nodules) to be undertaken in the area by two state-sponsored contractors – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (sponsored by the Republic of Nauru) and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (sponsored by the Kingdom of Tonga). The advisory opinion set forth the international legal responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring states and the authority to ensure that sponsored activities do not harm the marine environment, consistent with the applicable provisions of UNCLOS Part XI, Authority regulations, ITLOS case law, other international environmental treaties, and Principle 15 of the UN Rio Declaration.
Part XII – Protecting the marine environment
Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. The MARPOL convention is an example of such regulation. Part XII also bestows coastal and port states with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the high seas.
Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
Main article: High Seas Treaty
In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voted to convene an intergovernmental conference (IGC) to consider establishing an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This is considered necessary because UNCLOS does not currently provide a framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction. There is a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability. The IGC convened a total of six sessions in 2018, 2019, 2022 and 2023 to negotiate the text for the BBNJ legal instrument. Progress was made in the four main elements: marine genetic resources (MGRs), benefit sharing using area-based management tools (ABMTs) including marine protected areas (MPAs), environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and capacity building and the transfer of marine technology (CB&TT). The fifth round of talks in August 2022 failed to produce an agreement, due in part to significant disagreements over how to share benefits derived from marine genetic resources and digital sequence information. Agreement on a text was reached on 4 March 2023, after the sixth round of talks at the UN in New York. The European Union pledged financial support for the process of ratification and implementation of the treaty.
Parties
Main article: List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Parties Parties, dually represented by the European Union Signatories Non-parties
The convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification. The convention has been ratified by 169 parties, which includes 165 UN member states, 1 UN Observer state (Palestine), two non-member states (the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union.
Role
The significance of UNCLOS stems from the fact that it systemizes and codifies the standards and principles of international maritime law, which are based on centuries of maritime experience and are expressed to a great extent in the United Nations Charter and current international maritime law norms, such as the Geneva Conventions of 1958. A large portion of these requirements were further strengthened and expanded.
See also
International ownership treaties
Antarctic Treaty System
Law of the Sea
Outer Space Treaty
Moon Treaty
International waters
vte
Virginia Commentary
International Seabed Authority – Intergovernmental body to regulate mineral-related activities on the seabed
Automatic identification system – Automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships
Admiralty law – Law of the oceans and their use
Fisheries management – Regulation of fishing
Freedom of navigation – International maritime legal concept
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – Intergovernmental organization
Law of the sea – International law concerning maritime environments
Law of salvage – Principle of maritime law
Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid – Evaluation of action by Israeli navy
Maritime Security Regimes – Security portions of customary maritime law
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits – 1936 agreement on the Turkish Straits
Operation Sharp Guard – Naval blockade of Adriatic, 1993–96
Territorial disputes in the South China Sea – Disputes over ownership of islands in the South China Sea
Territorial waters – Coastal waters that are part of a sovereign state's sovereign territory
United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – American involvement in drafting but non-ratification
US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage – 1989 statement of common understanding
United Nations General Assembly resolution – Decision or declaration by the General Assembly of the United Nations
Seabed Arms Control Treaty – 1971 international agreement limiting nuclear weapons on the sea floor
European Union submarine internet cables – Issues around EU cable infrastructure
List of territories governed by the United Nations
Portals: Law Oceans Transport Politics
Further reading
Enyew, Endalew Lijalem (2022). "Sailing with TWAIL: A Historical Inquiry into Third World Perspectives on the Law of the Sea". 21(3) Chinese Journal of International Law.
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). "Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS." American Journal of International Law.
References
^ a b c "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
^ a b c "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea". United Nations Treaty Series. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ "Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ Akashi, Kinji (2 October 1998). Cornelius Van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 150. ISBN 978-9041105998. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ "The Freedom of the Seas (Latin and English version, Magoffin trans.) – Online Library of Liberty". oll.libertyfund.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ "Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention – Law of the Sea". Law of the Sea: A Policy Primer. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ Marley, David (2011). Modern piracy : a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-434-4. OCLC 699488885. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ a b "Three Mile Limit". www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ "Three mile limit". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ IILSS (25 April 2021). "Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction (as at 15 July 2011)/maritime spaces of countries". IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ Alexander, Lewis M. (2017). "transit regions of the world". Navigational Restrictions within the New LOS Context. pp. 143–173. doi:10.1163/9789004327115_006. ISBN 9789004327108. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Chagos: A boundary dispute tips over a sovereignty ruling". www.lowyinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Professor Robert Beckman on the Role of UNCLOS in Maritime Disputes". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Goal 14 targets". UNDP. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
^ a b c Major Thomas E. Behuniak (Fall 1978). "The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez: Legal Analysis of United States Claims, Part 1" (PDF). Military Law Review. 82. Department of the Army: 114–121. ISSN 0026-4040. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ "UNCLOS I". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
^ "UNCLOS 3 Article 51". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ "SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE, Article 33". UNCLOS PART II – TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE. United Nations. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
^ "Documents and Publications". International Seabed Authority. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
^ Jon Copley (7 November 2020). "Deep-sea mining is making the seabed the hottest real estate on Earth". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003; 21:409
^ This principle was developed in the Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States.
^ Case No. 17 – Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities With Respect to Activities in the Area – Advisory Opinion Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1 February 2011)
^ International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea Finally Renders Advisory Opinion Establishing that the Precautionary Principle is Incorporated Within UNCLOS Law Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, ITSSD Journal on the UN Law of the Sea Convention (22 March 2011)
^ Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019). Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS. Hart Publishing.
^ a b "Governing areas beyond national jurisdiction". IUCN. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^ "|". United Nations. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "Summary report 7–18 March 2022". Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Heffernan, Olive. "Who Owns the Ocean's Genes? Tension on the High Seas". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Ocean treaty: Historic agreement reached after decade of talks". BBC News. 5 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ "UN states agree 'historic' deal to protect high seas". France 24. 5 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ capt. Enchev, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Maritime Law ISBN 978-954-8991-69-8
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Text of the treaty (pdf)
List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Permanent Court of Arbitration – Past and Pending Cases
Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010) and Contents & Indexes
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
"Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011. (4.89 MB)
UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km)
UNCLOS Italian Database
EEZ/CS Boundaries Canadian Database
Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones
SOPAC Maritime Boundaries Database
Introductory note by Tullio Treves, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Introductory note by Tullio Treves, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Convention on the High Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"High Seas Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"environmental impact assessments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"secretary-general of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-general_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"United Nations Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"specialized agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_agencies"},{"link_name":"International Maritime Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization"},{"link_name":"International Whaling Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission"},{"link_name":"International Seabed Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority"}],"text":"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of May 2023[update], 168 countries and the European Union are parties.The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after Guyana became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty.[1] In 2023, agreement was reached on a High Seas Treaty to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. This would provide measures including Marine Protected Areas and environmental impact assessments.While the secretary-general of the United Nations receives instruments of ratification and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the convention, the United Nations Secretariat has no direct operational role in the implementation of the convention. A UN specialized agency, the International Maritime Organization, does play a role, however, as do other bodies such as the International Whaling Commission and the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which was established by the convention itself.","title":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom of the seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas"},{"link_name":"coastlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast"},{"link_name":"three-mile limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-mile_limit"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Cornelius van Bynkershoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akashi-Bynkershoek-4"},{"link_name":"international waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters"},{"link_name":"mare liberum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters"},{"link_name":"Hugo Grotius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"fish stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocks"},{"link_name":"pollution controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#Pollution_control"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harry S. 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According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coastlines, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (three-mile limit), according to the \"cannon shot\" rule developed by the Dutch jurist Cornelius van Bynkershoek.[4] All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the mare liberum principle propounded by Hugo Grotius).[5]In the early 20th century, some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and to provide the means to enforce pollution controls. The League of Nations called a 1930 conference at The Hague, but no agreements resulted.[6] Using the customary international-law principle of a nation's right to protect its natural resources, President Harry S. Truman in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its continental shelf. Other nations were quick to follow suit. Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador extended their rights to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to cover their Humboldt Current fishing grounds. Other nations extended their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi).[7]By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit,[8] while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit[9] and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit. As of 15 July 2011[update], only Jordan still uses the 3-mile (4.8 km) limit.[10] That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories, such as Gibraltar.[11]UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of customary international law on the acquisition and loss of territory.[12][13]The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 has a target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Territorial_Sea_and_Contiguous_Zone"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Continental Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf"},{"link_name":"Convention on the High Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas"},{"link_name":"Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Fishing_and_Conservation_of_Living_Resources_of_the_High_Seas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-15"}],"text":"In 1958, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) at Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I[16] resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958:Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, entry into force: 10 September 1964\nConvention on the Continental Shelf, entry into force: 10 June 1964\nConvention on the High Seas, entry into force: 30 September 1962\nConvention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas, entry into force: 20 March 1966Although UNCLOS I was considered a success, it left open the important issue of breadth of territorial waters.[15]","title":"UNCLOS I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlr82-behuniak-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Three_Mile_Limit-8"}],"text":"In 1960, the United Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea (\"UNCLOS II\"); however, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in any new agreements.[15] Generally speaking, developing nations and third world countries participated only as clients, allies, or dependents of the United States or the Soviet Union, with no significant voice of their own.[8]","title":"UNCLOS II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zonmar-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Arvid Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Pardo"},{"link_name":"consensus process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making"},{"link_name":"exclusive economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(sea)"},{"link_name":"Internal waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_waters"},{"link_name":"Territorial sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_sea"},{"link_name":"coastal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_state"},{"link_name":"innocent passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_passage"},{"link_name":"transit passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_passage"},{"link_name":"Archipelagic waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagic_waters"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNCLOS3-17"},{"link_name":"Contiguous zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_zone"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(sea)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hot pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Exclusive economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(sea)"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"oil platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"submarine pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pipeline"},{"link_name":"Continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"natural prolongation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_prolongation"},{"link_name":"continental margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin"},{"link_name":"isobath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobath"},{"link_name":"water column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_column"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_seas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"International Seabed Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority"},{"link_name":"common heritage of mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Landlocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Sea areas in international rights (Top view)The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by Arvid Pardo of Malta, and in 1973 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened in New York. In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a consensus process rather than majority vote. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after the 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty.The convention introduced a number of provisions. The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes.The convention set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined baseline. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight baselines may be used.) The areas are as follows:Internal waters: Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. A vessel in the high seas assumes jurisdiction under the internal laws of its flag state.\nTerritorial sea: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource; in essence, the coastal State enjoys Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial sea, with strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as transit passage, in that naval vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in the territorial sea. \"Innocent passage\" is defined by the convention as passing through waters in an expeditious and continuous manner, which is not \"prejudicial to the peace, good order or the security\" of the coastal state. Fishing, polluting, weapons practice, and spying are not \"innocent\", and submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their territorial sea, if doing so is essential for the protection of their security.\nArchipelagic waters: The convention set the definition of \"Archipelagic States\" in Part IV, which also defines how the state can draw its territorial borders. A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands, subject to these points being sufficiently close to one another. All waters inside this baseline are designated \"Archipelagic Waters\". The state has sovereignty over these waters mostly to the extent it has over internal waters, but subject to existing rights including traditional fishing rights of immediately adjacent states.[17] Foreign vessels have right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters, but archipelagic states may limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes.\nContiguous zone: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the territorial sea baseline limit, the contiguous zone. Here a state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas (customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution) if the infringement started or is about to occur within the state's territory or territorial waters.[18] This makes the contiguous zone a hot pursuit area.\nExclusive economic zones (EEZs): These extend 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf. The EEZs were introduced to halt the increasingly heated clashes over fishing rights, although oil was also becoming important. The success of an offshore oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 1947 was soon repeated elsewhere in the world, and by 1970 it was technically feasible to operate in waters 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep. Foreign nations have the freedom of navigation and overflight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states. Foreign states may also lay submarine pipes and cables.\nContinental shelf: The continental shelf is defined as the natural prolongation of the land territory to the continental margin's outer edge, or 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. A state's continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles (370 km) until the natural prolongation ends. However, it may never exceed 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline; nor may it exceed 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) beyond the 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) isobath (the line connecting the depth of 2 500 m). Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Coastal states also have exclusive control over living resources \"attached\" to the continental shelf, but not to creatures living in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone.The area outside these areas is referred to as the \"high seas\" or simply \"the Area\".[19][20]Aside from its provisions defining ocean boundaries, the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an International Seabed Authority and the common heritage of mankind principle.[21]The convention also established the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany.Landlocked states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.[22]","title":"UNCLOS III"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Seabed Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority"},{"link_name":"United States objected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Part XI of the convention provides for a regime relating to minerals on the seabed outside any state's territorial waters or exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It establishes an International Seabed Authority (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty.The United States objected to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to American economic and security interests. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention.From 1982 to 1990, the United States accepted all but Part XI as customary international law, while attempting to establish an alternative regime for exploitation of the minerals of the deep seabed. An agreement was made with other seabed mining nations and licenses were granted to four international consortia. Concurrently, the Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in the demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. In addition, the decline of communism in the late 1980s removed much of the support for some of the more contentious Part XI provisions.[citation needed]In 1990, consultations began between signatories and non-signatories (including the United States) over the possibility of modifying the convention to allow the industrialized countries to join the convention. The resulting 1994 Agreement on Implementation was adopted as a binding international convention. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. The 1994 Agreement also established a Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus.On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of states parties to the convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the area in accordance with Part XI of the convention and the 1994 agreement.[23] The advisory opinion was issued in response to a formal request made by the International Seabed Authority following two prior applications the authority's Legal and Technical Commission had received from the Republic of Nauru and the Kingdom of Tonga regarding proposed activities (a plan of work to explore for polymetallic nodules) to be undertaken in the area by two state-sponsored contractors – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (sponsored by the Republic of Nauru) and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (sponsored by the Kingdom of Tonga). The advisory opinion set forth the international legal responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring states and the authority to ensure that sponsored activities do not harm the marine environment, consistent with the applicable provisions of UNCLOS Part XI, Authority regulations, ITLOS case law, other international environmental treaties, and Principle 15 of the UN Rio Declaration.[24]","title":"Part XI and the 1994 Agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization"},{"link_name":"MARPOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPOL_73/78"},{"link_name":"port states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_state"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_seas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. The MARPOL convention is an example of such regulation. Part XII also bestows coastal and port states with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the high seas.[25]","title":"Part XII – Protecting the marine environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"intergovernmental conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_conference"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"genetic resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_resources"},{"link_name":"digital sequence information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sequence_information"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voted to convene an intergovernmental conference (IGC) to consider establishing an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This is considered necessary because UNCLOS does not currently provide a framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction.[26] There is a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability.[26] The IGC convened a total of six sessions in 2018, 2019, 2022 and 2023 to negotiate the text for the BBNJ legal instrument.[27] Progress was made in the four main elements: marine genetic resources (MGRs), benefit sharing using area-based management tools (ABMTs) including marine protected areas (MPAs), environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and capacity building and the transfer of marine technology (CB&TT).[28] The fifth round of talks in August 2022 failed to produce an agreement, due in part to significant disagreements over how to share benefits derived from marine genetic resources and digital sequence information.[29] Agreement on a text was reached on 4 March 2023, after the sixth round of talks at the UN in New York.[30] The European Union pledged financial support for the process of ratification and implementation of the treaty.[31]","title":"Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"UN Observer state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rat-2"}],"text":"Parties Parties, dually represented by the European Union Signatories Non-partiesThe convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification.[1] The convention has been ratified by 169 parties, which includes 165 UN member states, 1 UN Observer state (Palestine), two non-member states (the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union.[2]","title":"Parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Role","text":"The significance of UNCLOS stems from the fact that it systemizes and codifies the standards and principles of international maritime law, which are based on centuries of maritime experience and are expressed to a great extent in the United Nations Charter and current international maritime law norms, such as the Geneva Conventions of 1958. A large portion of these requirements were further strengthened and expanded.[32]","title":"Parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sailing with TWAIL: A Historical Inquiry into Third World Perspectives on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/21/3/439/6833174"},{"link_name":"Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/judicialization-of-the-sea-bargaining-in-the-shadow-of-unclos/1E7BDAEB4A62B1A43E5AB3456344B4F7"}],"text":"Enyew, Endalew Lijalem (2022). \"Sailing with TWAIL: A Historical Inquiry into Third World Perspectives on the Law of the Sea\". 21(3) Chinese Journal of International Law.\nSara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). \"Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS.\" American Journal of International Law.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Sea areas in international rights (Top view)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zonmar-en.svg/300px-Zonmar-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":" Parties Parties, dually represented by the European Union Signatories Non-parties","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg/500px-United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea_parties.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Virginia Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commentary"},{"title":"International Seabed Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority"},{"title":"Automatic identification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_system"},{"title":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"title":"Fisheries management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management"},{"title":"Freedom of navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation"},{"title":"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"title":"Law of the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_sea"},{"title":"Law of salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_salvage"},{"title":"Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid"},{"title":"Maritime Security Regimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Security_Regimes"},{"title":"Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits"},{"title":"Operation Sharp Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard"},{"title":"Territorial disputes in the South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea"},{"title":"Territorial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters"},{"title":"United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"title":"US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US/USSR_Joint_Statement_on_Uniform_Acceptance_of_Rules_of_International_Law_Governing_Innocent_Passage"},{"title":"United Nations General Assembly resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution"},{"title":"Seabed Arms Control Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty"},{"title":"European Union submarine internet cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_submarine_internet_cables"},{"title":"List of territories governed by the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg"},{"title":"Oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oceans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"}] | [{"reference":"\"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)\". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm","url_text":"\"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915020937/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\". United Nations Treaty Series. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en","url_text":"\"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series","url_text":"United Nations Treaty Series"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174934/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements\". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm","url_text":"\"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414043900/http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akashi, Kinji (2 October 1998). Cornelius Van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 150. ISBN 978-9041105998. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Pp--yPYL58C&q=Cornelius%20van%20Bynkershoek%20cannon&pg=PA150","url_text":"Cornelius Van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041105998","url_text":"978-9041105998"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310133150/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Pp--yPYL58C&q=Cornelius%20van%20Bynkershoek%20cannon&pg=PA150","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Freedom of the Seas (Latin and English version, Magoffin trans.) – Online Library of Liberty\". oll.libertyfund.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Sound_Products | Gemini Sound | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | American electronics company
International Corporate Logo
Gemini mixing console and graphic equalizer
Gemini Sound is a manufacturer of professional audio and mobile DJ equipment, including DJ CD players, DJ turntables, DJ mixers, professional amplifiers, loudspeakers, wireless microphones & DJ audio effects. Founded in 1974, the company is based in New Jersey, USA.
In June 2006, it announced the corporate name would change to GCI Technologies, an acronym meaning Gemini, Cortex, and iKey, its three divisions. Cortex, an offshoot of the Gemini brand which was working exclusively on mass-storage based controllers with embedded systems, made its debut in 2006. The Gemini DJ brand name is the most used brand of GCI Technologies.
See also
List of phonograph manufacturers
References
^ Company History
^ GCI: new launches at NAMM
^ Gemini Becomes GCI
^ DAC Distribution
External links
Official website
Authority control databases: Artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin | Rumpelstiltskin | ["1 Plot","2 History","3 Variants","4 Name","4.1 Translations","5 Rumpelstiltskin principle","6 Media and popular culture","6.1 Literature adaptations","6.2 Film","6.3 Ensemble media","6.4 Theater","7 Notes","8 References","9 Selected bibliography","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | German fairy tale
For other uses, see Rumpelstiltskin (disambiguation).
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.RumpelstiltskinIllustration from Andrew Lang's The Blue Fairy Book (1889)Folk taleNameRumpelstiltskinAlso known as
Tom Tit Tot
Päronskaft
Repelsteeltje
Cvilidreta
Rampelník
Tűzmanócska
Eiman
Country
Germany
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Hungary
Published in
Grimm's Fairy Tales
English Fairy Tales
"Rumpelstiltskin" (/ˌrʌmpəlˈstɪltskɪn/ RUMP-əl-STILT-skin; German: Rumpelstilzchen) is a German fairy tale. It was collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Children's and Household Tales. The story is about an imp who spins straw into gold in exchange for a woman's firstborn child.
Plot
In order to appear superior, a miller brags to the king and people of the kingdom he lives in by claiming his daughter can spin straw into gold. The king calls for the girl, locks her up in a tower room filled with straw and a spinning wheel, and demands she spin the straw into gold by morning or he will have her killed. When she has given up all hope, a little imp-like man appears in the room and spins the straw into gold in return for her necklace of glass beads. The next morning the king takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw to repeat the feat, and the imp once again spins, in return for the girl's glass ring. On the third day the girl is taken to an even larger room filled with straw, and told by the king that if she can spin all this straw into gold he will marry her, but if she cannot she will be executed. While she is sobbing alone in the room, the little imp appears again and promises that he can spin the straw into gold for her, but the girl tells him she has nothing left with which to pay. The strange creature suggests she pay him with her first child. She reluctantly agrees, and he sets about spinning the straw into gold.
Illustration by Anne Anderson from Grimm's Fairy Tales (London and Glasgow 1922)
The king keeps his promise to marry the miller's daughter. But when their first child is born, the imp returns to claim his payment. She offers him all the wealth she has to keep the child, but the imp has no interest in her riches. He finally agrees to give up his claim to the child if she can guess his name within three days.
The queen's many guesses fail. But before the final night, she wanders into the woods searching for him and comes across his remote mountain cottage and watches, unseen, as he hops about his fire and sings. He reveals his name in his song's lyrics: "tonight tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow, the baby I take. The queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name".
When the imp comes to the queen on the third day, after first feigning ignorance, she reveals his name, Rumpelstiltskin, and he loses his temper at the loss of their bargain. Versions vary about whether he accuses the devil or witches of having revealed his name to the queen. In the 1812 edition of the Brothers Grimm tales, Rumpelstiltskin then "ran away angrily, and never came back". The ending was revised in an 1857 edition to a more gruesome ending wherein Rumpelstiltskin "in his rage drove his right foot so far into the ground that it sank in up to his waist; then in a passion he seized the left foot with both hands and tore himself in two". Other versions have Rumpelstiltskin driving his right foot so far into the ground that he creates a chasm and falls into it, never to be seen again. In the oral version originally collected by the Brothers Grimm, Rumpelstiltskin flies out of the window on a cooking ladle.
History
According to researchers at Durham University and the NOVA University Lisbon, the origins of the story can be traced back to around 4,000 years ago. A possible early literary reference to the tale appears in Dionysius of Halicarnassus's Roman Antiquities, in the 1st century AD.
Variants
Stamp series on Rumpelstilzchen from the Deutsche Post of the GDR, 1976
The same story pattern appears in numerous other cultures: Tom Tit Tot in the United Kingdom (from English Fairy Tales, 1890, by Joseph Jacobs); The Lazy Beauty and her Aunts in Ireland (from The Fireside Stories of Ireland, 1870 by Patrick Kennedy); Whuppity Stoorie in Scotland (from Robert Chambers's Popular Rhymes of Scotland, 1826); Gilitrutt in Iceland; جعيدان (Joaidane "He who talks too much") in Arabic; Хламушка (Khlamushka "Junker") in Russia; Rumplcimprcampr, Rampelník or Martin Zvonek in the Czech Republic; Martinko Klingáč in Slovakia; "Cvilidreta" in Croatia; Ruidoquedito ("Little noise") in South America; Pancimanci in Hungary (from 1862 folktale collection by László Arany); Daiku to Oniroku (大工と鬼六 "The carpenter and the ogre") in Japan and Myrmidon in France.
An earlier literary variant in French was penned by Mme. L'Héritier, titled Ricdin-Ricdon. A version of it exists in the compilation Le Cabinet des Fées, Vol. XII. pp. 125-131.
The Cornish tale of Duffy and the Devil plays out an essentially similar plot featuring a "devil" named Terry-top.
All these tales are classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as tale type ATU 500, "The Name of the Supernatural Helper". According to scholarship, it is popular in "Denmark, Finland, Germany and Ireland".
Name
Illustration by Walter Crane from Household Stories by the Brothers Grimm (1886)
The name Rumpelstilzchen in German (IPA: /ʀʊmpl̩ʃtiːlt͡sçn̩/) means literally "little rattle stilt", a stilt being a post or pole that provides support for a structure. A rumpelstilt or rumpelstilz was consequently the name of a type of goblin, also called a pophart or poppart, that makes noises by rattling posts and rapping on planks.
The meaning is similar to rumpelgeist ("rattle-ghost") or poltergeist ("rumble-ghost"), a mischievous spirit that clatters and moves household objects. (Other related concepts are mummarts or boggarts and hobs, which are mischievous household spirits that disguise themselves.) The ending -chen is a German diminutive cognate to English -kin.
The name is believed to be derived from Johann Fischart's Geschichtklitterung, or Gargantua of 1577 (a loose adaptation of Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel), which refers to an "amusement" for children, a children's game named "Rumpele stilt oder der Poppart".
Translations
Illustration for the tale of "Rumpel-stilt-skin" from The heart of oak books (Boston 1910).
Translations of the original Grimm fairy tale (KHM 55) into various languages have generally substituted different names for the dwarf whose name is Rumpelstilzchen. For some languages, a name was chosen that comes close in sound to the German name: Rumpelstiltskin or Rumplestiltskin in English, Repelsteeltje in Dutch, Rumpelstichen in Brazilian Portuguese, Rumpelstinski, Rumpelestíjeles, Trasgolisto, Jasil el Trasgu, Barabay, Rompelimbrá, Barrabás, Ruidoquedito, Rompeltisquillo, Tiribilitín, Tremolín, El enano saltarín y el duende saltarín in Spanish, Rumplcimprcampr or Rampelník in Czech.
In Japanese, it is called ルンペルシュティルツキン (Runperushutirutsukin). The Russian name is close to the original German, Румпельшти́льцхен (Rumpelʹshtílʹtskhen).
In other languages, the name was translated in a poetic and approximate way. Thus Rumpelstilzchen is known as Päronskaft (literally "Pear-stalk") or Bullerskaft (literally "Rumble-stalk") in Swedish, where the sense of stilt or stalk of the second part is retained.
Slovak translations use Martinko Klingáč. Polish translations use Titelitury (or Rumpelsztyk) and Finnish ones Tittelintuure, Rompanruoja or Hopskukkeli. The Hungarian name is Tűzmanócska and in Serbo-Croatian Cvilidreta ("Whine-screamer"). The Slovenian translation uses Špicparkeljc ("Pointy-Hoof").
In Italian, the creature is usually called Tremotino, which is probably formed from the world tremoto, which means "earthquake" in Tuscan dialect, and the suffix "-ino", which generally indicates a small and/or sly character. The first Italian edition of the fables was published in 1897, and the books in those years were all written in Tuscan Italian.
For Hebrew, the poet Avraham Shlonsky composed the name עוּץ־לִי גּוּץ־לִי (Uts-li Guts-li (Ootz-li Gootz-li), a compact and rhymy touch to the original sentence and meaning of the story, "My-Adviser My-Midget", from יוֹעֵץ, yo'éts (yo'étz), "adviser", and גּוּץ, guts (gootz), "squat, dumpy, pudgy (about a person)"), when using the fairy-tale as the basis of a children's musical, now a classic among Hebrew children's plays.
Greek translations have used Ρουμπελστίλτσκιν (from the English) or Κουτσοκαλιγέρης (Koutsokaliyéris), which could figure as a Greek surname, formed with the particle κούτσο- (koútso- "limping"), and is perhaps derived from the Hebrew name.
Urdu versions of the tale used the name Tees Mar Khan for the imp.
Rumpelstiltskin principle
The value and power of using personal names and titles is well established in psychology, management, teaching and trial law. It is often referred to as the "Rumpelstiltskin principle". It derives from a very ancient belief that to give or know the true name of a being is to have power over it. See Adam's naming of the animals in Genesis 2:19-20 for an example.
Brodsky, Stanley (2013). "The Rumpelstiltskin Principle". APA.org. American Psychological Association.
Winston, Patrick (2009-08-16). "The Rumpelstiltskin Principle". MIT.
van der Geest, Sjak (2010). "Rumpelstiltskin: The magic of the right word". In Oderwald, Arko; van Tilburg, Willem; Neuvel, Koos (eds.). Unfamiliar knowledge: Psychiatric disorders in literature. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom.
Media and popular culture
Literature adaptations
Gold Spun, a 2021 first novel of a duology by Brandie June.
Gilded, a 2021 first novel of a duology by Marissa Meyer
Spinning Silver, a 2018 fantasy novel by Naomi Novik
Film
Rumpelstiltskin (1915 film), an American silent film, directed by Raymond B. West
Rumpelstiltskin (1940 film), a German fantasy film, directed by Alf Zengerling
Rumpelstiltskin (1955 film), a German fantasy film, directed by Herbert B. Fredersdorf
Rumpelstiltskin (1985 film), a twenty-four-minute animated feature
Rumpelstiltskin (1987 film), an American-Israeli film
Rumpelstiltskin (1995 film), an American horror film, loosely based on the Grimm fairy tale
Rumpelstilzchen (2009 film), a German TV adaptation starring Gottfried John and Julie Engelbrecht
Ensemble media
The 1994 direct-to-video Muppet Classic Theater adapted the story, starring The Great Gonzo as the title character, Miss Piggy as the miller's daughter, and Kermit the Frog as the king. In this version of the story, Rumpelstiltskin reveals that his mother sent him to camp every summer until he was 18. The miller's daughter, who has her father, the king and the king's loyal royal advisor help her guess the name of the "weird, little man", recalls that "a good mother always sews her kid's name inside their clothes before sending them off to camp." Thus, the girl decides to check his clothing, and finds Rumpelstiltskin's name inside.
"Rumpelstiltskin", a 1995 episode from Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child.
Barney's Once Upon a Time involves the story told by Stella, with Shawn as the title character, Tosha as the miller's daughter, Carlos as the King, and Barney as the messenger.
Rumpelstiltskin appears as a figment of Chief O'Brien's imagination in the 15th episode "If Wishes Were Horses" of season 1 in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
Rumpelstiltskin appears as a villainous character in the Shrek franchise, first voiced by Conrad Vernon in a minor role in Shrek the Third. In Shrek Forever After, the character's appearance and persona are significantly altered to become the main villain of the film, now voiced by Walt Dohrn.
In Once Upon a Time, Rumplestiltskin is one of the integral characters, portrayed by Robert Carlyle.
Rumpelstiltskin appears in Ever After High as an infamous professor known for making students spin straw into gold as a form of extra credit and detention. He deliberately gives his students bad grades in such a way they are forced to ask for extra credit.
The cast of the children's TV series Rainbow acted out the story in a 1987 episode. Zippy played the title character, Geoffrey played the king, Rod played the miller, Bungle played the miller’s daughter, George played the baby, Jane played the maid, and Freddy played a peasant.
The video game Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door has a similar format with the character of Doopliss inspired by Rumpelstiltskin, in which the player has to guess his name correctly, but can only do so by finding the "p" in a chest underground. This reference is more direct in the original Japanese version and other translations, in which the character is named "Rumpel".
Theater
Utz-li-Gutz-li, a 1965 Israeli stage musical written by Avraham Shlonsky
Rumpelstiltskin, a 2011 American stage musical
Notes
^ Some versions make the miller's daughter blonde and describe the "straw-into-gold" claim as a careless boast the miller makes about the way his daughter's straw-like blond hair takes on a gold-like lustre when sunshine strikes it.
^ Other versions have the king threatening to lock her up in a dungeon forever, or to punish her father for lying.
^ In some versions, the imp appears and begins to turn the straw into gold, paying no heed to the girl's protests that she has nothing to pay him with; when he finishes the task, he states that the price is her first child, and the horrified girl objects because she never agreed to this arrangement.
^ Some versions have the imp limiting the number of daily guesses to three and hence the total number of guesses allowed to a maximum of nine.
^ In some versions, she sends a servant into the woods instead of going herself, in order to keep the king's suspicions at bay.
References
^ Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
^ a b c "Rumpelstiltskin". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
^ BBC (2016-01-20). "Fairy tale origins thousands of years old, researchers say". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ da Silva, Sara Graça; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (January 2016). "Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (1): 150645. Bibcode:2016RSOS....350645D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150645. PMC 4736946. PMID 26909191.
^ Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 9780415237031.
^ ""The Story of Tom Tit Tot" | Stories from Around the World | Traditional | Lit2Go ETC". etc.usf.edu.
^ Grímsson, Magnús; Árnason, Jon. Íslensk ævintýri. Reykjavik: 1852. pp. 123-126.
^ Simpson, Jacqueline (2004). Icelandic folktales & legends (2nd ed.). Stroud: Tempus. pp. 86–89. ISBN 0752430459.
^ László Arany: Eredeti népmesék (folktale collection, Pest, 1862, in Hungarian)
^ Marie-Jeanne L'Héritier: La Tour ténébreuse et les Jours lumineux: Contes Anglois, 1705. In French
^ Hunt, Robert (1871). Popular Romances of the West of England; or, The Drolls, Traditions, and Superstitions of Old Cornwall. London: John Camden Hotten. pp. 239–247.
^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. FF Communications. p. 285 - 286.
^ "Name of the Helper". D. L. Ashliman. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
^ Christiansen, Reidar Thorwalf. Folktales of Norway. Chicago: University of Chicago press by 1994
. pp. 5-6.
^ Wiktionary article on Rumpelstilzchen.
^ Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (2008). Bröderna Grimms sagovärld (in Swedish). Bonnier Carlsen. p. 72. ISBN 978-91-638-2435-7.
^ Baugher, Lacy (2021-11-02). "Marissa Meyer reimagines Rumpelstiltskin in haunting retelling Gilded". Culturess. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
^ Schnieders Lefever, Kelsey (2020-04-20). "'Spinning Silver,' a retelling of 'Rumpelstiltskin,' to be featured Big Read book". www.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
Selected bibliography
Bergler, Edmund (1961). "The Clinical Importance of "Rumpelstiltskin" As Anti-Male Manifesto". American Imago. 18 (1): 65–70. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26301733.
Marshall, Howard W. (1973). "'Tom Tit Tot'. A Comparative Essay on Aarne-Thompson Type 500. The Name of the Helper". Folklore. 84 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716495. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 1260436.
Ní Dhuibhne, Éilis (2012). "The Name of the Helper: "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" and Ireland". Béaloideas. 80: 1–22. ISSN 0332-270X. JSTOR 24862867.
Rand, Harry (2000). "Who was Rupelstiltskin?". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 81 (5): 943–962. doi:10.1516/0020757001600309 (inactive 2024-04-13). PMID 11109578.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
von Sydow, Carl W. (1909). Två spinnsagor: en studie i jämförande folksagoforskning (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt.
Yolen, Jane (1993). "Foreword: The Rumpelstiltskin Factor". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 5 (2 (18)): 11–13. ISSN 0897-0521. JSTOR 43308148.
Zipes, Jack (1993). "Spinning with Fate: Rumpelstiltskin and the Decline of Female Productivity". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 43–60. doi:10.2307/1499492. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1499492.
T., A. W.; Clodd, Edward (1889). "The Philosophy of Rumpelstilt-Skin". The Folk-Lore Journal. 7 (2): 135–163. ISSN 1744-2524. JSTOR 1252656.
Further reading
Cambon, Fernand (1976). "La fileuse. Remarques psychanalytiques sur le motif de la "fileuse" et du "filage" dans quelques poèmes et contes allemands". Littérature. 23 (3): 56–74. doi:10.3406/litt.1976.1122.
Dvořák, Karel. (1967). "AaTh 500 in deutschen Varianten aus der Tschechoslowakei". In: Fabula. 9: 100-104. 10.1515/fabl.1967.9.1-3.100.
Paulme, Denise. "Thème et variations: l'épreuve du «nom inconnu» dans les contes d'Afrique noire". In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 11, n°42, 1971. pp. 189-205. DOI: Thème et variations : l'épreuve du « nom inconnu » dans les contes d'Afrique noire.; www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1971_num_11_42_2800
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rumpelstilzchen (1812, Grimm).
The full text of Rumpelstiltskin at Wikisource
The full text of Tom Tit Tot at Wikisource
The complete set of Grimms' Fairy Tales, including Rumpelstiltskin at Standard Ebooks
Free version of translation of "Household Tales" by Brothers Grimm from Project Gutenberg
'Tom Tit Tot: an essay on savage philosophy in folk-tale' by Edward Clodd (1898)
Parallel German-English text in ParallelBook format
1985 TV movie
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˌrʌmpəlˈstɪltskɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"RUMP-əl-STILT-skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Children's and Household Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"imp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"firstborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstborn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Rumpelstiltskin (disambiguation).\"Rumpelstiltskin\" (/ˌrʌmpəlˈstɪltskɪn/ RUMP-əl-STILT-skin;[1] German: Rumpelstilzchen) is a German fairy tale.[2] It was collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Children's and Household Tales.[2] The story is about an imp who spins straw into gold in exchange for a woman's firstborn child.[2]","title":"Rumpelstiltskin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spinning wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"imp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beads"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(writing)"},{"link_name":"first child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstborn"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumplestiltskin_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Anderson_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In order to appear superior, a miller brags to the king and people of the kingdom he lives in by claiming his daughter can spin straw into gold.[note 1] The king calls for the girl, locks her up in a tower room filled with straw and a spinning wheel, and demands she spin the straw into gold by morning or he will have her killed.[note 2] When she has given up all hope, a little imp-like man appears in the room and spins the straw into gold in return for her necklace of glass beads. The next morning the king takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw to repeat the feat, and the imp once again spins, in return for the girl's glass ring. On the third day the girl is taken to an even larger room filled with straw, and told by the king that if she can spin all this straw into gold he will marry her, but if she cannot she will be executed. While she is sobbing alone in the room, the little imp appears again and promises that he can spin the straw into gold for her, but the girl tells him she has nothing left with which to pay. The strange creature suggests she pay him with her first child. She reluctantly agrees, and he sets about spinning the straw into gold.[note 3]Illustration by Anne Anderson from Grimm's Fairy Tales (London and Glasgow 1922)The king keeps his promise to marry the miller's daughter. But when their first child is born, the imp returns to claim his payment. She offers him all the wealth she has to keep the child, but the imp has no interest in her riches. He finally agrees to give up his claim to the child if she can guess his name within three days.[note 4]The queen's many guesses fail. But before the final night, she wanders into the woods[note 5] searching for him and comes across his remote mountain cottage and watches, unseen, as he hops about his fire and sings. He reveals his name in his song's lyrics: \"tonight tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow, the baby I take. The queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name\".When the imp comes to the queen on the third day, after first feigning ignorance, she reveals his name, Rumpelstiltskin, and he loses his temper at the loss of their bargain. Versions vary about whether he accuses the devil or witches of having revealed his name to the queen. In the 1812 edition of the Brothers Grimm tales, Rumpelstiltskin then \"ran away angrily, and never came back\". The ending was revised in an 1857 edition to a more gruesome ending wherein Rumpelstiltskin \"in his rage drove his right foot so far into the ground that it sank in up to his waist; then in a passion he seized the left foot with both hands and tore himself in two\". Other versions have Rumpelstiltskin driving his right foot so far into the ground that he creates a chasm and falls into it, never to be seen again. In the oral version originally collected by the Brothers Grimm, Rumpelstiltskin flies out of the window on a cooking ladle.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"NOVA University Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOVA_University_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"undue weight?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Rumpelstiltskin#undue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"According to researchers at Durham University and the NOVA University Lisbon, the origins of the story can be traced back to around 4,000 years ago.[undue weight? – discuss][3][4] A possible early literary reference to the tale appears in Dionysius of Halicarnassus's Roman Antiquities, in the 1st century AD.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Germany_(DDR)_1976,_MiNr_Kleinbogen_2187-2192.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Post of the GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post_of_the_GDR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"The Lazy Beauty and her Aunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sacred-texts.com/neu/yeats/fip/fip72.htm"},{"link_name":"The Fireside Stories of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/firesidestories00kenngoog/page/n2"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kennedy_(folklorist)"},{"link_name":"Whuppity Stoorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whuppity_Stoorie"},{"link_name":"Robert Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_language"},{"link_name":"Mme. L'Héritier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jeanne_L%27H%C3%A9ritier_de_Villandon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people"},{"link_name":"Duffy and the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_and_the_Devil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Stamp series on Rumpelstilzchen from the Deutsche Post of the GDR, 1976The same story pattern appears in numerous other cultures: Tom Tit Tot[6] in the United Kingdom (from English Fairy Tales, 1890, by Joseph Jacobs); The Lazy Beauty and her Aunts in Ireland (from The Fireside Stories of Ireland, 1870 by Patrick Kennedy); Whuppity Stoorie in Scotland (from Robert Chambers's Popular Rhymes of Scotland, 1826); Gilitrutt in Iceland;[7][8] جعيدان (Joaidane \"He who talks too much\") in Arabic; Хламушка (Khlamushka \"Junker\") in Russia; Rumplcimprcampr, Rampelník or Martin Zvonek in the Czech Republic; Martinko Klingáč in Slovakia; \"Cvilidreta\" in Croatia; Ruidoquedito (\"Little noise\") in South America; Pancimanci in Hungary (from 1862 folktale collection by László Arany[9]); Daiku to Oniroku (大工と鬼六 \"The carpenter and the ogre\") in Japan and Myrmidon in France.An earlier literary variant in French was penned by Mme. L'Héritier, titled Ricdin-Ricdon.[10] A version of it exists in the compilation Le Cabinet des Fées, Vol. XII. pp. 125-131.The Cornish tale of Duffy and the Devil plays out an essentially similar plot featuring a \"devil\" named Terry-top.[11]All these tales are classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as tale type ATU 500, \"The Name of the Supernatural Helper\".[12][13] According to scholarship, it is popular in \"Denmark, Finland, Germany and Ireland\".[14]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumpelstiltskin-Crane1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin"},{"link_name":"poltergeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist"},{"link_name":"boggarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggart"},{"link_name":"hobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hob_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Johann Fischart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Fischart"},{"link_name":"Rabelais'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais"},{"link_name":"Gargantua and Pantagruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"unreliable source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"Illustration by Walter Crane from Household Stories by the Brothers Grimm (1886)The name Rumpelstilzchen in German (IPA: /ʀʊmpl̩ʃtiːlt͡sçn̩/) means literally \"little rattle stilt\", a stilt being a post or pole that provides support for a structure. A rumpelstilt or rumpelstilz was consequently the name of a type of goblin, also called a pophart or poppart, that makes noises by rattling posts and rapping on planks.The meaning is similar to rumpelgeist (\"rattle-ghost\") or poltergeist (\"rumble-ghost\"), a mischievous spirit that clatters and moves household objects. (Other related concepts are mummarts or boggarts and hobs, which are mischievous household spirits that disguise themselves.) The ending -chen is a German diminutive cognate to English -kin.The name is believed to be derived from Johann Fischart's Geschichtklitterung, or Gargantua of 1577 (a loose adaptation of Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel), which refers to an \"amusement\" for children, a children's game named \"Rumpele stilt oder der Poppart\".[15][unreliable source]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_heart_of_oak_books_(1906)_(14750176241).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstilzchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Tuscan dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Avraham Shlonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Shlonsky"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"Illustration for the tale of \"Rumpel-stilt-skin\" from The heart of oak books (Boston 1910).Translations of the original Grimm fairy tale (KHM 55) into various languages have generally substituted different names for the dwarf whose name is Rumpelstilzchen. For some languages, a name was chosen that comes close in sound to the German name: Rumpelstiltskin or Rumplestiltskin in English, Repelsteeltje in Dutch, Rumpelstichen in Brazilian Portuguese, Rumpelstinski, Rumpelestíjeles, Trasgolisto, Jasil el Trasgu, Barabay, Rompelimbrá, Barrabás, Ruidoquedito, Rompeltisquillo, Tiribilitín, Tremolín, El enano saltarín y el duende saltarín in Spanish, Rumplcimprcampr or Rampelník in Czech.In Japanese, it is called ルンペルシュティルツキン (Runperushutirutsukin). The Russian name is close to the original German, Румпельшти́льцхен (Rumpelʹshtílʹtskhen).In other languages, the name was translated in a poetic and approximate way. Thus Rumpelstilzchen is known as Päronskaft (literally \"Pear-stalk\") or Bullerskaft (literally \"Rumble-stalk\") in Swedish,[16] where the sense of stilt or stalk of the second part is retained.Slovak translations use Martinko Klingáč. Polish translations use Titelitury (or Rumpelsztyk) and Finnish ones Tittelintuure, Rompanruoja or Hopskukkeli. The Hungarian name is Tűzmanócska and in Serbo-Croatian Cvilidreta (\"Whine-screamer\"). The Slovenian translation uses Špicparkeljc (\"Pointy-Hoof\").In Italian, the creature is usually called Tremotino, which is probably formed from the world tremoto, which means \"earthquake\" in Tuscan dialect, and the suffix \"-ino\", which generally indicates a small and/or sly character. The first Italian edition of the fables was published in 1897, and the books in those years were all written in Tuscan Italian.For Hebrew, the poet Avraham Shlonsky composed the name עוּץ־לִי גּוּץ־לִי (Uts-li Guts-li (Ootz-li Gootz-li), a compact and rhymy touch to the original sentence and meaning of the story, \"My-Adviser My-Midget\", from יוֹעֵץ, yo'éts (yo'étz), \"adviser\", and גּוּץ, guts (gootz), \"squat, dumpy, pudgy (about a person)\"), when using the fairy-tale as the basis of a children's musical, now a classic among Hebrew children's plays.Greek translations have used Ρουμπελστίλτσκιν (from the English) or Κουτσοκαλιγέρης (Koutsokaliyéris), which could figure as a Greek surname, formed with the particle κούτσο- (koútso- \"limping\"), and is perhaps derived from the Hebrew name.Urdu versions of the tale used the name Tees Mar Khan for the imp.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"true name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_name"},{"link_name":"\"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//psycnet.apa.org/books/14037/043/"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"\"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alum.mit.edu/slice/rumpelstiltskin-principle/"},{"link_name":"Unfamiliar knowledge: Psychiatric disorders in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/5548653"}],"text":"The value and power of using personal names and titles is well established in psychology, management, teaching and trial law. It is often referred to as the \"Rumpelstiltskin principle\". It derives from a very ancient belief that to give or know the true name of a being is to have power over it. See Adam's naming of the animals in Genesis 2:19-20 for an example.Brodsky, Stanley (2013). \"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\". APA.org. American Psychological Association.\nWinston, Patrick (2009-08-16). \"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\". MIT.\nvan der Geest, Sjak (2010). \"Rumpelstiltskin: The magic of the right word\". In Oderwald, Arko; van Tilburg, Willem; Neuvel, Koos (eds.). Unfamiliar knowledge: Psychiatric disorders in literature. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom.","title":"Rumpelstiltskin principle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marissa Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Spinning Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Silver"},{"link_name":"Naomi Novik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Novik"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Literature adaptations","text":"Gold Spun, a 2021 first novel of a duology by Brandie June.\nGilded, a 2021 first novel of a duology by Marissa Meyer[17]\nSpinning Silver, a 2018 fantasy novel by Naomi Novik[18]","title":"Media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1915 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumpelstiltskin_(1915_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raymond B. West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_B._West"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1940 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1955 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1985 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1987 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin (1995 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstilzchen (2009 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumpelstilzchen_(2009_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gottfried John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_John"},{"link_name":"Julie Engelbrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Engelbrecht"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Rumpelstiltskin (1915 film), an American silent film, directed by Raymond B. West\nRumpelstiltskin (1940 film), a German fantasy film, directed by Alf Zengerling\nRumpelstiltskin (1955 film), a German fantasy film, directed by Herbert B. Fredersdorf\nRumpelstiltskin (1985 film), a twenty-four-minute animated feature\nRumpelstiltskin (1987 film), an American-Israeli film\nRumpelstiltskin (1995 film), an American horror film, loosely based on the Grimm fairy tale\nRumpelstilzchen (2009 film), a German TV adaptation starring Gottfried John and Julie Engelbrecht","title":"Media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muppet Classic Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet_Classic_Theater"},{"link_name":"The Great Gonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_(Muppet)"},{"link_name":"Miss Piggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Piggy"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happily_Ever_After:_Fairy_Tales_for_Every_Child"},{"link_name":"If Wishes Were Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Wishes_Were_Horses_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(Shrek)"},{"link_name":"Shrek franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Conrad Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Shrek the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Shrek Forever After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After"},{"link_name":"Walt Dohrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Dohrn"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rumplestiltskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumplestiltskin_(Once_Upon_a_Time)"},{"link_name":"Robert Carlyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carlyle"},{"link_name":"Ever After High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_After_High"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod,_Jane_and_Freddy"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod,_Jane_and_Freddy"},{"link_name":"Freddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod,_Jane_and_Freddy"},{"link_name":"Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mario:_The_Thousand-Year_Door"}],"sub_title":"Ensemble media","text":"The 1994 direct-to-video Muppet Classic Theater adapted the story, starring The Great Gonzo as the title character, Miss Piggy as the miller's daughter, and Kermit the Frog as the king. In this version of the story, Rumpelstiltskin reveals that his mother sent him to camp every summer until he was 18. The miller's daughter, who has her father, the king and the king's loyal royal advisor help her guess the name of the \"weird, little man\", recalls that \"a good mother always sews her kid's name inside their clothes before sending them off to camp.\" Thus, the girl decides to check his clothing, and finds Rumpelstiltskin's name inside.\n\"Rumpelstiltskin\", a 1995 episode from Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child.\nBarney's Once Upon a Time involves the story told by Stella, with Shawn as the title character, Tosha as the miller's daughter, Carlos as the King, and Barney as the messenger.\nRumpelstiltskin appears as a figment of Chief O'Brien's imagination in the 15th episode \"If Wishes Were Horses\" of season 1 in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.\nRumpelstiltskin appears as a villainous character in the Shrek franchise, first voiced by Conrad Vernon in a minor role in Shrek the Third. In Shrek Forever After, the character's appearance and persona are significantly altered to become the main villain of the film, now voiced by Walt Dohrn.\nIn Once Upon a Time, Rumplestiltskin is one of the integral characters, portrayed by Robert Carlyle.\nRumpelstiltskin appears in Ever After High as an infamous professor known for making students spin straw into gold as a form of extra credit and detention. He deliberately gives his students bad grades in such a way they are forced to ask for extra credit.\nThe cast of the children's TV series Rainbow acted out the story in a 1987 episode. Zippy played the title character, Geoffrey played the king, Rod played the miller, Bungle played the miller’s daughter, George played the baby, Jane played the maid, and Freddy played a peasant.\nThe video game Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door has a similar format with the character of Doopliss inspired by Rumpelstiltskin, in which the player has to guess his name correctly, but can only do so by finding the \"p\" in a chest underground. This reference is more direct in the original Japanese version and other translations, in which the character is named \"Rumpel\".","title":"Media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utz-li-Gutz-li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(1965_musical)"},{"link_name":"Avraham Shlonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Shlonsky"},{"link_name":"Rumpelstiltskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin_(2011_musical)"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"Utz-li-Gutz-li, a 1965 Israeli stage musical written by Avraham Shlonsky\nRumpelstiltskin, a 2011 American stage musical","title":"Media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blond"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Some versions make the miller's daughter blonde and describe the \"straw-into-gold\" claim as a careless boast the miller makes about the way his daughter's straw-like blond hair takes on a gold-like lustre when sunshine strikes it.\n\n^ Other versions have the king threatening to lock her up in a dungeon forever, or to punish her father for lying.\n\n^ In some versions, the imp appears and begins to turn the straw into gold, paying no heed to the girl's protests that she has nothing to pay him with; when he finishes the task, he states that the price is her first child, and the horrified girl objects because she never agreed to this arrangement.\n\n^ Some versions have the imp limiting the number of daily guesses to three and hence the total number of guesses allowed to a maximum of nine.\n\n^ In some versions, she sends a servant into the woods instead of going herself, in order to keep the king's suspicions at bay.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0065-860X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26301733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26301733"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716495"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0015-587X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1260436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1260436"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0332-270X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0332-270X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24862867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/24862867"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1516/0020757001600309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1516%2F0020757001600309"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11109578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11109578"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_April_2024"},{"link_name":"Två spinnsagor: en studie i jämförande folksagoforskning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ugXgAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0897-0521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43308148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43308148"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1499492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1499492"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-373X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-373X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1499492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1499492"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1744-2524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-2524"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1252656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1252656"}],"text":"Bergler, Edmund (1961). \"The Clinical Importance of \"Rumpelstiltskin\" As Anti-Male Manifesto\". American Imago. 18 (1): 65–70. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26301733.\nMarshall, Howard W. (1973). \"'Tom Tit Tot'. A Comparative Essay on Aarne-Thompson Type 500. The Name of the Helper\". Folklore. 84 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716495. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 1260436.\nNí Dhuibhne, Éilis (2012). \"The Name of the Helper: \"Kinder- und Hausmärchen\" and Ireland\". Béaloideas. 80: 1–22. ISSN 0332-270X. JSTOR 24862867.\nRand, Harry (2000). \"Who was Rupelstiltskin?\". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 81 (5): 943–962. doi:10.1516/0020757001600309 (inactive 2024-04-13). PMID 11109578.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)\nvon Sydow, Carl W. (1909). Två spinnsagor: en studie i jämförande folksagoforskning (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt. [Analysis of Aarne-Thompson-Uther tale types 500 and 501]\nYolen, Jane (1993). \"Foreword: The Rumpelstiltskin Factor\". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 5 (2 (18)): 11–13. ISSN 0897-0521. JSTOR 43308148.\nZipes, Jack (1993). \"Spinning with Fate: Rumpelstiltskin and the Decline of Female Productivity\". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 43–60. doi:10.2307/1499492. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1499492.\nT., A. W.; Clodd, Edward (1889). \"The Philosophy of Rumpelstilt-Skin\". The Folk-Lore Journal. 7 (2): 135–163. ISSN 1744-2524. JSTOR 1252656.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"La fileuse. Remarques psychanalytiques sur le motif de la \"fileuse\" et du \"filage\" dans quelques poèmes et contes allemands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/litt_0047-4800_1976_num_23_3_1122"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/litt.1976.1122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Flitt.1976.1122"},{"link_name":"Thème et variations : l'épreuve du « nom inconnu » dans les contes d'Afrique noire.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406/cea.1971.2800"}],"text":"Cambon, Fernand (1976). \"La fileuse. Remarques psychanalytiques sur le motif de la \"fileuse\" et du \"filage\" dans quelques poèmes et contes allemands\". Littérature. 23 (3): 56–74. doi:10.3406/litt.1976.1122.\nDvořák, Karel. (1967). \"AaTh 500 in deutschen Varianten aus der Tschechoslowakei\". In: Fabula. 9: 100-104. 10.1515/fabl.1967.9.1-3.100.\nPaulme, Denise. \"Thème et variations: l'épreuve du «nom inconnu» dans les contes d'Afrique noire\". In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 11, n°42, 1971. pp. 189-205. DOI: Thème et variations : l'épreuve du « nom inconnu » dans les contes d'Afrique noire.; www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1971_num_11_42_2800","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Illustration by Anne Anderson from Grimm's Fairy Tales (London and Glasgow 1922)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rumplestiltskin_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg/220px-Rumplestiltskin_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stamp series on Rumpelstilzchen from the Deutsche Post of the GDR, 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1976%2C_MiNr_Kleinbogen_2187-2192.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1976%2C_MiNr_Kleinbogen_2187-2192.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration by Walter Crane from Household Stories by the Brothers Grimm (1886)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rumpelstiltskin-Crane1886.jpg/330px-Rumpelstiltskin-Crane1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration for the tale of \"Rumpel-stilt-skin\" from The heart of oak books (Boston 1910).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_heart_of_oak_books_%281906%29_%2814750176241%29.jpg/220px-The_heart_of_oak_books_%281906%29_%2814750176241%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brodsky, Stanley (2013). \"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\". APA.org. American Psychological Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/books/14037/043/","url_text":"\"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association","url_text":"American Psychological Association"}]},{"reference":"Winston, Patrick (2009-08-16). \"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\". MIT.","urls":[{"url":"https://alum.mit.edu/slice/rumpelstiltskin-principle/","url_text":"\"The Rumpelstiltskin Principle\""}]},{"reference":"van der Geest, Sjak (2010). \"Rumpelstiltskin: The magic of the right word\". In Oderwald, Arko; van Tilburg, Willem; Neuvel, Koos (eds.). Unfamiliar knowledge: Psychiatric disorders in literature. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/5548653","url_text":"Unfamiliar knowledge: Psychiatric disorders in literature"}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells","url_text":"Wells, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0","url_text":"978-1-4058-8118-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumpelstiltskin\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rumpelstiltskin","url_text":"\"Rumpelstiltskin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"BBC (2016-01-20). \"Fairy tale origins thousands of years old, researchers say\". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35358487","url_text":"\"Fairy tale origins thousands of years old, researchers say\""}]},{"reference":"da Silva, Sara Graça; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (January 2016). \"Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales\". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (1): 150645. Bibcode:2016RSOS....350645D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150645. PMC 4736946. PMID 26909191.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736946","url_text":"\"Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSOS....350645D","url_text":"2016RSOS....350645D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.150645","url_text":"10.1098/rsos.150645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736946","url_text":"4736946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26909191","url_text":"26909191"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 9780415237031.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/Fairytale-in-the-Ancient-World/Anderson/p/book/9780415237031","url_text":"Fairytale in the Ancient World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415237031","url_text":"9780415237031"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Story of Tom Tit Tot\" | Stories from Around the World | Traditional | Lit2Go ETC\". etc.usf.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/134/stories-from-around-the-world/5297/the-story-of-tom-tit-tot/","url_text":"\"\"The Story of Tom Tit Tot\" | Stories from Around the World | Traditional | Lit2Go ETC\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Jacqueline (2004). Icelandic folktales & legends (2nd ed.). Stroud: Tempus. pp. 86–89. ISBN 0752430459.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752430459","url_text":"0752430459"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Robert (1871). Popular Romances of the West of England; or, The Drolls, Traditions, and Superstitions of Old Cornwall. London: John Camden Hotten. pp. 239–247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Name of the Helper\". D. L. Ashliman. Retrieved 2015-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0500.html","url_text":"\"Name of the Helper\""}]},{"reference":"Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (2008). Bröderna Grimms sagovärld (in Swedish). Bonnier Carlsen. p. 72. ISBN 978-91-638-2435-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-638-2435-7","url_text":"978-91-638-2435-7"}]},{"reference":"Baugher, Lacy (2021-11-02). \"Marissa Meyer reimagines Rumpelstiltskin in haunting retelling Gilded\". Culturess. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://culturess.com/2021/11/02/marissa-meyer-gilded-review/","url_text":"\"Marissa Meyer reimagines Rumpelstiltskin in haunting retelling Gilded\""}]},{"reference":"Schnieders Lefever, Kelsey (2020-04-20). \"'Spinning Silver,' a retelling of 'Rumpelstiltskin,' to be featured Big Read book\". www.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2020/Q2/spinning-silver,-a-retelling-of-rumpelstiltskin,-to-be-featured-big-read-book.html","url_text":"\"'Spinning Silver,' a retelling of 'Rumpelstiltskin,' to be featured Big Read book\""}]},{"reference":"Bergler, Edmund (1961). \"The Clinical Importance of \"Rumpelstiltskin\" As Anti-Male Manifesto\". American Imago. 18 (1): 65–70. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26301733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X","url_text":"0065-860X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26301733","url_text":"26301733"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Howard W. (1973). \"'Tom Tit Tot'. A Comparative Essay on Aarne-Thompson Type 500. The Name of the Helper\". Folklore. 84 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716495. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 1260436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716495","url_text":"10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X","url_text":"0015-587X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260436","url_text":"1260436"}]},{"reference":"Ní Dhuibhne, Éilis (2012). \"The Name of the Helper: \"Kinder- und Hausmärchen\" and Ireland\". Béaloideas. 80: 1–22. ISSN 0332-270X. JSTOR 24862867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0332-270X","url_text":"0332-270X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24862867","url_text":"24862867"}]},{"reference":"Rand, Harry (2000). \"Who was Rupelstiltskin?\". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 81 (5): 943–962. doi:10.1516/0020757001600309 (inactive 2024-04-13). PMID 11109578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1516%2F0020757001600309","url_text":"10.1516/0020757001600309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11109578","url_text":"11109578"}]},{"reference":"von Sydow, Carl W. (1909). Två spinnsagor: en studie i jämförande folksagoforskning (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ugXgAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Två spinnsagor: en studie i jämförande folksagoforskning"}]},{"reference":"Yolen, Jane (1993). \"Foreword: The Rumpelstiltskin Factor\". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 5 (2 (18)): 11–13. ISSN 0897-0521. JSTOR 43308148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521","url_text":"0897-0521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308148","url_text":"43308148"}]},{"reference":"Zipes, Jack (1993). \"Spinning with Fate: Rumpelstiltskin and the Decline of Female Productivity\". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 43–60. doi:10.2307/1499492. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1499492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1499492","url_text":"10.2307/1499492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-373X","url_text":"0043-373X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1499492","url_text":"1499492"}]},{"reference":"T., A. W.; Clodd, Edward (1889). \"The Philosophy of Rumpelstilt-Skin\". The Folk-Lore Journal. 7 (2): 135–163. ISSN 1744-2524. JSTOR 1252656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-2524","url_text":"1744-2524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1252656","url_text":"1252656"}]},{"reference":"Cambon, Fernand (1976). \"La fileuse. Remarques psychanalytiques sur le motif de la \"fileuse\" et du \"filage\" dans quelques poèmes et contes allemands\". Littérature. 23 (3): 56–74. doi:10.3406/litt.1976.1122.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/litt_0047-4800_1976_num_23_3_1122","url_text":"\"La fileuse. 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